illegal immigration

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Let Them In: The Case for Open Borders by Jason L. Riley

affirmative action, business cycle, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, deindustrialization, desegregation, Garrett Hardin, guest worker program, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, mass immigration, open borders, open immigration, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, school choice, Silicon Valley, trade liberalization, Tyler Cowen, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, working poor, working-age population, zero-sum game

Hanson’s paper, however, is narrowly focused on whether our economic welfare is helped or harmed by porous borders. He looks at the fiscal costs and benefits of illegal immigrants and how they compare with those newcomers who use the front door. “This analysis concludes that there is little evidence that legal immigration is economically preferable to illegal immigration,” writes Hanson. “In fact, illegal immigration responds to market forces in ways that legal immigration does not.” How’s that? To begin with, illegal immigrants are more sensitive to the U.S. business cycle. They tend to come when the economy is expanding, and they can more easily migrate to those areas of the country where job growth is fastest because they’re not bound to a single employer.

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Medicaid enrollment, by contrast, has since increased—as of 2004, it was up by more than 30 percent since 1994—mainly because states have elected to exercise their option to continue coverage and even expand immigrant eligibility. Some immigration detractors, such as Robert Rector of The Heritage Foundation, claim that even though illegal immigrants themselves don’t qualify for federal welfare benefits, their U.S.-born children, who are citizens, do. Therefore, according to Rector, illegal immigration is indirectly driving welfare caseloads. Sounds plausible, but is it true? Between 1995 and 2004, America’s illegal immigration population is estimated to have doubled to around 12 million. Yet Peter Wehner and Yuval Levin report in the December 2007 issue of Commentary magazine that welfare caseloads over that period are not just down but down dramatically.

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In that year, the Immigration and Naturalization Service spent $4.2 billion (or 0.04 percent of GDP) on border and interior enforcement, including the detention and removal of illegal aliens, in a year in which half a million net new illegal immigrants entered the country. The $13 billion in proposed border security spending for next year [2008] is already two-and-a half times that figure at 0.10 percent of GDP. In other words, the amount of money we spend to keep illegal immigrants out of the country now exceeds the amount of economic “damage” they supposedly cause. Remember that the next time you’re told that we need to spend more money to beef up the border. Reasonable people agree that illegal immigration should be reduced. The question isn’t whether it’s a problem but how to solve it.

The Dying Citizen: How Progressive Elites, Tribalism, and Globalization Are Destroying the Idea of America by Victor Davis Hanson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 23andMe, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airport security, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 737 MAX, borderless world, bread and circuses, British Empire, business climate, business cycle, carbon footprint, centre right, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, currency manipulation / currency intervention, defund the police, deindustrialization, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, El Camino Real, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, fixed income, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, George Floyd, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, Herbert Marcuse, high-speed rail, Honoré de Balzac, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Jeff Bezos, Joseph Schumpeter, laissez-faire capitalism, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, mass incarceration, Menlo Park, microaggression, military-industrial complex, mortgage debt, Nate Silver, new economy, New Urbanism, obamacare, old-boy network, Paris climate accords, Parler "social media", peak oil, Potemkin village, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, school choice, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Skype, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, tech worker, Thomas L Friedman, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, working poor, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

Soon over 550 sanctuary jurisdictions arose to protect those illegal immigrants formerly subject to federal arrest and apprehension.16 The Republicans, for the most part in fear, muted their resistance to illegal immigration—although in 2012, for example, they might have made class inroads with the old Democratic white, Latino, and black working classes, whose wages were being driven down by imported cheap labor. As the number of illegal immigrants grew, Republicans grew terrified both of accusations of racism, xenophobia, and nativism and of refusal by big-donor employers, eager for inexpensive labor, to contribute to Republican campaigns. Almost everyone who had once railed against illegal immigration now either supported or tolerated it. They assumed most US citizens, who still opposed illegal immigration, did not regard it as a high-priority issue or could be shamed into silence by insinuations of illiberality and intolerance. When economic data revealed that illegal immigration had cost the country hundreds of billions of dollars—namely, that despite a variety of complex federal eligibility regulations, each illegal immigrant required far more in social services than he paid in taxes—the messengers of such unwelcome facts were attacked as heretics and worse.

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In the early 2000s, influential Democratic congressional leaders such as Senators Hillary Clinton (D-NY), Harry Reid (D-NV), and Charles Schumer (D-NY), as well as House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), were on record opposing illegal immigration. Indeed, the Democratic Party, during its 1996 convention, formalized its tough opposition to open borders and illegal immigration: Today’s Democratic Party also believes we must remain a nation of laws. We cannot tolerate illegal immigration and we must stop it. For years before Bill Clinton became President, Washington talked tough but failed to act. In 1992, our borders might as well not have existed. The border was under-patrolled, and what patrols there were, were under-equipped. Drugs flowed freely. Illegal immigration was rampant. Criminal immigrants, deported after committing crimes in America, returned the very next day to commit crimes again.

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On American public opinion: Robert Draper, “The Democrats Have an Immigration Problem,” New York Times, October 10, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/10/10/magazine/the-democrats-have-an-immigration-problem.html; “comprehensive immigration confusion”: Peter Skerry, “Comprehensive Immigration Confusion,” National Affairs, 2016, www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/comprehensive-immigration-confusion. 15. On the changing and politicized language of illegal immigration, see, e.g., Alex Nowrasteh, “‘Illegal Alien’ Is One of Many Correct Legal Terms for ‘Illegal Immigrant,’” Cato Institute, October 14, 2019, www.cato.org/blog/illegal-alien-one-many-correct-legal-terms-illegal-immigrant; Jon Feere, “Language in the Immigration Debate,” Center for Immigration Studies, October 26, 2012, https://cis.org/Language-Immigration-Debate. 16. For the Democrats’ new acceptance of illegal immigration, see a synopsis of recent polls: Craig Kafura and Bettina Hammer, “Republicans and Democrats in Different Worlds on Immigration,” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, October 8, 2019, www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/lcc/republicans-and-democrats-different-worlds-immigration. 17.

"They Take Our Jobs!": And 20 Other Myths About Immigration by Aviva Chomsky

affirmative action, Bernie Sanders, British Empire, call centre, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, death from overwork, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, European colonialism, export processing zone, full employment, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, informal economy, invisible hand, language acquisition, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, mass immigration, mass incarceration, new economy, open immigration, out of africa, postindustrial economy, race to the bottom, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, structural adjustment programs, The Chicago School, thinkpad, trickle-down economics, union organizing, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

Many thanks to Shuya Ohno at MIRA (Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition) for connecting me to Gayatri Patnaik, who really deserves much of the credit for this book coming into existence at all; she and her colleagues at Beacon Press have all been a pleasure to work with. NOTES A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY 1. Paul Colford, “‘Illegal Immigrant’ No More,” Associated Press, April 2, 2013, https://blog.ap.org/announcements/illegal-immigrant-no-more; Rui Kaneya, “‘Illegal,’ ‘Undocumented,’ or Something Else? No Clear Consensus Yet,” Columbia Journalism Review, December 23, 2014, http://archives.cjr.org/united_states_project/illegal_immigrant_or_undocumented.php. INTRODUCTION, 2018 1. See Muzaffar Chishti, Sarah Pierce, and Jessica Bolter, “The Obama Record on Deportations: Deporter in Chief or Not?

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Brent Haydamack and Daniel Flaming, “Hopeful Workers, Marginal Jobs: LA’s Off-the-Books Labor Force,” Economic Roundtable, with Pascale Joassart, December 2005, synopsis available at www.economicrt.org/summaries/hopeful_workers_marginal_jobs_synopsis.html. 3. Eduardo Porter, “Illegal Immigrants are Bolstering Social Security with Billions,” New York Times, April 5, 2005. 4. Porter, “Illegal Immigrants are Bolstering Social Security.” MYTH 5: IMMIGRANTS ARE A DRAIN ON THE ECONOMY 1. Steven A. Camarota, “The High Cost of Cheap Labor: Illegal Immigration and the Federal Budget,” Center for Immigration Studies, August 2004, 7, www.cis.org/articles/2004/fiscal.pdf. 2. Camarota, “High Cost of Cheap Labor.” 3. Sarah Beth Coffey, “Undocumented Immigrants in Georgia: Tax Contributions and Fiscal Concerns,” Georgia Budget and Policy Institute, January 2006, www.gbpi.org/pubs/garevenue/20060119.pdf. 4.

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Instead of a basically open border and welcoming attitude toward immigrants—including Mexicans, who were considered nominally “white” and therefore eligible for citizenship—the 1924 law closed the border and demanded that every potential immigrant be scrutinized. It created two new things that now seem to be a natural part of our immigration policy: the Border Patrol and deportation. In the process, it also created the category of the “illegal immigrant.” Prior to 1924, immigrants could be deported for committing certain crimes, but with an open border there was no such thing as illegal entry or an “illegal” immigrant. The 1924 law made “unlawful entry” a crime and created a new police force, the Border Patrol, to prevent and punish it. Suddenly, there was a new legal category of people in the country: not citizens, not immigrants.

Immigration worldwide: policies, practices, and trends by Uma Anand Segal, Doreen Elliott, Nazneen S. Mayadas

affirmative action, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, borderless world, British Empire, Celtic Tiger, centre right, conceptual framework, credit crunch, demographic transition, deskilling, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, export processing zone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial independence, full employment, global village, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, informal economy, it's over 9,000, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, labour mobility, language acquisition, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, mass immigration, minimum wage unemployment, moral panic, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, open borders, phenotype, scientific management, South China Sea, structural adjustment programs, Suez canal 1869, trade route, transaction costs, upwardly mobile, urban planning, women in the workforce

In addition to the above and in the period since 1996 a number of additional laws relating to immigration have been passed: the Immigration Act (1999), which sets out the grounds for deportations; the Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Act (2000), which creates offences offenses in relation to facilitating illegal immigration; the Immigration Act (2003), which stipulates the sanctions for carriers of illegal immigrants, and introduces an obligation on state departments to share information on nonnationals for the purpose of administering immigration law, the Ireland 213 Table 14-4. Work Permits Issued by Nationality. 1999–2001 Nationality 1999 2000 2001 Total Australia Belarus Bangladesh Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Estonia India Latvia Lithuania Malaysia Moldova New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Poland Romania Russian Fed.

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Other nations, such as France and Spain, also write of ‘‘border controls,’’ some suggest methods of deporting/repatriating illegal immigrants (Ireland, Israel, South Africa, United States), and yet others have a means to amnesty and citizenship (Greece and Thailand). Others merely speak of policies that ‘‘regulate’’ illegal immigration (China, Brazil, Spain). Several of these measures are short-term minimal resolutions to the dilemma of this population. France and the UK indicate stringent approaches and punitive policies for the control of illegal immigration and residence. Russia recognizes the presence of a large undocumented population and a shadow economy and is also aware that this group is often protected by criminal organizations as it receives no support from Russian law enforcement.

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Until 2007 the ‘‘50:50 balance’’ between the totality of the exUSSR countries and ‘‘old’’ foreign states that might seem surprising was mainly the result of widespread practices of unregistered employment of labor migrants from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. Illegality is in fact one of the major characteristics of migration inflows to Russia. Illegal Immigration The dominant type of immigration to Russia, illegal immigration is very diversified. It consists of the following major inflows (Krasinets et al., 2000:80–82): (1) The citizens of the ex-USSR countries who come to Russia in quest of jobs and/or residence. Visa-free regimes based on bilateral and multilateral agreements between most post-Soviet countries allow them to cross the boundaries legally.

Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities by Eric Kaufmann

4chan, Abraham Maslow, affirmative action, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-communist, anti-globalists, augmented reality, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, centre right, Chelsea Manning, cognitive dissonance, complexity theory, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, David Brooks, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, Great Leap Forward, Haight Ashbury, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, immigration reform, imperial preference, income inequality, it's over 9,000, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, liberal capitalism, longitudinal study, Lyft, mass immigration, meta-analysis, microaggression, moral panic, Nate Silver, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, open borders, open immigration, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Overton Window, phenotype, postnationalism / post nation state, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, Silicon Valley, Social Justice Warrior, statistical model, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, the built environment, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, transcontinental railway, twin studies, uber lyft, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, white flight, working-age population, World Values Survey, young professional

In 1990, recognizing reality, a new immigration act raised the official immigration cap from 270,000 to 675,000 per year while more than doubling employment-related visas and creating the H-1B programme for high-skilled immigrants.31 The IRCA amnesty may or may not have acted as an incentive for others to try their luck crossing the border. Alternatively, it may be that lofty legislation made little difference to the inflow, since apprehensions of illegal immigrants on the southern border continued at around 1 million per year.32 Against the backdrop of rising illegal immigration and legal admissions, the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) was founded in 1978. The organization sought to ‘end illegal immigration’ and to ‘set legal immigration at the lowest feasible levels consistent with the demographic, economic, and social realities of the present’. It eschewed ethnic quotas in favour of numerical limits, calling for a temporary moratorium on immigration to facilitate assimilation.

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Despite the anti-immigration sentiment which rapid immigration usually produces, the rising liberalism of the Boomers was able to exert a countervailing influence on immigration attitudes. Later in the book, and in the online blog, I consider more rigorous evidence for this claim. IMMIGRATION POLITICS IN THE POST-1965 PERIOD Legal and illegal immigration rose steadily from 300,000 per year in 1965 to 500,000 in the 1970s and 750,000 in the 1980s. This spurred anti-immigration organizing by the 1980s, but produced only a modest public response. In legislative terms, discussion focused only on illegal immigration. Some legislators pushed for employer sanctions to punish those who knowingly hired unauthorized workers. Liberals argued that regularizing the status of the undocumented was necessary for them to become productive citizens but this had not become a partisan issue.

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However, no ballot initiative had ever been held on immigration, which was deemed to be a federal matter. In 1994 FAIR helped coordinate grassroots organizations like Voice of Citizens Together (VCT) and Americans Against Illegal Immigration (AAII) to gather the necessary signatures to support the initiative they dubbed ‘Save Our State’ (SOS). As a state ballot, Proposition 187 was not about border enforcement, a federal matter. Rather, its stated goal was to deny public services to illegal immigrants. In addition to acting as a deterrent, the measure would serve as a powerful symbol of local opposition to undocumented immigration. Despite its security and economic rationale, there was an important streak of white ethno-traditionalism among grassroots 187 activists.

The New Class War: Saving Democracy From the Metropolitan Elite by Michael Lind

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, anti-communist, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Cambridge Analytica, capital controls, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, centre right, collective bargaining, commoditize, corporate governance, cotton gin, crony capitalism, deindustrialization, disinformation, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, export processing zone, fake news, future of work, gentrification, global supply chain, guest worker program, Haight Ashbury, illegal immigration, immigration reform, independent contractor, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal world order, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, means of production, Michael Milken, moral panic, Nate Silver, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shock, open borders, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, purchasing power parity, Ralph Nader, regulatory arbitrage, rent-seeking, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Silicon Valley, SoftBank, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Timothy McVeigh, trade liberalization, union organizing, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, WikiLeaks, Wolfgang Streeck, working poor

Denying employers the ability to pit different groups of workers against one another also makes it necessary to enact amnesties for illegal immigrants in countries like the US where large numbers of unauthorized foreign nationals, allowed to settle in the country by corrupt politicians in the interest of economic elites, are de facto citizens. Rewarding foreign nationals for violating immigration laws is an evil. But it is the lesser of two evils, compared to allowing employers to have continuing access to large pools of illegal immigrant workers who can be mistreated and intimidated. Like legal immigrants, amnestied illegal immigrants without criminal records should be made citizens as rapidly as possible to deny employers access to workers who cannot vote.

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While denouncing bigotry against immigrants, the commission called for reducing legal immigration, shifting the basis of immigration away from family relationships toward skills, and promoting the integration of immigrants.7 In the words of the chair of the commission, Barbara Jordan, the first African American woman from the South to be elected to Congress, “The commission finds no national interest in continuing to import lesser skilled and unskilled workers to compete in the most vulnerable parts of our labor force.”8 Jordan also rejected efforts to blur the distinction between legal and illegal immigration: “To make sense about the national interest in immigration, it is necessary to make distinctions between those who obey the law, and those who violate it. Therefore, we disagree, also, with those who label our efforts to control illegal immigration as somehow inherently anti-immigrant. Unlawful immigration is unacceptable.”9 A generation later, most of the policies proposed by the Jordan Commission are supported by the populist Republican right and denounced by growing numbers of self-described “progressive” Democrats for whom any enforcement of immigration laws is inherently unjust.

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The incompatibility of the welfare state with mass immigration was noted by the libertarian economist Milton Friedman: “If you have a welfare state, if you have a state in which every resident is promised a certain minimum level of income, or a minimum level of subsistence, regardless of whether he works or not, produces it or not. Then [free immigration] really is an impossible thing.” Friedman callously welcomed illegal immigration—but only as long as illegal immigrants were ineligible for welfare: “But it’s only good so long as it’s illegal. . . . Make it legal and it’s no good. Why? Because as long as it’s illegal the people who come in do not qualify for welfare, they don’t qualify for social security, they don’t qualify for the other myriad of benefits.”16 His ideological opposite, the progressive economist Paul Krugman, agrees with Friedman’s political point.

Gray Lady Down: What the Decline and Fall of the New York Times Means for America by William McGowan

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, corporate governance, David Brooks, different worldview, disinformation, East Village, friendly fire, haute couture, illegal immigration, immigration reform, liberation theology, medical residency, microplastics / micro fibres, New Journalism, obamacare, payday loans, postnationalism / post nation state, pre–internet, Seymour Hersh, uranium enrichment, yellow journalism, young professional

In a mid-2009 panel discussion, Jeffrey Passel of the Pew Research Center estimated that nearly one million illegal immigrants enter America annually, but the Times has used the figure of 400,000 and doesn’t acknowledge the discrepancy, much less explain it. While minimizing the numbers of illegal immigrants, the Times plays down the social costs they impose as well. According to William Bratton, former police chief of Los Angeles, gang violence is “the emerging monster of crime in America.” At least 90 percent of all the outstanding homicide warrants in Los Angeles are for illegal immigrant criminals, most of them gangbangers. Because of their social marginality, immigrant children are particularly likely to be seduced by the gang culture.

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The victim played dead, and later crawled to a nearby house for help. Despite the heinousness of the crime, the Times chose not to cover it, even though it routinely covers other developments in New Haven, including the controversies over granting identity cards to illegal immigrants, and the immigrant community’s fears over federal raids on illegal immigrants with outstanding arrest warrants. • The Times did a piece on how happy immigrant parents were with ethnically themed public charter schools, dismissing concerns about assimilation by quoting ethnic studies professors saying that these parents were being “as American as apple pie.”

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The second driver is an intellectual and journalistic framework that romanticizes “the Other” and shrugs off the question of a Latinization or Islamization of American culture as if it were meaningless. Like other liberal institutions, the Times puts the “human rights” of illegal immigrants ahead of the collective right of ordinary American citizens to decide who should be allowed to immigrate and who should not—thereby essentially voiding one of the most fundamental aspects of any country’s sovereignty. At the Times, pressure has steadily increased to erase the distinction between “legal” and “illegal” immigration. As Randal Archibold wrote in April 2006, there is “the awkward question of who is legal and how much it should matter.” Officially, the paper’s style guide says a distinction should be made, but the newsroom reflects a calculated confusion.

The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics by John B. Judis

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, capital controls, carbon tax, centre right, Charlie Hebdo massacre, collapse of Lehman Brothers, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, financial deregulation, first-past-the-post, fixed income, full employment, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, laissez-faire capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, mass immigration, means of production, neoliberal agenda, obamacare, Occupy movement, open borders, plutocrats, Post-Keynesian economics, post-materialism, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, white flight, Winter of Discontent

In his 2011 book, he wrote, “Illegal immigration is a wrecking ball aimed at U.S. taxpayers. Washington needs to get tough and fight for ‘We the People,’ not for the special interests who want cheap labor and a minority voting bloc.” In the 2016 campaign, he not only opposed illegal immigration, but favored deportation. His case against illegal immigration was partly economic—they drove down wages and raised social costs—but also socio-cultural—they were a cause of crime. He proposed that Mexico finance a wall with its trade surplus from the United States to stop illegal immigration. Trump’s views on immigration displayed a special animus toward Mexican Americans.

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Emily Ekins, who did extensive interviews with Tea Party members, writes that the Tea Partiers “tended to view the ACA as a redistributive transfer program that they would be disproportionately responsible for funding.” Tea Partiers viewed illegal immigration the same way. In their interviews, Skocpol and Williamson report, “the major concern was the illegitimate and costly use of government funds and services by illegal immigrants.” Many of the local Tea Party groups were part of the tradition of American populism and reflected opposition from the right to the neoliberal consensus. They objected to the residual elements of New Deal liberalism that neoliberalism had retained, even those popular among Republicans.

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The populists express these neglected concerns and frame them in a politics that pits the people against an intransigent elite. By doing so, they become catalysts for political change. On both sides of the Atlantic, the major parties favored increased immigration, only to find that in the United States voters were up in arms about illegal immigration and in Europe about immigrant communities that became seedbeds of crime and later terror. The populist candidates and parties gave voice to these concerns. In Europe, the major parties on the continent embraced the idea of a common currency only to find it fall into disfavor during the Great Recession.

Divided: Why We're Living in an Age of Walls by Tim Marshall

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, cryptocurrency, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, Donald Trump, end world poverty, facts on the ground, gentrification, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, it's over 9,000, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, open borders, openstreetmap, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, the built environment, trade route, unpaid internship, urban planning

Countless American companies, big and small, employ huge numbers of illegal immigrants, pay them little, give them no legal rights, and hide their presence from the authorities. The government could begin to arrest lots of American management teams that knowingly hire illegal immigrants. How popular this move would be with companies that rely on cheap labour for construction contracts and fruit picking is another matter. Ultimately, very few barriers are impenetrable. People are resourceful, and those desperate enough will find a way around, under or over them. Extra barriers simply push would-be illegal immigrants further and further into unguarded, unpopulated areas.

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Many supporters of the BJP government take a robust view of what is required and demand policies that might appear harsh to some people. These include criminal proceedings against anyone harbouring an illegal immigrant, and banning illegal immigrants from working if they do not voluntarily register themselves with the authorities. In the 2014 national election campaign Narendra Modi, the BJP leader, repeatedly promised that he would tighten border controls and warned illegal immigrants from Bangladesh that they needed to have their ‘bags packed’. He went on to become prime minister. In 2017 the BJP president, Amit Shah, accused politicians in the opposition Congress Party, who are against deportations, of wanting to make Assam state a part of Bangladesh.

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They began by separating Greece and Macedonia, Macedonia and Serbia, and Serbia and Hungary, and, as we became less shocked by each stretch of barbed wire, others followed suit – Slovenia began building on the Croatian border, the Austrians fenced off Slovenia, Sweden put up barriers to prevent illegal immigrants crossing from Denmark, while Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have all started defensive fortifications on their borders with Russia. Europe is certainly not alone: the United Arab Emirates has built a fence along the border with Oman, Kuwait likewise with Iraq. Iraq and Iran maintain a physical divide, as do Iran and Pakistan – all 435 miles of it.

The Price of Everything: And the Hidden Logic of Value by Eduardo Porter

Alan Greenspan, Alvin Roth, AOL-Time Warner, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, British Empire, capital controls, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, clean water, Credit Default Swap, Deng Xiaoping, Easter island, Edward Glaeser, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, financial engineering, flying shuttle, Ford paid five dollars a day, full employment, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, guest worker program, happiness index / gross national happiness, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jean Tirole, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joshua Gans and Andrew Leigh, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, longitudinal study, loss aversion, low skilled workers, Martin Wolf, means of production, Menlo Park, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Michael Milken, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, new economy, New Urbanism, peer-to-peer, pension reform, Peter Singer: altruism, pets.com, placebo effect, precautionary principle, price discrimination, price stability, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, rising living standards, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, search costs, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, superstar cities, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, ultimatum game, unpaid internship, urban planning, Veblen good, women in the workforce, World Values Survey, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

We would import the asparagus and the strawberries instead. Illegal immigrants do affect prices in the United States. One study calculated that the surge in immigration experienced between 1980 and 2000 reduced the average price of services such as housekeeping or gardening by more than 9 percent, mainly by undercutting wages. Still, it had a negligible impact on natives’ wages because poor illegal immigrants compete in the job market with other poor illegal immigrants. Immigration policy has always been determined by who bears its costs and who draws its benefits. Illegal immigrants are tolerated by the political system because their cheap labor is useful for agribusiness and other industries.

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To bring his children into the United States through a checkpoint, he would have to work longer to earn the price of passage. But it would lower the risk that his children would perish along the way. The debate among Americans about illegal immigration is itself a discussion about prices. Critics charge that illegal immigrants lower the price of natives’ labor by offering to do the job for less. They argue that immigrants impose a burden on natives when they consume public services, like education for their children and emergency medical care. These arguments are weaker than they seem. Most illegal immigrants work on the books using false IDs, and have taxes withheld from their paychecks like any other worker. They can’t draw benefits from most government programs.

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Illegal immigrants are tolerated by the political system because their cheap labor is useful for agribusiness and other industries. It provides affordable nannies to middle-class Americans. This suggests that despite presidential lip service to the need to reform immigration law, nothing much is likely to be done. Creating a legal path for illegal immigrants to work in the United States would be politically risky and could provide a big incentive for more illegal flows. By contrast, cutting illegal immigration entirely would be prohibitively costly. The status quo is too comfortable to bear tinkering like that. The ebb and flow of immigration will continue to be determined by potential immigrants’ measuring the prospect of a minimum-wage job—perhaps a first step up the ladder of prosperity—against the costs imposed by the harsh border.

Words That Work: It's Not What You Say, It's What People Hear by Dr. Frank Luntz

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Bonfire of the Vanities, call centre, citizen journalism, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, death of newspapers, disinformation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, glass ceiling, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, It's morning again in America, pension reform, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Saturday Night Live, school choice, school vouchers, Steve Jobs, upwardly mobile, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, white flight

Rule Three Credibility Is As Important As Philosophy In the illegal immigration debate, an expression of “compassion” was the best way to establish instant credibility. WORDS THAT WORK “Compassion is the component lacking in much of the Republican messaging on illegal immigration thus far. You are quick to condemn the problem, as you should be, but no one hears your sympathy for ALL of the innocent victims.” “A child brought here by an illegal immigrant is a victim, but so are the children of legal immigrants and citizens who pay for it in taxes and fewer services themselves. We cannot deny care to an illegal immigrant, but it is unfair for the rest of us to pick up the tab.

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We cannot deny care to an illegal immigrant, but it is unfair for the rest of us to pick up the tab. The best way to show compassion for illegal immigration is to END illegal immigration.” Notice the use of the word “victim” and how it is tied to the children of illegal immigrants. It directly acknowledges the arguments put forward by the opponents of stricter immigration laws. But by accepting what we all know to be true, it earns the speaker credibility that can then be applied to the principle of fairness and eventually to ending illegal immigration altogether. Rule Four Consistency Matters Rules aren’t just for kids and books. To keep members of Congress focused, consistent, and repetitive, you have to tell them that there are specific rules to follow.

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Otherwise, they won’t follow them. In the immigration debate, the public opinion research uncovered five specific rules: 1. Always differentiate LEGAL from illegal immigration; 2. Always refer to people crossing the border illegally as “illegal immigrants”—NOT as “illegals”; 3. Always focus on those who are hurt most by illegal immigration—American citizens and immigrants who came here legally and played by the rules; 4. Don’t argue whether illegal immigration is a crisis, a major problem, or a national challenge. Describe the problem, quantify it, but don’t measure it; and 5. If it sounds like amnesty, it will fail.

Our 50-State Border Crisis: How the Mexican Border Fuels the Drug Epidemic Across America by Howard G. Buffett

airport security, clean water, collective bargaining, defense in depth, Donald Trump, illegal immigration, immigration reform, linked data, low skilled workers, moral panic, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pill mill

., and Cohn, D. (2017, April 27). 5 Facts about Illegal Immigration in the U.S. Pew Research. Retrieved October 18, 2017, from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s. 3 Yee, V., Davis, K., and Patel, J. (2017, March 6). Here’s the Reality about Illegal Immigrants in the United States. New York Times. Retrieved October 18, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/06/us/politics/undocumented-illegal-immigrants.html. 4 Gonzalez-Barrera, A., and Krogstad, J. M. (2017, March 2). What We Know about Illegal Immigration from Mexico. Pew Research. Retrieved October 18, 2017, from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/02/what-we-know-about-illegal-immigration-from-mexico/. 5 Krogstad, J.

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, and Haberman, M. (2017, August 25). Trump Pardons Joe Arpaio, Who Became Face of Crackdown on Illegal Immigration. New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/25/us/politics/joe-arpaio-trump-pardon-sheriff-arizona.html. 12 Krogstad, J. M., Passel, J. S., and Cohn, D. (2017, April 27). 5 Facts about Illegal Immigration in the U.S. Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 4, 2017, from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s. 13 Mejia, B., Carcamo, C., and Knoll, C. (2017, February 9). L.A., Orange Counties Are Home to 1 Million Immigrants Who Are in the Country Illegally, Analysis Shows.

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Wilmot, Yuma County Sheriff, Arizona, before the House Committee on Homeland Security Hearing “Ending the Crisis: America’s Borders and the Path to Security” on February 7, 2017. 9 Yuma County Chamber of Commerce. Agriculture. Retrieved October 5, 2017, from http://www.yumachamber.org/agriculture.html. 10 Partlow, J. (2014, February 10). Under Operation Streamline, Fast-Track Proceedings for Illegal Immigrants. Washington Post. Retrieved October 14, 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/under-operation-streamline-fast-track-proceedings-for-illegal-immigrants/2014/02/10/87529d24-919d-11e3-97d3-f7da321f6f33_story.html. Chapter 10. Red Shoes in Honduras 1 Colibri Center. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved October 16, 2017, from http://www.colibricenter.org/about-us. 2 Beatrice, J.

The Full Catastrophe: Travels Among the New Greek Ruins by James Angelos

bank run, Berlin Wall, centre right, death of newspapers, disinformation, Fall of the Berlin Wall, ghettoisation, illegal immigration, income inequality, moral hazard, plutocrats, urban planning

When he was campaigning for the premiership in the spring of 2012, Antonis Samaras, the leader of New Democracy, vowed to abolish the law, which he called a “magnet for illegal immigrants.” A lot of people seemed to approve of this thinking. At a Samaras campaign rally I attended in Athens, his repeated calls for growth-oriented economic policies were not met with nearly as much enthusiasm as his vow to “remove from this place illegal immigrants, who have now become tyrants of the society.” Samaras, around this time, also called the influx of illegal immigrants an “unarmed invasion” and said his election would mean the end of a state that took care of foreigners and forsook its own citizens.

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The invader illegal immigrants are within Athens. Brothers! Keep well inside your souls the spirit of freedom. The invaders entered without resistance with the help of ethnic nihilists of our terrorized city. Hellenes! Your hearts high!” The time had come for a “counterattack,” declared the third edition, calling for “EVERYONE IN THE STREETS to defeat the tyrants of our people.” Underneath another picture of an overcrowded boat of migrants, it said: “They aren’t illegal immigrants. They are the fifth column. Among them are found trained commando-saboteurs that impersonate poor illegal immigrants, and at the right moment, they will take an order from the globalizers for enemy actions against our country.”

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It was therefore curious that, with such pressing issues at hand, the citizenship law and illegal immigration played such a prominent role in the election campaigning. This no doubt had to do with the rise of Golden Dawn, which gained a great deal of political traction almost solely due to its anti-immigration rhetoric. Other parties felt the need to compete. The tough talk was not limited to the right wing. In the run-up to the elections, the PASOK minister overseeing the police, Michalis Chrisochoidis, vowed to round up 30,000 illegal immigrants and place them in old military bases. He also announced plans to construct a barbwire fence along several miles of the Evros River Valley border, an idea European officials referred to as “pointless,” arguing that migrants would simply find another way in.

The Curse of Cash by Kenneth S Rogoff

Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, bank run, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, cashless society, central bank independence, cryptocurrency, debt deflation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Snowden, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fiat currency, financial exclusion, financial intermediation, financial repression, forward guidance, frictionless, full employment, George Akerlof, German hyperinflation, government statistician, illegal immigration, inflation targeting, informal economy, interest rate swap, Isaac Newton, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Kepler, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, large denomination, liquidity trap, low interest rates, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, moveable type in China, New Economic Geography, offshore financial centre, oil shock, open economy, payday loans, price stability, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, RFID, savings glut, secular stagnation, seigniorage, The Great Moderation, the payments system, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, transaction costs, unbanked and underbanked, unconventional monetary instruments, underbanked, unorthodox policies, Y2K, yield curve

Nevertheless, with the huge continuing influx of illegal workers in the United States and other advanced economies, exploitation of migrant workers remains a pressing issue. Illegal immigration is a cash-intensive process, and the existence of cash makes it far harder for countries to control their borders. First, migrants typically pay smugglers in cash to bring them across the border: $1,000–$3,500 per individual to cross from Mexico to the United States, and $3,000–$10,000 to go from Central Asia to Western Europe, according to a 2011 Financial Action Task Force Report.49 Second and far more important, businesses that choose to rely on illegal immigrant workers can pay them in cash to reduce the risk of detection.

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First, migrants typically pay smugglers in cash to bring them across the border: $1,000–$3,500 per individual to cross from Mexico to the United States, and $3,000–$10,000 to go from Central Asia to Western Europe, according to a 2011 Financial Action Task Force Report.49 Second and far more important, businesses that choose to rely on illegal immigrant workers can pay them in cash to reduce the risk of detection. It is this final demand from employers that ultimately fuels a large part of illegal immigration.50 The extent of illegal immigration varies tremendously across countries; for one thing, it is much more difficult for immigrants to blend into some countries than into others. In a melting pot like the United States, unauthorized immigrants (residents without legal status) constitute more than 11 million people, or 3.5% of the population.51 The range of estimates for Europe are lower, between 0.25% and 0.60% of the total population in France and Germany, 0.02% and 0.09% for Denmark, and 1.5% and 1.9% in Greece.52 Nevertheless, the issue is almost as contentious across Europe as it is in the United States.

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Controlling borders is likely to become an ever-increasing problem in the future, and improved control has to be listed as a major potential benefit of phasing out cash or restricting its use. That said, any plan to fully phase out cash will need to address the problem of providing amnesty to the existing illegal immigrants. Allowing time to deal with illegal immigration is one of many reasons the proposal in chapter 7 leaves smaller notes in circulation for an indefinite period. To be clear, I strongly favor allowing increased legal migration into advanced economies. Any economist who takes income and wealth inequality seriously realizes that, despite the enormous progress of the past three decades, differences across countries simply swamp the within-country inequality that Thomas Piketty and others worry about.

Devil's Bargain: Steve Bannon, Donald Trump, and the Storming of the Presidency by Joshua Green

4chan, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bernie Sanders, Biosphere 2, Black Lives Matter, business climate, Cambridge Analytica, Carl Icahn, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, coherent worldview, collateralized debt obligation, conceptual framework, corporate raider, crony capitalism, currency manipulation / currency intervention, data science, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, fake news, Fractional reserve banking, Glass-Steagall Act, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Gordon Gekko, guest worker program, hype cycle, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Jim Simons, junk bonds, liberation theology, low skilled workers, machine translation, Michael Milken, Nate Silver, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, obamacare, open immigration, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, quantitative hedge fund, Renaissance Technologies, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, urban planning, vertical integration

He had first been brought into Trump’s orbit years earlier by David Bossie, the veteran Republican operative, to provide informal counsel on a potential presidential bid. At the time, Bannon hadn’t thought much of Trump’s chances and regarded these visits as an adventure and a lark. He doubted that Trump would run. But this hadn’t prevented him from imparting his nationalist worldview—particularly his hostility to illegal immigration—and long before Trump declared his candidacy, the billionaire was reading Breitbart News articles flagged by Bannon and then printed out on paper (Trump’s preferred medium for reading) and delivered to him in a manila folder by his staff. It was no accident that Trump’s formal declaration of his candidacy, on June 16, 2015, took the form of a bitter paean to American nationalism that quickly veered into an attack on Mexican immigrants as criminals and “rapists.”

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Although neither of them could have had any inkling of where they would end up, Bannon would provide Trump with two great services in the years ahead—services without which Trump probably wouldn’t be president. First, he supplied Trump with a fully formed, internally coherent worldview that accommodated Trump’s own feelings about trade and foreign threats, what Trump eventually dubbed “America first” nationalism. One aspect in particular that preoccupied Bannon—the menace of illegal immigration—was something Trump would use to galvanize his supporters from the moment he descended the Trump Tower escalator on June 16, 2015, to declare his candidacy. By then, Bannon had left banking and Hollywood to take over the combative right-wing populist website Breitbart News after the death of its founder, Andrew Breitbart, in 2012.

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But where Breitbart’s “hatred” of his enemies often had a twinkle, Bannon took a more literal view of his role in the opposition. Over the next several years, as Barack Obama was elected and the Tea Party backlash arrived, Bannon continued making and producing documentaries—big, crashing, opinionated films with Wagner scores and martial imagery: Border Wars: The Battle Over Illegal Immigration (2006), on clashes at the U.S.–Mexico border; Battle for America (2010), celebrating the rise of the Tea Party; and Generation Zero (2010), examining the roots of the financial meltdown. By then he had become a full-blown populist critic of Wall Street. “Here’s what changed,” said Bannon. “What Goldman represented in the 1980s was that they were principal providers of capital formation.

Exodus: How Migration Is Changing Our World by Paul Collier

Ayatollah Khomeini, Boris Johnson, charter city, classic study, Edward Glaeser, experimental economics, first-past-the-post, full employment, game design, George Akerlof, global village, guest worker program, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, language acquisition, mass immigration, mirror neurons, moral hazard, open borders, radical decentralization, risk/return, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transaction costs, University of East Anglia, white flight, zero-sum game

But smugglers who offer such deals must build mechanisms for enforcing the obligation: in effect, illegal immigrants become temporary slaves to their smugglers. Among the limited options for profitable and enforceable slavery, the most obvious is prostitution: illegal immigrants who dreamed of becoming secretaries end up as sex slaves. Once smugglers have such a mechanism of enforcement, why should they stop merely at recovering the notional debt? Slaves are likely to remain slaves until they escape or perish. Once arrived, even if illegal immigrants escape dependence upon people-smugglers, they have few options. To survive they need an income that they cannot legally earn.

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Legalizing Illegal Immigration All controls inevitably induce evasion. Currently, those who successfully evade migration controls become illegal residents, and this illegality gives rise to serious problems such as crime and the black economy. Debates on what to do about illegal immigrants have been as damagingly polarized as the larger migration debate. Social liberals want a one-off granting of full legal status; social conservatives oppose this on the grounds that rewarding evasion would encourage more of it. The result has been deadlock: nothing has been done and meanwhile illegal immigrants have accumulated: in America twelve million of them, in Britain nobody even knows.

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To meet the reasonable concerns of social liberals, it recognizes that evasion is unavoidably a continuing process, so that future flows of illegal immigrants need to be addressed as well as the accumulated stocks. Any granting of rights that claims to be once-and-for-all is a piece of political deception. The package also recognizes that once border controls have been evaded, so that people have succeeded in entering the country illegally, all such migrants must be granted sufficient legal status to be able to work within the official economy. Otherwise, illegal immigrants are a source of further illegality. To meet the reasonable concerns of social conservatives, it involves a penalty for evasion relative to legal entry, does not increase overall migration, and tightens the process for dealing with migrants who choose to remain illegal.

Dangerous Waters: Modern Piracy and Terror on the High Seas by John S. Burnett

British Empire, cable laying ship, Dava Sobel, defense in depth, Exxon Valdez, Filipino sailors, illegal immigration, Khyber Pass, low earth orbit, Malacca Straits, North Sea oil, South China Sea, three-masted sailing ship, transcontinental railway, UNCLOS, UNCLOS

They were a formidable team and became experts in tracing smuggling routes of illegal immigrants aboard phantom ships.43 If not used in cargo fraud, phantom ships are often used to transport human cargo into the U.S., Middle East, Europe, or Australia. “Once in the United States those [immigrants] on board ask for political asylum,” Ellen says. “The crews of the phantom ships, including the captain, are not sent to prison, they are simply sent back home to do it over and over again.” Indeed, smuggling people is as lucrative as smuggling drugs, and safer. There is not the worldwide concern for the transportation of illegal immigrants as there is for shipping narcotics, and in the unlikely event the organizers are caught, the penalties are much lighter.

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She-tou, the Snakeheads, so called because of the creative smuggling routes that snake from country to country before entering the United States, have bases in Hong Kong, Fujian Province on the southern Chinese mainland, Europe, the U.S., and Canada. They have successfully smuggled several hundred thousand illegal immigrants into the United States and Canada over the past ten years, either by air or by sea aboard previously pirated ships. Many of the illegal immigrants pay the Snakehead organizations in Hong Kong and Fujian up to $35,000 for the passage. If a vessel founders or is arrested, it is of little concern to the syndicates; money for the passage already has been collected or pledged by the families who remain back in China.

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Vibro cholerae, the bacterium responsible for cholera, was found in the ballast water of all ships tested after entering the Chesapeake Bay from foreign ports. Chapter 11 34 There are 2 million illegal immigrants in Malaysia of a population of 23 million. Most of these have been spirited across the Malacca Straits from Indonesia during the past ten years. There is no other practical way to get into Malaysia except through Thailand and that is rarely done; Thais are a different people with different religion, language, and appearance. In January 2002 two police boats, pursuing an Indonesian longboat carrying fifty-four illegal immigrants including several women, were bombarded with firebombs. When police attempted to board, they were attacked by the desperate immigrants armed with parangs and axes. 35 These boats exchange cut timber, copra, and palm oil from Indonesia for cartons of soft drinks, live chickens, and kerosene in Malaysia, an age-old tradition of commerce between the two nations. 36 Article 105 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) allows the seizure of a pirate ship or aircraft: On the high seas, or in any other place outside the jurisdiction of any State, every State may seize a pirate ship or aircraft taken by piracy and under the control of pirates and arrest the persons and seize the property on board.

Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food by Steve Striffler

clean water, collective bargaining, company town, corporate raider, illegal immigration, immigration reform, independent contractor, longitudinal study, market design, place-making, Ronald Reagan, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, vertical integration

I don’t know, maybe the Getting Here 107 INS will pick me up one day, but I don’t think about it. I have almost ten years [in poultry]. Really, there is nothing in Mexico for me. But still, I would like to return.26 Tighter border control, which began in the mid-s, has done little to stop illegal immigration. Between , when the Immigration Reform and Control Act was enacted, and , INS funding increased eightfold and Border Patrol funding sixfold. Yet, the number of illegal immigrants doubled during the same period and is growing by an estimated , a year. What tighter border control did do was make the passage more expensive and more dangerous for immigrants. As a result, once immigrants finally arrive in the United States they stay longer.

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These figures are notoriously difficult to calculate, in part because fake documents are relatively easy to acquire. Percentages of course vary depending on region and even plant. But somewhere between one-quarter and one-third is considered likely. . Sherri Day,“Jury Clears Tyson Foods in Use of Illegal Immigrants,” New York Times, Mar. , . . Bill Poovey, “Tyson Indictments Leave Some Illegal Immigrants Stranded,” Associated Press (), www.imdiversity.com/villages/hispanic/ Article_ Detail.asp?Article_ID=. . As David Griffith points out, many companies encourage workers (often with financial incentives) to recruit their family and friends.

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By transforming poultry-processing plants and other workplaces, immigrants have also changed much of America’s heartland in the South and Midwest during the past quarter century. The influence of industrial poultry extends into our communities, schools, and churches. Chapter  focuses on a legal case—well covered in the media—in which Tyson Foods was indicted by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) for smuggling illegal immigrants into the country in order to work in its processing plants. This admittedly extreme example is perhaps most significant because it highlights the complexity, and hypocrisy, of the relationship between food and immigration, suggesting that chicken depends on often exploitative sets of social relations.

Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town by Nick Reding

Alfred Russel Wallace, call centre, crack epidemic, illegal immigration, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Kickstarter, Multics, trade route, union organizing

Lori Arnold’s description of the reality of many illegal immigrants at the Excel plant—using fake identification, moving from town to town and packing plant to packing plant—sounded a lot like meth’s trajectory around the country as I tried to trace it back in 1999: there, but never quite visible. According to a Pew Hispanic Center report in 2005, there are twelve million illegal immigrants in the United States. Eight hundred and fifty thousand more arrive every year, the report found, along with the fact that 25 percent of all agricultural jobs in the United States are done by illegal immigrants. The link between the agricultural business, meatpacking, and illegal immigration would appear to be self-evident.

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The link between the agricultural business, meatpacking, and illegal immigration would appear to be self-evident. As University of Missouri sociologist William Heffernan says, “Cracking down on illegal immigration would cripple the [food production] system.” What also appears to be true is that the DTOs employ a miniscule percentage of the illegal immigrants in this country. Ironically, that fractional number is harder still to police within an ever-expanding multitude of people that is overwhelmingly law-abiding. But there’s also a more subtle connection between meth, immigration, and the food industry. That relationship is driven by the conceit that drugs, like viruses, attack weak hosts.

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And when that happens, we’re not only going to lose the six-dollar jobs; we’ll lose the twelve-dollar and the quarter-million-dollar jobs, too. That’s just reality.” When I suggested the often-repeated potential solution of fining companies that employ illegal immigrants while heavily taxing the products of those that move offshore, Souder ignored my suggestion. He instead recited from memory the statistics that had become the pivot points of 2005’s national debate on immigration: three hundred thousand illegal immigrants crossing the Mexican border each year; at least one million undocumented people living in the United States (according to the Pew study, the number is twelve million); rampant identity theft; overburdened hospitals going bankrupt by treating people who can’t pay their medical bills.

Not Working: Where Have All the Good Jobs Gone? by David G. Blanchflower

90 percent rule, active measures, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, bank run, banking crisis, basic income, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Black Swan, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Clapham omnibus, collective bargaining, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, declining real wages, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, driverless car, estate planning, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, George Akerlof, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Growth in a Time of Debt, high-speed rail, illegal immigration, income inequality, independent contractor, indoor plumbing, inflation targeting, Jeremy Corbyn, job satisfaction, John Bercow, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, longitudinal study, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, market clearing, Martin Wolf, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, moral hazard, Nate Silver, negative equity, new economy, Northern Rock, obamacare, oil shock, open borders, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Own Your Own Home, p-value, Panamax, pension reform, Phillips curve, plutocrats, post-materialism, price stability, prisoner's dilemma, quantitative easing, rent control, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Ronald Coase, selection bias, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, trade liberalization, universal basic income, University of East Anglia, urban planning, working poor, working-age population, yield curve

I can only imagine how hard it would be for an illegal immigrant who doesn’t speak the language. Immigration was a huge issue in the Brexit campaign, not least when it was announced just before the vote that net migration had hit a record level of 333,000 in 2015. Prime Minister David Cameron had pledged to get that number down to under 100,000. Feelings are very strong in the United States about immigration and refugees. Donald Trump promised to build a wall along the Mexican border, that Mexico would pay for the deportation of 11 million illegal immigrants, and that he would ban Muslims from entering the United States.

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63 65 52 63 79 87 80 14 According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted just before Election Day on October 25– November 8, about eight in ten Trump supporters who cast ballots or were planning to (79%) said illegal immigration was a “very big” problem in the United States.41 (Twenty percent of Clinton voters responded affirmatively to the same question.) Even more Trump supporters (86%) said the immigration situation in the United States had “gotten worse” since 2008. In the same Pew survey, voters were asked whether they thought particular issues were a “very big problem” in the United States. The chart below lists the percentages of those who responded affirmatively. Illegal immigration Terrorism Job opportunities for working-class Americans Crime Job opportunities for all Americans Conditions of roads, bridges, infrastructure Affordability of a college education Racism Gap between rich and poor Gun violence Climate change Clinton supporters 20 42 45 38 43 46 66 53 72 73 66 Trump supporters 79 74 63 55 58 36 38 21 33 31 14 A CBS News poll taken in March 2018 asked registered voters, “Do you favor or oppose building a wall along the U.S.

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“Full Text: Donald Trump Announces a Presidential Bid,” Washington Post, June 16, 2015. 5. Lewis and Peri 2014. 6. Pew Research Center, “U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Population Estimates,” November 2016. 7. Jens Manuel Kronstad, Jeffrey S. Passel, and D’Vera Cohn, “5 Facts about Illegal Immigration in the US,” November 3, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/. 8. Jeffrey S. Passel, D’Vera Cohn, and John Gramlich, “Number of U.S.-Born Babies with Unauthorized Immigrant Parents Has Fallen since 2007,” Pew Research Center, FactTank, November 1, 2018. 9. “CBP Border Security Report: Fiscal Year 2017,” December 5, 2017, U.S.

The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City by Alan Ehrenhalt

anti-communist, back-to-the-city movement, big-box store, British Empire, crack epidemic, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Edward Glaeser, Frank Gehry, gentrification, haute cuisine, Honoré de Balzac, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Jane Jacobs, land bank, Lewis Mumford, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, McMansion, megaproject, messenger bag, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, Peter Calthorpe, postindustrial economy, Richard Florida, streetcar suburb, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, walkable city, white flight, working poor, young professional

The issue of what to do about illegal immigrants poses a huge challenge for the five-member Gwinnett County Commission. This governmental body seems in a way to be an anachronism. All five members are conservative white Republicans; no Democrat or member of any minority group has been elected to countywide office in Gwinnett in the past twenty-five years. And all the current members are facing decisions that their careers and background have not really prepared them for. Some of these, of course, concern illegal immigration. Georgia has one of the toughest laws against illegal immigrants anywhere in the country, providing in certain cases for their deportation, but it has not been strictly enforced so far.

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But if it sticks too close to the Chamber of Commerce line, it risks stoking up resentment against illegal immigrants that continues to exist among white middle-class residents. There are regular protests from activists such as Bob Griggs, publisher of the Gwinnett Gazette, who told his readers in 2009 that “illegal immigration costs cities, counties, and the state government an estimated $1.6 billion annually.” The commissioners can’t be sure at any moment how far they might be from a full-fledged populist revolt. In early 2011, the state of Georgia passed one of the nation’s strictest laws targeting illegal immigrants. It remains to be seen what effect this will have on politics in Gwinnett County.

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The countywide incidence of crime is still lower than the national average, but in the past several years, the influx of illegal immigrants has created an underclass that has raised the crime rate and brought the previously unknown presence of loitering day laborers into several of the small cities. Whenever there is even a small amount of construction work to be had, day laborers cluster outside strip malls in Gwinnett just as they do in other parts of the country. In 2008, one Norcross resident wrote an angry letter to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution lamenting what he felt had happened to his town. “Illegal immigrants have already broken several laws to get to my neighborhood,” he said, “and I can attest that their penchant for lawbreaking did not stop at our borders.

Trumpocalypse: Restoring American Democracy by David Frum

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-globalists, Bernie Sanders, carbon tax, centre right, coronavirus, currency manipulation / currency intervention, decarbonisation, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, employer provided health coverage, fake news, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, illegal immigration, immigration reform, labor-force participation, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nate Silver, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open immigration, Paris climate accords, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, QAnon, rent-seeking, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, W. E. B. Du Bois

Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (New York: Crown, 2006), 266. 2. Katharine Q. Seelye, “Clinton Now Against Licenses for Illegal Immigrants,” Caucus (blog), New York Times, November 14, 2007, https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/clinton-now-against-licenses-for-illegal-immigrants/. 3. Jack Crowe, “Every Dem on Debate Stage Endorses Publicly Funded Health Care for Illegal Immigrants,” National Review Online, June 28, 2019, https://www.nationalreview.com/news/every-dem-on-debate-stage-endorses-publicly-funded-health-care-for-illegal-immigrants/. 4. Donald Trump (@realDonaldTrump), Twitter, June 27, 2019, 9:37 p.m., https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1144419410729242625. 5.

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The belligerent talk continued after Trump’s election. He threatened to incinerate North Korea: “Fire and fury like the world has never seen.”26 He growled nuclear menace at Iran too: “If Iran wants to fight, that will be the official end of Iran.”27 He threatened to close the border with Mexico. “If Mexico doesn’t immediately stop ALL illegal immigration coming into the United States through our Southern Border, I will be CLOSING . . . the Border, or large sections of the Border, next week.”28 He vowed to stop all foreign assistance to El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.29 He warned he might reimpose a “full and complete embargo” on Cuba.30 The candidate whom New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd hailed as “Donald the Dove” back in 201631 in 2019 ordered the assassination of Iran’s terror commander, General Qassem Soleimani.

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Trump accepted no responsibility, however. He instead accused news media who reported on the pro-Trump motive for Sayoc’s bombs of attempting to “score political points against me and the Republican Party.”16 The Pittsburgh synagogue killer fantasized that a global Jewish conspiracy headed by George Soros was masterminding illegal immigration to the United States and Europe. Even after the synagogue shooting, Trump still repeated on November 1, 2018, that “he wouldn’t be surprised” and “a lot of people are saying” that George Soros paid for the caravans.17 Yet Trump and his supporters reserved the right to be affronted and offended if anyone noted the similarity between Trump’s rhetoric and the Pittsburgh shooter’s.

The Last President of Europe: Emmanuel Macron's Race to Revive France and Save the World by William Drozdiak

Berlin Wall, bilateral investment treaty, Boeing 737 MAX, Boris Johnson, carbon tax, centre right, cloud computing, disinformation, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, reserve currency, Silicon Valley, Socratic dialogue, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, UNCLOS, working poor

Macron argues that such hardheaded pragmatism does not reflect capitulation to the nationalists but rather a political imperative to restore faith in the European Union by tacking to the demands of voters, even if doing so looks like an acceptance of populist themes. Merkel and Macron have demonstrated a new willingness to accelerate the deportation of illegal immigrants and those foreigners whose requests for political asylum have been rejected. In his 2018 New Year’s address to the French people, Macron promised that forced expulsions of illegal immigrants would be increased. Soon the number of deportations from France rose by 10 percent, to more than fifteen thousand. “We can’t take in everybody,” Macron declared. “There must be rules. It’s indispensable that we check the identities of everyone.

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PART TWO EUROPE CHAPTER 4 THE POPULIST MENACE As the operatic aria “Nessun dorma” (None shall sleep) from Puccini’s Turandot wafted over the heads of ten thousand people gathered in Milan’s cathedral square, Italy’s deputy prime minister Matteo Salvini climbed to the stage on a soggy Saturday in May along with ten other right-wing nationalist leaders from every corner of Europe. Riding high in opinion polls as Italy’s powerful interior minister and its most influential politician, Salvini convened the gathering just days ahead of European Parliament elections to celebrate a populist alliance that he said would “protect European civilization” from being overrun by illegal immigrants and radical Islamists. One by one, xenophobic politicians railed against Emmanuel Macron for defending open borders and the idea of a European superstate. Under Salvini’s orchestration, they endorsed his pan-European coalition behind the slogan “Towards a Common Sense Europe: Peoples Rise Up.”

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Orbán, who calls Salvini “my hero and my comrade in destiny,” claims that all of Europe’s far-right parties are aligned in their singular disdain for Macron and his vision of a liberal, democratic, and more unified Europe. “There are two camps in Europe,” Orbán said after seeing Salvini in Milan for one of their regular strategy sessions. “One is headed by Macron. He is at the head of the political forces supporting immigration. On the other hand, we all want to stop illegal immigration.”3 There had been earlier suggestions that Salvini and his allies would seek to drop out of Europe’s single currency or leave the European Union altogether once they gained power, but they have abandoned these positions in order to broaden the far right’s appeal. The chaos surrounding Britain’s efforts to negotiate its departure from the EU has inoculated much of the continent against following London out of the Union.

The Age of Entitlement: America Since the Sixties by Christopher Caldwell

1960s counterculture, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, Black Lives Matter, blue-collar work, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, classic study, computer age, crack epidemic, critical race theory, crony capitalism, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Attenborough, desegregation, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, Edward Snowden, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Firefox, full employment, Future Shock, George Gilder, global value chain, Home mortgage interest deduction, illegal immigration, immigration reform, informal economy, James Bridle, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, junk bonds, Kevin Kelly, Lewis Mumford, libertarian paternalism, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, mass incarceration, messenger bag, mortgage tax deduction, Nate Silver, new economy, Norman Mailer, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, open immigration, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, post-industrial society, pre–internet, profit motive, public intellectual, reserve currency, Richard Thaler, Robert Bork, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Silicon Valley, Skype, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, tech billionaire, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, Whole Earth Catalog, zero-sum game

Opponents of mass immigration were inclined to see IRCA as an outright fraud perpetrated on the public. The truth was more complicated. It had to do with a change in the country’s constitutional culture. The changing spirit of civil rights To do away with illegal immigration, Americans would have had to send a strong message, not just in their statutes but in their enforcement practices and their day-to-day behavior, to the effect that illegal immigration, and therefore illegal immigrants, were not welcome. Every poll from the time tells us that Americans intended to convey just such a message. In June 1986, those who wanted less immigration outnumbered those who wanted more of it by 7 to 1 (49 to 7 percent).

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Collectively, American Baby Boomers cashed out of the economy their forebears had built, shifting the costs of running it not just to different generations but to different parts of the world, through outsourcing and immigration. These, too, are a form of borrowing. Low-wage immigrants subsidize the rich countries they migrate to, and this is especially true of illegal immigrants. They are low-wage precisely because they are outside the legal system. Ultimately, natives pay some kind of “bill” for such labor. Either they invite the laborers into their society, and the costs to natives take the form of overburdened institutions, rapid cultural change, and diluted political power; or they exclude the laborers, and the costs take the form of exploitation, government repression, and bad conscience.

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From that perspective, the migration problem that confronted Reagan early in his presidency was still relatively minor. An unintended consequence of the 1965 law was to favor disorderly over orderly immigration. Low-volume European migration had not required a vast rural and border enforcement apparatus, but by the mid-1970s a new kind of immigration was under way. Roughly 3 million illegal immigrants, most of them Latin American agricultural workers in the Southwest, were overburdening public services and making natives uncomfortable. Even after the Reagan “revolution,” the political parties differed little on immigration. That is how Ted Kennedy, a driving force behind the Hart-Celler law, ended up playing a powerful role in Reagan’s attempts to fix it.

Melting Pot or Civil War?: A Son of Immigrants Makes the Case Against Open Borders by Reihan Salam

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Bonfire of the Vanities, charter city, delayed gratification, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, gentrification, ghettoisation, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, interchangeable parts, job automation, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, mass immigration, megacity, new economy, obamacare, open borders, open immigration, race to the bottom, self-driving car, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, two tier labour market, upwardly mobile, urban decay, working poor

The Conversation, January 18, 2018. theconversation.com/ahead-of-government-shutdown-congress-sets-its-sights-on-not-so-comprehensive-immigration-reform-89998. 4. Krogstad, Jens Manuel, Jeffrey S. Passel, and D’Vera Cohn. “5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S.” Pew Research Center, April 27, 2017. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/. 5. Cox and Posner. 6. Skerry, Peter. “Splitting the Differences on Illegal Immigration.” National Affairs 35 (Spring 2018). www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/splitting-the-difference-on-illegal-immigration. 7. Martin, David A. “Resolute Enforcement Is Not Just for Restrictionists: Building a Stable and Efficient Immigration Enforcement System.”

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Reconciling these two camps might seem impossible, not least because amnesty opponents are deeply skeptical that a new large-scale amnesty would be accompanied by resolute enforcement to ensure that there aren’t calls for yet another amnesty in the years to come.4 And I’m sympathetic to this point of view, as it really is true that the last large-scale amnesty—the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which ultimately granted legal status to three million unauthorized immigrants—was followed by further surges in unauthorized immigration. Nevertheless, I believe there is a way forward. First, we have to acknowledge that the growth of America’s unauthorized immigrant population did not happen by accident. Several years ago, the legal scholars Eric Posner and Adam Cox observed that the United States had a de facto “illegal immigration system,” stemming from “the deliberate underenforcement of immigration law plus periodic amnesties.”5 The idea, in essence, is that by mostly turning a blind eye to unauthorized entries and to visa overstays, and allowing unauthorized immigrants to work without much in the way of interference, the United States put out the welcome mat, and it is hardly surprising that millions of people took their chances, especially since the only unauthorized immigrants who were targeted for deportation seemed to be those who had committed serious non-immigration crimes.

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Several years ago, the legal scholars Eric Posner and Adam Cox observed that the United States had a de facto “illegal immigration system,” stemming from “the deliberate underenforcement of immigration law plus periodic amnesties.”5 The idea, in essence, is that by mostly turning a blind eye to unauthorized entries and to visa overstays, and allowing unauthorized immigrants to work without much in the way of interference, the United States put out the welcome mat, and it is hardly surprising that millions of people took their chances, especially since the only unauthorized immigrants who were targeted for deportation seemed to be those who had committed serious non-immigration crimes. As Boston College political scientist Peter Skerry, writing in National Affairs in 2013, put it, “just as the circumstances faced by illegal immigrants in our country are simultaneously threatening and encouraging, so the nation’s attitude toward illegals has long been at once hostile and welcoming.”6 It’s no wonder why amnesty advocates find the thought of mass deportation so horrifying, and why they’ve been so vigorously opposed to the Trump administration’s efforts to deport long-resident unauthorized immigrants who’ve led entirely peaceful lives: it strikes them as a profoundly unfair change in the rules of the game.

Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism by Harsha Walia

anti-communist, antiwork, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, blood diamond, borderless world, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, California gold rush, clean water, climate change refugee, collective bargaining, colonial rule, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, crack epidemic, dark matter, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, drone strike, Elon Musk, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, extractivism, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Food sovereignty, G4S, gentrification, George Floyd, global pandemic, global supply chain, Global Witness, green new deal, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, joint-stock company, land reform, late capitalism, lockdown, mandatory minimum, mass immigration, mass incarceration, means of production, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, pension reform, Rana Plaza, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Shoshana Zuboff, social distancing, special economic zone, Steve Bannon, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, surveillance capitalism, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, wages for housework, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

Within six years of funneling migration toward the more dangerous Sonoran Desert, Arizona uplands, and southern Texas brush, border deaths from hypothermia, dehydration, drowning, and heat stroke increased by 509 percent.67 As the Coalición de Derechos Humanos describes it, “Border crossers now enter the US through remote rural areas, fanning out across the backcountry region north of the border and carving a complex web of trail systems through mountain passes, rolling hills, desolate plains, and dense brushlands.”68 Since 1996, the total number of border deaths—what could more accurately be labeled as premeditated border killings—is estimated at eight thousand, with thousands more disappeared.69 The Clinton years normalized the most severe consequences of border militarization and mass detention, evident in border operations targeting “illegal” immigrants, alongside laws expanding the category of “criminal alien.” Rhetoric of “productive” and “legal” immigrants with the simultaneous demonization of “criminal” and “illegal” immigrants became the cornerstone of the Democratic Party’s immigration platform for the next two decades. Building on Reagan’s legislation, Clinton passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of the same year. These acts expanded the category of aggravated felony convictions and widened the net for detention and deportation of legal permanent residents with minor convictions stemming from stop-and-frisk policing and the war on drugs.

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Then the Maltese government clandestinely and illegally paid private vessel operators to forcibly return the boat to Libya.17 Similarly, Italy blocked ships carrying refugees rescued in the Mediterranean from entering its ports, Bangladesh and Malaysia refused to dock trawlers with five hundred Rohingya refugees stranded at sea for months, and Hungary indefinitely suspended admission of all migrants and refugees along its border with Serbia by alleging a connection between the virus and “illegal immigration.”18 The global health crisis also provides a pretext for further internalization of the border, with policing of the pandemic escalating the carceral containment and immobilization of migrants and refugees within states. Governments continue to incarcerate migrants and refugees in horribly overcrowded and filthy detention centers, and refugee camps and housing centers are locked down with orders imposing severe restrictions on movement.

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This happened shortly after Crees and Chippewas from Canada and Yaquis from Mexico crossed into the US in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and launched political battles for federal tribal recognition to challenge the US state’s subjugation of them as “foreign Indians” and deportable “illegal immigrants.”26 The normalization of settler colonialism evades settler occupation as a method of imperialism and, instead, tries to produce Indigenous people as domesticated citizens of the US. Theories of domestication and claims to Indigenous lands, explains Dunbar-Ortiz, “obliterate the present and presence of Indigenous nations struggling for their liberation from states of colonialism.”27 The characterization of Indigenous people as a domesticated US “racial and ethnic minority group” not only omits the inherently anti-imperialist nature of Indigenous struggles, but also homogenizes a multiplicity of Indigenous nations into a pan-Indigenous identity and undermines Indigenous understandings of treaties as international diplomacy.

A History of Zionism by Walter Laqueur

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, British Empire, business cycle, illegal immigration, joint-stock company, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, means of production, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mount Scopus, new economy, plutocrats, profit motive, strikebreaker, Suez canal 1869, the market place, éminence grise

Given equal opportunity to go to Palestine or to the States, 50 per cent would join the unfortunate Galut Jews in America.† Illegal immigration had never ceased altogether and Hagana began to organise it after the end of the war on a much bigger scale than before. Refugee ships appeared regularly off the shores of Palestine. A few succeeded in breaking the blockade, but most were apprehended and their passengers detained - first in Palestine, and from summer 1946 on in camps in Cyprus. The story of illegal immigration culminated in the case of the President Garfield, an old 4,000-ton Chesepeake Bay steamer which, acquired by Hagana and renamed Exodus 1947, carried some 4,200 illegal immigrants. To discourage any further exploits London decided to turn the ship back to Port de Bove near Marseilles.

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But after 1937, with tens of thousands of prospective immigrants impatiently waiting for their entry permits, with the clouds of war gathering on the European horizon, and with no change in sight in the attitude of the mandatory government, illegal immigration was resumed on a massive scale. Small, ancient, unseaworthy ships, hardly bigger than motor launches and designed to carry a few dozen passengers only, arrived with many hundreds on board, in conditions the like of which had not been seen anywhere in modern times. Some of them successfully ran the blockade, others were detected and apprehended. About 11,000 illegal immigrants came in 1939, and even after the outbreak of war some ships continued to arrive; 3,900 men, women and children in 1940, and 2,135 in 1941.

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There was support for a campaign of civil disobedience in the Indian style, including the systematic violation of those laws designed to prevent the further development of the national home. Illegal immigration was to be intensified, new settlements founded, and stronger emphasis placed on military training for young people. For the first time Hagana carried out several acts of sabotage directed against the mandatory authorities, including the destruction of a patrol boat used to combat illegal immigration. But these activities were uncoordinated and on a small scale and were discontinued even before the outbreak of war. There was no unanimity as to the strategy to be adopted.

Welcome to Britain: Fixing Our Broken Immigration System by Colin Yeo;

barriers to entry, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, coronavirus, COVID-19, Donald Trump, G4S, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Jeremy Corbyn, low skilled workers, lump of labour, open immigration, post-war consensus, self-driving car, Shamima Begum, Skype, Socratic dialogue

A number of homeless charities, alleged to include St Mungo’s, Change, Grow, Live and Thames Reach, were drawn into running joint ‘sweep’ operations with immigration and local government officials and passing location information on rough sleepers to the Home Office.25 European nationals were specifically targeted in one operation, which was later ruled to be unlawful by the High Court,26 and hundreds of thousands of pounds in funding was provided to various religious and community groups to promote ‘self-deportation’ by destitute migrants.27 The general public was also encouraged to get involved. ‘I want everyone in the country to help with this,’ David Cameron said in a major speech on immigration in October 2011, ‘including by reporting suspected illegal immigrants to our Border Agency through the Crimestoppers phone line or the Border Agency website. Together I do believe we can reclaim our borders and send illegal immigrants home.’28 And now there is indeed an Immigration Enforcement Hotline, as well as an online reporting form that concerned citizens can use if they want to shop a neighbour, colleague, tenant or former lover. Citizen denunciations were once a feature of Soviet societies, but there are now around 50,000 such reports made every year by members of the public here in the UK.

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This sorry episode concerned those who had arrived in the United Kingdom from Commonwealth countries in the 1950s, ’60s and ’70s but who, in recent years, were denied access to jobs, accommodation and services because of their lack of documents. The label ‘irregular migrants’ is also sometimes used, particularly in academic literature, but the meaning of the word ‘irregular’ is not sufficiently clear to my mind. Other labels include ‘illegal immigrants’ or ‘illegals’, but there are two major problems with that terminology. Firstly, no person is inherently illegal; actions might be so but people themselves are not. Secondly, there are many migrants who do not currently possess lawful status but who are eligible for it or who will become so in due course.

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The system encourages race discrimination; the financial costs of the red tape needed to set it up have been huge; the wrong people have been catastrophically affected; there has been no discernible decrease in unlawful immigration; and even where the ‘right’ people have been punished, the public have baulked at the dire consequences. COLLATERAL DAMAGE The intended victims of the hostile environment are publicly referred to as ‘illegal immigrants’. The reality is that all citizens and UK residents have been affected, albeit some more than others. The impact has been hardest felt by ethnic minorities, who have suffered additional racial discrimination as a result. If you are white, male, middle-aged and middle-class then you are less likely to be getting married, opening a bank account for the first time, seeking NHS treatment, moving between jobs or buying your first home.

Israel: A Concise History of a Nation Reborn by Daniel Gordis

Albert Einstein, Ayatollah Khomeini, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, facts on the ground, illegal immigration, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mount Scopus, post-oil, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

. © 2014 The Bank of Israel Eliezer Ben-Yehuda surrounded by books. Central Zionist Archives Hayim Nachman Bialik at his desk. Central Zionist Archives ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Illegal immigration—in defiance of British restrictions—was critical in the early years, both to save Jews fleeing Europe as well as to amass a population sufficient for creating a viable state. British soldiers carefully watch a ship approaching with illegal immigrants. Central Zionist Archives Pulling an immigrant boat into shore. Central Zionist Archives Immigrants arrive on boat. Central Zionist Archives This Zionist poster shows a “new” muscular Jew helping European Jewish survivors reach shore.

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Subsequently, they attacked strategic elements of the British infrastructure, including electric facilities and radio and phone communication lines. They opposed the Haganah’s restraint, and to make their case to the people, they also established an underground newspaper and radio system. Even the leadership of the Yishuv sensed that it needed to alter its strategy. It began to endorse illegal immigration and exerted more effort in helping Jews to enter Palestine. The Yishuv was now losing any real hope that the British would fulfill the promise they had made in the Balfour Declaration. Twenty-two years earlier, Lord Balfour had called for “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, but without immigration, no Jewish national home was going to be possible.

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The Mandate refused to let them enter Palestine and ordered them onto another ship, the Patria, which would take them to Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean. Members of the Jewish military resistance placed explosives on the Patria in order to delay its departure. But the plan backfired; as the first group of illegal immigrants was being escorted to the Patria the following morning, the explosives did significantly more damage than had been intended; the ship blew up and sank. More than 250 of the detainees drowned. The British sent the remaining immigrants who had arrived on the Atlantic to an internment camp in Atlit, not far from Haifa.

Undoing Border Imperialism by Harsha Walia

Corrections Corporation of America, critical race theory, degrowth, emotional labour, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, imposter syndrome, informal economy, Internet Archive, mass incarceration, means of production, Mohammed Bouazizi, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, public intellectual, race to the bottom, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, structural adjustment programs, telemarketer, women in the workforce

William Robinson, “Globalization and the Struggle for Immigrant Rights in the United States,” ZNet, March 2007, http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/1864 (accessed July 6, 2012). 17. Quoted in Carolina Morena, “Border Crossing Deaths More Common as Illegal Immigration Declines,” Huffington Post, August 17, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/17/border-crossing-deaths-illegal-immigration_n_1783912.html (accessed October 12, 2012). 18. American Civil Liberties Union, “U.S.-Mexico Border Crossing Deaths Are a Humanitarian Crisis,” September 30, 2009, http://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/us-mexico-border-crossing-deaths-are-humanitarian-crisis-according-report-aclu-and (accessed July 6, 2012). 19.

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If the ‘overdeveloped’ world refuses to trade with the underdeveloped world on fair terms, to forgive debt, to extend loans, to lift trade barriers against food and basic manufactured goods, then there can only be an increase in the flow of people.”(21) Border imperialism also illuminates the management of these migrations. Political geographer Reece Jones documents how, under the guise of fighting “illegal immigration” and “terrorism,” three countries alone—United States, India, and Israel—have built over 3,500 miles of walls on their borders.(22) Border controls are used to deter those for who migration is the only option to the plundering of their communities and economies due to the free license granted to capital and militaries.

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So I would say that’s positive.”(54) Corporations that run private prisons and detention centers made over five billion dollars in combined annual profits in the United States over the past decade. According to Detention Watch Network, five prison corporations that hold contracts with the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement have poured twenty million dollars into lobbying efforts.(55) Arizona’s controversial SB 1070, which legalizes racial profiling based on “suspicion of being an illegal immigrant,” was drafted during a meeting between state legislators and the Corrections Corporation of America, the largest private prison corporation in the United States.(56) This is part of what Naomi Klein calls “a privatized security state, both at home and abroad,” as she outlines how the War on Terror has maximized profitability for security markets.(57) In this lucrative market of migrant detention and border securitization, the value of Israeli exports in security technologies has almost quadrupled.(58) A notable example is the contract for the border fence between the United States and Mexico going to a consortium of companies including Elbit.

Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline by Darrell Bricker, John Ibbitson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, BRICs, British Empire, Columbian Exchange, commoditize, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, gender pay gap, gentrification, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, global reserve currency, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Hans Rosling, Hernando de Soto, illegal immigration, income inequality, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Snow's cholera map, Kibera, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, New Urbanism, nuclear winter, off grid, offshore financial centre, out of africa, Potemkin village, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, urban planning, working-age population, young professional, zero-sum game

.: Pew Research Center, 8 December 2016). http://www.people-press.org/2016/12/08/3-political-values-government-regulation-environment-immigration-race-views-of-islam/#most-say-immigrants-strengthen-the-country 326 Jens Manuel Krogstad, Jeffrey S. Passel, and D’Vera Cohn, “Five Facts About Illegal Immigration in the U.S.” (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Institute, 27 April 2017). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/ 327 Nan Marie Astone, Steven Martin, and H. Elizabeth Peters, “Millennial Childbearing and the Recession” (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, April 2015). http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000203-Millennial-Childbearing-and-the-Recession.pdf 328 Ibid. 329 Jeffrey S.

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.: Pew Research Center, 27 September 2017). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/29/hispanic-dropout-rate-hits-new-low-college-enrollment-at-new-high/ 342 Anna Gonzalez-Barrera and Jens Manuel Krogstad, “What We Know About Illegal Immigration from Mexico” (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 20 November 2015). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/20/what-we-know-about-illegal-immigration-from-mexico/ 343 D’Vera Cohn, “Future Immigration Will Change the Face of America by 2065,” (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 6 October 2015). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/05/future-immigration-will-change-the-face-of-america-by-2065 344 Teresa Welsh, “Minority Babies Outnumber Whites Among U.S.

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Unless. The suspicious, nativist, America First groundswell of recent years threatens to choke off the immigration tap that made America great by walling up the border between the United States and everywhere else. Under President Donald Trump, the federal government not only cracked down on illegal immigrants, it reduced legal admissions for skilled workers, a suicidal policy for the U.S. economy. If this change is permanent, if Americans out of senseless fear reject their immigrant tradition, turning their backs on the world, then the United States too will decline, in numbers and power and influence and wealth.

Framing Class: Media Representations of Wealth and Poverty in America by Diana Elizabeth Kendall

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", AOL-Time Warner, Bernie Madoff, blue-collar work, Bonfire of the Vanities, call centre, content marketing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, David Brooks, declining real wages, Donald Trump, employer provided health coverage, ending welfare as we know it, fixed income, framing effect, gentrification, Georg Cantor, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, haute couture, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income inequality, junk bonds, Michael Milken, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, payday loans, Ponzi scheme, Ray Oldenburg, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, San Francisco homelessness, Saturday Night Live, systems thinking, telemarketer, The Great Good Place, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, trickle-down economics, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, vertical integration, work culture , working poor

It also minimizes the problems faced by people who increasingly must rely on globalized call centers for technology support and to purchase products and services. In media framing of stories about job loss in the United States, illegal immigration is a key culprit, along with downsizing and outsourcing. Articles and news reports about the “Americano Dream” explain how indigenous workers are pitted against illegal immigrants, sometimes referred to more politely as undocumented workers, who are a source of cheap labor in this country. Frequently, media sources employ this terminology when a major corporation is accused of labor violations, as when Walmart, the nation’s largest private employer (with 1.4 million U.S. workers in 2009), was alleged to be using undocumented workers as cleaning personnel in its megastores.

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Although earlier media coverage of the chain had praised Walmart’s economic success and applauded the ingenuity of founder Sam Walton and other members of his family, subsequent news reports focused on the corporation’s questionable labor practices, including the use of undocumented workers.116 According to Walmart officials, the company hired subcontractors to do the janitorial work without knowing that they hired illegal immigrants: After federal agents raided 60 Wal-Mart stores in October and found more than 200 illegal immigrants in the cleaning crews, the world’s largest retailer was 9781442202238.print.indb 155 2/10/11 10:46 AM 156 Chapter 5 quick to defend itself from this enormous embarrassment. Wal-Mart’s officers said they had no idea those workers were illegal, insisting they knew next to nothing about the workers from Mexico, Mongolia, Russia and elsewhere because they were employed by contractors.

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Nor did Wal-Mart know, its spokesmen said, that the contractors were cutting corners by not paying overtime or Social Security taxes or by flouting other labor laws, as the investigators claimed.117 As the media later reported in articles such as “Wal-Mart Settles Illegal Immigration Case for $11M,” the retailer paid up to end the federal probe and escape criminal charges for using illegal immigrants as custodial workers. Twelve businesses that provided contract janitor services to Walmart also agreed to pay $4 million in fines and pled guilty to criminal immigration charges to resolve the matter.118 Walmart officials emphasized that the chain is a good corporate citizen and does not hire undocumented workers.

Microtrends: The Small Forces Behind Tomorrow's Big Changes by Mark Penn, E. Kinney Zalesne

addicted to oil, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, big-box store, Biosphere 2, call centre, corporate governance, David Brooks, Donald Trump, extreme commuting, Exxon Valdez, feminist movement, Future Shock, glass ceiling, God and Mammon, Gordon Gekko, haute couture, hygiene hypothesis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, independent contractor, index card, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, labor-force participation, late fees, life extension, low cost airline, low interest rates, low skilled workers, mobile money, new economy, Paradox of Choice, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Renaissance Technologies, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Rubik’s Cube, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Superbowl ad, the payments system, Thomas L Friedman, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, War on Poverty, white picket fence, women in the workforce, Y2K

Militant Illegals If there is one group of people in America that has generally kept a low profile, it is the 12 million illegal immigrants in this country—and generally with good reason. As Edward R. Murrow said in his famous 1960 documentary, Harvest of Shame, “migrants . . . have the strength to harvest your fruit and vegetables, [but] they do not have the strength to influence legislation.” They have been quiet and in the shadows. As a result, they have been the truly forgotten in America. Now fast-forward to the spring of 2006. A bill introduced by Republican James Sensenbrenner of Wisconsin, and passed by the U.S. House of Representatives, pushed many illegal immigrants and their families too far.

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House of Representatives, pushed many illegal immigrants and their families too far. The bill would have made it a felony to be in this country illegally, or to give assistance—like food or medical care—to anyone who was. Deeply wounded, American’s illegal immigrants took to the streets. In broad daylight. In matching white T-shirts, in 140 cities, and in at least thirty-nine states. From Phoenix to Philadelphia, from Boise to Birmingham, hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants marched in organized parades, in front of TV cameras, to protest the House-passed bill and to call instead for liberalized immigration reform that would not narrow but widen the path to citizenship.

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The power of individual choice is increasingly influencing politics, religion, entertainment, and even war. In today’s mass societies, it takes only 1 percent of people making a dedicated choice—contrary to the mainstream’s choice—to create a movement that can change the world. Just look at what has happened in the U.S. to illegal immigrants. A few years ago, they were the forgotten Americans, hiding from daylight and the authorities. Today they are holding political rallies, and given where they and their legal, voting relatives live, they may turn out to be the new Soccer Moms. Militant immigrants fed up with a broken immigration system just may be the most important voters in the next presidential election, distributed in the key Southwest states that are becoming the new battleground areas.

The Next Decade: Where We've Been . . . And Where We're Going by George Friedman

airport security, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business cycle, continuation of politics by other means, creative destruction, Deng Xiaoping, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, It's morning again in America, low interest rates, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, South China Sea, Suez crisis 1956

The counterargument—that migrants take jobs from others, or that their claims on social services outweigh whatever economic advantages they provide—is not entirely frivolous, but it has some weaknesses. First, 10 percent unemployment in the United States translates into about 15 million people out of work. The Pew Hispanic Center estimates that there are about 12 million illegal immigrants in the United States. If the replacement theory were correct, then getting rid of illegal immigrants would create 12 million job openings, leaving only 3 million unemployed and an unemployment rate of only about 2 percent. That such a replacement scenario seems intuitively illogical argues to the point that most of the low-cost, unskilled labor that is imported does not compete with the existing workforce.

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Therefore, as with the Mexican government and drugs, the best U.S. strategy is to appear to be doing everything possible to stop the movement of immigrants while making certain that these efforts fail. This has been the American strategy on illegal immigrants for many years, creating a tension between short- and mid-term economic interests and long-term political interests. The long-term problem is the shift in demographics—and in potential loyalties—in the borderland. The president must choose between these options, and his only rational course is to allow the future to tend to itself. Given the forces interested in maintaining the status quo, any president who took the steps needed to stop illegal immigration would rapidly lose power. Therefore the best strategy for the president is to continue the current one: hypocrisy.

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Within the borderland, they have the option of retaining their language and their national identity, distinct from whatever legal identity they adopt. This state of affairs can create serious tension between the legal border and the cultural border. This is the root of the profound anxiety within the United States today about Mexican illegal immigration. Critics say that American concern is really an aversion to all Mexican immigration, and they are not altogether wrong, but this analysis does not fully appreciate the roots of the fear. Non-Mexicans within the borderland and even beyond are afraid of being overwhelmed by the migrants and finding themselves living culturally in Mexico.

Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism by Stephen Graham

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", addicted to oil, airport security, Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, anti-communist, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, call centre, carbon footprint, clean tech, clean water, congestion charging, creative destruction, credit crunch, DARPA: Urban Challenge, defense in depth, deindustrialization, digital map, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, driverless car, edge city, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, failed state, Food sovereignty, gentrification, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Global Witness, Google Earth, illegal immigration, income inequality, knowledge economy, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, loose coupling, machine readable, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, McMansion, megacity, military-industrial complex, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, one-state solution, pattern recognition, peak oil, planetary scale, post-Fordism, private military company, Project for a New American Century, RAND corporation, RFID, Richard Florida, Scramble for Africa, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, SimCity, smart transportation, surplus humans, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Washington Consensus, white flight, white picket fence

This reconfiguration in the nature of borders is being fuelled by what Allen Feldman calls ‘securocratic wars’11 – open-ended and de-territorialized wars (on drugs, crime, terror, illegal immigration, biological threats) organized around vague, all-encompassing notions of public safety rather than around territorial conquest. Their purpose is to maintain state sovereignty, not through external war combined with internal policing, but through raising the spectre of mobilities and flows deemed to contaminate societies and threaten the social order, both internally and externally. Unknown and unknowable, these dangers –terrorism, demographic infiltration, ‘illegal’ immigration, disease (SARS, bird flu, tuberculosis) – are understood to lurk within the interstices of urban and social life, blending invisibly with it.12 EVENTS AND NORMALITY The virtual border, whether it faces outward or inward to foreignness, is no longer a barrier structure but a shifting net, a flexible spatial pathogenesis that shifts round the globe and can move from the exteriority of the transnational frontier into the core of the securocratic state.13 At their root, open-ended, securocratic wars are an attempt to police both subnational and supranational dichotomies of safe and risky places, both within and beyond the territorial limits of nation-states.14 An important component is the distinction between event and background.

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Feldman points out, for example, that many ‘gated edifices … depend on small armies of undocumented migrant labor’.209 When overzealous crackdowns on ‘illegal immigrants’ occur, as happened around Long Island’s gated communities in 2008, the super-rich residents of such enclaves soon find their houses uncleaned, their parks untended, their children lacking day care and, ironically, their borders unpoliced. Paradoxically, then, the collapse of such services reveals how ‘illegal immigration’ works across complex, transnational labour geographies and militarizing borders – invisibly sustaining economies, cities and social norms.

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Crucially, as the Raytheon example again demonstrates, the same constellations of security companies are often involved in selling, establishing and overseeing the techniques and practices of the new military urbanism in both war-zone and homeland cities. Often, as with the EU’s new Europe-wide security policies, states or supranational blocks are not necessarily bringing in high-tech and militarized means of tracking illegal immigrants because they are the best means to address their security concerns. Rather, many such policies are intended to help build local industrial champions by developing their own defence, security or technology companies so they can compete in booming global markets for security technology. In this lucrative export market, the Israeli experience of locking down cities and turning the Occupied Territories into permanent, urban prison camps is proving especially influential.

Vanishing Frontiers: The Forces Driving Mexico and the United States Together by Andrew Selee

Berlin Wall, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Day of the Dead, Donald Trump, electricity market, energy security, Gini coefficient, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, informal economy, job automation, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, payday loans, public intellectual, Richard Florida, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Steve Wozniak, work culture , Y Combinator

Immigrants,” Pew Research Center, May 3, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/03/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants; González Barrera, “More Mexicans Leaving Than Coming to the U.S.” Mexicans, once almost two-thirds: Jens Manuel Krogstad, Jeffrey S. Passel, and D’vera Cohn, “5 Facts About Illegal Immigration in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, April 27, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s. Many of those who crossed without papers, including Efrain Jimenez and Demetrio Juárez in Hazleton, later legalized their status through work visas sponsored by American employers or, in some cases, marriage to an American citizen or legal resident.

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“Hazleton is like a miniature Brooklyn, a diverse urban landscape in a semirural, mountainous region,” says Charles McElwee of the Greater Hazleton Historical Society. “In the city, the past remains visible in the present.” Over a decade ago, in 2006, Hazleton found itself at the center of the national debate about illegal immigration and America’s relationship with Mexico. Faced with a new influx of immigrants, many from Mexico, it became the first city to pass local ordinances that banned hiring or renting to unauthorized immigrants. The city became ground zero for protesters against immigration, and national news cameras camped out in the city for weeks to follow the debate.

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Sometimes it seems that Mexico has become more an emblem of Americans’ hopes and fears for our own future than a real country that we deal with on its own terms. Today, with Donald Trump as president, political discussions of Mexico have become focused, above all, on his promise to build “a big, beautiful wall” to keep Mexicans from jumping across the border into the United States. It’s sold as a way of stopping illegal immigration and the flow of drugs into American communities, but it’s also a powerful symbol of how he wants to deal with the larger forces shaping American society. For Trump and some of his most ardent supporters, the wall is less about effective policy than about making a statement. Yet the contrast between Trump’s symbolic promise to build a border wall and what’s actually going on between Mexico and the United States is dramatic.

This Is Not Normal: The Collapse of Liberal Britain by William Davies

Airbnb, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Cambridge Analytica, central bank independence, centre right, Chelsea Manning, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, credit crunch, data science, deindustrialization, disinformation, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, Edward Snowden, fake news, family office, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, ghettoisation, gig economy, global pandemic, global village, illegal immigration, Internet of things, Jeremy Corbyn, late capitalism, Leo Hollis, liberal capitalism, loadsamoney, London Interbank Offered Rate, mass immigration, moral hazard, Neil Kinnock, Northern Rock, old-boy network, post-truth, postnationalism / post nation state, precariat, prediction markets, quantitative easing, recommendation engine, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, statistical model, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, surveillance capitalism, technoutopianism, The Chicago School, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, universal basic income, W. E. B. Du Bois, web of trust, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

The Windrush generation’s immigration status should never have been in question, and the cause of their predicament is recent: the 2014 Immigration Act, which contained the flagship policies of the then home secretary, Theresa May. Foremost among them was the plan to create a ‘hostile environment’ that would make it harder for illegal immigrants to work and live in the UK. By forcing landlords, employers, banks and NHS services to run immigration status checks, the policy pushed the mentality of border control into everyday social and economic life. The 2016 Immigration Act extended it further, introducing tougher penalties for employers and landlords who fail to play their part in maintaining the ‘hostile environment’, and adding to the list of privileges that can be taken away from those who cannot prove their right to live and work in the UK.

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One of the dangers of the ‘hostile environment’ policy is that it deliberately collapses the distinction between judicial due process and bureaucratic administration. It’s almost as if, on discovering that law alone was too blunt an instrument for deterring and excluding immigrants, May decided to weaponise paperwork instead. The ‘hostile environment’ strategy was never presented just as an effective way of identifying and deporting illegal immigrants: more important, it was intended as a way of destroying their ability to build normal lives. The hope, it seemed, was that people might decide that living in Britain wasn’t worth the hassle. The policy has echoes of the ‘benefit sanctions’ regime the Coalition Government introduced in 2012 to penalise ‘jobseekers’ who failed to meet specific conditions such as attending daily appointments at job centres.

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Nudgers celebrate the sunnier success stories, such as getting more people to recycle or to quit smoking, but it’s easy to see how the same mentality might be applied in a more menacing way. Policies such as the creation of a ‘hostile environment’ work by cultivating anxiety among those they target, in tandem with campaigns such as the quickly aborted ‘Go Home’ vans introduced on Britain’s streets in August 2013 in an effort to persuade illegal immigrants to hand themselves in. One problem with governing via mood is that there is no precise way of controlling who you affect and how. It’s no good saying that the innocent have nothing to fear: fear doesn’t work like that. In any case, the argument for creating a ‘hostile environment’ rests on the assumption that legal and illegal residents are prima facie indistinguishable, and can only be separated through constant hounding.

One Billion Americans: The Case for Thinking Bigger by Matthew Yglesias

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airport security, assortative mating, Big Tech, Boeing 737 MAX, Boris Johnson, British Empire, business logic, carbon footprint, carbon tax, classic study, collective bargaining, Colonization of Mars, congestion charging, congestion pricing, coronavirus, COVID-19, cross-subsidies, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Diane Coyle, Donald Trump, drive until you qualify, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, gentrification, global pandemic, Greta Thunberg, high-speed rail, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Induced demand, industrial cluster, Kowloon Walled City, low interest rates, mandatory minimum, mass immigration, Mercator projection, minimum wage unemployment, moral panic, New Urbanism, open borders, open immigration, plutocrats, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, secular stagnation, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), self-driving car, Silicon Valley, social distancing, superstar cities, tech worker, the built environment, Thomas Malthus, transit-oriented development, white flight, working-age population, Yogi Berra

As a policy reporter, I’m much more a generalist than a specialist. And I like doing stories about solutions. Like many people, when I look at something long enough I start to see patterns in it. The solution to America’s new urban housing crisis is to build more houses so more people can move to in-demand cities. The solution to the illegal immigration crisis is to let more people come legally, not tie ourselves into knots trying to stop the flow. Both America’s vast rural hinterland and many of its aging northeastern and midwestern cities need an influx of people to prevent their current priceless assets from wasting away. America’s families need help from a more robust welfare state in order to be able to have and raise children with secure middle-class lifestyles.

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The slowdown in actual birth rates has been even more dramatic because the declining number of babies was partially offset for much of this period by a rising number of immigrants. But a combination of the Great Recession and the roughly contemporaneous hardening of the US-Mexico border led to a reduction in illegal immigration from Mexico. Then under Trump, the United States began moving to curtail the number of people who move here legally while somewhat increasing the pace with which those present illegally are removed. Trump, of course, wants to enact further sharp reductions in legal immigration, and his view of this has become increasingly mainstream in Republican Party circles.

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The result is that the country is currently on course to accept a continued decline in population growth rates. The basic economic pressures that make it increasingly difficult for people to form families aren’t going to be ameliorated by magic—on the contrary, they are overwhelmingly likely to accelerate—and the huge wave of illegal immigration from Mexico that powered population growth until ending more than a decade ago isn’t going to come back. These are, however, policy choices, not inevitable features of the landscape. What we need to do is make different choices. A country that did more to support families and welcome immigrants would be a richer, stronger country.

It's Better Than It Looks: Reasons for Optimism in an Age of Fear by Gregg Easterbrook

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air freight, Alan Greenspan, Apollo 11, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 747, Branko Milanovic, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, clean tech, clean water, coronavirus, Crossrail, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, Exxon Valdez, factory automation, failed state, fake news, full employment, Gini coefficient, Google Earth, Home mortgage interest deduction, hydraulic fracturing, Hyperloop, illegal immigration, impulse control, income inequality, independent contractor, Indoor air pollution, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, labor-force participation, liberal capitalism, longitudinal study, Lyft, mandatory minimum, manufacturing employment, Mikhail Gorbachev, minimum wage unemployment, Modern Monetary Theory, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, Paul Samuelson, peak oil, plant based meat, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, post scarcity, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, reserve currency, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, short selling, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Slavoj Žižek, South China Sea, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, supervolcano, The Chicago School, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, uber lyft, universal basic income, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, WikiLeaks, working poor, Works Progress Administration

The Enlightenment was a promising idea, but doomed: kaput, finis, hasta la vista. Seeking relief from such gloom, I bought tickets to the theater. I saw one of the most-performed plays in American drama: twelve men argued about illegal immigrants ruining the nation as crime turned inner cities hellish. I walked across Broadway to another playhouse to watch the work of a winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The subject was how illegal immigrants are tearing the United States apart. Perhaps the movies would divert me. I attended a top-grossing film in which a Hollywood star declared, “This used to be a hell of a good country. I can’t understand what’s gone wrong with it.”

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The first play was Twelve Angry Men by Reginald Rose, initially performed in 1954 as a drama, then a famed 1957 movie starring Henry Fonda. Twelve jurors known only by their numbers debate the effect of illegal immigration on the United States and whether what’s now called stop-and-frisk policing is public safety or racism. The second play was Arthur Miller’s A View from the Bridge, which premiered in 1955, just before Miller wed Marilyn Monroe. The illegal immigrants believed by the play’s protagonist to be ruining America are not from Syria or Yemen, rather, from Italy. The movie was Easy Rider, premiering the same month as the Apollo 11 moon landing and starring Jack Nicholson.

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Detailed support for all the above points will be provided in coming chapters. That the US, European, and global situations are better than commonly perceived should not lead to complacency. On the contrary, awareness of progress should inspire greater reform. The challenges of the present day are daunting: inequality, racial tension, climate change, illegal immigration, refugees forced to flee war zones or failed states, never-ending conflagration in the Middle East, tyrants and warlords in parts of Africa, low-achieving public schools, a shallow and corporate-driven culture that makes the task of public schools Sisyphean, public discourse contaminated by rage—and these are just for starters.

The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class by Guy Standing

8-hour work day, banking crisis, barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, bread and circuses, call centre, Cass Sunstein, centre right, collective bargaining, company town, corporate governance, crony capitalism, death from overwork, deindustrialization, deskilling, emotional labour, export processing zone, fear of failure, full employment, Herbert Marcuse, hiring and firing, Honoré de Balzac, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, independent contractor, information security, it's over 9,000, job polarisation, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, land reform, libertarian paternalism, low skilled workers, lump of labour, marginal employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, means of production, mini-job, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, nudge unit, old age dependency ratio, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pension time bomb, pensions crisis, placebo effect, post-industrial society, precariat, presumed consent, quantitative easing, remote working, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, rising living standards, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, science of happiness, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, technological determinism, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, The Spirit Level, Tobin tax, transaction costs, universal basic income, unpaid internship, winner-take-all economy, working poor, working-age population, young professional

One national poll produced the following results, showing the percentages in favour of each proposition: ● increasing fines for employers of illegal immigrants 80% ● criminalising employment of illegal immigrants 75% ● requiring police to report illegals to federal government 70% ● National Guard patrols of the Mexican border 68% ● building more border fences 60% ● allowing police to demand proof of migrant status 50% ● excluding illegal immigrant children from school 42% ● requiring churches to report illegal immigrants 37% In South Africa, an even more ugly development typifies what is happening in many parts of the world.

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It promptly instituted a crackdown on the Chinese, launching night-time raids on their factories and ‘sweatshops’, rounding up workers and demonising them, just as the League’s political ally, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, spoke of his determination to defeat ‘the army of evil’, as he described illegal immigrants. A shaken Chinese ambassador hurried from Rome and said that what was going on reminded him of the Nazis in the 1930s. Bizarrely, the Chinese government seemed reluctant to take the migrants back. THE PRECARIAT 5 The problems were not just caused by intolerant locals. The nature of the enclave contributed.

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But demonisation is pervasive. The growth of the migrant precariat in the United States was matched by official commando-style raids on factories suspected of employing ‘illegals’. Although President Obama ordered an end to such raids, they could easily return. The Arizona law of 2010, which made illegal immigration a state misdemeanour as well as a federal civil violation, intensified the tension between migrants and ‘native citizens’ fearful of joining the precariat. It requires local police, after making ‘lawful contact’, to check the immigration status of those who cause ‘reasonable suspicion’ and to arrest them if they lack documents, opening the door to random stopping of Hispanic-looking drivers on minor pretexts.

Legacy of Empire by Gardner Thompson

Albert Einstein, British Empire, colonial rule, European colonialism, facts on the ground, ghettoisation, illegal immigration, lateral thinking, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, means of production, Ronald Reagan, Suez crisis 1956, zero-sum game

Evidence of Lloyd George’s enduring support for Zionism comes from the House of Commons in 1930 – many years after he lost office – in the wake of severe disturbances in Palestine the previous year. The Passfield White Paper of 1930 drew attention not only to general Arab concerns about levels of authorised Jewish immigration into Palestine, but also to their specific concern that illegal immigration was continuing, unchecked. Lloyd George scoffed. ‘This White Paper is a one-sided document. It is biased. Its whole drift is hostile to the mandate. It breathes distrust and even antagonism of the Jewish activities… You have only got to look at one or two things with which they are dealing.

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In the event, however, there was little to be concerned about here. At one level this policy simply made sense. More importantly, no figures were cited; the economy was expected to grow; and there was to be no restriction on land purchases. ‘Absorptive capacity’ proved impossible to calculate; the policy proved unenforceable; and illegal immigration accompanied legal, largely unimpeded. Second, the Legislative Council. Zionists well knew that Arabs would outnumber Jews if elected proportionally. This was not the time or place for democracy. ‘The Jewish population was fearful of representative institutions.’38 But they had nothing in fact to fear: this proposal was doomed, anyway, because the Arabs were determined to boycott any institution that implied their acceptance of the Balfour Declaration (and the mandate terms).

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It claimed consistency of immigration policy with its forerunner of 1922, in that the ‘economic capacity’ of Palestine should continue to determine immigration levels; consistency of policy, too, with Article 6 of the mandate insofar as ‘the rights and position of the other sections of the population shall not be prejudiced by Jewish immigration’. It acknowledged that there had been a range of problems: ‘many cases of persons being admitted who … should not have received visas’; around 8,000 arrivals, over three years, who had stayed on ‘without sanction’; and a large number of illegal immigrants who evaded frontier control. In this context, the White Paper went on, the administration would more closely scrutinise the work of the Jewish Agency. The British gamely sought to present a balanced policy. On the one hand, the Arabs had to recognise ‘the facts of the situation’. Jewish leaders, on the other hand, had to recognise the need for ‘some concessions’.

Them and Us: How Immigrants and Locals Can Thrive Together by Philippe Legrain

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, call centre, centre right, Chelsea Manning, clean tech, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, David Attenborough, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, demographic dividend, digital divide, discovery of DNA, Donald Trump, double helix, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, eurozone crisis, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, future of work, illegal immigration, immigration reform, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, job automation, Jony Ive, labour market flexibility, lockdown, low cost airline, low interest rates, low skilled workers, lump of labour, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, Mary Meeker, mass immigration, moral hazard, Mustafa Suleyman, Network effects, new economy, offshore financial centre, open borders, open immigration, postnationalism / post nation state, purchasing power parity, remote working, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rishi Sunak, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skype, SoftBank, Steve Jobs, tech worker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, Tim Cook: Apple, Tyler Cowen, urban sprawl, WeWork, Winter of Discontent, women in the workforce, working-age population

The main reason for governments’ appalling and illegal behaviour is that most citizens of rich countries want to control who gets into their country and are particularly wary of asylum seekers, whom they lump together with other irregular migrants and often consider ‘illegal’ or ‘bogus’. Many kinds of irregular ‘Illegal’ immigrants are the most demonised of all migrants. The very label ‘illegal’ immediately condemns them. Yet irregular migrants are a diverse group who don’t conform to the negative stereotypes about them. Pham Thi Tra My was a pretty twenty-six-year-old Vietnamese woman, Nguyen Dinh Luong a fresh-faced twenty-year-old man.8 Had you seen them in the street or on Instagram, you’d have thought they looked nice. Yet they were – briefly – ‘illegal’ immigrants to the UK; they were among the thirty-nine people found dead in a refrigerated lorry in Essex on 23 October 2019.

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We’ll retrace the steps of Donald Trump’s German grandfather and Nigel Farage’s German great-great-grandfather. And we’ll tell the story of Sam King who came to Britain from Jamaica on the Empire Windrush ship in 1948 and went on to become a postman, politician and community organiser. What to do about the thorniest aspects of immigration – irregular (or ‘illegal’) immigrants and illiberal ones? We’ll hear from Reza Adib, an Afghan journalist who sought asylum in Greece, about how badly Europeans treat people who need their help. We’ll talk to Gabriela, who came to Britain from then-communist Poland as a student, overstayed her visa, worked without papers and became a legal resident again when Poland joined the EU.

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Trumpf’, occupation – ‘none’.9 Why would America want a draft-dodging good-for-nothing like him? Fortunately for Friedrich, the US then had an ‘open-door’ immigration policy, so even seeming undesirables such as him were admitted. Migrants didn’t require a passport, let alone a visa; there were no illegal immigrants or failed asylum seekers in those days. Frederick Trump, as he later became, went on to make a fortune operating restaurants and brothels in mining towns in the Wild West during the gold rush. He returned to Germany with his family in 1904 a wealthy man. But despite petitioning the government to stay, he was ordered to leave the country the next year for having emigrated to evade military service.

1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War by Benny Morris

Albert Einstein, British Empire, family office, friendly fire, illegal immigration, mass immigration, Mount Scopus, Suez crisis 1956

The veterans of both were to stand the Yishuv in good stead in the 1948 War. In the first months of World War II, Zionist organizations stepped up efforts to save European Jews from the impending massacre-and to strengthen the Yishuv by bringing them to Palestine-through an illegal immigration operation run mainly by the newly created Institute for Illegal Immigration (hamossad le`aliya bilti ligalit), a secret arm of the Haganah. The British countered with a Royal Navy cordon that intercepted the rickety steamers, and many were stopped and their passengers reshipped to detention camps in Mauritius and, later, Cyprus.

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The three armed groups negotiated a formal accord, known as the Hebrew Rebellion Movement (tnu`athameri ha`ivri), and on the night of 9-io October several Palmah squads raided the British detention camp at Atlit and freed 2o8 incarcerated illegal immigrants.''' What followed was even more dramatic: on the night of i November Palmah sappers blew up railway tracks at 153 points around Palestine and, a few days later, destroyed a patrol vessel and two British coast guard stations, at Giv`at Olga and Sayidna Ali. The British reacted byraiding a handful of kibbutzim, which were suspected of housing illegal immigrants, and panicky troops killed nine civilians and wounded sixty-three. Anti-British emotions crested. Bombings of British installations continued through the winter and spring, culminating in the spectacular simultaneous destruction by Palmah sappers, on the night of 17 June 1946, of eleven bridges connecting Palestine to Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt.

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Attlee was bowled over: he complained that Truman "did not wait to acquaint [himself] with the reasons" for the plan.82 Meanwhile, the Haganah pressed on with its illegal immigration campaign. On z7 January 1947, the British took one last shot at resolving the crisis. They reconvened the London conference, this time with the AHC represented. But the Zionists continued to boycott the talks, and the United States declined to send an observer. The Arabs continued to refitse anything short of complete, immediate independence, and the Jews, anything less than Jewish statehood in all or part of Palestine. With no acceptable military solution to the Jewish guerrilla-terrorist and illegal immigration campaigns, and with no political solution to the ZionistArab impasse, Britain had reached the end of the road.

Why We're Polarized by Ezra Klein

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Cass Sunstein, centre right, Climategate, collapse of Lehman Brothers, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Brooks, demographic transition, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, ending welfare as we know it, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, illegal immigration, immigration reform, microaggression, Nate Silver, no-fly zone, obamacare, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, source of truth, systems thinking

In 1996, as President Clinton swept to reelection, the Democratic Party platform included a section on immigration that sounds as if it could have been released by the Trump administration today: Today’s Democratic Party also believes we must remain a nation of laws. We cannot tolerate illegal immigration and we must stop it. For years before Bill Clinton became President, Washington talked tough but failed to act. In 1992, our borders might as well not have existed. The border was under-patrolled, and what patrols there were, were under-equipped. Drugs flowed freely. Illegal immigration was rampant. Criminal immigrants, deported after committing crimes in America, returned the very next day to commit crimes again. President Clinton is making our border a place where the law is respected and drugs and illegal immigrants are turned away. We have increased the Border Patrol by over 40 percent; in El Paso, our Border Patrol agents are so close together they can see each other.

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There’s an interesting debate about whether Trump became a culture warrior out of calculation or authentic fury. After Romney lost in 2012, Trump criticized him for telling undocumented immigrants to “self-deport” and argued for a gentler GOP. “The Democrats didn’t have a policy for dealing with illegal immigrants, but what they did have going for them is they weren’t mean-spirited about it,” he told Newsmax. “They didn’t know what the policy was, but what they were is they were kind.” III. The origination of this quote is unclear, but ironically, given how popular the line has become as a feminist riposte, the earliest antecedent that Quote Investigator could find was from a 1997 Usenet message board missive by Mike Jebbett, which read, “Women like her are suffering from a condition I call ‘Advanced Pedestalism.’

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The speech, which came at a moment of peril for the Affordable Care Act, is largely forgotten today. But there is a moment in it that has passed into the political lore and meme of the era. Obama had made the case for his plan and turned to trying to rebut the distortions that had snaked into the national conversation. “There are also those who claim that our reform effort will insure illegal immigrants,” he said. “This, too, is false—the reforms I’m proposing would not apply to those who are here illegally.” Sitting in the audience, Congressman Joe Wilson, a South Carolina Republican, couldn’t contain himself. “You lie!” he shouted. Obama wasn’t lying. The legislative text barred the undocumented from benefits.

The Oil Age Is Over: What to Expect as the World Runs Out of Cheap Oil, 2005-2050 by Matt Savinar

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, clean water, disinformation, Easter island, energy security, hydrogen economy, illegal immigration, invisible hand, military-industrial complex, new economy, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, post-oil, Ralph Nader, reserve currency, rolling blackouts, Rosa Parks, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Y2K

This is not accounting for the effects of oil depletion, which will severely exacerbate the situation, as will globalization. A. Population Increase The current population in the US is a little under 280 million. The population has been increasing at a rate of 1.1% per year, not including illegal immigration. At this rate, the US 20 The Oil Age is Over population will reach 520 million by the year 2050.20 If illegal immigration continues unabated, that number will increase drastically. B. Arable Land per Person As urbanization and soil erosion continue unabated, the US is projected to only have 290 million acres of arable land by 2050. With a population of 520 million, that means that each person will only have .6 acres of arable land from which they can derive their food.

…

................................. 64 63. Why are we going off to the Moon and then to Mars at a time when we should be dealing with these oil shortages? .................................................................................. 65 64. What about Bush's plan to give amnesty to the illegal immigrants from Mexico? Does that have anything to do with Peak Oil?.............................................................. 66 65. Does Peak Oil have anything to do with the war on drugs?......................................... 66 66. I'm a Baby Boomer. What can I expect in the years to come?

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Foremost among them are superconducting magnets, plasma control and diagnostics, robotically controlled mining equipment, life-support facilities, rocket-launch vehicles, telecommunications, power electronics, etc. 106 The fact that we are aggressively pursuing such an unviable source of fuel underscores how desperate the situation is getting. D. To send more US jobs offshore Just wanted to see if you were paying attention. 64. What about Bush's plan to give amnesty to the illegal immigrants from Mexico? Does that have anything to do with Peak Oil? Mexico is the third leading oil supplier to the US. According to Dick Cheney's National Energy Report released in May 2001, "Mexico is a leading and reliable source of imported oil. It has a large reserve base, approximately 25% larger than our own proven reserves."107 On May 8, 2003, the US Congressional Committee on International Relations voted to tie reform of US immigration laws with a requirement that Mexico open up its state oil company, Petroleos Mexicanos, to US corporate investors.108 In other words, the US told Mexico, "Give us your oil and we will give you favorable immigration laws." 65.

A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle for the Mastery of the Middle East by James Barr

bank run, British Empire, facts on the ground, friendly fire, illegal immigration, Khartoum Gordon, operational security, Scramble for Africa, short selling, éminence grise

The Committee’s British members reluctantly accepted this recommendation; but they managed to persuade their American colleagues to agree to the insertion of a sharp criticism of Ben-Gurion’s half-hearted condemnation of the police station attacks the previous December, and a call on the Jewish Agency to resume cooperation with the British government in stopping terrorism and illegal immigration. The report also recommended that terrorism should be ‘resolutely suppressed’.²⁷ Without conferring with Attlee, Truman immediately endorsed the Committee’s immigration proposals, but pointedly refused to offer any further American assistance to enforce a policy that was bound to lead to Arab uproar.

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As a result, although British soldiers uncovered a large and ingeniously concealed arms cache in one settlement, their search of the Jewish Agency itself yielded nothing that was truly damning. The British were initially mystified. ‘We failed to get the evidence to connect the Agency with Jewish terrorism. We failed to get the evidence, I’m sure it was there, before we arrived, to connect them with the illegal immigrant traffic,’ complained the CID’s head of political intelligence, Dick Catling. ‘We failed. We got nothing.’⁴⁰ Meanwhile the French savoured the moment when MI5’s officer in Palestine told them, ‘with some astonishment’, that Britain had found nothing compromising them among the paperwork seized from the Agency.⁴¹ The only evidence of the increasingly close links between the French government and the Zionists is a photograph taken on the day of the operation.

…

Israel now’, Korff hired a pilot and arranged to rendezvous with him at an aerodrome ten miles outside Paris early on 4 September.¹⁷ The pilot, however, tipped off the French Sûreté, and, in an appropriately absurd dénouement, when he and Korff met at the airstrip they were arrested by a squad of twenty policemen disguised as mechanics. The French, though, made no effort whatsoever to try to hinder Zionist efforts to organise mass illegal immigration into Palestine from the south of France. In March that year the French cabinet had decided not to impose stringent checks on people wishing to leave the country, with consequences that became immediately obvious. Before the month was out the British ambassador, Duff Cooper, visited the Quai d’Orsay to register a protest at ‘French slackness in preventing illegal departures of Jews for Palestine’.¹⁸ Bidault, on the surface sympathetic, continued to do nothing to help Cooper.

The Working Poor: Invisible in America by David K. Shipler

always be closing, Bonfire of the Vanities, call centre, classic study, David Brooks, full employment, illegal immigration, late fees, low skilled workers, payday loans, profit motive, Silicon Valley, telemarketer, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, War on Poverty, working poor

The immigration agency is usually content to deport the workers without going after the employers as well. A noted exception came in the form of a federal grand jury indictment of Tyson’s Foods and six employees on charges of arranging to have illegal immigrants smuggled into the country and provided with false documents. The case was thin, however, and despite testimony by several employees who pleaded guilty, a federal jury acquitted the company and the three managers who were brought to trial.8 The only authentic piece of identification illegal immigrants can obtain is a driver’s license, and that has become more difficult since the terrorist attacks of September n, 2001. A license is not a necessity for the newest arrivals who don’t have cars and don’t drive farm equipment, but it’s essential for those who want to step off the migrant train and stay in one place for a while, or move up a rung on the job ladder from field hand to tractor driver.

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Greater disparities of net worth separate the wealthiest and the poorest families, larger gaps in resources divide affluent school districts from others, more children miss school because of asthma, more Americans go without health insurance, more experience hunger, more are imprisoned, fewer workers are unionized, more illegal immigrants do essential jobs, and more of them die in the desert after crossing the border from Mexico. Congress and many state legislatures have raised minimum wages, but they still leave most single-earner families below the poverty line. Astonishing percentages of adults who have been surveyed remain unable to perform everyday tasks in reading, math, and document comprehension, rendering them uncompetitive in a global marketplace.

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In 1995, seven years after the involuntary servitude began, and three years after the INS had received its first report on the problem, federal and state agents finally raided the place, “freeing” seventy-one hapless workers only to imprison them in a federal penitentiary pending deportation. The INS, bound by law to detain and deport illegal immigrants, thereby reinforced the intimidation commonly used by employers to enforce their workers’ silence. The official toughness “could only serve to discourage workers from reporting labor law, civil rights, and human rights abuses, and push operations like El Monte further underground,” Su argues.

The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam by Douglas Murray

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, Boris Johnson, British Empire, centre right, cognitive dissonance, deindustrialization, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, gentrification, glass ceiling, high net worth, illegal immigration, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, open borders, post-industrial society, white flight

As a stunt in 2013 (under a Conservative majority government) the Home Office organised a number of vans with advertising posters along the sides to drive around six London boroughs where many illegal immigrants lived. The posters read ‘In the UK illegally? Go home or face arrest’, followed by a government helpline number. The posters immediately became politically toxic. The Labour Shadow Home Secretary, Yvette Cooper, described them as ‘divisive’ and ‘disgraceful’. The campaign group Liberty not only branded the vans’ message as ‘racist’ but also ‘illegal’. After some months it was revealed that the pilot scheme had successfully persuaded only 11 illegal immigrants to leave the country voluntarily. The then Home Secretary, Theresa May, admitted the scheme had been a mistake and too ‘blunt’, and it was not repeated.

…

But while Christianity witnessed this collapse in its followers – a collapse that was only expected to continue precipitately – mass migration assisted a near-doubling in the size of the Muslim population. Between 2001 and 2011 the number of Muslims in England and Wales rose from 1.5 million to 2.7 million. While these were the official figures there was a widespread acceptance that illegal immigrations made all these numbers far higher. At least a million people were recognised to be in the country illegally, and thus unlikely to have filled in census forms, and the two local authorities which had already grown the fastest (over 20 per cent in ten years) were those that already had the highest Muslim populations in the UK (Tower Hamlets and Newham).

…

Eventually politicians of the mainstream right also tried to make their names by sounding tough on immigration. In 1993, while a minister with responsibility for immigration, Charles Pasqua had announced that France would close its borders and that France would become a ‘zero immigration’ country. In 1993 he boasted of forthcoming crackdowns on illegal immigrants: ‘When we have sent home several planeloads, even boatloads and trainloads, the world will get the message.’ But it is doubtful that he believed this, even at the time. ‘The problems of immigration are ahead of us and not behind us,’ the same Charles Pasqua said a short time later, acknowledging that in the not too distant future the tens of millions of young people in Africa who were ‘without a future’ would be likely to want to head north.3 The French political debate throughout these years was both unique and utterly representative in Europe.

The Revolt by Menachem Begin

British Empire, Defenestration of Prague, illegal immigration, Internet Archive

The difficulty lay in the unfortunate desire of the Jews to save their lives and run away from Hitler. Soon any dormant belief that the sealed frontiers of Europe would prevent their escape was shattered. The Irgun Zvai Leumi, which in association with the Zionist-Revisionist Party and the Betar youth organisation, had brought many thousands of "illegal" immigrants into the country, never halted its activities. The British authorities exerted themselves to horrify the world by gruesome descriptions of the conditions aboard the refugee ships, the "coffin-ships," which, old and dilapidated, were crowded to the gunwales. The British Consul at Constanza, who visited one of the ships, had reported that no Englishman would be prepared to travel in such unhygienic and insanitary conditions. . . .

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This did not prevent some of them from crossing the frontier and joining other Jews from Czechoslovakia, Austria and Rumania in a new effort to get to Eretz Israel. 1 Again news reached the British officials of a large number of Italian ships lying idle at Trieste and the presence in that port of many Jewish "tourists." It was plain not only that the Jews had not given up, but that they were planning a "large-scale invasion" of illegal immigrants. By this time the Haganah 1 , much more wealthy than the Irgun, and backed by the resources of the Jewish Agency, 8 had also become active in the immigration field. I They succeeded. They reached Eretz Israel in the famous Sekariya expedition organized by Mr. Eri Jabotinsky, son of the creator of the Irgun.

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Sir Harold Mc-Michael, the High Commissioner, announced that they would not be sent back to Europe—propaganda had not succeeded in justifying that kind of treatment in the eyes of civilised men and women—but would be packed off to Mauritius. He added, however, that with the war's end they would be returned to their "homes" in Europe. To teach the "illegal" immigrants a lesson, the military forces carrying out the deportation used "a certain amount of force" before the ships were sent off on their way to Mauritius. The Patria never sailed. Jewish "terrorists" placed a bomb to prevent its departure. The bomb exploded and more than two hundred Jews were killed or drowned.

Hostile Environment: How Immigrants Became Scapegoats by Maya Goodfellow

Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, British Empire, call centre, collective bargaining, colonial rule, creative destruction, deindustrialization, disinformation, Donald Trump, European colonialism, fake news, falling living standards, G4S, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Jeremy Corbyn, low skilled workers, mass immigration, megacity, moral panic, open borders, open immigration, race to the bottom, Right to Buy, Scientific racism, W. E. B. Du Bois, Winter of Discontent, working poor

But most of them remained in place; ministers repeated they were necessary to deal with ‘illegal immigrants’. Months after Windrush made headlines, the government still didn’t know how many people had been deported thanks to their policies, and many of those who had been affected were still living in homelessness hostels, unable to work.5 A year later, a compensation scheme was set up for the people who had been caught up in the whole affair. The government was at pains to emphasise that the Windrush generation were here legally, and that the aim of their hostile environment policies was to tackle ‘illegal’ immigration. But the tag ‘illegal’ obscures more than it tells us.

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When the Conservatives changed the rules on social housing so that people living in properties deemed as having a ‘spare room’ had their benefits cut, they called it the ‘spare room subsidy’. Campaigners renamed it the more appropriate ‘bedroom tax’. But when Theresa May unveiled her flagship immigration package as home secretary, she didn’t even attempt to hide its cruelty. She flaunted it. The aim was to create a ‘really hostile environment for illegal immigrants,’ she boasted.1 The plan was to make their lives unbearable. And, so, the government began to create this hostile environment, stitching immigration checks into every element of people’s lives. Through measures brought in by the 2014 and 2016 Immigration Acts, a whole host of professionals – from landlords and letting agents to doctors and nurses – were turned into border guards.2 Regardless of how removed their profession was from the world of immigration policy, the threat of being fined or sentenced to jail time loomed over them if they failed to carry out checks to ensure people they encountered through their work were in the country legally.

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Seen as representing strength and protection, they are, if you look at them more closely, violent and discriminatory in all kinds of way. Borders are not only where the lines on the map tell us they are. They are also drawn between people, with the use of words like ‘migrant’ and ‘citizen’. By crossing a border, you can cease to be a human being to the people around you, becoming an (‘illegal’) immigrant or a (‘bogus’) asylum seeker. These words we use to talk about people aren’t just descriptive or neutral categories; how they’re used doesn’t always and only coincide with their legal meaning; they’re laden with other associations.44 Just look at the term ‘migrant’. Twisted to apply to specific groups of people at particular times, there is no hard and fast rule of who is an immigrant and who isn’t.

The Light That Failed: A Reckoning by Ivan Krastev, Stephen Holmes

active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, anti-globalists, bank run, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, Brexit referendum, corporate governance, David Brooks, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, illegal immigration, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, kremlinology, liberal world order, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Armstrong, nuclear winter, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open borders, post-truth, postnationalism / post nation state, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, shared worldview, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, the market place, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Twitter Arab Spring, WikiLeaks

Viktor Orbán, ‘Speech at the Opening of the World Science Forum’, 7 November 2015; Shaun Walker, ‘Hungarian Leader Says Europe Is Now “Under Invasion” by Migrants’, Guardian (15 March 2018). 74. ‘Remarks by President Trump on the Illegal Immigration Crisis and Border Security’ (1 November 2018); https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-illegal-immigration-crisis-border-security/. 75. Holly Case, ‘Hungary’s Real Indians’, Eurozine (3 April 2018). 76. Ronald Reagan, presidential farewell address to the nation (11 January 1989). On Reagan’s suggestion that immigrants have ‘made America great’, see https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2018/jul/03/becoming-american-initiative/did-ronald-reagan-say-immigrants-made-america-grea/. 77.

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In Chapter 1 we explained the emergence of anti-immigrant politics in Central Europe, even in the absence of actual immigrants, as a roundabout expression of the demographic anxiety caused by catastrophic depopulation throughout the region. In the American case, the first-hand experience fostering hostility to immigrants is not depopulation as in Eastern Europe but de-industrialization.82 Without being the cause of economic insecurity, illegal immigration has been turned by populists into a focal point around which those suffering most from the loss of jobs and opportunities can rally. During the two decades after the Second World War, when the United States was the world’s sole industrial powerhouse, working-class America did extraordinarily well.

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As economic disparities grew and chances for upward mobility shrank, America’s Cold War victory continued to buoy up the lucky few. But to the new plutocracy’s ‘forgotten man’, it began to feel like a post-Cold War defeat. Some portion of white working- and middle-class resentment can be explained as a hostile reaction not to illegal immigrants but to perceived contempt from America’s increasingly wealthy and insulated liberal establishment.84 The distress of lower-middle-class and working-class whites with only a high-school degree at their perceived political invisibility made them an easy touch for Trump, whose rhetorical attention to their plight, however opportunistic and insincere, stood out among the general indifference of political elites in both parties.

Antonio-s-Gun-and-Delfino-s-Dream-True-Tales-of-Mexican-Migration by Unknown

Berlin Wall, centre right, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, ghettoisation, illegal immigration, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, low skilled workers, Mahatma Gandhi, trade route

Thus while everything was changing in South Gate, much remained The Saga of South Gate / 71 the same, and in this awkward stasis the town spent the s and early s. The jolt came in  with Proposition . The proposition would have denied illegal immigrants education and health care, among other things. Californians passed Proposition  overwhelmingly, but the courts ruled it unconstitutional. Still, the initiative changed America. Millions of illegal immigrants had become legal residents under an amnesty that the U.S. Congress passed in . By law, they had to wait at least seven years after amnesty to apply for citizenship. Just as those seven years expired, Proposition  came along.

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What was undeniable was that the life of Andrés Bermúdez could not have prepared him more poorly to resist the narcotic of media attention or navigate the crafty Mexican political maze. He was a simple man without one political instinct. The first vote he cast in his life was for himself. As an illegal immigrant, then a farmer and businessman, he had learned directness and self-reliance. He depended on common sense and hard work. Life had taught him not to balance the interests of competing groups but to make quick decisions, alone, obeying only his gut. He was like his fellow immigrants. His interests were theirs: making money and a future for himself and his family, working out of poverty.

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Every few weeks after that, Diez would head down from Phoenix to Sonoyta, a small Mexican border town. There he and his new partner would take north ten Delfino II / 149 or twelve people at a time. This is how Diez, who first went to the United States looking for work, learned to smuggle illegal immigrants when he was not yet sixteen years old, and came to lead much older men through the Arizona desert. Coyote was a term he disliked. He thought it sounded bad. In Mexico the word had sleazy, cowardly associations. Instead, he referred to smuggling humans as “the work.” He didn’t like the work any more than the job title, but he had nothing else.

Don't Burn This Book: Thinking for Yourself in an Age of Unreason by Dave Rubin

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, An Inconvenient Truth, battle of ideas, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Burning Man, butterfly effect, centre right, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, deplatforming, Donald Trump, failed state, fake news, gender pay gap, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, illegal immigration, immigration reform, job automation, Kevin Roose, low skilled workers, mutually assured destruction, obamacare, off-the-grid, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, school choice, Silicon Valley, Social Justice Warrior, Steven Pinker, Susan Wojcicki, Tim Cook: Apple, unpaid internship, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Meanwhile, Democrat senator Chuck Schumer of New York once said during a 2009 speech at Georgetown University: “The American people are fundamentally pro-legal immigration and anti-illegal immigration. We will only pass comprehensive reform when we recognize this fundamental concept. “First, illegal immigration is wrong. A primary goal of comprehensive immigration reform must be to dramatically curtail future illegal immigration.” Then, nervous Nancy Pelosi added: “We all agree we need to secure our borders, while honoring our values.” Even Democrat senator Dianne Feinstein of California criticized the flood of migrants coming from Mexico.

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He added: “We simply cannot allow people to pour into the United States undetected, undocumented, unchecked, and circumventing the line of people who are waiting patiently, diligently, and lawfully to become immigrants into this country.” A few years later, in a 2013 State of the Union address, Obama promised to put illegal immigrants “to the back of the line.” Real reform means strong border security, and we can build on the progress my administration has already made—putting more boots on the southern border than at any time in our history and reducing illegal crossings to their lowest levels in forty years. Real reform means establishing a responsible pathway to earned citizenship—a path that includes passing a background check, paying taxes and a meaningful penalty, learning English, and going to the back of the line behind the folks trying to come here legally.

Slow Boats to China by Gavin Young

Ayatollah Khomeini, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, Malacca Straits, Pearl River Delta, South China Sea, the long tail, three-masted sailing ship

‘Oh, Macao,’ the policeman said sadly. ‘Smuggling illegal immigrants from China to Macao to Hong Kong is big money there. The syndicates [the Chinese tongs] actually sell tickets for places in their launches, “snake boats” and speedboats. They are difficult to catch – faster than ours, sometimes.’ Last year the Hong Kong marine police had picked up 451 bodies out of Deep Bay at the mouth of the Pearl river, which runs up to the port of Canton. ‘The Chinese are born gamblers,’ the assistant commissioner said sadly. Forty A few nights later, when I reached the marine police’s illegal immigrant patrol depot, the Chinese crew of the Special Boat Unit (SBU) I had been permitted to accompany were taking their evening meal of pork, fish, rice and beer.

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So we’d be in Zamboanga that evening? ‘If we have good luck.’ We would have taken five and a half days from Borneo to Mindanao, but we still had to reach the island and find a boat to ferry us to Zamboanga. There the immigration officers awaited me, but they were the smallest worry of all; they might imprison illegal immigrants, but surely they didn’t kill them, did they? The Haji said he doubted it. Through the same dazzling azure screen of sea and sky, the Allimpaya pushed on. Standing on the roof with Carlos an hour later, I saw, one after the other, a chain of small islands – first a tiny blur, then an outline of palms, finally a white beach encircling an islet like a collar.

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‘I have been robbed four times in my thirty-five years of happy travail in the Orient as a resident barefoot reporter,’ Hughes declaimed in the rolling tones of an Australian Mr Micawber. ‘Twice in Tokyo between 1948 and 1950 by individual operators, once in Laos by a gang of two and now, with my wife in Hong Kong by a gang of three armed with a meat cleaver and heavy sticks. They were Cantonese thugs, evidently illegal immigrants from Canton, who threatened my dear Chinese wife with the cleaver and struck me with a stick, and then gagged and bound us in our humble Mid-Levels abode at 3.00 a.m.’ Dick stuck a fork into the boeuf Wellington on his plate. Marsh Clark poured more wine. I said, ‘Donald, did anyone whistle “Colonel Bogey” when you were building that railway line over the River Kwai as they did in the film?’

Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society by Eric Posner, E. Weyl

3D printing, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-communist, augmented reality, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Branko Milanovic, business process, buy and hold, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, collective bargaining, commoditize, congestion pricing, Corn Laws, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, endowment effect, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, feminist movement, financial deregulation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, gamification, Garrett Hardin, George Akerlof, global macro, global supply chain, guest worker program, hydraulic fracturing, Hyperloop, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, index fund, informal economy, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jean Tirole, Jeremy Corbyn, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, Landlord’s Game, liberal capitalism, low skilled workers, Lyft, market bubble, market design, market friction, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, negative equity, Network effects, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open borders, Pareto efficiency, passive investing, patent troll, Paul Samuelson, performance metric, plutocrats, pre–internet, radical decentralization, random walk, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Ronald Coase, Rory Sutherland, search costs, Second Machine Age, second-price auction, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, special economic zone, spectrum auction, speech recognition, statistical model, stem cell, telepresence, Thales and the olive presses, Thales of Miletus, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Future of Employment, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, urban planning, Vanguard fund, vertical integration, women in the workforce, Zipcar

In Europe, governments encouraged migration for postwar reconstruction; in the United States, the government permitted Mexicans to cross the border to engage in seasonal agricultural labor. But political opposition to these policies ensured that they were temporary and often involved work-arounds and winking at illegal immigration. In Germany, for example, the government allowed Turkish workers to settle in the country but did not grant them citizenship; in the United States, legal immigration programs were replaced by illegal immigration since the border was not controlled. But whether legal or illegal, migration never reached the level that would satisfy demand in the host countries and the supply of people willing and able to migrate.13 In Europe, migration between EU member states was institutionalized.

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Foreign tourists swarm our cities, and talented foreign workers and immigrants populate our start-ups, banks, and universities. Globalization has increased foreign trade, capital flows, tourism, and the migration of highly skilled workers. Yet, for all the controversies about refugees and (in the United States) illegal immigration, migration of people with ordinary skills proceeds at a trickle. From the standpoint of economic theory, this “migration imbalance,” as we will call it, is puzzling. Economists believe that global wealth increases when all factors of production—goods, services, capital, labor—are allowed to flow across borders to the locations where they can be most efficiently employed.

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While the logic of the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem is widely accepted among economists, the exact extent to which various categories of workers are harmed or benefited by immigration is more complex. There is significant evidence that immigration reduces the wages of native workers whose backgrounds are similar to those of migrants. For example, illegal immigration to the United States from Mexico and Central America tends to hurt native workers with low education and weak language skills.21 However, the effects of migration on the broader labor markets are murkier. Some scholars believe that the native workers are in aggregate harmed, albeit only to a limited extent.22 Others argue that effects are negligible or even that most workers may benefit because migrants buy more goods, which native workers produce, or take the lowest rungs on the employment ladder, pushing some native workers up into better-paying supervisory roles.23 These small and mixed effects are dwarfed by the large benefits migration brings to the migrants themselves and their employers.24 Moreover, the fiscal structure of migration prevents significant sharing of these benefits through government and may even impose costs on domestic workers.

Why It's Still Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions by Paul Mason

anti-globalists, back-to-the-land, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, business cycle, capital controls, capitalist realism, centre right, Chekhov's gun, citizen journalism, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, disinformation, do-ocracy, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, ghettoisation, illegal immigration, informal economy, land tenure, Leo Hollis, low skilled workers, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, Mohammed Bouazizi, Naomi Klein, Network effects, New Journalism, Occupy movement, price stability, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, rising living standards, short selling, Slavoj Žižek, Stewart Brand, strikebreaker, union organizing, We are the 99%, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, Winter of Discontent, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, young professional

For during the neoliberal years the super-rich had spared no effort or expense to create a plebeian backlash against the Federal state. From the platform of Fox News, Rupert Murdoch’s employees had railed against big government and high taxes. Across the Bible Belt, the holy book had been brandished by preachers warning against the combined evils of abortion, gay marriage, ‘positive discrimination’ for black people, illegal immigration, big government and high taxes. By February 2009, the religious right in America had an enemy it had always dreamed of: a black president, committed to liberal social policy, big spending and a bailout of Wall Street at the expense of everyone else. In November 2010 they found the means to humiliate him, when the Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives, including eighty-seven signed-up members of the Tea Party.

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It’s not that they want to be here, but they just don’t have any other option. SB 1070 won’t stop them coming. Arpaio made videos of prisoners in the chain gang under the sun: people see this, but they still come. Latino migrants work, but for precious little: it is a certainty that the impact of illegal immigration is to reduce wages for people like Maurice and Larry in New Mexico, who are US citizens. Fernando tells me that some of his friends are working a 100-hour week, for below the minimum wage: housekeeping, landscaping, kitchen work. ‘They should be creating jobs instead of jails, building schools instead of jails.’

…

I met the party’s second in command, Ilias Panagiotaros, in the back yard of the store he runs: a militaria shop, selling police uniforms to serving officers and Combat 18 t-shirts to football hooligans. In his opinion, ‘Greek society is ready—even though no-one likes this—to have a fight: a new type of civil war. On the one side there will be nationalists like us, and Greeks who want our country to be as it used to be, and on the other side illegal immigrants, anarchists and all those who have destroyed Athens several times. Golden Dawn is at war with the political system and those who represent it, with the domestic and international bankers, we are at war with these invaders—immigrants.’ Panagiotaros, one of eighteen fascist MPs, was clear as to the sequencing of the Greek denouement.

Socialism Sucks: Two Economists Drink Their Way Through the Unfree World by Robert Lawson, Benjamin Powell

Airbnb, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, business cycle, cognitive dissonance, crony capitalism, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, indoor plumbing, invisible hand, Kickstarter, means of production, Mont Pelerin Society, profit motive, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, single-payer health, special economic zone, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

As a result, there were chronic food shortages until 1623, when they created private parcels of land and made families responsible for feeding themselves. Ben wrote up a column based on William Bradford’s 1647 history that you can access here: http://www.independent.org/news/article.asp?id=1423. 8. Ana Gonzalez-Barrera and Jens Manuel Krogstad, “What we know about illegal immigration from Mexico,” Pew Research Center, December 3, 2018, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/03/what-we-know-about-illegal-immigration-from-mexico/. 9. Michael Clemens, “Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, no. 3 (2011): 83–106. 10. Benjamin Powell, ed., Immigration: From Social Science to Public Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015). 11.

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Oddly, none of the speakers at the opening rally commented on the importance of central planning and abolishing private property. Instead, we heard things like “Damn the Supreme Court to Hell,” in reference to the court’s recent ruling limiting the power of public unions to coerce fees out of non–union member employees. There was also plenty said about the immigration crisis and the separation of illegal immigrant parents from their children. We were reminded that, “Democrats are deporters too.” Of course, President Trump was the frequent target of negative remarks. No big surprise there. Most of what we heard was just support for a wide array of leftist political positions that have little to do with Marx or socialism.

Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy by Raghuram Rajan

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, assortative mating, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Bretton Woods, business climate, business cycle, carbon tax, Clayton Christensen, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, colonial rule, corporate governance, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency risk, diversification, Edward Glaeser, financial innovation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Greenspan put, illegal immigration, implied volatility, income inequality, index fund, interest rate swap, Joseph Schumpeter, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, Long Term Capital Management, longitudinal study, low interest rates, machine readable, market bubble, Martin Wolf, medical malpractice, microcredit, money market fund, moral hazard, new economy, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, open economy, Phillips curve, price stability, profit motive, proprietary trading, Real Time Gross Settlement, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, school vouchers, seminal paper, short selling, sovereign wealth fund, tail risk, The Great Moderation, the payments system, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, upwardly mobile, Vanguard fund, women in the workforce, World Values Survey

In much of the twentieth century, the targets for demagogues were African Americans, but over time Americans have learned to recognize the deeper purpose behind such language. More recently, illegal immigrants have emerged as the new target, and much angst is expended over the possibility that benefits may leak to them. Indeed, a battle has erupted in the most recent round of health care legislation over the access of illegal immigrants to any form of taxpayer-funded programs. In this debate, few legislators have asked how U.S. society can remain healthy and humane with a sick and unprotected immigrant population in its midst.

…

The reasons for rising inequality are, of course, a matter of much debate, with both the Left and the Right adhering to their own favored explanations. Other factors, such as the widespread deregulation in recent decades and the resulting increases in competition including for resources (such as talent), the changes in tax rates, the decrease in unionization, and the increase in both legal and illegal immigration, have no doubt all played a part.5 Regardless of how the inequality has arisen, it has led to widespread anxiety. Many have lost faith in the narrative of America as the land of unbounded opportunity, which in the past created the public support that made the United States a bastion of economic freedom.

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When people see a dim economic future in a democracy, they work through political channels to obtain redress, and if the political channel does not respond, they resort to other means. The first victims of a political search for scapegoats are those who are visible and easily demonized, but powerless to defend themselves. Illegal immigrants and foreign workers do not vote, but they are essential to the economy—the former because they often do jobs no one else will touch in normal times, and the latter because they are the source of the cheap imports that have raised the standard of living for all, but especially those with low incomes.

O Jerusalem by Larry Collins, Dominique Lapierre

back-to-the-land, British Empire, colonial rule, gentleman farmer, illegal immigration, land bank, lateral thinking, Mount Scopus, union organizing

* The Haganah nickname for a hiding place, taken from the Hebrew verb lesalek, meaning to dispose of. * From 1946 to February 1948, according to a report submitted to the War Office by Sir Gordon MacMillan, the last commander in chief of British forces in Palestine, the British intercepted forty-seven shiploads of illegal immigrants, interning 65,307 illegal immigrants in their detention camps on the island of Cyprus. * There were, of course, exceptions. The Jewish Agency had an unknown ally in its campaign for a Jerusalem police force, British High Commissioner Sir Alan Cunningham. Despairing of maintaining order in the rest of Palestine, Cunningham hoped at least to salvage Jerusalem.

…

Avriel had displayed no surprise. For ten years the quiet Austrian intellectual had devoted himself to the Zionist cause, achieving some of its most spectacular triumphs. From Vienna, then Istanbul, Athens and finally Paris, Avriel had supervised one of the most extraordinary adventures of the Jewish movement, the illegal immigration of thousands of European Jews into Palestine. In the middle of the war, he had succeeded in smuggling his men into Hitler's death camps. Over one hundred thousand Jews from every country in Europe were personally indebted to Avriel and his organization for having gotten them out of the Nazi inferno and onto the shores of the Promised Land.

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The Arabs are getting ready. They have five armies preparing to invade us sooner or later. After the United Nations' vote, we are going to have an Arab revolt on our hands right here in Palestine. What happened in 1936 was just child's play." He was, he told Avriel, sending him to Europe to put his experience in the illegal immigration service to work buying arms. "We've got to change our tactics. We haven't got time any more to stuff four rifles into a tractor and wait for them to get to Haifa. We have to work fast and decisively. "You have one million dollars at your disposal at the Union de Banques Suisses in Geneva," Ben-Gurion said.

How Democracies Die by Steven Levitsky, Daniel Ziblatt

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Cass Sunstein, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, David Brooks, Donald Trump, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gunnar Myrdal, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Jeff Bezos, Nate Silver, Norman Mailer, old-boy network, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, single-payer health, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, universal basic income

Trump met this measure when he questioned the legitimacy of the electoral process and made the unprecedented suggestion that he might not accept the results of the 2016 election. Levels of voter fraud in the United States are very low, and because elections are administered by state and local governments, it is effectively impossible to coordinate national-level voting fraud. Yet throughout the 2016 campaign, Trump insisted that millions of illegal immigrants and dead people on the voting rolls would be mobilized to vote for Clinton. For months, his campaign website declared “Help Me Stop Crooked Hillary from Rigging This Election!” In August, Trump told Sean Hannity, “We’d better be careful, because that election is going to be rigged….I hope the Republicans are watching closely, or it’s going to be taken away from us.”

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In 2010, in the face of Congress’s failure to pass a new energy bill, he issued an “executive memorandum” instructing government agencies to raise fuel efficiency standards for all cars. In 2012, in response to Congress’s inability to pass immigration reform, he announced an executive action to cease deportation of illegal immigrants who came to the United States before the age of sixteen and were either in school or were high school graduates or military veterans. In 2015, President Obama responded to Congress’s refusal to pass legislation to combat climate change by issuing an executive order to all federal agencies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and use more renewable energy.

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A poll taken prior to the 2012 presidential election found that 71 percent of Mexicans believed that fraud could be in play. In the United States, the figures were even more dramatic. In a survey carried out prior to the 2016 election, 84 percent of Republican voters said they believed a “meaningful amount” of fraud occurred in American elections, and nearly 60 percent of Republican voters said they believed illegal immigrants would “vote in meaningful amounts” in November. These doubts persisted after the election. According to a July 2017 Morning Consult/Politico poll, 47 percent of Republicans believed that Trump won the popular vote, compared to 40 percent who believed Hillary Clinton won. In other words, about half of self-identified Republicans said they believe that American elections are massively rigged.

Arrival City by Doug Saunders

agricultural Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Branko Milanovic, call centre, credit crunch, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, foreign exchange controls, gentrification, ghettoisation, Gini coefficient, guest worker program, Hernando de Soto, Honoré de Balzac, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, Kibera, land reform, land tenure, low skilled workers, mass immigration, megacity, microcredit, new economy, Pearl River Delta, pensions crisis, place-making, price mechanism, rent control, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, white flight, working poor, working-age population

Zapatero’s 2005 law was in a way a mopping-up, designed to ensure that all the residents of Spain’s arrival cities would be legal, tax-paying citizens.26 It was followed, in 2007, by an even more ambitious program, engineered in cooperation with the government of Senegal, designed to deter dangerous illegal sea crossings by migrants and end illegal immigration to Spain. While amnesties offering regularization of “illegal” immigrants have been used throughout the Western world in the postwar decades, Spain’s program was part of a new approach designed to make regularization an option in advance, incorporating rural-to-urban transition into the employment system. Under this program, tens of thousands of Africans every year were granted work permits, allowing them to enter the country legally and work for a year; if their employment contracts were extended, they were allowed to bring over their families and so embark on a path toward citizenship—an effort to prevent the fragmented families and underground lives of the European arrival city and to allow Spain to add half a million immigrants to its economy each year without creating a marginalized class on the outskirts.

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In most cases, governments come to realize that millions of potential taxpayers are living below the radar, earning incomes but not paying taxes, and creating gray-market families and awkward legal paradoxes as their deracinated children come of age; the result is usually a mass amnesty. The United States has granted post-facto citizenship to millions of illegal immigrants in recent decades (most recently in the early 1990s); similar amnesties, involving hundreds of thousands of undocumented migrants, have been granted in Spain, Italy, France, Britain, and Germany. More such amnesties are almost certain in the future. A typical example is the U.S. Immigration Reform and Control Act, or IRCA, which began in 1986 as a congressional effort to stop, once and for all, the movement of Latin American villagers across the southern border.

…

After a decade and a half, this exposed and unprotected setting had become a social and humanitarian worry, so, in 2005, the Herndon town council, led by Mayor Michael O’Reilly, voted to create an indoor day-labor center, using county funds and staff from a local church non-profit agency. This initiative attracted anti-immigration forces, such as the vigilante group the Minutemen, which opened a chapter in Herndon. They claimed that it was unacceptable to use taxpayer money to assist illegal immigrants. The proposed center then became the focus of an ugly election for Virginia governor in 2005, in which Republican candidate Jerry Kilgore built much of his campaign around his opposition to Herndon’s approach, making the town a conservative emblem of wrongheaded state support for undocumented migrants.

The Great Experiment: Why Diverse Democracies Fall Apart and How They Can Endure by Yascha Mounk

23andMe, affirmative action, basic income, centre right, coronavirus, COVID-19, critical race theory, Donald Trump, failed state, global pandemic, illegal immigration, income inequality, language acquisition, Mahatma Gandhi, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, Steven Pinker, theory of mind, transatlantic slave trade, universal basic income, unpaid internship, World Values Survey

What is clear, though, is that Hispanic identity is already much more fluid than much of the country’s political class tends to assume. In the run-up to the 2020 election, for example, two Hispanic progressives conducted a series of focus groups. Ian Haney López and Tory Gavito assumed that Latinos would see themselves as “people of color,” and reject concerns about “illegal immigration from places overrun with drugs and criminal gangs” as a racist dog whistle. Instead, López and Gavito found that many of the people they interviewed insisted on being white, and that Latinos were actually more likely than non-Hispanic whites to agree with anti-immigrant messages. Progressives, López and Gavito concluded, commonly categorize Latinos as people of color, no doubt partly because progressive Latinos see the group that way and encourage others to do so as well.

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His is the sound of encounter, of mutual cultural influence, of people from different countries clashing and, together, creating the world anew. This does not mean that Manu Chao’s songs are silent about the difficulties and injustices that many members of diverse democracies face. Much of Clandestino, his first album, is told in the voice of illegal immigrants who have to contend with the indifference of the people they encounter. On the album’s second song, “Desaparecido,” he vividly describes the predicament of a street vendor who has to flee whenever he spots the police, making a touching plea to see him as, simply, human: They call me the one who’s disappearing A phantasma that never stays They call me the one who’s profiteering But that doesn’t express the truth In my body, I carry a pain That doesn’t let me breathe In my body, I carry a sentence That always makes me leave.

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GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT But they also worry: It might seem as though I am implicitly taking the perspective of members of the majority in this passage. But polling suggests that many descendants of immigrants and members of minority groups are just as torn on these issues. For example, a substantial portion of them favors harsh policies to crack down on illegal immigration. For a longer treatment of the political and cultural views of minority groups, especially in the United States, see chapter 9. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT Part One: When Diverse Societies Go Wrong According to most scientists: Yvonne Rekers, Daniel B. M. Haun, and Michael Tomasello, “Children, but Not Chimpanzees, Prefer to Collaborate,” Current Biology 21 (October 2011): 1756–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.066.

Stephen Fry in America by Stephen Fry

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, Bretton Woods, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, Columbine, Donald Trump, illegal immigration, intermodal, jimmy wales, Jony Ive, junk bonds, Kickstarter, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, Neil Armstrong, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Stephen Fry, Steve Jobs, Upton Sinclair, urban sprawl, Yogi Berra

How much easier America would be to understand if it conformed simply to all our snootiest, snobbiest and most sneering expectations. Instead it does conform, but not simply. It conforms with ambiguity, contradiction and surprise. Maybe that is why I love it so. Border Patrol The frontline in America’s war against illegal immigrants is the Mexican border. I come to El Paso, where many of the fiercest frontline battles in that war are daily fought. Mexico has influenced Texas hugely; their respective cultures have combined to form a very particular style of Tex-Mex food, drink, music and architecture. But while Mexican music, beer and quesadillas may be welcome in the United States, its people are less so.

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Every now and again we pass a genuine government Border Patrol vehicle. They are on friendly terms, Shannon assures us, for the Federal Agents know the Minutemen are law-abiding and would never tackle an illegal themselves, they would radio the information to the proper authorities. Are there British ‘patriots’ who are so incensed by illegal immigration into the United Kingdom that they would set up their own border patrols in like manner? Shannon strikes me as more sad and lonely than dangerous. He has that slightly obnoxious and overstated pride in his obedience to the law and his respect for proper authorities characteristic of the self-righteous patriot.

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Poorer, but better dressed than their gringo neighbours. With Agent Romero on the American side. Scratching out a living. Incidentally, I say that the Mexicans look out over a river, and it may be that you already know that I am referring to the Rio Grande, which for much of its course forms the natural border between America and Mexico. Illegal immigrants are often called ‘wetbacks’ on account of their having had to swim that river. You may imagine my surprise then when Shannon showed me the Rio Grande. Not a river at all, but a drain, a dry ditch. Further along it swells into a small stream, I am told, but here it is no more than a trickle.

Global Financial Crisis by Noah Berlatsky

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, asset-backed security, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Bretton Woods, capital controls, Celtic Tiger, centre right, circulation of elites, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, corporate raider, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, deindustrialization, Doha Development Round, energy security, eurozone crisis, financial innovation, Food sovereignty, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, God and Mammon, Gordon Gekko, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income inequality, low interest rates, market bubble, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, Money creation, moral hazard, new economy, Northern Rock, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, social contagion, South China Sea, structural adjustment programs, subprime mortgage crisis, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transfer pricing, working poor

Danny Schechter “Financial Crisis Goes Global, Slams into Europe,” Huffington Post, March 10, 2009. www.huffingtonpost.com. Jay Solomon and Siobhan Gorman “Financial Crisis May Diminish American Sway,” Wall Street Journal, October 17, 2008. Spiegel Online “Ticking Timebomb: The Financial Crisis Reaches Germany’s Economy,” October 15, 2008. www.spiegel.de. Brian Whitley “With Fewer Jobs, Fewer Illegal Immigrants,” Christian Science Monitor, December 30, 2008. www.csmonitor.com. 127 CHAPTER Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Developing Nations 128 3 1 Viewpoint Worldwide, Migrant Workers Are Threatened by Job Losses and Xenophobia Ron Synovitz Ron Synovitz is a senior correspondent in Radio Free Europe’s central newsroom, where he has worked since 1995.

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In response, governments in Spain, Russia, and elsewhere are putting restrictions on the number of foreign workers allowed into their countries. International organizations and advocacy groups worry that such restrictions on foreigners may cause dangerous large-scale migration, enrich criminal organizations by promoting illegal immigration, and encourage xenophobic attitudes toward foreigners. As you read, consider the following questions: 1. In the Persian Gulf, from where does Ron Synovitz assert the majority of migrant workers come? 2. In Spain, where do the majority of migrant workers come from, according to the author? 3.

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But now, the fall in the price of oil that has accompanied the global recession is causing a sharp downturn in development within the six Gulf Cooperation Council states—Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. Analysts say neither the developers, the investors, nor the migrant workers are prepared for what is next. They predict that as many as half of the region’s 13 million foreign workers could lose their jobs in the months ahead. The migrants will either have to stay in the Gulf countries as illegal immigrants or go back to their own countries to seek employment. 130 Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Developing Nations European countries also are seeing similar problems as a result of the financial crisis. Millions of foreign workers flocked to Spain for jobs from 1994 to 2007 when that country saw continuous economic growth.

The Red and the Blue: The 1990s and the Birth of Political Tribalism by Steve Kornacki

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, American Legislative Exchange Council, Berlin Wall, computer age, David Brooks, Donald Trump, employer provided health coverage, ending welfare as we know it, facts on the ground, Future Shock, illegal immigration, immigration reform, junk bonds, low interest rates, mass immigration, off-the-grid, Oklahoma City bombing, power law, Ralph Nader, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Savings and loan crisis, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, Thomas L Friedman, Timothy McVeigh, trickle-down economics, union organizing, War on Poverty, women in the workforce

Baird wasn’t a household name, or a controversial one. Women’s groups cheered and the rest of Washington shrugged. Confirmation was sure to be a cakewalk, an assessment that didn’t budge when the January 14 issue of the New York Times hit the streets. Their scoop: Baird and her husband, Yale professor Paul Gewirtz, had been employing two illegal immigrants from Peru, a husband and a wife, as household help for the last few years. The woman was the nanny for their son; the man acted as their chauffeur. It wasn’t something she was trying to hide. Baird had told Clinton’s team about the arrangement and the information had been included in her submissions to the Senate Judiciary Committee, the venue for her confirmation hearings.

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Baird had told Clinton’s team about the arrangement and the information had been included in her submissions to the Senate Judiciary Committee, the venue for her confirmation hearings. Technically, this put Baird and her husband in violation of the law, which mandated that all employers verify the eligibility of their employees to live and work in the United States. But as a practical matter, they’d had nothing to worry about. The penalty for knowingly employing an illegal immigrant for domestic work was only a few thousand dollars, and the provision had never actually been enforced in the state of Connecticut, where Baird and Gewirtz lived. They also hadn’t paid any Social Security taxes for the couple, something employers were also required to do. It would be pointless to try, their lawyer had told them, since the Peruvian couple wasn’t legally permitted to work in the United States.

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The original price tag had been fifty billion dollars, but when members of Congress balked at that, Clinton went around them to impose a package worth twenty billion. To the Perot army, it was a sellout of America’s interests, and Buchanan now stoked the rage. “Illegal drugs are coming across the border, illegal immigration is soaring,” he said. “And what do we get in addition to that? We are required to pay fifty billion dollars to the government of Mexico? For whose benefit was that, my friends? I’ll tell you. That was not for the benefit of the working Americans on Main Street. That was for the benefit of the investment bankers on Wall Street, and we all know it.”

Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces, and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy by Rory Cormac

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial rule, currency manipulation / currency intervention, disinformation, drone strike, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Etonian, fake news, false flag, illegal immigration, land reform, Malacca Straits, Mikhail Gorbachev, operational security, precautionary principle, private military company, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Stuxnet, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, union organizing, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

In the late 1940s, propaganda, whilst providing its own attack on communism, was used in conjunction with economic operations disrupting Czechoslovakian industry.20 Around the same time, diplomats hoped to use it alongside sabotage to target Italian elections and alongside both sabotage and deception to prevent illegal immigration to Israel. In Iran, propaganda from as early as 1951 worked in conjunction with bribery to play an important role in the eventual coup two years later.21 Similarly, plans for covert action in Syria in the 1950s saw propaganda, bribery, and sabotage working side by side, whilst propaganda provided the backbone of Britain’s anti-Nasser operations too.

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The Persia crisis formed the first exploratory response to communist pressure and propaganda.30 Palestine served as another testing ground.31 Drawing on existing machinery and personnel, covert action formed a bridge between wartime and peacetime operations, demonstrating that such activity could still be successful. Here, both Attlee and Bevin strongly supported moves to stem ­illegal immigration from Europe which threatened the delicate balance of peoples in the region but also appeared to be feeding a troublesome Zionist insurgency against British rule. Attlee wanted action. Unfortunately for Britain, however, global opinion was hostile to any attempts to prevent the Jewish people, who had suffered such persecution in Nazi Germany, from reaching their homeland.

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A simultaneous propaganda and deception offensive complemented the sabotage. This aimed to divert suspicion away from the British by creating a notional organization called the Defenders of Arab Palestine to claim responsibility for the attacks. Propaganda also attempted to implicate Soviet Russia in the illegal immigration. Deemed a success, Operation Embarrass showed observers in Whitehall what peacetime covert action could achieve.34 Attlee and Bevin knew, however, that it was far less risky to conduct such operations in Palestine than Eastern Europe. There was little chance of escalation and SIS could, and did, simply use channels and personnel already in place from the war.

ZeroZeroZero by Roberto Saviano

Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, call centre, credit crunch, double entry bookkeeping, Fall of the Berlin Wall, illegal immigration, Julian Assange, Kinder Surprise, London Interbank Offered Rate, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, open borders, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, Ronald Reagan, Skype, Steve Jobs, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks

If he thinks back on how he was able to stand his ground with the Mancuso family: he was just a kid with a small business then, his turnover ridiculously small. Yet he had resisted the Mancusos for years. Then they crushed him for no reason, just for the sake of trying to squeeze him like an orange picked on the Rosarno plain. And now he’s letting himself be squeezed, like the lowliest illegal immigrant. But he’s not a lowly illegal immigrant. This is not who he is. If he wasn’t afraid as a kid, he shouldn’t be afraid now either, now that he has learned that everyone, whether in Calabria or Colombia, has a hand on his head that can crush him at any time, either in punishment, by mistake, of just for the heck of it.

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In spring 2011, such a grave was discovered in San Fernando; it contained 193 corpses, the victims all killed with powerful blows to the head. And this sadistic carnage occurred just a few months after what has become known as the First San Fernando Massacre. More innocent victims, more mass graves: August 24, 2010. More than seventy illegal immigrants from South and Central America were trying to cross the U.S. border at Tamaulipas. We know about them from a man from Ecuador who survived. In San Fernando he and his companions were joined by a group of Mexicans claiming to be Los Zetas. They herded the immigrants onto a farm and started beating them up.

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When the Soviet regime collapsed, imports proliferated, prices dropped, and the drugs of the West—cocaine and ecstasy—finally made their way onto the market. At first cocaine use was limited to those Russians who could afford to spend the equivalent of three months’ average salary. There was an invasion of substances that found fertile ground in part because of the breakup of neighboring states: wars, open borders, and an army of illegal immigrants unable to find work in the legal economy. For many of them—as in the rest of the world—drug dealing was the only way to earn a living. But the decisive step came with the opening toward the Western Hemisphere, first the United States and Canada, then Latin America and the Caribbean. That part of the world had a high demand for arms, and Russia a notable supply of Soviet military weapons.

The Upside of Inequality by Edward Conard

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, assortative mating, bank run, Berlin Wall, book value, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Climatic Research Unit, cloud computing, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, disruptive innovation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, future of work, Gini coefficient, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the telephone, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kodak vs Instagram, labor-force participation, Larry Ellison, liquidity trap, longitudinal study, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, new economy, offshore financial centre, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, randomized controlled trial, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, survivorship bias, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, total factor productivity, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, University of East Anglia, upwardly mobile, War on Poverty, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, zero-sum game

There is simply too much trade crossing the border with Mexico to make such barriers effective. Nor will illegal immigrants likely ever be deported. The opposition to deporting illegal immigrants is far too great, and the political costs when their children become eligible to vote are even greater. While legal low-skilled immigration could be dialed back, high-skilled immigration is likely the only viable alternative for rebalancing the mix between high- and low-skilled workers. The latter solution is better for growth, too. And even if illegal immigrants were deported, America is still employing many lower-skilled Mexicans in Mexican factories that supply the American economy.

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See technology-hollows-out-the-middle-class myth homeowners, 49, 53–54, 121–22, 132–34, 168–69, 247 mortgage lending by credit score, 133–34, 134 household income, median. See median household income housing supply and minimum wage, 111–12 humanities degrees, 15, 91, 236–37, 238–39 illegal immigration, 198, 247–49 immigration, 15, 59–61, 198. See also low-skilled immigration empirical studies on slowing wage growth and, 54–59 labor supply and slowing wage growth, 47–52 test scores, 219–20 ultra-high-skilled immigration for accelerating growth, 244–49, 254 incentives among countries, 66–67 CEO pay as motivation for risk-taking, 92–95 for risk taking.

No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump’s Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need by Naomi Klein

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, "World Economic Forum" Davos, Airbnb, antiwork, basic income, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Brewster Kahle, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, Celebration, Florida, clean water, collective bargaining, Corrections Corporation of America, data science, desegregation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, end-to-end encryption, energy transition, extractivism, fake news, financial deregulation, gentrification, Global Witness, greed is good, green transition, high net worth, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, impact investing, income inequality, Internet Archive, Kickstarter, late capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Nate Silver, new economy, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, Paris climate accords, Patri Friedman, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, private military company, profit motive, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, sexual politics, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, subprime mortgage crisis, tech billionaire, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, trickle-down economics, Upton Sinclair, urban decay, W. E. B. Du Bois, women in the workforce, working poor

Stocks of two largest private prison companies soared by 43 and 21 percent Heather Long, “Private Prison Stocks Up 100% since Trump’s Win,” CNN.com, February 24, 2017, http://money.cnn.com/​2017/​02/​24/​investing/​private-prison-stocks-soar-trump/. ICE: 34,000 illegal immigrants; 73 percent of whom are held in private facilities Associated Press, “Trump’s Stance on Illegal Immigration May Aid Private Prisons,” Denver Post, November 23, 2016, http://www.denverpost.com/​2016/​11/​23/​donald-trump-illegal-immigration-may-aid-private-prisons/. Defense Secretary Patrick Shanahan at Boeing Dominic Gates and Jim Brunner, “Trump Taps Boeing Executive Pat Shanahan for Deputy Secretary of Defense,” Seattle Times, March 16, 2017.

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The Central Park Five were later exonerated by DNA evidence, and their sentences were vacated. Trump refused to apologize or retract his claims. No wonder, then, that his Justice Department, under the direction of Attorney General Jeff Sessions, is arguing that social services and infrastructure in cities such as New York and Chicago are “crumbling under the weight of illegal immigration and violent crime”—conveniently moving the subject away from years of neoliberal neglect toward the supposed need to crack down on crime, and to bar these cities from declaring themselves “sanctuaries” for immigrants. Divide and Conquer In truth, nothing has done more to help build our present corporate dystopia than the persistent and systematic pitting of working-class whites against Blacks, citizens against migrants, and men against women.

Western USA by Lonely Planet

airport security, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Apple II, Asilomar, back-to-the-land, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Biosphere 2, Burning Man, California gold rush, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, Charles Lindbergh, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cotton gin, Donner party, East Village, edge city, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Frank Gehry, global village, Golden Gate Park, Haight Ashbury, haute couture, haute cuisine, illegal immigration, intermodal, Joan Didion, Kickstarter, Loma Prieta earthquake, machine readable, Mahatma Gandhi, Mars Rover, Maui Hawaii, off grid, off-the-grid, retail therapy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South of Market, San Francisco, starchitect, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, supervolcano, trade route, transcontinental railway, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, Virgin Galactic, women in the workforce, Works Progress Administration, young professional, Zipcar

Arizonans were seen as troublemakers by the federal government, and for years acquiring their riches wasn’t worth the potential trouble. Cynics might say that Arizonans are still making trouble. In 2010, Arizona’s legislature passed the most restrictive anti-immigration law in the nation, garnering headlines and controversy. How severe was the illegal immigration problem? In 2009, 250,000 illegal immigrants crossed the state’s 350-mile border with Mexico. The legislature wasn’t spurred into action, however, until the mysterious shooting of a popular rancher near the border the following year. Today, the hot-button law, known as SB1070, winds through the court system. The state was shaken in 2011 by the shooting of Democratic Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords during a public appearance.

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Courts rule the law unconstitutional, given California’s civil rights protections; appeals are pending. 2010 Arizona passes controversial legislation requiring police officers to ask for identification from anyone they suspect of being in the US illegally. Immigration rights activists call for a boycott of the state. 2012 New Mexico and Arizona, the 47th and 48th states to join the Union, celebrate their Centennials. Top of section The People Who lives in the West? If you believe the headlines, it’s angry Arizonans up-in-arms (literally) about illegal immigration, gay couples rushing to marry in San Francisco, hair-pulling housewives in Orange County and pot-smoking invalids in Colorado. And, if the Twilight novels are to be believed, the damp and foggy state of Washington is a favorite of stylish vampires and shirtless werewolves.

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Despite some early fumbles, the actor-turned-Republican-politician ‘Governator’ surprisingly put environmental issues and controversial stem-cell research at the top of his agenda. Budget shortfalls have caused another staggering financial crisis that Sacramento lawmakers and once-again Governor Jerry Brown have yet to resolve. Meanwhile, the need for public education reform builds, prisons overflow, state parks are chronically underfunded and the conundrum of illegal immigration from Mexico, which fills a critical cheap labor shortage (especially in agriculture), continues to vex the state. Local Culture Currently the world’s eighth-largest economy, California is a state of extremes, where grinding poverty shares urban corridors with fabulous wealth. Waves of immigrants keep arriving, and neighborhoods are often miniversions of their homelands.

Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism by Safiya Umoja Noble

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, affirmative action, Airbnb, algorithmic bias, Alvin Toffler, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, cloud computing, conceptual framework, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, data science, desegregation, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, fake news, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Future Shock, Gabriella Coleman, gamification, Google Earth, Google Glasses, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, information retrieval, information security, Internet Archive, Jaron Lanier, John Perry Barlow, military-industrial complex, Mitch Kapor, Naomi Klein, new economy, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, PageRank, performance metric, phenotype, profit motive, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Snapchat, the long tail, Tim Cook: Apple, union organizing, women in the workforce, work culture , yellow journalism

Created in 1985 from the mailing lists of its predecessor organization, the CCC, which initially tried to project a “mainstream” image, has evolved into a crudely white supremacist group whose website has run pictures comparing the late pop singer Michael Jackson to an ape and referred to black people as “a retrograde species of humanity.” The group’s newspaper, Citizens Informer, regularly publishes articles condemning “race mixing,” decrying the evils of illegal immigration, and lamenting the decline of white, European civilization. Gordon Baum, the group’s founder, died in March of 2015.3 To verify what might be possible to find in the post–Dylann Roof murders of nine African Americans, I too conducted a search of the term “black on white crimes.” In these search scenarios from August 3 and 5, 2015, in Los Angeles, California, and Madison, Wisconsin, NewNation.org was the first result, followed by a number of conservative, White-nationalist websites that foster hate toward African Americans and Jewish people.

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This could lead to significantly greater transparency, rather than continuing to make the neoliberal capitalist project of commercial search opaque. 5 The Future of Knowledge in the Public Student protests on college campuses have led to calls for increased support of students of color, but one particular request became a matter of national policy that led to a threat to the Library of Congress’s budget in the summer of 2016. In February 2014, a coalition of students at Dartmouth College put forward “The Plan for Dartmouth’s Freedom Budget: Items for Transformative Justice at Dartmouth” (the “Freedom Plan”),1 which included a line item to “ban the use of ‘illegal aliens,’ ‘illegal immigrants,’ ‘wetback,’ and any racially charged term on Dartmouth-sanctioned programming materials and locations.” The plan also demanded that “the library search catalog system shall use undocumented instead of ‘illegal’ in reference to immigrants.” Lisa Peet, reporting for Library Journal, noted, The replacement of the subject heading was the culmination of a two-year grassroots process that began when Melissa Padilla, class of 2016, first noticed what she felt were inappropriate search terms while researching a paper on undocumented students at Dartmouth’s Baker-Berry Library in 2013.

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Almost as soon as the successful change was approved, House Republicans introduced HR 4926 on April 13, 2016, also known as the “Stopping Partisan Policy at the Library of Congress Act,” sponsored by Rep. Diane Black (R-TN). In essence, the bill threatened the Library’s budget, and Black suggested that the effort to change the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) was a matter of “caving to the whims of left-wing special interests and attempting to mask the grave threat that illegal immigration poses to our economy, our national security, and our sovereignty.”7 The battle over how people are conceptualized and represented is ongoing and extends beyond the boundaries of institutions such as the Library of Congress or corporations such as Alphabet, which owns and manages Google Search.

Collapse by Jared Diamond

biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, California energy crisis, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, Donner party, Easter island, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, Garrett Hardin, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, job satisfaction, low interest rates, means of production, Medieval Warm Period, megaproject, new economy, North Sea oil, Piper Alpha, polynesian navigation, prisoner's dilemma, South Sea Bubble, statistical model, Stewart Brand, Thomas Malthus, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, unemployed young men

As I listened to my Dominican friends describing the situation of Haitians in the Dominican Republic, I became astonished by the close parallels with the situation of illegal immigrants from Mexico and other Latin American countries in the United States. I heard those sentences about "jobs that Dominicans don't want," "low-paying jobs but still better than what's available for them at home," "those Haitians bring AIDS, TB, and malaria," "they speak a different language and look darker-skinned," and "we have no obligation and can't afford to provide medical care, education, and housing to illegal immigrants." In those sentences, all I had to do was to replace the words "Haitians" and "Dominicans" with "Latin American immigrants" and "American citizens," and the result would be a typical expression of American attitudes towards Latin American immigrants.

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I picture the scene at Gardar as like that in my home city of Los Angeles in 1992 at the time of the so-called Rodney King riots, when the acquittal of policemen on trial for brutally beating a poor person provoked thousands of outraged people from poor neighborhoods to spread out to loot businesses and rich neighborhoods. The greatly outnumbered police could do nothing more than put up pieces of yellow plastic warning tape across roads entering rich neighborhoods, in a futile gesture aimed at keeping the looters out. We are increasingly seeing a similar phenomenon on a global scale today, as illegal immigrants from poor countries pour into the overcrowded lifeboats represented by rich countries, and as our border controls prove no more able to stop that influx than were Gardar's chiefs and Los Angeles's yellow tape. That parallel gives us another reason not to dismiss the fate of the Greenland Norse as just a problem of a small peripheral society in a fragile environment, irrelevant to our own larger society.

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The border between California and Mexico is long and impossible to patrol effectively against people from Central America seeking to immigrate here illegally in search of jobs and personal safety. Every month, one reads of would-be immigrants dying in the desert or being robbed or shot, but that does not deter them. Other illegal immigrants come from as far away as China and Central Asia, in ships that unload them just off the coast. California residents are of two minds about all those Third World immigrants seeking to come here to attain the First World lifestyle. On the one hand, our economy is utterly dependent on them to fill jobs in the service and construction industries and on farms.

The Metropolitan Revolution: The Rise of Post-Urban America by Jon C. Teaford

anti-communist, back-to-the-city movement, big-box store, conceptual framework, desegregation, Detroit bankruptcy, East Village, edge city, estate planning, gentrification, Golden Gate Park, Gunnar Myrdal, Haight Ashbury, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Jane Jacobs, Joan Didion, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, plutocrats, Potemkin village, rent control, restrictive zoning, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, young professional

Moreover, America’s refugee policy opened the floodgates to displaced capitalists whose entrepreneurial skills and ambitions clashed with Communist dogma. Vehement anti-Communists, these newcomers posed no threat to the nation’s prevailing ideology but instead reinforced the image of the United States as the world’s chief bulwark of capitalism. The illegal immigrants were for the most part desperately poor, compelled by economic necessity to defy the law. Because of their precarious legal status, they could be readily exploited by American employers, paid less than minimum wage, and forced to work in conditions that no native-born American would tolerate.

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Between 1990 and 2000, the Mexican population of the Los Angeles area rose 44 percent, as compared with a 13 percent rise in the overall number of inhabitants.21 The long-standing heart of Mexican American settlement was East Los Angeles. Most of the newcomers to this area were poor, coming to the United States to better their economic condition. And many were illegal immigrants. Consequently, the old East Los Angeles barrio spreading eastward from Boyle Heights reflected the poverty of Mexico rather than the affluence that moviegoers associated with southern California. According to one observer from early 1990s, “In the bars and restaurants of Boyle Heights, bedraggled youngsters go from table to table pleading with people to buy novelties like those found in the stalls of Tijuana.

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Moreover, the sight of successful, well-heeled “foreigners” cruising the streets in Mercedeses could prove disturbing to native-born residents who had never been able to rise one rung on the economic ladder and feared slipping even lower. Altogether, the strangeness of the newcomers could prove unsettling, and their success raised doubts that the fulfillment of the American dream was reserved only for Americans. FIGURE 6.4 Anti–illegal immigration billboard in Los Angeles. (Michael Edwards, Herald Examiner Collection, Los Angeles Public Library) Among non-Hispanic whites, anti-immigrant sentiment focused on the newcomers’ refusal to give up their native languages. Miami was the scene of one of the earliest English-only battles. In 1973 the Dade County Commission decided to adopt a bilingual policy, publishing official documents in both English and Spanish, hiring Spanish-speaking personnel to serve Hispanics, and posting signs that offered information in both languages.

This Is London: Life and Death in the World City by Ben Judah

British Empire, deindustrialization, eurozone crisis, gentrification, high net worth, illegal immigration, mass immigration, multicultural london english, out of africa, period drama, plutocrats, Skype, white flight, young professional

He was whimpering, and covered in bruises, when the Policeman finally cuffed him. ‘Me . . . I could understand where he is coming from. Man . . . I felt so bad. He was not gonna get away. He was not gonna get away from the dog unit. We thought it was drugs or maybe an illegal weapon. But he was an illegal immigrant. Which is why he saw police . . . and ran. I empathize with him. I’m human. I know where he is coming from. Y’know, I only hope he empathize with me. ‘He was a Nigerian.’ He noticed little things on his patrol. The crimes that were more daring, with a bit of punching or running, they were mostly done by the black boys.

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Tree skeletons leered over the wet tarmac shimmering with light. The double-deckers glowed out against the night, their upper windows all steamed up with the cold. ‘Bruva, I cannot tell you how much I hate begging.’ There is a whole illegal city in London. This is where 70 per cent of Britain’s illegal immigrants are hiding. This is a city of more than 600,000 people, making it larger than Glasgow or Edinburgh. There are more illegals in London than Indians. Almost 40 per cent of them arrived after 2001. Roughly a third are from Africa. This is the hidden city: hidden from the statistics, hidden from the poverty rates, hidden from the hunger rates.

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But the thing about lying well is knowing this is only the birth of your lie. The longer a lie lives the easier, and the lighter, it becomes. I turn off the motorway and loop round the roundabout into the worn low rise of Barking. The estate I am looking for curls into a winding close. My heart pumps. I am beginning my lie: I am a Russian illegal immigrant. I speak English – very bad. I wear the lie: my clothes are a tatty blue puffa with a fake fur rim, smelling strongly of detergent, a grey hoodie with a chewed sleeve and a hood too tight on my head, black scuffed Puma tracksuit bottoms and water-stained brown shoes. I repeat my lie time and time again in the car: I am here to work; but when they grow suspicious, I will take them into a bigger lie, that I am really a university educated asylum-seeker who is fleeing conscription for the frontlines in Ukraine.

The American Way of Poverty: How the Other Half Still Lives by Sasha Abramsky

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, American Legislative Exchange Council, bank run, basic income, benefit corporation, big-box store, collective bargaining, deindustrialization, fixed income, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, ghettoisation, Gini coefficient, government statistician, guns versus butter model, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, indoor plumbing, job automation, Kickstarter, land bank, Mark Zuckerberg, Maui Hawaii, microcredit, military-industrial complex, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, payday loans, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, Potemkin village, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, upwardly mobile, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, Works Progress Administration

The poverty she saw terrified her and stoked up a host of bigotries and stereotypes. But at some level she recognized how intricately her own story was tied up with that of the destitute people of whom she was so scared. Nowhere is the attempt to wall off the poor as having, somehow, separate narratives from the rest of us more overt than in the roiling politics around illegal immigration. Many observers have noted that starving public institutions of cash is a pastime that state electorates sign off on during times in which populaces are in flux. Smaller, more homogenous populations rarely vote to defund social safety nets and educational infrastructure that they see as benefiting mainly people culturally, linguistically, and racially more like themselves.

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And as with southern Louisiana parishes and the racism of some of their residents, oftentimes the most extreme politics on immigration comes from people who live in close proximity to, and experience the daily presence of, undocumented populations. FIGHTING TALK In a televised debate in 2010, Arizona state senator Russell Pearce, author of the nation’s toughest anti–illegal immigration law, argued that the Constitution “does give the federal government the responsibility to protect the states from invasion. But it’s right also in the Constitution, it says, when there is an invasion the states have a right, even—even to declare war if you will, you know, they have a right to protect.

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I’ll keep working while I can. My life scares me. I look at the people I work for and think about how I have seen some people treat them. I worry, because what will happen to me when I’m old? I want to study; I want to be a nurse. That’s my biggest dream. Dotted through the West and Southwest, illegal immigration encampments have been built up in recent years. Cumulatively, many hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children now live in these communities. The buildings are basic: third-hand trailers; wooden, cardboard, and tin shacks. The amenities are improvised: some are hooked up to the power grid, water delivery systems, and sewage lines after the fact—a de facto acknowledgment by local counties of their existence, even absent zoning permits and ownership titles.

The Next Great Migration by Sonia Shah

Anthropocene, Berlin Wall, British Empire, climate change refugee, colonial rule, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Donald Trump, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, Fellow of the Royal Society, Garrett Hardin, GPS: selective availability, Gregor Mendel, hive mind, illegal immigration, immigration reform, index card, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Ken Thompson, Lewis Mumford, mass immigration, meta-analysis, Nelson Mandela, open borders, out of africa, Scientific racism, sensible shoes, Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, TED Talk, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, urban sprawl

For too long, Tanton wrote in a cover article for The Ecologist magazine, environmentalists had been overly focused on reducing the birth rate, allowing the “role of international migration in perpetuating39 population growth” to escape notice. The growing size of the human population “dwarfs the absorptive capacity of the few countries still willing to receive legal (and certainly illegal) immigrants,” he wrote. The only solution was to do as the bees did: evict the surplus and close the borders. The July 4, 1977, edition of the Washington Post landed with a thud on millions of doorsteps, with an explosive two-thousand-word exposé of India’s population control program40 on its front page.

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European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, April 12, 2016. Koerner, Lisbet. Linnaeus: Nature and Nation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Lalami, Laila. “Who Is to Blame for the Cologne Sex Attacks?” Nation, March 10, 2016. Lam, Katherine. “Border Patrol Agent Appeared to Be Ambushed by Illegal Immigrants, Bashed with Rocks Before Death.” Fox News, November 21, 2017. Laughlin, H. Hamilton. The Second International Exhibition of Eugenics Held September 22 to October 22, 1921, in Connection with the Second International Congress of Eugenics in the American Museum of Natural History, New York: … Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1923.

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the economic benefits contributed Julie Hirschfield Davis and Somini Sengupta, “Trump Administration Rejects Study Showing Positive Impact of Refugees,” New York Times, September 18, 2017; “Fact Check: Trump’s First Address to Congress,” New York Times, February 28, 2017. overrepresented in federal crime statistics Salvador Rizzo, “Questions Raised About Study That Links Undocumented Immigrants to Higher Crime,” Washington Post, March 21, 2018; Alex Nowrasteh, “The Fatal Flaw in John R. Lott Jr.’s Study of Illegal Immigrant Crime in Arizona,” Cato Institute, February 5, 2018; John R. Lott, “Undocumented Immigrants, US Citizens, and Convicted Criminals in Arizona,” 2018; Jonathan Hanen, Greater Towson Republican Club, Towson, Md., January 16, 2018. Biographical details from Jonathan Hanen’s public profile are on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/jonathan-hanen-89a93715.

Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think by Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling, Anna Rosling Rönnlund

"World Economic Forum" Davos, animal electricity, clean water, colonial rule, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, fake news, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, global pandemic, Hans Rosling, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), jimmy wales, linked data, lone genius, microcredit, purchasing power parity, revenue passenger mile, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, TED Talk, Thomas L Friedman, Walter Mischel

But at the check-in counter, they are stopped by the airline staff from getting onto the plane. Why? Because of a European Council Directive from 2001 that tells member states how to combat illegal immigration. This directive says that every airline or ferry company that brings a person without proper documents into Europe must pay all the costs of returning that person to their country of origin. Of course the directive also says that it doesn’t apply to refugees who want to come to Europe based on their rights to asylum under the Geneva Convention, only to illegal immigrants. But that claim is meaningless. Because how should someone at the check-in desk at an airline be able to work out in 45 seconds whether someone is a refugee or is not a refugee according to the Geneva Convention?

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Sweden did not confiscate the boats of those smuggling refugees from Denmark during the Second World War—see the BBC documentary “How the Danish Jews Escaped the Holocaust.” According to Goldberger (1987), 7,220 Danish Jews were saved by these boats. Today, EU Council[1] Directive 2002/90/EC defines “smuggler” as anyone facilitating illegal immigration, and an EU Council[2] framework decision allows “confiscation of the means of transport used to commit the offence.” While the Geneva Conventions say that many of these refugees have the right to asylum, see UNHCR. See gapm.io/p16 and gapm.io/tpref. CO2 emissions. Researchers are trying to figure out how to adjust emissions quotas for changing population sizes; see Shengmin et al. (2011) and Raupach et al. (2014).

A Brief History of Neoliberalism by David Harvey

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, air traffic controllers' union, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, business climate, business cycle, California energy crisis, capital controls, centre right, collective bargaining, creative destruction, crony capitalism, debt deflation, declining real wages, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, financial intermediation, financial repression, full employment, gentrification, George Gilder, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, labour market flexibility, land tenure, late capitalism, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, means of production, megaproject, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, military-industrial complex, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage tax deduction, neoliberal agenda, new economy, Pearl River Delta, phenotype, Ponzi scheme, price mechanism, race to the bottom, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, structural adjustment programs, Suez crisis 1956, the built environment, The Chicago School, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, union organizing, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, Winter of Discontent

The trouble was that Mexico had earlier taken to issuing dollar-denominated debt (called tesobonos) to encourage foreign investment, and after the devaluation could not mobilize enough dollars to pay them off. The US Congress refused to help, but Clinton exercised executive powers to put together a $47.5 billion rescue package. He feared a loss of jobs in those US industries exporting to Mexico, the prospect of increasing illegal immigration, and, above all, the loss of legitimacy for neoliberalization and the NAFTA agreements. As a convenient side-effect of the devaluation, US capital could then rush in and buy up all manner of assets at fire-sale prices. While only one of the Mexican banks privatized in 1990 was foreign-owned, by 2000 twenty-four out of thirty were in foreign hands.

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While too much can be made of the ‘race to the bottom’ to find the cheapest and most docile labour supplies, the geographical mobility of capital permits it to dominate a global labour force whose own geographical mobility is constrained. Captive labour forces abound because immigration is restricted. These barriers can be evaded only by illegal immigration (which creates an easily exploitable labour force) or through short-term contracts that permit, for example, Mexican labourers to work in Californian agribusiness only to be shamelessly shipped back to Mexico when they get sick and even die from the pesticides to which they are exposed. Under neoliberalization, the figure of ‘the disposable worker’ emerges as prototypical upon the world stage.19 Accounts of the appalling conditions of labour and the despotic conditions under which labourers work in the sweatshops of the world abound.

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Rights cluster around two dominant logics of power—that of the territorial state and that of capital.43 However much we might wish rights to be universal, it is the state that has to enforce them. If political power is not willing, then notions of rights remain empty. Rights are, therefore, derivative of and conditional upon citizenship. The territoriality of jurisdiction then becomes an issue. This cuts both ways. Difficult questions arise because of stateless persons, illegal immigrants, and the like. Who is or is not a ‘citizen’ becomes a serious issue defining principles of inclusion and exclusion within the territorial specification of the state. How the state exercises sovereignty with respect to rights is itself a contested issue, but there are limits placed on that sovereignty (as China is discovering) by the global rules embedded in neoliberal capital accumulation.

The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century by George Friedman

American ideology, banking crisis, British Empire, business cycle, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, gentleman farmer, illegal immigration, immigration reform, invisible hand, low earth orbit, low interest rates, mass immigration, megastructure, Monroe Doctrine, pink-collar, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, working poor

Internal pressure, particularly in the south, will divert Russian attention from the west and eventually, without war, it will break. Russia broke in 1917, and again in 1991. And the country's military will collapse once more shortly after 2020. CHAPTER 7 ——————————— AMERICAN POWER AND THE CRISIS OF 2030 Awall is being built along the southern border of the United States. The goal is to keep illegal immigrants out. The United States built its economic might on the backs of immigrants, but since the 1920s there has been a national consensus that the flow of immigrants should be limited so that the economy can absorb them, and to ensure that jobs will not be taken away from citizens. The wall along the Mexican border is the logical conclusion to this policy.

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While NAFTA cut the cost of exports and increased the institutional efficiency of the relationship, the fundamental reality is that Mexico's proximity to the United States has always given it an economic advantage, despite the geopolitical disadvantage that goes with it. Third, there are massive amounts of cash flowing back to Mexico from the United States in the form of remittances from legal and illegal immigrants. Remittances to Mexico have surged and are now its second-largest source of foreign income. In most countries, foreign investment is the primary means for developing the economy. In Mexico, investment by foreigners is being matched by foreign remittances. This remittance system has two effects.

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Some inhabitants will see themselves as primarily Americans. Others will accept that Americanism but see themselves as having a unique relationship to America and ask for legal recognition of that status. A third group, the smallest, will be secessionist. There will be an equal division within Mexico. One thing to remember is that illegal immigration will have generally disappeared after 2030, when migration to the United States will be encouraged as American national policy. Some on each side of the border will see the problem as solely American and will want to have nothing to do with it lest it interfere with peaceful economic relations with Mexico.

The End of Policing by Alex S. Vitale

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, Black Lives Matter, Broken windows theory, citizen journalism, Columbine, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, Edward Snowden, equal pay for equal work, Ferguson, Missouri, gentrification, ghettoisation, hiring and firing, Housing First, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, independent contractor, Laura Poitras, mandatory minimum, mass immigration, mass incarceration, moral panic, Occupy movement, open borders, open immigration, rent-seeking, Ronald Reagan, San Francisco homelessness, strikebreaker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, traumatic brain injury, white flight

When he asked under what authority the agent was operating, the agent pointed his weapon at the senator and said, “That’s all the authority I need.”11 The current intensification of border enforcement began in the early 1990s, under the Clinton administration, with the launching of Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona and the passage of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA). Within a few years, funding for what was then the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) doubled, as did the number of Border Patrol officers. These operations represented the first real effort to close the southern border.12 It involved several new initiatives, including significantly increasing the amount of fencing, immediately deporting immigrants living in the US for a long list of major and minor criminal infractions, creating immigration courts in border areas to facilitate quicker processing and deportation of captured migrants, and creating a massive system for identifying migrants through biometric data collection.

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Reforms While the inauguration of President Donald Trump withered much of the will to reform border policing, there are still efforts to rethink how we manage the need for migrant workers, who have become central to several parts of the American economy. Some argue for a return to a system of foreign worker authorization similar to the Bracero Program. While this program did reduce the flow of unauthorized immigration and created some regularized employment for Mexico’s poorest workers, it did not stem all illegal immigration and did little to improve the living standards of either American or Mexican workers. Part of the problem is that migrant workers are not limited to agricultural work; migrants work in a variety of construction, production, and service industries, including construction, food processing, domestic work, and cleaning.

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Conner 19, 234n43 Grant, Melissa Gira 246n4 Grant, Oscar 1 Greene, Judith 254n13, 259n2 Greenwald, Glenn 212, 251n59, 258n41 Gurley, Akai 1 Hadden, Sally 237n31 Halstead Act 129, 131 Handschu v City of New York 207 Hari, Johann 132, 229, 248n6 Harm reduction 127–8, 150–2 Harris, David 234n47 Harris, Eric 1 Harris, Jason 1 Harrison, Jason 77 Hayes, Chris 27, 235n58 Herbert, Steve 16, 92–3, 229, 234n41, 243n1, 245n2 Hernandez, Kelly 177, 229, 253n3 Hernandez-Rojas, Anastasio 188 Herrnstein, Richard 6, 232n15 Hill, Anthony 1 Holiday, Billie 132 Homeless courts 101–2 Homestead strike 204 Hoover, J. Edgar 201–2, 205 Housing First 103–4 Howell, Babe 166, 252n17 Hoyt, Edwin Palmer 257n15 Human Rights Watch 212, 250n42, 258n42 Human Trafficking Intervention Court 120–1 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act 180, 183–4, 189 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) 178, 182–5 Immigration and Naturalization Service 180 Immigration Movement International 196, 256n50 Immigration Restriction League 176 Implicit bias 7–8, 24, 68 Independent prosecutors 17–20 International Workers of the World (IWW) 205 Jacobins 36 Jaun Crow 44 Jim Crow 33, 47–8, 225 John schools 118–19 Johnson, Benjamin 236n27 Johnson, Hank 217 Johnson, Lyndon 14 Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTF) 208–10 Jones, Reece 194, 230, 256n45 Justice League 55 Justice Reinvestment 224 Justice Strategies 147, 254n13, 259n2 Karp, David 252n27 Katz, Jack 253n20 Katzenbach report 14 Kelling, George 5, 231n12 Kempadoo, Kamala 246n5 Kennedy, David 167, 173, 252n19, 253n29 Kerner Commission 14, 50 Keunang, Charly Leundeu 95 King, Martin Luther 203, 206 King, Rodney 21, 159, 188 Klein, Malcolm 156, 230, 252n3 Klein, Naomi 256n3 Knapp Commission 117 Kohn, Alfi 70 Koval, Mike 87–8 Kraska, Peter 234n55 Ku Klux Klan 48 Kuzmarov, Jeremy 42, 236n22 Lager beer riots 38 Laker, Barbara 230, 248n16 Lambert, Bob 200 Lane, Roger 235n10 Latimer massacre 40 Law Enforcement against Prohibition 140 Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion 85–6 Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit 205 Leahy, Patrick 179 Legalization of alcohol 222; of drugs 152–3, 222; of gambling 222; of sex work 124, 222 Leone, Peter 74–5, 241n58 Levine, Harry 248n5, 250n41 Lewis, Paul 256n11 Lind, Dara 237n17 London Metropolitan Police 34–5, 36, 45, 199–200 Longmire, Sylvia 255n42 Lopez, Derek 66 Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) 93–5, 137, 158–9, 169–70 Luddites 36 Mather, F.

The Authoritarian Moment: How the Left Weaponized America's Institutions Against Dissent by Ben Shapiro

2021 United States Capitol attack, active measures, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Amazon Web Services, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, coronavirus, COVID-19, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, defund the police, delayed gratification, deplatforming, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, future of work, gender pay gap, George Floyd, global pandemic, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Herbert Marcuse, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, Jon Ronson, Kevin Roose, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, microaggression, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, obamacare, Overton Window, Parler "social media", Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Steven Pinker, Susan Wojcicki, tech bro, the scientific method, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, War on Poverty, yellow journalism

This granted members of allegedly victimized identity groups unquestionable moral authority.42 Identity lay at the core of all systems of power, Crenshaw argued; the only way for those of victimized identity to gain freedom would be to form coalitions with other victimized groups in order to overthrow the dominant systems of power. The biggest problem with the intersectional coalition, however, remained practical rather than philosophical: the coalition was itself rift by cross-cutting internal divisions. Black Americans, for example, were no fans of same-sex marriage or illegal immigration—so how could a coalition of black Americans and gay Americans and Latino Americans be held together? And how could that coalition unite with enough white voters to win a majority again? Obama did so in his very person. Essentially, Obama used his own identity as the wedge point in favor of policies black Americans didn’t especially like—then used his popularity with black Americans in order to glue together the coalition.

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Afraid of alienating LGBT Americans, Democrats embraced the most radical elements of gender theory, including approval of children transitioning sex; they pressured social media companies to punish Americans for “misgendering”; they vowed to crack down on religious practice in the name of supposed LGBT rights. Afraid of alienating Latino Americans, Democrats began treating the term Latino itself as insulting, instead embracing the little-known and little-used academic terminology, Latinx; more broadly, they advocated decriminalizing illegal immigration itself. As each intersectional demand grows more radical, however, the Democrats’ coalition is threatened. The renormalization of American politics that Democrats seek can only occur in the absence of majoritarian backlash. If, for example, a majority of Americans—including members of the Democratic coalition—said no to the radical transgender agenda, the coalition would have to choose between jettisoning transgender interest groups (perhaps fracturing the coalition) or losing the soft moderates who join their coalition (probably losing its slim majority in the process).

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Josh Earnest, “President Obama Supports Same-Sex Marriage,” ObamaWhiteHouse.Archives.gov, May 10, 2012, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2012/05/10/obama-supports-same-sex-marriage. 44. Julia Preston and John H. Cushman Jr., “Obama to Permit Young Migrants to Remain in US,” NYTimes.com, June 15, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/us/us-to-stop-deporting-some-illegal-immigrants.html. 45. Shannon Travis, “Is Obama taking black vote for granted?,” CNN.com, July 13, 2012, https://www.cnn.com/2012/07/12/politics/obama-black-voters/index.html. 46. Rodney Hawkins, “Biden tells African-American audience GOP ticket would put them ‘back in chains,’” CBSNews.com, August 14, 2012, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-tells-african-american-audience-gop-ticket-would-put-them-back-in-chains/. 47.

How I Escaped My Certain Fate by Stewart Lee

carbon footprint, Etonian, illegal immigration, negative equity, off-the-grid, quantitative easing, Russell Brand

A drunken young man in a suit in the front row kept shouting that he didn’t want to hear about anything I had to say – admittedly voicing the feelings of most of the room – and that I should talk about illegal immigrants. ‘Talk about illegal immigrants,’ he grunted, ‘talk about fucking illegal immigrants.’ I decided to take a bold course of action and get him onstage and hand him the mic, probably having just read a biography of the erratically inspired American comic Andy Kaufman or some other dangerous piece of literature, to see what he came up with on the subject of illegal immigrants, while I watched from his now vacant seat. I knew it would be incoherent and awful, which it was, as he slurred and stammered about asylum-seekers and how they should be sent back, but my plan was to let the room boil in irritation and fade away, before flipping the mood with a perfectly chosen bon mot.

Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond

biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, California energy crisis, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, Donner party, Easter island, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, Garrett Hardin, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, job satisfaction, low interest rates, means of production, Medieval Warm Period, megaproject, new economy, North Sea oil, Piper Alpha, polynesian navigation, profit motive, South Sea Bubble, statistical model, Stewart Brand, Thomas Malthus, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, unemployed young men

As I listened to my Dominican friends describing the situation of Haitians in the Dominican Republic, I became astonished by the close parallels with the situation of illegal immigrants from Mexico and other Latin American countries in the United States. I heard those sentences about “jobs that Dominicans don’t want,” “low-paying jobs but still better than what’s available for them at home,” “those Haitians bring AIDS, TB, and malaria,” “they speak a different language and look darker-skinned,” and “we have no obligation and can’t afford to provide medical care, education, and housing to illegal immigrants.” In those sentences, all I had to do was to replace the words “Haitians” and “Dominicans” with “Latin American immigrants” and “American citizens,” and the result would be a typical expression of American attitudes towards Latin American immigrants.

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I picture the scene at Gardar as like that in my home city of Los Angeles in 1992 at the time of the so-called Rodney King riots, when the acquittal of policemen on trial for brutally beating a poor person provoked thousands of outraged people from poor neighborhoods to spread out to loot businesses and rich neighborhoods. The greatly outnumbered police could do nothing more than put up pieces of yellow plastic warning tape across roads entering rich neighborhoods, in a futile gesture aimed at keeping the looters out. We are increasingly seeing a similar phenomenon on a global scale today, as illegal immigrants from poor countries pour into the overcrowded lifeboats represented by rich countries, and as our border controls prove no more able to stop that influx than were Gardar’s chiefs and Los Angeles’s yellow tape. That parallel gives us another reason not to dismiss the fate of the Greenland Norse as just a problem of a small peripheral society in a fragile environment, irrelevant to our own larger society.

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The border between California and Mexico is long and impossible to patrol effectively against people from Central America seeking to immigrate here illegally in search of jobs and personal safety. Every month, one reads of would-be immigrants dying in the desert or being robbed or shot, but that does not deter them. Other illegal immigrants come from as far away as China and Central Asia, in ships that unload them just off the coast. California residents are of two minds about all those Third World immigrants seeking to come here to attain the First World lifestyle. On the one hand, our economy is utterly dependent on them to fill jobs in the service and construction industries and on farms.

Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US City by Mike Davis

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", affirmative action, Berlin Wall, business cycle, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, deindustrialization, desegregation, digital divide, edge city, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Internet Archive, invisible hand, job automation, longitudinal study, manufacturing employment, market bubble, mass immigration, new economy, occupational segregation, postnationalism / post nation state, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, The Turner Diaries, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban renewal, War on Poverty, white flight, white picket fence, women in the workforce, working poor

States (Asian, made up of US main- origin have multiplied tremendously in the last Nicaraguans and Salvadoreans, non Some retain a plural disposition about language, culture and identity like whose points of to, in dis- West among others. But New this phenome- ethnic enclaves in the United Indian, as well as Hispanic and/or Latino), refugees, exiles, legal and illegal immigrants, boat people, rafters and tourists, defy categories that have been ren- dered meaningless by hemispheric migratory pressures. The Latino in the US is, therefore, a particular distraction to the "American melting-pot" concept experience, and the "Cuban exile" modeled on white European ideology of national recon- quest, paradoxically (but perhaps only) kept alive ble split between an aging both myths, caudillo in Cuba and by an intracta- a transplanted ruling class that has thrived economically in the United States.

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Perhaps this is are going to get As whites see their lives declining, will they Or will there be an up its their power go quietly into the 219 Such indiscrete ventings of white supremacism temporarily paralyzed anti-Spanish as a mainstream cause. In addition, many Republican strategists were appalled by Pete Wilson's scorched- MAGICAL URBANISM 122 earth tactics in California as he openly recruited the dregs of the Brown Invasion ("They Keep Com- militia fringe to help repel the ing - 2,000,000 Illegal Immigrants" intoned a notorious television ad endorsed by Wilson). was Ron Unz, financed his One of the governor's sharpest a whiz-kid millionaire critics PhD who 1994 when he took with a physics own emergence from obscurity in 30 percent of the Republican primary vote away from Wilson. Intellectually, Palo Alto-based Unz is the love-child of Mickey Kaus and Thomas Sowell, the New Republic and Commentary, not the traditional California right. to see them quickly He assimilated without undue in the marketplace of talent.

The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom by Evgeny Morozov

"World Economic Forum" Davos, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Alvin Toffler, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, borderless world, Buckminster Fuller, Californian Ideology, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, computer age, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, digital divide, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, don't be evil, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global village, Google Earth, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, invention of radio, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, lolcat, Marshall McLuhan, Mitch Kapor, Naomi Klein, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, peer-to-peer, pirate software, pre–internet, Productivity paradox, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Sinatra Doctrine, Skype, Slavoj Žižek, social graph, Steve Jobs, Streisand effect, technological determinism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Wisdom of Crowds, urban planning, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce

Ironically, while most of the recent efforts of the digerati have focused on liberating the data from closed databases, the focus of their future efforts may soon shift to squeezing the open data back in or at least finding ways in which to limit the mobility of that data. This is a particularly important problem for various ethnic minorities who suddenly find themselves under threat, as digitized information has publicly identified them in ways they could not anticipate. In Russia a local branch of the Movement Against Illegal Immigration (DPNI), the country’s powerful anti-immigration network, created a series of online mash-ups in which they put census data about various ethnic minorities living in the Russian city of Volgograd onto an online map. This was not done to get a better understanding of urban life in Russia but to encourage DPNI’s supporters to organize pogroms on those minorities.

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“Globalization and National Governance: Antinomy or Interdependence?” Review of International Studies 25 (1999): 59-88. ———. “Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State.” New Left Review, no. 225 (1997): 3-27. ———. The Myth of the Powerless State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. Zuev, D. “The Movement Against Illegal Immigration: Analysis of the Central Node in the Russian Extreme-Right Movement.” Nations and Nationalism 16, no. 2 (2010): 261-284. CHAPTER 10 Achterhuis, Hans, ed. American Philosophy of Technology: The Empirical Turn. Translated by Robert P. Crease. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.

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See also Authoritarian governments; individual dictators Dictator’s dilemma Digital Orientalism “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning” (Rittel and Webber) Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Shane) Dissidents. See also Cyber-dissidents conference Distributed-Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack Djukov, Alexander Dominguez, Ricardo Domino effect The Doors of Perception (Huxley) Doppelt, Gerald Doran, Michael Dörner, Dietrich Douglas, Susan Dow 36,000 (Glassman) DPNI. See Movement Against Illegal Immigration Dreazen, Yochi Dreyfus, Hubert Dunlap, Orrin Eastern Europe Eastern European Revolution Ebadi, Shirin Economics, and technology E-Darshan.org Efficiency Egerstad, Dan Egypt El Ghazzali, Kacem Elections “Elude the cat” episode Email address book Enclave extremism Encryption.

Who Are We—And Should It Matter in the 21st Century? by Gary Younge

affirmative action, Berlin Wall, British Empire, call centre, David Brooks, equal pay for equal work, F. W. de Klerk, failed state, feminist movement, financial independence, gentrification, glass ceiling, global village, illegal immigration, inflation targeting, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral panic, phenotype, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Skype, Steven Levy, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wolfgang Streeck, World Values Survey

The discussions are spirited, but it is a warm, convivial, garrulous bunch. For all that, however, one cannot escape a pervasive sense of anger and fear in the room that portends some encroaching, escalating and all-encompassing calamity. The list of sources for this fear seems endless: the media, illegal immigrants, gays, civil rights leadership, the judiciary, Democrats, liberals, establishment Republicans, China, government, schools, the coastal states in general, California in particular. Each place setting comes with a copy of the constitution: a sacred document being violated by the government. When I ask how many believe they are living in tyranny, they all raise their hands.

…

I ended up staying with a fantastic journalist in a plum location just by the Panthéon. This was less of a catch than it might have seemed. Few black people could afford to live there so whenever I went out I ran the risk of being stopped, searched and rifled for my papers. The assumption was that I was either an illegal immigrant, a thief or a burglar. Almost every day I would suffer this indignity at the hands of the state, and some days more than once. The humiliations were routine. Color bars in nightclubs meant that I needed white people to vouch for me. Standing in line at a taxi rank, I would wait my turn only for the driver to say he wouldn’t take me anywhere (my trip was from one part of central Paris to another).

…

“But minorities can.” In the US, there have long been spates of violent and sometimes fatal attacks against Latino day laborers who gather at certain locations around suburbs and cities in the early morning waiting for contractors and others to pick them up. “People see day laborers and they see a proxy for illegal immigration,” explains Amy Seymour, a lawyer with the Immigrant and Non-standard Worker Project. “If they have an anxiety about globalization or outsourcing and the precariousness in their working lives, they may look at day laborers and see them as embodying all the things that are making them anxious.”

The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies by Erik Brynjolfsson, Andrew McAfee

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 3D printing, access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, Boston Dynamics, British Empire, business cycle, business intelligence, business process, call centre, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, clean water, combinatorial explosion, computer age, computer vision, congestion charging, congestion pricing, corporate governance, cotton gin, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, digital map, driverless car, employer provided health coverage, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, factory automation, Fairchild Semiconductor, falling living standards, Filter Bubble, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, Freestyle chess, full employment, G4S, game design, general purpose technology, global village, GPS: selective availability, Hans Moravec, happiness index / gross national happiness, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, informal economy, intangible asset, inventory management, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, Jevons paradox, jimmy wales, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, Kodak vs Instagram, law of one price, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mars Rover, mass immigration, means of production, Narrative Science, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Nicholas Carr, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), pattern recognition, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, post-work, power law, price stability, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, Ralph Nader, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, search costs, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, six sigma, Skype, software patent, sovereign wealth fund, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, TaskRabbit, technological singularity, telepresence, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, total factor productivity, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Vernor Vinge, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, winner-take-all economy, Y2K

David Card, “The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market,” Working Paper (National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1989), http://www.nber.org/papers/w3069. 29. Rachel M. Friedberg, “The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 4 (2001): 1373–1408, doi:10.1162/003355301753265606. 30. Amy Sherman, “Jeb Bush Says Illegal Immigration Is ‘Net Zero,’ ” Miami Herald, September 3, 2012, http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/09/01/2980208/jeb-bush-says-illegal-immigration.html. 31. Gordon F. De Jong et al., “The Geography of Immigrant Skills: Educational Profiles of Metropolitan Areas,” Brookings Institution, June 9, 2011, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/06/immigrants-singer. 32.

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Despite this and other evidence, concerns persist in America that large-scale immigration of unskilled workers, particularly from Mexico and other Latin American countries and particularly by illegal means, will harm the economic prospects of the native-born labor force. Since 2007, it appears that net illegal immigration to the United States is approximately zero, or actually negative.30 And a study by the Brookings Institution found that highly educated immigrants now outnumber less educated ones; in 2010, 30 percent had at least a college education, while only 28 percent lacked the equivalent of a high school degree.31 Entrepreneurship in America, particularly in technology-intensive sectors of the economy, is fueled by immigration to an extraordinary degree.

War for Eternity: Inside Bannon's Far-Right Circle of Global Power Brokers by Benjamin R. Teitelbaum

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Cambridge Analytica, creative destruction, crony capitalism, cryptocurrency, Donald Trump, Etonian, fake news, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, illegal immigration, Joseph Schumpeter, liberal capitalism, liberal world order, mass immigration, mutually assured destruction, Network effects, public intellectual, Saturday Night Live, school choice, side project, Skype, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Westphalian system, WikiLeaks

Trump didn’t take long after bursting onto the stage to get to his main campaign messages: “They’re ripping the auto companies apart, they’re taking your jobs, they’re closing your plants, moving them to Mexico . . .” Bring back jobs from abroad—that was one of the three pillars of his pitch, the other two being the reduction of legal and illegal immigration and the cessation of foreign wars. Combined, these themes formed the message that Steve, then Trump’s campaign manager, believed could overcome almost any hurdle, including sensational demonstrations of sexism and racism. But the success of that plan hinged on the campaign’s ability to get their message to the right place and the right people.

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The president took the next day to proclaim the entire week, by means of a presidential proclamation, National School Choice Week in recognition of nonpublic and charter schools. He also issued executive order 13767, “Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements,” calling for the immediate construction of a physical wall along the U.S. southern border with Mexico and the acceleration of processing and deportation of illegal immigrants. This was accompanied by a second executive order, 13768, “Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States,” seeking to block federal funding for U.S. cities that deliberately limited the capability of the government to enforce immigration law (so-called sanctuary cities) and giving officials permission to initiate deportation proceedings against those only suspected of posing a safety risk.

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That made it easier for him to converse with the other guests, and with me. * * * “IT BECAME SO THIN,” Steve says. “There was no resonance to the debate, it was—it didn’t mean anything. The Republicans never addressed trade, they never addressed jobs, they never addressed mass immigration, illegal immigration as taking away people’s sovereignty and taking away their jobs. They never discussed it. They had this very thin thing on tax cuts. It was, it’s what I call thin, with no human substance, no lifeblood. That’s what Trump provided. Trump provided a non-politically correct vernacular that hit the working class right in their . . .”

Hiding in Plain Sight: The Invention of Donald Trump and the Erosion of America by Sarah Kendzior

4chan, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, Brexit referendum, Cambridge Analytica, Carl Icahn, Chelsea Manning, Columbine, corporate raider, desegregation, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, Golden arches theory, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, Julian Assange, junk bonds, Michael Milken, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, new economy, Oklahoma City bombing, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, payday loans, plutocrats, public intellectual, QAnon, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Skype, Steve Bannon, Thomas L Friedman, trickle-down economics, Twitter Arab Spring, unpaid internship, white flight, WikiLeaks, Y2K, zero-sum game

Louis American, July 19, 2019, http://www.stlamerican.com/news/columnists/guest_columnists/if-i-don-t-make-this-move-st-louis-is/article_b6dbe594-aa4e-11e9-af76-bf4ee9e9def4.html. 24.   Kim Bell, “Trump Blames Gangs of Illegal Immigrants for Woes in Ferguson, St. Louis,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 25, 2016, https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/trump-blames-gangs-of-illegal-immigrants-for-woes-in-ferguson/article_ab07521a-1426-5799-9908-00e3eeb5398b.html. 25.   Jamil Smith, “The Central Park Five Told Us Who Donald Trump Really Is,” MTV News, August 23, 2016, http://www.mtv.com/news/2922644/the-central-park-five-ad-told-us-who-donald-trump-really-is/. 26.   

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* * * At the one-year anniversary of the Ferguson events, reporters began relaying the lies of a new commentator: presidential candidate Donald Trump. Speaking at an Iowa news conference, he proclaimed, “You know a lot of the gangs that you see in Baltimore and in St. Louis and Ferguson and Chicago, do you know they’re illegal immigrants? They’re here illegally,” Trump said. “And they’re rough dudes. Rough people.”24 Trump’s comments were not tethered to reality in any way. Undocumented immigrants make up less than 1 percent of the population of Missouri and the foreign-born population of Ferguson is 1.1 percent. Given that the Ferguson protests were filmed around the clock for months on end, one would think someone would have noticed the presence of roving immigrant gangs.

Nomad Century: How Climate Migration Will Reshape Our World by Gaia Vince

3D printing, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, Boris Johnson, carbon tax, charter city, circular economy, clean water, colonial exploitation, coronavirus, COVID-19, decarbonisation, degrowth, Donald Trump, Dunbar number, European colonialism, failed state, gentrification, global pandemic, Global Witness, green new deal, Haber-Bosch Process, high-speed rail, housing crisis, ice-free Arctic, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invention of the printing press, job automation, joint-stock company, Kim Stanley Robinson, labour mobility, load shedding, lockdown, low skilled workers, Mahatma Gandhi, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, mass incarceration, mega-rich, megacity, negative emissions, new economy, ocean acidification, old age dependency ratio, open borders, Patri Friedman, Peace of Westphalia, Pearl River Delta, Peter Thiel, place-making, planetary scale, plyscraper, polynesian navigation, quantitative easing, randomized controlled trial, rewilding, Rishi Sunak, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, undersea cable, urban planning, urban sprawl, white flight, women in the workforce, working-age population, zero-sum game, Zipcar

In many cases, original inhabitants never received official citizenship – it wasn’t until the 1960s that indigenous Australians were given citizenship of the land their ancestors discovered and inhabited for 60,000 years. In April 2021, Governor Kristi Noem tweeted: ‘South Dakota won’t be taking any illegal immigrants that the Biden Administration wants to relocate. My message to illegal immigrants … call me when you’re an American.’ Consider that South Dakota only exists because thousands of undocumented immigrants from Europe used the Homestead Act from 1860 to 1920 to steal land from Native Americans without compensation or reparations. This kind of exclusive attitude from a leader weakens the sense of shared citizenship among all, creating divisions between residents who are deemed to belong and those who are not.

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Migrants to rich countries are less likely to be in receipt of benefits than natives, partly because they tend to be younger, healthier and motivated to stay in the country for work, returning to their country of origin before they are old enough to need social security payments. In many rich countries, migration controls mean they are prevented from even applying for benefits, and so ‘illegal’ immigrants often end up paying taxes but not seeking benefits for fear of discovery. In the US, social security paid by employers on behalf of migrants but never claimed by them swelled the US coffers by at least $20 billion over the 1990s alone. Meanwhile, Trump’s 2020 restrictions on work visas cost the US economy $100 billion.2 Overall, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development calculates that immigrants pay at least as much in tax as they receive in benefits.

Termites of the State: Why Complexity Leads to Inequality by Vito Tanzi

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, Andrew Keen, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, bitcoin, Black Swan, Bretton Woods, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, centre right, clean water, crony capitalism, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, experimental economics, financial engineering, financial repression, full employment, George Akerlof, Gini coefficient, Gunnar Myrdal, high net worth, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, indoor plumbing, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jean Tirole, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, libertarian paternalism, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, means of production, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open economy, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, price stability, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, rent control, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, synthetic biology, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, transaction costs, transfer pricing, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, unorthodox policies, urban planning, very high income, Vilfredo Pareto, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

Another inevitable question to ask is the following: Is it reasonable to assume that in such a world the national borders of countries can remain closed for illegal immigrants, as some would like them to be? What will happen to the role of the state when or if immigration flows cannot be controlled, as has been happening to a large extent in European countries? As mentioned, to some extent, the control of national borders to protect a country from explicit foreign invasion or from uncontrolled illegal immigration was and remains the most fundamental role of the national state. Should we rethink that role? Ch apter 25 The Quality of the Public Sector and the Legal Framework In recent years some literature has focused on the quality of the public sector, as distinguished from the quantity and scope of the state’s economic actions.

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The country was still settling in a new, immense territory, and few individuals lived in cities or especially in large cities. Therefore, many of the modern needs for the government’s role had not manifested themselves at that time, and those who wrote the Constitution could not have anticipated them. For example, the need to defend the borders from illegal immigrants, even at the cost of building a wall thousands of miles long, could not have been anticipated; neither could that of protecting the country against terrorists. Some conservatives continue to believe that rules that had spontaneously developed in communities in past centuries, for example, the “lex mercatoria,” the set of implicit rules that guided commercial exchanges in centuries past, could play important roles in, or even guide, today’s world in social and economic interactions among individuals.

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By and large the literature has been more specific in suggesting what to do about these situations when they are internal to a country and when a national government has the power to act. It has been less specific, or it has been silent, on what to do when the situations concern several countries, or even the whole globe, as in the cases of global warming, the growing resistance of viruses to antibiotics, or illegal immigration. Although some problems of allocation can be dealt with by the use of regulations and taxes, or by free negotiations among market participants, others require public spending. Furthermore, problems connected with the working of public sectors make some of the theoretical solutions now available not always practical to implement.

Zero-Sum Future: American Power in an Age of Anxiety by Gideon Rachman

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, bank run, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bonfire of the Vanities, borderless world, Bretton Woods, BRICs, capital controls, carbon tax, centre right, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, colonial rule, currency manipulation / currency intervention, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, energy security, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, Global Witness, Golden arches theory, Great Leap Forward, greed is good, Greenspan put, Hernando de Soto, illegal immigration, income inequality, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Jeff Bezos, laissez-faire capitalism, Live Aid, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, Oklahoma City bombing, open borders, open economy, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, pension reform, plutocrats, popular capitalism, price stability, RAND corporation, reserve currency, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, Sinatra Doctrine, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Tax Reform Act of 1986, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Myth of the Rational Market, Thomas Malthus, Timothy McVeigh, trickle-down economics, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, zero-sum game

To his list can be added a further set of perplexing global problems: the threat of new trade wars and the international political tensions they will foster; a rising number of failing states and the cross-border problems they spawn; the struggle between nations to gain control of natural resources, in particular oil and food; the renewed strength of authoritarian regimes and ideologies that threaten to clash with the democratic world; cross-border flows of refugees and illegal immigrants; and the growing power of international organized crime in places such as Mexico and the Balkans. Even if tensions between a wounded West and a rising Asia can be contained, the relative weakening of the United States makes it significantly less likely that the world will be able to find solutions to these festering international problems.

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But high unemployment and a fear of Muslim immigration have largely persuaded Europe to call a halt. The prospects of Turkey fulfilling its longstanding ambition to “join Europe” seem to be receding year by year as European politicians shrink from the implications of adding a Muslim nation of some 70 million people to their Union. Anger about illegal immigration continues to rise in the United States, which is currently thought to play host to over 12 million illegals. That anger is reflected in the popularity of the antimigrant campaigns of Lou Dobbs, the former television host, in books such as Pat Buchanan’s State of Emergency: The Third World Invasion and Conquest of America, and in controversial new laws, such as Arizona’s statute requiring the police to check the papers of suspected illegal migrants.

…

Anti-immigration parties have made serious headway in several European countries, including France, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Denmark, and, most spectacularly, the once famously liberal Netherlands. European Union leaders have responded to a more fearful public mood by increasingly portraying the outside world in threatening terms: railing against cheap Asian goods and illegal immigrants. Both President Nicolas Sarkozy of France and Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany have called for a “Europe that protects.” A European Union that more than doubled in size between 1995 and 2004 is now much more cautious about further expansion. But while the Europeans may look fearfully at the outside world, the real threat to the vaunted “European model” may lie within.

Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (And What We Can Do About It) by William Poundstone

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, book value, business cycle, Debian, democratizing finance, desegregation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, global village, guest worker program, guns versus butter model, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, invisible hand, jimmy wales, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, manufacturing employment, Nash equilibrium, Paul Samuelson, Pierre-Simon Laplace, prisoner's dilemma, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, slashdot, the map is not the territory, Thomas Bayes, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, Unsafe at Any Speed, Y2K

JSM people were already contracted to raise signatures for a conservative ballot initiative, Protect Arizona Now, that would deny public services to illegal immigrants. JSM agreed to collect signatures for Nader in Arizona. The Nader campaign paid two dollars per signature. It appears that the JSM people were sent out with both the Protect Arizona Now and Nader petitions on their clipboards, and theyencouraged people to sign both without worrying overmuch about whether that made any sense. It didn't make any sense. In the June issue of The American Conservative, Nader's former opponent Pat Buchanan asked him point blank whether illegal immigrants should be eligible for welfare. Nader answered that undocumented aliens "should be given all the fair-labor standards and all the rights and benefits of American workers, and if this country doesn't like that, maybe they will do something about the immigration laws."

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But, he admitted, "I don't know if they're doing it for me or as a tactic against Bilbray:' The mystery was solved when ads touting Griffith began running on conservative talk radio, saying in part: Think lobbyist Brian Bilbray's a conservative when it comes to immigration? Think again ... Lobbyist Bilbray isn't the candidate to secure our borders. You have a choice. Independent William Griffith is en- 121 GAMING THE VOTE dorsed by the San Diego Minutemen and San Diego Border Alert because he opposes guest worker programs, amnesty, and the hiring of illegal immigrants. Francine Busby supports John McCain's position on immigration-stronger enforcement at the border, better support for border agents, and no amnesty. When it comes to immigration, don't expect lobbyist Brian Bilbray to fix Washington, or fix our borders. I'm Francine Busby, candidate for Congress, and I approve this message.

Free World: America, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West by Timothy Garton Ash

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Albert Einstein, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, centre right, clean water, Columbine, continuation of politics by other means, cuban missile crisis, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, Eratosthenes, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, illegal immigration, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Watt: steam engine, Kickstarter, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Peace of Westphalia, postnationalism / post nation state, Project for a New American Century, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas Malthus, trade liberalization, Washington Consensus, working poor, working-age population, World Values Survey

There is a real question how many of those 2.8 billion men, women, and children living in states classed as free are in any meaningful sense themselves, individually, free. The great twentieth-century liberal philosopher Isaiah Berlin always insisted, against the Marxists of his time, that we keep two things distinct: freedom is freedom, poverty is poverty. Everything is what it is and not another thing. But plainly the unemployed Moroccan illegal immigrant I met one sultry evening in the Lavapies neighborhood of Madrid—“I live,” he told me, “like a wolf”—is not free in the sense that I and you, if you have the money, education, and leisure to read this book, are free. “Are the poor free?” is one of the most pressing questions facing us, the free, at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

…

Could we stand aside as an anti-American Europe clashed with an anti-European America? If Britain was unable to remain indifferent to the balance of power on the European continent in the nineteenth century, or to the continental clashes of fascism and communism in the twentieth, how could it in the twenty-first? And the illegal immigrants, terrorists, and economic shocks coming from an unreformed near East will not stop at the white cliffs of Dover. Yet even if this strategy for an offshore Greater Switzerland were sustainable, a further question would remain: is this who we want to be? It’s one thing—and a fine thing—for the Swiss to be Swiss.

…

I have argued in the first part of this book that unless we bring more prosperity and freedom to young Arabs, even more young Arabs will come to us. This formula applies also to Turkey, the Balkans, the new eastern Europe (Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova), the Caucasus, and Russia, all of them being, in different degrees, sources of legal and illegal immigration, political radicalism, and organized crime. I’ve suggested that we should pursue the E.U.’s classic “politics of induction” toward Turkey, the Balkans, and the new eastern Europe, in a time frame of twenty years. For the rest of our “near abroad,” stretching 10,000 kilometers along our southern and eastern borders, we need to craft a new kind of partnership which does not involve the promise—or even the flirted ankle—of full membership.

Coyotes: A Journey Across Borders With America's Mexican Migrants by Ted Conover

illegal immigration, urban sprawl, zero-sum game

If things were going according to plan, we were somewhere near the Rio Grande, and would soon be ferried across to the United States. But, if they disbelieved the story I had invented and still suspected I was an undercover cop, then ... anything could happen. I was an unlikely client. Blond haired and blue eyed, I was in Mexico as a journalist, researching what illegal immigration to the States means to Mexicans. It had not been my plan, when I boarded a northbound bus in central Mexico, to cross the Rio Grande this way. But then I met Alonso. He was on his way to the border. Sitting next to him I realized that, with a partner lined up, I too might sneak across the border.

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Here international corporations, taking advantage of cheap labor and few unions, had constructed numerous giant maquiladoras—assembly plants, for the most part, using materials brought in duty-free from the United States (such as textiles and electronics components) and then exported back to the States with duty levied only on the value added by the work done in Mexico. The relative ease with which a Mexican, male or female, could find work in the border towns was a main reason that these towns, contrary to what many Americans thought, were not large generators of illegal immigrants to the States. Those who crossed, as studies have shown, typically began their journeys in poorer regions far to the south. “What if you can’t find a job, though?” I asked. Alonso seemed to me to travel on distressingly slim resources, without a great deal of forethought, with faith in what seemed the questionable belief that something would turn up.

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“The United States,” wrote Nathan Glazer in 1985, “remains the permanently unfinished country.” I was not selective about the Mexicans I chose to include in this story—no chapter was censored that included ones I met who were less desirable. These are the guys. They’re not perfect, but the majority would make good neighbors; I’d welcome them as mine. I found the illegal immigration monster to be the sort that’s less scary up close than it is from a distance. Immigration, you could say, is America’s history book. This is the latest chapter, and I am left eager, not frightened, to see what comes next. About the Author Born in Okinawa and raised in Colorado, Ted Conover now lives in New York City, where he is a Distinguished Writer-in-Residence at New York University.

Learn Descriptive Cataloging Second North American Edition by Mary Mortimer

California gold rush, clean water, corporate governance, deskilling, illegal immigration, machine readable, Norman Mailer

Some of the factors that affect the decision on the fullness of a bibliographic description include • library priorities • importance of an item to the collection • relative value of an item • volume of incoming material • availability and experience of staff to process the material • needs of the user. An example of first level: From welcomed exiles to illegal immigrants. - Rowman & Littlefield, c1996. - xxii, 168 p. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0847681483 An example of second level: From welcomed exiles to illegal immigrants : Cuban migration to the U.S., 1959-1995 / by Felix Roberto Masud-Piloto. - Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield, c1996. - xxii, 168 p. ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0847681483 (alk. paper). - ISBN 0847681491 (pbk. : alk. paper) Third level would include all elements in AACR2 that are applicable to the item in hand.

McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld by Misha Glenny

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", "World Economic Forum" Davos, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, BRICs, colonial rule, crony capitalism, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, Firefox, forensic accounting, friendly fire, glass ceiling, Global Witness, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, joint-stock company, low interest rates, market bubble, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Nick Leeson, no-fly zone, offshore financial centre, Oklahoma City bombing, Pearl River Delta, place-making, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Skype, special economic zone, Stephen Hawking, trade liberalization, trade route, Transnistria, unemployed young men, upwardly mobile

When Ludmila first succeeded in escaping, she was handed back to her pimp by the duty sergeant, who happened to be a client of the brothel. In response, she was beaten senseless by her “owner.” The second time she got away, she handed herself in to a police station in another part of town. As is habitual, she was charged with being an illegal immigrant and thrown in a detention center for several months as her deportation order was processed. When she finally arrived back in Chisinau, destitute and traumatized for life, Ludmila could not return to her home, partly for reasons of shame but above all for fear of being found by her traffickers.

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Lao was the most powerful and successful criminal businessman ever arrested in Brazil. But within a few months of his initial incarceration, Roberto Porto, investigator at the Chinese organized crime unit of the São Paulo police, noticed something happening. “Most of the Chinese working in the markets of São Paulo are illegal immigrants. They are unprotected, and the last thing on their mind is to go to the police—they think as soon as they do, they’ll be deported,” he said. “So Lao Kin Chong gave them protection.” In São Paulo’s Chinese community, Lao was the state and the police. “When Lao was arrested two years ago,” Porto continued, “everyone lost their protection.”

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In the United States, the Department of Justice floated an idea of offering an amnesty to illegal Chinese immigrants who would testify against the snakeheads. “When the DOJ came to me with this idea,” explained Professor Ko-lin Chin in New Jersey, “I said, ‘You’ve gotta be crazy!’ These snakeheads are regarded as heroes by the illegal immigrants. They pay the fee quite happily—there is no coercion. The snakeheads are heroes, not villains. The last thing the migrants want to do is turn these people in—they want to thank them!” We will never know what Lin Guohua thought of the snakehead who flew him to Belgrade. The Serbian capital witnessed the fastest growth of any Chinatown in the world during the late 1990s, despite Serbia’s status at the time as an international pariah.

Lords of the Desert: The Battle Between the US and Great Britain for Supremacy in the Modern Middle East by James Barr

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, false flag, illegal immigration, imperial preference, Khartoum Gordon, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Suez crisis 1956, trade route

8 * * * The fortnight-long visit furnished Gillette with plenty of ammunition that he could use on his return to the US. Although the British had denied his request to meet convicted Jewish terrorists in prison, and close surveillance prevented him from meeting the leaders of the Irgun, he saw in Haifa harbour the vessels used by the British to deport arriving illegal immigrants to Cyprus. Decrying them as ‘slave ships’, he wrote in a press release, ‘The African ships I read about as a boy were something I would not believe to be repeated in the 20th century.’9 On his return home Gillette flew to address the League’s West Coast branch in Los Angeles, spoke on the radio in Chicago, and addressed further public meetings in Philadelphia and New York.

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Four days later they bombed the British Officers’ Club in Jerusalem, across the road from the Jewish Agency and inside the supposedly secure zone the British army had expanded after the King David Hotel bombing. Thirteen people died, while sixteen more were injured.17 The location of the latest bombing showed that the British were losing the battle. Terrorism was now out of hand; so too was illegal immigration. Thanks to fundraising by organisations like Kook’s American League, Jewish immigrants were now coming to Palestine in bigger, faster ships. By the end of 1946 British intelligence had identified twenty vessels that were ready to transport refugees from European ports, and a later assessment stated that nearly twenty more were probably being prepared to make the same journey.18 During the war the British had been able to board and take over any ship they wanted to.

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With the captain radioing a running commentary to sympathisers on the shore, British sailors boarded in order to take control of the ship, killing the American first mate and two passengers in the process; the destroyers then towed the now listing vessel into port. As there was no longer any space in the internment camp on Cyprus where the British had previously housed illegal immigrants, the British government had decided to resort to the old practice of ‘refoulement’, or return to origin. The passengers were disembarked by armed British soldiers at Haifa and made to board three ships waiting to take them back to France. They ‘looked as though they had been through a major battle,’ reported an American newspaper correspondent.24 By now the UN Special Committee was in Palestine.

The Retreat of Western Liberalism by Edward Luce

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, affirmative action, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, business cycle, call centre, carried interest, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, cognitive dissonance, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, computer age, corporate raider, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, European colonialism, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, gentrification, George Santayana, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, imperial preference, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, knowledge economy, lateral thinking, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, meritocracy, microaggression, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, more computing power than Apollo, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, offshore financial centre, one-China policy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, precariat, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, reshoring, Richard Florida, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Skype, Snapchat, software is eating the world, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, superstar cities, telepresence, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, unpaid internship, Washington Consensus, We are the 99%, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, white flight, World Values Survey, Yogi Berra

When Farage and his colleagues debated the best name for their party in the 1990s, they rejected the word British since it overlapped with the overtly racist British National Party. Farage refers to the BNP as the ‘Bloody Nasty Party’.32 He pointed out that many of UKIP’s potential voters were old enough to remember the Second World War and had a lifelong allergy to fascism. When Theresa May, then Home Secretary, set up a pilot scheme to round up illegal immigrants, he criticised her methods as ‘nasty’ and ‘not the British way’. UKIP is officially opposed to ‘unlimited mass immigration’. But for the most part, it has focused on stopping Britain from turning into ‘a province of the United European superstate’. Only during the Brexit campaign did the party endorse overt xenophobia with its ‘breaking point’ poster showing hordes of Muslim immigrants streaming across the border.

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In some cases, such as the US, it is falling into a kind of hybrid pluto-populism that looks increasingly Latin American. Donald Trump’s plans to deregulate Wall Street are a perfect illustration. Having railed against its greed on the campaign trail, he is now loosening the restraints on it in office. In the meantime, he plans to satisfy the populist urge by demonising illegal immigrants and Muslims, and indulging in theatre politics. Trump will operate as a kind of Ku Klux Kardashian, combining hard-right pugilism with the best of postmodern vaudeville. It is as though the French Bourbons have come back to life as twenty-first-century neoliberals. They never learn. No matter what the challenge, cake and cheap diversion is the answer.

Top 10 San Diego by Pamela Barrus, Dk Publishing

California gold rush, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, East Village, El Camino Real, G4S, haute cuisine, illegal immigration, Silicon Valley, the market place, transcontinental railway, urban renewal

Turn right on 1st. It’s a straight stretch back to the Market Place. Around Town – Southern San Diego As the endangered Western snowy plover seeks a place in which to lay her fragile eggs, the green-and-white vehicles of the US Border Patrol swoop down hillsides, lights blazing, in search of the illegal immigrant. An enormous, rusty, corrugated metal fence, which separates the US and Mexico, slices through the park before plunging into the sea. This southern part of the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve (see p47) attracts nature lovers who come to hike, ride horses, picnic on the beach, and birdwatch.

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If you are in any way associated with an accident, your vehicle will be impounded and you will be arrested until liability is sorted out. Protect yourself by buying a policy before driving over the border. Coyotes & Narcotraficantes Coyotes, sometimes called polleros or chicken keepers, smuggle illegal immigrants over the border. A clampdown in San Diego has forced the crossings into the desert, where death by heatstroke is common. Narcotraficantes, or drug smugglers, thrive along the border with the local drug cartel. sewer leaks are common. Especially hardhit beaches are Imperial Beach and Border Field State Park.

Riding for Deliveroo: Resistance in the New Economy by Callum Cant

Airbnb, algorithmic management, call centre, capitalist realism, collective bargaining, deskilling, Elon Musk, fixed-gear, future of work, gamification, gig economy, housing crisis, illegal immigration, independent contractor, information asymmetry, invention of the steam engine, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, new economy, Pearl River Delta, race to the bottom, ride hailing / ride sharing, scientific management, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, tech worker, union organizing, Winter of Discontent, women in the workforce

M. Aiello, N. Djuric, V. Radosavljevic, and K. Lerman (2017) Analyzing Uber’s ride-sharing economy, in Proceedings of the 26th International Conference, ACM Press. 4. K. Bryan (2019) Deliveroo and Uber Eats takeaway riders rent jobs to ‘illegal immigrants’. The Times. www.thetimes.co.uk/article/deliveroo-and-uber-eats-takeaway-riders-rent-jobs-to-illegal-immigrants-ml36gvp93. 5. M. Perry (2000) Bread and work: social policy and the experience of unemployment, 1918–39. Pluto Press, p. 103. 6. A. Marotta and L. Hughes (2018) Rebellion at the LSE: a cleaning sector inquiry. Notes from Below. https://notesfrombelow.org/article/rebellion-lse-cleaning-sector-inquiry. 7.

Europe old and new: transnationalism, belonging, xenophobia by Ray Taras

affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, carbon footprint, centre right, collective bargaining, Danilo Kiš, energy security, full employment, Gunnar Myrdal, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Kickstarter, low skilled workers, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Naomi Klein, North Sea oil, open economy, postnationalism / post nation state, Potemkin village, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, World Values Survey

For example, the EU’s border agency Frontex, whose headquarters are in Warsaw—the first EU agency to be based in one of the accession states—had trouble finding suitable job candidates. Lower salary levels in Poland, even for EU employees, made recruitment difficult, thereby threatening to undermine efforts to curb illegal immigration. These problems sparked concerns among some eastern Europeans that they were being treated unequally by their western counterparts and that a two-tier Europe of border controls was coming into existence. To be sure, the need to ensure uniform standards of public security within the Union was brought home by the 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were planned in Hamburg and other parts of the EU.

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The Spanish state recognizes Catholicism as the country’s official religion but affords Islam special privileges. These include the teaching of the Qur’an in schools and observation of Muslim religious holidays. Due to its geographical position, Spain has become a primary entry point for African migrants to Europe. In 2006, it was reported that close to 20,000 illegal immigrants had arrived from Africa to the Canary Islands alone. About onethird of all Africans are Muslim, so Spain’s Islamic culture may be becoming less exclusively Moorish. The country with the largest Muslim population in old Europe is France. About 70 percent originate in the north African states of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.

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But it was not just Le Pen anymore who expressed anti-foreigner sentiments. In the runoff to the 2007 presidential elections, both candidates appealed to the French-French vote. Winner Nicolas Sarkozy proudly pointed to his record as interior minister when he was responsible for expelling tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from France. In 2005, he had attacked the “scum” living in ethnic Arab and Muslim neighborhoods who took part in three weeks of violent protests about living conditions. His electoral promise was to establish a ministry of immigration and national identity that would oversee the propagation of French secular values among all immigrants.

Let's Explore Diabetes With Owls by David Sedaris

big-box store, call centre, David Sedaris, desegregation, illegal immigration, index card, Maui Hawaii, remote working, stem cell

Someone got my license plate number as I was taking off, and the next thing I know, I’m in jail with one charge of second-degree manslaughter and three charges of first-degree murder! Plus the hit-and-run bit. And all because some high-and-mighty legislators in New York State thought they knew better than the rest of us! Of course, if I was gay they’d probably let me off, so I tried kissing my cell mate, an illegal immigrant named Diego Rodríguez, if you can believe it. And I’m here to tell you that, as long as you keep your eyes shut, it’s really not that bad. Understanding Understanding Owls Does there come a day in every man’s life when he looks around and says to himself, I’ve got to weed out some of these owls?

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Both Miles and Todd are familiar with protest marches, mostly from their misguided college days, but as my son said, “Walking is walking, Mom, and whether you’re for torture or against it, you’re going to need to drink lots of water. That’s rule number one: Stay Hydrated! You’ll also need some good, comfortable shoes and a hat that’ll keep the sun off your face.” I got a sombrero and hung tea bags off the brim, but Todd said it sent a mixed message, like I supported illegal immigration—which I don’t! He said it was better to wear this cone-shaped thing, a wimple, he called it, though it looked to me more like a dunce cap. He said, “Mom, please. A little sophistication!” I said, “How will it keep the sun off my face?” So he added a visor to the front of it. As for the writing that runs top to bottom, it might look like ASSHOLE, but it’s actually A.S.S.H.O.L.E., which stands for: Another Savvy Senior Hopes Obama Loses Everything That might sound harsh, but it’s how I feel.

War of Shadows: Codebreakers, Spies, and the Secret Struggle to Drive the Nazis From the Middle East by Gershom Gorenberg

anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, colonial rule, computer age, defense in depth, European colonialism, illegal immigration, Internet Archive, plutocrats, Scientific racism, undersea cable

Wilson, general: “number one” for Palestine in the Special Operations Executive Henry Maitland (“Jumbo”) Wilson: general, commander of British Troops in Egypt, later of the Ninth Army NEW ZEALAND General Bernard Freyberg: commander of New Zealand forces in North Africa POLAND Marian Rejewski: codebreaker Jerzy Rozycki: codebreaker Henryk Zygalski: codebreaker FRANCE Gustave Bertrand alias Godefroy: army officer, director of cryptological services in French military intelligence Pierre Koenig: general, Free French commander in North Africa Philippe Petain: leader of the collaborationist Vichy regime after France’s surrender to Germany Susan Travers: British-born Free French soldier, Koenig’s driver EGYPT Abdul Rahman Azzam: politician, diplomat, and cabinet minister Kemal el Din: prince and explorer, cousin of Farouk Farouk: king from 1936 Fouad: king, father of Farouk Hassan Gaafar: half brother of Johann Eppler Abbas Halim: prince, cousin of Farouk Nevine Abbas Halim: princess, daughter of Abbas Halim, cousin of Farouk Ahmed Hassanein: explorer, later diplomat, mentor of Farouk, chamberlain of the royal household, and head of the royal cabinet Ali Maher: politician, adviser to Farouk, prime minister Aziz el-Masri: military figure, mentor to Farouk, briefly army chief of staff Khaled Mohi El Din: army officer Mustafa Nahas: leader of the Wafd party, prime minister Gamal Abdel Nasser: army officer Nazli: queen, wife of Fouad, mother of Farouk Antonio Pulli: Italian-born palace electrician, Farouk’s close confidant and reputed procurer Anwar al-Sadat: signals officer Ernesto Verucci: Italian-born architect at the royal court, confidant of Farouk Youssef Zulficar: Farouk’s father-in-law, ambassador to Persia PALESTINE Yisrael Galili: socialist Zionist political and military figure Eliahu Gottlieb: German-born soldier in the British Special Interrogation Group, SIG Hajj Amin el-Husseini: exiled former mufti of Jerusalem Moshe Shertok: head of the political department of the Jewish Agency Maurice Tiefenbrunner: German-born illegal immigrant to Palestine, soldier in the British Special Interrogation Group, SIG IRAQ Rashid Ali al-Gailani: politician: prime minister after 1941 coup, afterward in exile GERMANY Werner Best: deputy to Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Canaris: commander of the Abwehr Hans Entholt: actor, later junior officer, lover of Laszlo Almasy Johann Eppler, alias Hussein Gaafar: Abwehr agent Erwin Ettel: ambassador to Iran, afterward Middle East expert in Foreign Office Hermann Göring: senior Nazi figure with multiple positions, confidant and personal envoy of Hitler Reinhard Heydrich: head of the Gestapo and the SD, later of the RSHA Heinrich Himmler: head of the SS Adolf Hitler: the Führer, Nazi dictator of Germany Albert Kesselring: Luftwaffe field marshal, commander of German forces in the Mediterranean Franz von Papen: German ambassador to Turkey Walther Rauff: SS officer, inventor of the mobile gas chamber Joachim von Ribbentrop: foreign minister Nikolaus Ritter: Abwehr officer Erwin Rommel: general, later field marshal, commander of Axis forces in North Africa Heinrich Gerd Sandstede, alias Sandy, Peter Muncaster: Abwehr agent Alfred Seebohm: army officer, commander of frontline signal intelligence company under Rommel ITALY Pietro Badoglio: field marshal, governor-general of Libya, army chief of staff Italo Balbo: prominent Fascist, aviator, air marshal, governor-general of Libya Ettore Bastico: general, nominal commander in chief in Libya Ugo Cavallero: field marshal, army chief of staff after Badoglio Galeazzo Ciano: foreign minister, son-in-law of Mussolini Italo Gariboldi: general, briefly commander in Libya after Graziani Rodolfo (“the Butcher”) Graziani: general and vice governor of Libya; later field marshal and commander of Italian forces that invaded Egypt Orlando Lorenzini: officer in Libya Pietro Maletti: general, commander of an army group in Libya Serafino Mazzolini: ambassador in Egypt Paolo Monelli: war correspondent Benito Mussolini: the Duce, Fascist dictator of Italy Umberto Piatti: general and landowner in Libya Manfredi Talamo: commander of the paramilitary Carabinieri’s counterespionage center and of its Removal Section, the P Squad HUNGARY Laszlo Almasy: explorer, aviator, later officer in the German army in North Africa Gyula Gömbös: fascist and anti-Semitic politician, premier 1932–1936 Laszlo Pathy: honorary consul in Egypt INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY AGENCIES Abwehr: German military intelligence B-Dienst: German Navy signal intelligence GC&CS: Government Code and Cipher School, British signal intelligence GCHQ: Government Communications Headquarters, previously GC&CS ISLD: Inter-Services Liaison Department, MI6 station in Cairo MI5: British domestic security and counterintelligence MI6: British overseas intelligence, officially the Secret Intelligence Service OKW/Chi: German High Command signal intelligence OP-20-G: US Navy signal intelligence RSHA: Reichssicherheitshauptamt, Nazi roof body of the SS, Gestapo, and police SD: Sicherheitsdienst, Nazi Party intelligence bureau Sezione Prelevamento: Removal Section (P Squad) of Italian counterintelligence, responsible for thefts from foreign embassies SIG: Special Interrogation Group, German-speaking British commando unit SIM: Servizio Informazioni Militari, Italy’s Military Information Service SIME: Security Intelligence Middle East, British counterintelligence in the Middle East SIS: Signal Intelligence Service, US Army signal intelligence SOE: Special Operations Executive, British agency responsible for training and directing partisans in Axis-occupied countries SS: Schutzstaffel, feared Nazi security, combat, and genocide force that grew out of Hitler’s personal guard Note on Names and Spellings NAMES OF PLACES and countries are given in the form common at the time of the events.

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“We are not interested in American traffic,” Denniston answered, “and do not want it at all.”31 Churchill had promised to stop eavesdropping on America. Denniston was very definite that the promise was real. ELIAHU GOTTLIEB TALKED his way into the British army in February 1942, at a recruitment office in Haifa, on his third attempt. His story that time was that he was nineteen years old, that he had reached Palestine in 1938 on an illegal immigration boat, and that he’d had to leave his parents behind in Germany. The part about being from Germany was true. He was seventeen. He’d been born in Berlin, where his name was Ernst. His parents had brought him to Palestine in November 1933. He’d tried signing up the first time in Jerusalem when the war broke out, soon after his fifteenth birthday.

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American Jewish Yearbook 5707 (1946–47) (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 5707/1946), 609, www.ajcarchives.org/ajc_data/files/1946_1947_13_statistics.pdf (accessed November 24, 2019). The figures for Palestine, based on government calculations, do not include significant illegal immigration. 30. The message itself, CX/MSS/1122/T9, is in HW 5/105 with the key indicated and in HW 1/676 with Churchill’s question. The latter file contains Menzies’s answer, C/9871, June 29, 1942. Menzies wrote that leakage would end “as from 25th July”; in context, July is clearly a typographic error, and the intent is June. 31.

Siege: Trump Under Fire by Michael Wolff

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", Bernie Madoff, Boris Johnson, Cambridge Analytica, conceptual framework, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Donald Trump, fake news, forensic accounting, gig economy, Great Leap Forward, high net worth, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, impulse control, Jeffrey Epstein, Julian Assange, junk bonds, Michael Milken, oil shale / tar sands, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Potemkin village, Quicken Loans, Saturday Night Live, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, WikiLeaks

If the Wall was not under way by the midterm elections in November, it would show Trump to be false and, worse, weak. The Wall needed to be real. The absence of the Wall in the spending bill was just what it seemed to be: Trump out to lunch. Trump’s most effective message, the forward front of the Trump narrative—maximal aggression toward illegal immigrants—had been muted. And this had happened without him knowing it. * * * The night of the twenty-second, the Fox News lineup—Tucker Carlson, Laura Ingraham, and Sean Hannity—hammered the message: betrayal. The battle was on. The Republican leadership on the Hill, along with the donor class, stood sober and pragmatic in the face of both political realities and the prospect of unlimited billions in government spending—with, certainly, no illusions that Mexico was going to pay for the Wall.

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But Hannity was sanguine: he believed his future was with Trump, and soon after Trump’s inauguration he began telling people that he was staying at Fox only to “fight for Donald J. Trump.” This was a programming approach—abject fealty to Donald Trump—that, buttressed by obsessive warnings about the evils of illegal immigration, suddenly turned Hannity into cable gold. Carlson, a former magazine writer, had migrated to Fox via CNN and MSNBC, where he had struggled in the role of the young old-fogey conservative in a bow tie. As liberal channels shut down even their token conservative voices, he met a predictable end.

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Anybody entering the United States illegally will be arrested and detained, prior to being sent back to their country! Bannon had focused Hannity on the caravan story, and now Hannity had focused the president. For Trump and his most dedicated confederates there was only one truly reliable issue: illegal immigration. In Trump’s short political history, the issue had never failed to inspire and activate core voters. The caravan was a Trump-Fox-Bannon play. Every other part of the Republican spectrum was all but writing off the party’s ability to hold the House. But the Trump-Fox-Bannon alliance held a different view, and their October surprise was to double down on their most potent issue.

The Haves and the Have-Nots: A Brief and Idiosyncratic History of Global Inequality by Branko Milanovic

Berlin Wall, Branko Milanovic, colonial rule, crony capitalism, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deglobalization, Deng Xiaoping, endogenous growth, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, full employment, Gini coefficient, high net worth, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, Joseph Schumpeter, means of production, open borders, Pareto efficiency, plutocrats, purchasing power parity, Simon Kuznets, very high income, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, zero-sum game

Lampedusa is only one of those European camps. A similar camp, Hal Far, exists in Malta—a camp where African refugees had to hang a huge banner reading “We are humans!” to attract passersby’s attention to the people living there cordoned off by the barbed wire.3 In Spain, which every year expels around 100,000 illegal immigrants, the government has to deal with an even more macabre problem: what to do with the dead bodies of the harraga when they float to the beaches and in midsummer scare off tourists who have come to forget all their daily worries on the beaches of southern Spain? The Spanish government has recently asked the Algerian government to take more than 170 bodies that have thus far been found.

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For Italy, see Banca d’Italia, Relazione annuale sul 2008, May 29, 2009, chap. 11, table 11.4, p. 128, available at http://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/relann/rel08/rel08it/. 3 See David Blanchflower and Chris Shadforth, “Fear, Unemployment, and Migration,” Economic Journal (February 2009): table 17, p. F157. 4 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, based on the estimated increase in Mexican illegal immigrants between 2000 and 2005 (1.3 million). 5 The total number of people killed while trying to cross the Berlin Wall was around two hundred during its twenty-seven-year existence. On an annual basis, the number of Mexican deaths is thus fifty times greater. 6 BBC, July 2, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6228236.stm.

Brave New World of Work by Ulrich Beck

affirmative action, anti-globalists, Asian financial crisis, basic income, Berlin Wall, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, full employment, future of work, Gunnar Myrdal, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, job automation, knowledge worker, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, low skilled workers, McJob, means of production, mini-job, post-Fordism, post-work, postnationalism / post nation state, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, rising living standards, scientific management, Silicon Valley, technological determinism, working poor, working-age population, zero-sum game

Mobility between national states, on the other hand, is regarded as ‘migration’ and subjected to major restrictions. At the border posts, ‘desirable flexibility’ thus turns into ‘undesirable migration’, and people who do what is so much demanded within individual countries find themselves being criminalized. They are ‘economic refugees’, ‘asylum-seekers’ or ‘illegal immigrants’, who put themselves in the hands of ‘human traffickers’ – a task discharged within each country by the official employment exchange. How can citizens who believe in universalist values and rights become, within a transnational dimension, enemies of the very mobility for which they insistently call inside their own country?

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By the 1980s, Mexico was once again a country of three nations: the criollo minority of elites and the upper-middle-class, living in style and affluence; the huge, poor mestizo majority; and the utterly destitute minority of what was in colonial times called the Republic of Indians – the indigenous peoples of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Michoacan, Guerrero, Puebla, Chihuaha and Sonora, all known today as el México profundo: deep Mexico.69 And Ludger Pries reports that in Puebla, Mexico's fourth largest city with a population of roughly 2 million, when you ride in a taxi and talk to the driver, you can hear life-stories that sound strange to Western ears. It is not at all untypical that the taxi-driver used to be formerly employed as a lorry driver or had been an illegal immigrant in the United States, or even earned his living on the assembly-line at Volkswagen de México. He will then give this or that reason why he ‘voluntarily’ gave up that work situation, bought himself a second-hand Volkswagen Beetle from his severance pay, and set out to work as a taxi-driver ‘on his own account’.

Once the American Dream: Inner-Ring Suburbs of the Metropolitan United States by Bernadette Hanlon

big-box store, classic study, company town, correlation coefficient, deindustrialization, desegregation, edge city, feminist movement, gentrification, housing crisis, illegal immigration, informal economy, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, McMansion, New Urbanism, Silicon Valley, statistical model, streetcar suburb, The Chicago School, transit-oriented development, urban sprawl, white flight, working-age population, zero-sum game

In Waukegan, for instance, the local government considered police officer training to initiate deportation for illegal immigrants. This proposal was met with strong protest from the local immigrant community. 68 / Chapter 5 Laws concerning day-labor sites, language, rental housing, and law enforcement have been introduced by local suburban governments across the country. These laws attempt to either curb immigration or to drive immigrants out. In the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, the suburbs of Prince William County in Virginia were recently caught up in a controversy about illegal immigration. County officials advocated checking the immigration status of anyone using public services, such as schools, libraries, and swimming pools.

Disaster Capitalism: Making a Killing Out of Catastrophe by Antony Loewenstein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, benefit corporation, British Empire, business logic, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Chelsea Manning, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, corporate social responsibility, Corrections Corporation of America, do well by doing good, Edward Snowden, facts on the ground, failed state, falling living standards, Ferguson, Missouri, financial independence, full employment, G4S, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Leo Hollis, mandatory minimum, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, open borders, private military company, profit motive, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Satyajit Das, Scramble for Africa, Slavoj Žižek, stem cell, the medium is the message, trade liberalization, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, work culture

There was truth to the claim that the Greek system failed to adequately provide for the surge in asylum seekers living in the community, and this failure had inevitably led to fear and paranoia. “Political asylum is fine—we should help people from Syria and other places that really need our help; but illegal immigrants must be rejected,” Stathis argued. “Illegal invaders must be sent back, and we must sign a new agreement with the EU and Turkey. Areas of Athens are now [violent ghettos] filled with immigrants.” He dreamed of the Greek people giving Golden Dawn a majority at a future election. He knew that one of the ways this could happen was through a party program such as talking to employers, encouraging them to fire immigrants and then hire local Greeks at the same rate of pay.

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If you ask every leader in Europe what they were doing forty years ago you may find some interesting stories, too.” During my time in Greece barely a day passed without new and recent photographs in the media of Golden Dawn members mimicking Nazi iconography. Panagiotaros wanted the EU to operate “a strict immigration policy,” because “illegal immigration is mostly Muslim jihadists who plan to overtake Europe. If Syrians, Libyans, or Iraqis need to go somewhere they should go to the US, the country that caused the wars in their countries. Let the US take these people in.” Panagiotaros claimed to be against rampant privatization, despite the record of his party in parliament backing moves to outsource state services.

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Detention Watch Network issued a report in 2013 that examined 250 facilities across the country, many of which were run for profit, and found that none of them could guarantee basic medical care or appropriate protection against sexual and physical abuse. A lack of official oversight exacerbated the problem, along with the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, which allowed inmates to be punished for minor crimes as if they were serious felonies.40 Punishment, not rehabilitation, remained the corporate and governmental focus, as it was more profitable. CCA refused a simple proposal in 2015 from former prisoner and associate director of the Human Rights Defense Center, Alex Friedmann, for the company to commit an additional 5 percent of its net income to reducing recidivism.41 Public opposition to these companies was growing; the Interfaith Prison Coalition launched a campaign in 2015 to boycott and divest from firms that made profit from prison labor and charged exorbitant prices for prisoner phone calls.

Extreme Economies: Survival, Failure, Future – Lessons From the World’s Limits by Richard Davies

Abraham Maslow, agricultural Revolution, air freight, Anton Chekhov, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, big-box store, cashless society, clean water, complexity theory, deindustrialization, digital divide, eurozone crisis, failed state, financial innovation, Ford Model T, Garrett Hardin, gentleman farmer, Global Witness, government statistician, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, it's over 9,000, James Hargreaves, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, joint-stock company, large denomination, Livingstone, I presume, Malacca Straits, mandatory minimum, manufacturing employment, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, new economy, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, pension reform, profit motive, randomized controlled trial, rolling blackouts, school choice, school vouchers, Scramble for Africa, side project, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Skype, spinning jenny, subscription business, The Chicago School, the payments system, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, Travis Kalanick, uranium enrichment, urban planning, wealth creators, white picket fence, working-age population, Y Combinator, young professional

This is a beautiful place, but a jungle known to harbour FARC guerrillas is not somewhere you can relax. To make money from outsiders, the locals would need to make Darien accessible and safe. The experiences of Darien’s latest group of adventurers – the illegal immigrants trekking through the jungle – show that goal is a long way off. BUCCANEERS VERSUS PIRATES Illegal immigrants – all of them heading for the US – enter the Darien Gap on its eastern border, at the Colombian town of Capurganá. The little port was previously a no-go area because of fighting between the Colombian Army and FARC rebels, but following the 2016 peace accord adventurous travellers have returned.

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Abercrombie, Sir Patrick 203 Aceh 2–39, 10, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335 ‘building back better’ 24–5, 29–31, 42 civil war 32–3 education 13, 31 financial system 20–22 history 17–18 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) 32, 33 tsunami 2–3, 6, 12–14, 15, 16, 18–19, 23 ageing populations 6, 212–49, 331 agglomeration see industrial agglomeration AI see artificial intelligence Akita, Japan 212–49 ageing population/ low birth rate 7, 213–25, 227–49, 331 suicides 225–6 Allende, Salvador 296–8, 301 amoral familism 196, 202 Anglo-Dutch wars 25 Angola: Kongo people 83 Angola (Louisiana penitentiary) 5, 76–104, 331, 335, Angolite, The 80 Argentina 110, 144, 291, 303 Arkwright, Richard 267 Arrol, Sir William 191 artificial intelligence (AI) 245, 268–9, 270, 284, 286, 287, 378 automation: and job losses 253 see also technology Azraq refugee camp 57–67, 71, 72, 144, 334, 340, 348–9 Bajo Chiquito, Panama 106, 108–9, 1112, 133, 136, 139 Banda Aceh 13, 16, 18, 20, 26–7, 34–5 Bandal, Kinshasa 144, 162 Bandudu, Congo 164, 165 banks 97, 99 in Aceh 19, 21, 22 Chilean 296, 297, 302 in Kinshasa/ Congo 151, 158 online 99, 278 Panamanian 131 Barbour, Mary 203, 366 barter economy, prison 89–90 Bevan, Aneurin 201 birth rates, falling 215–16, 226–7, 233, 247 Blockbuster Video 97 blood circulation (William Harvey) 3–4 borders: and conservation of common resources 126–7 Borland, Francis: History of Darien 107 Brazil: ageing population 213, 214 Brazzaville, Congo 174–5 Bruce, Robert 203 Brumberg, Richard 218 buccaneers and Darien 112–14 business start-up rates 54 Calabria, negative social integration 195–6 Calton, Glasgow 179, 190, 191, 192 Cambridge University 26, 182 Cameron, Verney Lovett 141, 143, 149 cannabinoids, synthetic 93–4, 95–6, 352 cartels, Chilean 321–3 Casement, Roger: on Congo Free State 150 cash vs. barter 89–90 Castro, Fidel 298 Castro, Sergio de 301 centenarians, Japanese 215, 216 Chesterton, George Laval 77 Chicago Boys 294–5, 296, 300, 301, 314, 325 El Ladrillo (economic plan) 301–5, 315–16, 317, 323–4, 325–6 protests against 305, 317 Chile Allende period 296–8, 301 education 294, 295, 302, 304–5, 310, 311–12, 312, 313–17, 318, 324, 326, 327 national income 291–3 nationalization 296–7 Pinochet dictatorship 298, 300–1, 305, 322, 383 tsunami 15 see also Chicago Boys ‘Chilean Winter’ 317–18 Clyde shipyards 178–9, 181, 183–4, 185 Cold Bath Fields prison 91 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 113 Colombian peace accord (2016) 111, 134 common resources and conservation 124–5 depletion paradox 122–39 overgrazed land 122–3 and self-regulation 125, 126–8 Confucian ethics 220 Congo, Democratic Republic of ‘Crisis’ 151–8 GDP per capita 153, 173 independence (1960) 151 unemployment 142–3 see also Kinshasa; Mobutu, Sese Seko; Zaire consumerism as slavery 319 copper mining 143, 151, 156, 296, 323–4 corruption 133 in Kinshasa 143, 145–6, 148, 159–61, 168, 333, 361 credit: and poverty 308–10 Crompton, Samuel 267 crop rotation 279 Cunard Line 185 currencies cacao beans 91 cigarette papers 91 cigarettes/tobacco 92, 95 coffee 77, 96, 100 commodities 90–91 ‘dot’ payment system 97–100 dual-currency system 166–7 ‘EMAK’ (edible mackerel) 92 postage stamps 92 in prisons 91–101 ramen noodles 92 roles played (Jevons) 90 on Rossel Island 91 salt 91 Yoruk people 91 Cut Nyak Dhien 35 Dael, Syria: refugees 42–4 Dagahaley settlement, Kenya 45, 46 Dampier, William 113, 114 Daraa: and Syrian civil war 44 Darien Gap 6, 106, 107–39, 332, 333, 334 borders and common resource conservation 126–7 buccaneers’ accounts 112–14 eco-tourism 132 environmental damage 6, 120–21, 129–31 ethnic rivalry 126–8 externalities 131, 138, 183, 186, 332 illegal immigrants 132–7 market failure 109–10, 122–3, 129, 138 Scottish disaster 114–15, 133, 137–8 Darien National Park 126, 132 deaths lonely 225, 226, 236, 237, 248 premature (‘Glasgow effect’) 192–3 suicide 194, 213, 224, 225–6, 236, 248, 366 see also life expectancy digital divide 254, 281, 377 digital ID 277, 279 digital infrastructure, Estonian 259 drugs in Angola (prison) 81, 82, 88, 93–4, 95–6, 97, 99, 100, 101, 352 in Chile 306, 310, 322 in Darien 110, 111, 128, 134, 135 in Scotland 191–2, 193 in Tallinn 206 Dunlop, John Boyd 150 Durkheim, Emile: La Suicide 194, 196, 206 e-democracy (Estonia) 284, 287 e-Residency (Estonia) 277–8, 279, 283, 287, 379 education in Aceh 13, 31 in Chile/Santiago 295, 302, 304–5, 310, 311–12, 312, 313–17, 326, 327 in Italy 195 in Japan 220, 223, 229 in Louisiana 81 in Zaatari camp 67, 71, 349 see also universities Embera tribe 108, 109, 111, 119, 127, 128, 129, 133, 136, 137, 138–9, 357 entrepreneurs 331 in Aceh 19, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 39 in Akita, Japan 236–7, 238 in Angola (prison) 89, 102–3 Chilean 295, 296 in Darien 5, 114 Estonian 270, 275, 278–9, 281 in Glasgow 181, 182 in Kinshasa 162, 171 in Zaatari camp 43, 46, 54, 55–8, 62–3, 71 environmental damage see Darien Gap Estonia 256–7, 259 Ajujaht competition 252, 260, 275, 276, 278, 283–3 companies 281 economic revival 275–87 e-Government services 254–5 as ESSR 257–9, 272–4 labour shortage 280 Russia border 271–2 Russian population 272–4, 281–3 technology 252–6, 259–87 externalities 183, 206 Darien Gap 131, 138, 183, 186, 332 Glasgow 183–4, 186, 189–90, 333 and markets 332 extractive economy 122–39 Fairfield Heritage 349 Fairfield shipyard 178, 186, 189, 200, 206 FARC guerrillas 111, 132, 133, 134–5, 137, 355, 357 Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo 302 Foljambe, Joseph 265–6 Force Publique 150 foreign aid 23, 27–9, 54, 170 foreign exchange traders 166–7 Franklin, Isaac 83 free markets 128, 131, 174, 296, 300–3, 316, 320, 326–7, 331–2, 356 Frente Amplio coalition 318, 384 Friedman, Milton 289, 295, 303, 319, 326, 383, 384 GAM (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) freedom fighters 18, 32, 346 Gbadolite 159 GDP see Gross Domestic Product Gécamines 155–6 Geddes, Reay: report 189–90 gender roles, Japanese 223–4, 232 Germany 187, 195, 222, 227, 247, 249, 292, 302, 360 Glasgow 6–7, 176, 177–207, 333 culture 180 drug users 191–2 externalities 183–4, 186, 189–90, 333 population density 197 shipbuilding 178–9, 181, 184–6, 187–8, 189, 190–91, 199–200, 206–7, 333, 334 tenement homes and social capital 196, 197–202, 205, 335 unemployment 190 see also Calton; Gorbals; Govan and below Glasgow City Council (GCC) 202–4 Glasgow City Improvement Trust 202–3, 366 ‘Glasgow effect’, isolation 205–6 Glassford, John 181 Glenlee 179 gold in Aceh 17, 20–22, 37, 332, 334 in the Congo 143 in Darien 109, 113, 117, 120, 356 Golden Island 114–15 Good Neighbor Policy (USA) 294, 383 Goodyear, Charles 150 Gorbals, Glasgow 176, 191, 192, 204, 205, 367 Govan, Glasgow 176, 178, 184, 186, 192, 197–8, 201–3, 206, 207 Great Depression 26 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 26 Aceh 27, 37–8 Chile 316 Congo 153, 173 Estonia 259 Hagadera refugee camp, Kenya 45 Han, Byung-Chul 319 Harberger, Arnold ‘Alito’ 295, 305, 326 Hargreaves, James 266, 267 Harris, Walter 115 Harvey, William 1, 3–4, 5, 6, 329, 330, 336 Heinla, Ahti 263–4, 268, 282, 284, 285 Hinohara, Shigeaki 211 housing 90 Aceh 12–13, 16, 19, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29–30, 26, 38, 39 Akita, Japan 223, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 236–7, 239, 248 Azraq and Zaatari camps 44, 45, 48, 54, 55, 59, 61, 63, 70, 71 Chile 296, 297, 300, 302, 204, 306, 207, 308, 326 Darien 118, 139 Glasgow 197–9, 202–6 Kinshasa 142 Louisiana 95, 102 human capital 38–9, 168, 305, 335, 346–7 human rights abuses 300–1 Hyakumoto, Natsue 235 ID cards, personal data 260–61 Ifo refugee camp, Kenya 45 incarceration rates, USA 76–7, 78 industrial agglomeration 182–6, 200, 206, 330–31, 333, 365 inequality 6, 18, 254, 331, 337 in Chile 6, 291–2, 292, 293, 297, 298, 304, 308, 311, 317, 318, 324–7 intergenerational (Japan) 221–3, 238, 248 informal economies 122–5, 214–15, 331, 333–4, 336 Aceh 21–2, 24, 30, 31, 34, 37 Akita 233, 248 Chile 297, 306–7, 310, 323 Darien 122, 128, 129 Estonia 258 and Glasgow 204, 206, 334 Italy 196, 336 Kinshasa 142, 146, 148, 163–6, 167–8, 170, 173–5, 334 in prisons 77, 78–9, 86–7, 91, 93, 96, 99, 100–1, 102 in Zaatari camp 43, 45, 47, 57, 61, 64, 71, 72, 86 Innophys 245 innovation in Chile 315 and currency 97, 99–100 and economies 43, 79, 80, 87, 100, 122, 162, 333, 334 in Estonia 252, 256–7, 258–87 in Glasgow 179, 180, 182, 185, 188, 192, 201 technological 97–8, 183, 187, 252, 256–7, 258–87 intergenerational inequality (Japan) 221–3, 238, 248 International African Association (IAA) 149 International Cooperation Administration (ICA) 294 International Monetary Fund 303 inventions 265–6 in Estonia 252–3, 260, 265, 275–6, 282–3 isolation, ‘Glasgow effect’ 205–6 Italy 195–6, 201, 202, 335–6, 366 ageing population 213, 220, 222, 243, 331 population decline 227, 230, 233, 249 ivory trade 149 Jackie Chan Village 35–7, 39 Jackson, Giorgio 317–20 Jadue, Daniel 322, 332 Japan ageing population 6, 213–25, 227–49, 331 common forest conservation 124, 125 education 220, 223, 229 shipyards innovation/ competition 187–8, 189 tsunamis 15 Japan Football Association (JFA) 212–13 Jendi, Mohammed 54–5, 56, 71 Jevons, William Stanley 75, 89–90, 99, 352 Kabila family 154, 161, 162, 173 Kajiwara, Kenji 238 Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya 45 Kalanick, Travis 57 Kasa-Vubu, Joseph 151 Katanga 143, 151 Katumba refugee camp, Tanzania 45 Kenya: refugee camps 45, 46 Keynes, John Maynard 5, 7 Kinshasa 6, 140, 141–75, corruption 143, 145–6, 148, 159–61, 168, 333, 361 informal economy 142, 146, 148, 163, 166, 167–8, 170, 173, 334 natural wealth 143 pillages 157–8 police 159–61 roads as informal markets 163–6 tax system 145–6, 147–8, 16 Kirkaldy, David 4, 5, 6, 330 Kuala Lumpur 293 Kuna tribe 126, 340 Laar, Mart 258 labour pools, industrial agglomeration 183, 184–5, 200 Ladrillo, El see Chicago Boys Lagos 293 Lampuuk 2–3, 6, 13, 14, 22–3, 26, 32, 33, 35, 37, 345 Lancashire 266, 267 Las Condes 288, 290, 293, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 321, 322, 325 Lasnamäe, Tallinn 272, 281 Le Corbusier: Cité radieuse 203 Leontief, Wassily: Machines and Man 251, 377 Leopold II, King of the Belgians 149–50 Lhokgna 10, 12–13, 14, 26, 27–8, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 345 life-cycle hypothesis 218–19, 248 life expectancy Glasgow 179, 190, 191–3 Japan 215 Russia 273–4 Swaziland 179 Lima 293 Liverpool 89, 177, 192, 193, 205–6 Livingstone, David 148–9 Lloyd, William Forster 122–3 lonely deaths 225, 226, 236, 237, 248 Louisiana 74, 76, 81 Department of Public Safety and Corrections 83 Prison Enterprises 83–4, 85, 351 State Penitentiary see Angola Lüders, Rolf 293, 295, 304, 305, 325 Lumumba, Patrice 151 machine learning 268–70 Makarova, Marianna 272, 274 Malacca Strait 10, 17,. 18, 35, 39 Malahayati, Admiral Laksamana 34–5 Maluku steel mill, Kinshasa 155, 156–7 Manchester 192, 193, 205–6 market economies Chile 297, 302, 305, 317 prison 78, 79, 87, 89, 100, 101, 103 markets 71, 122, 332–3, 336 Aceh 20–22, 36–7, 38, 144, 331 Azraq camp 62–4, 71, 144 Chile 295, 296, 297, 298–9, 304, 309, 319, 320–23 Darien 122, 126–7, 128, 129, 131, 138 free 128, 131, 174, 296, 300–3, 316, 320, 326–7, 331–2, 356 Glasgow 181, 190 Japan 232, 233, 248, 249 Kinshasa 143, 145, 146–7, 162, 163–6, 167, 173, 174 Zaatari supermarkets 48–53, 64, 348 Marshall, Alfred 182–3, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 194, 200, 206, 329, 330, 365 Maslow, Abraham 41, 65–7, 68, 71, 72, 286, 319, 326, 349 Meikle, Andrew 266 Melvin, Jean 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205 ménage lending system 201, 334 Menger, Carl 90, 99, 352 Michelin brothers 150 military coup, Pinochet’s 298 Mill, John Stuart 11, 38, 335, 346–7 minimum wages 94, 267, 296, 307–8, 310 Mishamo refugee camp, Tanzania 45 Mississippi River 74, 76 Mobutu, Sese Seko (formerly Joseph-Désiré) 141, 151–2, 154–9, 161, 162, 166, 173, 297, 333, 360–61 Modigliani, Franco 218–19, 372 Mojo (synthetic cannabis) 92–4, 95–6, 97 monopolies, facilitated 319 Montgomery, Hugh 3–4 Moore, Gordon 269 Morgan, Henry 112–13 Narva, Estonia 250, 271, 272, 274, 283, 287, 378 National Health Service 201–2 nationalization 187, 296, 301–2, 383 natural disasters: and economic growth 24–5 New Caledonia 114, 356 New Orleans 74, 76, 79, 93, 101, 102, 103 Ninagawa, Yukio 234–5 norms, economics and 196, 200, 201, 323, 334, 336 obesity 81, 309, 326, 351 opportunism: and depletion of common resources 126–38 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 291, 316, 326, 377 Ostrom, Elinor 123–5, 137 Pan-American Highway 106, 110, 111, 115–17, 118–19, 121, 139, 355 Panama 106, 108-9, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 121, 130, 131, 356–7 see also Darien Gap; FARC guerrillas Panian refugee camp, Pakistan 45 Paro robot 243–5 Paterson, William: A Proposal to Plant a Colony in Darien 107 pawn shops 200, 334, 367 Penguins’ Revolution 317 pepper: global boom 17, 345 Pepper robot 246–7 personal data 260–61 Petty, William 25–6, 38n, 346 Piñera, Sebastián 309 Pinochet, General Augustine 298, 300–1, 305, 322, 383 pirate economies see informal economies population 122, 125, 330, 347 Aceh 14, 16, 18 Chile/Santiago 291, 324 China 76 Congo/Kinshasa 143, 150 Dael 42 Darien Gap 126, 128 Estonia 255, 256, 265, 272 Glasgow 179, 197 Greece 238 Japan 226–7, 229 Portugal 238 refugee camps 44, 45, 49, 57, 348 Sweden 238 US prisons 76–7 see also ageing populations Portugal 213, 227, 230, 233, 238, 243, 249, 291, 331, 351, 360 poverty Chile 291, 293, 300, 301, 303–4, 305, 208, 311. 15. 326 Congo/Kinshasa 143, 144, 160, 169, 11, 173 Glasgow 192 Italy 195 Japan 220, 226, 233, 248 Louisiana 81, 351 prices 147–8, 302 Pride of York 207 Prisoner’s Dilemma 174 privatization 169, 173, 301–2, 315, 326, 361 Pugnido refugee camp, Ethiopia 45 Putnam, Robert 195–6, 201, 202, 335–6, 366 Rahmatullah mosque, Aceh 14 rainforest destruction 121, 128–31 Rand, Rait 260, 275–6, 283, 284 Red Road Estate, Glasgow 203 refugee camps 45, 46, 55, 173 see also Azraq; Zaatari Reid, Alexander 180 resilience 3, 5, 6, 13, 16, 22, 31, 34, 35–9, 78, 103, 109, 122, 123, 146, 170, 248, 293, 325, 333–7, 384 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia see FARC Rideau, Wilbert 79–80, 82, 87–8, 100, 351 Rio Chucunaque 117, 119 robotics/ robots and care 243–4, 245–7, 248 delivery robots 262–4 for egalitarian economies 284–5 human overseers/ minders 280 ‘last-mile problem’ 264 machine learning 268–70 Sony AIBO robotic dogs 245 trams, driverless 264 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 294, 356 rosewood trees 120, 128, 138 rubber trade 149–50 Russian-Estonians 272–4, 281–4, 286–7 salarymen, retired 223–4, 228, 248 Samuel, Arthur 269 Santiago 7, 288, 289–327 see also Chile schools/ schooling markets 165, 311–15 Scotland Darien disaster 114–15, 133, 137–8 see also Glasgow self-governance 125–8 shipbuilding 178–9, 181, 184–6, 187–8, 189–91, 199–200 Sikkut, Siim 259, 277, 284 Skype 254, 263, slavery 82–6 smuggling 42, 46–8, 68 social capital 195–6, 199, 200, 202, 323, 325, 335–6, 366 social inequality 142–3, 324–5 Somalia 15 South Korea 213, 214, 220, 227, 233, 247, 319, 373 Spain 115, 137, 213, 222, 227, 243, 331 Spice (synthetic cannabis) 352 Spice Islands 17 Spiers, Alexander 181 Spinning Jenny 267, 269, 274, 378 Sri Lanka 15, 17, 49 Stanley, Henry Morton 148–9 Stanyforth, Disney 266 Starship Technologies 262–4, 269, 280 stateless people 255 store cards, prepaid 97–8 students 81, 168, 218, 221, 223, 236–7, 238, 248, 282, 283, 294–5, 304–5, 311–14, 315–18 suicide 194, 213, 224, 225–6, 236, 248, 366 Sumatra 17-18, see also Aceh supermarkets, Zaatari 48–53, 64, 348 Swing Riots 266, 378 synthetic cannabis see Mojo; Spice Takahashi, Kiyoshi 235, 236 Tallinn 7, 250, 251–87 Russian population 272–4, 281–4, 286–7 start-up paradise 254 Tallinn, Harry 278, 282–3 Tanzania: refugee camps 45 taxation 25, 346 Aceh 32 Chile 295, 302, 307, 315–17, 325 Darien 111, 130 Estonia 256–7, 259, 273, 278, 287 Glasgow 190 Japan 220, 231 Kinshasa 145–6, 147–8, 151, 152, 158, 161–2, 165, 167–8, 169, 173–4 in Zaatari refugee camp 48, 56 Tay Bridge collapse 5 teak trees 116, 130–31, 138, 333, 356, 357 technology and inequality 253–4 innovation 97–8, 183, 187, 256–7, 258–9 spill-overs 183, 189 and unemployment 253, 262, 270, 279, 286, 287, 377, 379 tectonic plates 13–14 tenement buildings, Glaswegian 196, 197–202, 205, 335 Thailand 15, 144, 213 tobacco 77, 85–6, 92, 95, 100, 143, 156, 181, 191, 202, 365 Tomaya, Yoichi 235 Törbel, Switzerland: forest conservation 124 towerblocks 203, 204, 205 trade in prison 97–100 in Zaatari camp 43–57, 67–70 see also markets traditions, economic resilience and 21, 22, 24, 34, 196, 336 trust 148, 150, 174, 196, 199, 201, 206, 248, 261, 295, 321, 323, 325, 335 Tshisekedi, Félix 154 tsunamis 2–3, 12–14, 15, 16, 18–19, 22–3, 25 Tull, Jethrow 266 Turkey 28, 58, 144, 213 Uber 57 Ukegawa, Sachiko 234 underground economies 77–9, 87–101 see also informal economies unemployment 64–5, 142–3, 190, 275 Chile 290, 297, 302, 307, 311 Congo 142, 359 Estonia 270, 273, 275, 279, 283, 379 Glasgow 179, 190, 191 and technology 253, 262, 270, 279, 286, 287, 377, 379 United Kingdom 4, 18, 26, 181, 187, 188, 199, 213, 223, 278, 335 agriculture 265, 267 housing 232 jails 86, 91, 96, 352 National Health Service 201, 203 population 226 and technology 253, 254, 257, 260, 262, 264 see also Glasgow; Scotland United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 44, 46, 48, 54, 57, 72, 348 World Food Programme (WFP), and Zaatari 48, 49–50 universities Aceh 13, 33, 34 Akita, Japan 221, 223 Chile 294, 305, 313, 314, 315, 316–17, 318, 324, 326 Congo/Kinshasa 151, 160, 166, 168 Estonia 275, 282, 283 Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS) 189 urbanization: and agglomeration forces 330–31 United States 26, 54, 76, 83, 93, 213, 223, 253, 262, 279, 292, 294, 297–8 prisons 76–7, 78, 81, 91–2, see also Angola population 226 and technology 260, 262, 264, 267, 269, 276 USAID 28, 29 Valdez, Samuel 121, 128–9, 130 Vallejo, Camila 317–18, 384 Van Gogh, Vincent 180 Vatter, Ott 277, 278 Viik, Linnar 257, 258–60, 261–2 Wafer, Lionel 113–14, 134, 355 Waisbluth, Mario 313 Walpole, Sir Spencer: A History of England 177 Walsh, David: History, Politics and Vulnerability … 177 Watanabe, Hiroshi 234 wealth 4–5, 159, 218–19, 324–5, 329, 334–6 nation’s 25, 38n, 346–7 natural 109, 132, 143 workforce 184–5, 264–8, 275, 297 World Bank 303, 305, 346 World Health Organization (WHO) 63, 215 World Trade Organization 303 Wounan tribe 126, 127 X-Road data system 261, 274–5, 279, 283, 377 Y Combinator 252 Yamamoto, Ryo 236–7 Yaviza, Panama 110, 111, 116–20, 127, 132, 135, 138, 144, 356 Yida refuge camp, South Sudan 45 Zaatari Syrian refugee camp 6, 40, 41–73, 86, 89, 100, 163, 173, 308, 331, 332, 334, 335, 348, 349 declining population 57 education 67, 71, 349 informal economy 43, 45, 47, 57, 61, 64, 71, 72, 86 smuggler children 42, 46–8, 68 supermarkets 48–53, 64, 348 trade development 43–57, 67–70, 71, 72 UNHCR cedes control 44–6 Zaire 152, 154, 155–6, 159, 361 Zorrones 324 TRANSWORLD PUBLISHERS 61–63 Uxbridge Road, London W5 5SA penguin.co.uk Transworld is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com.

Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle by Silvia Federici

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, Community Supported Agriculture, declining real wages, equal pay for equal work, feminist movement, financial independence, fixed income, gentrification, global village, illegal immigration, informal economy, invisible hand, labor-force participation, land tenure, mass incarceration, means of production, microcredit, military-industrial complex, neoliberal agenda, new economy, Occupy movement, planetary scale, Scramble for Africa, statistical model, structural adjustment programs, the market place, tontine, trade liberalization, UNCLOS, wages for housework, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce, World Values Survey

The increase of services sales (compared with appliance sales) doubled in less than ten years. 1965: 6.3 percent; 1970: 8.7 percent; 1975: 11.8 percent; 1976: 11 percent. 16. The present collapse of the birth rate plays an important role in current discussions of immigration policies (see Michael L. Wachter, “The Labor Market and Illegal Immigration: The Outlook for the 1980s,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 33, no. 3 (April 1980): 342-54. 17. This was the case of five female workers at the Cyanamid Company Wilson Island plant (Pleasant County) in West Virginia, who had themselves sterilized for fear of losing their jobs when the company reduced the number of chemicals to which women could be safely exposed.

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In Making Waves: An Anthology of Writings By and About Asian American Women, edited by Asian Women United of California. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989. de Waal, Alex. Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. London: Zed Books, 1997. Wachter, Michael L. “The Labor Market and Illegal Immigration: The Outlook for the 1980s.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 33, no. 3 (April 1980): 342-54. Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press, 1974. Walton, John, and David Seddon. Free Markets and Food Riots: The Politics of Global Adjustment. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994.

That Used to Be Us by Thomas L. Friedman, Michael Mandelbaum

addicted to oil, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Andy Kessler, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, blue-collar work, Bretton Woods, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, centre right, Climatic Research Unit, cloud computing, collective bargaining, corporate social responsibility, cotton gin, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, delayed gratification, drop ship, energy security, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, full employment, Google Earth, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), job automation, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, Lean Startup, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, mass immigration, more computing power than Apollo, Network effects, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, obamacare, oil shock, PalmPilot, pension reform, precautionary principle, proprietary trading, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Jobs, the long tail, the scientific method, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, University of East Anglia, vertical integration, WikiLeaks

“If we don’t have that competitive edge, our standard of living will eventually revert to the global mean.” Unfortunately, in the Terrible Twos the American political system failed to enact legislation to reform the nation’s immigration system. President George W. Bush made a mighty effort but was blocked largely by members of his own party, who were so outraged by illegal immigration that they could not think straight about the vital importance of legal immigration. “The H-1B visa program—that is the key to making us the innovators of energy and computers,” said Senator Lindsey Graham, the South Carolina Republican, who has been critical of his own party’s obstinacy on this issue.

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If you wanted to get really smart and have a degree that would allow you to be a leader in the world, you came to America. Well, it’s hard as hell to get to America now. And once you get here, it’s hard to stay.” Immigration reform that better secures the borders, establishes a legal pathway toward citizenship for the roughly twelve million illegal immigrants who are here, and enables, even recruits, high-skilled immigrants to become citizens is much more urgent than most of us realize. We need both the brainy risk takers and the brawny ones. Low-skilled immigrants may not be able to write software, but such people also contribute to the vibrancy of the American economy.

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Department of Homestead Act (1862) H-1B visa program Honeymooners, The (television show) Hong Kong Hood, John Hoover Digest Hope Street Group Hormats, Robert Horse Feathers (movie) House of Representatives, U.S.; Oversight and Government Reform Committee How (Seidman) Howe, Caroline Hu, Peter Danming Huamei Garment Accessory Company Humphrey, Hubert Hungary Hussein, Saddam hydroelectric power I IBM Iceland Idealab IHS Global Insight illegal immigrants Illinois Immelt, Jeffrey immigration; from Asia; government policy on; innovation and; of victims of oppression; workforce needs and Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) IMPACT teacher evaluation system incentives; in energy and climate policy; for innovation; political India; call centers in; cell phones manufactured in; electric cars in; financial services in; immigrants in U.S. from; Internet sales from; Obama in Indiana Indiana University Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) Indian Youth Climate Network (IYCN) Industrial Revolution information technology; see also IT revolution infrastructure; deterioration of; investment in; lobbying for; modernization of; partisan polarization over; public-private partnership and Inglis, Bob Inhofe, James innovation; in China; during Cold War; connectivity and; education and; in energy technology; immigration and; incentives for; in information technology, see IT revolution; military; partisan polarization and; regulation and; workforce and; see also research and development Innovation Award for Energy and the Environment Intel Corporation; Science Talent Search intellectual property International Monetary Fund International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Internet; bandwidths for; customer service via; democratizing power of; globalization and; origins of; political process and; public-private partnership and; values eroded by interstate highway system Investment Answer, The (Murray) Ipsos Public Affairs Iran; Revolutionary Guard Corps Iraq Iraq war; nation-building goal of; partisan politics and; renewable power use in; Special Forces operations in; surge in; wounded veterans of Ireland Irwin, Neil Islamic terrorism Israel IT revolution; challenges of; merger of globalization and Italy iTunes J Jacobins Jakpor, Otana Agape James, LeBron Japan; bullet trains in; earthquake and tsunami in; education in; fascism in; recycling in Jassy, Andy Jazwiec, John Jefferson, Thomas Jerry Maguire (movie) Jews Jharkhand (India) Jiang, Ruoyi Jobs, Steve John Locke Foundation Johnson, Lyndon B.

Rule Britannia: Brexit and the End of Empire by Danny Dorling, Sally Tomlinson

3D printing, Ada Lovelace, Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, anti-globalists, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Bullingdon Club, Cambridge Analytica, centre right, colonial rule, Corn Laws, correlation does not imply causation, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, disinformation, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Etonian, falling living standards, Flynn Effect, gentrification, housing crisis, illegal immigration, imperial preference, income inequality, inflation targeting, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, megacity, New Urbanism, Nick Leeson, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, out of africa, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, Steven Pinker, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, University of East Anglia, Wayback Machine, We are the 99%, wealth creators

Even the Daily Mail reported: ‘Home Office vans telling illegal migrants to go home investigated by advertising watchdog’.53 Of 1,653 enquiries sent to the advice line, over 63 per cent were hoaxes, and apparently the entire exercise resulted in only eleven migrants leaving. GETTING RID OF THE UNWANTED Undeterred, Theresa May at the Home Office produced yet another Immigration Act in 2014 intended to ‘make it easier to remove those with no right to be here, limit the appeals system, prevent illegal immigrants accessing or abusing public services or the labour market, and end the influence of the European Convention of Human Rights on immigration appeals’. This Act included expectations that private landlords, driving instructors and vicars, as well as hospitals and schools, would check on the legal status of people and report if uncertain.

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The stories included a woman who had lived in the UK for fifty years and worked as a cook in the House of Commons but was threatened with deportation, and a former NHS driver who had arrived in the UK in 1968 as a fourteen-year-old and spent thirty-five years working and paying taxes, but was left jobless, homeless and living in an industrial unit after being told fifty years later that he was now an illegal immigrant. On 20 April 2018, Gary Younge argued in the The Guardian that Theresa May saw Windrush migrants as an easy target. On 21 April, in the same newspaper, Robert Booth and Nick Hopkins presented detailed evidence that the then Home Secretary Amber Rudd had boasted to the Prime Minister that she would hunt down even more illegal migrants and accelerate Theresa May’s own deportation programme.

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, The Guardian, 26 April, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/26/theresa-may-go-home-vans-operation-vaken-ukip 52 https://www.flickr.com/photos/oddsock/9376736345 53 Chorley, M. (2013) ‘Home office vans telling illegal migrants to go home investigated by advertising watchdog’, Daily Mail, 9 August, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2387728/Home-Office-vans-telling-illegal-immigrants-Go-Home-investigated-advertising-watchdog-60-complaints.html 54 Baker, A. (2017) ‘97 per cent of international students leave UK after studies’, The Pie News, 24 August, https://thepienews.com/news/government/97-international-students-leave-uk-studies/ 55 McInerney, L. (2016) ‘What society lets families fear deportation for sending their children to school?’

The Controlled Demolition of the American Empire by Jeff Berwick, Charlie Robinson

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, airport security, Alan Greenspan, American Legislative Exchange Council, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, bank run, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, big-box store, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Comet Ping Pong, coronavirus, Corrections Corporation of America, COVID-19, crack epidemic, crisis actor, crony capitalism, cryptocurrency, dark matter, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy transition, epigenetics, failed state, fake news, false flag, Ferguson, Missouri, fiat currency, financial independence, George Floyd, global pandemic, global supply chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, illegal immigration, Indoor air pollution, information security, interest rate swap, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, lockdown, Mahatma Gandhi, mandatory minimum, margin call, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, megacity, microapartment, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, new economy, no-fly zone, offshore financial centre, Oklahoma City bombing, open borders, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pill mill, planetary scale, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, power law, pre–internet, private military company, Project for a New American Century, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, reserve currency, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Saturday Night Live, security theater, self-driving car, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, South China Sea, stock buybacks, surveillance capitalism, too big to fail, unpaid internship, urban decay, WikiLeaks, working poor

The targeted assault was kicked into high gear through Reagan’s insulting “War on Drugs” that placed the Government’s large thumb on the scale of democracy. It was taken to new and horrifying levels under Clinton and the Mandatory Minimum laws that disproportionately targeted the inner cities and then pushed into something from a Philip K. Dick novel as Trump enforced Obama’s illegal immigrant laws by rounding up, then splitting up families and warehousing them like they were jars of tomato sauce into Walmarts that have been recently converted into private concentration camps in anticipation of these events unfolding. Another factor that has changed the landscape of American prisons is the shift away from trial and towards a plea agreement.

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Crony capitalism is the government handing their favorite camper a large stick to bash another camper in the leg first before turning and running away from the bear. Sure, they will survive, but all of the other campers will instantly hate and distrust them, and with good reason. A politician that is in charge of a massive budget to build 100 detention camps to warehouse illegal immigrants, as an example, is going to give some company a fortune to do the job. It is fair to say that the politician probably would love to take a tiny little piece of that large budget, but to do so might be too obvious, so what happens is that the money flows to his buddy’s commercial real estate development company for them to build the facilities, then once he retires from public office he becomes the Senior Advisor to the CEO of that same development company and is paid $3 million a year to “advise” the company while playing golf with clients.

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The open border policy under the Obama administration allowed the flow of undocumented people to funnel into the country while the administration worked to either provide them with a path to citizenship or amnesty, thus allowing them the ability to vote, hopefully for Democrats. The Republicans were no better, they just did not want the immigrants in the country at all. A massive flow of illegal immigrants also works to destabilize the country on the receiving end because it puts heavy burdens on infrastructure, schools, welfare, low-level jobs, the legal system, prisons, and so on. America has been turned against itself, just like Clower & Piven theorized that it would, but the amplification of the division by the corporate media was probably something that they could only dream of.

The Contrarian: Peter Thiel and Silicon Valley's Pursuit of Power by Max Chafkin

3D printing, affirmative action, Airbnb, anti-communist, bank run, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Blitzscaling, Boeing 747, borderless world, Cambridge Analytica, charter city, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Cornelius Vanderbilt, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, David Brooks, David Graeber, DeepMind, digital capitalism, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Elon Musk, Ethereum, Extropian, facts on the ground, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, Frank Gehry, Gavin Belson, global macro, Gordon Gekko, Greyball, growth hacking, guest worker program, Hacker News, Haight Ashbury, helicopter parent, hockey-stick growth, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, life extension, lockdown, low interest rates, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Maui Hawaii, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, moral panic, move fast and break things, Neal Stephenson, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, operational security, PalmPilot, Paris climate accords, Patri Friedman, paypal mafia, Peter Gregory, Peter Thiel, pets.com, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, public intellectual, QAnon, quantitative hedge fund, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, randomized controlled trial, regulatory arbitrage, Renaissance Technologies, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, social distancing, software is eating the world, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, tech worker, TechCrunch disrupt, techlash, technology bubble, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, TED Talk, the new new thing, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Upton Sinclair, Vitalik Buterin, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, Y Combinator, Y2K, yellow journalism, Zenefits

In the same Daily Caller column in which he’d praised Cruz’s intelligence, he’d dumped on Trump as “sort of symptomatic of everything that is wrong with New York City.” And yet, Trump was, in many ways, a perfect avatar for the political project Thiel had been pursuing. He was, like Ron Paul, in favor of an extreme crackdown on illegal immigration. His campaign platform, like Paul’s in 2012, included ending birthright citizenship and fortifying the border. Nor was Trump, like Paul, averse to white identity politics—his views on race in New York in the 1980s and ’90s were roughly in line with the positions expressed in Paul’s newsletters from the same period.

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No one objected to this, nor did any of the CEOs attempt to inveigh against another policy that Trump had signaled he was considering: creating a registry to track the entry of Muslims into the United States. Instead, they attempted to sidestep the discussion, implying that it would be fine to crack down on illegal immigrants as long as Trump could supply their companies with enough skilled workers. “We should separate the border security from the talented people,” Cook said. He suggested the United States try to cultivate “a “monopoly on talent.” Thiel, who’d often privately made the distinction between immigrants who embraced American values and those who did not, offered that the United States could adopt a system along the lines of New Zealand’s, which uses points to make it easier for well-educated immigrants with good language skills to enter the country and harder for low-skilled immigrants.

…

Johnson, who would receive a third of the company’s equity, had no formal operational role. His job would be to raise money for the company and to help sign up customers. Johnson boasted that this software would be ideal for Trump’s immigration crackdown. “Building algorithms to ID all the illegal immigrants for the deportation squads” was how he put it in a Facebook post. “It was a joke,” Johnson later said. “But it became real.” Indeed, Clearview would eventually sign a contract to give ICE access to its technology—and would have Thiel’s help. After hearing Johnson’s pitch, he provided $200,000 in seed capital to the effort

The Inequality Puzzle: European and US Leaders Discuss Rising Income Inequality by Roland Berger, David Grusky, Tobias Raffel, Geoffrey Samuels, Chris Wimer

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Bear Stearns, Branko Milanovic, business cycle, Caribbean Basin Initiative, Celtic Tiger, collective bargaining, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, double entry bookkeeping, equal pay for equal work, fear of failure, financial innovation, full employment, Gini coefficient, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, invisible hand, Long Term Capital Management, long term incentive plan, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Money creation, offshore financial centre, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, proprietary trading, rent-seeking, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, time value of money, very high income

Rasmussen only” approach advocated by the European Commission and Conservative governments is implemented. Unemployment figures in the U.S., according to two American professors, Nobel Prize winners both, are even more concerning than official reports indicate. They told me: “Poul, it’s not around 13%; it’s 20%, if you add to the official figure all the illegal immigrants and the informal sector.” If you ask who’s become unemployed due to the crisis, the answer is certainly that only a very small part of it is coming from Wall Street, and they will survive, one way or another. The economic recession here has shown us the underlying fragility of our advanced service-based economies and societies.

…

I’m not sure that’s concrete enough. I like the example of a category of infrastructure which if constructed could have a real economic impact. Those roads and that economic development would benefit not merely Mexico, but also of course the United States, because real prosperity in Mexico is the deadly enemy of illegal immigration and narcotics trafficking. What are the reasons behind the increase in inequality over the past twenty years in the United States? The rich got too much richer. They got fat, dumb, and happy. Part of it was the movement of the capital markets toward increasingly convoluted and abstruse mechanisms that created vast pools of wealth and people then tithed them at bonus time, at the end of the year.

Shortchanged: Life and Debt in the Fringe Economy by Howard Karger

Alan Greenspan, big-box store, blue-collar work, book value, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, delayed gratification, financial deregulation, fixed income, illegal immigration, independent contractor, labor-force participation, late fees, London Interbank Offered Rate, low interest rates, low skilled workers, microcredit, mortgage debt, negative equity, New Journalism, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, payday loans, predatory finance, race to the bottom, Silicon Valley, Telecommunications Act of 1996, telemarketer, underbanked, working poor

Not only do immigrants possess fewer educational skills than native workers, but also many of their skills don’t translate into the American workplace.23 Between 2000 and 2002, about 3.3 million illegal immigrants entered in the United States. Mexicans made up 57% of undocumented workers, with another 23% coming from other Latin American countries.24 A significant portion of Hispanic poverty is attributable to these large numbers of illegal workers entering the United States and the low-paying jobs they occupy. Although there is no reliable data about the number of immigrants who use the fringe economy, it is undoubtedly high. The 1996 welfare-reform bill had profound implications for both legal and illegal immigrants. Specifically, the bill disentitled most legal immigrants (including many who had lived in the United States for years but chose not to become citizens) from food stamps, TANF, and Supplemental Security Income (SSI).25 The low wages paid to many immigrants, especially those from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa, put them squarely in the ranks of the working poor.

The Virtue of Nationalism by Yoram Hazony

Berlin Wall, British Empire, conceptual framework, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, illegal immigration, invention of the printing press, Mahatma Gandhi, Peace of Westphalia, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Steven Pinker, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Torches of Freedom, urban planning, Westphalian system

The complaint may be with respect to the establishment of military bases on its borders or the rapid expansion of its neighbor’s armed forces and arms industries. Or it may be about the neighboring state’s suppression of certain national minorities or religious sects, which have asked repeatedly for outside relief. Or the plaintiff state may see itself as being harmed by the economic practices of its neighbor, or by the encouragement of illegal immigration across its border, or by the rise of drug cartels or terrorist organizations on the other side of the border. Or by the over-utilization or destruction of a joint water supply or other shared resources. Or by interference in its elections or its internal politics. Or by espionage or assassinations or public disturbances that it regards as having been instigated by its neighbor.

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., 42. 14. Ambassador Jesper Var, speaking at the Jerusalem Post Diplomatic Conference, December 11, 2014. Video of his comments available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYojm0TRGPg. 15. In one especially striking incident in 2010, the Arizona legislature empowered state law officers to restrict illegal immigration. In response, the Obama administration inserted a legal challenge to the state’s action in a report filed with the United Nations Human Rights Council. Far from defending the freedom of Americans against foreign encroachment, the US government joined forces with an international body in an effort to tar Arizona with the stigma of moral illegitimacy.

Mythology of Work: How Capitalism Persists Despite Itself by Peter Fleming

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", 1960s counterculture, anti-work, antiwork, call centre, capitalist realism, carbon tax, clockwatching, commoditize, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, David Graeber, death from overwork, Etonian, future of work, G4S, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, illegal immigration, Kitchen Debate, late capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, market fundamentalism, means of production, neoliberal agenda, Parkinson's law, post-industrial society, post-work, profit maximization, profit motive, quantitative easing, Results Only Work Environment, scientific management, shareholder value, social intelligence, stock buybacks, The Chicago School, transaction costs, wealth creators, working poor

Now let us return to the equally open intrigue of the neoliberal enterprise and the societies of control. How might this ideological technique be deployed in a corporate setting? A good illustration pertains to the way communication guerrilla groups challenged a number of European airlines involved in deporting ‘illegal immigrants’. Autonome a.f.r.i.k.a. gruppe (2002) report on the symbolic sabotage of Lufthansa by the German anti-racist collective Kein Mensch ist illegal. They understood that a radical critique would need to bypass the cynical neoliberal distancing norms discussed above. Kein Mensch ist illegal therefore prepared overly positive leaflets using the company’s easily recognizable brand.

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capitalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 General Motors plant (Michigan) ref1 Goffee, R. ref1 Goldman Sachs ref1 The Good Soldier Svejk (Hasek) ref1 Gordon, D. ref1 Gorz, A. ref1, ref2 Graeber, D. ref1 Groundhog Day (Ramis) ref1 Guattari, F. ref1, ref2, ref3 on criticism/criticality ref1 and de-subjectification ref1 language ref1, ref2 Gujarat NRE ref1 Gulf of Mexico oil spill (2010) ref1 Hamper, B. ref1 Hanlon, G. ref1 Hardt, M. ref1 Hart, A. ref1 Harvard Business Review (HBR) ref1 Harvey, D. ref1, ref2 Hayek, F. ref1, ref2, ref3 health and safety ref1, ref2 ‘Help to Buy’ support scheme ref1 Hirschhorn, N. ref1 Hodgkinson, T. ref1 holiday policy ref1 Houellebecq, Michel ref1, ref2, ref3 human capital ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 human relations movement ref1 Human Resource Management (HRM) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 humour ref1 ‘I, Job’ function ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and biopower ref1, ref2 and death drive ref1, ref2 as escape into work ref1 and illness ref1, ref2, ref3 resisting ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 see also escape; totality refusal see also work, as all-encompassing; working hours illegal immigrants, deportations ref1 illness ref1, ref2 collective ref1, ref2 see also Social Patients’ Collective as desirable experience ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 of managers ref1, ref2 and productive power ref1, ref2 as weapon against capitalism ref1 ‘immersion room’ exercise ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 imperceptibility ref1 see also invisibility incentivization ref1 indexation process ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 informality and authoritarianism ref1, ref2 see also deformalization insecurity ref1 Institute of Leadership and Management (ILM) ref1, ref2, ref3 invisibility ref1, ref2 ‘Invisible Committee’ ref1, ref2 Italian autonomist thought ref1, ref2 Jameson, F. ref1 Jones, G. ref1 Junjie, Li ref1 Kamp, A. ref1 Kein Mensch ist illegal ref1 Kellaway, L. ref1 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) ref1 Keynes, J.M. ref1, ref2 Khrushchev, Nikita ref1, ref2 Kim, Jonathan ref1 King, Stephen ref1 ‘Kitchen Debate’ ref1 Kramer, M. ref1, ref2 labour unions ref1 dissolution of ref1, ref2 language, evolution of ref1 Larkin, P. ref1 Latour, B. ref1, ref2 Laval, C. ref1, ref2 Lazzarato, M. ref1, ref2 leaders backgrounds ref1 remuneration and bonuses ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 see also managers Lefebvre, H. ref1 Leidner, R. ref1 Lewin, D. ref1 liberation management ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 life itself, enlisting ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 lines of flight ref1, ref2 Lordon, F. ref1, ref2, ref3 Lucas, R. ref1, ref2 Lukács, G. ref1 Lynch, R. ref1 McChesney, R. ref1 McGregor, D. ref1 management ref1, ref2 and class function ref1, ref2 as co-ordination ref1 and inducement of willing obedience ref1, ref2 information deficit ref1 and power ref1, ref2 self-justification rituals ref1 as transferable skill ref1, ref2 managerialism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and abandonment ideology ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and boundary management ref1 and conflict-seeking behaviour ref1 division between managers and managed ref1, ref2 general principles of ref1 and leadership ref1 profligate management function ref1 refusing ref1 and securitization ref1 as self-referential abstraction ref1 managers as abandonment enablers ref1, ref2 and deformalization ref1 and engagement of workers ref1, ref2 lack of practical experience ref1 overwork ref1, ref2 see also leaders Marcuse, H. ref1 Market Basket supermarket chain ref1 Marx, K. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Maslow, A. ref1 Matten, D. ref1 meat consumption ref1 Meek, J. ref1 Meyerson, D. ref1 Michelli, J. ref1 Miller, W.I. ref1 Mitchell, David ref1 mobile technology ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Modafinil ref1, ref2 Monaghan, A. ref1 money ref1, ref2 see also accumulation Mooney, G. ref1 Moore, A.E. ref1 Moore, Michael ref1, ref2 music industry ref1 Naidoo, Kumi ref1 NASA ref1 Natali, Vincenzo ref1 Negri, A. ref1, ref2 neoliberal capitalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and bureaucracy ref1 and ideal worker ref1, ref2 and non-work time ref1, ref2 and paranoia ref1, ref2 resisting ref1, ref2 see also post-labour strategy and threat of abandonment ref1, ref2 and truth telling ref1, ref2, ref3 neoliberalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and class relations ref1, ref2, ref3 and disciplinary power ref1 and human-capital theory ref1 and impossibility ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and micro-fascism ref1 and reign of technocrats ref1 role of state ref1 and truth telling ref1, ref2 and worker engagement ref1, ref2, ref3 Nestlé ref1 New Public Management ref1, ref2 New Zealand, and capitalist deregulation ref1 New Zealand Oil and Gas (NZOG) ref1 Newman, Maurice ref1 Nietzsche, Friedrich ref1, ref2 Nixon, Richard ref1, ref2 Nyhan, B. ref1 obsession ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Onionhead program ref1 overcoding ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 The Pain Journal (Flanagan) ref1, ref2, ref3 paranoia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 overwork/paranoia complex ref1, ref2 Paris Commune ref1, ref2 Parkinson’s Law ref1 Parnet, C. ref1 Parsons, T. ref1 Peep Show (TV comedy) ref1 pensions ref1, ref2 personnel management ref1 see also Human Resource Management Peters, T. ref1 Philip Morris ref1 Pike River Coal mine (New Zealand) ref1 Pollack, Sydney ref1 Pook, L. ref1 Porter, M. ref1, ref2 post-labour strategy, recommendations ref1 postmodernism ref1, ref2, ref3 power ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and truth telling ref1 Prasad, M. ref1 Price, S. ref1 private companies, transferring to public hands ref1 privatization ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 profit maximization ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 quantitative easing ref1 Rand, Ayn ref1 rationalization ref1, ref2, ref3 Reifler, J. ref1 reserve army of the unemployed ref1 Ressler, C. ref1 results-only work environment (ROWE) ref1, ref2, ref3 Rimbaud, A. ref1 Rio+20 Earth Summit (2012) ref1 ‘riot grrrl’ bands ref1 rituals of truth and reconciliation ref1 Roberts, J. ref1 Roger Award ref1 Roger and Me (Moore) ref1 Rosenblatt, R. ref1 Ross, A. ref1, ref2 Ross, K. ref1 Rudd, Kevin ref1 ruling class fear of work-free world ref1, ref2 and paranoia ref1, ref2 Sade, Marquis de ref1 Sallaz, J. ref1 Saurashtra Fuels ref1 Scarry, E. ref1 Securicor (G4S) ref1 Segarra, Carmen ref1 self-abnegation ref1 self-employment ref1 self-management ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 self-preservation ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 self-sufficiency ref1, ref2, ref3 shareholder capitalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 shift work ref1, ref2 see also working hours Shragai, N. ref1 sleep and circadian rhythms ref1 as form of resistance ref1 working in ref1, ref2, ref3 smart drugs ref1, ref2 Smith, Roger ref1 smoking and addiction ref1 dangers of ref1, ref2 scientific research ref1 sociability ref1, ref2 ‘the social’ ref1, ref2 social factory ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and structure of work ref1 social media ref1 Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission ref1 Social Patients’ Collective (SPK) ref1, ref2, ref3 social surplus (commons) ref1, ref2, ref3 socialism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Sontag, S. ref1 Spicer, A. ref1 stakeholder management ref1, ref2 Starbucks ref1 state, theory of ref1 subcontracting ref1, ref2, ref3 subsidization ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 suicide as act of refusal ref1 Freud’s definition ref1 work-related ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 surplus labour ref1, ref2 surplus living wage ref1 ‘tagged’ employees ref1 ‘tagged’ prisoner ref1 Tally, Richard ref1 taxation ref1, ref2, ref3 Taylor, F.W. ref1 Taylor, S. ref1 Taylorism ref1 technological progress, and emancipation from labour ref1 Thatcher, Margaret ref1 Thatcherism ref1 They Shoot Horses Don’t They?

The Rights of the People by David K. Shipler

affirmative action, airport security, computer age, disinformation, facts on the ground, fudge factor, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, mandatory minimum, Mikhail Gorbachev, national security letter, Nelson Mandela, Oklahoma City bombing, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, RFID, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Skype, Thomas L Friedman, union organizing, working poor, zero-sum game

In effect, the police can find cause to pull over practically any driver they choose, a tactic permitted under a long line of Supreme Court cases allowing traffic stops for ulterior purposes.22 Purely suspicionless stops, however, are allowed only if everyone gets stopped, as at a checkpoint, and only to investigate certain noncriminal matters. The Court has approved police roadblocks to check for drunken drivers,23 for illegal immigrants,24 and for invalid licenses and registrations,25 but not for drugs.26 The exception to these rules comes during “exigent circumstances” after a crime, when police can use checkpoints to capture an escaping car. Then comes the question of what police can do once they make a stop. They can look through the windows, and if they see something illegal “in plain view,” such as a bag of crack or the handle of a gun, they have probable cause to search the vehicle.

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Attorney General’s office might still bring criminal charges in such an instance, the Justice Department stopped doing so after District of Columbia v. Heller. The department also stopped countersigning search warrants for guns in homes unless connected with drugs or owned by classes of people still barred by federal law from possessing firearms, who included convicted felons, illegal immigrants, and the mentally ill.3 Outside the home, though, guns were still prohibited, and police gun squads still operated vigorously. Inside residences, drugs remained a key target of police searches, and this one was finished. Quigley was bending over Wendy and explaining the inventory of items seized (the guns, the ammunition, the money, and photographs to be used to identify her son).

…

Without a chance to see the collected information and what agents conclude from it, neither the Congress nor the courts nor the public can tell whether innocents are being pursued, whether the precious resources of law enforcement are chasing around fruitlessly. After investigating itself, the Department of Homeland Security found its procedures to remove names listed incorrectly to be wholly inadequate. A healthy correction by the judicial branch stopped the executive branch in 2007 from using a severely flawed database to ferret out illegal immigrants. The plan required employers to submit Social Security numbers provided by their employees for verification against a government master file. It seemed straightforward enough. The government would issue “no-match letters” when workers provided phony numbers, and employers would be required to fire them within ninety days or face prosecution.

Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order by Parag Khanna

Abraham Maslow, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, Bartolomé de las Casas, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, complexity theory, continuation of politics by other means, crony capitalism, death from overwork, Deng Xiaoping, different worldview, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, Edward Glaeser, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, facts on the ground, failed state, flex fuel, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, gentrification, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, haute couture, Hernando de Soto, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, invisible hand, Islamic Golden Age, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Khyber Pass, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, land reform, Londongrad, low cost airline, low skilled workers, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, meritocracy, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, oil-for-food scandal, open borders, open economy, Parag Khanna, Pax Mongolica, Pearl River Delta, pirate software, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, Potemkin village, price stability, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, reserve currency, restrictive zoning, rising living standards, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skype, South China Sea, special economic zone, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, trade route, trickle-down economics, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

By contrast, China’s rapid and widespread upgrading of worker training has meant that since joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, it has rapidly outpaced Mexico in manufacturing and textile exports to the United States. Despite Mexico’s geographic advantage, more than three hundred maquiladores have shut down and moved to China, resulting in three hundred thousand Mexican jobs lost, almost directly correlating to a massive spike in illegal immigration into the United States.2 With or without a border fence, Mexico’s problems may become America’s even faster than they already are. Inequality and instability go hand in hand. Outside Mexico City—and certainly within it—is a country of colonial monuments juxtaposed at every turn with ramshackle slums, with public investment in hospitals and schools an afterthought.

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This turns border towns like Nuevo Laredo into frightening spectacles of robbery, kidnapping, and gang warfare.4 Mexican immigrants are a double-edged sword for the United States, taking jobs in construction and restaurants Americans don’t want, working harder and for longer hours, but also straining underfunded education and health systems.5 The $16 billion in annual remittances they provide from all fifty American states are a primary source of Mexico’s national income, helping raise its per capita GDP to $9,000, almost double the level at which emigration should begin to decrease. But because the country is so unequal—with up to half the population living in poverty—illegal immigration continues whether America likes it or not. It will require more than laissez-faire NAFTA-nomics to make one country out of Mexico. America’s most magnanimous gesture toward Mexico was bailing out the peso during the 1994 financial crisis, but since then NAFTA has fallen far short of what the EU has done for Turkey.

…

The influx of low-wage migrant labor has expanded the ranks of the poor, both due to their own numbers and because they reduce the wages of unskilled Americans.24 Almost two decades ago Los Angeles was described as the “capital of the third world” due to its segregated immigrant communities seeking simply to stay afloat with little regard for the broader society.25 Samuel Huntington also recently argued that America’s Anglo-Protestant culture and melting pot creed have been undermined by nonintegrating Hispanic minorities, warning that there cannot be an “Americano dream” to substitute for the American Dream without America becoming a schizophrenic nation.26 But it is hard to speak of a deep “community of values” in America when the primary reason Americans don’t support a welfare state to support the poor is that the poor are disproportionately minorities.27 In a country where recidivist violence seems never more than a few steps away, could white nativism reappear more regularly than it already does? The idea of homeland security seems to have as much to do with illegal immigration coming through the southern border as it does with the threat of terrorism. Americans have shown a fear of the future, one that may only accelerate its arrival. In 2005, Europe, India, the United States, and China were all hit by major storms or flooding. In Germany and Poland, thousands of citizens had their livelihoods wiped away, but through immediate assistance from their governments, people worked together to restore homes and towns as quickly as possible.

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Eighth Edition: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers by Kate L. Turabian

Bretton Woods, conceptual framework, correlation does not imply causation, illegal immigration, information security, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Steven Pinker, Telecommunications Act of 1996, two and twenty, W. E. B. Du Bois, yellow journalism, Zeno's paradox

Identify the material as a comment, and include the date when the comment (not the entry itself) was posted. If the comment author's name is incomplete or a pseudonym, add pseud. in brackets after the posted name. N: 8. Peter Pearson, comment on “The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration,” The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006, http://www.beckerposner-blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052 (accessed March 28, 2006). 11. Bill [pseud.], comment on “The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration,” The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 10, 2006, http://www.beckerposner-blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080149 (accessed March 28, 2006). 17.7.3 Electronic Mailing Lists To cite material from an electronic mailing list, include the name of the author, the name of the list, and the date of the posting.

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Include the author's name and the date of the posting. Such items should usually be cited only in a note. You generally need not include them in your bibliography, although you may choose to include a specific item that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. N: 7. Gary Becker, “The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration,” The Becker-Posner Blog, entry posted March 6, 2006, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html (accessed March 28, 2006). To cite a comment posted on a Weblog by someone other than the author of the site, follow the basic pattern for Weblog entries. Identify the material as a comment, and include the date when the comment (not the entry itself) was posted.

Rigged: How the Media, Big Tech, and the Democrats Seized Our Elections by Mollie Hemingway

2021 United States Capitol attack, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, critical race theory, defund the police, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, fake news, George Floyd, global pandemic, illegal immigration, inventory management, lab leak, lockdown, machine readable, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, military-industrial complex, obamacare, Oculus Rift, Paris climate accords, Ponzi scheme, power law, QR code, race to the bottom, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, statistical model, tech billionaire, TikTok

Another decisive issue that separated Trump from the Republican establishment in 2016 was border security. Despite pledging to protect the border, Republicans often lost the courage of their convictions once they made it to Washington. The Republican establishment was at best mealymouthed when it came to fighting illegal immigration, and at worst two-faced. Trump blew all that up by running aggressively on the border issue, pledging to build a wall to keep illegal immigrants out. Trump ended up building over 450 miles of border wall, leading to a decline of illegal crossings in those areas of 90 percent. Customs and Border Protection and Immigration and Customs Enforcement seized over two million pounds of fentanyl, heroin, meth, and other narcotics.

…

Just as Biden locked up his nomination in March, the country locked down in response to the coronavirus outbreak, a global pandemic that had spread across the world from its origin in Wuhan, China. The pandemic crushed the thriving economy, one of Trump’s major selling points as the country underwent what he liked to call a “blue-collar boom.”5 His deregulatory agenda, tax cuts, willingness to tackle illegal immigration to stop the flood of cheap labor into the country, and renegotiation of trade deals to strengthen industry had jump-started an economy that had been flagging throughout his predecessor’s two terms. But now, churches were forced to close, children were banned from school, and public gatherings were declared illegal.

Without Ever Reaching the Summit by Paolo Cognetti

illegal immigration

But he was not a good prophet when he wrote of Saldang, “One day human beings will despair of grinding out subsistence on high cold plateaus, and the last of an old Tibetan culture will blow away among the stones and ruins.” He was wrong. Famines would not kill them off: those mountain people have always faced hunger. So I corrected him: “Sooner or later these human beings will build a direct road to China, from here trucks full of goods and illegal immigrants will pass, barracks of all kinds will rise along the valley, and the riverbed will be reduced to a landfill; and the last vestiges of an ancient Tibetan culture will disappear amid garbage and cell phones.” Om Mani Padme Hum, the old man muttered. Om, the Jewel in the Lotus! I would have liked to ask him for a sip of his liquor.

Griftopia: Bubble Machines, Vampire Squids, and the Long Con That Is Breaking America by Matt Taibbi

addicted to oil, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Bear Stearns, Bernie Sanders, Bretton Woods, buy and hold, carried interest, classic study, clean water, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, computerized trading, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, David Brooks, desegregation, diversification, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, financial innovation, Glass-Steagall Act, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Greenspan put, illegal immigration, interest rate swap, laissez-faire capitalism, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, margin call, market bubble, medical malpractice, military-industrial complex, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, obamacare, passive investing, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, proprietary trading, prudent man rule, quantitative easing, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, Sergey Aleynikov, short selling, sovereign wealth fund, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

It would be a lot easier to listen to what these people have to say if they would just stop whining about how underappreciated they are and insisting that they’re the only people left in America who’ve read the Constitution. In fact, if you listen to them long enough, you almost want to strap them into chairs and make them watch as you redistribute their tax money directly into the arms of illegal immigrant dope addicts. Which is too bad, because when they get past the pathetic self-regard and start to articulate their grievances, they are rooted in genuine anxieties about what’s going on in this country. In the case of these Westchester County revolutionaries, the rallying cry was a lawsuit filed jointly by a liberal nonprofit group in New York City and the Department of Housing and Urban Development against the county.

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Instead of talking about what to do about the fact that, after all the mergers in the crisis, just four banks now account for half of the country’s mortgages and two-thirds of its credit card accounts, we’ll be debating whether or not we should still automatically grant citizenship to the American-born children of illegal immigrants, or should let Arizona institute a pass-law regime, or some such thing. Meanwhile, half a world away, in little-advertised meetings of international bankers in Basel, Switzerland, the financial services industry will be settling on new capital standards for the world’s banks. And here at home, bodies like the CFTC and the Treasury will be slowly, agonizingly making supertechnical decisions on regulatory questions like “Who exactly will be subject to the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau?”

The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth Is Unattainable and the Global Economy Is in Peril by Satyajit Das

"there is no alternative" (TINA), "World Economic Forum" Davos, 9 dash line, accounting loophole / creative accounting, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, Anton Chekhov, Asian financial crisis, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, bond market vigilante , Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, collaborative economy, colonial exploitation, computer age, creative destruction, cryptocurrency, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, digital divide, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, Downton Abbey, Emanuel Derman, energy security, energy transition, eurozone crisis, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial repression, forward guidance, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, geopolitical risk, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Great Leap Forward, Greenspan put, happiness index / gross national happiness, high-speed rail, Honoré de Balzac, hydraulic fracturing, Hyman Minsky, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, indoor plumbing, informal economy, Innovator's Dilemma, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, It's morning again in America, Jane Jacobs, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, Kevin Roose, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Les Trente Glorieuses, light touch regulation, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mahatma Gandhi, margin call, market design, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Minsky moment, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old age dependency ratio, open economy, PalmPilot, passive income, peak oil, peer-to-peer lending, pension reform, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, Potemkin village, precariat, price stability, profit maximization, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Rana Plaza, rent control, rent-seeking, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, rising living standards, risk/return, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Satyajit Das, savings glut, secular stagnation, seigniorage, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Slavoj Žižek, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Fry, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, the market place, the payments system, The Spirit Level, Thorstein Veblen, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, total factor productivity, trade route, transaction costs, uber lyft, unpaid internship, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, Washington Consensus, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Y2K, Yom Kippur War, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game