folksonomy

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Business Metadata: Capturing Enterprise Knowledge by William H. Inmon, Bonnie K. O'Neil, Lowell Fryman

affirmative action, bioinformatics, business cycle, business intelligence, business process, call centre, carbon-based life, continuous integration, corporate governance, create, read, update, delete, database schema, en.wikipedia.org, folksonomy, informal economy, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, semantic web, tacit knowledge, The Wisdom of Crowds, web application

Business metadata can be in the form of categorization schemes such as taxonomies, but can also be as simple as good descriptive file names. Some interesting Web trends are setting the stage for new ways of sharing tags and categorizing information such as folksonomies, manifested in sites such as del.icio.us and flickr. Del.icio.us allows you to tag Web sites and share your tags with others, and it also takes advantage of other people’s tags to find similar information. Flickr is another example of a folksonomy; you share your pictures online, and you tag them different things, based on your own way of understanding the world. Both are creative examples of business metadata. 280 Chapter 16 16.6 In Summary What Does the Future Hold?

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95 Socialization of Knowledge 96 Technology That Fosters Knowledge Socialization 98 Social Networking 99 Portals and Collaboration Servers 100 Wikis and Knowledge Socialization 103 Wikis and Governance 106 Balancing Out the Need for Governance with the Need for Contributions: “Governance Lite™ ” 107 How Governance Lite™ Works 107 The Search for Technology 109 Business Glossary Technology 111 Publicity 112 Visibility versus Usefulness 113 Knowledge Capture from Individuals: The Individual Documentation Problem 114 Web 2.0 and Knowledge Capture 115 Mashups 115 User-Defined Tags: Folksonomy 118 Summary 119 References 119 89 Complete Table of Contents xiii Chapter 7 Capturing Business Metadata from Existing Data 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 121 Introduction 121 Technical Sources of (Both Business and Technical) Metadata 122 Enterprise Resource Planning Applications 122 Reports 122 Spreadsheets 123 Documents 123 DBMS System Catalogs 124 Business Intelligence Tools 124 Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) 124 Legacy Systems and On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) Applications 125 The Data Warehouse 126 Summary of Metadata Sources 127 Editing the Metadata as It Passes into the Enterprise Metadata Repository 128 Automation of Editing 128 “Granularizing” Metadata 129 Expanding Definitions and Descriptions 129 Synonym Resolution 131 Homonym Resolution 132 Using a Staging Area 134 Manual Metadata Editing 134 Turning Technical Metadata into Business Metadata 135 Summary 137 Chapter 8 Business Metadata Delivery 8.1 8.2 Introduction 139 Separating Business Metadata and Technical Metadata 140 139 xiv Complete Table of Contents 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Principles of Business Metadata Delivery 140 The Importance of Easy Access: Avoid the “Roach Motel!”

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The existence of many abandoned searches could be an indicator that the taxonomy is hindering, not helping, the search process. 4.5.2.8 Self-Organizing Tags What if you let everyone create their own tags for documents (both their own and everyone else’s) and share them? Would this make searches easier for everyone? This self-organizing tagging structure is called a folksonomy, made popular by a Web site called del.icio.us. It follows the “Wisdom of Crowds” philosophy (made popular by the book of the same name) that a crowd is smarter than one person alone. This subject is discussed in more detail in Chapter 6, Business Metadata Capture. 4.6 Summary Bad communications have dire consequences, ranging from major disasters that cause loss of life or billions of dollars to bad business decisions.

The Secret War Between Downloading and Uploading: Tales of the Computer as Culture Machine by Peter Lunenfeld

Albert Einstein, Andrew Keen, anti-globalists, Apple II, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Brownian motion, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business cycle, business logic, butterfly effect, Charles Babbage, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, don't be evil, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, East Village, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, Fairchild Semiconductor, Fall of the Berlin Wall, folksonomy, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frank Gehry, Free Software Foundation, Grace Hopper, gravity well, Guggenheim Bilbao, Herman Kahn, Honoré de Balzac, Howard Rheingold, Ian Bogost, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, Ivan Sutherland, Jacquard loom, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Jon Ronson, Kickstarter, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Mercator projection, Metcalfe’s law, Mother of all demos, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, new economy, Norbert Wiener, PageRank, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, plutocrats, post-materialism, Potemkin village, RFID, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, Robert Metcalfe, Robert X Cringely, Schrödinger's Cat, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, seminal paper, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, Skype, social bookmarking, social software, spaced repetition, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, technological determinism, Ted Nelson, the built environment, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the medium is the message, Thomas L Friedman, Turing machine, Turing test, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, walkable city, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, William Shockley: the traitorous eight

Sites like flickr, for tagging and sharing photos, and del.icio.us, for social bookmarking, allow users to categorize, collect, and share their archiving strategies, and has even led to a new term for this explosion of user-generated activity: “folksonomies.”1 The opposition here is between librarians, archivists, and information specialists, who all professionalize and systematize this kind of activity into “taxonomies,” and the evolving personal and social-group-driven folksonomies. The taxonomists are those who have devoted their lives to sophisticated systems for categorizing and organizing the world, drawing on predecessors from eighteenth-century Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus and his rankings of class, order, genus, species, and variety, to Melvil Dewey’s nineteenth-century decimal system for arranging books on library shelves, still in modified use today. 80 WEB n.0 The folksonomists, by contrast, tend to invent their categories, and even more important, create the tags, terms, or keywords associated with a file or digital object.

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Of course, even the taxonomists assume multiplicities, with felis catus having equally valid synonyms like felis domesticus and felis silvestris catus.2 Add to this the fact that there are geometrically more amateur folksonomists than there will ever be rigorous taxonomists, not to mention that the National Center for Biotechnology Information taxonomy number will almost certainly be of less interest to most people than some other, more random, metatag (the cat’s cuteness or ability to use a toilet come to mind).3 As they layer complexity and even confusion into expanding networks, folksonomies expand affordances for uploading and comprise a net social good. Social media sites like MySpace and Facebook enable users to create giga-, tera-, and even petabytes of new data in the form of texts, pictures, sound files, and video. In social media environments, posting becomes easier, while finding, sorting, and storing become ever-more complex. The relentless push to market technological innovation helps drive new habits of mind like folksonomies, but also places attractive impediments in their way. Two of the present grails are ubiquity—the embedding of computational power in every environment—and mobility—the ability to communicate with the network from anywhere.

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The taxonomists are those who have devoted their lives to sophisticated systems for categorizing and organizing the world, drawing on predecessors from eighteenth-century Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus and his rankings of class, order, genus, species, and variety, to Melvil Dewey’s nineteenth-century decimal system for arranging books on library shelves, still in modified use today. 80 WEB n.0 The folksonomists, by contrast, tend to invent their categories, and even more important, create the tags, terms, or keywords associated with a file or digital object. As these tags are linked through the network, they become markers in ever-larger systems, adding levels of what has come to be termed “metadata.” The downside of folksonomies is that they lack clear rules: people tag pictures of their cat with its name or what the animal may be doing, rather than as felis catus, the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s taxonomy identification number 9685, with a Global Positioning System marker and a time stamp. Of course, even the taxonomists assume multiplicities, with felis catus having equally valid synonyms like felis domesticus and felis silvestris catus.2 Add to this the fact that there are geometrically more amateur folksonomists than there will ever be rigorous taxonomists, not to mention that the National Center for Biotechnology Information taxonomy number will almost certainly be of less interest to most people than some other, more random, metatag (the cat’s cuteness or ability to use a toilet come to mind).3 As they layer complexity and even confusion into expanding networks, folksonomies expand affordances for uploading and comprise a net social good.

Designing Search: UX Strategies for Ecommerce Success by Greg Nudelman, Pabini Gabriel-Petit

access to a mobile phone, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, augmented reality, barriers to entry, Benchmark Capital, business intelligence, call centre, cognitive load, crowdsourcing, folksonomy, information retrieval, Internet of things, Neal Stephenson, Palm Treo, performance metric, QR code, recommendation engine, RFID, search costs, search engine result page, semantic web, Silicon Valley, social graph, social web, speech recognition, text mining, the long tail, the map is not the territory, The Wisdom of Crowds, web application, zero-sum game, Zipcar

These archetypes dictate their innate psychic predispositions and aptitudes, which condition their responses to life experience and basic patterns of human behavior. At the root of all folksonomies (see sidebar) is the inherent assumption that people—looked at collectively—tend to respond in similar ways when presented with the same stimuli. Simply put, people looking for images of cats would be quite happy to find the images that many other people have taken the time to tag with the word cat. Figure 14-2: Google Images search results for iPhone with filters Large, Clipart and Green applied Folksonomy Folksonomy is a term coined by Thomas Vander Wal in 2004 using a combination of two words, folks and taxonomy. Folksonomy refers to a system of classification based on the practice of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate digital content.

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This feature taps query reformulation data, the terms user enter after their first search fails, to make the semantic leap and help users who start in the wrong place weigh anchor and move on. A typical search process involves fluidly moving between activities such as typing in a query and then refining that query; browsing search results, product categories, or brand catalogs; navigating tag folksonomies; or expanding a search by following breadcrumbs. Most likely, these patterns reflect human species’ relatively nascent adaptation of the ancient food- and shelter-seeking behaviors to the fast-moving, multifaceted digital world. To describe these complex human behaviors, multiple theoretical models for information seeking have been developed.

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The back-end algorithm does require a fair bit of the infrastructure to implement the query tracking; although, some third-party APIs such as Yahoo BOSS are now available to make the job of created related searches easier. In my studies, I discovered that the majority of suggestions that revolved around modifications of the original query were positively received due to a strong user perception that these recommended queries represent the combined “wisdom of the crowds” similar to the concept of folksonomies and tagging. Note—On the other hand, many people I observed were highly suspicious of any orthogonal queries that recommended competing brands or products. For example, a related query shown in Figure 11-3 that recommends “Nikon” when the person typed in Canon would quickly cause some people to become mistrustful and question the value of the other suggestions shown in the related searches module.

Television disrupted: the transition from network to networked TV by Shelly Palmer

AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, call centre, commoditize, disintermediation, en.wikipedia.org, folksonomy, Golden age of television, hypertext link, interchangeable parts, invention of movable type, Irwin Jacobs: Qualcomm, James Watt: steam engine, Leonard Kleinrock, linear programming, Marc Andreessen, market design, Metcalfe’s law, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, power law, recommendation engine, Saturday Night Live, shareholder value, Skype, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, subscription business, Telecommunications Act of 1996, the long tail, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, Vickrey auction, Vilfredo Pareto, yield management

The idea of “tag clusters” or “tag clouds” is the process of allowing users to create their own taxonomies that feed a central community taxonomy to create a “folksonomy,” which, as simply as it can be described, is a collaborative description of a given object. Copyright © 2006, Shelly Palmer. All rights reserved. 6-Television.Chap Six v3sp.qxd 3/20/06 7:22 AM Page 82 82 C H A P T E R 6 Content, Storytellers, Gatekeepers and Related Skills Folksonomy On www.vanderwal.net, Thomas Vander Wal (who coined the term folksonomy) describes it as “the result of personal free tagging of information and objects (anything with a URL) for one’s own retrieval.

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Flash Downloading The ability to automatically send software upgrades to a set-top box network. It comes from the computer industry’s term for “flashing” or burning new computer programs into an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) chip. Focus Moving a cursor over an area of the screen to highlight it. Folksonomy Folksonomy is a neologism for a practice of collaborative categorization using freely chosen keywords. FoodTV Food Network is a unique lifestyle network and web site that strives to surprise and engage its viewers with likable hosts, personalities, and the variety of things they do with food. The E.

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Of course, the biggest social Copyright © 2006, Shelly Palmer. All rights reserved. 8-Television.Chap Eight v3.qxd 3/20/06 7:25 AM Page 114 114 C H A P T E R 8 Media Consumption networking sites like friendster.com or myspace.com are also big brands, so this may be just another permutation of branded search. (See “Folksonomy” in Chapter 6.) The Myth of the Media Center – the Fight for the Living Room Media center computers are personal computers that include television tuner cards and special software that enables them to act like a television set with a DVR and associated feature sets. Most media center computers also include functionality that allows the user to aggregate video, audio and digital photos into one centralized user interface.

Mining the Social Web: Finding Needles in the Social Haystack by Matthew A. Russell

Andy Rubin, business logic, Climategate, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, data science, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, Firefox, folksonomy, full text search, Georg Cantor, Google Earth, information retrieval, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, natural language processing, NP-complete, power law, Saturday Night Live, semantic web, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social graph, social web, sparse data, statistical model, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, text mining, traveling salesman, Turing test, web application

For example, it seems reasonable to assume that someone who averages 2+ hashtags per tweet is very interested in bridging knowledge and aware of the power of information, whereas someone who averages 0.1 hashtags per tweet probably is less so. What’s a Folksonomy? A fundamental aspect of human intelligence is the desire to classify things and derive a hierarchy in which each element “belongs to” or is a “child” of a parent element one level higher in the hierarchy. Leaving aside philosophical debates about the difference between a taxonomy and an ontology, a taxonomy is essentially a hierarchical structure that classifies elements into parent/child bins. The term folksonomy was coined around 2004 as a means of describing the universe of collaborative tagging and social indexing efforts that emerge in various ecosystems of the Web, and it’s a play on words in the sense that it blends “folk” and “taxonomy.”

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The term folksonomy was coined around 2004 as a means of describing the universe of collaborative tagging and social indexing efforts that emerge in various ecosystems of the Web, and it’s a play on words in the sense that it blends “folk” and “taxonomy.” So, in essence, a folksonomy is just a fancy way of describing the decentralized universe of tags that emerges as a mechanism of collective intelligence when you allow people to classify content with labels. Computing the average number of hashtags per tweet should be a cake-walk for you by now. We’ll recycle some code and compute the total number of hashtags in one map/reduce phase, compute the total number of tweets in another map/reduce phase, and then divide the two numbers, as illustrated in Example 5-13.

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.""" % DB sys.exit(1) # Emit the number of hashtags in a document def entityCountMapper(doc): if not doc.get('entities'): import twitter_text def getEntities(tweet): # Now extract various entities from it and build up a familiar structure extractor = twitter_text.Extractor(tweet['text']) # Note that the production Twitter API contains a few additional fields in # the entities hash that would require additional API calls to resolve entities = {} entities['user_mentions'] = [] for um in extractor.extract_mentioned_screen_names_with_indices(): entities['user_mentions'].append(um) entities['hashtags'] = [] for ht in extractor.extract_hashtags_with_indices(): # Massage field name to match production twitter api ht['text'] = ht['hashtag'] del ht['hashtag'] entities['hashtags'].append(ht) entities['urls'] = [] for url in extractor.extract_urls_with_indices(): entities['urls'].append(url) return entities doc['entities'] = getEntities(doc) if doc['entities'].get('hashtags'): yield (None, len(doc['entities']['hashtags'])) def summingReducer(keys, values, rereduce): return sum(values) view = ViewDefinition('index', 'count_hashtags', entityCountMapper, reduce_fun=summingReducer, language='python') view.sync(db) num_hashtags = [row for row in db.view('index/count_hashtags')][0].value # Now, count the total number of tweets that aren't direct replies def entityCountMapper(doc): if doc.get('text')[0] == '@': yield (None, 0) else: yield (None, 1) view = ViewDefinition('index', 'num_docs', entityCountMapper, reduce_fun=summingReducer, language='python') view.sync(db) num_docs = [row for row in db.view('index/num_docs')][0].value # Finally, compute the average print 'Avg number of hashtags per tweet for %s: %s' % \ (DB.split('-')[-1], 1.0 * num_hashtags / num_docs,) For a recent batch we fetched earlier, running this script reveals that Tim averages about 0.5 hashtags per tweet that is not a direct reply to someone. In other words, he includes a hashtag in about half of his tweets. For anyone who regularly tweets, including a hashtag that much of the time provides a substantial contribution to the overall Twitter search index and the ever-evolving folksonomy. As a follow-up exercise, it could be interesting to compute the average number of hyperlink entities per tweet, or even go so far as to follow the links and try to discover new information about Tim’s interests by inspecting the title or content of the linked web pages. (In the chapters ahead, especially Chapters 7 and 8, we’ll learn more about text mining, an essential skill for analyzing web pages

Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies by Charlene Li, Josh Bernoff

business process, call centre, centre right, citizen journalism, crowdsourcing, demand response, Donald Trump, estate planning, Firefox, folksonomy, John Markoff, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, off-the-grid, Parler "social media", Salesforce, Silicon Valley, skunkworks, social bookmarking, social intelligence, Streisand effect, the long tail, Tony Hsieh

David Weinberger explains in his book Everything Is Miscellaneous: See Everything Is Miscellaneous: The Power of the New Digital Disorder by David Weinberger (Times Books, 2007). The author’s Web site is at www.evident.com. 14. Folksonomy, a term coined by Thomas Vander Wal: For a history of the term folksonomy, see Thomas Vander Wal’s February 2, 2007, blog post “Folksonomy” on the blog vanderwal.net, visible at http://forr.com/gsw2-14. 15. A construction funded by Walmart’s PR agency, Edelman: The blog was formerly at www.walmartingacrossamerica.com. Going to that address now yields an error. But if you tag it on Delicious, you can still see how others have tagged it—and “fake” is one of the most popular tags.

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A classification system for the groundswell has to be more flexible than this, as David Weinberger explains in his book Everything Is Miscellaneous.13 That’s where tags come in. HOW THEY WORK. Consider a Web site where NASCAR fans discuss race standings. You might classify it “NASCAR” and “discussion group,” while we would classify it “forum” and “fan phenomena.” This loose, overlapping classification of tags is sometimes called a folksonomy, a term coined by Thomas Vander Wal.14 A folksonomy depends on the opinions of the folks out there, not on the experts. Tags have become the standard way that sites add people-driven organization. Digg, which we discussed in chapter 1, is a tagging site—you tag (“digg”) which news stories you prefer and decide into which category they should go.

The Connected Company by Dave Gray, Thomas Vander Wal

A Pattern Language, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Atul Gawande, Berlin Wall, business cycle, business process, call centre, Clayton Christensen, commoditize, complexity theory, creative destruction, David Heinemeier Hansson, digital rights, disruptive innovation, en.wikipedia.org, factory automation, folksonomy, Googley, index card, industrial cluster, interchangeable parts, inventory management, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, loose coupling, low cost airline, market design, minimum viable product, more computing power than Apollo, power law, profit maximization, Richard Florida, Ruby on Rails, Salesforce, scientific management, self-driving car, shareholder value, side project, Silicon Valley, skunkworks, software as a service, South of Market, San Francisco, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, subscription business, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tony Hsieh, Toyota Production System, two-pizza team, Vanguard fund, web application, WikiLeaks, work culture , Zipcar

Dave's time is spent researching and writing on visual business, as well as speaking, coaching and delivering workshops to educators, corporate clients and the public.He is also a founding member of VizThink, an international community of Visual Thinkers. Thomas Vander Wal has been working with folksonomies since their darkest origins, and is credited with inventing the terms 'folksonomy'and 'infocloud'. He talks and writes about folksonomies more or less continuously. Thomas is also on the Steering Committee of the Web Standards Project and helped found the Information Architecture Institute. He lives in Bethesda, Maryland. The Connected Company Dave Gray Thomas Vander Wal Editor Julia Steele Editor Mary Treseler Revision History 2012-08-20 Copyright © 2012 Dachis Group O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use.

The Age of the Infovore: Succeeding in the Information Economy by Tyler Cowen

Albert Einstein, Asperger Syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, behavioural economics, business cycle, Cass Sunstein, cognitive bias, David Brooks, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Flynn Effect, folksonomy, framing effect, Google Earth, Gregor Mendel, impulse control, informal economy, Isaac Newton, loss aversion, Marshall McLuhan, Naomi Klein, neurotypical, new economy, Nicholas Carr, pattern recognition, phenotype, placebo effect, Richard Thaler, selection bias, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, the medium is the message, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Tyler Cowen

Right now Flickr offers more than two billion images, all laid out in a searchable order. I searched my own name and in less than two seconds I found four photos tagged (by other users) under my name, including a photo of myself and also a photo of a large stack of books. The new word for such sites is “folksonomy,” which combines the two roots of “folk” and “taxonomy.” What is Wikipedia but a vast ordered, intellectual space to collate and effectively present the factual and analytical knowledge of mankind? It is one of the most impressive projects of ordering that human beings have undertaken. It would be a mistake to think that our new infatuation with information and ordering is about the mind at the expense of the body.

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., 104 FeedDemon, 85–86 Fein, Deborah, 26 Feldman, Morton, 44 Fermi, Enrico, 223 Fermi Paradox, 223, 225, 227 films, 114, 134 Finding Angela Shelton (Shelton), 86 Finland, 219–21 Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (Lewis), 220 Flickr, 11 focal points, 130–32, 133, 136 focusing of Adam Smith, 168 of autistics, 92–94, 109, 111 and education, 108–9, 115 folksonomy, 11 food preferences, 31 framing effects and articulable interests, 89 and autistics, 196 and communication, 78–84 defined, 6 and the experience machine, 143–44 and Facebook, 81–84 and mental ordering, 6–7 freedom, 200–201, 208–9 Freud, Sigmund, 103, 179 Friedman, Milton, 179 FriendFeed, 9 friendship, 81–82, 85, 208 Fuser, 9 Ganz, Michael L., 34 Garmin Forerunner 305 GPS, 12 Gates, Bill, 25 Gathera, 9 gender imbalances, 69–70 genetic component of autism, 36 The Glass Bead Game (Hesse), 160–66 Gödel, Kurt, 202 Godfather series, 134 Gogh, Vincent van, 25, 166 goods, 139–40 Google and articulable interests, 88–89 and attention spans, 53, 54–55 and dress code, 130 and mental ordering, 13 popularity of, 46 Google Earth, 10, 131 Googlegänger, 86 Google Reader, 85–86 Google Sky, 10 Gore, Thomas, 25 Gould, Glenn, 25, 166, 167 Grandin, Temple, 24–25, 180, 216, 219 Great Depression, vii groups, 87 groupthink, 197 Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 179 Guinness World Records, 105 Halberstadt, Germany, 44 Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 38 Hanson, Robin, 193–94 Harlequin novels, 127 Harry Potter series, 128, 133 Hart-Davis, Guy, 5 Hassan, Mohammed, 86 Hayek, Friedrich A., 201–3 Heidegger, Martin, 142 Herodotus, 199 Hesse, Hermann, 160–66 historical figures, 166–67 Hofstetter, Steve, 8 Holmes, Mycroft (fictional character), 151–53 Holmes, Sherlock (fictional character), 148–60 brother of, 151–53 commercial success of series, 156, 165 detail-oriented personality of, 148–49, 156, 158–59 orderliness of, 150, 159 powers of reasoning of, 152, 153, 156–57 social intelligence and interactions of, 149–50, 154, 156, 157 Holt, Molly, 26 The Holy Grail, 137 homo ordo, 13 House, Gregory (fictional character), 154 household production, 141 House M.D., 154 HowManyAsMe website, 86 HTML, 71 Hume, David, 177, 204 humor, 31 Hussain, Zakir, 187 Hussein, Saddam, 122 identity, 120, 134, 136–37 incentives, 122, 123–24 Indian classical music, 187 individual, respect for the, 222–23 Inferno (Dante), 128 information, 50–51, 55 information technology, 213 infovores, 2–3, 7, 10, 45 in-group relations, 197–99 Innis, Harold, 65 instant messaging (IM), 66–71, 84 intelligence animal intelligence, 224 and autism and autistic individuals, 18–19, 21, 27–28 and Google, 54 and multitasking, 52–53 non-human, 223–28 interiority, 117, 223, 226–28 internet.

We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production by Charles Leadbeater

1960s counterculture, Andrew Keen, barriers to entry, bioinformatics, c2.com, call centre, citizen journalism, clean water, cloud computing, complexity theory, congestion charging, death of newspapers, Debian, digital divide, digital Maoism, disruptive innovation, double helix, Douglas Engelbart, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, folksonomy, frictionless, frictionless market, future of work, game design, Garrett Hardin, Google Earth, Google X / Alphabet X, Hacker Ethic, Herbert Marcuse, Hernando de Soto, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jean Tirole, jimmy wales, Johannes Kepler, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Joi Ito, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, lateral thinking, lone genius, M-Pesa, Mark Shuttleworth, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, microcredit, Mitch Kapor, new economy, Nicholas Carr, online collectivism, Paradox of Choice, planetary scale, post scarcity, public intellectual, Recombinant DNA, Richard Stallman, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social web, software patent, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tragedy of the Commons, Whole Earth Catalog, work culture , Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

Digital Divides: The web’s impact on equality. International Polar Year: A multinational feat of collaboration in climate science. 2008 Presidential Campaign: The influence of web 2.0 and social networking on the US presidential election 2008. Open-Source Manufacturing: Will the web hand production over to the people? Folksonomy Stats: The rise of ‘tagging’ on the web. Gary Kasparov: How this chess giant took on the collective intelligence of thousands. Encyclopedia of Life: The project that will give every species its own webpage. Web Growth: Charting the growth of the web over the last decade. Mall of the Sims: Virtual shopping for virtual people.

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Ubuntu: The Linux-based, open-source, community-developed operating system. Apache: The success of open-source web service. World of Warcraft: How the virtual world created by this computer strategy game has changed the reality of over 8 million players’ lives. Web 2.0: Exploring the new face of the web, from blogs to wikis through folksonomies, RSS and social networking. BIBLIOGRAPHY Amor-Iglesias, Juan José, Jesús M. González-Barahona, Gregorio Robles-Martínez and Israel Herráiz-Tabernero, ‘Measuring libre software using Debian 3.1 (Sarge) as a case study: preliminary results’, UPGRADE6.3, June 2005. Available from http://www.upgrade-cepis.org/ issues/2005/3/up6–3Amor.pdf Audretsch, David B., Innovation and Industry Evolution (Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press, 1995) Bak, Per, How Nature Works (New York: Copernicus, 1996) Baldwin, Carliss Y., and Kim B.

Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age by Alex Wright

1960s counterculture, Ada Lovelace, barriers to entry, British Empire, business climate, business intelligence, Cape to Cairo, card file, centralized clearinghouse, Charles Babbage, Computer Lib, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, Deng Xiaoping, don't be evil, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, European colonialism, folksonomy, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Great Leap Forward, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, index card, information retrieval, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, Jane Jacobs, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, knowledge worker, Law of Accelerating Returns, Lewis Mumford, linked data, Livingstone, I presume, lone genius, machine readable, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Mother of all demos, Norman Mailer, out of africa, packet switching, pneumatic tube, profit motive, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, scientific management, Scramble for Africa, self-driving car, semantic web, Silicon Valley, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, Ted Nelson, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the scientific method, Thomas L Friedman, urban planning, Vannevar Bush, W. E. B. Du Bois, Whole Earth Catalog

It’s an appealing notion, but in practical terms crowdsourced classification, which is what this represents, may prove no less a fantasy than Otlet’s dream of a world government managing the world’s intellectual output. For several years in the mid-2000s, Web cognoscenti held out high hope for so-called folksonomies (a neologism coined by Thomas Vanderwal), participatory tagging systems in which users classify material en masse using open-ended keywords, rather than relying on expert cataloging systems. Despite a burst of initial enthusiasm among Web designers and developers, that movement largely failed to bear fruit.

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See also Books Citizendium, 284 Wikipedia, 283–286 Encyclopedia Universalis Mundaneum (EUM), 191–193, 192, 230, 236–237 The End of War (Otlet), 147, 151, 152, 155 Engelbart, Douglas, 15, 258–260, 262, 287, 290 The Engineer von Satanas (Robida), 63–64 ENIAC, 258 Erasmus, 25, 148 Esperanto, 67–68, 119, 150, 206–207 An Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (Wilkins), 29 European Union Google’s relationship with, 297, 299–300 Quaero, backing of, 299 vision of unified Europe in early twentieth century, 148 Evolutionary cybernetics, 287 Excerpt cabinet, 30–31, 32, 32 Exposition of Documentary Material (Paris 1946), 190 Exposition Universelle (Paris 1900), 62, 64, 64–65, 67–68, 87–88, 116, 130 Fabian Society, 148 Facebook, 281, 289–291, 292, 298 Factory assembly lines, 35 340 INDEX Faustus story, 24 Fellows, Dorcas, 177 Field, Herbert, 75 Folksonomies, 279 Foxe, John, 26 France. See also Paris Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, headquarters proposal for, 178–179 empire in Africa, 51 Franco-Prussian War, 100 Freebase, 278 French Academy of Science, 33 French Association for the Advancement of Sciences, 76 Friedman, Thomas L., 303 Friends of the World Palace, 12, 13 “From ‘The London Times’ of 1904” (Twain), 91 Fust, Johann, 24 Futura font, 196 “The Future and Infinity, Eternity and God” (Oslet essay), 225 Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 128 Garvey, Marcus, 170 Gates, Bill, 280, 307 Geddes, Patrick.

The Digital Divide: Arguments for and Against Facebook, Google, Texting, and the Age of Social Netwo Rking by Mark Bauerlein

Alvin Toffler, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Andrew Keen, business cycle, centre right, citizen journalism, collaborative editing, computer age, computer vision, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, David Brooks, digital divide, disintermediation, folksonomy, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Future Shock, Hacker News, Herbert Marcuse, Howard Rheingold, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, invention of the telephone, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Kevin Kelly, knowledge worker, late fees, Lewis Mumford, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, meta-analysis, moral panic, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, PageRank, PalmPilot, peer-to-peer, pets.com, radical decentralization, Results Only Work Environment, Saturday Night Live, scientific management, search engine result page, semantic web, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social graph, social web, software as a service, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, technology bubble, Ted Nelson, the long tail, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thorstein Veblen, web application, Yochai Benkler

Wikipedia is already in the top 100 websites, and many think it will be in the top ten before long. This is a profound change in the dynamics of content creation! • Sites like del.icio.us and Flickr, two companies that have received a great deal of attention of late, have pioneered a concept that some people call “folksonomy” (in contrast to taxonomy), a style of collaborative categorization of sites using freely chosen keywords, often referred to as tags. Tagging allows for the kind of multiple, overlapping associations that the brain itself uses, rather than rigid categories. In the canonical example, a Flickr photo of a puppy might be tagged both “puppy” and “cute”—allowing for retrieval along natural axes-generated user activity

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Ellis Island E-mail Embodied experience Emotional context Encyclopaedia Britannica Enron Entertainment, Net Geners and Epinions E*Trade EVDB evite Evolution “Evolution” (video) Evolving rule systems Executive system Expert reading brain eyePROXY Facebook civic networks and identity setup on politician’s pages on self-portraits on The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World Facial expressions Fake, Caterina Farley, Jim Fast ForWard program 50 Cent Flexibility practicums Flexible Bodies (Martin) Flexible self Flexible workplaces Flextime Flickr Focault, Michel Folksonomy Foreman, Richard Fortune 500, 43things.com Fox Fragmented self Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity (Lessig) Freedom Free speech activism Freudian psychology Friedman, Bruce Friedman, Milton Friedman, Thomas Friendship Friendster Froogle Fuhrmann, August Full Spectrum Warrior (video game) Functional magnetic resonance imaging Fundamental Guidelines for Web Usability Funicello, Annette Future content “The Future of Learning Institutions in a Digital Age” (Davidson and Goldberg) Future Shock (Toffler) Galen Game-based learning Gawker Generalizations Generation gap Genetics GeoCities Gergen, Kenneth German Ideology (Marx) Get-out-the-vote efforts (GOTV) Gillmor, Dan Gladwell, Malcolm GM Gmail Goal-oriented behaviors Goldberg, David Theo Good (magazine) Google brain while using interpreting results from measurement in search strategies and shopping search engine on Web 2.0 and Wikia and Google Maps Google Mobile Application Googleplex Gore, Al Gorman, Michael GOTV.

Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy by Lawrence Lessig

Aaron Swartz, Amazon Web Services, Andrew Keen, Benjamin Mako Hill, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Brewster Kahle, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, collaborative editing, commoditize, disintermediation, don't be evil, Erik Brynjolfsson, folksonomy, Free Software Foundation, Internet Archive, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, Joi Ito, Kevin Kelly, Larry Wall, late fees, Mark Shuttleworth, Netflix Prize, Network effects, new economy, optical character recognition, PageRank, peer-to-peer, recommendation engine, revision control, Richard Stallman, Ronald Coase, Saturday Night Live, search costs, SETI@home, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, Steve Jobs, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, thinkpad, transaction costs, VA Linux, Wayback Machine, yellow journalism, Yochai Benkler

If you knew someone you trusted, maybe you’d read her blog. But why would you waste your time reading some random person’s thoughts about anything at all? The next two layers helped solve this problem. The first added some order to the blogosphere. It did so by adding not a taxonomy but, as Thomas Vander Wal puts it, a “folksonomy to this RW culture.”11 Tags and ranking systems, such as del.icio.us, Reddit, and Digg, enabled readers of a blog or news article to mark it for others to find or ignore. These marks added meaning to the post or story. They would help it get organized among the millions of others that were out there.

…

David Sifry, “The State of the Live Web,” Sifry’s Alerts, April 5, 2007, available at link #29 (last visited July 23, 2007); David Sifry, “State of the Blogosphere, October 2006,” Technorati, available at link #30 (last visited July 23, 2007). 10. Benkler, Wealth of Networks, 217. 11. Thomas Vander Wal, “Off the Top: Folksonomy Entries,” Vanderwal.net, October 3, 2004, available at link #31. 12. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (New York: Portfolio, 2006), 41. 13. Ibid., 52. 14. Ibid., 144–45. 15. Ibid., 42. 16. “Blogging Basics,” Technorati, available at link #32 (last visited July 23, 2007). 17.

Intertwingled: Information Changes Everything by Peter Morville

A Pattern Language, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Arthur Eddington, augmented reality, Bernie Madoff, bike sharing, Black Swan, business process, Cass Sunstein, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, Computer Lib, disinformation, disruptive innovation, folksonomy, holacracy, index card, information retrieval, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, iterative process, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Hawkins, John Markoff, Kanban, Lean Startup, Lyft, messenger bag, minimum viable product, Mother of all demos, Nelson Mandela, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer, Project Xanadu, quantum entanglement, RFID, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Schrödinger's Cat, self-driving car, semantic web, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, single source of truth, source of truth, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, Ted Nelson, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, uber lyft, urban planning, urban sprawl, Vannevar Bush, vertical integration, zero-sum game

Free tagging is descriptive classification without authority control. There is no hierarchy. Each tag is a category. Each object may have many tags, and vice versa. It’s messy but it works. Heck, #occupywallstreet launched a movement. And event tags like #barcamp are the timely ties that bind us together. Figure 2-18. A tag cloud at LibraryThing. Folksonomy has a light footprint, as it’s hard to see the whole. The glimpse we get through clouds isn’t nearly as satisfying as the view from the top-level of a taxonomy. But to fix on that contrast is to miss the point. Tagging flips the model. Rather than place each object in a hierarchy, taggers describe objects any way they want.

The Fundamentals of Interior Design by Dodsworth, Simon, Anderson, Stephen

carbon footprint, country house hotel, folksonomy, Ford Model T, the built environment

Hove: Pavilion Books, 2005. Tanizaki, Junichiro. In Praise of Shadows . London: Vintage, 2001. Online Resources Online magazines Archidesignclub www.archidesignclub.com/en Architizer www.architizer.com Architonic www.architonic.com Blueprint and FX magazine’s online presence www.designcurial.com/folksonomy/blueprint Designboom www.designboom.com/interiors Detail www.detail-online.com Dezeen www.dezeen.com Frame www.frameweb.com Interior Design Magazine www.interiordesign.net Interior design blogs Cribcandy www.cribcandy.com The Cool Hunter www.thecoolhunter.co.uk Cool Hunting www.coolhunting.com Design Milk www.design-milk.com Oblique Strategies; to help overcome designers block www.joshharrison.net/oblique-strategies Playing with color schemes www.kuler.adobe.com/create/color-wheel Remodelista www.remodelista.com Thoughts on retail design www.retaildesignblog.net Trend spotting Trendland www.trendland.com Material databases Materia www.materia.nl Materials Connexion www.materialconnexion.com SCIN www.scin.co.uk/index.php Sustainability assessment tools BREEAM www.breeam.org/about.jsp?

Raw Data Is an Oxymoron by Lisa Gitelman

23andMe, collateralized debt obligation, computer age, continuous integration, crowdsourcing, disruptive innovation, Drosophila, Edmond Halley, Filter Bubble, Firefox, fixed income, folksonomy, Google Earth, Howard Rheingold, index card, informal economy, information security, Isaac Newton, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, knowledge worker, Large Hadron Collider, liberal capitalism, lifelogging, longitudinal study, Louis Daguerre, Menlo Park, off-the-grid, optical character recognition, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, peer-to-peer, RFID, Richard Thaler, Silicon Valley, social graph, software studies, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, text mining, time value of money, trade route, Turing machine, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, WikiLeaks

While dataveillance functions as an instrument of biopolitical control, in other words, it also enables civic participation, at least insofar as one regards as significant the effects of private citizens performing both their own background checks with Google and Facebook and their own market research through user ratings and sites such as Yelp. “Folksonomies,” usercreated systems for establishing value (via tagging, bookmarking, and rating) similarly function as a means of making community. From Amazon to Digg, there is a vast network to which we can turn to assess our value as producers (of comments, reviews, commodities) and consumers (as trusted users and buyers), one whose seemingly inconsequential rewards (stars, levels) mask a deep sense of community.

RDF Database Systems: Triples Storage and SPARQL Query Processing by Olivier Cure, Guillaume Blin

Amazon Web Services, bioinformatics, business intelligence, cloud computing, database schema, fault tolerance, folksonomy, full text search, functional programming, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Internet of things, linked data, machine readable, NP-complete, peer-to-peer, performance metric, power law, random walk, recommendation engine, RFID, semantic web, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, software as a service, SPARQL, sparse data, web application

Compared to OWL2 EL, OWL2 QL is particularly adapted to knowledge bases characterized by a large Abox and a relatively small TBox with an expressiveness corresponding to a UML class diagram or an entity relationship schema. 3.5.5 SKOS There exists an important number of controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, folksonomies, subject heading systems, or thesauri that are being used within organizations, such as the Library of Congress Subject Headings (http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html). Although serving applications in an efficient manner, these knowledge organization systems (KOS) do not provide an exchange or linking facilities and are hard to distribute across the Web.

The Cultural Logic of Computation by David Golumbia

Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, American ideology, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bletchley Park, borderless world, business process, cellular automata, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, corporate governance, creative destruction, digital capitalism, digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, finite state, folksonomy, future of work, Google Earth, Howard Zinn, IBM and the Holocaust, iterative process, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, machine readable, machine translation, means of production, natural language processing, Norbert Wiener, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), packet switching, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Richard Stallman, semantic web, Shoshana Zuboff, Slavoj Žižek, social web, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Stewart Brand, strong AI, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, technological determinism, Ted Nelson, telemarketer, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Turing machine, Turing test, Vannevar Bush, web application, Yochai Benkler

Closely allied to the emphasis on hierarchy is an emphasis on categorization. Every in contemporary computing one sees a profound attention to categories—one might even call it a mania for classification. In the contemporary so-called “Web 2.0” and “social web,” one of the main technologies is an XML-fueled insistence on “taxonomy,” “folksonomy,” and “ontology.” These words cover an engineering presumption that we would be much better off if the data on the web was collected into hierarchically arranged categories—categories that are ultimately meant for machine processing more than for human processing. Currently, almost every major website has implemented one kind of tagging function or another—from the keyword tags on Amazon.com to the large-scale tagging function on sites like Digg .com.

Data and the City by Rob Kitchin,Tracey P. Lauriault,Gavin McArdle

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, algorithmic management, bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, Bretton Woods, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, clean water, cloud computing, complexity theory, conceptual framework, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, create, read, update, delete, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, dematerialisation, digital divide, digital map, digital rights, distributed ledger, Evgeny Morozov, fault tolerance, fiat currency, Filter Bubble, floating exchange rates, folksonomy, functional programming, global value chain, Google Earth, Hacker News, hive mind, information security, Internet of things, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, linked data, loose coupling, machine readable, new economy, New Urbanism, Nicholas Carr, nowcasting, open economy, openstreetmap, OSI model, packet switching, pattern recognition, performance metric, place-making, power law, quantum entanglement, RAND corporation, RFID, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, semantic web, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, smart contracts, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, software studies, statistical model, tacit knowledge, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, technological solutionism, text mining, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, the market place, the medium is the message, the scientific method, Toyota Production System, urban planning, urban sprawl, web application

Data cultures, power and the city 199 Bates, J. (2013) ‘The domestication of open government data advocacy in the United Kingdom: a Neo-Gramscian analysis’, Policy and Internet 5(1): 118–137. Bates, J. and Rowley, J. (2011) ‘Social reproduction and exclusion in subject indexing: a comparison of public library OPACs and Library Thing folksonomy’, Journal of Documentation 67(3): 431–448. Batty, M., Axhausen, K.W., Giannotti, F., Pozdnoukhov, A., Bazzani, A., Wachowicz, M., Ouzounis, G. and Portugali, Y. (2012) ‘Smart cities of the future’, The European Physical Journal Special Topics 214(1): 481–518. Bowker, G. (2000) ‘Biodiversity datadiversity’, Social Studies of Science 30(5): 643–683.

Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans by Melanie Mitchell

Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Boston Dynamics, Cambridge Analytica, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, cognitive dissonance, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, dark matter, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, folksonomy, Geoffrey Hinton, Gödel, Escher, Bach, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, ImageNet competition, Jaron Lanier, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, license plate recognition, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, ought to be enough for anybody, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, performance metric, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Singularitarianism, Skype, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, strong AI, superintelligent machines, tacit knowledge, tail risk, TED Talk, the long tail, theory of mind, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, trolley problem, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, world market for maybe five computers

The program ran on specialized parallel computers in order to search rapidly through huge databases of knowledge. As a New York Times Magazine article recounted, “Ferrucci’s team input millions of documents into Watson to build up its knowledge base—including, [Ferrucci] says, ‘books, reference material, any sort of dictionary, thesauri, folksonomies, taxonomies, encyclopedias, any kind of reference material you can imagine getting your hands on.… Novels, bibles, plays.’”6 For a given clue, the program produced multiple possible responses and had algorithms for assigning a confidence value to each response. If the highest-confidence response exceeded a threshold, the program buzzed in to give that response.

Smarter Than You Think: How Technology Is Changing Our Minds for the Better by Clive Thompson

4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Andy Carvin, augmented reality, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Benjamin Mako Hill, butterfly effect, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, compensation consultant, conceptual framework, context collapse, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, Deng Xiaoping, digital rights, discovery of penicillin, disruptive innovation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, drone strike, Edward Glaeser, Edward Thorp, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, experimental subject, Filter Bubble, folksonomy, Freestyle chess, Galaxy Zoo, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Henri Poincaré, hindsight bias, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, Ian Bogost, information retrieval, iterative process, James Bridle, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge worker, language acquisition, lifelogging, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Netflix Prize, Nicholas Carr, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, patent troll, pattern recognition, pre–internet, public intellectual, Richard Feynman, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, Socratic dialogue, spaced repetition, superconnector, telepresence, telepresence robot, The future is already here, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, Two Sigma, Vannevar Bush, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WikiLeaks, X Prize, éminence grise

To “teach” Watson, IBM had spent three years patiently feeding the supercomputer millions of pages’ worth of documents. After my humiliating defeat at Watson’s hands, I went for lunch with David Ferrucci, the witty, frenetic head of the Watson project. His creation, he said, had been trained on “books, reference material, any sort of dictionary, thesauri, folksonomies, taxonomies, encyclopedias, any kind of reference material you can imagine getting your hands on or licensing. Novels, Bibles, plays.” Far more than I or any human could ever absorb, certainly. But the spookiest thing about Watson was its ability to grapple with the clever, often obtuse wordplay for which Jeopardy!

Designing Social Interfaces by Christian Crumlish, Erin Malone

A Pattern Language, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-pattern, barriers to entry, c2.com, carbon footprint, cloud computing, collaborative editing, commons-based peer production, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, folksonomy, Free Software Foundation, game design, ghettoisation, Howard Rheingold, hypertext link, if you build it, they will come, information security, lolcat, Merlin Mann, Nate Silver, Network effects, Potemkin village, power law, recommendation engine, RFC: Request For Comment, semantic web, SETI@home, Skype, slashdot, social bookmarking, social graph, social software, social web, source of truth, stealth mode startup, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, telepresence, the long tail, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, web application, Yochai Benkler

Download at WoweBook.Com Deliberately Leave Things Incomplete 17 Deliberately Leave Things Incomplete One of the key differences between designing a social environment online and designing a traditional media-style, broadcast-oriented content site is that the design of a social community online cannot be entirely predetermined. Or, rather, let me say that it should not be. The denizens of a social site must be given the opportunity to “finish” the design themselves. This principle finds form in a number of familiar concepts: customization, skinning, usercontributed tags, and the emergent folksonomies they can give rise to. You might call this part of the process “meta-design.” Rather than giving our users a fish, we are giving them a rod, reel, bait, and instructions to teach them how to fish. We design the rules of the system but not all of the outcomes. Some call this generative design, as you are designing interfaces that enable your participants to generate their own finished environments.

Understanding Sponsored Search: Core Elements of Keyword Advertising by Jim Jansen

AltaVista, AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Black Swan, bounce rate, business intelligence, butterfly effect, call centre, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, content marketing, correlation does not imply causation, data science, en.wikipedia.org, first-price auction, folksonomy, Future Shock, information asymmetry, information retrieval, intangible asset, inventory management, life extension, linear programming, longitudinal study, machine translation, megacity, Nash equilibrium, Network effects, PageRank, place-making, power law, price mechanism, psychological pricing, random walk, Schrödinger's Cat, sealed-bid auction, search costs, search engine result page, second-price auction, second-price sealed-bid, sentiment analysis, social bookmarking, social web, software as a service, stochastic process, tacit knowledge, telemarketer, the market place, The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, Vickrey auction, Vilfredo Pareto, yield management

Wear-out: pertains to the notion that after consumers have been exposed to an ad repeatedly, the ad may lose its effectiveness and may actually produce negative effects (see Chapter 4 ads). Web 2.0: a phrase that refers to a supposed second generation of Internet-based services. These usually include tools that let people collaborate and share information online, such as social networking sites, wikis, communication tools, and folksonomies (Source: Search Engine Watch) (see Chapter 2 model). Web analytics: site analytics essential to the success of any Web site. They provide you with information detailing how visitors are interacting with your site as well as how successful your supporting eMarketing techniques are on your site’s performance.

The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information by Frank Pasquale

Adam Curtis, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Legislative Exchange Council, asset-backed security, Atul Gawande, bank run, barriers to entry, basic income, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Black Swan, bonus culture, Brian Krebs, business cycle, business logic, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Chelsea Manning, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, computerized markets, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, Debian, digital rights, don't be evil, drone strike, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Filter Bubble, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial thriller, fixed income, Flash crash, folksonomy, full employment, Gabriella Coleman, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Google Earth, Hernando de Soto, High speed trading, hiring and firing, housing crisis, Ian Bogost, informal economy, information asymmetry, information retrieval, information security, interest rate swap, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Bogle, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, knowledge worker, Kodak vs Instagram, kremlinology, late fees, London Interbank Offered Rate, London Whale, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Michael Milken, mobile money, moral hazard, new economy, Nicholas Carr, offshore financial centre, PageRank, pattern recognition, Philip Mirowski, precariat, profit maximization, profit motive, public intellectual, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reality distortion field, recommendation engine, regulatory arbitrage, risk-adjusted returns, Satyajit Das, Savings and loan crisis, search engine result page, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social intelligence, Spread Networks laid a new fibre optics cable between New York and Chicago, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, Steven Levy, technological solutionism, the scientific method, too big to fail, transaction costs, two-sided market, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, value at risk, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

Founded by a pair of young entrepreneurs, it grew explosively in the mid-2000s as a cornucopia of unauthorized videos: old films that had been MIA for decades; obscure gems of musical performance; early animations; political speeches. (Cats, too.) THE HIDDEN LOGICS OF SEARCH 93 Users uploaded millions of hours of their own content, and community members helped each other organize the material, developing a tagging “folksonomy” so clever that searchers could fi nd even the most obscure content.187 The sale of YouTube to Google for over a billion dollars in 2006 was cheered as another of the great tech success stories. But YouTube was not universally adored. To many leading copyrightholders, it was an unrepentant enabler of infringement.

The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It by Jonathan Zittrain

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, algorithmic bias, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Andy Kessler, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, book scanning, Brewster Kahle, Burning Man, c2.com, call centre, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, Clayton Christensen, clean water, commoditize, commons-based peer production, corporate governance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, digital divide, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, Firefox, folksonomy, Free Software Foundation, game design, Hacker Ethic, Howard Rheingold, Hush-A-Phone, illegal immigration, index card, informal economy, information security, Internet Archive, jimmy wales, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, license plate recognition, loose coupling, mail merge, Morris worm, national security letter, old-boy network, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), OSI model, packet switching, peer-to-peer, post-materialism, pre–internet, price discrimination, profit maximization, radical decentralization, Ralph Nader, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Bork, Robert X Cringely, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, software patent, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Ted Nelson, Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tragedy of the Commons, web application, wikimedia commons, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

Early photo aggregation sites like Flickr were premised on a seemingly dubious assumption that turned out to be true: not only would people want an online repository for their photos, but they would often be pleased to share them with the public at large. Such sites now boast hundreds of millions of photos,72 many of which are also sorted and categorized thanks to the same distributed energy that got Mars’s craters promptly mapped. Proponents of Web 2.0 sing the praises of “folksonomies” rather than taxonomies—bottom-up tagging done by strangers rather than expert-designed and -applied canonical classifications like the Dewey Decimal System or the Library of Congress schemes for sorting books.73 Metadata describing the contents of pictures makes images far more useful and searchable.

Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now by Alan Rusbridger

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Airbnb, Andy Carvin, banking crisis, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Bletchley Park, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, Cambridge Analytica, centre right, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, country house hotel, cross-subsidies, crowdsourcing, data science, David Attenborough, David Brooks, death of newspapers, Donald Trump, Doomsday Book, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, Downton Abbey, Edward Snowden, Etonian, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Filter Bubble, folksonomy, forensic accounting, Frank Gehry, future of journalism, G4S, high net worth, information security, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Julian Assange, Large Hadron Collider, Laura Poitras, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, Menlo Park, natural language processing, New Journalism, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, post-truth, pre–internet, ransomware, recommendation engine, Ruby on Rails, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social web, Socratic dialogue, sovereign wealth fund, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tim Cook: Apple, traveling salesman, upwardly mobile, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

She shared a chart,3 showing the difference between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 Web 1.0 Web 2.0 DoubleClick --> Google AdSense Ofoto --> Flickr Akamai --> BitTorrent mp3.com --> Napster Britannica Online --> Wikipedia personal websites --> blogging evite --> upcoming.org and EVDB domain name speculation --> search engine optimization page views --> cost per click screen scraping --> web services publishing --> participation content management systems --> wikis directories (taxonomy) --> tagging ("folksonomy") stickiness --> syndication If a story was a linear piece of narrative, we were moving into something that looked entirely different. You might think of it as a spine and spokes, or as a tree and branches. A reader might not want to start at the beginning and finish at the pre-ordained end. They might want to branch off here to explore this tributary.

The Art of SEO by Eric Enge, Stephan Spencer, Jessie Stricchiola, Rand Fishkin

AltaVista, barriers to entry, bounce rate, Build a better mousetrap, business intelligence, cloud computing, content marketing, dark matter, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, folksonomy, Google Chrome, Google Earth, hypertext link, index card, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Larry Ellison, Law of Accelerating Returns, linked data, mass immigration, Metcalfe’s law, Network effects, optical character recognition, PageRank, performance metric, Quicken Loans, risk tolerance, search engine result page, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, social bookmarking, social web, sorting algorithm, speech recognition, Steven Levy, text mining, the long tail, vertical integration, Wayback Machine, web application, wikimedia commons

The tags or keywords that you associate with your photo will make sure users can find it when they are searching and will lend keyword weight to the photo’s page. Enter as many tags as possible that accurately describe your photo. Make sure you place any multiword tags within quotation marks (e.g., “pickup truck”). The Flickr Tag Cloud, Flickr’s user-tag “folksonomy,” generates a good link navigation system for both users and search engine spiders. This should be obvious, but have your photos publicly viewable, not restricted to viewing by only your friends and family. Create a descriptive title for the image. This adds yet more keyword weight to the photo’s page within Flickr.