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Walled Culture: How Big Content Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Keep Creators Poor by Glyn Moody

Aaron Swartz, Big Tech, bioinformatics, Brewster Kahle, connected car, COVID-19, disinformation, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, full text search, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Internet of things, jimmy wales, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, non-fungible token, Open Library, optical character recognition, p-value, peer-to-peer, place-making, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, rent-seeking, text mining, the market place, TikTok, transaction costs, WikiLeaks

By 2020, we can spark a new ‘Carnegie moment’ in which thousands of libraries unlock their analog collections for a new generation of learners, enabling free, long-term, public access to knowledge.”99 By 2022, the Open Libraries project had digitised 2.7 million books, and the Internet Archive had been operating its digital lending library for a decade. However, for 12 weeks during the spring of 2020, the Internet Archive’s system worked a little differently. The global Covid-19 pandemic forced libraries around the world to close their physical locations, and library patrons could not access the millions of books that libraries had bought from publishers. Libraries and schools across the globe reached out to the Internet Archive for help. Under those unprecedented circumstances, the Internet Archive lifted its one-to-one owned-to-loaned ratio (while retaining other controls, such as a two-week loan period and DRM to prevent copying and redistribution) and launched, along with over 100 library endorsements,100 the ‘National Emergency Library’ (NEL).

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In 2022, it held 45 million images, texts, videos and sounds from across the nation. The efforts of both of these entities are dwarfed by that of the Internet Archive.87 In 2005, the Internet Archive announced the Open Content Alliance,88 which coordinated hundreds of libraries to digitise millions of books. The Open Library89 project has created a catalogue of books that helps people find scanned books on archive.org90 as well as in other projects. This was an open alternative to the Google project, and has continued to digitise over 1 million books per year. As well as the Internet Archive’s unique archive of the Internet over the last twenty-five years, which amounts to nearly 600 billion Web pages, there are also scans of 28 million books and texts; 14 million audio recordings (including 220,000 live concerts); 6 million videos (including 2 million TV news programmes); 3.5 million images; and 580,000 software programs.

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_Hart 53 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620163648/http://www.gutenbergnews.org/about/history-of-project-gutenberg/ 54 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620163648/http://www.gutenbergnews.org/about/history-of-project-gutenberg/ 55 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620163725/https://pro.europeana.eu/about-us/mission 56 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621071000/https://www.europeana.eu/en 57 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621070928/https://pro.europeana.eu/post/the-missing-decades-the-20th-century-black-hole-in-europeana 58 https://web.archive.org/web/20160206043510/http://books.google.com/googlebooks/about/history.html 59 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621071024/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition 60 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621071132/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books 61 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621071154/https://www.authorsguild.org/who-we-are/ 62 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621071953/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/technology/writers-sue-google-accusing-it-of-copyright-violation.html 63 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621072029/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/publishers-sue-google-over-book-search-project/ 64 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620164503/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/04/the-tragedy-of-google-books/523320/ 65 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620171524/https://www.authorsguild.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Amended-Settlement-Agreement.pdf 66 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621072210/https://facultydirectory.virginia.edu/faculty/sv2r 67 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620171618/https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/40/3/copyright-creativity-catalogs/DavisVol40No3_Vaidhyanathan.pdf 68 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620164503/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/04/the-tragedy-of-google-books/523320/ 69 https://web.archive.org/web/20131103165236/http://publishers.org/press/85/ 70 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621072300/https://www.eff.org/cases/authors-guild-v-google-part-ii-fair-use-proceedings 71 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621072320/https://www.hathitrust.org/authors_guild_lawsuit_information 72 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621072339/https://www.hathitrust.org/press_10-13-2008 73 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620172106/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/48659-authors-guild-sues-libraries-over-scan-plan.html 74 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621073236/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/business/media/authors-sue-to-remove-books-from-digital-archive.html 75 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620172106/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/48659-authors-guild-sues-libraries-over-scan-plan.html 76 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621073355/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformative_use 77 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620173115/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/54321-in-hathitrust-ruling-judge-says-google-scanning-is-fair-use.html 78 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620173140/https://www.wipo.int/marrakesh_treaty/en/ 79 https://web.archive.org/web/20220705085826/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Love_%28NGO_director%29 80 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620173240/https://www.keionline.org/ 81 https://web.archive.org/web/20220909084848/https://walledculture.org/interview-james-love/ 82 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701065841/https://corporateeurope.org/en/power-lobbies/2017/03/marrakesh-brussels-long-arm-eu-copyright-lobby 83 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621164103/https://www.wired.com/2017/04/how-google-book-search-got-lost/ 84 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620183320/https://www.hathitrust.org/files/14MillionBooksand6MillionVisitors_1.pdf 85 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621164158/https://www.europeana.eu/en/about-us 86 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620183528/https://dp.la/ 87 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621034828/https://archive.org/ 88 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701073551/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/03/business/in-challenge-to-google-yahoo-will-scan-books.html 89 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701073629/https://openlibrary.org/ 90 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621034828/https://archive.org/ 91 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621074031/https://walledculture.org/interview-brewster-kahle-libraries-role-3-internet-battles-licensing-pains-the-national-emergency-library-and-the-internet-archives-controlled-digital-lending-efforts-vs-the-publishers-lawsuit/ 92 https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072842/https:/digitalcommons.du.edu/collaborativelibrarianship/vol12/iss2/8 93 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621074146/https://www.hathitrust.org/ETAS-Description 94 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621075018/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_digital_lending 95 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621075101/https://controlleddigitallending.org/ 96 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621075139/https://controlleddigitallending.org/faq 97 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621183602/http://openlibraries.online/ 98 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701075026/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703279704575335193054884632 99 https://web.archive.org/web/20220121095547/https://archive.org/details/TransformingourLibrariesintoDigitalLibraries102016 100 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701075207/https://docs.google.com/document/u/1/d/e/2PACX-1vQeYK7dKWH7Qqw9wLVnmEo1ZktykuULBq15j7L2gPCXSL3zem4WZO4JFyj-dS9yVK6BTnu7T1UAluOl/pub 101 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701075343/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-national-emergency-library-is-a-gift-to-readers-everywhere 102 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621164306/https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/internet-archives-uncontrolled-digital-lending/ 103 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621164330/https://publishers.org/news/comment-from-aap-president-and-ceo-maria-pallante-on-the-internet-archives-national-emergency-library/ 104 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621164359/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/83472-publishers-charge-the-internet-archive-with-copyright-infringement.html 105 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620201839/https://www.publishersweekly.com/binary-data/ARTICLE_ATTACHMENT/file/000/004/4388-1.pdf 106 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620201859/https://blog.archive.org/2020/06/10/temporary-national-emergency-library-to-close-2-weeks-early-returning-to-traditional-controlled-digital-lending/ 107 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621165251/https://walledculture.org/interview-brewster-kahle-libraries-role-3-internet-battles-licensing-pains-the-national-emergency-library-and-the-internet-archives-controlled-digital-lending-efforts-vs-the-publishers-lawsuit/ 108 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621164359/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/83472-publishers-charge-the-internet-archive-with-copyright-infringement.html 109 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701075637/https://www.techdirt.com/2020/06/04/major-publishers-sue-internet-archives-digital-library-program-midst-pandemic/ 110 https://web.archive.org/web/20220701075917/https://help.archive.org/help/national-emergency-library-faqs/ 111 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621165356/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/trade-shows-events/article/62877-ala-2014-raising-the-stakes.html 112 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620202027/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/77532-tor-scales-back-library-e-book-lending-as-part-of-test.html 113 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621075324/https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/e-book-library-pricing-the-game-changes-again/ 114 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620202210/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/content-and-e-books/article/46333-librarian-unhappiness-over-new-harper-e-book-lending-policy-grows.html 115 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620203003/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/80758-after-tor-experiment-macmillan-expands-embargo-on-library-e-books.html 116 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621075545/https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2019/07/ala-denounces-new-macmillan-library-lending-model-urges-library-customers 117 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620203047/https://www.publishersweekly.com/binary-data/ARTICLE_ATTACHMENT/file/000/004/4353-1.pdf 118 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621165501/https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-communications/an-app-called-libby-and-the-surprisingly-big-business-of-library-e-books 119 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621165531/https://company.overdrive.com/2020/05/14/check-out-mays-trending-titles-on-libby/ 120 https://web.archive.org/web/20220621165603/https://publishers.org/news/aap-october-2020-statshot-report-publishing-industry-up-7-3-for-month-down-1-0-year-to-date/ 121 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620203518/https://www.authorsalliance.org/2021/12/10/update-aap-sues-maryland-over-e-lending-law/ 122 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620203541/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/85785-maryland-legislature-passes-law-supporting-library-access-to-digital-content.html 123 https://web.archive.org/web/20220620203604/https://publishers.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/AAP-v.

We Are the Nerds: The Birth and Tumultuous Life of Reddit, the Internet's Culture Laboratory by Christine Lagorio-Chafkin

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", 4chan, Aaron Swartz, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Bernie Sanders, big-box store, bitcoin, blockchain, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, compensation consultant, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, David Heinemeier Hansson, digital rights, disinformation, Donald Trump, East Village, eternal september, fake news, game design, Golden Gate Park, growth hacking, Hacker News, hiring and firing, independent contractor, Internet Archive, Jacob Appelbaum, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Joi Ito, Justin.tv, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, Lean Startup, lolcat, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, medical residency, minimum viable product, natural language processing, Palm Treo, Paul Buchheit, Paul Graham, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, QR code, r/findbostonbombers, recommendation engine, RFID, rolodex, Ruby on Rails, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, Saturday Night Live, self-driving car, semantic web, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, slashdot, Snapchat, Social Justice Warrior, social web, South of Market, San Francisco, Startup school, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Streisand effect, technoutopianism, uber lyft, Wayback Machine, web application, WeWork, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator

“I know exactly what to do”: Aaron Swartz, “Last Day of Summer Camp,” Raw Thought, January 22, 2007, accessed through Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20070127190324/http://www.aaronsw.com:80/weblog/. “He was freed of all”: Larissa MacFarquhar, “Requiem for a Dream,” New Yorker, March 11, 2013. “She never says”: Swartz, “Last Day of Summer Camp.” The Physicist, the Information Cowboy, the Hacker, and the Troll “So I have my own justification”: Aaron Swartz, “Free Speech: Because We Can,” Raw Thought, November 23, 2006. “I fight laws that restrict”: Aaron Swartz, “Bits are not a bug,” NotaBug.com, accessed through Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20060105054203/http://bits.are.notabug.com/.

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: “Does anyone remember Richard Jewell?,” Reddit, April 17, 2013, accessed through Internet Archive, http://web.archive.org/web/20130419234150/http://www.reddit.com/r/findbostonbombers/comments/1civf6/does_anyone_remember_richard_jewell/. “basically every brown person wearing a backpack”: Adrian Chen, “Your Guide to the Boston Marathon Bombing Amateur Internet Crowd-Sleuthing,” Gawker, April 17, 2013. An acquaintance noted: “Blue Tracksuit Guy Identified…ends up being a local kid,” Reddit, April 18, 2013, accessed through Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030905/http://www.reddit.com/r/findbostonbombers/comments/1cl3cj/blue_tracksuit_guy_identifiedends_up_being_a/.

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deeply fearful of appearing in public: “Blue Tracksuit Guy Identified,” Reddit. It included an email link: r/findbostonbombers subreddit, accessed through Internet Archive, http://web.archive.org/web/20130418155254/http://www.reddit.com/r/findbostonbombers/. “At one point I was banning”: “I was one of the moderators of r/findbostonbombers,” Reddit, February 24, 2014. “Reddit users are hosting”: Ian Steadman, “Reddit users are hosting a witch-hunt for the Boston Marathon bomber,” Wired.co.uk, April 17, 2013, accessed through Internet Archive, http://web.archive.org/web/20130419231714/http://www.wired.co.uk:80/news/archive/2013-04/17/reddit-solve-boston-bombings.

Free culture: how big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity by Lawrence Lessig

Brewster Kahle, Cass Sunstein, content marketing, creative destruction, digital divide, Free Software Foundation, future of journalism, George Akerlof, Innovator's Dilemma, Internet Archive, invention of the printing press, Joi Ito, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, Louis Daguerre, machine readable, new economy, prediction markets, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, rent-seeking, Richard Florida, Richard Stallman, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, software patent, synthetic biology, transaction costs

The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially transitory medium. And yet, as it becomes more important in forming and reforming society, it becomes more and more important to maintain in some historical form. It's just bizarre to think that we have scads of archives of newspapers from tiny towns around the world, yet there is but one copy of the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive. Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer researcher.

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So he launched a series of projects designed to archive human knowledge. The Internet Archive was just the first of the projects of this Andrew Carnegie of the Internet. By December of 2002, the archive had over 10 billion pages, and it was growing at about a billion pages a month. The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human history. At the end of 2002, it held "two hundred and thirty terabytes of material"—and was "ten times larger than the Library of Congress." And this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In addition to the Internet Archive, Kahle has been constructing the Television Archive.

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And the opportunity of leading a different life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the things humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press. Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of libraries or archives could be. When the commercial life of creative property ends, I don't know. But it does. And whenever it does, Kahle and his archive hint at a world where this knowledge, and culture, remains perpetually available.

The Idealist: Aaron Swartz and the Rise of Free Culture on the Internet by Justin Peters

4chan, Aaron Swartz, activist lawyer, Alan Greenspan, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Bayesian statistics, Brewster Kahle, buy low sell high, crowdsourcing, digital rights, disintermediation, don't be evil, Free Software Foundation, global village, Hacker Ethic, hypertext link, index card, informal economy, information retrieval, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Lean Startup, machine readable, military-industrial complex, moral panic, Open Library, Paul Buchheit, Paul Graham, profit motive, RAND corporation, Republic of Letters, Richard Stallman, selection bias, semantic web, Silicon Valley, social bookmarking, social web, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, strikebreaker, subprime mortgage crisis, Twitter Arab Spring, Vannevar Bush, Whole Earth Catalog, Y Combinator

In 1999, he sold his company, Alexa Internet—an homage to his beloved Library of Alexandria—to Amazon for $250 million in stock, and then turned his attentions to building and maintaining the Internet Archive, which he founded in 1996. The nonprofit Internet Archive is dedicated to the overwhelming task of archiving the entire World Wide Web. It sends little “spiders” spinning across the Web to “crawl” through every website they can find and to memorize what those sites looked like on any given day. Those snapshots are then stored on the Internet Archive’s servers, where they serve as a massive, functional photo album of the World Wide Web past and present. For Kahle, however, archiving websites for posterity had always been a prelude to the archiving of books.

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., 245. 65 “American Censorship Day,” November 17, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20111117023831/http://americancensorship.org/. 66 Ibid., November 18, 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20111118014748/http://americancensorship.org/. 67 Moon, Ruffini, and Segal, Hacking Politics, 117. 68 Brewster Kahle, “12 Hours Dark: Internet Archive vs. Censorship,” Internet Archive Blogs, January 17, 2012, https://blog.archive.org/2012/01/17/12-hours-dark-internet-archive-vs-censorship/. 69 Senator Bob Menendez, Twitter post, January 17, 2012, 3:17 p.m., https://twitter.com/SenatorMenendez. 70 Senator Jeff Merkley, Twitter post, January 18, 2012, 8:47 a.m., https://twitter.com/SenJeffMerkley. 71 Senator Mark Kirk, “Kirk Announces Opposition to PROTECT IP Act,” news release, January 18, 2012, http://kirk-press.enews.senate.gov/mail/util.cfm?

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For Kahle, however, archiving websites for posterity had always been a prelude to the archiving of books. In late summer 2002, Kahle began uploading public-domain books onto the Internet Archive servers. Then he purchased an old Ford minivan and christened it the Internet Bookmobile. On the side of the bookmobile, written in the Comic Sans typeface, was the phrase 1,000,000 Books Inside (soon). Inside the bookmobile were a couple of laptop computers, a high-speed color printer, and a bookbinding machine; on its roof sat a satellite dish connected to the Internet Archive’s servers in California. That fall, Kahle packed his eight-year-old son, a couple of friends, and a freelance journalist named Richard Koman into the bookmobile, and drove it cross-country in a mobile demonstration of the good things that can happen when the public domain meets an eccentric, civic-minded multimillionaire.

Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy by Lawrence Lessig

Aaron Swartz, Amazon Web Services, Andrew Keen, Benjamin Mako Hill, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Brewster Kahle, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, collaborative editing, commoditize, disintermediation, don't be evil, Erik Brynjolfsson, folksonomy, Free Software Foundation, Internet Archive, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, Joi Ito, Kevin Kelly, Larry Wall, late fees, Mark Shuttleworth, Netflix Prize, Network effects, new economy, optical character recognition, PageRank, peer-to-peer, recommendation engine, revision control, Richard Stallman, Ronald Coase, Saturday Night Live, search costs, SETI@home, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, Steve Jobs, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, thinkpad, transaction costs, VA Linux, Wayback Machine, yellow journalism, Yochai Benkler

As of June 3, 2006, over 120,000 volunteers in 186 countries have participated in the project.64 The contributions to these distributed-computing projects are voluntary. Price does not meter access either to the projects or to their results. • The Internet Archive is a sharing economy. Launched in 1996 by serial technology entrepreneur (and one of the successful ones) Brewster Kahle, the Internet Archive seeks to offer “permanent access for researchers, historians, and scholars to historical collections that exist in digital format.”65 But to do this, Kahle depends upon more than the extraordinarily generous financial support that he provides to the project.

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Virtually anyone with Internet access is free to contribute, by contributing neutral, cited information.” People contribute because they want to feel that they’re helping others. Some people help the Internet Archive or Project Gutenberg because they want to be part of their mission: to offer “permanent access for researchers, historians, and scholars to historical collections that exist in digital format” (Internet Archive) or to “encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks” (Project Gutenberg). But again, even the thee-regarding motivations need not be descriptions of self-sacrifice. I suspect that no one contributes to Wikipedia despite hating what he does, solely because he believes 80706 i-xxiv 001-328 r4nk.indd 175 8/12/08 1:55:34 AM 176 REMI X he ought to help create free knowledge.

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Wikpedia contributors, “SETI@home,” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, available at link #78 (last visited August 20, 2007). See also Benkler, “Sharing Nicely,” 275. 64. Wikpedia contributors, “Einstein@Home,” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, available at link #79 (last visited August 20, 2007). 65. “About the Internet Archive,” Internet Archive, available at link #80 (last visited July 31, 2007). 66. All quotes from Brewster Kahle taken from an interview conducted January 24, 2007, by telephone. 67. NASA Ames, “Welcome to the Clickworkers Study,” Clickworkers, available at link #81 (last visited July 31, 2007). 68. B. Kanefsky, N.

Hemingway Didn't Say That: The Truth Behind Familiar Quotations by Garson O'Toole

Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, Anton Chekhov, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, en.wikipedia.org, Honoré de Balzac, Internet Archive, Lao Tzu, Mahatma Gandhi, New Journalism, ought to be enough for anybody, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Steve Jobs, Wayback Machine, Yogi Berra

The website answerbag.com is now defunct, but the webpage cited here can be found via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine, which captured a snapshot of the webpage on October 25, 2012. See https://web.archive.org/web/20121025152939/http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/2809436. 3. “The Day That Albert Einstein Feared May Have Finally Arrived,” imfunny.net, November 3, 2012. The website imfunny.net is now defunct, but the webpage cited here can be found via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine, which captured a snapshot of the webpage on November 10, 2012, although, unfortunately, the picture with the quotation was not part of the snapshot. (The Internet Archive Wayback Machine does not always store all images.)

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Carrie Rickey, “Arnold’s Mission: Keeping Vanessa Williams Alive,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 21, 1996, 3. 4. W. H. Davenport Adams, “Imitators and Plagiarists, In Two Parts—Part II,” Gentleman’s Magazine, June 1892, 627–28, https://goo.gl/WqSo1N. 5. T. S. Eliot, The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism (London: Methuen, 1920), 114. Accessed in Internet Archive, https://archive.org/stream/sacredwoodessays00eliorich#page/114/mode/2up. 6. Harvey Breit, “Reader’s Choice,” Atlantic Monthly, October 1949, 76–78. 7. Marvin Magalaner, Time of Apprenticeship: The Fiction of Young James Joyce (New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1959), 34. 8. Robert Benton and Gloria Steinem, “The Student Prince: Or How to Seize Power Through an Undergraduate,” Esquire, September 1962, 85. 9.

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Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (Charleston: The Council, 1871), 828, 838, https://goo.gl/b8ZFbs. 5. John Haynes Holmes et al., Readings from Great Authors Arranged for Responsive, or Other Use in Churches, Schools, Forums, Homes, Etc. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1918), 17–18. Accessed in Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/readingsfromgre01goldgoog. 6. Ted Robinson, Philosopher of Folly’s, Cleveland Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), October 14, 1932, 10. Accessed in GenealogyBank. 7. Ted Robinson, Philosopher of Folly’s, Cleveland Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), October 28, 1932, 8. Accessed in GenealogyBank. 8.

Interlibrary Loan Practices Handbook by Cherie L. Weible, Karen L. Janke

Firefox, information retrieval, Internet Archive, late fees, machine readable, Multics, optical character recognition, pull request, QR code, transaction costs, Wayback Machine, Works Progress Administration

Following are some of the important sources of free full text: •â•‡ arXiv (580,000 e-prints), http://arxiv.org •â•‡ Directory of Open Access Journals (5,513 journals; 459,876 articles), www .doaj.org •â•‡ Electronic Theses Online Service (250,000+ theses), www.ethos.ac.uk •â•‡ E-PRINT Network (5.5 million e-prints), www.osti.gov/eprints/ •â•‡ Google Books (millions of full-view books), http://books.google.com •â•‡ HathiTrust (5.2 million volumes), www.hathitrust.org •â•‡ Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (793,000 works), www.ndltd.org •â•‡ Open Content Alliance, volumes available at www.archive.org/details/texts/ •â•‡ OpenDOAR (1,650 repositories), www.opendoar.org •â•‡ Project Gutenberg (30,000 books), www.gutenberg.org •â•‡ Web archiving: •â•‡ Internet Archive (150 billion pages), www.archive.org •â•‡ Internet Archive’s Text Archive (1.8 million works), www.archive.org/ details/texts/ •â•‡ Pandora, Australia’s web archive, http://pandora.nla.gov.au •â•‡ UK Web Archive (127.9 million files), www.webarchive.org.uk/ukwa/info/ about/ Looking more specifically at Google Books, a 2006 study of ILL requests at the University of Virginia found 2.6 percent of pre-1923 ILL loan requests could have been filled by Google Books.

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The content of the repository is searchable, and the full-text of public domain items is freely available on the Internet. Though originally a collaboration between the thirteen member universities of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) and the University of California system, membership in the HathiTrust is open to all. The Internet Archive hosts the Wayback Machine, an archive of the World Wide Web. It is also home to extensive archives of moving images, audio, software, educational resources, and text. In addition to housing public domain documents, the Text Archive contains a collection of open access documents, many of which are licensed using Creative Commons licenses.

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By working together as a community, we can harness technology to provide new and improved services to our users and affect positive change in ILL practices. web resources • Ariel Information Center, www4.infotrieve.com/ariel/ricari.html • Atlas Systems, www.atlas-sys.com • British Library, EThOS (Electronic Theses Online Service), http://ethos.bl.uk • DOCLINE, www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/docline.html • EFTS, https://efts.uchc.edu • Europeana, http://europeana.eu • Gallica, http://gallica.bnf.fr • Google, www.google.com • Google Books, http://books.google.com • HathiTrust, www.hathitrust.org • IDS Project Workflow Toolkit, http://workflowtoolkit.wordpress.com • Internet Archive, www.archive.org technology and web 2.0 • Library of Congress, American Memory Historical Collections, http://memory.loc.gov • Library of Congress, THOMAS, http://thomas.loc.gov • National Archives and Records Administration, www.nara.gov • Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), www.ndltd.org •â•›OCLC ILLiad 8.0 Documentation, https://prometheus.atlas-sys.com/display/illiad8/ ILLiad+8.0+Documentation • Project Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.org • RapidILL, www.rapidill.org • ShareILL, www.shareill.org • Theses Canada Portal, www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/thesescanada/index-e.html • United States National Library of Medicine, DocMorph: Electronic Document Conversion, http://docmorph.nlm.nih.gov/docmorph/ notes 1.

An Economic History of the Twentieth Century by J. Bradford Delong

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, ASML, asset-backed security, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, buy and hold, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, colonial rule, coronavirus, cotton gin, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, ending welfare as we know it, endogenous growth, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial repression, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, general purpose technology, George Gilder, German hyperinflation, global value chain, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Rosling, hedonic treadmill, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, income per capita, industrial research laboratory, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, invention of agriculture, invention of the steam engine, It's morning again in America, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, land reform, late capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, means of production, megacity, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mortgage debt, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, occupational segregation, oil shock, open borders, open economy, Paul Samuelson, Pearl River Delta, Phillips curve, plutocrats, price stability, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, public intellectual, quantitative easing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, restrictive zoning, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, rolodex, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social intelligence, Stanislav Petrov, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, Suez canal 1869, surveillance capitalism, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, too big to fail, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, TSMC, union organizing, vertical integration, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wayback Machine, Yom Kippur War

Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Program, in Marx/Engels Selected Works, vol. 3, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1970 [1875], 13–30, available at Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha. 33. Richard Easterlin, Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-First Century in Historical Perspective, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2009, 154. 34. Easterlin, Growth Triumphant, 154. 35. Thomas Robert Malthus, First Essay on Population, London: Macmillan, 1926 [1798], Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/b31355250. The phrase “Malthus had disclosed a Devil” is from John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London: Macmillan, 1919, 8. 1.

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Winston Churchill, The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan, London: Longmans, Green, 1899, n.p. 5. L. A. Knight, “The Royal Titles Act and India,” Historical Journal 11, no. 3 (1968): 488–507. 6. Karl Marx, “British Rule in India,” New-York Daily Tribune, June 25, 1853, available at Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1853/06/25.htm; Karl Marx, “The Future Results of British Rule in India,” New-York Daily Tribune, July 22, 1853, available at Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/410.htm. 7. Dugald Stewart, Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith, LL.D., Edinburgh: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1794, available at my website at https://delong.typepad.com/files/stewart.pdf. 8.

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Hegel as quoted by John Ganz, “The Politics of Cultural Despair,” Substack, April 20, 2021, https://johnganz.substack.com/p/the-politics-of-cultural-despair. @Ronald00Address reports that it is from G. W. F. Hegel, Letter to [Karl Ludwig von] Knebel, August 30, 1807, NexusMods, www.nexusmods.com/cyberpunk2077/images/15600, quoted in Walter Benjamin, On the Concept of History, 1940, translated by Dennis Redmond, August 4, 2001, Internet Archive Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20120710213703/http://members.efn.org/~dredmond/Theses_on_History.PDF. 20. Madeleine Albright, Fascism: A Warning, New York: HarperCollins, 2018. 21. Fred Block, “Introduction,” in Karl Polanyi, Great Transformation. 22. See Charles I. Jones, “Paul Romer: Ideas, Nonrivalry, and Endogenous Growth,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 121, no. 3 (2019): 859–883. 23.

Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms by David S. Evans, Richard Schmalensee

Airbnb, Alvin Roth, Andy Rubin, big-box store, business process, cashless society, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, creative destruction, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, disruptive innovation, if you build it, they will come, information asymmetry, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invention of the telegraph, invention of the telephone, Jean Tirole, John Markoff, Lyft, M-Pesa, market friction, market microstructure, Max Levchin, mobile money, multi-sided market, Network effects, PalmPilot, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, QR code, ride hailing / ride sharing, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, the long tail, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, two-sided market, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, vertical integration, Victor Gruen, Wayback Machine, winner-take-all economy

E-mail from Karim Jawed, quoted in Randall Stross, Planet Google: One Company’s Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know (New York: Free Press, 2009), 116. 8. As of April 28, 2005. This does not appear in Wayback Machine screenshots after this date. YouTube home page (archived April 28, 2005), Internet Archive Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20050428014715/ http://www.youtube.com/. 9. Karim, “YouTube: From Concept to Hypergrowth.” 10. Stross, Planet Google, 116. 11. YouTube home page (archived September 1, 2005), Internet Archive Wayback Machine. 12. Under US copyright law, a site is supposed to take down copyrighted material when it is notified. YouTube was eventually sued over whether it complied.

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Donny Kwok, “Alibaba.com Says Asia Needs E-Business,” Reuters News, October 7, 1999. 14. Winter Nie, “A Leap of Faith with Alibaba,” June 2014, http://www.imd.org/research/challenges/TC046-14-leap-of-faith-with-alibaba-winter-nie.cfm. 15. Kwok, “Alibaba.com Says Asia Needs E-Business” 16. Alibaba.com’s home page (archived February 8, 2000), Internet Archive Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20000208125348/ http://www.alibaba.com/. 17. Alibaba Group, “Alibaba.com Celebrates 1,000,000th Member,” December 27, 2001, http://www.alibabagroup.com/en/news/press_pdf/p011227.pdf. 18. Shiying Liu and Martha Avery, alibaba (New York: HarperCollins e-books, 2009), 69. 19.

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This talk provides an interesting and entertaining look at the early history of YouTube. 2. And maybe find a date. Right underneath the sign-in, users were prompted for “I’m a [blank] seeking [a blank] between [the age of blank] and [the age of blank].” YouTube home page (archived April 28, 2005), Internet Archive Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.Org/web/20050428014715/ http://www.youtube.com/. 3. This chapter focuses on situations like that faced by YouTube, in which more participation on any one side attracts more participation on the other side(s). This is true for many but not all multisided platforms.

How to Fix the Future: Staying Human in the Digital Age by Andrew Keen

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Ada Lovelace, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Andrew Keen, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, Brewster Kahle, British Empire, carbon tax, Charles Babbage, computer age, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data is the new oil, death from overwork, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Didi Chuxing, digital capitalism, digital map, digital rights, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, European colonialism, fake news, Filter Bubble, Firefox, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, gig economy, global village, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, job automation, Joi Ito, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Mitch Kapor, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Norbert Wiener, OpenAI, Parag Khanna, peer-to-peer, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, post-truth, postindustrial economy, precariat, Ralph Nader, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rutger Bregman, Salesforce, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Snapchat, social graph, software is eating the world, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, subscription business, surveillance capitalism, Susan Wojcicki, tech baron, tech billionaire, tech worker, technological determinism, technoutopianism, The Future of Employment, the High Line, the new new thing, Thomas L Friedman, Tim Cook: Apple, Travis Kalanick, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, universal basic income, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, WikiLeaks, winner-take-all economy, Y Combinator, Yogi Berra, Zipcar

You’ll remember there was even a parallel event in the same month as the Berlin conference—the “Decentralized Web Summit” at San Francisco’s Internet Archive, featuring many of the internet’s original architects, including the inventor Berners-Lee and the TCP/IP creator Vint Cerf. Everyone, it seems, on both sides of the Atlantic, is nostalgic for the future. “The web’s creator looks to reinvent it,” as the New York Times described this June 2016 event, which brought together privacy advocates and pioneers of such peer-to-peer technologies as blockchain to discuss a “new phase of the internet.”1 Brewster Kahle, the Internet Archive founder and summit organizer, believes that the time is now right for a radical re-decentralization of digital power.

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And so, at the 2016 “Decentralized Web Summit” in San Francisco, an event conducted in the same idealistic spirit as BlueYard Capital’s “Encrypted and Decentralized” conference in Berlin, Berners-Lee spoke passionately about the state of the internet, particularly the emergence of vast digital monopolies and the pervasive culture of online surveillance. This summit, held in San Francisco’s Inner Richmond district, near the Golden Gate Bridge, at the headquarters of the Internet Archive—the world’s largest nonprofit digital library—captured the disenchantment with the current web that exists among many other leading technologists. Attended by such internet founding fathers as Berners-Lee and Vint Cerf—the inventor of the TCP/IP protocol that created the all-important “universal rulebook”8 for global online communications, a code to enable the smooth running of the networked commons—the summit called for a return to the original sharing ideals of the web.

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Attended by such internet founding fathers as Berners-Lee and Vint Cerf—the inventor of the TCP/IP protocol that created the all-important “universal rulebook”8 for global online communications, a code to enable the smooth running of the networked commons—the summit called for a return to the original sharing ideals of the web. “We originally wanted three things from the internet—reliability, privacy, and fun,” Brewster Kahle, the summit organizer and the founder of the Internet Archive, told me when I visited him at his funky offices in a defunct Christian Science church. We got the fun, he admitted. But the other stuff, privacy and reliability, he argued, hasn’t been delivered. Privacy, in particular, remains a hugely important issue for Kahle. It was Edward Snowden, Kahle reminded me, who revealed that the British security apparatus was monitoring everyone who accessed the WikiLeaks site and then turning the names of American visitors over to the National Security Agency (NSA).

Intertwingled: The Work and Influence of Ted Nelson (History of Computing) by Douglas R. Dechow

3D printing, Apple II, Bill Duvall, Brewster Kahle, Buckminster Fuller, Claude Shannon: information theory, cognitive dissonance, computer age, Computer Lib, conceptual framework, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, Edward Snowden, game design, HyperCard, hypertext link, Ian Bogost, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Ivan Sutherland, Jaron Lanier, knowledge worker, linked data, Marc Andreessen, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Mother of all demos, pre–internet, Project Xanadu, RAND corporation, semantic web, Silicon Valley, software studies, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, The Home Computer Revolution, the medium is the message, Vannevar Bush, Wall-E, Whole Earth Catalog

Accessed 4 Jan 2015 Footnotes 1System builders will be still on the scene because their job will never be finished. 2See in this volume, Laurie Spiegel, Chap. 6: Riffing on Ted Nelson. © The Author(s) 2015 Douglas R. Dechow and Daniele C. Struppa (eds.)IntertwingledHistory of Computing10.1007/978-3-319-16925-5_5 5. Hanging Out with Ted Nelson Brewster Kahle1 (1)Internet Archive, 300 Funston Ave, 94118 San Francisco, CA, USA Brewster Kahle Email: brewster@archive.org It’s a great honor to honor a great man like Ted Nelson. I have very much enjoyed my whole relationship with him. That’s why I’ve titled my short piece “Hanging Out with Ted Nelson” so that I can discuss what it is it like to sort of bum around and hitch rides and just play around with Ted.

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We really need a writers’ machine, one that would be worthy of the vision of Ted. I could have been crushed, but the conversation was an inspiration to keep moving forward. We should not say, “Hurray! We’ve already done it. Look at all these users.” Ted doesn’t say that. Ted started hanging around at the Internet Archive because he lives in Sausalito on a cute little houseboat with wonderful Marlene. We would be hanging out and he’d be yearning to try and get more of his ideas built. He was never comfortable with saying, “Oh yes, I’ve achieved great things. Aren’t I terrific? Now it’s time for me to hang out on my houseboat.”

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There’s this concept of these hack days or hacker-fests where people would work for a couple days, and the lore is that great things would come out of these 2-day sessions. I would always have my little doubts of how much you could actually get done in such a short amount of time. So I posed to Ted, “How about having Ted Nelson month?” I suggested we gather together a set of programmers and a set of facilities with the Internet Archive, or at least as much as we could spare. It would be his oyster for a month. He’s always audio-recording, ever since the 1960s. What would he do with a group that could scan his tapes or go build that together into something else? Or scan the books that he’s written or books that he’s enjoyed?

Lurking: How a Person Became a User by Joanne McNeil

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Ada Lovelace, Adam Curtis, Airbnb, AltaVista, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Andy Rubin, benefit corporation, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Burning Man, Cambridge Analytica, Chelsea Manning, Chris Wanstrath, citation needed, cloud computing, context collapse, crowdsourcing, data science, deal flow, decentralized internet, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, eternal september, fake news, feminist movement, Firefox, gentrification, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Google Hangouts, green new deal, helicopter parent, holacracy, Internet Archive, invention of the telephone, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, Jon Ronson, Julie Ann Horvath, Kim Stanley Robinson, l'esprit de l'escalier, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Max Levchin, means of production, Menlo Park, Mondo 2000, moral panic, move fast and break things, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, packet switching, PageRank, pre–internet, profit motive, Project Xanadu, QAnon, real-name policy, recommendation engine, Salesforce, Saturday Night Live, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, slashdot, Snapchat, social graph, Social Justice Warrior, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, subscription business, surveillance capitalism, tech worker, techlash, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, Turing complete, Wayback Machine, We are the 99%, web application, white flight, Whole Earth Catalog, you are the product

They hired a “Library Partnership Manager,” who sent out the “Google Librarian Newsletter,” which included a mix of links to news on libraries and its own products like Google Earth. The newsletters were sent less frequently in 2007, and they finally came to a stop in 2009. Later, the Librarian Center page was taken offline, although it is still available to view on the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine. After abandoning the community, Google returned to the ALA Conference in 2012 with convenient corporate amnesia. Google claimed it was a first-time exhibitor. A number of librarians were confused and insulted. “Librarians remember,” West said. But so much had changed in the years between Google’s ALA debuts, and part of that was the company’s influence elsewhere.

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The Katie Hafner quote about the BBS’s “public broadcasting sensibility” comes from an article she wrote for The New York Times (“Old Newsgroups in New Packages,” June 24, 1999). Information about AOL, including its description of channels, comes from “The Official America Online Tour Guide, Third Edition, 1997,” a text that is available to read on the Internet Archive. Echo was a “conferencing service,” but that is a “fine distinction” from the BBS, as Stacy Horn told me. This section draws on my interviews with Horn in March and August 2017. I also consulted Horn’s memoir about her experience founding the company (“And Now,” in Cyberville: Clicks, Culture, and the Creation of an Online Town, Warner Books, 1998).

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There have been a few recent pieces looking back at Anacam, including Heather Saul in The Independent (“What Happened to One of the First Ever Internet Stars,” January 29, 2016) and Ana Voog for Vice Broadly (“I Was One of the Most Famous People Online in 1998—Then I Disappeared,” June 22, 2018). If one wishes to explore the “Universal Sleep Station,” well, the Internet Archive has you covered (e.g., October 12, 1999, web.archive.org/web/19991012223749/http://www.voog.com/). Melissa Gira Grant’s essay “She Was a Camera” appeared on Rhizome (October 26, 2011). Wafaa Bilal’s anecdotes come from his book Shoot an Iraqi: Art, Life and Resistance Under the Gun (City Lights, 2008, 79–86).

Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days by Jessica Livingston

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 8-hour work day, Aaron Swartz, affirmative action, AltaVista, Apple II, Apple Newton, Bear Stearns, Boeing 747, Brewster Kahle, business cycle, business process, Byte Shop, Compatible Time-Sharing System, Danny Hillis, David Heinemeier Hansson, digital rights, don't be evil, eat what you kill, fake news, fear of failure, financial independence, Firefox, full text search, game design, General Magic , Googley, Hacker News, HyperCard, illegal immigration, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, Joi Ito, Justin.tv, Larry Wall, Maui Hawaii, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, Mitch Kapor, Multics, nuclear winter, PalmPilot, Paul Buchheit, Paul Graham, Peter Thiel, proprietary trading, Richard Feynman, Robert Metcalfe, Ruby on Rails, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, side project, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social software, software patent, South of Market, San Francisco, Startup school, stealth mode startup, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Steve Wozniak, The Soul of a New Machine, web application, Y Combinator

And he said, “OK, let’s do it that way.” So we got acquired, and we ran as a separate company. The company is still running. It’s about 200 yards away from the Internet Archive, which is where I am now. I stayed for 3 years and then moved over to build the Internet Archive—which had nobody working here—into a real organization. Because once we had enough materials, then we could build the library. So Alexa was about the cataloging of the library, and the Internet Archive is trying to build the stuff. Livingston: This was your dream? Kahle: Yes. One thing I learned from Marvin Minsky (one of the founders of AI) was, “Pick a big enough project, something that’s really hard, something that over the years you can work on.”

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The next year, Kahle founded Alexa Internet with Bruce Gilliat. The Alexa toolbar tracked user browsing behavior and suggested related links using collaborative filtering. Once captured, pages visited by users would then be “donated” to the related nonprofit Internet Archive, to help build a history of the Web. Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999. Kahle continues to run the Internet Archive. Livingston: You were one of the first members of the Thinking Machines team. What number employee were you? Kahle: I was not one of the two founders—they were Danny Hillis and Sheryl Handler. I was on the project team at MIT, so when we started the company, anybody from that team that wanted to come came.

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For an entrepreneur, acquisitions are very difficult to manage. That’s a warning. I’ve been through two acquisitions. One was WAIS; that was bought by AOL. The next round I built two organizations at the same time. One was called Alexa Internet (short for the Library of Alexandria), and the other was the Internet Archive, to archive everything that was in the library. Alexa was a for-profit, and the Internet Archive was nonprofit. I didn’t make enough money to go and make a nonprofit and fund it myself, and I didn’t know how to ask for money in a nonprofit, but I knew how to build products. Alexa Internet was a navigation system for the Internet. Bruce Gilliat and I started it out here in San Francisco, in a house in the middle of a park—in the Presidio.

Clock of the Long Now by Stewart Brand

Albert Einstein, Brewster Kahle, Buckminster Fuller, Charles Babbage, Colonization of Mars, complexity theory, Danny Hillis, Eratosthenes, Extropian, fault tolerance, George Santayana, Herman Kahn, Internet Archive, Jaron Lanier, Kevin Kelly, Kim Stanley Robinson, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, life extension, longitudinal study, low earth orbit, Metcalfe’s law, Mitch Kapor, nuclear winter, pensions crisis, phenotype, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Metcalfe, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, technological singularity, Ted Kaczynski, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, Vernor Vinge, Whole Earth Catalog

We now have more room to store stuff than there is stuff to store. In other words, concludes Lesk, “We will be able to save everything—no information will have to be thrown out—and the typical piece of information will never be looked at by a human being.” Most information will simply be exchanged among computers. Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive is attempting to download and preserve the entire World Wide Web. The easy part of that Herculean endeavor is the digital storage. Such a deluge of data, accelerating every month, does bring its own problems. The vast archives of digitized NASA satellite imagery of the Earth in the 1960s and 1970s—priceless to scientists studying change over time—now reside in obsolete, unreadable formats on magnetic tape.

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It may even become its own tool. As the science-fiction writer Vernor Vinge has suggested, the Net is supplied with so much computer power and is gaining so much massively parallel amplification of that power by its burgeoning connectivity that it might one day “wake up.” Brewster Kahle, of the Internet Archive, asks, “What happens when the library of human knowledge can process what it knows and provide advice?” At the same time Long Now is contemplating a timeless desert retreat it has to explore how it can foster on the Net the types of services monasteries provided to deurbanized Europe after the fall of Rome and that universities provided to cities after the twelfth century.

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Holmes, George Holocene Holy Fire Hoyle, Fred “Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystems” Ibn al-Kifti Idea of Decline in Western History, The Iliad, The Indian culture and time Individual time Infinite games Inflation Information endangered quantity of quantity of worldwide Infrastructure natural systems as Institute for the Future Intel Corporation Internet as dominant event of our time and information preservation and universal virtual-reality world See also World Wide Web Internet Archive Ise Shrine Islam and the Messiah I Told You So! services Jain account of time Java programming language Johnson, Samuel Joy, Bill Judaism and history and the Messiah Kaczynski, Ted Kahle, Brewster Kahn, Herman Kairos Kairos-chronos dialogue Kanter, Rosabeth Moss Kaplan, Robert D.

Off the Edge: Flat Earthers, Conspiracy Culture, and Why People Will Believe Anything by Kelly Weill

4chan, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic bias, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Big Tech, bitcoin, Comet Ping Pong, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, cryptocurrency, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, fake news, false flag, income inequality, Internet Archive, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Mars Society, mass immigration, medical malpractice, moral panic, off-the-grid, QAnon, recommendation engine, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, tech worker, Tesla Model S, TikTok, Timothy McVeigh, Wayback Machine, Y2K

date=19970328&slug=2531080. alien abduction insurance Edith Lederer, “Alien Abduction Insurance Cancelled,” Associated Press, April 2, 1997. quirk of computer geeks Weise, “Internet Provided Way to Pay Bills.” “hamster insurrectionist group” Fake Flat Earth Society home page, Wayback Machine, Internet Archive, February 26, 2000, https://web.archive.org/ web/20000226041945/http://alaska.net/~clund/e_djublonskopf/flathome.htm. “interesting and/or revolting websites” Kate Silver, “Site Specific,” Miami Herald, November 30, 2001. “government-run re-education centers” “Welcome to Y2K Newswire,” November 18, 1999, Wayback Machine, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/ web/19991118033625/http://www.y2knewswire.com/. “into the year 2000” Jonathan Chevreau, “Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Y2K Bug?”

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., “YouTube Shooter Nasim Aghdam’s Father Baffled by Her Violence,” NBC News, April 4, 2018, www. nbcnews.com/news/us-news/youtube-shooter-nasim-aghdam-was-vegan-whohad-complained-about-n862586. 116 feeling much better Nick Morgan, “Cave Junction Man Admits to Threats against YouTube CEO,” Wayback Machine, Internet Archive, Mail Tribune, February 20, 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20200224015404/ https://www.mailtribune.com/news/crime-courts-emergencies/ cave-junction-man-admits-to-threats-against-youtube-ceo. 116 three conspiracy theories “Continuing Our Work to Improve Recommendations on YouTube,” YouTube Official Blog, January 25, 2019, https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/continuing-our-work-to-improve.

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“personal luxuries” Paul On The Plane, “Flat Earth Antarctic Expedition 2017,” YouTube video, June 10, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QBpi47ma84. suppress its believers Paul On The Plane, “2017 Antarctica Expedition – REAL or HOAX?” YouTube video, August 17, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=pp_b1H8SHAo&t=0s. starting at $11,900 Over the Poles home page, Wayback Machine, Internet Archive, May 12, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180512054019/https://www .overthepoles2018.com/. in whiteout conditions Hugh Morris, “The Trouble with Flying over Antarctica—and the Airline That’s Planning to Start,” Telegraph, April 17, 2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/do-planes-fly-over-antarctica/.

The Hacker and the State: Cyber Attacks and the New Normal of Geopolitics by Ben Buchanan

active measures, air gap, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, borderless world, Brian Krebs, British Empire, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, credit crunch, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, fake news, family office, Hacker News, hive mind, information security, Internet Archive, Jacob Appelbaum, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, kremlinology, Laura Poitras, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Nate Silver, operational security, post-truth, profit motive, RAND corporation, ransomware, risk tolerance, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, subscription business, technoutopianism, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, Wargames Reagan, WikiLeaks, zero day

Viktor Borisovich Netyksho et al., 11. 25. United States of America v. Viktor Borisovich Netyksho et al. 26. United States of America v. Viktor Borisovich Netyksho et al., 13. 27. The site has since been taken down, but it is possible to reconstruct its appearance from the Internet Archive. “DC Leaks / About,” Internet Archive, June 20, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160620202602/http:/dcleaks.com:80/index.php/about. 28. Alperovitch, “Bears in the Midst”; Ellen Nakashima, “Russian Government Hackers Penetrated DNC, Stole Opposition Research on Trump,” Washington Post, June 14, 2016. 29.

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This is one key part of what Kennan’s “perpetual rhythm of struggle” looks like in the digital age. All major powers seem unwilling or unable to stop it. To the contrary, they embrace it. Unfettered and undeterred, their hackers reshape the world. Notes INTRODUCTION 1. The tweets and original message have since been deleted but can be accessed via internet archives; this is true for many of the internet postings cited in this Introduction and in Chapter 11. “The Shadow Brokers Twitter History,” https://swithak.github.io/SH20TAATSB18/Archive/Tweets/TSB/TSBTwitterHistory/; theshadowbrokers, “Equation Group Cyber Weapons Auction—Invitation,” Pastebin, August 13, 2016, archived at https://swithak.github.io/SH20TAATSB18/Archive/Pastebin/JBcipKBL/. 2.

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Seal, “An Exclusive Look at Sony’s Hacking Saga.” Emphasis in the original. 38. Anna Fifield, “North Korea Denies Hacking Sony but Calls the Breach a ‘Righteous Deed,’ ” Washington Post, December 7, 2014. 39. The original message has been removed, but an archived copy is available on the Internet Archive. GOP [Guardians of Peace], “Gift of GOP for 4th Day: Their Privacy,” guest-posted to GitHub, December 8, 2014. 40. Kevin Roose, “Even More Sony Pictures Data Is Leaked: Scripts, Box Office Projections, and Brad Pitt’s Phone Number,” Splinter News, December 8, 2014. 41. Sam Biddle, “Leaked: The Nightmare Email Drama behind Sony’s Steve Jobs Disaster,” Gawker, December 9, 2014. 42.

Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy by Melanie Swan

23andMe, Airbnb, altcoin, Amazon Web Services, asset allocation, banking crisis, basic income, bioinformatics, bitcoin, blockchain, capital controls, cellular automata, central bank independence, clean water, cloud computing, collaborative editing, Conway's Game of Life, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, digital divide, disintermediation, Dogecoin, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fault tolerance, fiat currency, financial innovation, Firefox, friendly AI, Hernando de Soto, information security, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, lifelogging, litecoin, Lyft, M-Pesa, microbiome, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, operational security, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, peer-to-peer model, personalized medicine, post scarcity, power law, prediction markets, QR code, ride hailing / ride sharing, Satoshi Nakamoto, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI@home, sharing economy, Skype, smart cities, smart contracts, smart grid, Snow Crash, software as a service, synthetic biology, technological singularity, the long tail, Turing complete, uber lyft, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, Vitalik Buterin, Wayback Machine, web application, WikiLeaks

Third, in the area of archiving, a full ecosystem would also necessarily include longevity provisioning and end-of-product-life planning for blockchains. It cannot be assumed that blockchains will exist over time, and their preservation and accessibility is not trivial. A blockchain archival system like the Internet Archive and the Wayback Machine to store blockchains is needed. Not only must blockchain ledger transactions be preserved, but we also need a means of recovering and controlling previously recorded blockchain assets at later dates (that might have been hashed with proprietary algorithms) because it is likely that certain blockchains will go out of business.

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Similarly, personal thinking blockchains could be easily and securely recorded (assuming all of the usual privacy concerns with blockchain technology are addressed) and mental performance recommendations made to individuals through services such as Siri or Amazon’s Alexa voice assistant, perhaps piped seamlessly through personal brain/computer interfaces and delivered as both conscious and unconscious suggestions. Again perhaps speculatively verging on science fiction, ultimately the whole of a society’s history might include not just a public records and document repository, and an Internet archive of all digital activity, but also the mindfiles of individuals. Mindfiles could include the recording of every “transaction” in the sense of capturing every thought and emotion of every entity, human and machine, encoding and archiving this activity into life-logging blockchains. Blockchain Government Another important application developing as part of Blockchain 3.0 is blockchain government; that is, the idea of using blockchain technology to provide services traditionally provided by nation-states in a decentralized, cheaper, more efficient, personalized manner.

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-M2M/IoT Bitcoin Payment Network to Enable the Machine Economy and consensus models, Blockchain AI: Consensus as the Mechanism to Foster “Friendly” AI-Blockchain Consensus Increases the Information Resolution of the Universe extensibility of, Extensibility of Blockchain Technology Concepts for facilitating big data predictive task automation, Blockchain Layer Could Facilitate Big Data’s Predictive Task Automation future applications, Blockchain AI: Consensus as the Mechanism to Foster “Friendly” AI-Blockchain Consensus Increases the Information Resolution of the Universe limitations of (see limitations) organizational capabilities, Blockchain Technology Is a New and Highly Effective Model for Organizing Activity tracking capabilities, Fundamental Economic Principles: Discovery, Value Attribution, and Exchange-Fundamental Economic Principles: Discovery, Value Attribution, and Exchange blockchain-recorded marriage, Decentralized Governance Services BlockCypher, Blockchain Development Platforms and APIs BOINC, DAOs and DACs bond deposit postings, Technical Challenges Brin, David, Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications: Alexandria and Ostel BTCjam, Financial Services business model challenges, Business Model Challenges Buttercoin, Financial Services Byrne, Patrick, Financial Services C Campus Cryptocurrency Network, Campuscoin Campuscoin, Campuscoin-Campuscoin censorship, Internet (see decentralized DNS system) Chain, Blockchain Development Platforms and APIs challenges (see see limitations) charity donations, Charity Donations and the Blockchain—Sean’s Outpost China, Relation to Fiat Currency ChromaWallet, Wallet Development Projects Chronobit, Virtual Notary, Bitnotar, and Chronobit Circle Internet Financial, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity Codius, Financial Services coin drops, Coin Drops as a Strategy for Public Adoption coin mixing, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity coin, defining, Terminology and Concepts, Currency, Token, Tokenizing Coinapult, Global Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief Coinapult LOCKS, Relation to Fiat Currency Coinbase, Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin, Financial Services CoinBeyond, Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin Coinffeine, Financial Services Coinify, Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin Coinprism, Wallet Development Projects Coinspace, Crowdfunding CoinSpark, Wallet Development Projects colored coins, Smart Property, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects community supercomputing, Community Supercomputing Communitycoin, Currency, Token, Tokenizing-Communitycoin: Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for Attention complementary currency systems, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable concepts, redefining, Terminology and Concepts-Terminology and Concepts consensus models, Blockchain AI: Consensus as the Mechanism to Foster “Friendly” AI-Blockchain Consensus Increases the Information Resolution of the Universe consensus-derived information, Blockchain Consensus Increases the Information Resolution of the Universe contagious disease relief, Global Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief contracts, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts-The Blockchain as a Path to Artificial Intelligence (see also smart contracts) crowdfunding, Crowdfunding-Crowdfunding financial services, Financial Services-Financial Services marriage, Decentralized Governance Services prediction markets, Bitcoin Prediction Markets smart property, Smart Property-Smart Property wallet development projects, Wallet Development Projects copyright protection, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection Counterparty, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects, Counterparty Re-creates Ethereum’s Smart Contract Platform Counterparty currency (XCP), Currency, Token, Tokenizing Counterwallet, Wallet Development Projects crowdfunding, Crowdfunding-Crowdfunding cryptocurrencies benefits of, Currency, Token, Tokenizing cryptosecurity, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity eWallet services, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity mechanics of, How a Cryptocurrency Works-Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin merchant acceptance, Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin cryptosecurity challenges, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity cryptowallet, Blockchain Neutrality currency, Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency-Regulatory Status, Currency, Token, Tokenizing-Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features Campuscoin, Campuscoin-Campuscoin coin drops, Coin Drops as a Strategy for Public Adoption Communitycoin, Communitycoin: Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for Attention-Communitycoin: Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for Attention cryptocurrencies, How a Cryptocurrency Works-Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin decentralizing, Communitycoin: Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for Attention defining, Currency, Token, Tokenizing-Currency, Token, Tokenizing, Currency: New Meanings demurrage, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable-Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features double-spend problem, The Double-Spend and Byzantine Generals’ Computing Problems fiat currency, Relation to Fiat Currency-Relation to Fiat Currency monetary and nonmonetary, Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies-Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies new meanings, Currency: New Meanings technology stack, Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency-Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency currency mulitplicity, Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies-Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies D DAOs, DAOs and DACs-DAOs and DACs DAOs/DACs, DAOs and DACs-DAOs and DACs, Batched Notary Chains as a Class of Blockchain Infrastructure, Blockchain Government Dapps, Dapps-Dapps, Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features Dark Coin, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity dark pools, Technical Challenges Dark Wallet, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity DASs, DASs and Self-Bootstrapped Organizations DDP, Crowdfunding decentralization, Smart Contracts, Centralization-Decentralization Tension and Equilibrium decentralized applications (Dapps), Dapps-Dapps decentralized autonomous organization/corporation (DAO) (see DAOs/DACs) decentralized autonomous societies (DASs), DASs and Self-Bootstrapped Organizations decentralized autonomy, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity decentralized DNS, Namecoin: Decentralized Domain Name System-Decentralized DNS Functionality Beyond Free Speech: Digital Identity challenges of, Challenges and Other Decentralized DNS Services and digital identity, Decentralized DNS Functionality Beyond Free Speech: Digital Identity-Decentralized DNS Functionality Beyond Free Speech: Digital Identity DotP2P, Challenges and Other Decentralized DNS Services decentralized file storage, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation decentralized secure file serving, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation deeds, Decentralized Governance Services demurrage currencies, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable-Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features action-incitory features, Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features limitations of, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable digital art, Digital Art: Blockchain Attestation Services (Notary, Intellectual Property Protection)-Personal Thinking Blockchains (see also blockchain attestation services) hashing and timestamping, Hashing Plus Timestamping-Limitations online graphics protection, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection digital cryptography, Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine, Public/Private-Key Cryptography 101 digital divide, defining, Digital Divide of Bitcoin digital identity verification, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Smart Property, Wallet Development Projects, Digital Identity Verification-Digital Divide of Bitcoin, Limitations, Decentralized Governance Services, Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections, Blockchain Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract Literacy, Privacy Challenges for Personal Records dispute resolution, PrecedentCoin: Blockchain Dispute Resolution DIYweathermodeling, Community Supercomputing DNAnexus, Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin Dogecoin, Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency, Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies, Scandals and Public Perception DotP2P, Challenges and Other Decentralized DNS Services double-spend problem, The Double-Spend and Byzantine Generals’ Computing Problems DriveShare, DAOs and DACs dynamic redistribution of currency (see demurrage currency) E education (see learning and literacy) Electronic Freedom Foundation (EFF), Distributed Censorship-Resistant Organizational Models EMR (electronic medical record) system, EMRs on the Blockchain: Personal Health Record Storage Ethereum, Crowdfunding, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation, Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine-Counterparty Re-creates Ethereum’s Smart Contract Platform eWallet services, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity ExperimentalResultscoin, Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin F Fairlay, Bitcoin Prediction Markets fiat currency, Relation to Fiat Currency-Relation to Fiat Currency file serving, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation, Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine file storage, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation financial services, Regulatory Status, Financial Services-Financial Services, Blockchain Technology Is a New and Highly Effective Model for Organizing Activity, Government Regulation Fitbit, Personal Thinking Blockchains, Blockchain Health Research Commons, Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features Florincoin, Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications: Alexandria and Ostel Folding@Home, DAOs and DACs, Blockchain Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin, Community Supercomputing franculates, Blockchain Government freedom of speech, Namecoin: Decentralized Domain Name System, Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications: Alexandria and Ostel (see also decentralized DNS system) Freicoin, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable fundraising (see crowdfunding) futarchy, Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets-Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets G GBIcoin, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable GBIs (Guaranteed Basic Income initiatives), Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable Gems, Blockchain Development Platforms and APIs, Dapps Genecoin, Blockchain Genomics Genomecoin, Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin Genomic Data Commons, Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin genomic sequencing, Blockchain Genomics 2.0: Industrialized All-Human-Scale Sequencing Solution-Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin GenomicResearchcoin, Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin genomics, consumer, Blockchain Genomics-Genomecoin, GenomicResearchcoin Git, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation GitHub, Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin, Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies global public health, Global Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief GoCoin, Financial Services GoToLunchcoin, Terminology and Concepts governance, Blockchain Government-Societal Maturity Impact of Blockchain Governance decentralized services, Decentralized Governance Services-Decentralized Governance Services dispute resolution, PrecedentCoin: Blockchain Dispute Resolution futarchy, Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets-Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets Liquid Democracy system, Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections-Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections personalized governance services, Blockchain Government random-sample elections, Random-Sample Elections societal maturity impact of blockchain governance, Societal Maturity Impact of Blockchain Governance government regulation, Regulatory Status, Government Regulation-Government Regulation Gridcoin, Blockchain Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin-Blockchain Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin H hashing, Hashing Plus Timestamping-Limitations, Batched Notary Chains as a Class of Blockchain Infrastructure, Technical Challenges Hayek, Friedrich, Communitycoin: Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for Attention, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable, Conclusion, The Blockchain Is an Information Technology health, Blockchain Health-Virus Bank, Seed Vault Backup as demurrage currency, Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features doctor vendor RFP services, Doctor Vendor RFP Services and Assurance Contracts health notary services, Blockchain Health Notary health research commons , Blockchain Health Research Commons health spending, Healthcoin healthcare decision making and advocacy, Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections personal health record storage, EMRs on the Blockchain: Personal Health Record Storage virus bank and seed vault backup, Virus Bank, Seed Vault Backup Healthcoin, Healthcoin, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable I identity authentication, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Smart Property, Smart Property, Wallet Development Projects, Digital Identity Verification-Digital Divide of Bitcoin, Limitations, Decentralized Governance Services, Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections, Blockchain Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract Literacy, Privacy Challenges for Personal Records Indiegogo, Crowdfunding, Dapps industry scandals, Scandals and Public Perception infrastructure needs and issues, Technical Challenges inheritance gifts, Smart Contracts intellectual property, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection (see also digital art) Internet administration, Distributed Censorship-Resistant Organizational Models Internet Archive, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation, Personal Thinking Blockchains Internet censorship prevention (see Decentralized DNS system) Intuit Quickbooks, Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin IP protection, Hashing Plus Timestamping IPFS project, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation J Johnston, David, Blockchain Technology Could Be Used in the Administration of All Quanta Journalcoin, Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin Judobaby, Crowdfunding justice applications for censorship-resistant organizational models, Distributed Censorship-Resistant Organizational Models-Distributed Censorship-Resistant Organizational Models digital art, Digital Art: Blockchain Attestation Services (Notary, Intellectual Property Protection)-Personal Thinking Blockchains (see also digital art, blockchain attestation services) digital identity verification, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Smart Property, Wallet Development Projects, Digital Identity Verification-Digital Divide of Bitcoin, Limitations, Decentralized Governance Services, Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections, Blockchain Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract Literacy, Privacy Challenges for Personal Records freedom of speech/anti-censorship, Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications: Alexandria and Ostel governance, Blockchain Government-Societal Maturity Impact of Blockchain Governance (see also governance) Namecoin, Namecoin: Decentralized Domain Name System-Decentralized DNS Functionality Beyond Free Speech: Digital Identity, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection (see also decentralized DNS) K Kickstarter, Crowdfunding, Community Supercomputing Kipochi, Blockchain Neutrality, Global Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief, Blockchain Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract Literacy Koinify, Crowdfunding, Dapps Kraken, Financial Services L latency, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects, Technical Challenges, Technical Challenges, Scandals and Public Perception LaZooz, Dapps, Campuscoin, Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features Learncoin, Learncoin learning and literacy, Blockchain Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract Literacy-Learning Contract Exchanges learning contract exchanges, Learning Contract Exchanges Ledra Capital, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Ledra Capital Mega Master Blockchain List legal implications crowdfunding, Crowdfunding smart contracts, Smart Contracts lending, trustless, Smart Property Lighthouse, Crowdfunding limitations, Limitations-Overall: Decentralization Trends Likely to Persist business model challenges, Business Model Challenges government regulation, Government Regulation-Government Regulation personal records privacy challenges, Privacy Challenges for Personal Records scandals and public perception, Scandals and Public Perception-Scandals and Public Perception technical challenges, Technical Challenges-Technical Challenges Liquid Democracy system, Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections-Liquid Democracy and Random-Sample Elections Litecoin, Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency, Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency, Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications: Alexandria and Ostel, Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies, Technical Challenges literacy (see learning and literacy) LTBcoin, Wallet Development Projects, Currency, Token, Tokenizing M M2M/IoT infrastructure, M2M/IoT Bitcoin Payment Network to Enable the Machine Economy, Blockchain Development Platforms and APIs, Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin-The Blockchain Is Not for Every Situation, The Blockchain Is an Information Technology Maidsafe, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation, Technical Challenges Manna, Crowdfunding marriage, blockchain recorded, Decentralized Governance Services Mastercoin, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects mechanics of cryptocurrencies, How a Cryptocurrency Works Medici, Financial Services mega master blockchain list, Ledra Capital Mega Master Blockchain List-Ledra Capital Mega Master Blockchain List Melotic, Crowdfunding, Wallet Development Projects merchant acceptance, Merchant Acceptance of Bitcoin merchant payment fees, Summary: Blockchain 1.0 in Practical Use messaging, Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine, Dapps, Challenges and Other Decentralized DNS Services, Technical Challenges MetaDisk, DAOs and DACs mindfiles, Personal Thinking Blockchains MIT Bitcoin Project, Campuscoin Monegraph, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection money (see currency) MOOCs (massive open online courses), Blockchain Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract Literacy Moroz, Tatiana, Communitycoin: Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for Attention multicurrency systems, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable N Nakamoto, Satoshi, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts Namecoin, Namecoin: Decentralized Domain Name System-Decentralized DNS Functionality Beyond Free Speech: Digital Identity, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection Nationcoin, Coin Drops as a Strategy for Public Adoption, Demurrage Currencies: Potentially Incitory and Redistributable notary chains, Batched Notary Chains as a Class of Blockchain Infrastructure notary services, Hashing Plus Timestamping, Blockchain Health Notary NSA surveillance, Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications: Alexandria and Ostel NXT, Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects O offline wallets, Technical Challenges OneName, Digital Identity Verification-Digital Identity Verification OneWallet, Wallet Development Projects online graphics protection, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection-Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection Open Assets, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects Open Transactions, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects OpenBazaar, Dapps, Government Regulation Ostel, Freedom of Speech/Anti-Censorship Applications: Alexandria and Ostel P passports, Decentralized Governance Services PayPal, The Double-Spend and Byzantine Generals’ Computing Problems, Financial Services, Distributed Censorship-Resistant Organizational Models peer-to-peer lending, Financial Services Peercoin, Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency personal cryptosecurity, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity personal data rights, Blockchain Genomics personal mindfile blockchains, Personal Thinking Blockchains personal thinking chains, Personal Thinking Blockchains-Personal Thinking Blockchains physical asset keys, Blockchain 2.0: Contracts, Smart Property plagiarism detection/avoidance, Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin Precedent, PrecedentCoin: Blockchain Dispute Resolution, Terminology and Concepts prediction markets, Bitcoin Prediction Markets, DASs and Self-Bootstrapped Organizations, Decentralized Governance Services, Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets-Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets Predictious, Bitcoin Prediction Markets predictive task automation, Blockchain Layer Could Facilitate Big Data’s Predictive Task Automation privacy challenges, Privacy Challenges for Personal Records private key, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity Proof of Existence, Proof of Existence-Proof of Existence proof of stake, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects, PrecedentCoin: Blockchain Dispute Resolution, Technical Challenges proof of work, PrecedentCoin: Blockchain Dispute Resolution, Technical Challenges-Technical Challenges property ownership, Smart Property property registration, Decentralized Governance Services public documents registries, Decentralized Governance Services public health, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation, Global Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief public perception, Scandals and Public Perception-Scandals and Public Perception public/private key cryptography, Public/Private-Key Cryptography 101-Public/Private-Key Cryptography 101 publishing, academic, Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin-Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin pull technology, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity push technology, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity R random-sample elections, Random-Sample Elections Realcoin, Relation to Fiat Currency redistribution of currency (see demurrage currency) regulation, Government Regulation-Government Regulation regulatory status, Regulatory Status reputation vouching, Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine Researchcoin, Blockchain Academic Publishing: Journalcoin REST APIs, Technical Challenges Ripple, Technology Stack: Blockchain, Protocol, Currency, Relation to Fiat Currency, Blockchain 2.0 Protocol Projects Ripple Labs, Financial Services Roadcoin, Blockchain Government S Saldo.mx, Blockchain Neutrality scandals, Scandals and Public Perception science, Blockchain Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin-Charity Donations and the Blockchain—Sean’s Outpost community supercomputing, Community Supercomputing global public health, Global Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief Sean's Outpost, Charity Donations and the Blockchain—Sean’s Outpost secret messaging, Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine security issues, Technical Challenges self-bootstrapped organizations, DASs and Self-Bootstrapped Organizations self-directing assets, Automatic Markets and Tradenets self-enforced code, Smart Property self-sufficiency, Smart Contracts SETI@home, Blockchain Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin, Community Supercomputing size and bandwidth, Technical Challenges smart contracts, Smart Contracts-Smart Contracts, Smart Contract Advocates on Behalf of Digital Intelligence automatic markets and tradenets, Automatic Markets and Tradenets Counterparty, Counterparty Re-creates Ethereum’s Smart Contract Platform DAOs/DACs, DAOs and DACs-DAOs and DACs Dapps, Dapps-Dapps DASs, DASs and Self-Bootstrapped Organizations Ethereum, Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine increasingly autonomous, Dapps, DAOs, DACs, and DASs: Increasingly Autonomous Smart Contracts-Automatic Markets and Tradenets smart literacy contracts, Blockchain Learning: Bitcoin MOOCs and Smart Contract Literacy-Learning Contract Exchanges smart property, Smart Property-Smart Property, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection smartwatch, Extensibility of Demurrage Concept and Features Snowden, Edward, Distributed Censorship-Resistant Organizational Models social contracts, Smart Contracts social network currencies, Currency Multiplicity: Monetary and Nonmonetary Currencies Stellar, Blockchain Development Platforms and APIs stock market, Financial Services Storj, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation, Dapps, Technical Challenges Stripe, Blockchain Development Platforms and APIs supercomputing, Community Supercomputing Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Virus Bank, Seed Vault Backup Swancoin, Smart Property swaps exchange, Financial Services Swarm, Crowdfunding, Dapps Swarm (Ethereum), Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine Swarmops, Crowdfunding T Tatianacoin, Communitycoin: Hayek’s Private Currencies Vie for Attention technical challenges, Technical Challenges-Technical Challenges Tendermint, Technical Challenges Tera Exchange, Financial Services terminology, Terminology and Concepts-Terminology and Concepts 37Coins, Global Public Health: Bitcoin for Contagious Disease Relief throughput, Technical Challenges timestamping, Hashing Plus Timestamping-Limitations titling, Decentralized Governance Services tradenets, Automatic Markets and Tradenets transaction fees, Summary: Blockchain 1.0 in Practical Use Tribecoin, Coin Drops as a Strategy for Public Adoption trustless lending, Smart Property Truthcoin, Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets Turing completeness, Ethereum: Turing-Complete Virtual Machine Twister, Dapps Twitter, Monegraph: Online Graphics Protection U Uber, Government Regulation unbanked/underbanked markets, Blockchain Neutrality usability issues, Technical Challenges V value chain composition, How a Cryptocurrency Works versioning issues, Technical Challenges Virtual Notary, Virtual Notary, Bitnotar, and Chronobit voting and prediction, Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets-Futarchy: Two-Step Democracy with Voting + Prediction Markets W wallet APIs, Blockchain Development Platforms and APIs wallet companies, Wallet Development Projects wallet software, How a Cryptocurrency Works wasted resources, Technical Challenges Wayback Machine, Blockchain Ecosystem: Decentralized Storage, Communication, and Computation Wedbush Securities, Financial Services Whatevercoin, Terminology and Concepts WikiLeaks, Distributed Censorship-Resistant Organizational Models Wikinomics, Community Supercomputing World Citizen project, Decentralized Governance Services X Xapo, eWallet Services and Personal Cryptosecurity Z Zennet Supercomputer, Community Supercomputing Zooko's Triangle, Decentralized DNS Functionality Beyond Free Speech: Digital Identity About the Author Melanie Swan is the Founder of the Institute for Blockchain Studies and a Contemporary Philosophy MA candidate at Kingston University London and Université Paris VIII.

Power Button: A History of Pleasure, Panic, and the Politics of Pushing by Rachel Plotnick

augmented reality, cognitive load, crowdsourcing, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dr. Strangelove, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, Google Glasses, Internet Archive, invisible hand, means of production, Milgram experiment, Oculus Rift, scientific management, Shoshana Zuboff, software studies, Steve Jobs

Image courtesy of Ohio State University Library via Google Books. Figure 4.1 A young girl blew up a mine by actuating a key—often called a “button”—to demonstrate the marriage of delicate femininity with technical prowess. Source: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, October 17, 1885: 144. Image courtesy of Internet Archive. Figure 4.2 President Cleveland touches a telegraph key, commonly called a “button,” to start machines into action at a distance. Source: “The ‘Victor’ Key Opens the World’s Fair,” Electrical Review 22, no. 12 (1893): 157. Image courtesy of University of Michigan Library via Google Books. Figure 4.3 Individuals wore electric scarf pins to adorn their bodies with electricity, sometimes to demonstrate its surprising and magical effects, and sometimes for practical purposes of employing portable light.

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Image courtesy of Google Books. Figure 8.2 A creative depiction of a future button presser demonstrates thinking about ergonomics and the relationship between buttons and proximity. Source: Walter Crane, An Artist’s Reminiscences, 1907. Image courtesy of the Robarts Library, University of Toronto, via the Internet Archive: http://archive.org/details/artistsreminisce00cranuoft Figure 8.3 Measuring humans’ abilities to react to electrical forces, physiologists, psychologists, and scientific management experts typically used electric buttons as the most common mechanism for this process. As was often typical at this time period, children served as “ideal” users and test subjects.

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., when 11-year-old Mary Newton pressed a telegraph key (whose bulbous end was commonly referred to as a “button”) to detonate dynamite that blew up a mine 1,000 feet away, spewing bits of rock into the air and making the earth tremble.8 Onlookers described the girl as the picture of poise and femininity, possessing a delicate touch in the midst of such power (see figure 4.1). Figure 4.1 A young girl blew up a mine by actuating a key—often called a “button”—to demonstrate the marriage of delicate femininity with technical prowess. Source: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, October 17, 1885: 144. Image courtesy of Internet Archive. Common references to the button-pushing girl emphasized the violent, unexpected, or profound effects that her hand could achieve. Physician B. E. Dawson registered his wonder that “the little child’s delicate finger may touch a key and blow up Hell Gate,” referring to Newton’s push-button destruction of a bridge in New York.9 Similarly, author Elisha Gray marveled that “the most delicate touch of a child’s finger will be sufficient to release enough energy to destroy—in the twinkling of an eye—the largest battle-ship that ever plowed the ocean.”10 In another instance, according to Dr.

Flying Blind: The 737 MAX Tragedy and the Fall of Boeing by Peter Robison

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", air traffic controllers' union, Airbnb, Airbus A320, airline deregulation, airport security, Alvin Toffler, Boeing 737 MAX, Boeing 747, call centre, chief data officer, contact tracing, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, Donald Trump, flag carrier, Future Shock, interest rate swap, Internet Archive, knowledge worker, lockdown, low cost airline, low interest rates, medical residency, Neil Armstrong, performance metric, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, single-payer health, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, stock buybacks, too big to fail, Unsafe at Any Speed, vertical integration, éminence grise

In shocking emails: The “Jedi mind tricks” and other quotes from Boeing employees are drawn from emails provided to the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure that were released in January 2020. They are available in a searchable format as “Boeing Emails Handed Over to Congress in January 2020” at the nonprofit Internet Archive, https://archive.org. Muilenburg made more: The Boeing CEO’s compensation was detailed in a lawsuit filed by Seafarers Pension Plan against Boeing, Muilenburg, and other top executives in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, 19-cv-08095, December 11, 2019. The group declared: Business Roundtable, “Statement on Corporate Governance,” September 1997, https://www.rivistaianus.it/.

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On August 15, 2016: Boeing Response to Question 7 and Related Questions, House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, https://transportation.house.gov. One salesperson wrote: Boeing provided additional emails to the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure that were released in January 2020. They are available in a searchable format as “Boeing Emails Handed Over to Congress in January 2020” at the nonprofit Internet Archive, https://archive.org. Finally, in November 2016: Boeing Response to Question 7 and Related Questions; Joint Authorities Technical Review of the Boeing 737 MAX Flight Control System, Observations, Findings, and Recommendations, October 11, 2019, p. 34. “I was getting too expensive”: Author interview with Rick Ludtke, April 2019.

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“Things are calming down”: “Boeing 737 MAX,” Hearing, p. 64. Sitting in a hotel room: Boeing provided the instant messages to the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and they were released in October 2019. They are available in a searchable format as “Boeing Instant Message Exchanges” at the nonprofit Internet Archive, https://archive.org. In a conversation with Klein: United States of America v. The Boeing Company, United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Fort Worth Division, Deferred Prosecution Agreement, 4:21-CR-005-O, Attachment A-11. “Idiots!” he wrote: Final Committee Report, p. 140.

The Future of Money: How the Digital Revolution Is Transforming Currencies and Finance by Eswar S. Prasad

access to a mobile phone, Adam Neumann (WeWork), Airbnb, algorithmic trading, altcoin, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Bernie Madoff, Big Tech, bitcoin, Bitcoin Ponzi scheme, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Bretton Woods, business intelligence, buy and hold, capital controls, carbon footprint, cashless society, central bank independence, cloud computing, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, cross-border payments, cryptocurrency, deglobalization, democratizing finance, disintermediation, distributed ledger, diversified portfolio, Dogecoin, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, eurozone crisis, fault tolerance, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial independence, financial innovation, financial intermediation, Flash crash, floating exchange rates, full employment, gamification, gig economy, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, index fund, inflation targeting, informal economy, information asymmetry, initial coin offering, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, light touch regulation, liquidity trap, litecoin, lockdown, loose coupling, low interest rates, Lyft, M-Pesa, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, mobile money, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Network effects, new economy, offshore financial centre, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, PalmPilot, passive investing, payday loans, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, Peter Thiel, Ponzi scheme, price anchoring, profit motive, QR code, quantitative easing, quantum cryptography, RAND corporation, random walk, Real Time Gross Settlement, regulatory arbitrage, rent-seeking, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, risk/return, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, robo advisor, Ross Ulbricht, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, seigniorage, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, smart contracts, SoftBank, special drawing rights, the payments system, too big to fail, transaction costs, uber lyft, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, Vision Fund, Vitalik Buterin, Wayback Machine, WeWork, wikimedia commons, Y Combinator, zero-sum game

The original Petro white paper is available at “Venezuela Petro Cryptocurrency (PTR)—English Whitepaper,” The Internet Archive, March 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180412202954/http://petro.gob.ve/pdf/en/Whitepaper_Petro_en.pdf (also available at https://www.allcryptowhitepapers.com/petro-whitepaper/). The revised white paper titled “Petro: Towards the Economic Digital Revolution,” is available at https://www.petro.gob.ve/eng/assets/descargas/petro-whitepaper-english.pdf (or through The Internet Archive at http://web.archive.org/web/20201111203306/https://web.archive.org/web/20180412202954/http://petro.gob.ve/pdf/en/Whitepaper_Petro_en.pdf).

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,” Financial Times, May 10, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/9fc55dda-5316-11e8-b24e-cad6aa67e23e. A time line of the Sveriges Riksbank’s history can be found at https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/about-the-riksbank/history/historical-timeline/. For a history of the Riksbank’s banknotes, see “The Riksbank’s Banknote History—Tumba Bruk Museum,” Internet Archive, September 28, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20070102194722/http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=17760. For a discussion of the history of Chinese paper currency, see the first chapter in Prasad (2016) and the sources cited there. Shaking Up Finance Price charts for Bitcoin can be found at https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/.

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Diem née Libra Details about Libra, including a list of current members of the Libra Association, can be found at https://diem.com/en-US/association/. The list of founding members of the association is posted here: https://libracrunch.com/libra-association-founding-members/. The original Libra white paper is no longer available at the Libra / Diem Association website but can be found on the Wayback Internet Archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20190701031037if_/https://www.libra.org/en-US/white-paper/. The Pushback Jerome Powell’s statement on Libra is reported in Paul Kiernan, “Fed’s Powell Says Facebook’s Libra Raises ‘Serious Concerns,’ ” Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/feds-jerome-powell-faces-senators-after-rate-cut-signal-11562837403.

What's Wrong With Economics: A Primer for the Perplexed by Robert Skidelsky

additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, behavioural economics, Black Swan, Bretton Woods, business cycle, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, cognitive bias, conceptual framework, Corn Laws, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, degrowth, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, full employment, George Akerlof, George Santayana, global supply chain, global village, Gunnar Myrdal, happiness index / gross national happiness, hindsight bias, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, index fund, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, Internet Archive, invisible hand, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, labour market flexibility, loss aversion, Mahbub ul Haq, Mark Zuckerberg, market clearing, market friction, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, Modern Monetary Theory, moral hazard, paradox of thrift, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Philip Mirowski, Phillips curve, precariat, price anchoring, principal–agent problem, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, sunk-cost fallacy, survivorship bias, technoutopianism, The Chicago School, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transfer pricing, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, Wolfgang Streeck, zero-sum game

Kant, Immanuel (1784). ‘What is Enlightenment?’, in Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals and What is Enlightenment, New York: Liberal Arts Press. Lawson, Tony (1997). Economics and Reality, London: Routledge. Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich (2004 [1848]). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Online: Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm Nisbet, Robert (1993 [1966]). The Sociological Tradition, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Polanyi, Karl (2002 [1944]). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston: Beacon Press.

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‘Power and Economics’, in Robert Skidelsky and Nan Craig (eds.), Who Runs the Economy?: The Role of Power in Economics, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Lukes, Steven (2004). Power: A Radical View, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich (2004 [1848]). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Online: Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm Mill, John Stuart (1869). On Liberty, London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer. Packard, Vance (1957). The Hidden Persuaders, New York: McKay. Pareto, Vilfredo (1991 [1920]). The Rise and Fall of Elites: An Application of Theoretical Sociology, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

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Happiness: Lessons from a New Science, London: Penguin. Locke, John (1764 [1689]). Two Treatises of Government, London: A. Millar et al. Marx, Karl (1887 [1867]). Capital, Vol. 1, Moscow: Progress Publishers. Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich (2004 [1848]). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Online: Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm Meadows, Donella H., Meadows, Dennis L., Randers, Jørgen and Behrens, William W. III (1972). The Limits to Growth, New York: Universe Books. Mill, John Stuart (1848). Principles of Political Economy, London: John W.

Nerds on Wall Street: Math, Machines and Wired Markets by David J. Leinweber

"World Economic Forum" Davos, AI winter, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic trading, AOL-Time Warner, Apollo 11, asset allocation, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bob Litterman, book value, business cycle, butter production in bangladesh, butterfly effect, buttonwood tree, buy and hold, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, Charles Babbage, citizen journalism, collateralized debt obligation, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, Craig Reynolds: boids flock, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, Danny Hillis, demand response, disintermediation, distributed generation, diversification, diversified portfolio, electricity market, Emanuel Derman, en.wikipedia.org, experimental economics, fake news, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, Ford Model T, Gordon Gekko, Hans Moravec, Herman Kahn, implied volatility, index arbitrage, index fund, information retrieval, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Ivan Sutherland, Jim Simons, John Bogle, John Nash: game theory, Kenneth Arrow, load shedding, Long Term Capital Management, machine readable, machine translation, Machine translation of "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak." to Russian and back, market fragmentation, market microstructure, Mars Rover, Metcalfe’s law, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Myron Scholes, natural language processing, negative equity, Network effects, optical character recognition, paper trading, passive investing, pez dispenser, phenotype, prediction markets, proprietary trading, quantitative hedge fund, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, QWERTY keyboard, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, Renaissance Technologies, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Savings and loan crisis, semantic web, Sharpe ratio, short selling, short squeeze, Silicon Valley, Small Order Execution System, smart grid, smart meter, social web, South Sea Bubble, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, stock buybacks, Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, time value of money, tontine, too big to fail, transaction costs, Turing machine, two and twenty, Upton Sinclair, value at risk, value engineering, Vernor Vinge, Wayback Machine, yield curve, Yogi Berra, your tax dollars at work

Company web sites are short and cryptic. Renaissance Technologies, for example, has removed almost everything except the address from its site, www.rentec.com. However, we can tell by its appearance at the top of electronic trade volume lists that Renaissance is keeping its machinery very active in the market. Using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine,10 a digital time capsule named after Mr. Peabody’s Rocky and Bullwinkle Show time travel machine, we can see what Renaissance and other companies were saying when they were more forthcoming with information. The picture that emerges is actually not all that surprising. The technologically innovative firms describe increasingly sophisticated trading strategies.

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The Epinions.com rating site for social web sites gave iExchange four stars, “a good place to make money.” The anonymous successful investors on the right are minting money. Surely they will be willing to pay the insightful analysts who let them reap these rewards? What could go wrong? Plenty. Perhaps you noticed that the screen grab is from the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine,6 the elephant graveyard of the Internet. Either those 1,200 percent returns weren’t enough to keep people happy or something went awry. The party ended, fittingly enough, just before April Fools’ Day in 2001, with the following signoff, comprising the entirety of the iExchange site: To the iExchange Members & Analysts: We regret to inform you that the iExchange community web site has been permanently shut down, effective March 29, 2001.

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While iExchange has been a great success at providing a new source of stock market intelligence, market conditions have Collective Intelligence, Social Media, and Web Market Monitors 231 Figure 10.1 A profit of 1,200 percent in four months! Pretty soon these anonymous investment wizards will have all the money. Source:The Wayback Machine (iexchange.com, on the Internet Archive site at www. archive.org). hurt the firm’s ability to develop sustainable revenue streams from the community. Payments for the March 2001 $25,000 incentive promotion program will be paid out in accordance with the contest rules. We appreciate your patronage and wish you the best of luck in your personal investing.7 If I sound a tad cynical about this kind of site, it is because the grizzled old side of me that has seen the relentless search for profits on greater 232 Nerds on Wall Str eet Wall Street has pounded down the “peace, love, and understanding— three days of fun and music” side.

Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness by Simone Browne

4chan, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airport security, autonomous vehicles, bitcoin, British Empire, cloud computing, colonial rule, computer vision, crowdsourcing, dark matter, disinformation, Edward Snowden, European colonialism, ghettoisation, Google Glasses, Internet Archive, job satisfaction, lifelogging, machine readable, mass incarceration, obamacare, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pattern recognition, r/findbostonbombers, Scientific racism, security theater, sexual politics, transatlantic slave trade, urban renewal, US Airways Flight 1549, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wayback Machine, Works Progress Administration

“About TSA: Mission and Core Values,” Transportation Security Administration, accessed June 20, 2014, http://www.tsa.gov/about-tsa/mission-vision-and-core-values. 68. TSA 2004 Organizational Assessment Survey, accessed through a FOIA request by the Project on Government Oversight, accessed June 20, 2014, http://pogo.org/m/hsp/hsp-tsa-screeners-2004.pdf (accessed through Wayback Machine Internet Archive). 69. Thomas Frank, “Airport Screeners’ Injury Rate Declines but Still Exceeds Rates of Other Workers,” USA Today, December 12, 2006, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-12-12-tsa-injuries_x.htm. 70. Bennett, “Unsafe at Any Altitude,” 66. 71. Ibid. 72. Ibid., 67. 73. Gray, Cultural Moves, 182. 74.

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General Records of the United States Government, Record Group 11, National Archives, Washington, DC. “TSA 2004 Organizational Assessment Survey.” Accessed through a FOIA request by the Project on Government Oversight. http://pogo.org/m/hsp/hsp-tsa-screeners-2004.pdf (accessed through Wayback Machine Internet Archive). “20818 Human Provenance Pilot Project.” Gov.UK, May 3, 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/20818-human-provenance-pilot-project. U.S. Customs Services. “Better Targeting of Airline Passengers for Personal Searches Could Produce Better Results.” Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2000. http://www.gao.gov/products/GGD-00-38.

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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. Christie, Ian R., ed. The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham: Volume 3, January 1781 to October 1788. London: Athlone, 1971. Clarkson, Thomas. The Argument That the Colonial Slaves Are Better Off Than the British Peasantry. Printed for the Whitby Anti-Slavery Society by R. Kirby, 1824. Internet Archive, accessed April 20, 2013, http://archive.org/details/oates71082042. _____. The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament, volume 2. New York: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1808. _____. The Substance of the Evidence of Sundry Persons: Collected in the Course of a Tour Made in the Autumn of the Year 1783.

Elon Musk: A Mission to Save the World by Anna Crowley Redding

Albert Einstein, artificial general intelligence, Burning Man, California high-speed rail, Colonization of Mars, El Camino Real, Elon Musk, energy security, Ford Model T, gigafactory, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, Khan Academy, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kwajalein Atoll, Large Hadron Collider, low earth orbit, Mars Society, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, OpenAI, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, Peter Thiel, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Solyndra, SpaceX Starlink, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jurvetson, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, Wayback Machine

A week later, Zip2 attracted a $3 million investment from the venture capital firm Mohr, Davidow. Three million dollars. “We thought they were crazy. Like why would they do that?” Elon said, laughing with Kimbal years later. “They obviously did not realize we were sleeping at the office!”53 Zip2.com on January 3, 1997 (via Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine). But that money came with strings attached. Strings that would dictate who ran the company, and it wasn’t going to be Elon. Instead of being CEO, Elon was named the chief technology officer. ROAD TRIP ALERT! New money meant a new, bigger office. Their new address: 390 Cambridge Avenue, Palo Alto.

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No, a meal with all the trimmings would have to wait. Elon spent the next forty- eight hours at the office. He had to make sure that everything ran smoothly and that any problems were quickly solved. Silver lining? Elon’s around-the-clock presence allowed his engineers a few hours at home with their families. X.com on March 1, 2000 (via Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine). TBH: Sometimes hard work smells bad. According to early X.com employee Julie Ankenbrandt, the office smelled of sweat, body odor, and—wait for it—leftover pizza. As for that gamble about whether people would actually hand over their money to an online bank? Well, as it turns out, Elon was right.

How Music Got Free: The End of an Industry, the Turn of the Century, and the Patient Zero of Piracy by Stephen Witt

4chan, Alan Greenspan, AOL-Time Warner, autism spectrum disorder, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, big-box store, cloud computing, collaborative economy, company town, crowdsourcing, Eben Moglen, game design, hype cycle, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, inventory management, iterative process, Jason Scott: textfiles.com, job automation, late fees, mental accounting, moral panic, operational security, packet switching, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, pirate software, reality distortion field, Ronald Reagan, security theater, sharing economy, side project, Silicon Valley, software patent, Stephen Fry, Steve Jobs, Tipper Gore, zero day

an engineer to jerry-rig . . . the world’s first handheld mp3 player Robert Friedrich, a Fraunhofer hardware expert, built the device. in late 1995 . . . a spiky red starburst shouted, NEU! The earliest snapshot of this website on the Internet Archive is dated to August 1996. Grill believes that earlier pages looked similar. please send 85 deutsche marks From the readme.txt file accompanying early versions of L3Enc. CHAPTER 5 Hughes Network Systems Today known as Hughes Communications. a cluttered blue-on-white color scheme This description is based on the Internet Archive’s earliest Yahoo! snapshot, from October 17, 1996. “AFT: Please tell us about this new concept in releasing . . .” These quotes are copied verbatim from Affinity #3, “Spot Light.”

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Various dupecheck sites and leaked databases provided millions of NFO files, but it wasn’t until Tony Söderberg’s creation of Srrdb.com that these found a centralized home. The tireless work of other Internet historians proved invaluable as well, particularly that of Jason Scott and the rest of the team at the Internet Archive. Reporting on the life and history of Dell Glover comes from a series of ten interviews I conducted with him, on the phone and in person, over the course of nearly three years. I corroborated the details of his story with historical photographs, court testimony, DOJ evidence, clemency letters written by his friends, family, and neighbors, Facebook posts, corporate records from Vivendi Universal and Glenayre, arrest records from the Cleveland County Sheriff’s Office, and on-site visits to the Kings Mountain plant.

Data Mining the Web: Uncovering Patterns in Web Content, Structure, and Usage by Zdravko Markov, Daniel T. Larose

Firefox, information retrieval, Internet Archive, iterative process, natural language processing, pattern recognition, random walk, recommendation engine, semantic web, sparse data, speech recognition, statistical model, William of Occam

The content of each text file should appear on a single line (remove all CR and LF characters) and must be enclosed in quotation marks (“ ”). Add the page title at the beginning of the line and the page category at the end. Then create a file header as follows: @relation web pages in string format @attribute web page name string @attribute web page content string @attribute web page class string @data "Internet Archive", "internet archive web moving...", info ... The data section (the lines after @data) includes the actual web page text: one (long) line per page. A Weka data file created as explained above is available from the book series Web site www.dataminingconsultant.com. The file name is “Top-100-websites.arff” and contains 100 top-ranked web pages returned by Google search “web” on April 18, 2006.

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A common solution is to append the new versions of web pages without deleting the old ones. This increases the storage requirements but also allows the crawler repository to be used for archival purposes. In fact, there are crawlers that are used just for the purposes of archiving the web. The most popular web archive is the Internet Archive at http://www.archive.org/. r The Web is a live system, it is constantly changing—new features emerge and new services are offered. In many cases they are not known in advance, or even worse, web pages and servers may behave unpredictably as a result of bugs or malicious design. Thus, the web crawler should be a very robust system that is updated constantly in order to respond to the ever-changing Web. r Crawling of the Web also involves interaction of web page developers.

Everything for Everyone: The Radical Tradition That Is Shaping the Next Economy by Nathan Schneider

1960s counterculture, Aaron Swartz, Adam Curtis, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, altcoin, Amazon Mechanical Turk, antiwork, back-to-the-land, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Clayton Christensen, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, commons-based peer production, Community Supported Agriculture, corporate governance, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Debian, degrowth, disruptive innovation, do-ocracy, Donald Knuth, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, emotional labour, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Evgeny Morozov, Fairphone, Food sovereignty, four colour theorem, future of work, Gabriella Coleman, gentrification, gig economy, Google bus, holacracy, hydraulic fracturing, initial coin offering, intentional community, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Julian Assange, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, low interest rates, Lyft, M-Pesa, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, means of production, Money creation, multi-sided market, Murray Bookchin, new economy, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Pier Paolo Pasolini, post-work, precariat, premature optimization, pre–internet, profit motive, race to the bottom, Richard Florida, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rutger Bregman, Salesforce, Sam Altman, Satoshi Nakamoto, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, smart contracts, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, surveillance capitalism, tech worker, TED Talk, transaction costs, Turing test, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, underbanked, undersea cable, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, Vanguard fund, Vitalik Buterin, W. E. B. Du Bois, white flight, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, working poor, workplace surveillance , Y Combinator, Y2K, Zipcar

Rarely do they take advantage of open-source software or the worker-owned software companies that are becoming widespread. They prefer to play catch-up with the overcapitalized competition. Managers contend their conservatism is in their members’ interests, and perhaps it is. It’s also a consequence of regulation. After Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle attempted to start an Internet Archive Federal Credit Union in 2011—an ambitious attempt to scale up credit unionism for the internet age—the effort finally foundered on the rocks of the hefty regulations that credit unions now face.23 But I think most of the problem is a lack of imagination. This I would like to change.

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John Geraci, “Interviewed: Venture Capitalist Brad Burnham on Skinny Platforms,” Shareable (June 22, 2015). 23. On November 17, 2017, the ICA General Assembly in Malaysia unanimously passed a resolution in support of platform co-ops, sponsored by Co-operatives UK and the US National Cooperative Business Association; Brewster Kahle, “Difficult Times at Our Credit Union,” Internet Archive Blogs (November 24, 2015). 24. Dmytri Kleiner, The Telekommunist Manifesto (Institute of Network Cultures, 2010); Stacco Troncoso, “Think Global, Print Local and Licensing for the Commons,” P2P Foundation blog (May 10, 2016). 25. Devin Balkind, founder of coopData.org and a collaborator of mine in building the Internet of Ownership, offers a critique of data practices in the co-op sector in “When Platform Coops Are Seen, What Goes Unseen?”

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate by Naomi Klein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1960s counterculture, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, big-box store, bilateral investment treaty, Blockadia, Boeing 747, British Empire, business climate, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, clean water, Climategate, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, complexity theory, crony capitalism, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, different worldview, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, Dr. Strangelove, electricity market, energy security, energy transition, equal pay for equal work, extractivism, Exxon Valdez, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, financial deregulation, food miles, Food sovereignty, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, green transition, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, ice-free Arctic, immigration reform, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jones Act, Kickstarter, Kim Stanley Robinson, land bank, light touch regulation, man camp, managed futures, market fundamentalism, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Shellenberger, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, new economy, Nixon shock, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, post-oil, precautionary principle, profit motive, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rana Plaza, remunicipalization, renewable energy transition, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, scientific management, smart grid, special economic zone, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, structural adjustment programs, Ted Kaczynski, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, the long tail, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, wages for housework, walkable city, Washington Consensus, Wayback Machine, We are all Keynesians now, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

.: National Academies Press, 2011), 130–34. 27. “Our Companies: Gevo,” Virgin Green Fund, version saved by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine on September 28, 2013, http://web.archive.org; “Our Companies: Seven Seas Water,” Virgin Green Fund, version saved by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine on April 4, 2014, http://web.archive.org; “Our Companies: Metrolight,” Virgin Green Fund, version saved by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine on October 30, 2013, http://web.archive.org; “Our Companies: GreenRoad,” Virgin Green Fund, version saved by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine on November 29, 2013, http://web.archive.org; personal interview with Evan Lovell, September 3, 2013. 28.

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Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010, p. 5. 4. “Texas Milestones,” The Nature Conservancy, http://www.nature.org. 5. Joe Stephens and David B. Ottaway, “How a Bid to Save a Species Came to Grief,” Washington Post, May 5, 2003; “Texas City Prairie Preserve,” Nature Conservancy, http://www.nature.org, version saved by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine on February 8, 2013, http://web.archive.org. 6. Richard C. Haut et al., “Living in Harmony—Gas Production and the Attwater’s Prairie Chicken,” prepared for presentation at the Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, September 19–22, 2010, pp. 5, 10; Oil and Gas Lease, Nature Conservancy of Texas, Inc. to Galveston Bay Resources, Inc., March 11, 1999, South 1,057 Acres; Stephens and Ottaway, “How a Bid to Save a Species Came to Grief”; personal interview with Aaron Tjelmeland, April 15, 2013. 7.

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Gus Speth, “American Environmentalism at the Crossroads,” speech, Climate Ethics and Climate Equity series, Wayne Morse Center for Law and Politics, University of Oregon, April 5, 2011. 32. “Corporations,” Conservation Fund, http://www.conservationfund.org; “History,” Conservation International, http://www.conservation.org, version saved by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine on December 3, 2013, http:// web.archive.org. 33. Ottaway and Stephens, “Nonprofit Land Bank Amasses Billions”; Joe Stephens and David B. Ottaway, “Nonprofit Sells Scenic Acreage to Allies at a Loss,” Washington Post, May 6, 2003; Monte Burke, “Eco-Pragmatists; The Nature Conservancy Gets in Bed with Developers, Loggers and Oil Drillers,” Forbes, September 3, 2001. 34.

No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump’s Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need by Naomi Klein

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, "World Economic Forum" Davos, Airbnb, antiwork, basic income, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Brewster Kahle, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, Celebration, Florida, clean water, collective bargaining, Corrections Corporation of America, data science, desegregation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, end-to-end encryption, energy transition, extractivism, fake news, financial deregulation, gentrification, Global Witness, greed is good, green transition, high net worth, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, impact investing, income inequality, Internet Archive, Kickstarter, late capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Nate Silver, new economy, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, Paris climate accords, Patri Friedman, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, private military company, profit motive, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, sexual politics, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, subprime mortgage crisis, tech billionaire, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, trickle-down economics, Upton Sinclair, urban decay, W. E. B. Du Bois, women in the workforce, working poor

White House: de facto ban on talking about climate change Valerie Volcovici and P.J. Huffstutter, “Trump Administration Seeks to Muzzle U.S. Agency Employees,” Reuters.com, January 24, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/​article/​us-usa-trump-epa-idUSKBN15822X. Internet Archive: hundreds of billions of webpages, set up a backup server in Canada Amy Goodman, Brewster Kahle, and Laurie Allen, “Facing Possible Threats under Trump, Internet Archive to Build Server in Canada,” Democracy Now!, December 29, 2016, https://www.democracynow.org/​2016/​12/​29/​facing_possible_threats_under_trump_internet. “Data rescue” events Lisa Song and Zahra Hirji, “The Scramble to Protect Climate Data under Trump,” Inside Climate News, January 20, 2017, https://insideclimatenews.org/​news/​19012017/​climate-change-data-science-denial-donald-trump.

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The posts were taken down shortly after they were issued, but not before sparking a trend of rogue Twitter accounts. With key scientific research mysteriously disappearing from government websites, there’s been a concerted international effort to save it from the memory hole. Shortly after Trump’s win, the Internet Archive, a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library, which for the last two decades has dedicated itself to preserving Web content for the public (and already has hundreds of billions of webpages archived), announced plans to find a backup server in Canada to preserve US data. In the days before Trump’s inauguration, “data rescue” events were held in several cities, as researchers and concerned volunteers met to back up data sets from the EPA and other government websites.

Information Doesn't Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet Age by Cory Doctorow, Amanda Palmer, Neil Gaiman

Airbnb, barriers to entry, Big Tech, Brewster Kahle, cloud computing, Dean Kamen, Edward Snowden, game design, general purpose technology, Internet Archive, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, machine readable, MITM: man-in-the-middle, optical character recognition, plutocrats, pre–internet, profit maximization, recommendation engine, rent-seeking, Saturday Night Live, Skype, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, Streisand effect, technological determinism, transfer pricing, Whole Earth Catalog, winner-take-all economy

Good luck with that, Hachette. Platform as roach motel Brewster Kahle is a bit of a software legend. He created the first search engine, the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS), sold it, founded another search company, Alexa, sold it, and then decided to spend the rest of his life running the Internet Archive (archive. org), an amazing public library for the Internet. Brewster tells a famous story about life in the shadow of Microsoft during the heyday of the packaged-software industry, when all software was sold in boxes hanging from pegs in software stores. Back in those days, Microsoft owned 95 percent of the operating-system market, and spent a lot of time extolling the virtues of its “platform” (Windows) to its “partners”—the software creators who wrote Windows programs.

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Intermediaries are vital to creative business, making it easier for ever-larger pools of creators to get paid for their work. If the only way to get your videos out there is to host them yourself, then the pool of successful video creators will be limited to those people who can make great movies and great video-hosting tools. Thankfully, we have YouTube (and Vimeo, and the Internet Archive, and VODO, and Netflix…). However, when competition is scarce among intermediaries—when there are only a few ways to get your payments processed or your e-books sold—the companies that control those channels will turn them into bottlenecks, and will use their power to extract as much money as they can from the creators who depend on them.

Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future by Cory Doctorow

AltaVista, AOL-Time Warner, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, cognitive load, drop ship, en.wikipedia.org, general purpose technology, informal economy, information retrieval, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, Jeff Bezos, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, Law of Accelerating Returns, machine readable, Metcalfe's law, mirror neurons, Mitch Kapor, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, new economy, optical character recognition, PalmPilot, patent troll, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, Ponzi scheme, post scarcity, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Sand Hill Road, Skype, slashdot, Snow Crash, social software, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, the long tail, Thomas Bayes, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, Wayback Machine

Rather, the company wants YouTube to just figure it out, determine a priori which video clips are being presented with permission and which ones are not. After all, Viacom does the very same thing: it won't air clips until a battalion of lawyers have investigated them and determined whether they are lawful. But the Internet is not cable television. Net-based hosting outfits — including YouTube, Flickr, Blogger, Scribd, and the Internet Archive — offer free publication venues to all comers, enabling anyone to publish anything. In 1998's Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Congress considered the question of liability for these companies and decided to offer them a mixed deal: hosting companies don't need to hire a million lawyers to review every blog-post before it goes live, but rightsholders can order them to remove any infringing material from the net just by sending them a notice that the material infringes.

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These encyclopedias have one up on Adams's Guide: they have no shortage of space on their "microprocessors" (the first volume of the Guide was clearly written before Adams became conversant with PCs!). The ability of humans to generate verbiage is far outstripped by the ability of technologists to generate low-cost, reliable storage to contain it. For example, Brewster Kahle's Internet Archive project (archive.org) has been making a copy of the Web — the whole Web, give or take — every couple of days since 1996. Using the Archive's Wayback Machine, you can now go and see what any page looked like on a given day. The Archive doesn't even bother throwing away copies of pages that haven't changed since the last time they were scraped: with storage as cheap as it is — and it is very cheap for the Archive, which runs the largest database in the history of the universe off of a collection of white-box commodity PCs stacked up on packing skids in the basement of a disused armory in San Francisco's Presidio — there's no reason not to just keep them around.

Utopia Is Creepy: And Other Provocations by Nicholas Carr

Abraham Maslow, Air France Flight 447, Airbnb, Airbus A320, AltaVista, Amazon Mechanical Turk, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Bernie Sanders, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, centralized clearinghouse, Charles Lindbergh, cloud computing, cognitive bias, collaborative consumption, computer age, corporate governance, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, data science, deskilling, digital capitalism, digital map, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Elon Musk, Evgeny Morozov, factory automation, failed state, feminist movement, Frederick Winslow Taylor, friendly fire, game design, global village, Google bus, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Googley, hive mind, impulse control, indoor plumbing, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Joan Didion, job automation, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Larry Ellison, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, lolcat, low skilled workers, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Max Levchin, means of production, Menlo Park, mental accounting, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, Norman Mailer, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Republic of Letters, robot derives from the Czech word robota Czech, meaning slave, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, self-driving car, SETI@home, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Singularitarianism, Snapchat, social graph, social web, speech recognition, Startup school, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the long tail, the medium is the message, theory of mind, Turing test, Tyler Cowen, Whole Earth Catalog, Y Combinator, Yochai Benkler

It announced late in 2010 that it would lead an effort to build the DPLA and turn the Enlightenment dream into an Information Age reality. The project garnered seed money from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and attracted a steering committee that included a host of luminaries, including both Darnton and Courant as well as the chief librarian of Stanford University, Michael Keller, and the founder of the Internet Archive, Brewster Kahle. Named to chair the committee was John Palfrey, a young Harvard law professor who had written influential books about the internet. The Berkman Center set an ambitious goal of having the digital library begin operating, at least in some rudimentary form, by April of 2013. Over the past year and a half, the project has moved quickly on several fronts.

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And in that case, it’s hard to see how it would be able to distinguish itself. After all, the web already offers plenty of sources for public-domain books. Google still provides full-text, searchable copies of millions of volumes published before 1923. So do the HathiTrust, a big book database run by a consortium of libraries, and Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive. Amazon’s Kindle Store offers thousands of classic books free. And there’s the venerable Project Gutenberg, which has been transcribing public-domain texts and putting them online since 1971 (when the project’s founder, Michael Hart, typed the Declaration of Independence into a mainframe at the University of Illinois).

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., 292 obstacles to, 278 shift in focus of, 116–20 In Pursuit of Silence (Prochnik), 243–44 Instagram, 166, 186, 224, 314, 320 instant gratification, 206 Instant Messaging, 34 intellectual technologies, 235–36 intelligence, effect of internet on, 231–42 interactivity, 106, 223 of e-readers, 252–53 interface, 216–19 internal clocks, 203–4 internet: beneficial aspects of, 231–32 biases reinforced by, 319–20 centralization of, 66–68 commercial aspects of, xvi–xxi, 3, 9, 83–85, 150, 240, 257–58, 320 control of, xx criminal use of, 55, 257–58 in education, 134 effect on paper consumption of, 286 evolution of, 3–4, 225 as free, 8–9 human beings reprogrammed by, 237 idealistic prediction for, 3–4, 9 in illusion of knowledge, 199–200 intellectual technologies subsumed into, 236–37 liberation mythology of, 41–42 manipulation of memory on, 47–48 personal data collected and monitored on, see data-mining political uses of, 314–20 regulation of, 190–94 as restrictive vs. expansive, 8 technical glitches of, 66–67 traffic analysis of, 30 see also Web 2.0, Web 1.0; specific platforms Internet Archive, 272, 277 Introduction to Karl Marx, An (Elster), 64 intuition, 322 inventions, 116–17, 229–30, 287, 301, 305–6 iPad, 74, 142, 289 closed nature of, 76–78 iPhone, 113, 149 children’s apps on, 74 closed nature of, 76 introduction of, 32–33 iPod, 33, 125, 197, 217, 245, 287 Ireland, Google and, 284 “IRL Fetish, The” (Jurgenson), 127 Iron Man suits, 331 Isaacson, Walter, 121 isolation, paradox of connection and, 35–36, 159, 184, 255 iTunes, 41, 42, 125 Jacobs, Alan, 14 Jagger, Mick, 42, 292 James, LeBron, 336–37, 340 James, Rick, 126 James, William, 203 Jampol, Jeff, 126 Jarvis, Jeff, 252 Jefferson, Thomas, xvii, 271, 306, 325 Jenner, Caitlyn, 338 Jennings, Leslie, 16 Jensen, Brennen, 72 Jobs, Steve, 32–33, 76, 113, 115, 121, 162 Johnson, Steven, 13–15, 83–84, 93–94 Jones, Brian, 42 Jones, Mick, 63 Joplin, Janis, 126 Joyce, James, 106 Jurgenson, Nathan, 127–29 Justice Court, European Union, online privacy case in, 191–92 Justice Department, U.S., 269 Kahle, Brewster, 272, 277 Karp, Scott, 10–11, 232 Katriel, Tamar, 186 Keller, Michael, 272 Kelly, Kevin, 4, 5, 8–9 Kennedy, John, 315, 317 Kesey, Ken, 170–71, 173 Keynes, John Maynard, 306, 310 Kidd, David Comer, 252 Kindle, 122, 142–43, 257, 277, 288 Kindle Fire, 142 Kirsch, Adam, 86–87, 89 Kittler, Friedrich A., 235 “Kitty Hawk” (Frost), 299 Knight Capital, 187–88 knowledge: desire vs., 313 illusion of, 199–200, 224 for its own sake, 253 through action, 297–304, 313 wisdom vs., 240 knowledge work, 176, 238 Koch, Christof, 333 Korzybski, Alfred, 303 Kostelanetz, Richard, 184 Kraus, Allen, 47 Kubrick, Stanley, 108, 231, 242 Kurzweil, Fredric, 69–70 Kurzweil, Ray, 49, 69–70, 145 “Lady with the Dog, The” (Chekhov), 250 Lamartine, Alphonse de, 79 language, natural, displaced by digital, 201–2, 214–15 Larkin, Philip, 159, 186 Latour, Bruno, 179–80 Lawrence, D.

Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language by Gretchen McCulloch

4chan, Black Lives Matter, book scanning, British Empire, Cambridge Analytica, citation needed, context collapse, Day of the Dead, DeepMind, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, eternal september, Firefox, Flynn Effect, Google Hangouts, Ian Bogost, Internet Archive, invention of the printing press, invention of the telephone, lolcat, machine translation, moral panic, multicultural london english, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, off-the-grid, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Oldenburg, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, Snow Crash, social bookmarking, social web, SoftBank, Steven Pinker, tech worker, TED Talk, telemarketer, The Great Good Place, the strength of weak ties, Twitter Arab Spring, upwardly mobile, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Wayback Machine

Acknowledgments The best part about writing a book about the internet is that when you inevitably get distracted by the internet, it often ends up sparking something to write about. Thanks to internet people in general. A big problem in internet research is that half the links you cite will stop working in just two years. To mitigate link rot, every link in this book has been saved in the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, and I’ve made a donation to help it stay in operation. Enter any broken urls at archive.org for a backed-up copy. I’d like to thank my editor, Courtney Young, for understanding the spirit of the book better than I did myself at times. Thank you also to the rest of the team at Riverhead Books, especially Kevin Murphy, and the copyediting team for gracefully handling a style guide founded on internet style; jacket designer Grace Han for landing on a brilliant representation of internet writing; and my publicist, Shailyn Tavella, for her energy and enthusiasm.

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Wired. www.wired.com/2017/05/oral-history-hashtag/. #sarcasm and other joke hashtags: Gretchen McCulloch. April 5, 2017. twitter.com/GretchenAMcC/status/849745556188672000. “When hanging out”: Ben Zimmer. November 21, 2009. “Social Media Dialects: I Speak Twitter . . . You?” Archived at Internet Archive Wayback Machine. web.archive.org/web/20140423112918/mykwblog.wordpress.com/2009/11/21/social-media-dialects-i-speak-twitter-you/. parents reporting: Gretchen McCulloch. March 25, 2017. twitter.com/GretchenAMcC/status/845844245047070720. “hashtag mom joke”: Alexandra D’Arcy. March 26, 2017. twitter.com/LangMaverick/status/845863180534349824.

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University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 18(2). Penn Graduate Linguistics Society. repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1242&context=pwpl. The paper was published in 2012, but the data was collected in 2011. Classic kaomoji: Kenji Rikitake. February 25, 1993. “The History of Smiley Marks.” Archived at Internet Archive Wayback Machine. web.archive.org/web/20121203061906/staff.aist.go.jp:80/k.harigaya/doc/kao_his.html. Ken Y-N. September 19, 2007. “:-) Turns 25, but How Old Are Japanese Emoticons (?_?).” What Japan Thinks. whatjapanthinks.com/2007/09/19/turns-25-but-how-old-are-japanese-emoticons/. When researchers show: Masaki Yuki, William W.

From Satori to Silicon Valley: San Francisco and the American Counterculture by Theodore Roszak

Buckminster Fuller, germ theory of disease, global village, Hacker News, Haight Ashbury, Internet Archive, Marshall McLuhan, megastructure, Menlo Park, Murray Bookchin, Norbert Wiener, Silicon Valley, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, upwardly mobile, Whole Earth Catalog

FROM SATORI TO SILICON VALLEY o ® Theodore Roszak Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 http://archive.org/details/fromsatoritosiliOOrosz OTHER BOOKS BY THEODORE ROSZAK Nonfiction Person/Planet Unfinished Animal The Cult of Information Where the Wasteland The Making of Editor Ends a Counter Culture and contributor The Dissenting Academy Masculine/Feminine (with coeditor Betty Roszak) Sources Fiction Dreamwatcher Bugs Pontifex FROM SATORI TO SILICON VALLEY San Francisco and the American Counterculture Theodore Roszak Don't Call It Frisco Press Publisher & Distributor 4079 19th Avenue San Francisco California 94132 DON'T CALL FRISCO PRESS IT 4079 19th Avenue San Francisco, CA 94132 Copyright 1986 by Theodore Roszak.

Think Like a Freak by Steven D. Levitt, Stephen J. Dubner

Albert Einstein, Anton Chekhov, autonomous vehicles, Barry Marshall: ulcers, behavioural economics, call centre, carbon credits, Cass Sunstein, colonial rule, Donald Shoup, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, Everything should be made as simple as possible, fail fast, food miles, gamification, Gary Taubes, Helicobacter pylori, income inequality, information security, Internet Archive, Isaac Newton, medical residency, Metcalfe’s law, microbiome, prediction markets, randomized controlled trial, Richard Thaler, Scramble for Africa, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, sunk-cost fallacy, Tony Hsieh, transatlantic slave trade, Wayback Machine, éminence grise

For economic predictions, see Jerker Denrell and Christina Fang, “Predicting the Next Big Thing: Success as a Signal of Poor Judgment,” Management Science 56, no. 10 (2010); for NFL predictions, see Christopher Avery and Judith Chevalier, “Identifying Investor Sentiment From Price Paths: The Case of Football Betting,” Journal of Business 72, no. 4 (1999). / 24 A similar study by a firm called CXO Advisory Group: See “Guru Grades,” CXO Advisory Group / 25 Smart people love to make smart-sounding predictions: See Paul Krugman, “Why Most Economists’ Predictions Are Wrong,” Red Herring, June 1998. (Thanks to the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.) / 26 More than the GDP of all but eighteen countries: market caps of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple are based on stock prices as of February 11, 2014; the eighteen countries are: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Spain, the Netherlands, the U.K., the U.S., and Turkey (see CIA World Factbook). 27 WE DON’T EVEN KNOW OURSELVES ALL THAT WELL: See Clayton R.

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McFadden, “Harold Camping, Dogged Forecaster of the End of the World, Dies at 92,” New York Times, December 17, 2013; Dan Amira, “A Conversation with Harold Camping, Prophesier of Judgment Day,” Daily Intelligencer blog, New York Magazine, May 11, 2011; Harold Camping, “We Are Almost There!,” Familyradio.com. (Thanks to the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.) 30 ROMANIAN WITCHES: See Stephen J. Dubner, “The Folly of Prediction,” Freakonomics Radio, September 14, 2011; “Witches Threaten Romanian Taxman After New Labor Law,” BBC, January 6, 2011; Alison Mutler, “Romania’s Witches May Be Fined If Predictions Don’t Come True,” Associated Press, February 8, 2011. 32 SHIP’S COMPASSES AND METAL INTERFERENCE: See A.

The Data Journalism Handbook by Jonathan Gray, Lucy Chambers, Liliana Bounegru

Amazon Web Services, barriers to entry, bioinformatics, business intelligence, carbon footprint, citizen journalism, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, data science, David Heinemeier Hansson, eurozone crisis, fail fast, Firefox, Florence Nightingale: pie chart, game design, Google Earth, Hans Rosling, high-speed rail, information asymmetry, Internet Archive, John Snow's cholera map, Julian Assange, linked data, machine readable, moral hazard, MVC pattern, New Journalism, openstreetmap, Ronald Reagan, Ruby on Rails, Silicon Valley, social graph, Solyndra, SPARQL, text mining, Wayback Machine, web application, WikiLeaks

If that has trouble loading, you can switch over to the more primitive text-only page by clicking another link at the top of the full cache page. You’ll want to take a screenshot or copy-paste any relevant content you do find, since it may be invalidated at any time by a subsequent crawl. The Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine If you need to know how a particular page has changed over a longer time period, like months or years, the Internet Archive runs a service called The Wayback Machine that periodically takes snapshots of the most popular pages on the web. You go to the site, enter the link you want to research, and if it has any copies, it will show you a calendar so you can pick the time you’d like to examine.

HTML5 Cookbook by Christopher Schmitt, Kyle Simpson

Firefox, Internet Archive, machine readable, security theater, web application, WebSocket

Browser support Aside from the challenges of dealing with multiple codecs and format containers, video has full support in all of the latest browsers. However, video is not supported in Internet Explorer 8 and below. For these earlier versions, you’ll need to rely on fallback content. See Also For some open source videos on developing and experimenting with HTML5 video support, search the Internet Archive (see http://www.archive.org/details/movies). 5.2. Ensuring Multi-Browser Video Support Problem You want to make sure your native video plays on the broadest range of browsers possible. Solution Use the source child element of video to specify each of your video formats: <video controls> <source src="video.mp4" /> <source src="video.ogv" /> Your device does not support HTML5 video.

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, Discussion I i element, Redefining <i>, Discussion images, Solution, Solution, Problem, See Also, Multiple images, Null alt attribute, Null alt attribute, Problem, See Also associating with custom classes, Null alt attribute associating with elements, Null alt attribute multiple, Multiple images placeholder, Solution poster, Solution pulling into drawings, Problem, See Also text alternatives for, Problem, See Also img element, Discussion, Discussion, Introduction, Accessible alternatives, Solution, See Also, Multiple images, Multiple images, Write out required, Using ARIA alt attribute, Accessible alternatives, Solution, See Also, Write out required aria-describedby attribute, Multiple images aria-labelledby attribute, Multiple images draggable support, Discussion marking up figures, Discussion presentation role, Using ARIA src attribute, Introduction implicit sectioning, defined, Implicit sectioning importScripts() function, Discussion input element, Solution, See Also, Testing browser support, Solution, See Also, Solution, See Also, Solution, See Also, Customizing the default error message, Solution, Solution, Solution, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Additional features, Additional features, Solution, See Also, Additional features, Additional features, Additional features, Solution, See Also, Additional features, Additional features, Solution, See Also, Solution, Discussion, Example 3: Supporting the date input type, Discussion, Solution, See Also border-radius property, Testing browser support list attribute, Solution, Discussion max attribute, Additional features, Additional features, Additional features min attribute, Additional features, Additional features, Additional features required attribute, Discussion step attribute, Additional features title attribute, Customizing the default error message type attribute, Solution, See Also, Solution, See Also, Solution, See Also, Solution, See Also, Solution, Solution, Solution, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Solution, See Also, Solution, See Also, Solution, See Also, Example 3: Supporting the date input type, Solution, See Also color value, Solution, See Also date value, Solution, Discussion, Example 3: Supporting the date input type datetime value, Solution, Discussion datetime-local value, Discussion email value, Solution, See Also file value, Solution, See Also month value, Discussion number value, Solution, See Also range value, Solution, See Also search value, Solution, See Also tel value, Solution, See Also time value, Solution, Discussion url value, Solution, See Also week value, Discussion input fields, Problem (see form fields) intellectual property rights, Intellectual property rights Internet Archive, See Also Irish, Paul, Solution itemprop attribute, Solution, See Also, Discussion, See Also about, Solution additional information, See Also, See Also usage example, Discussion itemscope attribute, Solution, Discussion itemtype attribute, Solution, See Also J JavaScript, Enter JavaScript, Discussion, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Problem, JavaScript API, CSS for style, See Also, Generate preview, Introduction, Introduction, Discussion, Discussion, Problem, See Also, Discussion, Solution, Accessibility Guidelines, Solution, Discussion, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also (see also Geolocation API; Google Maps API) accessing custom data attributes, Introduction, Problem, See Also accessing microdata, Introduction application caching, Problem, See Also custom audio player example, JavaScript API, CSS for style detecting HTML5 features with, Problem, See Also drag-and-drop functionality, Problem, See Also editing content in browsers, Discussion generating audio with, Problem getAttribute() method, Discussion, Discussion HTML5 support, Enter JavaScript local files, Problem, See Also local storage, Problem, See Also looping video playback, See Also managing history queue, Problem, See Also manipulating video with canvas element example, Generate preview pervasiveness of, Accessibility Guidelines setAttribute() method, Discussion, Solution, Discussion validating form data in older browsers, Problem, See Also Web Sockets, Problem, See Also Web Workers, Problem, See Also jPlayer jQuery plug-in, Discussion jQuery library (JavaScript), Solution, Example: The jQuery data() method, Introduction, Solution, Solution about, Solution data() method, Example: The jQuery data() method flot library and, Solution geolocation support, Introduction, Solution jQuery UI library, Solution JSON.stringify() function, Solution Juicy Studio Accessibility toolbar (browsers), See Also K Karns, Jason, See Also Keith, Jeremy, A datalist workaround, See Also L label element, Solution, See Also, Write out required about, Solution additional information, See Also identifying required form fields, Write out required labels, associating form fields with, Problem landmark roles (ARIA), Problem, See Also, Problem (see also specific roles) language, specifying for web pages, Problem latitude, Problem, Discussion, Problem, See Also geocoding addresses into, Problem, See Also reverse geocoding addresses, Problem, Discussion legend element, Solution, See Also, Solution enabling fieldset dynamically, Solution grouping form fields logically, Solution, See Also Lewis, Emily, Introduction, See Also, See Also, Introduction, See Also, Introduction, See Also on fundamental syntax and semantics, Introduction, See Also on headings, See Also on native audio, Introduction, See Also on native video, Introduction, See Also li element, Solution, Value Attribute about, Solution value attribute, Value Attribute link element, Problem, Discussion links, Problem, Discussion, Discussion, Solution, See Also, Purpose of skipping links adding to block-level content, Problem footer element and, Discussion nav element and, Discussion, Solution, See Also skip, Purpose of skipping links lists, Problem, See Also, Discussion controlling numbering of, Problem, See Also for navigational links, Discussion loadScripts() function, Discussion local filesystem, reading image files from, Problem, See Also localStorage API, Discussion, Problem, See Also, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion about, Discussion, Problem, See Also clear() method, Discussion getItem() method, Discussion key() method, Discussion length property, Discussion removeItem() method, Discussion setItem() method, Discussion log role (ARIA), Solution longdesc attribute, Null alt attribute longitude, Problem, Discussion, Problem, See Also gecoding addresses into, Problem, See Also reverse geocoding addresses, Problem, Discussion looping, Solution, Problem audio playback, Solution video playback, Problem M main role (ARIA), Roles for web apps, Roles for web apps map application example, Problem, See Also mapping elements to ID and class names, Problem, See Also mark element, Solution, Discussion markup, Problem, Problem, Problem, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Problem, See Also, Introduction, Problem, Problem adding custom data to, Problem adding microdata to, Problem additional information, See Also for captions, Problem for dates, Problem, See Also for figures, Problem picking syntax coding styles, Problem semantic, Problem, See Also, Introduction for small print, Problem for times, Problem, See Also marquee role (ARIA), Solution MaxMind GeoIP JavaScript Web Service, Coding the solution, Discussion Media Loop add-on (browsers), Discussion message event, Solution, Discussion meta element, Solution microdata, Introduction, Introduction, When to Use Microdata Versus Custom Data, When to Use Microdata Versus Custom Data, Problem, Problem, See Also, See Also, See Also about, Introduction adding to markup, Problem additional information, When to Use Microdata Versus Custom Data, See Also applications utilizing, See Also JavaScript and, Introduction Schema.org and, Problem, See Also versus custom data usage, When to Use Microdata Versus Custom Data microformats, What about microformats?

Mining Social Media: Finding Stories in Internet Data by Lam Thuy Vo

barriers to entry, correlation does not imply causation, data science, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Archive, natural language processing, social web, web application

To name one example, by the time Congress released the Twitter handles and names of Facebook pages that Russian operatives used to manipulate the 2016 US election, the accounts had been erased and were no longer traceable by researchers for examination. As a countermeasure, various institutions and individuals have started harvesting and storing this social media data. The Internet Archive, for instance, does a monthly data pull and hosts millions of tweets on its servers that researchers may use for linguistic or other analyses. Academics have collected and archived Facebook information in an attempt to better understand phenomena like the spread of hatred against Muslims in Myanmar.

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., 178 dropna() function, 155 E elements, 5 encode, 60 end tags, 5 engagement metrics, 152 error messages, 30–31 ethics, 80 expressions, 16 F Facebook, 64–79 filepaths, 44 filtering data, 114–117 find() function, 71–72, 90–91 floats, 16, 96 for loops, 22–23 formatting data, 106–109 formulas, 112–114 frontend languages CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), 6–12 HTML (HyperText Markup Language), 4–6 JavaScript, 12–13 functions, 20–22 append(), 73 apply(), 168 describe(), 160 DictWriter(), 74 dropna(), 155 find(), 71–72, 90–91 get_text(), 71–72 head(), 146 json.load(), 51 lambda, 168–169 len(), 20, 148 loads(), 49 make_csv(), 59–60 mean(), 160 open(), 49–50 print(), 20, 148 reusable, 58–61 set_index(), 172 sleep(), 96 sort_values(), 158 tail(), 147 writeheader(), 74 writer(), 50 writerow(), 50 G General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 64 get_text() function, 71–72 Google Chrome, 10 Sheets, 104–106, 121–122, 128–133 H head() function, 146 Heisler, Sofia, 178 hexadecimal colors, 7 home pages, 4 HTML (HyperText Markup Language), 4–6 I IDs, 8 if clauses, 23–25 =iferror() formula, 120 iloc[] method, 149 indentation, 5–6 inheritance of styles, 7 inline CSS, 7 integer-location-based indexing, 149 integers, 16, 96 internal style sheets, 8 Internet Archive, 145 IPython Notebooks, 136 iteration, 22–23 J JavaScript, 12–13 joining data sets, 117–121 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) format, 30–37 json library, 47, 49 JSON objects, 34 json.load() function, 51 Jupyter Notebook, 136–142 K keys, 34 key-value pairs, 34 Klein, Ewan, 180 L lambda functions, 168–169 len()function, 20, 148 libraries, 46–48 beautifulsoup4 library, 47, 68–70 csv library, 47, 49–50, 68 datetime library, 47 importing, 68 json library, 47, 49 matplotlib library, 175–176 pandas library, 47, 142–149, 165 pip library, 47–48 requests library, 47, 49 scikit-learn library, 180 third-party, 46 Linder, Lindsey, 78–79 lists, 19–20 loads() function, 49 logical operators, 24–25 loops, 22–23 Loper, Edward, 180 Lytvynenko, Jane, 38 M machine learning, 179–180 macOS, xxi make_csv() function, 59–60 matplotlib library, 175–176 McKinney, Wes, 142 mean, 152 mean() function, 160 measures of central tendency, 152–153 median, 152 merging data sets, 117–121 minified code, 87 modifying and formatting data, 106–109 N Naked Statistics (Wheelan), 179 NaN values, 155–156 natural language processing (NLP), 179 Natural Language Processing with Python (Bird, Klein, and Loper), 180 nested elements, 5 nextPageToken key, 55–57 NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit), 179 null values, 154–156 numbers, 16 O one-dimensional data sets, 143–144 open() function, 49–50 opening tags, 5 operators, 16, 24–25 overloading a server, 82 P pagination, 55–57 pandas library, 47, 142–149, 165 panel data, 142 parameters, 29–30, 41 parsing, 69 part parameter, 30 paste special, 115 pie charts, 127 pip command, 68 pip library, 47–48 pivot tables, 110–111 placeholders, 154 plotting data, 175–176 population data, 153 print statements, 15 print()function, 20, 148 prompts, 15 properties, 7 pseudocoding, 46 PyPI (Python Package Index), 47 Python.

The Invisible Web: Uncovering Information Sources Search Engines Can't See by Gary Price, Chris Sherman, Danny Sullivan

AltaVista, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Bill Atkinson, bioinformatics, Brewster Kahle, business intelligence, dark matter, Donald Davies, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, full text search, HyperCard, hypertext link, information retrieval, Internet Archive, it's over 9,000, joint-stock company, knowledge worker, machine readable, machine translation, natural language processing, pre–internet, profit motive, Project Xanadu, publish or perish, search engine result page, side project, Silicon Valley, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Ted Nelson, Vannevar Bush, web application

Archie was the prototype of today’s search engines, but it was primitive and extremely limited compared to what we have today. Archie roamed the Internet searching for files available on anonymous FTP servers, downloading directory listings of every anonymous FTP server it could find. These listings were stored in a central, searchable database called the Internet Archives Database at McGill University, and were updated monthly. Although it represented a major step forward, the Archie database was still extremely primitive, limiting searches to a specific file name, or for computer programs that performed specific functions. Nonetheless, it proved extremely popular—nearly 50 percent of Internet traffic to Montreal in the early ’90s was Archie related, according to Peter Deutsch, who headed up the McGill University Archie team.

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Remember, tools like Moreover can be of added value because of the “time lag” involved in the general search engines’ crawling material. Search Form URL: http://www.moreover.com/news/index.html Related Resources: Search.Com News Search http://www.search.com/search?channel=5 TotalNews http://www.totalnews.com Special Libraries Association News Division—Directory of News Archives on the Web http://www.ibiblio.org/slanews/internet/archives.html News and Current Events 287 Newslibrary.Com http://www.newslibrary.com Search the Newslibrary.Com archives for content from numerous papers including the Denver Post, Philadelphia Inquirer, and Miami Herald. The archive is free to search but registration is required. You will be charged for the articles you choose to download.

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., 195–196 International Trademark Association (INTA), 84–85 International Weather Conditions, 317 Internet Invisible Web, 56–61, 95–96, 135–137, 138–142 network protocol, 17 origins, 2–3 protocols, 7, 68–69 public access points, 203 research, 110 service providers, 203 visible Web and, 1–16 Web and, 7 Internet Anagram Server, 218 Internet Archives Database at McGill University, 5 Internet Grateful Med, 250 Internet information resources, 203–205 Internet Intelligence Index, 39–40 Internet Movie Database, (IMDB), 220 Internet protocols, 7, 68–69 Internet Public Library Online Text Collection, 159 Internet Resources Newsletter, 111 Internet Service Providers (ISPs), 203 Internet Traffic Reports, 203 Interpol Most Wanted, 273 inverted index structures, 20–21 investment information resources, 123–124, 182–185 Investment Resources, 163–197 invisibility types of, 70–75 visibility and, 77–90 Invisible Web definition, 56–61 directory FAQs, 138–142 pathfinders, 135–137 top 10 concepts, 142–143 when to use, 95–96 Invisible-Web.net, 79, 142 InvisibleWeb.com, 136 IP delivery, 68–69 IPO SuperSearch, 184 IPO Underwriter Database, 184 Is My Bank Insured?

iPad: The Missing Manual, Fifth Edition by J.D. Biersdorfer

clockwatching, cloud computing, Downton Abbey, Firefox, Google Chrome, incognito mode, Internet Archive, lock screen, Skype, stealth mode startup

How iTunes Organizes Your Content Music, videos, apps, and other content you download from the iTunes Store land in their respective Source-list libraries—songs in the Music library, Hawaii Five-0 episodes in TV Shows, and so on. You’ll find copies of any songs or videos you bought in the Source panel’s Purchased list, a one-click trip to see where all your spare cash went. But say you add files that don’t come from the iTunes Store, like videos you download from the Internet Archive (a great source of free, public-domain material, including ebooks, old movies, and years’ worth of Grateful Dead concert recordings; go to www.archive.org). If one of these files ends up in the wrong part of the iTunes library, you can fix it so that it lands where it belongs—movies in Movies, ebooks in Books, and so on.

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The Store That Sells Everything has at least 20 million songs you can download to your computer, add to iTunes, and sync over to your iPad. Take a stroll to amazon.com/mp3. eMusic. You can find 13 million tracks at www.emusic.com, plus download-helper software to sling it all into iTunes. The Internet Archive. More than a million free recordings can be found at www.archive.org, including thousands of Grateful Dead live jams, old-time radio shows, and podcasts. Sync Music, Audiobooks, and Podcasts ONCE YOU CONNECT YOUR iPad (by Wi-Fi Sync or USB) and it shows up in iTunes, you can modify all the settings that control what goes onto (and comes off of) your tablet.

…

, Set Up an Email Account (or Two), POP3 and IMAP Accounts on the iPad, Syncing With iTunes, Sync and Organize Apps in iTunes, Sync and Organize Apps in iTunes, Sync and Organize Apps in iTunes, Adjust App Preferences, Sync Books Using iTunes, Manually Sync to Your iPad, Sync Music, Audiobooks, and Podcasts, Getting Videos Into iTunes apps, Sync and Organize Apps in iTunes email, POP3 and IMAP Accounts on the iPad manually, Manually Sync to Your iPad Music, Sync Music, Audiobooks, and Podcasts Notes, Syncing With iTunes organizing apps in, Sync and Organize Apps in iTunes, Sync and Organize Apps in iTunes, Adjust App Preferences transferring videos from, Getting Videos Into iTunes with email, Set Up an Email Account (or Two) with iBooks, Sync Books Using iTunes with iPad, Sync Your iPad with iTunes, Sync Your iPad with iTunes Notes, Cut, Copy, Paste, and Replace Text Reminders, Use Reminders T T-Mobile hotspots, Use Public WiFi Hotspots tabbed browsing, Use Browser Tabs in Safari–Use Browser Tabs in Safari, Use Browser Tabs in Safari tethering, Use the iPad as a Personal Hotspot text messages, Send Messages–Send Messages, Send Messages, Send Messages The Internet Archive, Get Music from Other Online Stores The New York Times, Find Newspaper and Magazine Apps thumbnails and finger gestures, View Pictures on Your iPad Timer, Timer Top Charts (iBooks), Browse and Search for Books transferring photos, Transfer Photos with iTunes–Transfer Photos with iPad Camera Adapters, Automatically Download Photos with Photo Stream, Transfer Photos with iPad Camera Adapters transitions between photos, Play Slideshows on Your iPad, Turn the iPad into a Picture Frame troubleshooting, Troubleshoot Apps–Troubleshoot Apps, Troubleshoot Apps, Troubleshoot Games, Troubleshooting iWork Files–Getting Help with iWork, Getting Help with iWork, Getting Help with iWork, Troubleshoot Syncing Problems, Troubleshooting Basics, Troubleshooting Basics, Troubleshooting Basics, Download iTunes and iTunes Updates, and Reinstall iTunes–Download iTunes and iTunes Updates, and Reinstall iTunes, Download iTunes and iTunes Updates, and Reinstall iTunes, Download iTunes and iTunes Updates, and Reinstall iTunes, Use iPad Backup Files, Start Over: Restore Your iPad’s Software apps, Troubleshoot Apps–Troubleshoot Apps, Troubleshoot Apps backup files, Use iPad Backup Files battery level, Troubleshooting Basics games, Troubleshoot Games iTunes, downloading and reinstalling, Download iTunes and iTunes Updates, and Reinstall iTunes–Download iTunes and iTunes Updates, and Reinstall iTunes, Download iTunes and iTunes Updates, and Reinstall iTunes, Download iTunes and iTunes Updates, and Reinstall iTunes iWork, Troubleshooting iWork Files–Getting Help with iWork, Getting Help with iWork, Getting Help with iWork syncing problems, Troubleshoot Syncing Problems TV, The iTunes Window, Play iPad Videos on Your TV–Play iPad Videos on Your TV, Play iPad Videos on Your TV, Play iPad Videos on Your TV, Play iPad Videos on Your TV, Play Slideshows on Your TV–Play Slideshows on Your TV, Play Slideshows on Your TV, Play Slideshows on Your TV, Photo Stream for Windows Users cables, Play iPad Videos on Your TV connecting iPad to, Play Slideshows on Your TV finding and playing videos, Play iPad Videos on Your TV–Play iPad Videos on Your TV, Play iPad Videos on Your TV, Play iPad Videos on Your TV libraries, The iTunes Window Photo Stream, Photo Stream for Windows Users playing slideshows on, Play Slideshows on Your TV–Play Slideshows on Your TV, Play Slideshows on Your TV Twitter, Take a Safari Tour, Use the Safari Action Menu, Social Networking on Your iPad, Social Networking on Your iPad, Use Twitter, iTunes and Social Media, Twitter U Ultraviolet, Video Formats That Work on the iPad Universal Access, Tour iTunes Update Genius (iTunes), Make a Genius Playlist in iTunes updating software, Update Your iPad’s Software Upgrade to iTunes Media organization, Where iTunes Stores Your Files USA Today, Find Newspaper and Magazine Apps USB, Sync Your iPad with iTunes syncing iTunes, Sync Your iPad with iTunes Use Side Switch, Use the Mute/Lock and Volume Buttons, General V VCF files (Contacts file standard), File Attachments Verizon, Cellular: 4G LTE, 4G, and 3G Networks, Use Public WiFi Hotspots, Sign Up for Cellular Data Service, Use a Mobile Broadband Hotspot, Use the iPad as a Personal Hotspot data calculator, Sign Up for Cellular Data Service hotspots, Use Public WiFi Hotspots mobile hotspots, Use a Mobile Broadband Hotspot using iPad as personal hotspot, Use the iPad as a Personal Hotspot video calls, Make Video Calls with FaceTime–Use Skype to Make Internet Calls, Adjust Your FaceTime Settings, Use Skype to Make Internet Calls, Use Skype to Make Internet Calls video mirroring, Beam Games to an Apple TV, Video Mirroring videos, Your Home Screen Apps, Make Video Calls with FaceTime, Stream Web Audio and Video–Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video, The iTunes Window, Watch, Create, and Edit Videos–Delete Videos, Watch, Create, and Edit Videos, Get Video Onto Your iPad, Get Video Onto Your iPad, Get Video Onto Your iPad, Transfer Video from iTunes to iPad, Transfer Video from iTunes to iPad, Getting Videos Into iTunes, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad, Play iPad Videos on Your TV, Play iPad Videos on Your TV, Shoot Your Own Videos, Share Your Video Clips, Share Your Video Clips, Share Your Video Clips, Edit Videos on the iPad, Edit Videos on the iPad, Edit Videos on the iPad, Edit Videos on the iPad, Edit Videos on the iPad, Edit Videos with iMovie, Edit Videos with iMovie, Edit Videos with iMovie, Edit Videos with iMovie, Video Formats That Work on the iPad, Video Formats That Work on the iPad, Video Formats That Work on the iPad, Video Formats That Work on the iPad, Video Formats That Work on the iPad, Delete Videos, Videos Aneesoft iPad Video Converter, Video Formats That Work on the iPad deleting, Edit Videos on the iPad from Camera Roll, Edit Videos on the iPad Done button, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad editing, Edit Videos on the iPad, Edit Videos on the iPad, Edit Videos with iMovie, Edit Videos with iMovie on iPad, Edit Videos on the iPad, Edit Videos on the iPad with iMovie, Edit Videos with iMovie, Edit Videos with iMovie FaceTime, Make Video Calls with FaceTime formats, Video Formats That Work on the iPad getting into iTunes, Getting Videos Into iTunes HandBrake, Video Formats That Work on the iPad iMessage, Share Your Video Clips iTunes Store, Get Video Onto Your iPad library’s contents, The iTunes Window movie trailers, Stream Web Audio and Video–Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video movies, Watch, Create, and Edit Videos HD, Watch, Create, and Edit Videos Play/Pause, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad Previous, Next, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad scroll slider, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad settings, Videos sharing, Share Your Video Clips streaming apps and websites, Get Video Onto Your iPad transferring to computer, Transfer Video from iTunes to iPad volume, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad Widescreen/Full Screen, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad Wondershare iPad Video Converter, Video Formats That Work on the iPad Zoom/Unzoom, Find and Play Videos on Your iPad VIP Mailbox, Set Up a VIP Mailbox virtual private network (VPN), General Vlingo, Dictation Options for Older iPads voice commands, Enter Text By Voice–Using Dictation on the iPad, Using Dictation on the iPad, Using Dictation on the iPad Voice Memos, Connect Through iPad Jacks and Ports VoiceOver feature, General VoIP, Use Skype to Make Internet Calls volume, Use the Mute/Lock and Volume Buttons, Control the Now Playing Screen Now Playing screen, Control the Now Playing Screen Volume Limit (iPod), Music W Wake, Turn the iPad On and Off Wall Street Journal, Find Newspaper and Magazine Apps wallpaper, View Pictures on Your iPad, Change the iPad’s Wallpaper, Brightness & Wallpaper WAV files, Stream Web Audio and Video, Change Import Settings for Better Audio Quality Web, iPad Keyboard Shortcuts, Surf the Web–Use Other Web Browsers, Take a Safari Tour, Take a Safari Tour, Use Browser Tabs in Safari, Use Browser Tabs in Safari, Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages, Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages, Use Safari Reader, Use Safari’s Reading List, Jump to Other Web Pages, Use Autofill to Save Time, Use Autofill to Save Time, Add New Bookmarks on the iPad, Call Up Your History List, Edit and Organize Bookmarks and Folders, Edit and Organize Bookmarks and Folders, Save and Mail Images from the Web, Save and Mail Images from the Web, Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video, Work with Online Apps, Use iCloud Tabs, Use the Safari Action Menu, Social Networking on Your iPad, Social Networking on Your iPad, Surf Securely, Surf Securely, Surf Securely, Use Other Web Browsers, Use Other Web Browsers addresses, iPad Keyboard Shortcuts Autofill, Use Autofill to Save Time saving and emailing images, Save and Mail Images from the Web security, Surf Securely streaming, Stream Web Audio and Video WebDAV server, iWork by Online Server Website Data, Safari Wi-Fi Plus Cellular switch, Cellular Data (Wi-Fi + 4G/3G iPads Only) Wi-Fi Sync (iTunes), Sync Your iPad with iTunes, Connect Through iPad Jacks and Ports, Sync Bookmarks, Set Up an Email Account (or Two), Sync Your Personal Info to the iPad, Set Up Your Calendars, Maintain Contacts, Take Notes, Sync and Organize Apps in iTunes, Sync Books Using iTunes, Troubleshoot Syncing Problems, General maintaining contacts, Maintain Contacts organizing apps, Sync and Organize Apps in iTunes syncing bookmarks, Sync Bookmarks syncing books, Sync Books Using iTunes syncing calendars, Set Up Your Calendars syncing email, Set Up an Email Account (or Two) syncing notes, Take Notes Widescreen (videos), Find and Play Videos on Your iPad WiFi, Activate and Set Up Your iPad Over WiFi, Activate and Set Up Your iPad Over WiFi, Get Your WiFi Connection, Use Public WiFi Hotspots, Use a Cellular Data Network, WiFi activating and setting up, Activate and Set Up Your iPad Over WiFi choosing network, Activate and Set Up Your iPad Over WiFi connection, Get Your WiFi Connection hotspots, Use Public WiFi Hotspots settings, WiFi Windows Address Book, Maintain Contacts Windows Contacts, Maintain Contacts WMV files and iTunes, Video Formats That Work on the iPad Wondershare, Video Formats That Work on the iPad World Clock, Track Time With the iPad’s Clock X Xbox 360 gaming console, Control Your Xbox Game Console Y Yelp reviews service, Find Your Way with Maps YouTube, Your Home Screen Apps, Stream Web Audio and Video–Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video, Share Your Video Clips movie trailers, Stream Web Audio and Video–Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video, Stream Web Audio and Video Z Zinio Magazine Newsstand, Find Newspaper and Magazine Apps Zoho, Work with Online Apps Zoom/Unzoom, Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages–Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages, Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages, Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages, Find Your Way with Maps–Find Your Way with Maps, Find Your Way with Maps, Meet iWork, Create Presentations in Keynote, Shoot Your Own Videos, Take Photos With the iPad’s Camera, View Pictures on Your iPad, Picture Frame iWork, Meet iWork Maps, Find Your Way with Maps–Find Your Way with Maps, Find Your Way with Maps photos, Take Photos With the iPad’s Camera, View Pictures on Your iPad Picture Frame, Picture Frame presentations, Create Presentations in Keynote videos, Shoot Your Own Videos web pages, Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages–Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages, Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages, Zoom and Scroll Through Web Pages About the Author J.D.

Memory Machines: The Evolution of Hypertext by Belinda Barnet

augmented reality, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bill Duvall, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, collateralized debt obligation, computer age, Computer Lib, conceptual framework, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, game design, hiring and firing, Howard Rheingold, HyperCard, hypertext link, Ian Bogost, information retrieval, Internet Archive, John Markoff, linked data, mandelbrot fractal, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, nonsequential writing, Norbert Wiener, Project Xanadu, publish or perish, Robert Metcalfe, semantic web, seminal paper, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, the scientific method, Vannevar Bush, wikimedia commons

Gregory had technical skills that Nelson wanted: training in computer programming and an ability to make computers work. Gregory began to write shells of Xanadu code with Nelson full-time in 1979 (they’d known each other since 1976) and continued for the next decade. In an interview with the Internet Archive, Gregory says he got a group together at Swarthmore and designed a system that he ‘almost had working’ by 1988, when he organized funding through Autodesk, an American software corporation (Gregory 2010). He’d been running the group as a volunteer organization for ten years prior to this. Gregory seems to sigh and shake his head a lot in this interview; he clearly has some regrets.

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INDEX abstraction 94 ACM SICGRAPH 94, 145n4 ACM SIGGRAPH 94, 145n4 acquired knowledge 34, 38, 40–41; see also human knowledge active applications xii Active Navigation (formerly Microcosm) xxii–xxiii adapting to mechanization 30 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) 17, 49–50, 62 ‘A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing and the Indeterminate’ 73–4 afternoon (Joyce, M.) 115–16, 123, 125–6, 128–34, 133, 137 Amazon 8 analogue computers 14, 16 the Analyzer 8, 12–18, 21–2, 25–6 anchor tags 144n9 Andreessen, Mark 107 Annenberg/CPB project, as Intermedia sponsor 111 Apple Computer, Inc. 112–13, 129 Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 135 Aristotle 8 ARPANET 113 artificial intelligence (AI): beginnings of 24, 95; Bolter and Joyce influenced by 118, 141; computer use in study of 119; ‘expert systems’ program 118, 146n7 (chap. 6); influences on 12; Moulthrop on hypertext and 147n9; TALE-SPIN using 119; Turing’s Man illuminating 120, 147n10 association 6–7, 42 associative memory models: Bush’s 42; comparison of 96; computers having 120; electromechanical 12; hypertext pioneer’s use of 94, 95; metaphor between AI models of and hypertext 95; see also memory associative organization 8, 41; Joyce on 116; as new media’s goal 11; of NLS linking structure 43; supporters of 88 associative retrieval systems and human thought analogy 22 associative thought, MULTILIST & MULTILANG as attempting to model 95 ‘As We May Think’ 11, 13, 41, 44, 78 Atlantic Monthly on Memex 11 Augmentation Research Centre (ARC) 9, 50, 52, 54 augmentation tools altering experience xii–xiii Augmenting the intellect 37–8, 41, 48, 78 ‘Augment’ system 62–3 authorship, concept of 80 Autodesk 81 A/UX 112–13 Babbage, Charles xv–xvii back buttons 104 backtracking 75, 85, 108 Ballistic Research Laboratory 16 Bardini, Thierry xix, 38, 39, 42, 144n4 (chap. 3) Barnet, Belinda xii, xviii, 83 batch-processing machines 50 Beard, David 127 behavioural science 55 Bell, Alice 134 158 Memory Machines Beniger, James R. 32 Berners-Lee, Sir Tim xvii, xxiii, 57, 88–9, 107 Bernstein, Mark 7, 130–33, 135, 143n4 (chap. 1), 147n26, 147n28 bilogical-mechanical analogues and human associative memory 22–5 Bolter, Jay: AI project involvement 95; background of 117, 118, 136, 146n3 (chap. 6), 146n5 (chap. 6); interconnectivity model of 116, 117; on networked literature 135; relationship of with Joyce 122; Remediation: Understanding New Media (Bolter & Grusin) 122; Riverrun Ltd started by 131; structure editor development by 128; in Textlab 126–7; topographic metaphor of 121, 128; on the Web xxi; WE paper coauthor 127; work with IBYCUS 117–18; Writing Space 120–22; see also Turing’s Man Bootstrapping (Bardini) 38 bootstrapping technique 38, 40, 56; see also Engelbart, Douglas C. brain, analogies for 18, 24; see also mind branches as connectors in HES 104 Brand, Stewart 76 ‘breadcrumbs’ 133 ‘bridge,’ from research engineers to military 17 Brøderbund Software 131, 134 Brown, Peter J. 7 Brown University 91, 111–13, 145n3; see also Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship (IRIS) Bush, Vannevar 16; ARPA relationship started by 17; assets of 26; ‘As We May Think’ 11, 13, 41, 44, 78; ‘co-evolution’ concept of 29–30; cognitive and associative processing vision of 43; Comparator developed by 18–19; concept of ‘mechanical calculus’ developed by 15–16; on creativity 30; demarcating ‘human’ realm of thought 30; on digital machine trend 33; Engelbart parallel 41; externalizing technology 26; human ‘augmentation system’ idea of 29–30; ‘Immortality in a Machine’ 35; on information organization 22–3; late career of 33; mental association model of 23–4; on the mental revolution 22; methodologies of 24–5; perspective of machines 30; prototypes developed by 8; roles of 143n3 (chap. 2); ; seeking symbiosis of man and machine 29, 139; success of Analyzer 13; on technological prediction 26–7; ‘The Inscrutable Thirties’ 26; vision of 11; see also associative organization; Memex; the Selector Caldwell, Samuel 32 Canonizing Hypertext (Ensslin) 134 ‘capability infrastructure’ 38 Carson equation 14 Center of Analysis for Calculating Machines 17 Ceruzzi, Paul E. 31, 32 cipher machines 18–19 Citizen Kane 76 Codex Culture 137 ‘co-evolution’ concept 29–30, 39 cognitive psychology 127 cognitive science beginnings 24 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 65–6 collaboration, facilitation of 43 commercial provision of network access 83 communication technologies development 14 Comparator 18–19, 26 complexity xx, 41, 66, 84 composition theory 127 Computer-Assisted Instruction 71 computer graphics 91, 94, 95, 111 Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice (van Dam et al.) 91, 97 computer-human interaction paradigm 31 computer languages 2, 58, 95, 123, 135, 147n16 Computer Lib 78 Computer Lib/Dream Machines (Nelson) 6–7 computers 50, 97, 146n6 (chap. 6) INDEX ‘Computers, Creativity and the Nature of the Written Word’ 73, 73 computer science 48, 49, 94, 101 computer screens 45–7, 52, 53 computer world falling short xi–xii computing paradigm shift 22, 97 ‘Conceptual Framework for Augmenting Man’s Intellect’ 41, 48–9 connectionism 118 connections, importance of xx ‘context’ editors 98 Coombs, John 21 Coover, Robert 135–6 copyright law 80, 87–8 Coulton, Jonathan ix, xiii, xiv ‘creativity’ as beyond technology 30 crystals as means to record data 33 cultural anthropology perspective on evolution 2 cultural watershed caused by Engelbart 49 cybernetics 12, 24, 39, 50, 95 cybertext, cultural logic of xiv cyborgs 29 ‘The Dark Brown Years’ 92, 99–103, 108, 145nn1–2 ‘database aesthetics’ 121 Davis, Hugh xxiii Dead Media List 21, 137 Dehn, Natalie 119 De Landa, Manuel 17 ‘Delay Lines’ 31–2 ‘deliverables’ 15 dependent conditions xiii Derrida, Jacques 67 device independence 107 the Differential Analyzer: see the Analyzer differential equations 15–16 digital computing 25, 31, 32, 47 digital electronics emergence 18 Digital media, ‘operations and processes’ behind 6 ‘Digital Media Archeology’ 6 disagreement, as Nelson’s world view 43 Document Examiner 129 Doug Engelbart Institute 63, 114; see also Engelbart, Douglas C. 159 Douglas, Jane Yellowlees 126, 130 Dream Machines 83 drum memory replacement 32 Duvall, Bill 9, 42–3, 51, 57, 61–2 Dynamic Memory (Schank) 118–19 Dynatext 107 Eastgate 131–4, 147n27–8 Eastman Kodak Company 20 economic infrastructure, Nelson’s 88 Economist on Nelson 67 Edwards, Paul N. 32 Eldredge, Niles xx, 3–5; see also technical evolution Electronic Book Review on Storyspace fiction 134 electronic component dimensional scaling 48 Electronic Document System (EDS) 91, 111–13 e-literature 121; see also specific works ‘Embedded Markup Considered Harmful’ 86 Engelbart, Douglas C. 53; associative memory model of 96; Bush parallel 41; Bush’s ideas incorporated by 29, 43, 45, 46, 139; ‘Conceptual Framework for Augmenting Man’s Intellect’ 41, 48–9; cybernetics and AI influencing 12, 95; framework of 40–43, 45–6, 144n2 (chap. 3); generalized organizational structure design of 44; on humans as first computers 13; ‘integrated manmachine relationship’ perspective of 39; intellectual augmentation concept of 37–8, 41, 48, 52, 61, 146n6 (chap. 6); on language 38; legendary story of 44; Lindgren on 37; link concept co-credited to Nelson 77; misunderstood 48–9, 51; mouse developed by 21, 53; multidisciplinary perspective of 44, 48; NLS demonstration 9; over view of xii–xvii; symbiotic vision of 29, 49, 139; on technical acceleration 2; technical evolution concerns of xix, 39–40; vision of 37, 62, 63, 139; 160 Memory Machines Whorf as influence on 38, 143n1 (chap. 3); see also NLS engineering community, limited perspective of 77 engineering culture 17–18, 22 English, Bill 44, 51–2, 57, 61–2 Ensslin, Astrid 132–3 evolutionary biology 2 Evolutionary List File (ELF) 72, 74, 100 externalization 26, 38, 42, 44 external limits 22 failure xi, xiv–xv Fall Joint Computer Conference 59, 60, 76–7, 105 feedback 28, 50 Feiner, Steven 111 Ferguson, Gordon 127 Fifth Generation Computer Project, Japan 146n7 (chap.6) File Retrieval and Editing System: see FRESS Finnegans Wake (Joyce, J.) 146n2 FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System): capabilities of 92, 107–10, 140; comparison of to NLS 109; data structure of 146n8 (chap. 5); development of 91, 106; inspiration behind 9, 109; life span of 131; links in 146n6 (chap. 5); NLS capabilities transferred to 61, 92, 109; reception of at Brown 110; university use of 110; see also van Dam, Andries From Memex to Hypertext (Nyce & Kahn) 13, 25–6 ‘frozen state’ addressing scheme (NLS) 57 Galloway, Alexander xii games (video) xiii–xiv Gannon, John 102 Gates, Bill 145n17 general-purpose concept structure 41–2, 44; see also Engelbart, Douglas C. genius ix–xi GLOSSA 123, 125 graph theory 147n13 Gray, Josh 94 Greco, Diane 29 Gregory, Roger 81–2 guard fields 125–6, 135, 141 Guide, commercial hypertext system 7 Guttag, John 102 Hall, Wendy xviii, xxii–xxiii, 145n3 Haraway, Donna 29 Hatt, Harold 24 Hayles, Katherine 39, 40–41, 134–5, 148n29 Hazen, Harold 17 Hegirascope on HTML xxi Hertzfeld, Andy 94 HES (Hypertext Editing System) 32, 76, 106; capabilities of 92–3, 96–7, 101–4, 107, 140; comparison to NLS 103–4; design of 97–110; development of 91–3; IBM research contract for 103; ‘Implementation Notes’ by Nelson 100; inspiration behind 9; naming of 102–3; Nelson on legacy of 107; resistance to 92; shortcomings of 107–8; text links in 93, 104, 109, 140; used by NASA 106; see also van Dam, Andries hierarchical structures 8, 123–4, 139; see also oN-Line System (NLS) Hill, Gary xxii–xxiii historical backtracking 75, 85 history xv, 1–2 Hooper, Kristine 128, 147n24 Hopfield, John 146n7 (chap. 6) Hopscotch 6 Howard, John 21 HTML xxi, xxiii, 85 human associative memory and bilogicalmechanical analogues 22–5 human-computer interaction paradigm 31 human computer studies 127 human knowledge: Bush’s prediction of growth of 44–5; collective IQ of 63; complexity of xx, 41; Nelson’s theory of 66–7, 137; recurrent dream about 64; technical solution to problem of 39; see also acquired knowledge human mind 21–2, 24, 25, 29 human neuronal circuit, MIT model of 24 humans, relationship between tools and 1 INDEX ‘human system’ in capability infrastructure 38–40 Hypercard xxii, 129, 131 hyperfilm 74 Hypergate 133 hypermedia 74, 98, 111 hypermedia theory 67 hypertext: articulating to cultural logic xiv; automated option of 6; Bolter on 120; at Brown 111–13; chunk-style 7; coming-out party of 128; concept of 74; connection as theme song of xx; contemporary link function in 43; as a critical discourse 132; and the early Internet 113–14; first fiction work in 115; ‘first generation’ systems of xxii; as ideological overhaul 80; interconnectedness of history xix; interconnectivity as dream of 12; linked lists in 94–5; ‘literary communities’ definition of 7; metaphor between AI models of associative memory and 95; metaphor of associative models of mind and memory 12; Moulthrop on AI and 146n9; nature of xviii; Nelson’s conception of 71–2; Nelson’s definition of xxi, 6, 143n3 (chap. 1); NLS as having first digital system of 58; ‘one-way’ 85; and poststructuralism similarities 137, 148n1; potential of xxi–xxii; representing complexity as a vision of 8; ‘research-oriented’ systems xxii; selling 132, 135; as teaching tool 110; traceable to ‘As We May Think’ 11; Web as implementation of xx, 141 Hypertext ’87 (conference) 128–9 ‘The Hypertext’ (Nelson) 73 Hypertext Editing System see HES; see also van Dam, Andries hypertext theory 120–21, 133, 137–8 IBM 103, 107, 111–12 IBM SHARE program library 106 IBYCUS 117–18, 146n4 ideological revolution, links as essence of 79 161 I Have Said Nothing (Douglas) 134 ‘images of potentiality’ 5–6, 12, 68, 117; see also Memex ‘Immortality in a Machine’ 35 indexing, associative vs. conventional 23 Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood (Gleick) xv–xvi information, connective aspect of 89 informational resources xvii information loss, defending against 74 information management 20, 25, 70 Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) 50 ‘information space’ 61 information theory 18, 31 innovation, Duvall on 9 ‘installation’ of augmentation systems 38 Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship (IRIS) 91, 111; see also Brown University ‘integrated man-machine relationship’ perspective: of Engelbart 39 ‘integrators’ 14–15 intellectual property, approaching problem of xi intelligent ‘agents’ 28 Interactive Graphical Documents system (IGD) 111 interconnectedness xix, 6, 8, 12 Intermedia xxii, 91, 111–12, 131, 140 Internet, hypertext and the 113–14 Internet Archive, Gregory interviewed by 81 intertwingularity 66, 137, 141; see also Nelson, Theodor Holm invention 58, 138 Jackson, Shelley (Patchwork Girl) 129, 130, 131 Jobs, Steve 145n17 Journal feature of NLS 56, 60, 139 Joyce, Michael 124; afternoon (fiction) by 115, 123, 125–6, 128–34, 133, 137; AI work of 95, 118; Bolter’s relationship with 122; computers used by 123; connectivity and associative ideas of 116; image of potentiality of 117; Markle Report by 116, 118, 119, 121–4, 126, 128, 146n5 (chap. 6); Moulthrop on 117, 146n2; 162 Memory Machines Othermindedness 117; ‘pseudocode’ of 125; recurrence as rhetorical strategy of 117, 125; ‘Re:mindings’ by 116, 122; Riverrun Ltd started by 131; structure editor development by 128; Of Two Minds 119, 125; ‘What I Really Wanted to Do I Thought’ 115; writing career of 115–16, 146n1, 147n18; see also Storyspace Kahn, P. 17, 22, 25–6, 29 Kay, Alan 76 King, Augusta Ada xvi–xviii Kirschenbaum, Matthew 123, 131–2, 147n28 Kitzmann, Andreas 91, 112 ‘Kubla Khan’ (poem) 65–6, 76 Landow, George 7, 79, 112–13, 137 language 38, 40–41, 44 Lansman, Marcy 126–7 Lazowska, Ed 102 Lesk, Michael x Lessig, Lawrence xi liberal human perspective 39, 40 Licklider, J.

Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World by Cal Newport

8-hour work day, Albert Einstein, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bluma Zeigarnik, business climate, Cal Newport, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Clayton Christensen, David Brooks, David Heinemeier Hansson, deliberate practice, digital divide, disruptive innovation, do what you love, Donald Knuth, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, experimental subject, follow your passion, Frank Gehry, Hacker News, Higgs boson, informal economy, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Jaron Lanier, knowledge worker, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Merlin Mann, Nate Silver, Neal Stephenson, new economy, Nicholas Carr, popular electronics, power law, remote working, Richard Feynman, Ruby on Rails, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, statistical model, the medium is the message, Tyler Cowen, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, winner-take-all economy, work culture , zero-sum game

Another person committed to monastic deep work is the acclaimed science fiction writer Neal Stephenson. If you visit Stephenson’s author website, you’ll notice a lack of e-mail or mailing address. We can gain insight into this omission from a pair of essays that Stephenson posted on his early website (hosted on The Well) back in the early 2000s, and which have been preserved by the Internet Archive. In one such essay, archived in 2003, Stephenson summarizes his communication policy as follows: Persons who wish to interfere with my concentration are politely requested not to do so, and warned that I don’t answer e-mail… lest [my communication policy’s] key message get lost in the verbiage, I will put it here succinctly: All of my time and attention are spoken for—several times over.

…

“In Secret Hideaway, Bill Gates Ponders Microsoft’s Future.” Wall Street Journal, March 28, 2005, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB111196625830690477. • Neal Stephenson information comes from an older version of Stephenson’s website, which has been preserved in a December 2003 snapshot by The Internet Archive: http://web.archive.org/web/20031207060405/http://www.well.com/~neal/badcorrespondent.html. “A 2012 McKinsey study found that”: Chui, Michael, et al. “The Social Economy: Unlocking Value and Productivity Through Social Technologies.” McKinsey Global Institute. July 2012. http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/the_social_economy.

Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age by Viktor Mayer-Schönberger

digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Firefox, full text search, George Akerlof, information asymmetry, information retrieval, information security, information trail, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, John Markoff, Joi Ito, lifelogging, moveable type in China, Network effects, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pattern recognition, power law, RFID, slashdot, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, systematic bias, The Market for Lemons, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Vannevar Bush, Yochai Benkler

But because of digital technology, society’s ability to forget has become suspended, replaced by perfect memory.8 Much of Stacy Snyder’s pain, some say, is self-inflicted. She put her photo on her web page and added an ambiguous caption. Perhaps she did not realize that the whole world could find her web page, and that her photo might remain accessible through Internet archives long after she had taken it offline. As part of the Internet generation, though, maybe she could have been more judicious about what she disclosed on the Internet. This was different for Andrew Feldmar, however. Approaching seventy, he was no teenage Internet nerd, and likely never foresaw that his article in a relatively obscure journal would become so easily accessible on the worldwide Net.

…

See information: retrieval of information sharing: default of, 88 information storage: capacity, 66 cheap, 62–72 corporate, 68–69 density of, 71 economics of, 68 increase in, 71–72 magnetic, 62–64 optical, 64–65 relative cost of, 65–66 sequential nature of analog, 75 informational self-determination, 137 relational dimension of, 170 intellectual property (IP), 144, 146, 150, 174 Internet, 79 “future proof,” 59–60 peer-production and, 131–32 Internet archives, 4 Islam: printing in, 40 Ito, Joi, 126 Johnson, Deborah, 14 Keohane, Robert, 98 Kodak, Eastman, 45–46 Korea: printing in, 40 language, 23–28 Lasica, J. D., 14 Laudon, Kenneth, 145–46 law enforcement, 9 Lazer, David, 159 Lessig, Lawrence, 145–46 library, 33, 36, 74, 190 of Ashurbanipal, 33, 36 of Ptolemy, 33 literacy, 40, 41–42, 45 Luddites, 129 Luther, Martin, 38–39, 98 MAD megadisco, 5–6 markets, 10 mass media, 43–44 McNeill, J.

How to Do Nothing by Jenny Odell

Airbnb, Anthropocene, augmented reality, back-to-the-land, Big Tech, Burning Man, collective bargaining, congestion pricing, context collapse, death from overwork, Donald Trump, Filter Bubble, full employment, gentrification, gig economy, Google Earth, Ian Bogost, Internet Archive, James Bridle, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Kickstarter, late capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, means of production, Minecraft, Patri Friedman, peer-to-peer, Peter Thiel, Plato's cave, Port of Oakland, Results Only Work Environment, Rosa Parks, Salesforce, Sand Hill Road, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skinner box, Snapchat, source of truth, Steve Jobs, strikebreaker, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, union organizing, white flight, Works Progress Administration

It’s just one of the strangely “in-between” aspects of my experience, first of all as a biracial person, and secondly as one who makes digital art about the physical world. I have been an artist in residence at such strange places as Recology SF (otherwise known as “the dump”), the San Francisco Planning Department, and the Internet Archive. All along, I’ve had a love-hate relationship with Silicon Valley as the source of my childhood nostalgia and the technology that created the attention economy. Sometimes it’s good to be stuck in the in-between, even if it’s uncomfortable. Many of the ideas for this book formed over years of teaching studio art and arguing its importance to design and engineering majors at Stanford, some of whom didn’t see the point.

…

This is a cruel confluence of time and space: just as we lose noncommercial spaces, we also see all of our own time and our actions as potentially commercial. Just as public space gives way to faux public retail spaces or weird corporate privatized parks, so we are sold the idea of compromised leisure, a freemium leisure that is a very far cry from “what we will.” In 2017, while I was an artist in residence at the Internet Archive in San Francisco, I spent a lot of time going through the ads in old issues of BYTE, a 1980s-era hobbyist computing magazine. Among unintentionally surreal images—a hard drive plugged into an apple, a man arm wrestling with his desktop computer, or a California gold miner holding up a pan of computer chips and saying, “Eureka!”

People Powered: How Communities Can Supercharge Your Business, Brand, and Teams by Jono Bacon

Airbnb, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, bounce rate, Cass Sunstein, Charles Lindbergh, content marketing, Debian, Firefox, gamification, if you build it, they will come, IKEA effect, imposter syndrome, Internet Archive, Jono Bacon, Kickstarter, Kubernetes, lateral thinking, Mark Shuttleworth, Minecraft, minimum viable product, more computing power than Apollo, planetary scale, pull request, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, Salesforce, Scaled Composites, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, SpaceShipOne, TED Talk, the long tail, Travis Kalanick, Virgin Galactic, Y Combinator

“Ardour—The Digital Audio Workstation,” Ardour, accessed May 25, 2018, https://ardour.org/. 6. “/r/science metrics (Science),” Reddit Metrics, accessed May 9, 2018, http://redditmetrics.com/r/science. “/r/Sneakers metrics (Sneakerheads Unite!),” Reddit Metrics, accessed May 9, 2018, http://redditmetrics.com/r/Sneakers. 7. Internet Archive, “The Long Tail,” Wired Blogs, September 8, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20170310130052/http://www.longtail.com/the_long_tail/2005/09/long_tail_101.html. 8. “PSY–Gangnam Style,” 4:12, YouTube video, July 15, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0. 9. “Study Finds Our Desire for ‘Like-Minded Others’ Is Hard-Wired,” University of Kansas, February 23, 2016, https://news.ku.edu/2016/02/19/new-study-finds-our-desire-minded-others-hard-wired-controls-friend-and-partner. 10.

…

v=N5zDHqrFh-M; Jono Bacon, “10 Avoidable Career Mistakes (and How to Conquer Them),” 29:21, YouTube video, October 19, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woEuqMxmJvw. 5. Adobe, “Photoshop Magic Minute,” YouTube videos, updated February 26, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXw7EK7EUaUHcijd8lwc9VP6zC7HaGwTg. 6. Internet Archive, “Ubuntu Developer Summit,” Ubuntu, accessed January 12, 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20121103153904/http://uds.ubuntu.com/. 7. Jono Bacon, “Keep On Rocking in the Free World,” 1:13, YouTube video, November 12, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dox2nQ3eabg. 10: INTEGRATE, EVOLVE, AND BUILD 1.

Whole Earth: The Many Lives of Stewart Brand by John Markoff

A Pattern Language, air freight, Anthropocene, Apple II, back-to-the-land, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bernie Madoff, Beryl Markham, Big Tech, Bill Atkinson, Biosphere 2, Brewster Kahle, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, butterfly effect, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, complexity theory, computer age, Computer Lib, computer vision, Danny Hillis, decarbonisation, demographic transition, disinformation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, El Camino Real, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, feminist movement, Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, Filter Bubble, game design, gentrification, global village, Golden Gate Park, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, Haight Ashbury, Herman Kahn, housing crisis, Howard Rheingold, HyperCard, intentional community, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lao Tzu, Lewis Mumford, Loma Prieta earthquake, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, microdosing, Mitch Kapor, Morris worm, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, North Sea oil, off grid, off-the-grid, paypal mafia, Peter Calthorpe, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Stallman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Hackers Conference, Thorstein Veblen, traveling salesman, Turing test, upwardly mobile, Vernor Vinge, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, young professional

Kahle, a New Yorker who had studied computer science at MIT and then worked for Hillis at Thinking Machines, had come to the West Coast to create Alexa, an early search engine he had sold to Jeff Bezos for $250 million in Amazon stock. Concerned that the ephemeral digital information that made up the World Wide Web would be easily lost, in 1996 Kahle had created the Internet Archive as a nonprofit repository for the world’s digital information. Given his preservationist inclinations, he seemed well suited for this new mission. A local real estate agent drove them to Spring Valley, a remote farming region in the shadow of Mount Washington, an 11,767-foot-high peak in the Snake Range, just one of the park’s fourteen peaks over 11,000 feet.

…

“I see why people would rather just start over,” Phelan said. “I would.” Brand pushed the doubts aside. He was committed. * * * Shortly before the stroke of midnight at the turn of the new millennium in 2000, a crowd of thirty people gathered in the combined offices of the Long Now Foundation and Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive. By now the Presidio’s residential housing had been converted to upscale rentals for the dot-com workforce. For several years it would also become home to both Brand and Phelan and to Paul Hawken when they rented homes that had been former officers’ quarters. Kahle lived in the Presidio as well.

…

., 139–40 Huizinga, Johan, 220 human potential movement, 71, 73, 84 humans: freedom of choice of, 42–43 as morally responsible for care of natural world, 42, 347, 349, 360, 361 SB’s speculations about fate of, 38–39 Human Use of Human Beings, The (Wiener), 160 Hunger Show (Life-Raft Earth), 187–88, 189, 203, 263 Huxley, Aldous, 28, 33, 41, 72, 144, 226 hypertext, concept of, 172, 230, 292, 293 I IBM, 91, 92, 96, 108, 211 I Ching, 89–90, 117, 153, 197, 253 Idaho, University of, 21 identity, fake, cyberspace and, 266 II Cybernetic Frontiers (Brand), 46, 213, 217, 221 Iktomi (Ivan Drift), 96–97 Illich, Ivan, 196 Independent, 353 information, personalization of, 279 information sharing, 180 information technology, 299–300, 315 information theory, 273 “Information wants to be free,” 270, 299, 301 information warfare, 315 In Our Time (Hemingway), 11 Institute for International Relations (IIR), 27, 34, 35, 37 Institute for the Future, 315 intelligence augmentation (IA), 83, 185, 187 International Federation of Internal Freedom, 89 International Foundation for Advanced Study, LSD experiments at, 42, 72, 73, 76–82, 273 internet, 146, 151, 279, 293, 314, 316, 326 ARPANET as forerunner of, 212 impact of, 295–96, 323 libertarianism and, 5, 348 see also cyberspace Internet Archive, 330, 332 Internet of Things, 279 Interval Research Corporation, 321–23 “Is Environmentalism Dead?” (Shellenberger and Nordhaus), 340 Italy, SB’s book tour in, 353–54 J Jacobs, Jane, 305, 317–18, 344 Japan, SB’s 1988 trip to, 292 Jennings, Lois, 115, 119, 124, 145, 159, 164, 178, 185, 195, 218 breakup and divorce of SB and, 194, 209–10, 214, 216 at Cape Breton with SB, 199–200, 208–9 as driving force behind Whole Food Catalog and Truck Store, 160, 170, 182–83 in living-off-the-land experiments with SB, 138–39 marriage of SB and, 144, 152, 163, 170, 189, 193, 194, 202, 203, 205, 208, 249 pregnancy and miscarriage of, 133 SB’s first meeting with, 111–12 and SB’s whole Earth photo campaign, 134–35 in trips with SB, 135–36, 138–39 Wolfe’s portrayal of, 125 Jicarilla Apache Indians, 100 Jobs, Steve, 3–4, 25, 71, 173, 252, 254, 263, 355 Johnson, Alia, 234–35 Johnson, Huey, 203, 220, 226, 271, 348 Johnson, Lyndon, 106, 111 Johnson, Noah, see Brand, Noah (son) Josephy, Alvin M., Jr., 107, 115, 118 journalism, by Brand: “Both Sides of the Necessary Paradox,” 46, 216–17 contemplated as career, 23, 35, 44, 55, 57 “The Native American Church Meeting,” 109 “SPACEWAR,” 211–13, 217, 250, 321 see also CoEvolution Quarterly; photojournalism K Kaehler, Ted, 267–68 Kahle, Brewster, 330, 332 Kahn, Herman, 152–53, 273, 285 Kahn, Lloyd, 129, 175–76, 179, 180, 186, 223, 305 Kane, Joe, 247, 258 Kaphan, Shel, 148, 328, 331 Kapor, Mitchell, 325, 331, 335 Kay, Alan, 212, 213, 277–78, 281, 289 Kaypro II computer, 250–51 Kazantzakis, Nikos, 33, 39, 48 Kelly, Kevin, 261, 270, 286, 300, 310, 314, 322, 325, 335, 336, 343 Christian faith of, 255–56 Hackers Conference and, 266–67, 268 Quarterly article of, 254 as Quarterly editor, 255–56 at WELL, 276 Whole Earth Catalog’s impact on, 253–54 at Whole Earth Review, 276 Kennedy, Roger, 329–30 Kent State killings, 190 Kenya, Phelan and SB’s trip to, 271–76 Kepler, Roy, 158 Kerouac, Jack, 69, 71, 126 Kesey, Ken, 2, 9, 24, 30, 87–88, 97–98, 124, 148, 156, 177, 181, 190, 212–13, 268 antiwar movement criticized by, 121, 347 La Honda home of, 88, 120, 128 legal problems of, 128, 131, 141, 143 LSD and, 88, 122–23 psychedelics renounced by, 143 see also Merry Pranksters King, Peter and Fox, 37, 50, 74, 75, 81 King Must Die, The (Renault), 52 Kirk, Andrew G., 135, 180, 340–41 Kirkland, Isabella, 234, 242–43, 359 Klee, Helmi, 61 Kleiner, Art, 239, 240, 241, 251, 255, 257, 261, 264, 294 Koestler, Arthur, 92, 219 Krassner, Paul, 121, 136, 177, 181, 214–16, 223 Kurzweil, Ray, 335 L LaDuke, Winona, 357 La Luz, N.Mex., 178–80 Lama (commune), 139, 154, 186 Lane, Bill, 161 Lanier, Jaron, 294, 325 Last Supplement to the Whole Earth Catalog, 215 Last Whole Earth Catalog, The, 161, 169, 192, 223, 233 financial success of, 193, 210, 213 National Book Award given to, 200 Latour, Bruno, 360 Laws of Form, The (Brown), 216 Leach, Edmund, 165 learning, act of: in complex systems, 274, 277, 279–80, 284, 289 SB’s enduring focus on, 137, 144, 153, 166, 191, 274, 277, 279–80, 284, 288–89, 290, 301 see also alternative education movement; education Learning Conferences, 288–89, 291, 294, 298 Leary, Timothy, 50, 72, 79, 89, 106, 178 LeBrun, Marc, 147–48, 230 Leibovitz, Annie, 212 Leonard, George, 211, 220 Leopold, Aldo, 349 Lesh, Phil, 123 Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Agee and Evans), 86 Levy, Steven, 266–67, 270 libertarianism, 5, 42, 53, 67, 348 SB and, 4, 42, 53, 67, 217, 227, 348, 352 libraries, SB’s fascination with, 312–13 Libre (artists’ commune), 139–40 Librium, SB’s use of, 205, 213 Liddle, David, 321–22, 324 Life Forum, 201–7, 347 Life-Raft Earth (documentary film), 179, 194, 347 Lindisfarne Association, 224 Little Prince, The (Saint-Exupéry), 43, 119 L.L.

Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World by Naomi Klein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, anti-communist, anti-globalists, autism spectrum disorder, benefit corporation, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blood diamond, Boris Johnson, Boycotts of Israel, Cambridge Analytica, capitalist realism, ChatGPT, citizen journalism, Climategate, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, critical race theory, dark matter, deep learning, deepfake, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, fake news, false flag, feminist movement, George Floyd, glass ceiling, global pandemic, global supply chain, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hive mind, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, Jeffrey Epstein, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, lab leak, Lewis Mumford, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, mass incarceration, medical residency, military-industrial complex, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, neurotypical, new economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, phenotype, profit motive, QAnon, QR code, Ralph Waldo Emerson, randomized controlled trial, Rosa Parks, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, shared worldview, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, smart cities, social distancing, Steve Bannon, surveillance capitalism, tech billionaire, tech bro, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, TikTok, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, union organizing, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wayback Machine, women in the workforce

“media darling”: Naomi Wolf, “The Last Stage of a Tyrannical Takeover—Interview with Naomi Wolf,” interview by Joseph Mercola, June 1, 2022. “I never thought I would be talking to you”: Tucker Carlson, “Naomi Wolf Sounds Alarm at Growing Power of ‘Autocratic Tyrants.’” one of Britain’s most vocal climate change deniers: James Delingpole, “‘Climategate Was Fake News,’ Lies the BBC…,” Breitbart, July 11, 2019, posted on the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine. “This is so unlikely”: James Delingpole, “Naomi Wolf,” The James Delingpole Podcast, May 3, 2021, 0:25–1:04. “I spent years thinking you were the devil”: Steve Bannon, host, “Not Science Fiction … Dr. Naomi Wolf Reveals Dangers of Vaccine Passports,” War Room: Pandemic (podcast), episode 874, April 14, 2021, at 13:43–14:03, posted on Rumble.

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his “community”: Bannon, “Independence Day!!,” at 19:53. “heads on pikes”: Dan Mangan, “Steve Bannon’s Podcast Barred from Twitter After He Made Beheading Comment About Fauci, FBI Director Wray,” CNBC, November 5, 2020. “border warfare” … “inclusive nationalism”: Screen capture from War Room posted on the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, October 22, 2022; Steve Bannon @SteveBannon, post, Gettr, June 9, 2022. polling supports this claim: Joshua Jamerson and Aaron Zitner, “GOP Gaining Support Among Black and Latino Voters, WSJ Poll Finds,” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2022. “run this country for one hundred years”: Steve Bannon, host, deleted episode, War Room: Pandemic (podcast); Bannon, “Biden Chaos,” at 13:56.

…

bloody pogroms in 660 towns and cities: Robert Weinberg, “Workers, Pogroms, and the 1905 Revolution in Odessa,” Russian Review 46, no. 1 (January 1987): 53. “They hurled Jews out of windows”: Weinberg, 63–64. “Ethnic divisiveness was a centrifugal force”: Weinberg,” 75. “I am a Jewess”: Henry Rosenthal, “Eleanor Marx: ‘I Am a Jewess,’” Jews, Marxism and the Workers Movement, Marxists Internet Archive. “an all-out orgy of anti-Semitism”: Georg Adler, Peter Hudis, and Annelies Laschitza, eds., The Letters of Rosa Luxemburg (London: Verso, 2011), 295. “drunk on vodka”: Quoted in Alan Johnson, “Leon Trotsky’s Long War Against Antisemitism,” Fathom, March 2019. “in the epoch of its rise”: Quoted in Johnson.

The Four: How Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google Divided and Conquered the World by Scott Galloway

"Susan Fowler" uber, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, additive manufacturing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Amazon Robotics, Amazon Web Services, Apple II, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Ben Horowitz, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, big-box store, Bob Noyce, Brewster Kahle, business intelligence, California gold rush, Cambridge Analytica, cloud computing, Comet Ping Pong, commoditize, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, Didi Chuxing, digital divide, disintermediation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, fake news, follow your passion, fulfillment center, future of journalism, future of work, global supply chain, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Hacker Conference 1984, Internet Archive, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Jony Ive, Khan Academy, Kiva Systems, longitudinal study, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, Oculus Rift, offshore financial centre, passive income, Peter Thiel, profit motive, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robert Mercer, Robert Shiller, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, software is eating the world, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, supercomputer in your pocket, Tesla Model S, the long tail, Tim Cook: Apple, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, undersea cable, vertical integration, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Wayback Machine, Whole Earth Catalog, winner-take-all economy, working poor, you are the product, young professional

March 25, 2015. http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/rudy-takala/top-2-us-jobs-number-employed-salespersons-and-cashiers. 39. “Teach Trends.” National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=28. 40. Full transcript: Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle on Recode Decode. Recode. March 8, 2017. https://www.recode.net/2017/3/8/14843408/transcript-internet-archive-founder-brewster-kahle-wayback-machine-recode-decode. 41. Amazon Dash is a button you place anywhere in your home that connects to the Amazon app through Wi-Fi for one-click ordering. https://www.amazon.com/Dash-Buttons/b?

Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World by Clive Thompson

"Margaret Hamilton" Apollo, "Susan Fowler" uber, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 4chan, 8-hour work day, Aaron Swartz, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, air gap, Airbnb, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, Asperger Syndrome, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, backpropagation, barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, blockchain, blue-collar work, Brewster Kahle, Brian Krebs, Broken windows theory, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, Chelsea Manning, Citizen Lab, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, computer vision, Conway's Game of Life, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Danny Hillis, data science, David Heinemeier Hansson, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, don't be evil, don't repeat yourself, Donald Trump, driverless car, dumpster diving, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ernest Rutherford, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fake news, false flag, Firefox, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Free Software Foundation, Gabriella Coleman, game design, Geoffrey Hinton, glass ceiling, Golden Gate Park, Google Hangouts, Google X / Alphabet X, Grace Hopper, growth hacking, Guido van Rossum, Hacker Ethic, hockey-stick growth, HyperCard, Ian Bogost, illegal immigration, ImageNet competition, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, John Markoff, Jony Ive, Julian Assange, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, Larry Wall, lone genius, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Shuttleworth, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, meritocracy, microdosing, microservices, Minecraft, move 37, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, Network effects, neurotypical, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, no silver bullet, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, OpenAI, operational security, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, PageRank, PalmPilot, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, pink-collar, planetary scale, profit motive, ransomware, recommendation engine, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rubik’s Cube, Ruby on Rails, Sam Altman, Satoshi Nakamoto, Saturday Night Live, scientific management, self-driving car, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, single-payer health, Skype, smart contracts, Snapchat, social software, software is eating the world, sorting algorithm, South of Market, San Francisco, speech recognition, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech worker, techlash, TED Talk, the High Line, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, universal basic income, urban planning, Wall-E, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WeWork, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Y Combinator, Zimmermann PGP, éminence grise

Facing penalties of up to $1 million and decades in jail, he committed suicide. “Aaron was persecuted for reading too quickly in a library,” says Brewster Kahle, a cofounder of the Aaron Swartz hackathon along with Lisa Rein, herself a cofounder of Creative Commons. After his MIT hacking days in the ’80s, Kahle made millions with start-ups in the ’90s, then founded the Internet Archive. The Archive makes copies of great swathes of the internet each day to save for posterity, and it also scans everything from old books to vinyl records to video games that are in the public domain, and posts them online: Swartz’s vision made reality, in a way. The Archive is located in a decommissioned San Francisco church; in the lobby, the hackers have set up tables where they code away.

…

problem of everyday life: food: Lizzie Widdicombe, “The End of Food,” New Yorker, May 12, 2014, accessed online August 18, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/05/12/the-end-of-food. “it’s just a hassle, though”: Rob Rhinehart, “How I Stopped Eating Food,” Mostly Harmless (blog), February 13, 2013, accessed August 18, 2018, via the Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20130517220351/http://robrhinehart.com:80/?p=298. time spent on eating: “Who Are You and Why Do You Use Soylent?,” Reddit, accessed August 18, 2018, https://www.reddit.com/r/soylent/comments/5j57i5/who_are_you_and_why_do_you_use_soylent. “or Amazon Go”: Ruhi Sarikaya, “Making Alexa More Friction-free,” Alexa Blogs, April 25, 2018, accessed August 18, 2018, https://developer.amazon.com/blogs/alexa/author/Ruhi+Sarikaya.

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coding, ref1, ref2 Helsby, Jen, ref1, ref2, ref3 Henderson, Cal, ref1 Hermany, Charles, ref1 Hicks, Marie, ref1, ref2, ref3 Hillis, Danny, ref1 Hinton, Geoff, ref1, ref2 Hipstamatic, ref1 Ho, Jason, ref1, ref2 Hoffman-Andrews, Jacob, ref1 Hollands, Jean, ref1 Hopper, Grace, ref1, ref2, ref3 Hour of Code, ref1 Houston, Drew, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Hsu, Jake, ref1 HTML, ref1, ref2, ref3 HTTP protocol, ref1 Huang, Victoria, ref1 Hurlburt, Stephanie, ref1 Hustle, ref1 Huston, Cate, ref1 Hutchins, Marcus, ref1, ref2 IBM, ref1 IBM 704, ref1 ImageNet challenge, ref1 India, ref1 Industrial Revolution, ref1 infosec workers, ref1, ref2 malware, fighting, ref1 penetration testers, ref1 Infosystems, ref1 Inman, Bobby, ref1 Instacart, ref1 Instagram, ref1, ref2 Intel, ref1 Intercept, 235 Internet Archive, ref1 “In the Station of the Metro” (Pound), ref1 INTJ personalities, ref1, ref2 artistic temperaments and, ref1 back-end code and, ref1, ref2, ref3 Brandon’s report on programmer personalities, ref1 brutal pace of work, in 1990s and, ref1 coder/noncoder relationships, dynamics of, ref1 Cohen, profile of, ref1 deep immersion required of coding and, ref1 depression and other mental health issues, prevalence of, ref1 Drasner, profile of, ref1 explosion in number of coders and, ref1, ref2 flow state and, ref1 front-end design and, ref1, ref2 Mason on characterization of coders, ref1 Perry and Cannon’s study of programmers, ref1 social reticence and arrogance of programmers, reports on, ref1 surliness of coders, ref1 Weizenbaum’s description of programmers, ref1 Irani, Lilly, ref1, ref2 ISIS, ref1 Ivy, Lance, ref1, ref2 Jacobin, ref1 JavaScript, ref1, ref2, ref3 Jay, John, ref1 Jefferson, Thomas, ref1 Jeffery, Clara, ref1 Jennings, Betty, ref1, ref2 Jha, Paras, ref1 Jin, Kang-Xing, ref1 job training, ref1, ref2 Johansen, Jon Lech, ref1, ref2 Johnson, Justin, ref1 Johnson, Maggie, ref1 Johnson, Mat, ref1 Jones, Leslie, ref1 Justice, Rusty, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 justice system, effect of AI system bias on, ref1 Kahle, Brewster, ref1, ref2 Kalanick, Travis, ref1, ref2 Kalt, David, ref1 Kaplan-Moss, Jacob, ref1 Keats, John, ref1 Kernighan, Brian, ref1 Kickstarter, ref1 King, Stephen, ref1 Klawe, Maria, ref1 Koike, Makoto, ref1 Kramer, Steven J., ref1 Krebs, Brian, ref1, ref2 Krieger, Mike, ref1, ref2 Kronos, ref1 Kryptos Logic, ref1, ref2 “Kubla Khan” (Coleridge), ref1, ref2 Lacy, Sarah, ref1 Larson, Quincy, ref1, ref2 Latino coders.

The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It by Jonathan Zittrain

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, algorithmic bias, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Andy Kessler, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, c2.com, call centre, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, Clayton Christensen, clean water, commoditize, commons-based peer production, corporate governance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, digital divide, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, Firefox, folksonomy, Free Software Foundation, game design, Hacker Ethic, Howard Rheingold, Hush-A-Phone, illegal immigration, index card, informal economy, information security, Internet Archive, jimmy wales, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, license plate recognition, loose coupling, mail merge, Morris worm, national security letter, old-boy network, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), OSI model, packet switching, peer-to-peer, post-materialism, pre–internet, price discrimination, profit maximization, radical decentralization, Ralph Nader, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Bork, Robert X Cringely, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, software patent, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Ted Nelson, Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tragedy of the Commons, web application, wikimedia commons, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

TED NELSON, LITERARY MACHINES (1981); Wikipedia, Transclusion, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transclusion (as of June 1, 2007, 10:30 GMT). 125. Consider, for example, the Internet Archive. Proprietor Brewster Kahle has thus far avoided what one would think to be an inevitable copyright lawsuit as he archives and makes available historical snapshots of the Web. He has avoided such lawsuits by respecting Web owners’ wishes to be excluded as soon as he is notified. See Internet Archive FAQ, http://www.archive.org/about/faqs.php (last visited June 1, 2007). 126. Moore v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 793 P.2d 479 (Cal. 1990). 127.

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L.J. 587 (2004); see also AKASH KAPUR, INTERNET GOVERNANCE: A PRIMER 13, 17—19 (2005), available athttp://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-igov.pdf (discussing the different layers and how their existence should affect Internet governance). 13. See Alexa, Global Top 500, http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/top_sites?ts_mode=global&lang=none (last visited June 1, 2007). While the sites’ rankings tend to fluctuate, Wikipedia is consistently listed within the top 10. 14. For examples of attempts to create this library, see Internet Archive, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, http://www.archive.org/about/bibalex_p_r.php (last visited June 1, 2007); Alexandria Digital Library, http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/ (last visited June 1, 2007); Posting of Ionut Alex Chitu to Google Operating System, Google’s Digital Library of Alexandria, http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2006/08/googles-digital-library-of-alexandria.html (Aug. 13, 2006). 15.

Active Measures by Thomas Rid

1960s counterculture, 4chan, active measures, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, call centre, Charlie Hebdo massacre, Chelsea Manning, continuation of politics by other means, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, East Village, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, facts on the ground, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, guest worker program, information security, Internet Archive, Jacob Appelbaum, John Markoff, Julian Assange, kremlinology, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, operational security, peer-to-peer, Prenzlauer Berg, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, technoutopianism, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, zero day

Encryption, which for centuries had protected states and spies and armies, suddenly served antigovernment activists. But that fortified anonymity also marked Anonymous out for intelligence agencies—both as a potential threat and as a potential cover for operations. CyberGuerrilla was a genuine Anonymous forum and preferred leak platform of Russian disinformation operators. (Internet Archive) “Anons,” as the activists called one another, ran social media accounts and blogs to foment unrest and advance the fight against tyranny. A late arrival on the scene of Anon sites was http://cyberguerrilla.org. The portal, registered and opened in January 2012, had a simple but appealing retro cyberpunk design, with Matrix-like green-on-black code columns in the background.

…

@DLoskutov, February 6, 2014, 10:52 GMT https://web.archive.org/web/20140209235755/https://twitter.com/DLoskutov/status/431545895935811585. 35.  Roman Olearchyk and Neil Buckley, “Leaked Ukraine Recording Reveals U.S. Exasperation with EU,” Financial Times, February 6, 2014. 26. Anonymous   1.  This estimate is based on the frequency of the number of archived sites on the Internet Archive (@YourAnonNews, @AnonyOps, @AnonymousPress, and @Anonymous_UK).   2.  “With Love from Anonymous Ukraine—Leak Private Emails of Some Members of the Ukrainian Parliament!” CyberGuerrilla, November 19, 2013, https://web.archive.org/web/20131210224312/https://www.cyberguerrilla.org/blog/?p=16476.   3.  

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No evidence of coordinated GRU-IRA tasking has emerged, despite press coverage alleging otherwise; see “Study Links Russian Tweets to Release of Hacked Emails,” Associated Press, October 11, 2019; also @ridt, “Too many assumptions necessary here that are implausible and not supported by evidence,” October 11, 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20191011182025/https://twitter.com/RidT/status/1182679515094573056. 40.  Mueller, USA v. Internet Research Agency: Indictment, p. 8. 31. The Shadow Brokers   1.  See “EQGRP Auction Files Metadata,” Internet Archive, January 22, 2019, https://archive.org/details/EQGRP-auction-files-metadata.   2.  APT28 is GRU with high confidence. The attribution of APT29 to SVR is more difficult to source publicly; I have moderate confidence in this link.   3.  Lee Ferran, correspondence with author, January 28, 2019.   4.  

Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations by Clay Shirky

Andrew Keen, Andy Carvin, Berlin Wall, bike sharing, bioinformatics, Brewster Kahle, c2.com, Charles Lindbergh, commons-based peer production, crowdsourcing, digital rights, en.wikipedia.org, Free Software Foundation, Garrett Hardin, hiring and firing, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, Internet Archive, invention of agriculture, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invention of the telegraph, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, Joi Ito, Kuiper Belt, liberation theology, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, Merlin Mann, Metcalfe’s law, Nash equilibrium, Network effects, Nicholas Carr, Picturephone, place-making, Pluto: dwarf planet, power law, prediction markets, price mechanism, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, Richard Stallman, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Coase, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social software, Stewart Brand, supply-chain management, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, ultimatum game, Vilfredo Pareto, Wayback Machine, Yochai Benkler, Yogi Berra

Because many sites are labors of love (for reasons discussed in the book), there is no guarantee that the materials will last for years, much less decades. Many organizations are working on long-term solutions to this problem; the most fully realized effort is Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive, at archive.org. Among the services hosted at the Internet Archive is the Wayback Machine, which contains snapshots of an enormous number of websites taken over a period of years. For instance, a search of the Wayback Machine for material relating to the story of Ivanna’s phone produces a list of archived copies of Evan’s website, available at the rather lengthy URL web.archive.org/web/*/evanwashere.com/StolenSidekick (the * is part of the URL).

Been There, Done That: A Rousing History of Sex by Rachel Feltman

COVID-19, disintermediation, double helix, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Internet Archive, longitudinal study, Louis Daguerre, Louis Pasteur, microbiome, moral panic, Pepto Bismol, phenotype, placebo effect, stem cell, TikTok, University of East Anglia, white flight

“Ovism,” Embryo Project Encyclopedia, accessed October 11, 2021, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/ovism. 3. “Spermism,” Embryo Project Encyclopedia, accessed October 11, 2021, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/spermism. 4. “Aretaiou Kappadokou Ta sozomena = The Extant Works of Aretaeus, the Cappadocian,” Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/aretaioukappadok00aret. 5. “Works by Plato Circa 360 BC,” JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/CA.2011.30.1.1. 6. Jen-Der Lee, “Childbirth in Early Imperial China,” Institute of History and Philology, www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/2202dixRkWT.pdf. 7. “First English Book on Hysteria, 1603,” British Library, www.bl.uk/collection-items/first-english-book-on-hysteria-1603. 8.

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Kristina Killgrove, “Aborted Fetus and Pill Bottle in 19th Century New York Outhouse Reveal History of Family Planning,” Forbes, April 28, 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2018/04/20/aborted-fetus-and-pill-bottle-in-19th-century-new-york-outhouse-reveal-history-of-family-planning/?sh=6315ba5575a1. 42. “A Study of Abortion in Primitive Societies: A Typological, Distributional, and Dynamic Analysis of the Prevention of Birth in 400 Preindustrial Societies by Devereux, George, 1908–1985,” Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/studyofabortioni00deve/page/n15/mode/2up. 9. WHY DON’T OUR BODIES ALWAYS COOPERATE WITH OUR HORNY HEARTS? 1. Caroline Moreau, Anna E Kågesten, and Robert Wm Blum, “Sexual Dysfunction Among Youth: An Overlooked Sexual Health Concern,” BMC Public Health 16, no. 1 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3835-x. 2.

The Founders: The Story of Paypal and the Entrepreneurs Who Shaped Silicon Valley by Jimmy Soni

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Ada Lovelace, AltaVista, Apple Newton, barriers to entry, Big Tech, bitcoin, Blitzscaling, book value, business logic, butterfly effect, call centre, Carl Icahn, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, Colonization of Mars, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, corporate governance, COVID-19, crack epidemic, cryptocurrency, currency manipulation / currency intervention, digital map, disinformation, disintermediation, drop ship, dumpster diving, Elon Musk, Fairchild Semiconductor, fear of failure, fixed income, General Magic , general-purpose programming language, Glass-Steagall Act, global macro, global pandemic, income inequality, index card, index fund, information security, intangible asset, Internet Archive, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, Jeff Hawkins, John Markoff, Kwajalein Atoll, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, mobile money, money market fund, multilevel marketing, mutually assured destruction, natural language processing, Network effects, off-the-grid, optical character recognition, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, pets.com, Potemkin village, public intellectual, publish or perish, Richard Feynman, road to serfdom, Robert Metcalfe, Robert X Cringely, rolodex, Sand Hill Road, Satoshi Nakamoto, seigniorage, shareholder value, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, slashdot, SoftBank, software as a service, Startup school, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Steve Wozniak, technoutopianism, the payments system, transaction costs, Turing test, uber lyft, Vanguard fund, winner-take-all economy, Y Combinator, Y2K

Throughout this project, I have benefited immensely from the archival and cataloging efforts of universities, media outlets, libraries, and many other organizations. (It’s no small irony that this book would have been impossible without YouTube—a digital video network built by those who began their careers at PayPal.) I also benefited from the records warehoused in the Internet Archive. This nonprofit library does yeoman’s work, and if and when an alien civilization wants to crack the code on our species, they could do worse than by starting with archive.org. In addition to material gleaned from books, articles, and existing audio-visual content, I also reached out far and wide to former PayPal employees, investors, near-investors, competitors, and others in and around the PayPal universe.

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“It’s kind of funny”: Author interview with Russel Simmons, August 24, 2018. “What an amazingly”… “nobody gets hurt”: SlashDot thread “Beaming Money,” July 27, 1999, https://slashdot.org/story/99/07/27/1754207/beaming-money#comments. “Was this technical FAQ”: FAQ section of paypal.com website, October 12, 1999, accessed through Internet Archive paypal.com/FAQ.HTML. “If you’re an engineer”: Author interview with Max Levchin, June 29, 2018. “After Peter had”: Author interview with David Wallace, December 5, 2020. “Even in the current”: Author interview with Erik Klein, April 25, 2021. “For a moment”: Blake Masters, “Peter Thiel’s CS183: Startup—Class 1 Notes Essay,” http://doc.xueqiu.com/13bd54e4b2f11b3fbbcbbbab.pdf.

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“unsung hero”: Author interview with Elon Musk, October 3, 2021. “I always wanted”: Author interview with Oxana Wootton, December 4, 2020. “I felt like I had”: Author interview with Colin Catlan, April 5, 2019. “I was a little worried”: Author interview with Branden Spikes, April 25, 2019. “Register your email”… “courtesy of Zip2 Corp”: Internet archive, X.com, October 13, 1999, https://web.archive.org/web/19991013062839/http://x.com/about.html. “Our sales cycle”… “they were live”: Author interview with Satnam Gambhir, July 28, 2020. In September, X.com announced: “X.com Uses Barclays to Close Retail Loop,” American Banker, November 1, 1999.

War of Shadows: Codebreakers, Spies, and the Secret Struggle to Drive the Nazis From the Middle East by Gershom Gorenberg

anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, colonial rule, computer age, defense in depth, European colonialism, illegal immigration, Internet Archive, plutocrats, Scientific racism, undersea cable

Communications Intelligence During World War II: Policy and Administration. Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptological History, National Security Agency, 1997. www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/wwii/history_us_comms.pdf. . “SIGINT and the Holocaust.” Undated NSA document. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/download/sigint_and_the_holocaust-nsa/sigint_and_the_holocaust.pdf. Bernhard, Patrick. “Behind the Battle Lines: Italian Atrocities and the Persecution of Arabs, Berbers and Jews in North Africa During World War II.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 26, no. 3 (winter 2012): 425–446. .

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Haggiag-Liluf, Yacov. Yehudei Luv Bashoah. Or Yehudah, Israel: Irgun Olami Shel Yehudim Yotzei Luv, 2012. Haim, Rabbi Yosef. Ben Ish Hai: Helek Hahalakhot. Jerusalem: Merkaz Hasefer, 5746 [1985–1986]. Halder, Franz. War Journal of Franz Halder. Office of the Chief Counsel for War Crimes, 1948. Internet Archive. ia802805.us.archive.org/31/items/HalderWarJournal/Halder%20War%20Journal.pdf. Halim, Nevine Abbas. Diaries of an Egyptian Princess. Cairo: Zaitouna, 2009. Hanyok, Robert J. Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945. Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2005.

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Sanders Auctions, natedsanders.com/moshe_dayan_archive_of_signed_letters___documents_-lot37277.aspx (accessed July 8, 2019); PMA 1/1/4, Reports on Actions of Groups 1–10, June 7, 1941; Gelber, Matzadah, 36–37. 12. Weinberg, World at Arms, chap. 4. 13. HS 2/192, Pollock to Wavell, “Report on SO2 Activities in Syria, Other Than Propaganda, in Connection with the Occupation by Allied Forces,” June 12, 1941. 14. Robert Louis Benson, “SIGINT and the Holocaust,” undated NSA document, Internet Archive, https://archive.org/download/sigint_and_the_holocaust-nsa/sigint_and_the_holocaust.pdf (accessed July 10, 2019); Robert J. Hanyok, Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945 (Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, NSA, 2005), 82; Budiansky, Battle of Wits, 197–200; Jackson, Solving, chap. 26. 15.

The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy by Aaron Perzanowski, Jason Schultz

3D printing, Airbnb, anti-communist, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, carbon footprint, cloud computing, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Donald Trump, Eben Moglen, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, general purpose technology, gentrification, George Akerlof, Hush-A-Phone, independent contractor, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, loss aversion, Marc Andreessen, means of production, minimum wage unemployment, new economy, Open Library, Paradox of Choice, peer-to-peer, price discrimination, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolodex, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, software as a service, software patent, software studies, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, subscription business, telemarketer, the long tail, The Market for Lemons, Tony Fadell, transaction costs, winner-take-all economy

Mechanical ingenuity ... should be employed in making the acquisition of knowledge less cumbrous and less tedious; that as we travel by steam, so we should also read by steam, and be helped in our studies by the varied resources of modern invention.”53 How does one “read by steam” in the digital age? Numerous library-related entities are exploring that question, from the Internet Archive’s Open Library to the Digital Public Library of America.54 Even the New York Public Library has a geek team, a group they call NYPL Labs.55 NYPL Labs has produced many interesting projects to date—from annotating Google Maps of New York City with photos from their city archives to assisting scientists in analyzing climate change by tracking fish prices from nearly a century of digitized New York restaurant menus.

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., 214 Information costs, 7–10, 17–21, 74, 81, 187–190 Infringement, 12, 22, 27, 40, 45, 47, 50, 75, 97, 118, 123, 130, 155, 162, 164, 176–179, 183–185 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 186 Intangible property. See Property Intellectual property, 11–19, 24–26, 62–63, 71, 75, 111, 173 Internet Archive, 117 Internet of Things (IoT), 13, 135, 140–141, 145, 150, 152, 157 Interview, The, 9, 197 Isbell, Jason, 51 Iyengar, Sheena S., 211 Jailbreaking, 141–143 Jazz Photo Corp. v. International Trade Commission, 164 Jeep. See Chrysler, 147 Jefferson, Thomas, 19, 95, 199 Jobs, Steve, 133, 141, 143, 225 Johansen, Jon, 131–133 John Deere (Deere & Company), 144–146, 167 John D.

RDF Database Systems: Triples Storage and SPARQL Query Processing by Olivier Cure, Guillaume Blin

Amazon Web Services, bioinformatics, business intelligence, cloud computing, database schema, fault tolerance, folksonomy, full text search, functional programming, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Internet of things, linked data, machine readable, NP-complete, peer-to-peer, performance metric, power law, random walk, recommendation engine, RFID, semantic web, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, software as a service, SPARQL, sparse data, web application

Indeed, while compression is the main objective in URI encoding, the main feature sought in RDF stores related to literal is a full text search.The most popular solution for handling a full text search in literals is Lucene, integrated in RDF stores such as Yars2, Jena TDB/SDB, and GraphDB (formerly OWLIM), and in Big Data RDF databases, but it’s also popular for other systems, such as IBM OmnifindY! Edition, Technorati, Wikipedia, Internet Archive, and LinkedIn. Lucene is a very popular open-source information-retrieval library from the Apache Software Foundation (originally created in Java by Doug Cutting). It provides Java-based full-text indexing 99 100 RDF Database Systems and searching capabilities for applications through an easy-to-use API.

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See Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) Huffman algorithm, 88 Huffman tree, 82 Hu–Tucker front coding, 88 HypergraphDB system, 142 Hypertable, 34 Hyper text markup language (HTML), 4 Hyper text preprocessor (PHP), 4 library, 146 Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP), 3 I IBM, 6, 105 IDB. See Intentional database (IDB) id-to-string, 81, 82, 84, 97 Infinite Graph system, 35 Infobright system, 19 Information technology (IT), 1 INGRES/Star system, 20 INSERT statement sequence, 163 Intentional database (IDB), 201 238 Index Internet Archive, 99 Internet of things (IoT), 3 Internet protocols, 5 IoT. See Internet of things (IoT) IRI, 41, 44 iStore system, 113 IT. See Information technology (IT) Iterated front coding, 89 J Java, 79 Java database connectivity (JDBC), 149 JavaScript, 4 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), 2 document, 29 JDBC.

Is the Internet Changing the Way You Think?: The Net's Impact on Our Minds and Future by John Brockman

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Asperger Syndrome, availability heuristic, Benoit Mandelbrot, biofilm, Black Swan, bread and circuses, British Empire, conceptual framework, corporate governance, Danny Hillis, disinformation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Emanuel Derman, epigenetics, Evgeny Morozov, financial engineering, Flynn Effect, Frank Gehry, Future Shock, Google Earth, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, index card, information retrieval, Internet Archive, invention of writing, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Large Hadron Collider, lifelogging, lone genius, loss aversion, mandelbrot fractal, Marc Andreessen, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Neal Stephenson, New Journalism, Nicholas Carr, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), out of africa, Paul Samuelson, peer-to-peer, pneumatic tube, Ponzi scheme, power law, pre–internet, Project Xanadu, Richard Feynman, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, satellite internet, Schrödinger's Cat, search costs, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, smart grid, social distancing, social graph, social software, social web, Stephen Hawking, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, telepresence, the medium is the message, the scientific method, the strength of weak ties, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, trade route, upwardly mobile, Vernor Vinge, Whole Earth Catalog, X Prize, Yochai Benkler

The Internet flattens communities of thought. Blogs, e-mail, and Internet databases put everyone in the community on the same footing. There is a premium on articulateness. You don’t need a secretary to maintain a large and varied correspondence. Since 1992, research papers in physics have been posted on an Internet archive, arXiv.org, which has a daily distribution of just-posted papers and complete search and cross-reference capabilities. It is moderated rather then refereed, and the refereed journals now play no role in spreading information. This gives a feeling of engagement and responsibility: Once you are a registered member of the community, you don’t have to ask anyone’s permission to publish your scientific results.

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Consider the award in 2006 of the Fields Medal (the highest prize in mathematics) for a solution of the Poincaré Conjecture. This was remarkable in that the research being recognized was not submitted to any journal. In choosing to decline the medal, peer review, publication, and employment, the previously obscure Grigori Perelman chose to entrust the legacy of his great triumph solely to an Internet archive intended as a temporary holding tank for papers awaiting publication in established journals. In so doing, he forced the recognition of a new reality by showing that it was possible to move an indisputable intellectual achievement out of the tradition of referee-gated journals bound to the stacks of university libraries into a new and poorly charted virtual sphere of the intellect.

The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future by Kevin Kelly

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Aaron Swartz, AI winter, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Web Services, augmented reality, bank run, barriers to entry, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, bitcoin, blockchain, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, cloud computing, commoditize, computer age, Computer Lib, connected car, crowdsourcing, dark matter, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, dematerialisation, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Filter Bubble, Freestyle chess, Gabriella Coleman, game design, Geoffrey Hinton, Google Glasses, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, index card, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of movable type, invisible hand, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, lifelogging, linked data, Lyft, M-Pesa, machine readable, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Marshall McLuhan, Mary Meeker, means of production, megacity, Minecraft, Mitch Kapor, multi-sided market, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, off-the-grid, old-boy network, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, placebo effect, planetary scale, postindustrial economy, Project Xanadu, recommendation engine, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, robo advisor, Rodney Brooks, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, slashdot, Snapchat, social graph, social web, software is eating the world, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steven Levy, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, The future is already here, the long tail, the scientific method, transport as a service, two-sided market, Uber for X, uber lyft, value engineering, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WeWork, Whole Earth Review, Yochai Benkler, yottabyte, zero-sum game

at least 310 million books: “WorldCat Local,” WorldCat, accessed August 18, 2015. 1.4 billion articles and essays: Ibid. 180 million songs: “Introducing Gracenote Rhythm,” Gracenote, accessed May 1, 2015. 3.5 trillion images: “How Many Photos Have Ever Been Taken?,” 1,000 Memories blog, April 10, 2012, accessed via Internet Archive, May 2, 2015. 330,000 movies: “Database Statistics,” IMDb, May 2015. 1 billion hours of videos, TV shows, and short films: Inferred from “Statistics,” YouTube, accessed August 18, 2015. 60 trillion public web pages: “How Search Works,” Inside Search, Google, 2013. 50-petabyte hard disks: Private communication with Brewster Kahle, 2006. 25 million orphan works: Naomi Korn, In from the Cold: An Assessment of the Scope of ‘Orphan Works’ and Its Impact on the Delivery of Services to the Public, JISC Content, Collections Trust, Cambridge, UK, April 2009.

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billion instances of Creative Commons: “State of the Commons,” Creative Commons, accessed May 2, 2015. “dot-communism”: Theta Pavis, “The Rise of Dot-Communism,” Wired, October 25, 1999. “composed entirely of free agents”: Roshni Jayakar, “Interview: John Perry Barlow, Founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation,” Business Today, December 6, 2000, accessed July 30, 2015, via Internet Archive, April 24, 2006. ranked by the increasing degree of coordination: Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (New York: Penguin Press, 2008). 1.8 billion per day: Mary Meeker, “Internet Trends 2014—Code Conference,” Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, 2014.

The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order by Rush Doshi

"World Economic Forum" Davos, American ideology, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, autonomous vehicles, Black Lives Matter, Bretton Woods, capital controls, coronavirus, COVID-19, crony capitalism, cross-border payments, cryptocurrency, defense in depth, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deplatforming, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, drone strike, energy security, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, financial innovation, George Floyd, global pandemic, global reserve currency, global supply chain, global value chain, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Kickstarter, kremlinology, Malacca Straits, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, Network effects, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, offshore financial centre, positional goods, post-truth, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, reserve currency, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, special drawing rights, special economic zone, TikTok, trade liberalization, transaction costs, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, undersea cable, zero-sum game

Natasha Turak, “Russia’s Central Bank Governor Touts Moscow Alternative to SWIFT Transfer System as Protection from US Sanctions,” CNBC, May 23, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/23/russias-central-bank-governor-touts-moscow-alternative-to-swift-transfer-system-as-protection-from-us-sanctions.html. 85Zhenhua Lu, “US House Committee Targets Major Chinese Banks’ Lifeline to North Korea,” South China Morning Post, September 13, 2017, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2110914/us-house-committee-targets-major-chinese-banks-lifeline. 86Michelle Chen and Koh Gui Qing, “China’s International Payments System Ready, Could Launch by End-2015,” Reuters, March 9, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309. 87Don Weinland, “China’s Global Payment System CIPs Too Costly for Most Banks—For Now,” South China Morning Post, October 17, 2015, https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/1868749/chinas-global-payment-system-cips-too-costly-most-banks-now. 88Gabriel Wildau, “China Launch of Renminbi Payments System Reflects SWIFT Spying Concerns,” Financial Times, October 8, 2015, https://www.ft.com/content/84241292-66a1-11e5-a155-02b6f8af6a62. 89Prasad, Gaining Currency, 116. 90China and the Age of Strategic Rivalry (Ottawa: Canadian Security Intelligence Services, 2018), 113–22. 91Stefania Palma, “SWIFT Dips into China with CIPS,” The Banker, July 1, 2016, https://www.thebanker.com/Global-Transaction-Banking/Swift-dips-into-China-with-CIPS. 92“Beijing’s International Payments System Scaled Back for Launch,” South China Morning Post, July 23, 2015, https://www.scmp.com/business/money/article/1838428/beijings-international-payments-system-scaled-back-launch. 93Wildau, “China Launch of Renminbi Payments System Reflects SWIFT Spying Concerns.” 94China and the Age of Strategic Rivalry, 113–22. 95Wildau, “China Launch of Renminbi Payments System Reflects SWIFT Spying Concerns.” 96Bershidsky, “How Europe Can Keep the Money Flowing to Iran.” 97“EU Criticizes Role of US Credit Rating Agencies in Debt Crisis,” Deutsche Welle, July 11, 2011, https://www.dw.com/en/eu-criticizes-role-of-us-credit-rating-agencies-in-debt-crisis/a-15225330. 98Huw Jones and Marc Jones, “EU Watchdog Tightens Grip over Use of Foreign Credit Ratings,” Reuters, November 17, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-creditratingagencies/eu-watchdog-tightens-grip-over-use-of-foreign-credit-ratings-idUSKBN1DH1J1. 99“China’s Finance Minister Accuses Credit Rating Agencies of Bias,” South China Morning Post, April 16, 2016, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/1936614/chinas-finance-minister-accuses-credit-rating-agencies-bias; Joe McDonald, “China Criticizes S&P Rating Cut as ‘Wrong Decision,’” Associated Press, September 22, 2017, https://apnews.com/743f86862f5a4b85844dcc10f96e3f8c. 100Guan Jianzhong, “The Strategic Choice of Chinese Credit Rating System,” Dagong Global (via Internet Archive), 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20160805110146/http://en.dagongcredit.com/content/details58_6631.html. 101Ibid. 102“Man in the Middle,” South China Morning Post, April 26, 2014, https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1497241/man-middle. 103Ibid. 104Liz Mak, “China’s Dagong Global Credit Mounts Challenge to ‘Big Three’ Rating Agencies,” South China Morning Post, August 7, 2016, https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/2000489/chinas-dagong-global-credit-mounts-challenge-big-three. 105Reports of Guan’s government ties are discussed in Christopher Ricking, “US Rating Agencies Face Chinese Challenge,” Deutsche Welle, November 19, 2012, https://www.dw.com/en/us-ratings-agencies-face-chinese-challenge/a-16389497; Guan Jianzhong, “The Strategic Choice of Chinese Credit Rating System.” 106Asit Ranjan Mishra, “China Not in Favor of BRICS Proposed Credit Rating Agency,” Livemint, October 14, 2014, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/btAFFggl1LoKBNZK0a45fJ/China-not-in-favour-of-proposed-Brics-credit-rating-agency.html. 107“Corporate Culture,” Dagong Global (via Internet Archive), 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160704062906/http://en.dagongcredit.com:80/about/culture.html. 108“About Us,” Dagong Global (via Internet Archive), 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160326131607/http://en.dagongcredit.com/about/aboutDagong.html. Chapter 11 1Fu Ying, “The US World Order Is a Suit That No Longer Fits,” Financial Times, January 6, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/c09cbcb6-b3cb-11e5-b147-e5e5bba42e51. 2Xi Jinping [习近平], “Xi Jinping Delivered an Important Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Seminar on Learning and Implementing the Spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party [习近平在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的十九届五中全会精神专题研讨班开班式上发表重要讲话],” Xinhua [新华], January 11, 2021, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2021-01/11/c_1126970918.htm. 3Zheping Huang, “Xi Jinping Just Showed His Power by Making China’s Elite Sit through a Tortuously Long Speech,” Quartz, October 10, 2017, https://qz.com/1105235/chinas-19th-party-congress-xi-jinping-just-showed-his-power-by-making-chinas-elite-sit-through-a-tortuously-long-speech/. 4Xi Jinping [习近平], “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era [决胜全面建成小康社会 夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利],” 19th Party Congress Political Report (Beijing, October 18, 2017). 5Ibid. 6Fu Ying, “The US World Order Is a Suit That No Longer Fits.” 7Chen Xiangyang, “China Advances as the US Retreats,” China US Focus, January 23, 2018, https://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/china-advances-as-the-us-retreats. 8Yang Jiechi [杨洁篪], “Promote the Construction of a Community of Common Destiny for Mankind [推动构建人类命运共同体],” People’s Daily [人民日报], November 19, 2017, http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1119/c64094-29654801.html. 9“Xi Jinping’s First Mention of the ‘Two Guidances’ Has Profound Meaning [习近平首提‘两个引导’有深意],” Study China [学习中国], February 21, 2017, https://web.archive.org/web/20171219140753/http://www.ccln.gov.cn/hotnews/230779.shtml.

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Natasha Turak, “Russia’s Central Bank Governor Touts Moscow Alternative to SWIFT Transfer System as Protection from US Sanctions,” CNBC, May 23, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/23/russias-central-bank-governor-touts-moscow-alternative-to-swift-transfer-system-as-protection-from-us-sanctions.html. 85Zhenhua Lu, “US House Committee Targets Major Chinese Banks’ Lifeline to North Korea,” South China Morning Post, September 13, 2017, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2110914/us-house-committee-targets-major-chinese-banks-lifeline. 86Michelle Chen and Koh Gui Qing, “China’s International Payments System Ready, Could Launch by End-2015,” Reuters, March 9, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309. 87Don Weinland, “China’s Global Payment System CIPs Too Costly for Most Banks—For Now,” South China Morning Post, October 17, 2015, https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/1868749/chinas-global-payment-system-cips-too-costly-most-banks-now. 88Gabriel Wildau, “China Launch of Renminbi Payments System Reflects SWIFT Spying Concerns,” Financial Times, October 8, 2015, https://www.ft.com/content/84241292-66a1-11e5-a155-02b6f8af6a62. 89Prasad, Gaining Currency, 116. 90China and the Age of Strategic Rivalry (Ottawa: Canadian Security Intelligence Services, 2018), 113–22. 91Stefania Palma, “SWIFT Dips into China with CIPS,” The Banker, July 1, 2016, https://www.thebanker.com/Global-Transaction-Banking/Swift-dips-into-China-with-CIPS. 92“Beijing’s International Payments System Scaled Back for Launch,” South China Morning Post, July 23, 2015, https://www.scmp.com/business/money/article/1838428/beijings-international-payments-system-scaled-back-launch. 93Wildau, “China Launch of Renminbi Payments System Reflects SWIFT Spying Concerns.” 94China and the Age of Strategic Rivalry, 113–22. 95Wildau, “China Launch of Renminbi Payments System Reflects SWIFT Spying Concerns.” 96Bershidsky, “How Europe Can Keep the Money Flowing to Iran.” 97“EU Criticizes Role of US Credit Rating Agencies in Debt Crisis,” Deutsche Welle, July 11, 2011, https://www.dw.com/en/eu-criticizes-role-of-us-credit-rating-agencies-in-debt-crisis/a-15225330. 98Huw Jones and Marc Jones, “EU Watchdog Tightens Grip over Use of Foreign Credit Ratings,” Reuters, November 17, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-creditratingagencies/eu-watchdog-tightens-grip-over-use-of-foreign-credit-ratings-idUSKBN1DH1J1. 99“China’s Finance Minister Accuses Credit Rating Agencies of Bias,” South China Morning Post, April 16, 2016, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/1936614/chinas-finance-minister-accuses-credit-rating-agencies-bias; Joe McDonald, “China Criticizes S&P Rating Cut as ‘Wrong Decision,’” Associated Press, September 22, 2017, https://apnews.com/743f86862f5a4b85844dcc10f96e3f8c. 100Guan Jianzhong, “The Strategic Choice of Chinese Credit Rating System,” Dagong Global (via Internet Archive), 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20160805110146/http://en.dagongcredit.com/content/details58_6631.html. 101Ibid. 102“Man in the Middle,” South China Morning Post, April 26, 2014, https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1497241/man-middle. 103Ibid. 104Liz Mak, “China’s Dagong Global Credit Mounts Challenge to ‘Big Three’ Rating Agencies,” South China Morning Post, August 7, 2016, https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/2000489/chinas-dagong-global-credit-mounts-challenge-big-three. 105Reports of Guan’s government ties are discussed in Christopher Ricking, “US Rating Agencies Face Chinese Challenge,” Deutsche Welle, November 19, 2012, https://www.dw.com/en/us-ratings-agencies-face-chinese-challenge/a-16389497; Guan Jianzhong, “The Strategic Choice of Chinese Credit Rating System.” 106Asit Ranjan Mishra, “China Not in Favor of BRICS Proposed Credit Rating Agency,” Livemint, October 14, 2014, https://www.livemint.com/Politics/btAFFggl1LoKBNZK0a45fJ/China-not-in-favour-of-proposed-Brics-credit-rating-agency.html. 107“Corporate Culture,” Dagong Global (via Internet Archive), 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160704062906/http://en.dagongcredit.com:80/about/culture.html. 108“About Us,” Dagong Global (via Internet Archive), 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160326131607/http://en.dagongcredit.com/about/aboutDagong.html.

The Metaverse: And How It Will Revolutionize Everything by Matthew Ball

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", 3D printing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, Apple Newton, augmented reality, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, business process, call centre, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, deepfake, digital divide, digital twin, disintermediation, don't be evil, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, game design, gig economy, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Google Glasses, hype cycle, intermodal, Internet Archive, Internet of things, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, John Gruber, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Metcalfe’s law, Minecraft, minimum viable product, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, non-fungible token, open economy, openstreetmap, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer model, Planet Labs, pre–internet, QR code, recommendation engine, rent control, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, satellite internet, self-driving car, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, skeuomorphism, Skype, smart contracts, Snapchat, Snow Crash, social graph, social web, SpaceX Starlink, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, thinkpad, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, TSMC, undersea cable, Vannevar Bush, vertical integration, Vitalik Buterin, Wayback Machine, Y2K

This is why Blockbuster was able to purchase a $25 VHS tape and then endlessly rent it to its customers without needing to pay royalties to the Hollywood studio that made it, and why you have the right to sell your copy of a book or rip up and restitch a shirt with a copyrighted design. Sources: “Global 500,” Internet Archive Wayback Machine, https://web.archive.org/web/20080828204144/http://specials.ft.com/spdocs/FT3BNS7BW0D.pdf; “Largest Companies by Market Cap,” https://companiesmarketcap.com/. In this book so far, I’ve examined many of the innovations, conventions, and devices required to achieve a flourishing and fully realized Metaverse.

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John Koetsier, “The 36 Most Interesting Findings in the Groundbreaking Epic Vs Apple Ruling That Will Free The App Store,” Forbes, September 10, 2021, accessed January 3, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2021/09/10/the-36-most-interesting-findings-in-the-groundbreaking-epic-vs-apple-ruling-that-will-free-the-app-store/?sh=56db5566fb3f. 11. Wikipedia, s.v. “Internet,” last edited October 13, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet. 12. Paul Krugman, “Why Most Economists’ Predictions Are Wrong,” Red Herring Online, June 10, 1998, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/19980610100009/http://www.redherring.com/mag/issue55/economics.html. 13. Wired Staff, “May 26, 1995: Gates, Microsoft Jump on ‘Internet Tidal Wave,’ ” Wired, May 26, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.wired.com/2010/05/0526bill-gates-internet-memo/. 14.

Four Battlegrounds by Paul Scharre

2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, active measures, activist lawyer, AI winter, AlphaGo, amateurs talk tactics, professionals talk logistics, artificial general intelligence, ASML, augmented reality, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 737 MAX, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, business continuity plan, business process, carbon footprint, chief data officer, Citizen Lab, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, DALL-E, data is not the new oil, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, digital rights, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, dual-use technology, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, fake news, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of journalism, future of work, game design, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, geopolitical risk, George Floyd, global supply chain, GPT-3, Great Leap Forward, hive mind, hustle culture, ImageNet competition, immigration reform, income per capita, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, large language model, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, military-industrial complex, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, natural language processing, new economy, Nick Bostrom, one-China policy, Open Library, OpenAI, PalmPilot, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, phenotype, post-truth, purchasing power parity, QAnon, QR code, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, recommendation engine, reshoring, ride hailing / ride sharing, robotic process automation, Rodney Brooks, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, side project, Silicon Valley, slashdot, smart cities, smart meter, Snapchat, social software, sorting algorithm, South China Sea, sparse data, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, tech worker, techlash, telemarketer, The Brussels Effect, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, TikTok, trade route, TSMC

,” Microsoft (China), January 22, 2019, https://www.msra.cn/zh-cn/news/outreach-articles/%E5%AE%9E%E4%B9%A0%E6%B4%BE-%E8%83%A1%E6%98%8E%E6%98%8A%EF%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8msra%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E9%98%85%E8%AF%BB%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E6%80%8E%E6%A0%B7, (page discontinued), archived by the Internet Archive September 4, 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20190904143341/https://www.msra.cn/zh-cn/news/outreach-articles/%E5%AE%9E%E4%B9%A0%E6%B4%BE-%E8%83%A1%E6%98%8E%E6%98%8A%EF%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8msra%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E9%98%85%E8%AF%BB%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E6%80%8E%E6%A0%B7. 161interns “apply as individuals”: Luo, interview. 161“I am a professor myself”: Pan, interview. 161ties between U.S.

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Reg. 34495, document no. 10869, (June 5, 2020), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/06/05/2020-10869/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list-revision-of-certain-entries-on-the-entity-list. 161Harbin Institute of Technology and the other Seven Sons of National Defense: Alex Joske, The China Defence Universities Tracker (report no. 23/2019, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, November 2019), https://www.aspi.org.au/report/china-defence-universities-tracker. 162valuable feeder for talent into the Chinese defense industry: Ryan Fedasiuk and Emily Weinstein, Universities and the Chinese Defense Technology Workforce (Center for Security and Emerging Technology, December 2020), https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/universities-and-the-chinese-defense-technology-workforce/. 162more than a quarter of Microsoft Research Asia’s collaborative training projects with universities in China: “2018年微软亚洲研究院-教育部产学合作协同育人项目（第一批） [2018 Microsoft Research Asia—Ministry of Education Industry—University Cooperation Collaborative Education Project (First Batch)],” Microsoft Research Asia, October 2018, captured by the Internet Archive October 15, 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20201015180833/https://www.msra.cn/zh-cn/connections/academic-programs/academia-industry-cooperation-2018-1; Fedasiuk and Weinstein, Universities and the Chinese Defense Technology Workforce, 33–34. Microsoft changed its policies for research in China in 2019, including no longer working with organizations on the Entity List, no longer accepting visiting researchers from any Chinese military institutions, and placing additional restrictions on research on sensitive topics such as facial recognition.

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Department of Commerce, “Commerce Adds China’s SMIC to the Entity List”; “Addition of Entities to the Entity List, Revision of Entry on the Entity List, and Removal of Entities From the Entity List.” 184production capacity at the 14 nm node: “About Us,” Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, 2022, captured by the Internet Archive February 1, 2022, https://web.archive.org/web/20220201031506/https://www.smics.com/en/site/about_summary; Khan, Mann, and Peterson, The Semiconductor Supply Chain, 21, 23; Anton Shilov, “China to Ramp Up High-Volume Production Using 14nm Node by End of 2022,” Tom’s Hardware, June 23, 2021, https://www.tomshardware.com/news/china-hopes-to-ramp-up-14nm-production-in-2022.

The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting by Anne Trubek

computer age, crowdsourcing, Internet Archive, invention of the printing press, lateral thinking, Norman Mailer, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Steven Pinker, the long tail, Whole Earth Catalog

German polyhistor, theologian, and divine Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516), c. 1505. HULTON ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam by Quentin Massys, 1517. GALLERIA NAZIONALE D’ARTE ANTICA Page from the Gutenberg Bible. COURTESY OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Page from The Palmer Method of Business Writing. Cedar Rapids: A. N. Palmer Co., 1915. INTERNET ARCHIVE The Spencerian alphabet. Portrait of Platt Rogers Spencer. The Spencerian Key to Practical Penmanship by H. C. Spencer, 1866. THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA RARE BOOKS & SPECIAL COLLECTIONS Spencer’s method broke down letters into common elements based on natural forms. After his death in 1864, his family continued to dominate American penmanship instruction, marketing books like The Spencerian Key to Practical Penmanship to schools across the country.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Anthropocene, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, bitcoin, blockchain, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, circular economy, clean water, collaborative consumption, commoditize, conceptual framework, continuous integration, CRISPR, cross-border payments, crowdsourcing, digital divide, digital twin, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, future of work, global value chain, Google Glasses, hype cycle, income inequality, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of the steam engine, job automation, job satisfaction, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, life extension, Lyft, Marc Benioff, mass immigration, megacity, meta-analysis, more computing power than Apollo, mutually assured destruction, Narrative Science, Network effects, Nicholas Carr, nuclear taboo, OpenAI, personalized medicine, precariat, precision agriculture, Productivity paradox, race to the bottom, randomized controlled trial, reshoring, RFID, rising living standards, Sam Altman, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart contracts, social contagion, software as a service, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supercomputer in your pocket, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, The Future of Employment, The Spirit Level, total factor productivity, transaction costs, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Wayback Machine, WikiLeaks, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, working-age population, Y Combinator, Zipcar

http://pages.experts-exchange.com/processing-power-compared/ 88 “A history of storage costs”, mkomo.com, 8 September 2009 http://www.mkomo.com/cost-per-gigabyte According to the website, data was retrieved from Historical Notes about the Cost of Hard Drive Storage Space (http://ns1758.ca/winch/winchest.html). Data from 2004 to 2009 was retrieved using Internet Archive Wayback Machine (http://archive.org/web/web.php). 89 Elana Rot, “How Much Data Will You Have in 3 Years?”, Sisense, 29 July 2015. http://www.sisense.com/blog/much-data-will-3-years/ 90 Moore’s Law generally states that processor speeds, or the overall number of transistors in a central processing unit, will double every two years. 91 Kevin Mayer, Keith Ellis and Ken Taylor, “Cattle Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks”, Proceedings of the Communication and Computer Networks Conference, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2004.

Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia by Dariusz Jemielniak

Andrew Keen, barriers to entry, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), citation needed, collaborative consumption, collaborative editing, commons-based peer production, conceptual framework, continuous integration, crowdsourcing, Debian, deskilling, digital Maoism, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, Filter Bubble, Free Software Foundation, Gabriella Coleman, Google Glasses, Guido van Rossum, Hacker Ethic, hive mind, Internet Archive, invisible hand, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, job satisfaction, Julian Assange, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Menlo Park, moral hazard, online collectivism, pirate software, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Stallman, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, social software, Stewart Brand, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Hackers Conference, The Nature of the Firm, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, transaction costs, Wayback Machine, WikiLeaks, wikimedia commons, Wikivoyage, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

This analysis leads to a typology of conflicts on Wikipedia and pinpoints important differences between Wikipedia policies and the rules used by the Society of Friends and the Search Conference. Feel like Danzig: The Beginning The article on Gdańsk was written in the beginnings of Wikipedia, and the earliest edits of the article have not been preserved on Wikipedia servers. The Internet Archive Wayback Machine stores a copy of the article from November 9, 2001 (see “Gdansk,” 2001a). An old backup of Wikipedia discovered in 2010 by Tim Starling shows that the article on Gdansk was written in early May 2001, as one of the first ten thousand articles, and consisted of just two sentences: “Gdansk is a city in Poland, on the Baltic Sea.

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Ethnography online: “Natives” practising and inscribing community. Qualitative Research, 4(2), 179–200. Gauntlett, D. (2009). Case study: Wikipedia. In G. Creeber & R. Martin (Eds.), Digital cultures: Understanding New Media (pp. 41–45). Berkshire, England: Open University Press. Gdansk. (2001a, November 11). Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20011111155718/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/ Gdansk Gdańsk. (2001b, November 19). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/ index.php?title=Gda%C5%84sk&oldid=333254700 Gdańsk: Difference between revisions. (2002a, June 28).

Work Rules!: Insights From Inside Google That Will Transform How You Live and Lead by Laszlo Bock

Abraham Maslow, Abraham Wald, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, Atul Gawande, behavioural economics, Black Swan, book scanning, Burning Man, call centre, Cass Sunstein, Checklist Manifesto, choice architecture, citizen journalism, clean water, cognitive load, company town, correlation coefficient, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deliberate practice, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Fairchild Semiconductor, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Google Hangouts, Google X / Alphabet X, Googley, helicopter parent, immigration reform, Internet Archive, Kevin Roose, longitudinal study, Menlo Park, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, nudge unit, PageRank, Paul Buchheit, power law, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rana Plaza, random walk, Richard Thaler, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, six sigma, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, survivorship bias, Susan Wojcicki, TaskRabbit, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tony Hsieh, Turing machine, Wayback Machine, winner-take-all economy, Y2K

Whether you are interested in recruiting from a single school, company, or professional or personal background, it’s straightforward to generate lists of hundreds or thousands of potential candidates. Even information that an individual may have put on the Internet and then deleted can sometimes still be found. The Wayback Machine, a service of the Internet Archive, regularly makes backups of more than 240 billion Web pages and has searchable records going back to 1996. We use the Wayback Machine only if we think it might help the candidate. For example, we had an applicant who had started a website in 2008 (great!) that had since been acquired (terrific!)

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Nick Bilton, “Why San Francisco Is Not New York,” Bits (blog), New York Times, March 20, 2014, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/20/why-san-francisco-isnt-the-new-new-york/. 163. Google “Marge vs. the Monorail” for why our Sydney conference room is named North Haverbrook. 164. All images from the Internet Archive, http://archive.org/web/web.php. 165. Comments made during March 2012 interview with Bloomberg Businessweek editor Josh Tyrangiel at the 92nd Street Y in Manhattan. See Bianca Bosker, “Google Design: Why Google.com Homepage Looks So Simple,” Huffington Post, March 27, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/27/google-design-sergey-brin_n_1384074.html. 166.

The Lords of Easy Money: How the Federal Reserve Broke the American Economy by Christopher Leonard

2021 United States Capitol attack, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, collateralized debt obligation, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, Donald Trump, Dutch auction, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, Ford Model T, forensic accounting, forward guidance, full employment, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, Greenspan put, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, inflation targeting, Internet Archive, inverted yield curve, junk bonds, lockdown, long and variable lags, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, Money creation, mortgage debt, new economy, obamacare, pets.com, power law, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, reserve currency, risk tolerance, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, stock buybacks, too big to fail, yield curve

On the night that Hoenig cast his dissent: “Americans Spending More Time Following the News,” Pew Research Center, September 12, 2010; “Political Polarization & Media Habits,” Pew Research Center, October 21, 2014. Glenn Beck monologue, “Devaluing the Dollar,” 2010, uploaded to YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QmPJAIbTwI; survey of Drudge Report and Huffington Post coverage taken from the Internet Archive at archive.org. The Fed was, in fact, trying to devalue: Transcript of meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee, November 2–3, 2010. Ben Bernanke helped entrench: Video and transcript of Ben Bernanke’s appearance on 60 Minutes. Bernanke’s 2009 appearance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

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During the summer of 2020: “WELL WELL WELL WHAT DID I TELL YOU by Davey Day Trader Global,” video uploaded to YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=od6fxCD4KsM; “Davey Day Trader—March 23rd, 2020,” video uploaded to YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLIk_oHPCQQ; material from Bar Stool Sports retrieved from Internet Archive. Viewers who wanted to join the fun: Nathaniel Popper, “Robinhood Has Lured Young Traders, Sometimes with Devastating Results,” New York Times, July 8, 2020; Sheelah Kolhatkar, “Robinhood’s Big Gamble,” The New Yorker, May 10, 2020. Market swings were hard to predict: Ben Bernanke, email statement to author, 2021; Rob Copeland, “Former Fed Chief Ben Bernanke to Advise Hedge Fund Citadel,” Wall Street Journal, April 16, 2015; Andrew Ross Sorkin and Alexandra Stevenson, “Ben Bernanke Will Work with Citadel, a Hedge Fund, as an Adviser,” New York Times, April 16, 2015; Josh Zumbrun, “How Citadel and the Fed Crossed Paths Before the Hedge Fund Hired Ben Bernanke,” Wall Street Journal, April 16, 2015; Tom Maloney, “Citadel Securities Gets the Spotlight,” Bloomberg News, April 6, 2021; Edward Ongweso Jr., “Robinhood’s Customers Are Hedge Funds Like Citadel.

Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the US City by Mike Davis

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", affirmative action, Berlin Wall, business cycle, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, deindustrialization, desegregation, digital divide, edge city, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Internet Archive, invisible hand, job automation, longitudinal study, manufacturing employment, market bubble, mass immigration, new economy, occupational segregation, postnationalism / post nation state, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, The Turner Diaries, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban renewal, War on Poverty, white flight, white picket fence, women in the workforce, working poor

Yet electoral mobilization alone is unlikely to redress the increasing income and opportunity gaps between urban Latinos and suburban non-Hispanic whites. Angeles and elsewhere, the Thus in workers and students are reinventing the American Magical Urbanism is essential reading for wants to grasp the future of urban America. ISBN: 1 85984 771 4 Los militant struggles of Latino left. anyone who Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/magicalurbanismlOOdavi MAGICAL URBANISM V MAGICAL URBANISM Latinos Reinvent tine MIKE DAVIS V VERSO London New York US City A HAYMARKET BOOK First published by Verso 2000 © Mike Davis 2000 All rights reserved VERSO UK: 6 Meard US: 180 Varick Street, VERSO is Street, London 10th Floor, WIV 3 HR NY 10014-4606 New York, the imprint of New Left Books ISBN 1 85984 771 4 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset in Dante by Steven Hiatt, San Francisco Printed and bound in the USA by R.R.

Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia by Anthony M. Townsend

1960s counterculture, 4chan, A Pattern Language, Adam Curtis, air gap, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Apple II, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Big Tech, bike sharing, Boeing 747, Burning Man, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, charter city, chief data officer, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, company town, computer age, congestion charging, congestion pricing, connected car, crack epidemic, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital map, Donald Davies, East Village, Edward Glaeser, Evgeny Morozov, food desert, game design, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, ghettoisation, global supply chain, Grace Hopper, Haight Ashbury, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jacquard loom, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, jitney, John Snow's cholera map, Joi Ito, Khan Academy, Kibera, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lewis Mumford, load shedding, lolcat, M-Pesa, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, messenger bag, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, off grid, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), openstreetmap, packet switching, PalmPilot, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, place-making, planetary scale, popular electronics, power law, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, scientific management, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, social software, social web, SpaceShipOne, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, telepresence, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, undersea cable, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, working poor, working-age population, X Prize, Y2K, zero day, Zipcar

The Open-Source Metropolis 1Red Burns, “Cultural Identity and Integration in the New Media World,” paper presented at University of Industrial Arts, Helsinki, Finland, November 19–21, 1991. 2“United States: Cable Television,” Museum of Broadcast Communications, n.d., http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=unitedstatesc. 3“History of Cable Television,” National Cable & Telecommunications Association, n.d., http://www.ncta.com/About/About/HistoryofCableTelevision.aspx. 4National Cable & Telecommunications Association, n.d., retrieved from Internet Archive, http://web.archive.org/web/20120103181806/http://www.ncta.com/About/About/ HistoryofCableTelevision.aspx?source=Resources. 5“History of Cable Television.” 6Jason Huff, “Technology is Not Enough: The Story of NYU’s Interactive Telecommunications Program,” Rhizome, December 15, 2011, http://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/dec/15/technology-not-enough-story-nyus-interactive-telec/. 7Red Burns, original manuscript, “Beyond Statistics,” Alternate Media Center, School of the Arts, New York University, n.d., 7.

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(Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000), http://www.nber.org/papers/w7833. Chapter 10. A New Civics for a Smart Century 1Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man under Socialism (Portland, ME: Thomas B. Mosher, 1905), 39. Reprinted from The Fortnightly Review, Feburary 1, 1891, accessed through Internet Archive, http://archive.org/details/soulmanundersoc00wildgoog. 2Helen Meller, Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner (New York: Routledge, 1990), 143. 3From “voices to voices, lip to lip.” Copyright 1926, 1954, © 1991 by the Trustees for the E. E. Cummings Trust. Copyright © 1985 by George James Firmage, from Complete Poems: 1904–1962 by E.

Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All by Michael Shellenberger

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, Asperger Syndrome, Bernie Sanders, Bob Geldof, Boeing 747, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, clean tech, clean water, climate anxiety, Corn Laws, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, Elon Musk, energy transition, Extinction Rebellion, failed state, Garrett Hardin, Gary Taubes, gentleman farmer, global value chain, Google Earth, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hydraulic fracturing, index fund, Indoor air pollution, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, land tenure, Live Aid, LNG terminal, long peace, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microplastics / micro fibres, Murray Bookchin, ocean acidification, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, Potemkin village, precautionary principle, purchasing power parity, Ralph Nader, renewable energy transition, Rupert Read, School Strike for Climate, Solyndra, Stephen Fry, Steven Pinker, supervolcano, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, WikiLeaks, Y2K

“Green New Deal Overview” (draft), Office of Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/5729035/Green-New-Deal-FAQ.pdf. This document is a draft version of a “Green New Deal FAQ” that later appeared on AOC’s website: “Green New Deal FAQ,” Office of Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, February 5, 2019, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20190207191119/https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/media/blog-posts/green-new-deal-faq. For more details, see Jordan Weissman, “Why the Green New Deal Rollout Was Kind of a Mess,” Slate, February 8, 2019, https://slate.com. 40. Greta Thunberg, “On Friday March 15th 2019 well over 1,5 million students school striked for the climate in 2083 places in 125 countries on all continents,” Facebook post, March 17, 2019, https://www.facebook.com/732846497083173/posts/on-friday-march-15th-2019-well-over-15-million-students-school-striked-for-the-c/793441724356983. 41.

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Neidell, Shinsuke Uchida, and Marcella Veronesi, “Be Cautious with the Precautionary Principle: Evidence from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident” Working Paper 26395, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA, October 2019, https://doi.org/10.3386/w26395. 111. “Stress-Induced Deaths in Fukushima Top Those from 2011 Natural Disasters,” The Mainichi, September 9, 2013, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20130913092840/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130909p2a00m0na009000c.html. Molly K. Schnell and David E. Weinstein, “Evaluating the Economic Response to Japan’s Earthquake,” Policy Discussion Paper 12003, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, February 2012, https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/pdp/12p003.pdf. 112.

The Cult of We: WeWork, Adam Neumann, and the Great Startup Delusion by Eliot Brown, Maureen Farrell

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Adam Neumann (WeWork), Airbnb, AOL-Time Warner, asset light, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Burning Man, business logic, cloud computing, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, Didi Chuxing, do what you love, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, East Village, Elon Musk, financial engineering, Ford Model T, future of work, gender pay gap, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google Earth, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Greensill Capital, hockey-stick growth, housing crisis, index fund, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Larry Ellison, low interest rates, Lyft, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, Maui Hawaii, Network effects, new economy, PalmPilot, Peter Thiel, pets.com, plant based meat, post-oil, railway mania, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, rolodex, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, smart cities, Snapchat, SoftBank, software as a service, sovereign wealth fund, starchitect, Steve Jobs, subprime mortgage crisis, super pumped, supply chain finance, Tim Cook: Apple, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, vertical integration, Vision Fund, WeWork, women in the workforce, work culture , Y Combinator, Zenefits, Zipcar

Danny Orenstein, the company’s first head of development: Interview with Danny Orenstein, March 2020. One night he was talking: Ibid. Companies like Google were gobbling: Emily Glazer, “Google Web Grows in City,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 29, 2012. WeWork added “innovation”: WeWork website, Feb. 11, 2012, accessed via Internet Archive, web.archive.org/​web/​20120211172334/​http://wework.com/. CHAPTER 6: THE CULT OF THE FOUNDER Michael Eisenberg was leaving an event: Evan Axelrod, “Executive Profile: Michael Eisenberg, Partner at Aleph VC and Investor in WeWork,” Commentator, Nov. 12, 2017. The modern venture capital industry: David Hsu and Martin Kenney, “Organizing Venture Capital: The Rise and Demise of American Research & Development Corporation, 1946–1973,” Industrial and Corporate Change, Aug. 2005.

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world was moving more toward “we”: U.S. Conference of Mayors Winter Meeting, C-SPAN, Jan. 26, 2018. he aspired to live forever: Brown, “How Adam Neumann’s Over-the-Top Style Built WeWork.” The company even called him the co-founder: “Our Team and the Power of Imagination,” Life Biosciences, June 4, 2019, accessed via Internet Archive, web.archive.org/​web/​20190604085317/​http://lifebiosciences.com/​team/. “That might be forever”: “Build a Purpose Driven Business, Education, and Life with WeWork Co-founder Rebekah Neumann,” The School of Greatness (podcast), Nov. 6, 2018. Jeff Skilling was cast as the archetypal: Rakesh Khurana, “The Curse of the Superstar CEO,” Harvard Business Review, Sept. 2002.

The Contrarian: Peter Thiel and Silicon Valley's Pursuit of Power by Max Chafkin

3D printing, affirmative action, Airbnb, anti-communist, bank run, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Blitzscaling, Boeing 747, borderless world, Cambridge Analytica, charter city, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Cornelius Vanderbilt, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, David Brooks, David Graeber, DeepMind, digital capitalism, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Elon Musk, Ethereum, Extropian, facts on the ground, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, Frank Gehry, Gavin Belson, global macro, Gordon Gekko, Greyball, growth hacking, guest worker program, Hacker News, Haight Ashbury, helicopter parent, hockey-stick growth, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, life extension, lockdown, low interest rates, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Maui Hawaii, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, moral panic, move fast and break things, Neal Stephenson, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, operational security, PalmPilot, Paris climate accords, Patri Friedman, paypal mafia, Peter Gregory, Peter Thiel, pets.com, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, public intellectual, QAnon, quantitative hedge fund, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, randomized controlled trial, regulatory arbitrage, Renaissance Technologies, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, social distancing, software is eating the world, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, tech worker, TechCrunch disrupt, techlash, technology bubble, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, TED Talk, the new new thing, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Upton Sinclair, Vitalik Buterin, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, Y Combinator, Y2K, yellow journalism, Zenefits

I also had help from researchers at a number of institutions and nonprofits. These include the Stanford Library’s Special Collections department, the Case Western Reserve University Archives, and the Western Mining in the Twentieth Century oral history series maintained at the University of California, Berkeley. The Internet Archive, the Center for Responsive Politics’ OpenSecrets.org, and ProPublica’s Nonprofit Explorer were resources I relied on daily and are essential items in the modern journalist’s toolkit. Many reporters have covered Thiel’s world extensively, and their work informs my own. While still a Stanford undergraduate, Andrew Granato wrote a thorough account of Thiel’s role on the Stanford Review, which served as the starting point for my own research about the Review.

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protestors showed up at Thiel’s home: Jenna Lyons, “Pro-immigrant Demonstrators Rally Outside Peter Thiel’s SF Home,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 14, 2017, https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Pro-immigrant-demonstrators-rally-outside-Peter-10995442.php; Anna Weiner, “Why Protestors Gathered Outside Peter Thiel’s Mansion This Weekend,” The New Yorker, March 14, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-protesters-gathered-outside-peter-thiels-mansion-this-weekend. line about his grandchildren: Geoff Lewis, “Turn on Reality,” Medium, November 13, 2016, accessed on May 15, 2012, https://medium.com/@justglew/turn-on-reality-f4331d007f3c; original post accessed via Internet Archive, November 14, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161114060128/https://medium.com/turnonreality/turn-on-reality-f4331d007f3c. “least contrarian things”: For instance, Peter Thiel, interviewed by Maria Bartiromo, Economic Club of New York, March 15, 2018. CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: EVIL LIST restaurants and other businesses: Julian Guthrie, “Yelp’s Jeremy Stoppelman: A profile,” The San Francisco Chronicle, July 14, 2012, https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Yelp-s-Jeremy-Stoppelman-a-profile-3707980.php; Erik Schonfeld, “Google Places Stops Stealing Reviews,” Techcrunch, July 21, 2011, https://techcrunch.com/2011/07/21/google-places-stops-stealing-reviews/.

WikiLeaks and the Age of Transparency by Micah L. Sifry

1960s counterculture, Amazon Web Services, Andy Carvin, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, Buckminster Fuller, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, Climategate, crowdsourcing, digital divide, digital rights, Evgeny Morozov, Gabriella Coleman, Google Earth, Howard Rheingold, Internet Archive, Jacob Appelbaum, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Network effects, RAND corporation, school vouchers, Skype, social web, source of truth, Stewart Brand, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, web application, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

Malamud was a pioneer in liberating taxpayer-financed public information and putting it online where everyone could get to it. He has continued to fight for expanding free access to public domain material online, convincing C-SPAN to open up its congressional video archives, digitizing old government films for the Internet Archive, and making troves of court decisions and legal documents available. And his work has been at the forefront of a wave of new efforts—from the Library of Congress’s Thomas database of congressional bills and votes, and the Center for Responsive Politics OpenSecrets.org database of campaign finance information, to the Environmental Working Group’s searchable database of individual agricultural subsidy recipients—that all sought to make public records more accessible.

Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts by David Gerard

altcoin, Amazon Web Services, augmented reality, Bernie Madoff, bitcoin, Bitcoin Ponzi scheme, blockchain, Blythe Masters, Bretton Woods, Californian Ideology, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cryptocurrency, distributed ledger, Dogecoin, Dr. Strangelove, drug harm reduction, Dunning–Kruger effect, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Extropian, fiat currency, financial innovation, Firefox, Flash crash, Fractional reserve banking, functional programming, index fund, information security, initial coin offering, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Kickstarter, litecoin, M-Pesa, margin call, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, operational security, peer-to-peer, Peter Thiel, pets.com, Ponzi scheme, Potemkin village, prediction markets, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Ross Ulbricht, Ruby on Rails, Satoshi Nakamoto, short selling, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Singularitarianism, slashdot, smart contracts, South Sea Bubble, tulip mania, Turing complete, Turing machine, Vitalik Buterin, WikiLeaks

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. p. 127. ISBN 92-1-148200-3. [200] Kyle Soska, Nicolas Christin. “Measuring the Longitudinal Evolution of the Online Anonymous Marketplace Ecosystem”. Proceedings of the 24th USENIX Security Symposium, 12-14 August 2015. [201] Gwern Branwen. “Dark Net Market archives, 2011-2015”. Internet Archive, 12 July 2015. [202] Gwern Branwen. “Black-Market Archives”. 1 December 2013, updated 3 November 2016. [203] Andy Greenberg. “The Silk Road’s Dark-Web Dream is Dead”. Wired, 14 January 2016. [204] AlphaBay_mod. “AlphaBay will add Ethereum to its payment options”. Reddit /r/alphabaymarket, 18 March 2017

The Woman Who Smashed Codes: A True Story of Love, Spies, and the Unlikely Heroine Who Outwitted America's Enemies by Jason Fagone

Albert Einstein, Bletchley Park, Charles Lindbergh, Columbine, cuban missile crisis, Drosophila, Easter island, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Fellow of the Royal Society, General Magic , index card, Internet Archive, Neil Armstrong, pattern recognition, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, side project, Silicon Valley, two and twenty, X Prize

G c.7, http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/. devout Christian WFF and ESF, The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined (London: Cambridge University Press, 1958), 189. “Surprise followed surprise” Elizabeth Wells Gallup, “Concerning the Bi-literal Cypher of Francis Bacon: Pros and Cons of the Controversy” (1902; Internet Archive, 2008), 60, https://archive.org/details/concerningbilite00gall. “The sole question is” Ibid., 65. 39 The New Atlantis Francis Bacon, The New Atlantis (1627; Project Gutenberg, 2008), https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2434/2434-h/2434-h.htm. 39 Mark Twain believed it Mark Twain, Is Shakespeare Dead?

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the new alphabet Ibid. 41 don’t have to be a and b Ibid. 42 scoured photo enlargements “A CATALOGVE,” box 13, folder 11, NYPL. Then she drew charts “Alphabets for the Catalogue of the Plays,” box 14, NYPL. “Queene Elizabeth is my true mother” Elizabeth Wells Gallup, The Biliteral Cypher of Sir Francis Bacon Discovered in His Works and Deciphered by Mrs. Elizabeth Wells Gallup, 3rd ed. (1901; Internet Archive, 2008), 166, http://www.archive.org/details/biliteralcyphero00gallrich/. “Francis of Verulam is author” Ibid. “Francis St. Alban, descended” Ibid. “You will either finde” Ibid., 165. 43 her 1899 book Wells Gallup, The Biliteral Cypher, 1st ed. a secret king WFF and ESF, Shakespearean Ciphers, 192–94.

One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility by Zack Furness, Zachary Mooradian Furness

active transport: walking or cycling, affirmative action, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, An Inconvenient Truth, back-to-the-land, bike sharing, Build a better mousetrap, Burning Man, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, conceptual framework, critique of consumerism, DIY culture, dumpster diving, Enrique Peñalosa, European colonialism, feminist movement, fixed-gear, food desert, Ford Model T, General Motors Futurama, ghettoisation, Golden Gate Park, independent contractor, interchangeable parts, intermodal, Internet Archive, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, means of production, messenger bag, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, peak oil, place-making, post scarcity, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, safety bicycle, Silicon Valley, sustainable-tourism, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas L Friedman, Thorstein Veblen, urban planning, vertical integration, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, work culture , working poor, Yom Kippur War

Zena Steiner, for example, notes that Blatchford—the “barracks socialist”—was a “popular and passionate voice for empire, preparedness and national service.” See “views of War: Britain before the ‘Great War’—and after,” International Relations 17, no. 1 (2003): 20. Eugene v. Debs, The American Movement, 1898 (E. v. Debs internet archive, available at http://www.marxists.org/archive/debs). Horton, “Social Movements and the Bicycle.” prynn, “The Clarion Clubs, rambling and the Holiday associations in Britain since the 1890s,” 75. Horton, “Social Movements and the Bicycle”; Sheffield Guardian, March 29, 1907, quoted in prynn, “The Clarion Clubs, rambling and the Holiday associations in Britain since the 1890s,” 69.

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. ———. “Theory of the Dérive.” in Situationist International Anthology, edited by Ken Knabb, 50–54. Berkeley, Ca: Bureau of public Secrets, 1981. Originally published in Internationale Situationniste, no. 2 (December 1958). Debs, Eugene v. The American Movement. 1998. available at the E. v. Debs internet archive, http://www.marxists.org/archive/debs. Deffeyes, Kenneth S. Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert’s Peak. new york: Hill and Wang, 2005. ———. Hubbert’s Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. princeton, nJ: princeton University press, 2001. Defiance, Ohio. Share What Ya Got. Friends and relatives records, 2004. lp.

In Pursuit of the Perfect Portfolio: The Stories, Voices, and Key Insights of the Pioneers Who Shaped the Way We Invest by Andrew W. Lo, Stephen R. Foerster

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, AOL-Time Warner, asset allocation, backtesting, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black-Scholes formula, Bretton Woods, Brownian motion, business cycle, buy and hold, capital asset pricing model, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, compound rate of return, corporate governance, COVID-19, credit crunch, currency risk, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, diversification, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, equity premium, equity risk premium, estate planning, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, fake news, family office, fear index, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, fixed income, hiring and firing, Hyman Minsky, implied volatility, index fund, interest rate swap, Internet Archive, invention of the wheel, Isaac Newton, Jim Simons, John Bogle, John Meriwether, John von Neumann, joint-stock company, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, linear programming, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, Louis Bachelier, low interest rates, managed futures, mandelbrot fractal, margin call, market bubble, market clearing, mental accounting, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Myron Scholes, new economy, New Journalism, Own Your Own Home, passive investing, Paul Samuelson, Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period, prediction markets, price stability, profit maximization, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, RAND corporation, random walk, Richard Thaler, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, selection bias, seminal paper, shareholder value, Sharpe ratio, short selling, South Sea Bubble, stochastic process, stocks for the long run, survivorship bias, tail risk, Thales and the olive presses, Thales of Miletus, The Myth of the Rational Market, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Bayes, time value of money, transaction costs, transfer pricing, tulip mania, Vanguard fund, yield curve, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

Solman (2009). 88. Mitchell (2004). 89. Interview with authors. Chapter Eight 1. Fabozzi (1992). 2. Unless otherwise noted, the factual information in this section about Leibowitz is from Fabozzi (1992), Bernstein (2007), and Anson et al. (2011). 3. See “York Peppermint Pattie,” Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20070807115621/http://www.hersheys.com/products/details/york.asp. 4. CFA Institute (2015). 5. See “Dr. Carl Sagan,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/sagan.html. Sagan and Leibowitz had not seen each other for years after their university time together until sharing a limousine to a bar mitzvah.

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“Vanguard Founder Jack Bogle’s Advice to Fretful Investors: Shut Your Eyes and Let Indexes Do the Work.” MarketWatch, November 3, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/jack-bogles-advice-to-worried-investors-shut-your-eyes-and-let-the-indexes-work-2014-11-03. Jarrow, Robert A. 1999a. “Speech in Honor of Robert C. Merton: 1999 Mathematical Finance Day Lifetime Achievement Award.” Internet Archive, April 25, https://web.archive.org/web/20111212200647/http://www.bu.edu/mfd/mfdmerton.pdf. ________. 1999b. “In Honor of the Nobel Laureates Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes: A Partial Differential Equation That Changed the World.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no. 4: 229–48. Jeffries, Tanya. 2014. “ ‘We Saw This before the Wall St Crash, the Dot-com Bubble and the Credit Crunch’—How Nobel Economist Robert Shiller’s CAPE Warning Light Is Flashing Again.”

Fancy Bear Goes Phishing: The Dark History of the Information Age, in Five Extraordinary Hacks by Scott J. Shapiro

3D printing, 4chan, active measures, address space layout randomization, air gap, Airbnb, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, availability heuristic, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, borderless world, Brian Krebs, business logic, call centre, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, cellular automata, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, Compatible Time-Sharing System, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, cyber-physical system, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Debian, Dennis Ritchie, disinformation, Donald Trump, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, dumpster diving, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, evil maid attack, facts on the ground, false flag, feminist movement, Gabriella Coleman, gig economy, Hacker News, independent contractor, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invisible hand, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Ken Thompson, Larry Ellison, Laura Poitras, Linda problem, loss aversion, macro virus, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Minecraft, Morris worm, Multics, PalmPilot, Paul Graham, pirate software, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, ransomware, Reflections on Trusting Trust, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, security theater, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Skype, SoftBank, SQL injection, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, tech worker, technological solutionism, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the new new thing, the payments system, Turing machine, Turing test, Unsafe at Any Speed, vertical integration, Von Neumann architecture, Wargames Reagan, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, Wayback Machine, web application, WikiLeaks, winner-take-all economy, young professional, zero day, éminence grise

Paras Jha, Sentencing Memo, September 11, 2018, 11, https://regmedia.co.uk/2018/09/20/mirai.pdf. he was transfixed: Sentencing Memo, 10–12. would have helped him: Sentencing Memo, 12–13. pushed him even harder: Sentencing Memo, 13–14. he was twelve and was hooked: According to Paras, “My first reaction to programming was, ‘Look what I can do!’”: Paras Jha, “I Am Paras Jha,” Internet Archive, accessed June 13, 2021, web.archive.org/web/20140122005106/http://parasjha.info. This website claims that Paras learned to code in eighth grade, but in the Wired story, Graff, “How a Dorm Room,” Paras is said to have learned how to code in seventh grade (based on his old LinkedIn page). On his current LinkedIn, Paras said he learned to code when he was twelve: https://www.linkedin.com/in/parasjha.

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“But for the server operators”: Krebs, “Who Is Anna-Senpai?” targets of these attacks: Sentencing Memo, 18. attacks on Minecraft servers: Krebs, “Who Is Anna-Senpai?” his personal website: Jha, “I Am Paras Jha.” Note that ProTraf’s early iteration was called Switchnet. “ever since 2009”: “About Us|ProTraf Solutions,” ProTraf, Internet Archive, accessed June 13, 2021, web.archive.org/web/20160528163331/https://www. ProTrafsolutions.com/about. Minecraft DDoS experts: Sentencing Memo, 15, 18–19. put on academic probation: Sentencing Memo, 20. “States make war and vice versa”: Tilly, Coercion, Capital, 67. revenues dwindle: Tilly, Coercion, Capital, 67.

America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy by Francis Fukuyama

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, European colonialism, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, information security, Internet Archive, John Perry Barlow, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, no-fly zone, oil-for-food scandal, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, transaction costs, uranium enrichment, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus

This book made available by the Internet Archive. Parts of this book were given as the Castle Lectures in Yale's Program in Ethics, Politics, and Economics, delivered by Francis Fukuyama in 2005. The Castle Lectures were endowed by Mr. John K. Castle. They honor his ancestor the Reverend James Pierpont, one of Yale's original founders. Given by established public figures, Castle Lectures are intended to promote reflection on the moral foundations of society and government and to enhance understanding of ethical issues facing individuals in our complex modern society. *<^\jiii,\,ni,o 7 A Different Kind of American Foreign Policy 181 notes 195 INDEX 217 vm Preface The subject of this book is American foreign policy since the al-Qaida attacks of September 11, 2001.

In the Flow by Boris Groys

illegal immigration, Internet Archive, Julian Assange, late capitalism, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, WikiLeaks

The radical disappearance of the artist into the point zero of art makes it possible to present the context of art as a total context. Self-nullification in and through art is an illusion. But only the pursuit of this illusion makes visible the conditions of art – conditions that include the possibility of this illusion. ___________________________ 1‘Saint Max’, in ‘A Critique of the German Ideology’, Marx/Engels Internet Archive, marxists.org. 2Kazimir Malevich, ‘Sobranie sochinenii’, vol. 1, Moscow: Gilea 1995, p. 29. 3Ibid., 34. 4Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, New York: Benjamin R. Tucker 1907, p. 3. 5Ibid., p. 309. 6Malevich, pp. 161–226. 7Kazimir Malevich, Die gegenstandslose Welt, Bauhausbuch 1927. Reprinted and distributed by Hans M.

Without Their Permission: How the 21st Century Will Be Made, Not Managed by Alexis Ohanian

Airbnb, barriers to entry, carbon-based life, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, Hacker News, Hans Rosling, hiring and firing, hockey-stick growth, independent contractor, Internet Archive, Justin.tv, Kickstarter, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, Menlo Park, minimum viable product, Occupy movement, Paul Graham, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, social web, software is eating the world, Startup school, TED Talk, Tony Hsieh, unpaid internship, Wayback Machine, Y Combinator, Yochai Benkler

That’s not to say these two communities are mutually exclusive. In fact, I’m a proud member of both. 8. I’d hoped people would say this to one another, but to date, I don’t think a single person has. So it goes. 9. This is from a recorded interview with Steve Huffman. 10. I found it thanks to the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine! http://web.archive.org/web/20051026085633/http://changingway.net/archives/221 11. http://www.chron.com/life/article/The-turkey-was-almost-our-national-bird-1732163.php 12. http://www.paulgraham.com/relres.html 13. Author’s note: If you’re reading this at a time when reddit.com has become even more popular, possibly even forming its own online city-state, think of the above as charmingly humble.

Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science by Chris Bernhardt

Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, Andrew Wiles, Bletchley Park, British Empire, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Conway's Game of Life, discrete time, Douglas Hofstadter, Georg Cantor, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Henri Poincaré, Internet Archive, Jacquard loom, John Conway, John von Neumann, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Ken Thompson, Norbert Wiener, Paul Erdős, Reflections on Trusting Trust, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, Von Neumann architecture

The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World. 4. This appears in the introduction to Alan Turing’s Systems of Logic: The Princeton Thesis. This introduction is also available on Appel’s website. 5. Hermann Grassmann’s book Lehrbuch der Arithmetik für höhere Lehranstalten can be found in The Internet Archive. 6. The lambda in the λ-calculus evolved from notation used by Russell and Whitehead. They used . Church felt that the symbol ^ should come before the x and should be written as ^x. This then got typeset λx. 7. The function + takes two numbers as input and gives a number as output. In the λ-calculus, + is usually written first, so instead of writing m + n, you write +(m)(n), which, though it looks strange, makes it clear that + is a function with two inputs.

Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside by Xiaowei Wang

4chan, AI winter, Amazon Web Services, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, basic income, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, business cycle, cloud computing, Community Supported Agriculture, computer vision, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, data science, deep learning, Deng Xiaoping, Didi Chuxing, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, drop ship, emotional labour, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Garrett Hardin, gig economy, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, Huaqiangbei: the electronics market of Shenzhen, China, hype cycle, income inequality, informal economy, information asymmetry, Internet Archive, Internet of things, job automation, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, land reform, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, multilevel marketing, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), Pearl River Delta, peer-to-peer lending, precision agriculture, QR code, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, scientific management, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, SoftBank, software is eating the world, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, tech worker, technological solutionism, the long tail, TikTok, Tragedy of the Commons, universal basic income, vertical integration, Vision Fund, WeWork, Y Combinator, zoonotic diseases

In the car, driving through the small mountain paths back to the bus stop, I ask Ren, “So, what do you think of qukuailian [blockchain, 区块链]?” Although we’ve seen the GoGoChicken farm, I haven’t explicitly brought up blockchain at all during my visit. “Blockchain? What’s blockchain?” asks Ren. 7. Onstage at the Internet Archive’s Decentralized Web Summit in San Francisco, the founder of the Lightning Network, a protocol layer that sits on top of Bitcoin’s blockchain, is speaking into the microphone. The Decentralized Web Summit is host to an eclectic assortment of people, a caricature of the Bay Area’s tech scene. The speaker is reed thin and bespectacled, and both of his hands firmly grasp the sides of the podium.

WTF?: What's the Future and Why It's Up to Us by Tim O'Reilly

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", 4chan, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, AlphaGo, Alvin Roth, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, Amazon Web Services, AOL-Time Warner, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, benefit corporation, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Bill Joy: nanobots, bitcoin, Blitzscaling, blockchain, book value, Bretton Woods, Brewster Kahle, British Empire, business process, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, computer vision, congestion pricing, corporate governance, corporate raider, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, data acquisition, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Dennis Ritchie, deskilling, DevOps, Didi Chuxing, digital capitalism, disinformation, do well by doing good, Donald Davies, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Flash crash, Free Software Foundation, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, George Akerlof, gig economy, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Goodhart's law, Google Glasses, Gordon Gekko, gravity well, greed is good, Greyball, Guido van Rossum, High speed trading, hiring and firing, Home mortgage interest deduction, Hyperloop, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, informal economy, information asymmetry, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of movable type, invisible hand, iterative process, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jitney, job automation, job satisfaction, John Bogle, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kaizen: continuous improvement, Ken Thompson, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Kim Stanley Robinson, knowledge worker, Kodak vs Instagram, Lao Tzu, Larry Ellison, Larry Wall, Lean Startup, Leonard Kleinrock, Lyft, machine readable, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, McMansion, microbiome, microservices, minimum viable product, mortgage tax deduction, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, obamacare, Oculus Rift, OpenAI, OSI model, Overton Window, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, Paul Buchheit, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer model, Ponzi scheme, post-truth, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Coase, Rutger Bregman, Salesforce, Sam Altman, school choice, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, SETI@home, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, Skype, smart contracts, Snapchat, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, social web, software as a service, software patent, spectrum auction, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, stock buybacks, strong AI, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, telepresence, the built environment, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, the map is not the territory, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Davenport, Tony Fadell, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transcontinental railway, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, trickle-down economics, two-pizza team, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, universal basic income, US Airways Flight 1549, VA Linux, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We are the 99%, web application, Whole Earth Catalog, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, Y Combinator, yellow journalism, zero-sum game, Zipcar

page=full. 143 in the shoes of those they mean to serve: Jake Solomon, “People, Not Data,” Medium, January 5, 2014, https://medium.com/@lippytak/people-not-data-47434 acb50a8. 143 “the poor struggle with daily”: Ezra Klein, “Sorry Liberals, Obamacare’s Problems Go Much Deeper than the Web Site,” Washington Post, October 25, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/10/25/oba macares-problems-go-much-deeper-than-the-web-site/. 144 “the best startup in Europe we can’t invest in”: Saul Klein, “Government Digital Service: The Best Startup in Europe We Can’t Invest In,” Guardian, November 25, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/15/govern ment-digital-service-best-startup-europe-invest. 145 GDS Design Principles: “GDS Design Principles,” UK Government Digital Service, retrieved March 31, 2017, http://www.gov.uk/design-principles. 145 “Start with needs”: After Mike Bracken left the GDS, the first principle was rewritten to leave out the revolutionary idea that existing government processes might be getting in the way of user needs. For the original, whose first principle is reproduced here, see “UK Government Service Design Principles,” Internet Archive, retrieved July 3, 2014, https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20140703190229/https://www.gov.uk/design-principles#first. The second principle reproduced here is from the current version, footnoted above. It is actually stronger and clearer than the original. 146 Casey Burns, and others: “The Digital Services Playbook,” United States Digital Service, retrieved March 31, 2017, https://playbook.cio.gov.

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Awakening,” New York Times Magazine, December 14, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/14/magazine/the-great-ai-awakening.html. 167 algorithmic detection of fake news: Jennifer Slegg, “Google Tackles Fake News, Inaccurate Content & Hate Sites in Rater Guidelines Update,” SEM Post, March 14, 2017, http://www.thesempost.com/google-tackles-fake-news-inaccurate-content-hate-sites-rater-guidelines-update/. 167 “directly from raw experience or data”: This claim has been removed from the deepmind.com website, but it can still be found via the Internet Archive. Retrieved March 28, 2016, https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160328210752/https://deepmind.com/. 167 “the hallmark of true artificial general intelligence”: Demis Hassabis, “What We Learned in Seoul with AlphaGo,” Google Blog, March 16, 2016, https://blog.google/topics/machine-learning /what-we-learned-in-seoul-with-alphago/. 167 “getting to true AI”: Ben Rossi, “Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo Victory Not ‘True AI,’ Says Facebook’s AI Chief,” Information Age, March 14, 2016, http://www.information-age.com/google-deepminds-alphago-victory-not-true-ai-says-face books-ai-chief-123461099/. 169 “thinking about how to make people click ads”: Ashlee Vance, “This Tech Bubble Is Different,” Bloomberg Businessweek, April 14, 2011, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-04-14/this-tech-bubble-is-different.

The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values by Brian Christian

Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, butterfly effect, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, Claude Shannon: information theory, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, Donald Knuth, Douglas Hofstadter, effective altruism, Elaine Herzberg, Elon Musk, Frances Oldham Kelsey, game design, gamification, Geoffrey Hinton, Goodhart's law, Google Chrome, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hans Moravec, hedonic treadmill, ImageNet competition, industrial robot, Internet Archive, John von Neumann, Joi Ito, Kenneth Arrow, language acquisition, longitudinal study, machine translation, mandatory minimum, mass incarceration, multi-armed bandit, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, OpenAI, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pattern recognition, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, precautionary principle, premature optimization, RAND corporation, recommendation engine, Richard Feynman, Rodney Brooks, Saturday Night Live, selection bias, self-driving car, seminal paper, side project, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, sparse data, speech recognition, Stanislav Petrov, statistical model, Steve Jobs, strong AI, the map is not the territory, theory of mind, Tim Cook: Apple, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wayback Machine, zero-sum game

Thanks to the researchers at the Bertrand Russell Archives at McMaster University (in particular Kenneth Blackwell), the Warren McCulloch Papers at the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, and the Frank Rosenblatt archives at Cornell University, as well as the Monterey County Free Libraries and the San Francisco Public Library, along with Garson O’Toole at Quote Investigator, for their personal help in finding obscure realia. Thanks to the Internet Archive for keeping the essential, ephemeral past present. Thanks to the various free and/or open-source software projects that made the writing of this book possible, in particular Git, TeX, and LaTeX. I marvel that this manuscript was written using typesetting software more than 40 years old, and for which none other than Arthur Samuel himself wrote the documentation.

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The estimate used here is 252 faces of Black women, arrived at by multiplying the proportion of women in the dataset (2,975/13,233) by the proportion of Black individuals in the dataset (1,122/13,233); numbers from Han and Jain. 45. See Labeled Faces in the Wild, http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/lfw/. According to the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, the disclaimer appeared between September 3 and October 6, 2019. 46. Klare et al., “Pushing the Frontiers of Unconstrained Face Detection and Recognition.” 47. Buolamwini and Gebru, “Gender Shades.” 48. The dataset was designed to contain roughly equal proportions of all six skin-tone categories as measured by the dermatological “Fitzpatrick scale.”

Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media by Peter Warren Singer, Emerson T. Brooking

4chan, active measures, Airbnb, augmented reality, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, Comet Ping Pong, content marketing, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, data science, deep learning, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, false flag, Filter Bubble, global reserve currency, Google Glasses, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker News, illegal immigration, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of movable type, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, Jacob Silverman, John Gilmore, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mohammed Bouazizi, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, moral panic, new economy, offshore financial centre, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, pattern recognition, Plato's cave, post-materialism, Potemkin village, power law, pre–internet, profit motive, RAND corporation, reserve currency, sentiment analysis, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, social web, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, Upton Sinclair, Valery Gerasimov, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, yellow journalism, Yochai Benkler

This massive accumulation of updates, snapshots, and posts over time offers revelations of its own. The clearest exemplar of this phenomenon is the first president to have used social media before running for office. As both a television celebrity and social media addict, Donald Trump entered politics with a vast digital trail behind him. The Internet Archive has a fully perusable, downloadable collection of more than a thousand hours of Trump-related video, while his Twitter account has generated some 40,000 messages. Never has a president shared so much of himself—not just words, but even neuroses and particular psychological tics—for all the world to see.

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., https://twitter.com/OIRSpox/status/734786795859283968. 60 A U.S. military officer: Steve Warren, “Hey Reddit,” Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/4i5r4h/hey_reddit_im_col_steve_warren_spokesman_for/. 60 “the end of forgetting”: Jeffrey Rosen, “The Web Means the End of Forgetting,” New York Times, July 21, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/magazine/25privacy-t2.html?pagewanted=all. 61 a thousand hours: “Trump Archive,” Internet Archive, accessed March 28, 2018, http://archive.org/details/trumparchive&tab=about. 61 some 40,000 messages: “Trump Twitter Archive,” accessed March 28, 2018, http://trumptwitterarchive.com/. 61 whose very essence: Nahal Toosi, “Is Trump’s Twitter Account a National Security Threat?,” Politico, December 13, 2016, http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/trump-twitter-national-security-232518. 61 “Solid gold info”: Noor Al-Sibai, “Naval War College Prof Explains How Trump’s ‘Stress’ Tweets Are a Roadmap for America’s Enemies,” Raw Story, May 8, 2017, http://www.rawstory.com/2017/05/naval-war-college-prof-explains-how-trumps-stress-tweets-are-a-roadmap-for-americas-enemies/. 61 Russian intelligence services: Bill Neely, “Russia Compiles Psychological Dossier on Trump for Putin,” NBC News, February 20, 2017, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-compiles-psychological-dossier-trump-putin-n723196. 61 “If you had pictures”: “Obama Avoids Partisanship in First Post–White House Appearance,” CBS News, April 24, 2017, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-speaks-univeristy-of-chicago-community-organizing-live-updates/. 61 “something much more akin”: Olivia Solon, “‘This Oversteps a Boundary’: Teenagers Perturbed by Facebook Surveillance,” The Guardian, May 2, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/02/facebook-surveillance-tech-ethics. 62 6 million Twitter users: Stephanie Busari, “Tweeting the Terror: How Social Media Reacted to Mumbai,” CNN, November 28, 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/27/mumbai.twitter/. 62 “I have just heard”: Kapil (@kapilb), “I have just heard 2 more loud blasts around my house in colaba,” Twitter, November 26, 2008, 9:09 A.M., https://twitter.com/kapilb/status/1024849394. 62 “Grenades thrown”: Romi (@romik), “grenades thrown at colaba,” Twitter, November 26, 2008, 9:31 A.M., https://twitter.com/romik/status/1024888964. 62 “people have been evacuated”: Sunil Verma (@skverma), “I just spoke with my friends at the Taj and Oberoi—people have been evacuated or are barracaded in their Rooms,” Twitter, November 26, 2008, 10:55 A.M., https://twitter.com/skverma/status/1025031065. 62 Mumbai’s online community: Robert Mackey, “Tracking the Mumbai Attacks,” The Lede (blog), New York Times, November 26, 2008, https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/tracking-the-mumbai-attacks/?

Move Fast and Break Things: How Facebook, Google, and Amazon Cornered Culture and Undermined Democracy by Jonathan Taplin

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "there is no alternative" (TINA), 1960s counterculture, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Legislative Exchange Council, AOL-Time Warner, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, basic income, battle of ideas, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, Big Tech, bitcoin, Brewster Kahle, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, Clayton Christensen, Cody Wilson, commoditize, content marketing, creative destruction, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, data is the new oil, data science, David Brooks, David Graeber, decentralized internet, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, equal pay for equal work, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, future of journalism, future of work, George Akerlof, George Gilder, Golden age of television, Google bus, Hacker Ethic, Herbert Marcuse, Howard Rheingold, income inequality, informal economy, information asymmetry, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jacob Silverman, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, labor-force participation, Larry Ellison, life extension, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, military-industrial complex, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, Norbert Wiener, offshore financial centre, packet switching, PalmPilot, Paul Graham, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, pre–internet, Ray Kurzweil, reality distortion field, recommendation engine, rent-seeking, revision control, Robert Bork, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Ross Ulbricht, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, secular stagnation, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skinner box, smart grid, Snapchat, Social Justice Warrior, software is eating the world, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, tech billionaire, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Chicago School, the long tail, The Market for Lemons, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transfer pricing, Travis Kalanick, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, unpaid internship, vertical integration, We are as Gods, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, web application, Whole Earth Catalog, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, Y Combinator, you are the product

Like the Kochs, Google and Facebook are in the extraction industry—their business model is to extract as much personal data from as many people in the world at the lowest possible price and to resell that data to as many companies as possible at the highest possible price—data is the new oil. And like Koch Industries, Google and Facebook create externalities during the extraction process. Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive, outlined some of these externalities: Edward Snowden showed we’ve inadvertently built the world’s largest surveillance network with the web. China can make it impossible for people there to read things, and just a few big service providers are the de facto organizers of your experience. Others include YouTube’s decision to make available all the world’s music for free, which makes it impossible for many musicians to make a living.

The Best Interface Is No Interface: The Simple Path to Brilliant Technology (Voices That Matter) by Golden Krishna

Airbnb, Bear Stearns, computer vision, crossover SUV, data science, en.wikipedia.org, fear of failure, impulse control, Inbox Zero, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Jony Ive, Kickstarter, lock screen, Mark Zuckerberg, microdosing, new economy, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, Paradox of Choice, pattern recognition, QR code, RFID, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, skeuomorphism, Skype, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, tech worker, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Tim Cook: Apple, Y Combinator, Y2K

Noel Sharkey, “Sign In To Read: The Return of Elektro, the First Celebrity Robot,” New Scientist, December 25, 2008. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026873.000-the-return-of-elektro-the-first-celebrity-robot.html?full=true 2 Standing over 7 feet tall and weighing in at 300 pounds Jack Weeks, “Hey . . . Where’s My Legs??,” Internet Archive, September 7, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041011003402/ http://www.maser.org/k8rt/ 3 “But when Westinghouse cleared its warehouses for World War II production, Elektro ended up in the basement of an engineer who had worked on the robot’s wiring.” “‘He showed us . . . and we managed to put the head on the torso and played with it as children, wheeling it around in games of cowboys and cops and robbers.”

The Other Israel: voices of refusal and dissent by Tom Śegev, Roane Carey, Jonathan Shainin

bread and circuses, conceptual framework, facts on the ground, Internet Archive, open borders, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

This book made available by the Internet Archive. 15 BREAK THE MIRROR NOW, llan Pappe 110 16 AFTER JENIN, Yitzhak Laor 116 PART THREE: REFUSAL 17 SAYING NO TO ISRAEL'S OCCUPATION, Ishai Menuchin 123 18 RED LINE, GREEN LINE, BLACK FLAG, Yigal Shochat 126 19 AN OPEN LETTER TO COLONEL AVIV KOHAVI, BRIGADE COMMANDER OF THE ISRAELI PARATROOPERS, Neve Gordon 133 20 AN OPEN LETTER TO BENJAMIN BEN-ELIEZER, MINISTER OF DEFENSE, Sergio Yahni 136 21 WHY? AssafOron 138 22 RULING OVER A HOSTILE POPULATION, Shamai Leibowitz 145 PART FOUR: ESCALATION: DISPATCHES FROM THE WAR OF OCCUPATION 23 THE HIDDEN WEAPONS FACTORIES, Amira Hass 153 24 THE CHECKPOINTS OF ARROGANCE, Meron Benvenisti 156 25 BALATA HAS FALLEN, Ze'ev Sternhell 159 26 ARE THE OCCUPIED PROTECTING THE OCCUPIER?

The Right Side of History by Ben Shapiro

Abraham Maslow, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, classic study, Donald Trump, Filter Bubble, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, income inequality, Internet Archive, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, means of production, microaggression, Peace of Westphalia, Plato's cave, Ronald Reagan, Steven Pinker, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, W. E. B. Du Bois, white picket fence, women in the workforce

Henry Heller, “Marx, the French Revolution, and the Spectre of the Bourgeoisie,” Science and Society 74, no. 2 (April 2010): 184–214. 25. Jon Elster, Making Sense of Marx (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 168. 26. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005), 152. 27. Karl Marx, The German Ideology (Moscow, 1932; Marxist Internet Archive, accessed 2018), https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01d.htm. Written in 1845. 28. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 67–68. 29. Karl Marx, Critique of Hegel’s “Philosophy of Right” (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 131. 30. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 71. 31.

You Are Not a Gadget by Jaron Lanier

1960s counterculture, Abraham Maslow, accounting loophole / creative accounting, additive manufacturing, Albert Einstein, Bear Stearns, call centre, cloud computing, commoditize, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, different worldview, digital Maoism, Douglas Hofstadter, Extropian, follow your passion, General Magic , hive mind, Internet Archive, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, John Conway, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Long Term Capital Management, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, Ponzi scheme, Project Xanadu, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Stallman, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, slashdot, social graph, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Stuart Kauffman, synthetic biology, technological determinism, Ted Nelson, telemarketer, telepresence, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, trickle-down economics, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, Whole Earth Catalog

This is a tour de force that fuses introductory material with cutting-edge ideas by using a brash new visual style. It is disappointing to me that pioneering work continues primarily on paper, having become muted online. The same could be said about a great many topics other than math. If you’re interested in the history of a rare musical instrument, for instance, you can delve into the internet archive and find personal sites devoted to it, though they probably were last updated around the time Wikipedia came into being. Choose a topic you know something about and take a look. Wikipedia has already been elevated into what might be a permanent niche. It might become stuck as a fixture, like MIDI or the Google ad exchange services.

Defending the Free Market: The Moral Case for a Free Economy by Robert A. Sirico

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, corporate governance, creative destruction, delayed gratification, demographic winter, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, Ford Model T, George Gilder, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, happiness index / gross national happiness, Herbert Marcuse, Hernando de Soto, informal economy, Internet Archive, liberation theology, means of production, moral hazard, obamacare, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Plato's cave, profit motive, road to serfdom, Tragedy of the Commons, zero-sum game

This claim may strike many as implausibly cynical. But Schwartz points out that USAID’s own website boasted of U.S. government food aid as a means of expanding U.S. agricultural exports into developing countries. The point is fairly muted on USAID’s website as it appeared in early 2012, but if you troll the internet archives to view the website as it appeared a decade ago, the point comes through more strongly. Here, for instance, is a USAID web page from the year 2000 trumpeting the “Direct Economic Benefits of U.S. Assistance by State”:The principal beneficiary of America’s foreign assistance programs has always been the United States.

Undoing Border Imperialism by Harsha Walia

Corrections Corporation of America, critical race theory, degrowth, emotional labour, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, imposter syndrome, informal economy, Internet Archive, mass incarceration, means of production, Mohammed Bouazizi, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, public intellectual, race to the bottom, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, structural adjustment programs, telemarketer, women in the workforce

Sharmeen Khan, David Hugill, and Tyler McCreary, “Building Unlikely Alliances: An Interview with Andrea Smith,” Upping the Anti 10 (May 2010), http://uppingtheanti.org/journal/article/10-building-unlikely-alliances-an-interview-with-andrea-smith/ (accessed September 12, 2012). 14. Julia Sudbury, “A World without Prisons: Resisting Militarism, Globalized Punishment, and Empire,” Social Justice 31, no. 1–2 (2004): 9–30. 15. Eugene V. Debs, “Statement to the Court upon Being Convicted of Violating the Sedition Act,” Eugene V. Debs Internet Archive, http://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1918/court.htm (accessed September 14, 2012). 16. Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), 154. 17. Jasbir K. Puar, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007). 18.

In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives by Steven Levy

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, AltaVista, Andy Rubin, Anne Wojcicki, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, autonomous vehicles, Bill Atkinson, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, business process, clean water, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, Dean Kamen, discounted cash flows, don't be evil, Donald Knuth, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dutch auction, El Camino Real, Evgeny Morozov, fault tolerance, Firefox, General Magic , Gerard Salton, Gerard Salton, Google bus, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Googley, high-speed rail, HyperCard, hypertext link, IBM and the Holocaust, informal economy, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Ken Thompson, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, large language model, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, one-China policy, optical character recognition, PageRank, PalmPilot, Paul Buchheit, Potemkin village, prediction markets, Project Xanadu, recommendation engine, risk tolerance, Rubik’s Cube, Sand Hill Road, Saturday Night Live, search inside the book, second-price auction, selection bias, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, SimCity, skunkworks, Skype, slashdot, social graph, social software, social web, spectrum auction, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, subscription business, Susan Wojcicki, Ted Nelson, telemarketer, The future is already here, the long tail, trade route, traveling salesman, turn-by-turn navigation, undersea cable, Vannevar Bush, web application, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator

But as people in the world of culture and digital commerce—and Google’s rivals—began to study the agreement, a swell of opposition rose. Eventually the swells became a tsunami. The objections were myriad. Some former allies of Google were incensed that it had given up the fight to legally scan books. One new foe was Brewster Kahle, the founder of the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization bent on preserving all documents on the web as well as information in general. Kahle had been involved in his own digitization process under the aegis of an organization called the Open Book Alliance. Now he claimed that Google had become an information monopolist bent on destroying efforts other than its own to make books accessible.

…

., 366–67 EarthLink, 95 eBay, 15, 113, 318 Edison, Thomas, 13 Edwards, Doug, 140 eGroups, 30 Elbaz, Gil, 103 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 337, 339 email, 161, 167–81 and ads, 102, 170–73, 177, 179, 180 and cloud computing, 180–81 Gmail, see Gmail and privacy, 170–78, 211, 378 and revenues, 170–73 and storage, 168–69, 172, 179–80 Emerald Sea, 382–83 employees: and austerity period, 256–57, 258–59 contract workers, 257, 269 first, 34, 36, 37 as Googley, 4, 36, 138–40, 158, 159, 162, 270, 309 numbers of, 5, 134, 158, 164, 373, 386 pampered, 58, 133–38, 259 promotions of, 260 recruitment/hiring of, 35–41, 72, 138–43, 258–59, 266, 386 and security issues, 269–70 70–20–10 balance, 162, 323 teamwork, 162 and 20 percent rule, 124 wealth of, 155–57, 259 Engelbart, Douglas, 15 Epstein, Scott, 76–77 Eustace, Alan, 145–46, 215, 271, 281, 289, 301, 303, 308 Ewing, Jessica, 174 Excite, 20, 27, 28–30, 136, 268 Facebook, 309, 322, 369–71, 373, 375–77, 379–80, 382–83 face recognition, 232 Farrell, Carrie, 139 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 222, 223 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 331–34, 379 Feiken, Jennifer, 242–43, 244–45 fiber optics, ownership of, 187–88, 198, 199, 261 Figueroa, Liz, 176–78 Filo, David, 28, 344 Fino, Audrey, 49–50, 52, 60 Fischer, David, 98 Fisher, Darin, 204 Flake, Gary, 98 Fleischer, Peter, 338–39 forecasting, 119–20 Foursquare, 374 Fred (video channel), 263–64 FriendFeed, 259, 370 Friendster, 371 Gaia password system, 308–9 Garcia-Molina, Hector, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 33 Gates, Bill, 14, 179, 204, 219, 278, 282, 283, 344, 381 GDrive, 205, 211 Gelernter, David, Mirror Worlds, 59–60 Genachowski, Julius, 322, 326 Ghemawat, Sanjay, 42, 43, 47, 100, 184, 197, 198–200 Gibson, William, 7 Gilbert, Judy, 257, 258, 259, 260 Gilbert, Roy, 272 GIMP, 31 Girouard, Dave, 180 Glazer, David, 375, 376 Gmail, 171–81, 322 and applications, 219, 227, 233, 236 as Caribou, 169–71 and cloud computing, 180–81 launch of, 161, 171–72, 206 and privacy, 170–78, 211 and security breach, 267–68 and social networking, 375, 377 and speed, 185 Goetz, Thomas, 254 Gomes, Ben, 40, 54, 58, 67–68, 100 Gonzalez, Steven, 283 Goodger, Ben, 204 Google: and access to all the world’s information, 6, 10, 58, 59, 63, 67, 75, 130, 146, 173, 198, 215, 219, 275, 335, 340, 342–43, 356, 363 ads of, see advertising and antitrust issues, 330, 331–34, 343–47, 364 APM program, 1–2, 3–5, 161–62, 259 and applications, 200–212, 239 austerity time of, 83, 86, 252–53, 255–57, 258–59, 265–66, 272, 376 BackRub renamed as, 30–31 business plan for, 72, 75, 77–78, 95, 115, 138, 152, 201 changing the world, 6, 34, 39, 52, 97, 120, 125, 126, 146, 316, 319, 329, 349, 365, 367, 369 cheap equipment bought for, 33, 129, 183–84, 189 Code Yellow in, 186 conference rooms of, 136–37 culture (Googley) of, 3, 36, 121–28, 129–42, 159, 186–87, 364, 365, 370, 385 design guidelines for, 129–30, 132, 206–7 development of, 32–34, 35–37, 45–57, 58 “Don’t be evil” motto of, 6, 11, 143, 144–46, 150, 170, 238, 276, 285, 286, 366–67, 384–85 employees, see employees engineers as top dogs in, 129, 130, 158, 160, 161, 323 failure and redundancy built into, 183–84, 189, 198, 211, 255, 372 filing for incorporation, 34 funding of, 32, 33–34, 72–75, 79, 129, 182 global scope of, 196–97, 270–72; see also China growth of, 3, 5, 6, 11, 43, 99, 127–28, 130, 131–32, 143, 164, 183, 198, 238–42, 253, 259, 271 headquarters of, 34, 36, 43, 125–26, 127–28, 130 home page of, 31, 184–85 IPO of, 2, 70, 94, 108, 134, 146–57 lawsuits against, 9–11, 56, 98, 150–51, 244, 328–29, 353, 358–67 as learning machine, 45, 47, 48, 65–68, 173, 216, 239, 383, 385 management structure, 74, 75–77, 79–82, 110, 143, 147, 157–66, 235, 254–55, 273, 373–74, 386–87 mission and vision of, 3, 6, 75, 97, 117, 124–25, 132, 169, 175, 215, 238, 363, 365 moral purity of, 6, 97, 268, 356, 360, 367 name of, 30–31, 180 no customer support from, 230–31, 376 1-800-GOOG-411 directory assistance, 219, 229 and politics, 317–19, 329–30 profitability of, 3, 69–71, 72, 77–78, 79, 99, 130, 256, 383, 386 public image of, 57, 74–75, 76, 77, 126, 144, 153–54, 173, 176, 237, 328–29, 337, 343, 364, 366, 383–84 secrecy in, 49, 52, 56–57, 69–70, 72–73, 83, 93, 106–7, 108, 146, 164–65, 191, 198, 218, 260, 261, 354, 357 security issues in, 267–70, 308–10, 313–14 shares in, 147–49, 155–57, 252 speed as focus of, 31, 37, 42, 52, 184–87, 206, 207, 208–9, 272, 372–73 TGIF meetings, 130–31, 166 20 percent rule, 124 user data amassed by, 45–48, 59, 84, 144, 173–74, 185, 333–36 user focus of, 5, 77, 241–42 values of, 6, 143–46, 147, 198, 256–58, 275–76, 300, 307, 310, 321, 323, 336, 343, 354, 364, 370, 384–85 war rooms of, 42–43, 45, 176, 186, 206, 309–10, 379, 380–81 and Yahoo, 44–45, 57, 151 and YouTube, 199, 242–52, 260–65 Google Analytics, 114–15, 205, 233, 234 Google Answers, 102 Google Book Search, 11, 347–67 Google Book Settlement, 362–67 Google Calendar, 233, 236 Google cars, 385, 386 Google Catalogs, 348 Google Checkout, 229, 242 Google China, see China Google Chrome, 208–12, 220, 221, 228, 319, 321, 354 “Google dance,” 56 Google Desktop, 205 Google Docs, 203, 210, 211 Google Earth, 239–40, 299, 340 Google Elections Team, 318, 321 Google Fellows, 49 Google Fiber for Communities, 327 Google File System, 184 Google Flu Trends, 258 Google Goes to the Movies, 265 Google Goggles, 232 Google Grants, 98 Google Help Forums, 231 Google Image Search, 382 Google Instant, 68 Google Latitude, 338–40, 374 Google Libraries, 357–58, 359 Google Maps, 219, 227, 240, 298–99, 318, 338, 340, 383 Google News, 58, 124, 239 Google.org, 241, 257 Google Pack, 205 Google Print, 356–57, 359 Google Product Client Group, 204 Google Product Strategy (GPS) meetings, 6, 135, 171 Google Quick Search Box, 78 Google Scholar, 58 Google Security Team, 267–70 Google settlement, 9–11 Google Street View, 340–43, 383, 384, 385 Google Suggest, 306–7 Google Talk, 233, 322, 375 Google Toolbar, 204–5, 233, 234 Google University, 136 Google Video, 242–47, 249, 261, 263, 429–30 Google Voice, 234, 236 Google Wave, 376–77, 379 Google Website Optimizer, 320 Google Zeitgeist, 46, 249, 253 googolplex, 31, 43 Gordon, Cathy, 195–96, 356, 359 Gore, Al, 177, 218, 237, 278, 352 GoTo, 87–89, 99, 102 Gphone, 218, 222, 226 GPS device, 229, 232, 338 Graham, Bill, 353 GrandCentral, 233–34, 236 Griffin, Denise, 130, 173–75, 231 Gross, Bill, 87–89, 95, 98, 102–3 Grove, Andy, 80, 163, 325 Gu, Xuemei, 290–92, 308, 312 Gundotra, Vic, 219–20, 232, 337, 377, 382–83 Gutenberg, Johannes, 347 Hackborn, Dianne, 217 Haiti, earthquake in, 325–26 Hamoui, Omar, 227 Hanke, John, 239 Harding, Matt, 243 Harik, Georges, 100–102, 105, 127, 139 Harvard University, 357, 358 Hassan, Scott, 17–18, 22, 28, 29, 30, 32 Haugen, Frances, 351 Heath, Taliver, 323 Heilemann, John, 356 Hendrix, Jimi, 76 Hertzfeld, Andy, 206 Hewlett-Packard, 37, 124, 181 Hölzle, Urs, 76, 100, 125, 162, 182, 257, 379 and cloud computing, 180 and data centers, 188–90, 194, 198 hired by Google, 36–37, 38 on speed, 185–87 Urs-Quake of, 381–82 Horowitz, Bradley, 211, 376–78, 379, 382 Horvath, Jane, 335, 338 HTC, 214, 226, 228, 230, 237 HTML 5, 212 Huber, Jeff, 116 Huffman, Scott, 61 Hulu, 260–61 Hurley, Chad, 243–44, 247–51, 260, 264 HyperCard, 15 hypertext connections, 15, 27 IBM, 24, 25–26, 63, 286 Idealab, 87–88, 99 indexing, 20, 21–22, 26, 41–43 checkpointing in, 43 comprehensiveness in, 52–53 in-RAM system, 43–44, 47–48 mirror worlds in, 60 updating, 45, 56 information retrieval (IR), 20, 22, 110, 239 Inktomi, 36, 44, 88, 290 innovator’s dilemma, 98–99 Intel, 163, 167, 218 intellectual property (IP), 88–89, 176, 221 Internet: bottom-up management of, 158 in China, 273, 279, 284, 285, 305, 308, 311, 313, 324 and cloud computing, 180–81 and copyright issues, 355, 367 disruptive platform of, 275 and Haiti earthquake, 325–26 net neutrality, 222, 383–84 and news, 239 open spectrum on, 15, 222–25, 329–30, 333, 334, 383–84 profitability of, 69–71 redefining commerce, 117 and social networking, 369–83 and user data, 334–36 values of, 322, 367 video, 242–52, 265 wireless service, 223 Internet Archive, 362 Ivester, Devin, 135, 141 Java, 17–18 JavaScript, 53, 105, 168, 169, 208, 209 Jen, Mark, 164–65 Jobs, Steve, 75, 80, 143, 209–10, 218–22, 237–38 Jones, Mike, 328, 340–42 JotSpot, 201 Joy, Bill, 28 Justice Department, U.S., 236, 331, 344–47, 364, 365–66 Kahle, Brewster, 362, 365 Kamangar, Salar, 71–72, 74, 233, 235 and advertising, 86, 89, 91–92, 109, 113 and business plan, 72, 75, 201 and Google motto, 143–44 and YouTube, 248, 260–65 Karen, Alana, 97–98 Karim, Jawed, 243, 247, 250 Kay, Erik, 207 Keyhole, 239–40, 340 Keyword Pricing Index, 118 Khosla, Vinod, 28, 29 Kim, Jini, 166 Klau, Rick, 312, 318 Kleinberg, Jon, 24–26, 34, 38, 292 Knol, 240 Knuth, Donald, 14 Kohl, Herb, 332 Koogle, Timothy, 44 Kordestani, Omid, 75–76, 78, 81, 96, 97, 130, 155, 242 Krane, David, 69–70, 143, 144–45, 150, 156 Kraus, Joe, 28, 136, 201, 374–75 Kundra, Vivek, 322, 326 Kurzweil, Raymond, 66 language, translations, 55, 62–65 Lantos, Tom, 285–87 Larson, Mark, 208 Leach, Jim, 286 Lee, Kai-Fu: and China office, 4, 281–83, 289–90, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 302, 303, 305, 307–8, 313 departure of, 307–8, 312 Lee, Steve, 338–39 Lenat, Douglas, 47 Leonard, Herman, 117 Lessig, Lawrence, 359, 360, 363 Levick, Jeff, 96, 110–11, 112–13 Levinson, Arthur, 218, 237 Li, Mark, 293, 298–99 Li, Robin (Yanhong), 26–27, 278, 292, 293, 298 Library of Congress, 352, 361 Liebman, Jason, 103–5 LinkAds, 102–3 Linux, 78, 182, 210 Litvack, Sanford “Sandy,” 345, 347 Liu, John, 296 Liu, Jun, 294, 303–4 long-tail businesses, 85, 105, 107, 118, 243, 334 Lu, Qi, 380 Lucovsky, Mark, 283 Luk, Ben, 290, 302 Maarek, Yoelle, 272 MacDonald, Brian, 380 Macgillivray, Alex “AMac,” 353–55 machine learning, 64–66, 100–101, 385 Malone, Kim (Scott), 107–8, 135 Manber, Udi, 44, 45, 57–58, 68, 240, 355, 380 MapReduce, 199–200 Marconi International Fellowship Award, 278 Markoff, John, 193 Matias, Yossi, 272 Mayer, Marissa, 36, 41, 381 and advertising, 78–79 and APM program, 1, 4, 5, 161–62, 259 and books, 348–50, 358, 365 and Gmail, 170–71 and Google culture, 121, 122, 126–27, 141, 142, 163, 164, 365 and Google motto, 143–44 and Google’s look, 206–7 and management structure, 160, 235 and social networking, 371–73, 375 and stock price, 155, 156–57 McCaffrey, Cindy, 3, 76, 77, 145, 150, 153, 164 McCarthy, John, 127 McLaughlin, Andrew: and China, 276–79, 283–84, 303, 304 and Obama administration, 316, 321, 322–23, 325–26, 327 and privacy, 176–78, 379 memex, 15, 44 Merrill, Douglas, 183 Mi, James, 276 Microsoft: and antitrust issues, 331–32, 344–45 and aQuantive, 331 Bing search engine, 186, 380–81 and books, 361, 363 and browser wars, 206, 283 and China, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 304 and competition, 70, 191, 197, 200–212, 218, 220, 266, 282–83, 331, 344–47, 363, 380–81 and Danger, 214 data centers of, 190 and disclosure, 108 and email, 168, 169, 179–80 Excel, 200 and Facebook, 370 Hotmail, 30, 168, 172, 180, 209 IE 7, 209 Internet Explorer, 204–7 and mapping, 342 monopolies of, 200, 331–32, 364 Office, 200, 202, 203 Outlook, 169 PowerPoint, 200, 203 and user data, 335 and values, 144 WebTV, 217 Windows, 200, 210, 212, 219, 331 Windows Mobile, 220 Word, 200 and Yahoo, 343–44, 346, 380 of yesterday, 369 MIDAS (Mining Data at Stanford), 16 Milgrom, Paul, 90 Miner, Rich, 215, 216 Mobile Accord, 325 mobile phones, 214–17, 219–22, 251 Moderator, 323–24 Mohan, Neal, 332, 336 Monier, Louis, 19, 20, 37 Montessori, Maria, 121, 124, 166 Montessori schools, 121–25, 129, 138, 149 Moonves, Leslie, 246 Moore’s Law, 169, 180, 261 Morgan Stanley, 149, 157 Moritz, Mike, 32, 73–74, 80, 147, 247–48, 249 Morozov, Evgeny, 379 Morris, Doug, 261 Mossberg, Walt, 94 Mowani, Rajeev, 38 Mozilla Firefox, 204, 206, 207–8, 209 Murdoch, Rupert, 249, 370 MySpace, 243, 375 name detection system, 50–52 Napier’s constant, 149 National Federation of the Blind, 365–66 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 65 National Science Digital Library, 347 National Security Agency (NSA), 310 Native Client, 212 navigation, 229, 232, 338 Nelson, Ted, 15 net neutrality, 222, 326–27, 330, 383–84 Netscape, 30, 75, 78, 147, 204, 206 Nevill-Manning, Craig, 129 Newsweek, 2, 3, 20, 179 New York Public Library, 354, 357 Nexus One, 230, 231–32 95th Percentile Rule, 187 Nokia, 341, 374 Norman, Donald, 12, 106 Norvig, Peter, 47, 62, 63, 138, 142, 316 Novell, 70 Obama, Barack, 315–21, 322, 323–24, 329, 346 Obama administration, 320–28 Ocean, 350–55 Och, Franz, 63–65 Oh, Sunny, 283, 297, 298 OKR (Objectives and Key Results), 163–64, 165, 186, 209, 325 Open Book Alliance, 362 Open Handset Alliance, 221–22 OpenSocial, 375–76 operating systems, 210–12 optical character recognition (OCR), 53, 349–50 Oracle, 220 Orkut, 371–73, 375 Otellini, Paul, 218 Overture, 89, 90, 91, 95, 96, 98–99, 103, 150 Oxford University Press, 354, 357 Page, Larry, 3, 5 achievements of, 53, 383 and advertising, 84, 86–87, 90, 92, 94, 95–97, 114, 334, 336–37 ambition of, 12, 39, 73, 127–28, 139, 198, 215, 238, 362, 386–87 and applications, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 240–42, 340 and artificial intelligence, 62, 100, 246, 385–86 and BackRub/PageRank, 17, 18, 21–24, 26 and birth of Google, 31–34 and Book Search, 11, 347–52, 355, 357, 359, 361, 362, 364 on capturing all the web, 22–24, 52, 58, 63 on changing the world, 6, 13, 33, 39, 97, 120, 125, 146, 173, 232, 279, 316, 327, 361, 384–85 childhood and early years of, 11–13 and China, 267, 276, 277–78, 279–80, 283, 284, 305, 311 and data centers, 182–83 and eco-activism, 241 and email, 169–72, 174, 179 and Excite, 28–29 and funding, 32, 33–34, 73–75 and hiring practices, 139–40, 142, 182, 271, 386 imagination of, 14, 271 and IPO, 146–47, 149–54, 157 and machine learning, 66, 67 and management, 74, 75–77, 79–82, 110, 143, 158–60, 162–66, 228, 231, 235, 252–53, 254, 255, 260, 272, 273, 386–87 marriage of, 254 as Montessori kid, 121–25, 127–28, 149, 331, 387 and Obama, 315–16 and philanthropy, 257–58 and privacy, 174, 176–77, 337 and robots, 246, 385 and secrecy, 31–32, 70, 72–73, 106, 218 and smart phones, 214–16, 224, 225, 226–30, 234 and social networking, 372 and speed, 184–85, 207 and Stanford, 12–13, 14, 16–17, 28, 29, 34 and trust, 221, 237 values of, 127–28, 130, 132, 135, 139–40, 146, 196, 361, 364 and wealth, 157 and web links, 51 and YouTube, 248 PageRank, 3, 17, 18, 21–24, 27, 34, 38, 48–49, 53, 55, 56, 294 Palm, 216, 221 Park, Lori, 235, 258 Pashupathy, Kannan, 270–72, 277, 282 Passion Device, 230 Patel, Amit, 45–46, 82 and Google motto, 143–44, 146 patents, 27, 39, 89, 102, 221, 235, 237, 350 PayPal, 242, 243 peer-to-peer protocols, 234–35 Peters, Marybeth, 352 Phil, 99–103 Philip, Prince, 122 Picasa, 185–86, 187, 239 Pichai, Sundar, 205–6, 207–8, 209–12 Pichette, Patrick, 120, 150, 254–56 Pike, Rob, 241 Pittman, R.

A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains by Isabella Lucy Bird, Daniel J. Boorstin

Columbine, Donner party, Internet Archive, Open Library

An awe-inspiring woman, she is also a talented writer who brings to life Colorado of more than one hundred years ago, when today's big cities were only a small collection of frame houses, and while and beautiful areas were still largely untouched. --Erica Bauermeister [Amazon] About This ePub 1st Edition 1879, John Murray, London Open Library OL7022845M Internet Archive inrockyladyslife00birdrich 1st Modern Edition 1960, University of Oklahoma Press Series: The Western Frontier Library Series (Book 14) Introduction by Daniel J. Boorstin OCLC 654948612 Revised Edition 1975-12-15, University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 0806113286 Series: The Western Frontier Library Series (Book 14) Introduction by Daniel J.

Whiplash: How to Survive Our Faster Future by Joi Ito, Jeff Howe

3D printing, air gap, Albert Michelson, AlphaGo, Amazon Web Services, artificial general intelligence, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Black Swan, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Burning Man, business logic, buy low sell high, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, commons-based peer production, Computer Numeric Control, conceptual framework, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data acquisition, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, digital rights, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, double helix, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Ferguson, Missouri, fiat currency, financial innovation, Flash crash, Ford Model T, frictionless, game design, Gerolamo Cardano, informal economy, information security, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, John Harrison: Longitude, Joi Ito, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Mark Zuckerberg, microbiome, move 37, Nate Silver, Network effects, neurotypical, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), PalmPilot, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, pirate software, power law, pre–internet, prisoner's dilemma, Productivity paradox, quantum cryptography, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Ronald Coase, Ross Ulbricht, Satoshi Nakamoto, self-driving car, SETI@home, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Simon Singh, Singularitarianism, Skype, slashdot, smart contracts, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, technological singularity, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, the strength of weak ties, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Two Sigma, universal basic income, unpaid internship, uranium enrichment, urban planning, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Wayback Machine, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

For an excellent analysis of the relationship between media diversity and the Great Recession, see Riva Gold’s Atlantic magazine article, “Newsroom Diversity: A Casualty of Journalism’s Financial Crisis.” (July 2013) httpp://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/07/newsroom-diversity-a-casualty-of-journalisms-financial-crisis/277622/. Chapter 8: Resilience over Strength 1 “YouTube—Broadcast Yourself.,” Internet Archive Wayback Machine, April 28, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050428014715/http://www.youtube.com/. 2 Jim Hopkins, “Surprise! There’s a Third YouTube Co-Founder,” USA Today, October 11, 2006, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm. 3 Amy-Mae Elliott, “10 Fascinating YouTube Facts That May Surprise You,” Mashable, February 19, 2011, http://mashable.com/2011/02/19/youtube-facts/. 4 Keith Epstein, “The Fall of the House of Schrader,” Keith Epstein.

After the New Economy: The Binge . . . And the Hangover That Won't Go Away by Doug Henwood

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, AOL-Time Warner, Asian financial crisis, barriers to entry, Benchmark Capital, book value, borderless world, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, business cycle, California energy crisis, capital controls, corporate governance, corporate raider, correlation coefficient, credit crunch, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, deskilling, digital divide, electricity market, emotional labour, ending welfare as we know it, feminist movement, fulfillment center, full employment, gender pay gap, George Gilder, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, government statistician, greed is good, half of the world's population has never made a phone call, income inequality, indoor plumbing, intangible asset, Internet Archive, job satisfaction, joint-stock company, Kevin Kelly, labor-force participation, Larry Ellison, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, Mary Meeker, means of production, Michael Milken, minimum wage unemployment, Naomi Klein, new economy, occupational segregation, PalmPilot, pets.com, post-work, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, rewilding, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, statistical model, stock buybacks, structural adjustment programs, tech worker, Telecommunications Act of 1996, telemarketer, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, total factor productivity, union organizing, War on Poverty, warehouse automation, women in the workforce, working poor, zero-sum game

This book made available by the Internet Archive. for my parents, Harold andVictorine Henwood Acknowledgments Though books usually have a single name on the cover, writing one requires lots of help from others. I'd Hke to thank, among many, Laura Stare-cheski for her excellent research w^ork; my good friend Philippa Dunne for her many forms of collaboration; CoHn Robinson for being the best publisher one could ask for; and Andre Schiffrin and the staff of The New Press for both their professional skills and their role as splendid office-mates. Thanks also to Jared Bernstein, Patrick Bond, Heather Boushey, Tom Frank, Branko Milanovic, Christian Parenti, Michael Perehnan, Kim PhiUips-Fein, Nomi Prins, Max Sawicky, Michal SeHgman, Gregg Wirth, the members of the Ibo-talk Hstserv.

Forge Your Future with Open Source by VM (Vicky) Brasseur

AGPL, anti-pattern, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), call centre, continuous integration, Contributor License Agreement, Debian, DevOps, don't repeat yourself, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, FOSDEM, Free Software Foundation, Guido van Rossum, information security, Internet Archive, Larry Wall, microservices, Perl 6, premature optimization, pull request, Richard Stallman, risk tolerance, Turing machine

The majority of the content on Wikipedia is available under a license furnished and maintained by Creative Commons.[21] Creative Commons is an organization that promotes the free sharing and reuse of creative works like music, writing, art, and data by providing copyright licenses that can be applied to them. This standard and well-understood body of licenses helps people share their works while still protecting their valuable copyright. Wikipedia and Creative Commons are far from the only non-software open movements. Open Knowledge International[22] empowers society through open data. Internet Archive[23] aims to provide free and open access to all the world’s knowledge. Open access academic journals ensure the free and open flow of fundamental research. The Open Source Seed Initiative[24] maintains open access to plant genetic resources that might otherwise be locked behind patents. These are just a few of the many ways that the free and open ethos has permeated our culture.

Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism by Safiya Umoja Noble

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, affirmative action, Airbnb, algorithmic bias, Alvin Toffler, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, cloud computing, conceptual framework, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, data science, desegregation, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, fake news, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Future Shock, Gabriella Coleman, gamification, Google Earth, Google Glasses, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, information retrieval, information security, Internet Archive, Jaron Lanier, John Perry Barlow, military-industrial complex, Mitch Kapor, Naomi Klein, new economy, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, PageRank, performance metric, phenotype, profit motive, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Snapchat, the long tail, Tim Cook: Apple, union organizing, women in the workforce, work culture , yellow journalism

See Everett, 2009. 102. Fouché, 2006, 640. CHAPTER 3. SEARCHING FOR PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES 1. Dylann Roof was indicted on federal hate crimes charges on July 22, 2015. Apuzzo, 2015. 2. The website of Dylann Roof’s photos and writings, www.lastrhodesian.com, has been taken down but can be accessed in the Internet Archive at http://​web.archive.org/​web/​20150620135047/​http://lastrhodesian.com/​data/​documents/​rtf88.txt. 3. See description of the CCC by the SPLC at www.splcenter.org/​get-informed/​intelligence-files/​groups/​council-of-conservative-citizens. 4. Gabriella Coleman, the Wolfe Chair in Scientific and Technological Literacy at McGill University, has written extensively about the activism and disruptions of the hackers known as Anonymous and the cultural and political nature of their work of whistleblowing and hacktivism.

Planet of Slums by Mike Davis

barriers to entry, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Brownian motion, centre right, clean water, company town, conceptual framework, crony capitalism, declining real wages, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, edge city, European colonialism, failed state, gentrification, Gini coefficient, Hernando de Soto, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, jitney, jobless men, Kibera, labor-force participation, land reform, land tenure, Lewis Mumford, liberation theology, low-wage service sector, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, megacity, microcredit, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, Pearl River Delta, Ponzi scheme, RAND corporation, rent control, structural adjustment programs, surplus humans, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, working poor