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Python Geospatial Development - Second Edition by Erik Westra

business logic, capital controls, database schema, Firefox, functional programming, Golden Gate Park, Google Earth, Mercator projection, natural language processing, openstreetmap, Silicon Valley, systems thinking, web application

Index A AddGeometryColumn() function / Using SpatiaLite AddPoint() / Task – save the country bounding boxes into a shapefile add_dash() method / Dashed and dotted lines admin interface, Django applicationabout / The structure of a Django application admin system, Django applicationabout / Playing with the admin system adding / Playing with the admin system database, resynchronizing / Playing with the admin system database objects, adding / Playing with the admin system admin URLs, adding / Playing with the admin system working with / Playing with the admin system affine transformation, DEMabout / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map also rules / "Also" rules angular distanceabout / Distance / Using angular distances angular distances / Task – identify parks in or near urban areas Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)about / Recent developments application reviewabout / Application review and improvements usablity / Usability quality / Quality performance / Performance problem, searching / Finding the problem performance, improving / Improving performance tiled shorelines, calculating / Calculating the tiled shorelines tiled shorelines, using / Using tiled shorelines performance improvement, analyzing / Analyzing the performance improvement aspect ratio / Calculating the map's dimensions AsText() function / Using SpatiaLite attributesabout / Geospatial development authentication system, Django applicationabout / The structure of a Django application azimuthal projectionabout / Azimuthal projections B band.ReadRaster() method / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map Band Interleaved by Line (BIL) formatabout / GIS data formats Band Interleaved by Pixel (BIP) formatabout / GIS data formats Band Sequential (BSQ) formatabout / GIS data formats base layerabout / Tile rendering base mapsetting up / Setting up the base map best practices, geospatial databasesabout / Recommended best practices spatial references, monitoring / Using the database to keep track of spatial references appropriate spatial reference, using / Using the appropriate spatial reference for your data databases, using supporting geographies / Option 1 – using a database that supports geographies features, transforming / Option 2 – transforming features as required features, transforming outset / Option 3 – transforming features from the outset unprojected coordinates, using / When to use unprojected coordinates on-the-fly transformations, avoiding within query / Avoiding on-the-fly transformations within a query spatial indexes, using / Using spatial indexes appropriately limits, spatial query optimizer / Knowing the limits of your database's query optimizer Bingabout / Creating a geospatial mash-up bounding / The OpenStreetMap API C calc_search_radius() function / Implementing the find feature view changesets / The OpenStreetMap API civic locationabout / Location colorsusing / Using colors common spatially-enabled databasesabout / Commercial Spatially-enabled databases Oracle / Oracle MS SQL Server / MS SQL Server conditions, rules / Rules, filters, and styles conic projectionabout / Conic projections coordinatesabout / Geospatial development coordinate systemabout / Coordinate systems projected coordinate systems / Coordinate systems unprojected coordinate systems / Coordinate systems coordinate transformation / Task – change projections to combine shapefiles using geographic and UTM coordinates Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) / Task – identify parks in or near urban areas country bounding boxes, geospatial datacalculating / Task – calculate the bounding box for each country in the world saving, into shapefile / Task – save the country bounding boxes into a shapefile coverage formatabout / GIS data formats CreateSpatialIndex() function / Using SpatiaLite crosses() method / Design cursor.execute() methodabout / MySQL cylindrical projectionsabout / Cylindrical projections D dash segments / Dashed and dotted lines datadownloading / Downloading the data World Borders Dataset / World Borders Dataset, World Borders Dataset GSHHS / GSHHS, GSHHS GNIS / GNIS GEOnet Names Server / GEOnet Names Server importing / Importing the data places’ name data / US place name data worldwide places’ name data / Worldwide place name data data modelsdefining / Defining the data models shapefile, importing / Shapefile attribute / Attribute feature / Feature AttributeValue object / AttributeValue models.py file / The models.py file data sourcesetting up / Setting up the data source Datasource object / Design datasourcesshapefile / Shapefile PostGIS / PostGIS Gdal / Gdal Org / Ogr SQLite / SQLite OSM / OSM MemoryDatasource / MemoryDatasource datumabout / Datums, Changing datums and projections reference points / Datums NAD 27 / Datums NAD 83 / Datums WGS 84 / Datums changing / Task – change datums to allow older and newer TIGER data to be combined decimal degrees / Analyzing geospatial data defaultHandlerOptions dictionary / Intercepting mouse clicks design, MapnikLayers / Design Styles / Design Symbolizers / Design Destroy() method / Task – save the country bounding boxes into a shapefile, Saving the features into the shapefile digital elevation maps (DEM) / Sources of geospatial data in raster formatabout / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map used, for analyzing height data / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map affine transformation / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map Digital Elevation Model (DEM) formatabout / GIS data formats Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) formatabout / GIS data formats DISTALbasic workflow / About DISTAL database, designing / Designing and building the database database, building / Designing and building the database DISTAL applicationimplementing / Implementing the DISTAL application, The "select country" script about / Implementing the DISTAL application shared database module / The shared "database" module select country script / The "select country" script select area script / The "select area" script show result script / The "show results" script DISTAL databasedesigning / Designing and building the database distanceabout / Distance angular distance / Distance linear distance / Distance traveling distance / Distance distance featuresidentifying, manually / Calculating distances manually angular distance, using / Using angular distances projected coordinates, using / Using projected coordinates hybrid approach / A hybrid approach result, displaying / Displaying the results Django administrationworking with / Playing with the admin system Django applicationdownloading / Prerequisites structure / The structure of a Django application authentication system / The structure of a Django application admin interface / The structure of a Django application markup application / The structure of a Django application messages framework / The structure of a Django application sessions system / The structure of a Django application sitemaps framework / The structure of a Django application syndication system / The structure of a Django application settings file / The structure of a Django application model / The structure of a Django application, Models view / The structure of a Django application, Views templates / The structure of a Django application, Templates URL dispatching / URL dispatching data-entry forms / Templates DSG (Feature Designation Code) field / Worldwide place name data E edit_feature() function / Editing features edit_shapefile() function / Intercepting mouse clicks edit_shapeFile() view function / Intercepting mouse clicks else rules / "Else" rules envelope / Task – calculate the bounding box for each country in the world ESRI format / Obtaining and using GLOBE data European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG) / Using the database to keep track of spatial references EveryBlockURL / Mapnik example map, Mapnikcreating / Creating an example map expandRect() function / Calculating the tiled shorelines export_data() function / Exporting shapefiles, Saving the attributes into the shapefile export_shapefile() view function / Exporting shapefiles F FC (Feature Classification) field / Worldwide place name data Feature Classification (FC) / Obtaining and using GEOnet Names Server data Feature Designation Code (DSG) / Obtaining and using GEOnet Names Server data feature layerabout / Tile rendering featuresediting / Editing features adding / Adding features deleting / Deleting features fields / Task – calculate the bounding box for each country in the world filterabout / Introducing Mapnik Filter() constructor / Filters filters, Mapnikabout / Filters scale denominators / Scale denominators find feature viewimplementing / Implementing the find feature view findPoints() function / Working with GIS data manually find_feature() function / Implementing the find feature view find_feature_url parameter / Intercepting mouse clicks find_places_within() function / A hybrid approach fixtureabout / Setting up the base map form.as_table template function / Editing features formsabout / The "import shapefile" view function FWTools installerURL / Working with GIS data manually G gamma correction / Gamma correction GDALabout / Recent developments / Obtaining and using GLOBE data, Drawing raster images GDAL, for Mac OS X / Working with GIS data manually GDAL/OGRabout / GDAL/OGR documentation / Documentation availability / Availability Gdal data sourceabout / Gdal gdaldem utility / Obtaining and using NED data GDAL designabout / GDAL design dataset / GDAL design raster band / GDAL design raster size / GDAL design georeferencing transform / GDAL design affine transformation / GDAL design Ground Control Points (GCPs) / GDAL design coordinate system / GDAL design metadata / GDAL design band raster size / GDAL design band metadata / GDAL design color table / GDAL design raster data / GDAL design drivers / GDAL design GDAL example codeabout / GDAL example code GDAL Python librarydownloading / Working with GIS data manually Generalized Search Tree (GiST)about / Spatial indexes generateMap() functionabout / The MapGenerator interface / Rendering the map Generic Mapping Tools (GMT)URL / Data format about / Data format geocode / Analyzing geospatial data geocoder / Advanced PostGIS features Geodabout / Geod fwd() method / Geod inv() method / Geod npts() method / Geod geodetic locationabout / Location GeoDjango / Prerequisites Geographical Information System (GIS) vendors / Geospatial development geographies / Using PostGIS Geography Markup Language (GML) format / GIS data formats GeoJSON format / GIS data formats Geolocationabout / Recent developments geometries / Using PostGIS geometry / Task – calculate the bounding box for each country in the world GeometryCollection class / Design geometry typesPoint / Implementing the find feature view LineString / Implementing the find feature view Polygon / Implementing the find feature view MultiPoint / Implementing the find feature view MultiLineString / Implementing the find feature view MultiPolygon / Implementing the find feature view GeometryCollection / Implementing the find feature view geometry unitsconverting / Converting and standardizing units of geometry and distance standardizing / Converting and standardizing units of geometry and distance Thai-Myanmar border lenght, calculating / Task – calculate the length of the Thai-Myanmar border Shoshone latitude, calculating / Task – find a point 132.7 kilometers west of Soshone, California Shoshone longitude, calculating / Task – find a point 132.7 kilometers west of Soshone, California GEOnet Names Serverabout / GEOnet Names Server screenshot / GEOnet Names Server data format / Data format obtaining / Obtaining and using GEOnet Names Server data using / Obtaining and using GEOnet Names Server data / Designing and building the database, GEOnet Names Server GeoRSSabout / Recent developments geospatialabout / Geospatial development geospatial calculationsperforming / Performing geospatial calculations parks, identifying in or near urban areas / Task – identify parks in or near urban areas geospatial dataabout / Geospatial development coordinates / Geospatial development attributes / Geospatial development analyzing / Analyzing geospatial data, Analyzing and manipulating geospatial data visualizing / Visualizing geospatial data, Visualizing geospatial data GDAL / GDAL/OGR OGR / GDAL/OGR GDAL design / GDAL design GDAL example code / GDAL example code OGR design / OGR design OGR example code / OGR example code manipulating / Analyzing and manipulating geospatial data sources / Sources of other types of geospatial data pre-requisites / Pre-requisites reading / Reading and writing geospatial data writing / Reading and writing geospatial data country bounding boxes, calculating / Task – calculate the bounding box for each country in the world country bounding boxes, saving into shapefile / Task – save the country bounding boxes into a shapefile height data, analyzing with DEM / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map representing / Representing and storing geospatial data storing / Representing and storing geospatial data Thailand and Myanmar border, calculating / Task – define the border between Thailand and Myanmar geometries, saving into text file / Task – save geometries into a text file geospatial databasesbest practices / Recommended best practices geospatial databases, Python usedprerequisites / Prerequisites MySQL, working with / Working with MySQL PostGIS, working with / Working with PostGIS SpatiaLite, working with / Working with SpatiaLite comparing / Comparing the databases geospatial developmentabout / Geospatial development overview / Recent developments geospatial development applicationsgeospatial data, analyzing / Analyzing geospatial data geospatial data, visualizing / Visualizing geospatial data geospatial mash-up, creating / Creating a geospatial mash-up geospatial mash-upcreating / Creating a geospatial mash-up GeoTIFF files / Obtaining and using NED data getattr() function / Editing features GetNoDataValue() method / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map get_country_datasource() function / Displaying the results get_datasource() function / Setting up the data source get_map_form() function / Editing features get_map_widget() / Editing features get_ogr_feature_attribute() function / Saving the attributes into the shapefile get_shoreline_datasource() function / Using tiled shorelines GISspatially-enabled databases / Spatially-enabled databases spatial indexes / Spatial indexes open source spatially-enabled databases / Open source spatially-enabled databases common spatially-enabled databases / Commercial Spatially-enabled databases GIS conceptsabout / Core GIS concepts location / Location distance / Distance units / Units projection / Projections coordinate system / Coordinate systems datums / Datums shapes / Shapes GIS dataworking manually / Working with GIS data manually GIS data formatabout / GIS data formats raster format data / GIS data formats vector format data / GIS data formats micro-formats / GIS data formats Global Land Cover Facility / Obtaining Landsat imagery Global Positioning System (GPS)about / Recent developments GLOBEabout / Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) data format / Data format data, obtaining / Obtaining and using GLOBE data GLOBE DEM dataabout / Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) GMLabout / Recent developments GNISabout / Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) screenshot / Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) data format / Data format obtaining / Obtaining and using GNIS Data using / Obtaining and using GNIS Data / GNIS GNIS Database / Designing and building the database Google Earthabout / Recent developments Google Mapsabout / Recent developments Google Maps APIabout / Creating a geospatial mash-up great circle distance calculation / Working with GIS data manually GSHHSabout / Global, self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database (GSHHS) screenshot / Global, self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database (GSHHS) data format / Data format obtaining / Obtaining the GSHHS database / GSHHS H handleResponse() callback function / Intercepting mouse clicks Haversine formulaURL / Working with GIS data manually height data, geospatial dataanalyzing, DEM used / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map HTML Forms / The "select country" script I import shapefile view function / The "import shapefile" view function import_data() function / Importing shapefiles, Extracting the uploaded shapefile imposmURL / Working with OpenStreetMap data J jurisdictional locationsabout / Location K KMLabout / Recent developments L labelsdrawing / Drawing labels Landsatabout / Landsat data format / Data format Landsat imageryobtaining / Obtaining Landsat imagery Layer objectsabout / Introducing Mapnik layersabout / Maps and layers Layers, Mapnikabout / Design libspatialite / Installing SpatiaLite libspatialite extensionloading / Accessing SpatiaLite from Python line-drawing optionsline color / Line color line width / Line width opacity / Opacity line caps / Line caps line joins / Line joins dashed and dotted lines / Dashed and dotted lines linear distanceabout / Distance linear ringabout / Shapes LinearRing class / Design linear rings / Task – save the country bounding boxes into a shapefile LinePatternSymbolizerabout / LinePatternSymbolizer linesdrawing, onto map / Drawing lines linestringabout / Shapes LineString class / Design LineSymbolizerabout / Introducing Mapnik, LineSymbolizer using / LineSymbolizer LinuxSpatiaLite, installing / Installing SpatiaLite list shapefiles viewimplementing / Implementing the "list shapefiles" view list_countries() function / The "select country" script list_shapefiles() view function / Implementing the "list shapefiles" view locationsabout / Location measuring / Location LULC datafiles / Task – change projections to combine shapefiles using geographic and UTM coordinates M Mac OS XSpatiaLite, installing / Installing SpatiaLite Map Definition Fileabout / Introducing Mapnik map definition fileabout / Map definition files MapGeneratorabout / MapGenerator revisited interface / The MapGenerator interface main map layer, creating / Creating the main map layer points, displaying on map / Displaying points on the map map, rendering / Rendering the map mapGenerator.generateMap() function / Rendering the map image mapGenerator.py moduleabout / The MapGenerator interface Mapnikabout / Creating a geospatial mash-up, Mapnik, Introducing Mapnik features / Mapnik, Introducing Mapnik design / Design example code / Example code documentation / Documentation availability / Availability URL / Availability, Introducing Mapnik map, generating / Introducing Mapnik Polygons layer / Introducing Mapnik example map, creating / Creating an example map Python documentation / Mapnik in depth data sources / Data sources rules / Rules, filters, and styles styles / Rules, filters, and styles filters / Rules, filters, and styles symbolizers / Symbolizers maps / Maps and layers layers / Maps and layers map rendering / Map rendering mapnik.Layer classmethods / Layer attributes and methods mapnik.Map classattributes / Map attributes and methods methods / Map attributes and methods mapnik.Shapefile() function / Shapefile mapnik.SQLite() function / SQLite Mapnik Datasource objectsetting up / Data sources Mapnik WikiURL / Documentation map renderingabout / Map rendering mapsabout / Maps and layers MapServerabout / Creating a geospatial mash-up markup application, Django applicationabout / The structure of a Django application MBRContains() function / MySQL MemoryDatasourceabout / MemoryDatasource meridiansabout / Location messages framework, Django applicationabout / The structure of a Django application micro-formatsWell-known Text (WKT) / GIS data formats Well-known Binary (WKB) / GIS data formats GeoJSON / GIS data formats Geography Markup Language (GML) / GIS data formats minimum bounding rectangleabout / Spatial indexes / MySQL models, Djangoabout / Models models.py fileediting / The models.py file mouse clicks, ShapeEditor applicationintercepting / Intercepting mouse clicks MS SQL Serverabout / MS SQL Server MS WindowsSpatiaLite, installing / Installing SpatiaLite MultiLineString class / Design MultiPoint class / Design MultiPolygon class / Design MySQLabout / MySQL downloading / MySQL acessing, from Python programs / MySQL disadvantages / MySQL MySQL-Python driver / MySQLabout / MySQL MySQLdbURL / MySQL MySQL query optimizerabout / MySQL N NAD 27about / Datums NAD 83about / Datums National Map Viewer / Obtaining and using NED data Natural Earth, raster-format dataabout / Natural Earth raster maps / Natural Earth data format / Data format obtaining / Obtaining and using Natural Earth raster data using / Obtaining and using Natural Earth raster data Natural Earth, vector-format dataURL / Natural Earth about / Natural Earth cultural map data / Natural Earth physical map data / Natural Earth data format / Data format data, obtaining / Obtaining and using Natural Earth vector data data, using / Obtaining and using Natural Earth vector data nature of map projectionsabout / The nature of map projections NEDabout / National Elevation Dataset (NED) data format / Data format data, obtaining / Obtaining and using NED data data, using / Obtaining and using NED data no data value / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map NT (Name Type) field / Worldwide place name data O OGRabout / Recent developments Ogr data sourceabout / Ogr OGR designabout / OGR design data source / OGR design layers / OGR design spatial reference / OGR design feature / OGR design attributes / OGR design geometry / OGR design OGR example codeabout / OGR example code OGR Shapefiledefining / Defining the OGR shapefile onClick() function / Intercepting mouse clicks Open Geospatial ConsortiumURL / Recent developments about / Recent developments Openlayersabout / Creating a geospatial mash-up OpenLayersused, for displaying map / Using OpenLayers to display the map OpenLayers.Control.Click class / Intercepting mouse clicks OpenLayers.Request.GET function / Intercepting mouse clicks open source spatially-enabled databasesabout / Open source spatially-enabled databases MySQL / MySQL PostGIS / PostGIS SpatiaLite / SpatiaLite OpenStreetMapURL / Mapnik, OpenStreetMap about / OpenStreetMap screenshot / OpenStreetMap data format / Data format geospatial data, obtaining / Obtaining and using OpenStreetMap data geospatial data, using / Obtaining and using OpenStreetMap data data, working with / Working with OpenStreetMap data OpenStreetMap API / The OpenStreetMap API OpenStreetMap geocoderabout / Recent developments Oracleabout / Oracle Oracle Locatorabout / Oracle Oracle Spatialabout / Oracle orthorectification / Data format os.path.join() function / Shapefile osm2pgsql tool / Working with OpenStreetMap data OsmApi / The OpenStreetMap API OSM data sourceabout / OSM overlay / Visualizing geospatial data P painters algorithmabout / Introducing Mapnik parallelsabout / Location parametersabout / URL dispatching Planet.osmabout / Planet.osm mirror site / Mirror sites and extracts extracts / Mirror sites and extracts pointabout / Shapes Point class / Design pointsdrawing / Drawing points PointSymbolizerabout / PointSymbolizer polygonabout / Shapes polygon-drawing optionsfill color / Fill color attribute / Opacity gamma correction / Gamma correction polygon.contains(point) method / MySQL Polygon class / Design PolygonPatternSymbolizerabout / PolygonPatternSymbolizer polygonsdrawing / Drawing polygons PolygonSymbolizerabout / Introducing Mapnik, PolygonSymbolizer polylinesabout / Shapes PostGIS / Analyzing geospatial dataabout / Recent developments, PostGIS installing / Installing and configuring PostGIS downloading / Installing and configuring PostGIS configuring / Installing and configuring PostGIS using / Using PostGIS documentation / Documentation features / Advanced PostGIS features PostGIS databasesetting up, for ShapeEditor application / Setting up the database PostGIS datasourceabout / PostGIS PostGIS manualURL / Documentation PostGIS query optimizerabout / PostGIS PostgreSQL database / PostGIS PostgreSQL manualURL / Documentation prime meridianabout / Location Projabout / Proj PROJ.4about / Recent developments, Availability projected coordinate systemabout / Coordinate systems projectionabout / Geospatial development, Projections, Changing datums and projections cylindrical projections / Cylindrical projections conic projection / Conic projections azimuthal projection / Azimuthal projections nature of map projections / The nature of map projections dealing with / Dealing with projections pyproj / pyproj design / Design example code / Example code documentation / Documentation availability / Availability changing / Task – change projections to combine shapefiles using geographic and UTM coordinates Proj Python library / Analyzing geospatial data Psycopginstalling / Installing and configuring PostGIS Psycopg database / PostGIS Psycopg documentationURL / Documentation pyproj libraryabout / Design Proj / Proj Geod / Geod for MS Windows / Availability for Linux / Availability for Macintosh / Availability pysqliteinstalling / Installing pysqlite URL / Installing pysqlite PythonURL / Python about / Python features / Python Python Database APIabout / MySQL Python Database Programming Wiki pageURL / MySQL Python Package Indexabout / Python URL / Python geospatial development / Geospatial development Python Standard Librariesabout / Python Q qualityplace name issues / Place name issues Lat/Long coordinate problems / Lat/Long coordinate problems query optimization processMySQL / MySQL PostGIS / PostGIS SpatiaLite / SpatiaLite R R-Tree data structuresabout / Spatial indexes R-Tree indexesabout / Spatial indexes raster format dataabout / GIS data formats Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) / GIS data formats Digital Elevation Model (DEM) / GIS data formats BIL / GIS data formats BIP / GIS data formats BSQ / GIS data formats raster imagesdrawing / Drawing raster images raster mapsabout / Natural Earth Cross-Blended Hypsometric Tints / Natural Earth Natural Earth 1 / Natural Earth Natural Earth 2 / Natural Earth Ocean Bottom dataset / Natural Earth Shaded Relief imagery / Natural Earth RasterSymbolizerabout / Drawing raster images uses / Drawing raster images ReadRaster() method / Task – analyze height data using a digital elevation map reference pointsabout / Coordinate systems roadsdrawing / Drawing roads and other complex linear features root() functionabout / Implementing Tile Map Server ruleabout / Introducing Mapnik rules, Mapnikconditions / Rules, filters, and styles symbolizers / Rules, filters, and styles else rules / "Else" rules also rules / "Also" rules S scale denominators / Scale denominators select area scriptabout / The "select area" script bounding box, calculating / Calculating the bounding box map’s dimension, calculating / Calculating the map's dimensions data source, setting up / Setting up the data source map image, rendering / Rendering the map image select country script / The "select country" script select_feature.html template / Adding features service() functionabout / Implementing Tile Map Server sessions system, Django applicationabout / The structure of a Django application setattr() function / Editing features SetField() method / Saving the attributes into the shapefile setField() method / Task – save the country bounding boxes into a shapefile set_ogr_feature_attribute() function / Saving the attributes into the shapefile shaded relief imagery / Sources of geospatial data in raster format ShapeEditor applicationworkflow / About ShapeEditor, Selecting a feature to edit web interface / About ShapeEditor shapefile, importing / About ShapeEditor, Importing a shapefile, Importing shapefiles features / About ShapeEditor designing / Designing ShapeEditor feature, selecting / Selecting a feature feature, editing / Editing a feature shapefile, exporting / Exporting a shapefile, Exporting shapefiles prerequisites / Prerequisites database, setting up / Setting up the database setting up / Setting up the ShapeEditor project defining / Defining the ShapeEditor's applications shared application, creating / Creating the shared application data models, defining / Defining the data models admin system / Playing with the admin system list shapefiles view, implementing / Implementing the "list shapefiles" view feature, selecting for edit / Selecting a feature to edit Tile Map Server, implementing / Implementing Tile Map Server mouse clicks, intercepting / Intercepting mouse clicks features, editing / Editing features features, adding / Adding features features, deleting / Deleting features shapefiles, deleting / Deleting shapefiles using / Using ShapeEditor enhancements / Further improvements and enhancements shapefile datasourceabout / Shapefile Shapefile formatabout / GIS data formats Shapefile objectadding, to database / Add the Shapefile object to the database shapefilesimporting / Importing shapefiles contents, importing / Importing the shapefile's contents opening / Open the shapefile attributes, defining / Define the shapefile's attributes features, storing / Store the shapefile's features attributes, storing / Store the shapefile's attributes cleaning up / Cleaning up deleting / Deleting shapefiles shapefiles, exportingabout / Exporting shapefiles OGR Shapefile, defining / Defining the OGR shapefile features, saving into shapefile / Saving the features into the shapefile attributes, saving into shapefile / Saving the attributes into the shapefile shapefile, compressing / Compressing the shapefile temporary files, deleting / Deleting temporary files ZIP archive, returning to user / Returning the ZIP archive to the user Shapelyabout / Shapely design / Design Point class / Design LineString class / Design LinearRing class / Design Polygon class / Design MultiPoint class / Design MultiLineString class / Design MultiPolygon class / Design GeometryCollection class / Design example code / Example code documentation / Documentation availability / Availability shapesabout / Shapes point / Shapes linestring / Shapes polygon / Shapes shared.utils module / Implementing the find feature view shared database module / The shared "database" module ShieldSymbolizerabout / ShieldSymbolizer showResults.py script / Using tiled shorelines show result scriptabout / The "show results" script clicked-on point, identifying / Identifying the clicked-on point distance features, identifying / Identifying features by distance simple features formatabout / GIS data formats sitemaps framework, Django applicationabout / The structure of a Django application source code format, Linuxabout / MySQL source code format, Mac OS X about / MySQL sources, geospatial dataabout / Sources of other types of geospatial data GEOnet Names Server / GEOnet Names Server GNIS / Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) selecting / Choosing your geospatial data source sources, raster-format geospatial dataabout / Sources of geospatial data in raster format Landsat / Landsat Natural Earth / Natural Earth GLOBE / Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) National Elevation Dataset (NED) / National Elevation Dataset (NED) sources, vector-format geospatial dataOpenStreetMap / OpenStreetMap TIGER / TIGER Natural Earth / Natural Earth GSHHS / Global, self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database (GSHHS) World Borders Dataset / World Borders Dataset spatial datatypes / Spatially-enabled databases spatial functions / Spatially-enabled databases spatial indexesabout / Spatial indexes R-Tree indexes / Spatial indexes SpatiaLiteabout / SpatiaLite installing / Installing SpatiaLite installing, on Mac OS X / Installing SpatiaLite installing, on MS Windows / Installing SpatiaLite installing, on Linux / Installing SpatiaLite pysqlite, installing / Installing pysqlite accessing, from Python / Accessing SpatiaLite from Python documentation / Documentation URL / Documentation online documentation / Documentation using / Using SpatiaLite capabilities / SpatiaLite capabilities SpatiaLite query optimizerabout / SpatiaLite spatial joins / Spatially-enabled databases spatially-enabled databasesabout / Spatially-enabled databases functioning / Spatially-enabled databases spatial queries / Spatially-enabled databases spatial query functions / Implementing the find feature view spatial reference / Design, Task – save the country bounding boxes into a shapefile, Representing and storing geospatial data, Using the database to keep track of spatial references Spatial Reference Identifier (SRID) / Using the database to keep track of spatial references SQLite data sourceabout / SQLite Styles, Mapnikabout / Design, Introducing Mapnik ST_AsText() function / Using PostGIS ST_CONTAINS() function / A hybrid approach ST_DWITHIN() function / A hybrid approach ST_GeomFromText() function / Using PostGIS subselect queryabout / PostGIS using / PostGIS Symbolizers, Mapnikabout / Design, Introducing Mapnik PolygonSymbolizer / Introducing Mapnik LineSymbolizer / Introducing Mapnik TextSymbolizer / Introducing Mapnik lines, drawing / Drawing lines polygons, drawing / Drawing polygons labels, drawing / Drawing labels points, drawing / Drawing points syndication system, Django applicationabout / The structure of a Django application T template, Djangoabout / Templates terminology, TMS protocolTile Map Server / Implementing Tile Map Server Tile Map Service / Implementing Tile Map Server Tile Map / Implementing Tile Map Server Tile Set / Implementing Tile Map Server Tile / Implementing Tile Map Server TextSymbolizerabout / Introducing Mapnik, TextSymbolizer text, selecting for display / Specifying the text to be displayed font, selecting / Selecting a suitable font semi-transparent text, drawing / Drawing semi-transparent text text placement, controlling / Controlling text placement labels, repeating / Repeating labels text overlap, controlling / Controlling text overlap text, drawing on dark background / Drawing text on a dark background position, adjusting of text / Adjusting the position of the text labels, splitting across multiple lines / Splitting labels across multiple lines character spacing, controlling / Controlling character and line spacing line spacing, controlling / Controlling character and line spacing capitalization, controlling / Controlling capitalization advanced text placement and formatting / Advanced text placement and formatting TIGERabout / TIGER data format / Data format data, obtaining / Obtaining and using TIGER data data, using / Obtaining and using TIGER data TIGER/Line formatabout / GIS data formats Tileabout / Implementing Tile Map Server Tile Mapabout / Implementing Tile Map Server tileMap() function / Implementing Tile Map Serverabout / Implementing Tile Map Server Tile Map Servercompleting / Completing the Tile Map Server Tile Map Server (TMS) / Selecting a feature Tile Map Serviceabout / Implementing Tile Map Server tilePolys array / Calculating the tiled shorelines tile renderingabout / Tile rendering query parameters, parsing / Parsing the query parameters map, setting up / Setting up the map base layer, defining / Defining the base layer feature layer, defining / Defining the feature layer map tile, rendering / Rendering the map tile Tile Setabout / Implementing Tile Map Server TMS protocolimplementing / Implementing Tile Map Server about / Implementing Tile Map Server terminology / Implementing Tile Map Server error handling / Implementing Tile Map Server base map, setting up / Setting up the base map tile, rendering / Tile rendering map, displaying with OpenLayers / Using OpenLayers to display the map traveling distanceabout / Distance triggersabout / SpatiaLite U unitsabout / Units Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate systemabout / Coordinate systems Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection / Task – change projections to combine shapefiles using geographic and UTM coordinates unprojected coordinatesabout / Geospatial development unprojected coordinate systemabout / Coordinate systems unwrap_geos_geometry() function / Saving the features into the shapefile uploaded shapefileextracting / Extracting the uploaded shapefile URLConfabout / URL dispatching URL dispatching, Djangoabout / URL dispatching usability / Usability US Census BureauURL / Working with GIS data manually utils.calc_geometry_field() / Editing features utils.get_map_form() / Editing features utils.get_ogr_feature_attribute() function / Saving the attributes into the shapefile V vector-format geospatial dataabout / Sources of geospatial data in vector format sources / Sources of geospatial data in vector format vector format dataabout / GIS data formats shapefile / GIS data formats simple features / GIS data formats TIGER/Line / GIS data formats coverage / GIS data formats view, Djangoabout / Views Virtual Datasource (VRT) formatabout / Ogr W WCSabout / Recent developments WebGIS websiteURL / Task – change projections to combine shapefiles using geographic and UTM coordinates Well-known Binary (WKB) format / GIS data formats, Representing and storing geospatial data Well-known Text (WKT) format / GIS data formats, Representing and storing geospatial data WFSabout / Recent developments WGS 84about / Datums WMSabout / Recent developments World Borders Datasetabout / World Borders Dataset data format / Data format obtaining / Obtaining World Borders Dataset downloading / Task – calculate the bounding box for each country in the world / World Borders Dataset, World Borders Dataset World Data Bank II / Global, self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database (GSHHS) world reference system (WRS) / Obtaining Landsat imagery World Vector Shoreline / Global, self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database (GSHHS) X XCodeabout / Availability installing / Availability

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OSM The OSM data source allows you to include OpenStreetMap data onto a map. The OpenStreetMap data is stored in .osm format, which is an XML format containing the underlying nodes, ways and relations used by OpenStreetMap. The OpenStreetMap data format, and options for downloading .osm files, can be found at: http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/.osm If you have downloaded a .osm file and want to access it locally, you can set up your data source like this: datasource = mapnik.OSM(file="myData.osm") If you wish to use an OpenStreetMap API call to retrieve the OSM data on the fly, you can do this by supplying a URL to read the data from, along with a bounding box to identify which set of data you want to download.

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Often, these features will have metadata associated with them. In this section, we will look at some of the major sources of free vector-format geospatial data. OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap (http://openstreetmap.org) is a website where people can collaborate to create and edit geospatial data. It describes itself as a "free editable map of the whole world made by people like you." The following screenshot shows a portion of a street map for Onchan, Isle of Man, based on data from OpenStreetMap: Data format OpenStreetMap does not use a standard format such as shapefiles to store its data. Instead, it has developed its own XML-based format for representing geospatial data in the form of nodes (single points), ways (sequences of points that define a line), areas (closed ways that represent polygons), and relations (collections of other elements).

Data Action: Using Data for Public Good by Sarah Williams

affirmative action, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Andrei Shleifer, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Brexit referendum, Cambridge Analytica, Charles Babbage, City Beautiful movement, commoditize, coronavirus, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data is the new oil, data philanthropy, data science, digital divide, digital twin, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, fake news, four colour theorem, global village, Google Earth, informal economy, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, Kibera, Lewis Mumford, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, mass incarceration, megacity, military-industrial complex, Minecraft, neoliberal agenda, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, nowcasting, oil shale / tar sands, openstreetmap, place-making, precautionary principle, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, selection bias, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Sidewalk Labs, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, Steven Levy, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, transatlantic slave trade, Uber for X, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, Works Progress Administration

Though the term VGI seems largely relegated to the work of academic geographers, it was developed to highlight that a community of people exists who are interested in telling us what they are doing and where they are doing it, and if we can tap into that community we can use it to understand new social-spatial phenomenon. Crowdsourcing a Global Data Set A well-known example of VGI (or community mapping) is Open-StreetMap. By allowing participants anywhere to upload GPS traces, OpenStreetMap created and provides a worldwide basemap that is free for anyone to use. The basemap includes roads, parks, and major points of interests, and in some locales it even includes building outlines. OpenStreetMap was developed in 2004 by Steve Coast, then a PhD student at University College London, in response to the control of basic map data in the United Kingdom.

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This meant it was difficult to obtain basic census, postal code, streets, parks, and building data. Coast envisioned creating a Wikipedia for maps data by allowing any novice map hobbyist to contribute to his platform using verified data from handheld GPS units. Since its inception, OpenStreetMap has had close to two million contributors.15 Coast's OpenStreetMap was meant to free data he believed should be accessible to the public. Before OpenStreetMap, if you wanted base data for anywhere in the world, you would have to purchase it from two big companies, Tele Atlas and Navteq, and the data did not come cheap. Google Maps used a combination of Navteq and Tele Atlas data during its first few years, and the costs for licensing this data rose so high that it became more cost-effective for Google to develop its own worldwide basemap; you may have seen a Google Maps car, with a camera mounted to its roof, driving through your neighborhood.

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Attending map parties was a way to learn from peers while generating data under the ethos of open-source principles and practices. In 2007 OpenStreetMap held its first “State of the Map” conference, which has since become one of the main gatherings for the open-source map community.16 Recently at this conference the Red Cross, USAID, and a number of other humanitarian organizations demonstrated techniques for building data for disaster relief using OpenStreetMap tools. For example, the Red Cross developed OpenMapKit, a tool that allows its staff to collect data in remote areas where limited internet and cell networks make accessing and uploading data to OpenStreetMap's database difficult. OpenMapKit solves this problem by making it possible to save the data on surveyors’ mobile phones until, once in reach of cell networks, the data can be easily uploaded.

PostGIS in Action, 2nd Edition by Regina O. Obe, Leo S. Hsu

business logic, call centre, crowdsourcing, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, functional programming, Google Earth, job automation, McMansion, megacity, Mercator projection, Network effects, null island, openstreetmap, planetary scale, profit maximization, Ruby on Rails, Skype, South of Market, San Francisco, SQL injection, traveling salesman, web application

In subsequent sections, we’ll add PostGIS layers and PostGIS queries that output JSON. OpenStreetMap tiles: publicly available tiles versus building your own For the base layers, we’ll use OpenStreetMap public tile servers for the exercises that follow. Because OpenStreetMap public tile servers run on donations, you may be cut off if you make a lot of calls to them. The tile usage policy is detailed at http:// wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Tile_usage_policy. If you have heavy traffic, you should build your own tiles, or use tiles from a commercial service, such as MapQuest OSM tiles (http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/ Mapquest#MapQuest-hosted_map_tiles), CloudMade (http://cloudmade.com), or Mapbox (http://mapbox.com), which also provide storage and tools for building custom tiles.

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Ogr2ogr is smart enough to know this, so it puts in the correct SRID for you. For more details about command-line switches specific to the OGR GPX driver, visit www.gdal.org/ogr/drv_gpx.html. OpenStreetMap is full of user-contributed GPX files uploaded by users worldwide. You can find these at www.openstreetmap.org/traces. We randomly selected one from Australia titled “A bike trip around Narangba” by going to www.openstreetmap.org/ traces/tag/australia and downloading the file www.openstreetmap.org/user/Ash %20Kyd/traces/468761. You can find out more about the data you’re about to load by using ogrinfo. Listing 4.2 Displaying info about GPX file using ogrinfo ogrinfo 468761.gpx Command INFO: Open of '468761.gpx' using driver 'GPX' successful. 1: waypoints (Point) 2: routes (Line String) 3: tracks (Multi Line String) 4: route_points (Point) 5: track_points (Point) Output Next, you can load this up into a staging schema with the simple ogr2ogr command shown in the next listing.

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For example, if you picked the Arc de Triomphe area, the min longitude/latitude and max longitude/latitude will be filled in the bounding box coordinates. Something like 2.28568,48.87957,2.30371,48.8676 will appear in the coordinate text boxes. Select OpenStreetMap XML Data as the export format. We called ours arctriump.osm. Licensed to tracy moore <nordick.an@gmail.com> www.it-ebooks.info Importing OpenStreetMap data with osm2pgsql 101 You can also use one of the REST APIs provided by OpenStreetMap to achieve the same results. The following listing demonstrates carving out a similar section using a wget call. Note that the bbox argument corresponds to the minimum longitude/latitude and maximum longitude/latitude of the area you’re interested in.

PostGIS in Action by Regina O. Obe, Leo S. Hsu

business logic, call centre, crowdsourcing, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, functional programming, Google Earth, job automation, McMansion, Mercator projection, Network effects, null island, openstreetmap, planetary scale, profit maximization, Ruby on Rails, Skype, South of Market, San Francisco, SQL injection, traveling salesman, web application

In subsequent sections, we’ll add PostGIS layers and PostGIS queries that output JSON. OpenStreetMap tiles: publicly available tiles versus building your own For the base layers, we’ll use OpenStreetMap public tile servers for the exercises that follow. Because OpenStreetMap public tile servers run on donations, you may be cut off if you make a lot of calls to them. The tile usage policy is detailed at http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Tile_usage_policy. If you have heavy traffic, you should build your own tiles, or use tiles from a commercial service, such as MapQuest OSM tiles (http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Mapquest#MapQuest-hosted_map_tiles), CloudMade (http://cloudmade.com), or Mapbox (http://mapbox.com), which also provide storage and tools for building custom tiles.

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Ogr2ogr is smart enough to know this, so it puts in the correct SRID for you. For more details about command-line switches specific to the OGR GPX driver, visit www.gdal.org/ogr/drv_gpx.html. OpenStreetMap is full of user-contributed GPX files uploaded by users worldwide. You can find these at www.openstreetmap.org/traces. We randomly selected one from Australia titled “A bike trip around Narangba” by going to www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/australia and downloading the file www.openstreetmap.org/user/Ash%20Kyd/traces/468761. You can find out more about the data you’re about to load by using ogrinfo. Listing 4.2. Displaying info about GPX file using ogrinfo Next, you can load this up into a staging schema with the simple ogr2ogr command shown in the next listing.

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OpenLayers 3 general setup: postgis_in_action_ol3_1.htm First, you add the link to the OL3 CSS and JS files . Again you have the choice of using a hosted version or downloading and using one on your server. You then add an OpenStreetMap tile layer . The url property is optional and defaults to the OpenStreetMap tile server when not specified. You next add two layers from your WMS mapping server . As part of the load map , add the two layers to the map, and reproject to map units.This particular WMS layer call adds the layers as tiles of the same size as the OpenStreetMap tile. If you wanted single tiles to minimize on query calls to your server, you’d use ol.Layer.Image in conjunction with ol.source.ImageWMS.

Android Cookbook by Ian F. Darwin

crowdsourcing, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, full text search, openstreetmap, QR code, social software, web application

*/ } }); } }); } To actually have your long-press open up a context menu, you need to perform some additional setup of the context menu itself. I’ve avoided including this, to make the example shorter and hopefully clearer. To test that it works, try, for example, adding a log statement. 16.16. Using OpenStreetMap Rachee Singh Problem You want to use OpenStreetMap (OSM) map data in your application in place of Google Maps. Solution Use the third-party osmdroid library to interact with OpenStreetMap data. Discussion OpenStreetMap is a free, editable map of the world. The OpenStreetMapView is an (almost) full/free replacement for Android’s MapView class. See the osmdroid Google code page for more details.

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id=0B_rESQKgad5LY2U5MzVlMGYtOWY1Ni00NThhLTg0MmItMzI2MDgyYzRjNzI5&hl=en_US. 16.17. Creating Overlays in OpenStreetMap Maps Rachee Singh Problem You want to display graphics such as map markers on your OpenStreetMap view. Most map mechanisms provide an overlay feature that lets you draw these graphics in front of the main picture or map. Refer back to Figure 16-4. Solution Instantiate an Overlay class and add the overlay to the point you wish to demarcate on the map. Discussion To get started with OpenStreetMap, see Recipe 16.16. To add overlays, first we need to get a handle on the MapView defined in the XML layout of the activity.

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The Interface type learning, Problem, See Also obfuscating code, Discussion sharing classes from other projects, Problem, Discussion ternary operator, Discussion Java Native Interface (JNI), Solution, Source Download URL java.io package, Solution, Solution java.net package, Using URL and URLConnection, Solution java.text package, General formatters, A better way, Discussion java.util package, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion java.util.logging package, Solution JavaME API, Discussion JavaScript language, Problem, Discussion, Problem, Discussion calendars written in, Problem, Discussion native handset functionality via, Problem, Discussion JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), Problem, Source Download URL, Problem loading Twitter timeline, Problem parsing, Problem, Source Download URL JAX-RS API, Discussion JDK (Java Development Kit), Installing the JDK (Java Development Kit), Installing Eclipse for Java development, Solution Eclipse IDE and, Installing Eclipse for Java development installing, Installing the JDK (Java Development Kit) jarsigner tool, Solution JNI (Java Native Interface), Solution, Source Download URL JPSTrack GPS tracking program, Discussion, Invoking BugSense at App Start, Discussion, Discussion BugSense example, Invoking BugSense at App Start camera activity example, Discussion keeping services running example, Discussion sharing classes example, Discussion JPStrack mapping application, Discussion JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), Problem, Source Download URL, Problem loading Twitter timeline, Problem parsing, Problem, Source Download URL JSONObject class, Problem, Source Download URL, Discussion parsing JSON using, Problem, Source Download URL toString() method, Discussion JUnit testing framework, Discussion, Step 3: Write and run your tests about, Discussion test classes supported, Step 3: Write and run your tests K kankan.wheel.widget package, Discussion Kernighan, Brian, Discussion key pairs, Generating a key pair (public and private keys) and a signing certificate key-press events, Problem keyboard input, timed, Problem Keyboard lid support property (AVD), Discussion Keyboard support property (AVD), Discussion KeyEvent class, Solution KeyListener class, Problem, See Also keystore, Registering the Google Maps API key, Generating a key pair (public and private keys) and a signing certificate keytool utility, Solution, See Also L LabelView class, Discussion Lafortune, Eric, Discussion landscape orientation (tablets), Optional guidelines Launch Options window, Discussion launcher icons, Problem, Discussion, Problem, Discussion creating with Inkscape, Problem, Discussion creating with Paint.NET, Problem, Discussion LayoutInflater class, Discussion, Discussion layout_column attribute, TableLayout and TableRow layout_height attribute, Discussion layout_span attribute, TableLayout and TableRow layout_width attribute, Discussion LEDs, Lighting the LED, Problem flashing in colors and patterns, Lighting the LED for notifications, Problem libraries, referencing, Problem License Validation Tool (LVT), Configuration file life cycle of Android apps, Problem, Discussion, Problem, Discussion about, Problem, Discussion reproducing scenarios for testing, Problem, Discussion LineAndPointRenderer class, Discussion LinearLayout class, Discussion, Discussion custom dialog example, Discussion gravity attribute, Discussion Linkify class, Discussion Linux command, Problem ListActivity class, Discussion, Use case (informal), Discussion, Discussion ArrayList class and, Discussion ContextMenu class and, Use case (informal) usage considerations, Discussion writing custom list adapter example, Discussion ListAdapter interface, Discussion ListView class, Solution, Discussion, Problem, Setting up a basic ListView, Problem, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Problem, Discussion, Discussion, Problem, Problem, Discussion about, Discussion building list-based applications, Problem, Setting up a basic ListView creating “no data” view, Problem fetching and displaying Google Documents, Problem, Discussion handling orientation changes, Problem onListItemClick() method, Discussion section headers and, Problem, Source Download URL showing images and text, Problem, Source Download URL SlidingDrawer class and, Solution tracking user’s focus, Problem writing custom list adapter, Problem, Discussion Locale class, General formatters, Discussion localization, Ian’s basic steps: Internationalization location and map applications, Problem, See Also, Discussion, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Problem, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Problem, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Discussion, Problem, Problem, Binary Download URL, Problem, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Discussion, Problem, Binary Download URL, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Problem, Source Download URL, Problem, Source Download URL about, Discussion accessing GPS information, Problem, Problem adding device current location to Google Maps, Problem building maps in, Problem, See Also changing modes of MapView, Problem creating overlays for MapView, Problem, Discussion creating overlays in OpenStreetMap maps, Problem, Source Download URL drawing a location marker on MapView, Problem, Source Download URL drawing multiple location markers on MapView, Problem, Source Download URL drawing overlay icon without Drawable, Problem, Binary Download URL geocoding in, Problem getting location information, Problem, Source Download URL getting location updates with OpenStreetMap maps, Problem, Source Download URL handling long-press in MapView, Problem, Discussion handling touch events on OpenStreetMap overlays, Problem, Source Download URL implementing location search on Google Maps, Problem mocking GPS coordinates on devices, Problem, Source Download URL placing MapView inside TabView, Problem, Source Download URL reverse geocoding in, Problem using Google Maps in, Problem, Source Download URL using OpenStreetMap, Problem, Binary Download URL using scales on OpenStreetMap maps, Problem Location class, Discussion LocationListener interface, Discussion, Discussion, Solution, Discussion, Discussion accessing GPS information in apps, Solution getting location information, Discussion onLocationChanged() method, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion LocationManager class, Discussion, Discussion, Solution, What’s happening?

You Are Here: From the Compass to GPS, the History and Future of How We Find Ourselves by Hiawatha Bray

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Albert Einstein, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bitcoin, Boeing 747, British Empire, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, crowdsourcing, Dava Sobel, digital map, don't be evil, Easter island, Edmond Halley, Edward Snowden, Firefox, game design, Google Earth, GPS: selective availability, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, Isaac Newton, job automation, John Harrison: Longitude, John Perry Barlow, John Snow's cholera map, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, license plate recognition, lone genius, openstreetmap, polynesian navigation, popular electronics, RAND corporation, RFID, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Thales of Miletus, trade route, turn-by-turn navigation, uranium enrichment, urban planning, Zipcar

By contrast, all OSM maps are published under a broad copyright. Any individual or business can copy, modify, or reuse OpenStreetMap’s products to their heart’s content. They are merely required to post a notice giving credit to OpenStreetMap and its contributors. Few seem to mind Google’s profiteering, as long as it results in better maps. The success of OpenStreetMap has provided healthy competition, as well as fodder for good-natured disputation. Which model produces better maps—Google’s lavishly funded commercial operation or OpenStreetMap’s legions of untrained part-time amateurs? With its ample finances and direct access to the latest, sharpest satellite imagery, Google’s got an overall edge in quality that OpenStreetMap will not soon match.

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Michael Cross, “OS Maps Finally Available to Not-for-Profit Organisations,” Guardian, December 13, 2007. 19. Jonathan Brown, “No. 1 in the Charts Since 1747; Now Its Maps Are Available on the Web,” Independent, April 2, 2010. 20. Carl Franzen, “OpenStreetMap Reaches 1 Million Users, Will Rival Google Maps in 2 Years,” Talking Points Memo, January 12, 2013, http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/01/openstreetmap-reaches-1-million-users-will-rival-google-maps-in-2-years.php. 21. Rocha, “A Map-Making Democracy.” 22. “MapQuest to Launch Open-Source Mapping in Europe,” Wireless News, July 20, 2010. 23. Rob D. Young, “Google Maps API to Charge for High-Volume Usage,” Search Engine Watch, November 2, 2011, http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2122151/Google-Maps-API-to-Charge-for-High-Volume-Usage. 24.

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He created the software tools he would need, purchased a GPS unit—at the time GPS devices cost hundreds of dollars and were “larger than a brick”—attached it to a laptop, packed the setup into a backpack, and started pedaling his bike through the streets of central London. Bit by bit, his map of the area began to come together. Coast did more than pedal his bike; he also peddled his idea to anybody who would listen. He called it OpenStreetMap, a campaign to create a new kind of map, drawn by volunteers and available to everybody at no charge. Furthermore, OSM would not stop at creating a new map of the United Kingdom; Coast decided to cover the entire planet. That meant finding help, and a lot of it. Even though the participants would not earn a dime for their efforts, Coast believed they would step forward.

Data Source Handbook by Pete Warden

en.wikipedia.org, machine readable, Menlo Park, openstreetmap, phenotype, social graph

There are no rate limits, but you do have to get an API key and use OAuth to authenticate your calls: http://api.simplegeo.com/1.0/context/37.778381,-122.389388.json { "query":{ "latitude":37.778381, "longitude":-122.389388 }, "timestamp":1291766899.794, "weather": { "temperature": "65F", "conditions": "light haze" }, { "demographics": { "metro_score": 9 }, "features":[ { "handle":"SG_4H2GqJDZrc0ZAjKGR8qM4D_37.778406_-122.389506", "license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "attribution":"(c) OpenStreetMap (http://openstreetmap.org/) and contributors CC-BY-SA (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/)", "classifiers":[ { "type":"Entertainment", "category":"Arena", "subcategory":"Stadium" } ], "bounds":[ -122.39115, 37.777233, -122.387775, 37.779731 ], "abbr":null, "name":"AT&T Park", "href":"http://api.simplegeo.com/ 1.0/features/SG_4H2GqJDZrc0ZAjKGR8qM4D_37.778406_-122.389506.json" }, ...

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<parameters applicable-location="point1"> <temperature type="maximum" units="Fahrenheit" time-layout="k-p24h-n8-1"> <name>Daily Maximum Temperature</name> <value>38</value> <value>33</value> <value>41</value> <value>41</value> <value>35</value> <value>32</value> <value>30</value> <value>35</value> </temperature> <temperature type="minimum" units="Fahrenheit" time-layout="k-p24h-n7-2"> <name>Daily Minimum Temperature</name> <value>22</value> <value>28</value> <value>34</value> <value>22</value> <value>24</value> <value>17</value> Locations | 23 <value>20</value> </temperature> </parameters> </data> </dwml> OpenStreetMap The volunteers at OpenStreetMap have created a somewhat-chaotic but comprehensive set of geographic information, and you can download everything they’ve gathered as a single massive file. One unique strength is the coverage of areas in the developing world that are absent from commercial databases, and since it’s so easy to change, even US locations are often more up-to-date with recent changes than more traditional maps.

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ISBN: 978-1-449-30314-3 [LSI] 1295970672 Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Data Source Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Websites WHOIS Blekko bit.ly Compete Delicious BackType PagePeeker People by Email WebFinger Flickr Gravatar Amazon AIM FriendFeed Google Social Graph MySpace Github Rapleaf Jigsaw People by Name WhitePages LinkedIn GenderFromName People by Account Klout Qwerly Search Terms BOSS 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 v Blekko Bing Google Custom Search Wikipedia Google Suggest Wolfram Alpha Locations SimpleGeo Yahoo! Google Geocoding API CityGrid Geocoder.us Geodict GeoNames US Census Zillow Neighborhoods Natural Earth US National Weather Service OpenStreetMap MaxMind Companies CrunchBase ZoomInfo Hoover’s Yahoo! Finance IP Addresses MaxMind Infochimps Books, Films, Music, and Products Amazon Google Shopping Google Book Search Netflix Yahoo! Music Musicbrainz The Movie DB Freebase vi | Table of Contents 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 Preface A lot of new sources of free, public data have emerged over the last few years, and this guide covers some of the most useful.

Map Scripting 101: An Example-Driven Guide to Building Interactive Maps With Bing, Yahoo!, and Google Maps by Adam Duvander

Firefox, Google Earth, openstreetmap, SQL injection, web application

You can install many programs on your computer that will do this for you. OpenStreetMap uses GPX to map the world. It sends volunteers to walk the streets with GPS units. Then, the track points, along with other information like street names, are used to create maps that are available for anyone—without licensing fees. In many countries, such as the United States, much of this street data is already available. OpenStreetMap volunteers, in these cases, are checking accuracy and filling in what's missing. In some places, OpenStreetMap is all there is, so the GPX tracks become incredibly important to the project.

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This book shows you how to take advantage of these services and include their maps on your site. Instead of limiting you to one provider, I'll show you how to use all of them via an open source library called Mapstraction. Write your code once and watch it work in Google Maps, Bing, MapQuest, Yahoo!, OpenStreetMap, and more. In addition to teaching you how to work with maps from these providers, I'll show you many other common geographic projects. You'll learn how to calculate the distance between locations and embed driving directions on your own site. You'll also learn how to customize the way your map looks by adding your own icons, adding large graphic overlays, or even completely changing the underlying map imagery.

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Before you can begin plotting locations on a map, however, you need to understand mapping basics. One of the most important concepts is the coordinate system used to describe a point on the earth. Let's look at how that is done. * * * [1] CloudMade, FreeEarth, Map24, MapQuest, Microsoft, MultiMap, OpenLayers, OpenSpace, OpenStreetMap, and ViaMichelin Describe a Point on the Earth Geographers have a difficult job, taking a round earth and giving it meaning on a flat map. For those with the skills, the job is an exercise in accepting imprecision. Because, despite what Columbus said, the earth is not round; it's not even a sphere.

The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Consequences by Rob Kitchin

Bayesian statistics, business intelligence, business process, cellular automata, Celtic Tiger, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, conceptual framework, congestion charging, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, data science, discrete time, disruptive innovation, George Gilder, Google Earth, hype cycle, Infrastructure as a Service, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invisible hand, knowledge economy, Large Hadron Collider, late capitalism, lifelogging, linked data, longitudinal study, machine readable, Masdar, means of production, Nate Silver, natural language processing, openstreetmap, pattern recognition, platform as a service, recommendation engine, RFID, semantic web, sentiment analysis, SimCity, slashdot, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, smart grid, smart meter, software as a service, statistical model, supply-chain management, technological solutionism, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, transaction costs

Carr contends that ‘if Wikipedia weren’t free, it is unlikely its readers would be so forgiving of its failings’ (2007: 4). OpenStreetMap can suffer from a lack of coverage in some areas where there are few volunteers. There are also concerns as to the sustainability of volunteered crowdsourced labour, with Carr (2007) arguing that the connections that bind a virtual crowd together are often superficial, lacking depth and obligatory commitment, are liable to dispersion, and are reliant on a small core group to keep the project going and provide the bulk of the labour. In contrast, others have noted with respect to OpenStreetMap, that the quality of data produced matches that of professional companies, and that the coverage is diverse (Haklay 2010; Mooney et al. 2011).

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Even if the e-mail is downloaded locally and deleted it is still retained on the server, with most institutions and companies keeping such data for a number of years. Like other forms of data, spatial data has grown enormously in recent years, from real-time remote sensing and radar imagery, to large crowdsourced projects such as OpenStreetMap, to digital spatial trails created by GPS receivers being embedded in devices. The first two seek to be spatially exhaustive, capturing the terrain of the entire planet, mapping the infrastructure of whole countries and providing a creative commons licensed mapping dataset. The third provides the ability to track and trace movement across space over time; to construct individual time–space trails that can be aggregated to provide time–space models of behaviour across whole cities and regions.

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As a consequence, vast quantities of data are routinely generated concerning interactions across ICT networks Volunteered data In contrast to surveillance that is either directed at people or things by individuals and agencies, or are captured automatically as an inherent feature of a device or system, much big data are actively volunteered by people. In such cases, individuals generate and input data and labour either to avail themselves of a service (such as social media) or to take part in a collective project (such OpenStreetMap or Wikipedia). Such labour has been called prosumption as the modes of production and consumption have been partially collapsed onto one another, with individuals assuming a role in the production of the service or product they are consuming (Ritzer and Jurgenson 2010). For example, the content of a social media site is simultaneously produced and consumed by individual users inputting comments, uploading photos and videos, and engaging in discussion and the exchange of sentiment (‘liking’ or ‘disliking’ something).

Maphead: Charting the Wide, Weird World of Geography Wonks by Ken Jennings

Apollo 11, Asperger Syndrome, augmented reality, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, British Empire, clean water, David Brooks, digital map, don't be evil, dumpster diving, Eratosthenes, game design, Google Earth, GPS: selective availability, helicopter parent, hive mind, index card, John Harrison: Longitude, John Snow's cholera map, Mercator projection, Mercator projection distort size, especially Greenland and Africa, Mikhail Gorbachev, New Journalism, openstreetmap, place-making, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Skype, Stewart Brand, Tacoma Narrows Bridge, three-masted sailing ship, traveling salesman, urban planning

Google, to its credit, gave the United Nations full access to the usually proprietary data in its collaborative Map Maker tool, but the real hero of the hour was the OpenStreetMap project, an open-source alternative to Map Maker. OpenStreetMap is essentially the Wikipedia of maps: anyone can use it, anyone can change it in real time, and its data is free and uncopyrighted in perpetuity. When the earthquake struck, late Tuesday afternoon, Haiti was a white void in OpenStreetMap. Within hours, thousands of amateur mappers were collaborating all over the world, adding roads and buildings from aerial imagery to the database, until every back alley and footpath in Port-au-Prince had been charted.

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Relief workers updated the maps with traffic revisions, triage centers, and refugee centers, and just days later, the volunteer-drawn map was the United Nations’ go-to source of transportation information. “Many thanks to all crisis mappers for great contributions,” posted UNICEF emergency officer Jihad Abdalla. “You made my life much easier, since I’m a one-man show here . . . million thanks.” Port-au-Prince, as it looked in OpenStreetMap when the earthquake hit and the way it looked a week later After reading about the lives saved in Haiti by OpenStreetMap, I used it to look at my own neighborhood and found that the cul-de-sac we live on was also missing from the map. After hesitating a moment—is it really okay to draw on a map?—I added and labeled my street by hand, Wikipedia-style. It was a surprising rush to add something new, however trivial, to the world’s sum of geographical knowledge.* For a brief moment, I was Captain Cook charting the New Zealand coastline, a veritable Stanley of the suburbs.

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Also available in Australia from McArthur Maps, 208 Queens Parade, North Fitzroy, 3068, Australia; phone: 0011 614 3155 5908; e-mail: stuartmcarthur@hotmail.com. Further credits: Images on page 66 courtesy of NASA; map on page 81 courtesy of Altea Gallery (www.alteagallery.com); map on page 118 © Dragonsteel Entertainment, LLC; photograph on page 118 © Mayang Murni Adnin; photograph on page 171 by Jim Payne; images on page 230 © OpenStreetMap and contributors, CC-BY-SA For my parents. And for the kid with the map. CONTENTS Chapter 1: ECCENTRICITY Chapter 2: BEARING Chapter 3: FAULT Chapter 4: BENCHMARKS Chapter 5: ELEVATION Chapter 6: LEGEND Chapter 7: RECKONING Chapter 8: MEANDER Chapter 9: TRANSIT Chapter 10: OVEREDGE Chapter 11: FRONTIER Chapter 12: RELIEF Notes Index MAPHEAD Chapter 1 ECCENTRICITY n.: the deformation of an elliptical map projection My wound is geography.

Data for the Public Good by Alex Howard

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Atul Gawande, Cass Sunstein, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, data science, Hernando de Soto, Internet of things, Kickstarter, lifelogging, machine readable, Network effects, openstreetmap, Silicon Valley, slashdot, social intelligence, social software, social web, web application

A web application from ESRI deployed during historic floods in Australia demonstrated how crowdsourced social intelligence provided by Ushahidi can enable emergency social data to be integrated into crisis response in a meaningful way. The Australian flooding web app includes the ability to toggle layers from OpenStreetMap, satellite imagery, and topography, and then filter by time or report type. By adding structured social data, the web app provides geospatial information system (GIS) operators with valuable situational awareness that goes beyond standard reporting, including the locations of property damage, roads affected, hazards, evacuations and power outages.

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After the devastating 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the evolution of volunteers working collaboratively online also offered a glimpse into the potential of citizen-generated data. Crisis Commons has acted as a sort of “geeks without borders.” Around the world, developers, GIS engineers, online media professionals and volunteers collaborated on information technology projects to support disaster relief for post-earthquake Haiti, mapping streets on OpenStreetMap and collecting crisis data on Ushahidi. Healthcare What happens when patients find out how good their doctors really are? That was the question that Harvard Medical School professor Dr. Atul Gawande asked in the New Yorker, nearly a decade ago. The narrative he told in that essay makes the history of quality improvement in medicine compelling, connecting it to the creation of a data registry at the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in the 1950s.

Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization by Parag Khanna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 9 dash line, additive manufacturing, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, amateurs talk tactics, professionals talk logistics, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anthropocene, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, Basel III, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, borderless world, Boycotts of Israel, Branko Milanovic, BRICs, British Empire, business intelligence, call centre, capital controls, Carl Icahn, charter city, circular economy, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, complexity theory, continuation of politics by other means, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, data is the new oil, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deglobalization, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Detroit bankruptcy, digital capitalism, digital divide, digital map, disruptive innovation, diversification, Doha Development Round, driverless car, Easter island, edge city, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy security, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, failed state, Fairphone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, Ferguson, Missouri, financial innovation, financial repression, fixed income, forward guidance, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, global value chain, global village, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Hernando de Soto, high net worth, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, ice-free Arctic, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, industrial cluster, industrial robot, informal economy, Infrastructure as a Service, interest rate swap, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Just-in-time delivery, Kevin Kelly, Khyber Pass, Kibera, Kickstarter, LNG terminal, low cost airline, low earth orbit, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, mass affluent, mass immigration, megacity, Mercator projection, Metcalfe’s law, microcredit, middle-income trap, mittelstand, Monroe Doctrine, Multics, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, openstreetmap, out of africa, Panamax, Parag Khanna, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, Planet Labs, plutocrats, post-oil, post-Panamax, precautionary principle, private military company, purchasing power parity, quantum entanglement, Quicken Loans, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolling blackouts, Ronald Coase, Scramble for Africa, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spice trade, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech worker, TED Talk, telepresence, the built environment, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, young professional, zero day

NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY https://nga.​maps.​arcgis.​com/​home/ The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency provides public access to large volumes of satellite and other geo-data and imagery in support of scientific research, natural disaster recovery operations, and crisis management. NORSE ATTACK MAP http://map.​norsecorp.​com/ Norse, a cyber-threat analysis firm, provides real-time visualizations of global cyber war based on data collected every second from Internet and Dark Web sources, plotting origins of attackers and target attacks. OPENSTREETMAP https://www.​openstreetmap.​org/ OpenStreetMap is a crowdsourced mapping platform maintained by a user community that constantly updates data on transportation networks, store locations, and myriad other content generated and verified through aerial imagery, GPS devices, and other tools. PLANET LABS https://www.​planet.​com/ Planet Labs uses a network of low-orbit satellites to capture the most current images of the entire earth and form composite digital renderings that can be used for commercial or humanitarian applications.

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In the 1980s, GPS technology firms began painstakingly driving and geo-coding roads all over the world, building up databases for the suites of navigational tools that are now in almost every new car’s dashboard. Google soon joined the fray, adding more satellite imagery and street views. Today every individual can become a digital cartographer: Maps have gone from Britannica to Wiki. OpenStreetMap, for example, crowdsources street views from millions of members who can also tag and label any structure, infusing local knowledge and essential insight for everything from simple commuting to delivering supplies during humanitarian disasters.*1 We can now even insert updated imagery from Planet Labs’ two dozen shoe-box-size satellites into 3-D maps and fly through the natural or urban environment.

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Created by University of Wisconsin–Madison Cartography Laboratory. Guardian; Natural Earth. pai1.15 Singapore Expands its Economic Geography. Created by University of Wisconsin–Madison Cartography Laboratory. Global Administrative Areas; Indosight.​com; Iskandar Malaysia; Natural Earth; Noun Project; OpenStreetMap. pai1.16 Eurasia’s New Silk Roads. Map created by Jeff Blossom. Natural Earth; Theodora; Wikipedia; World Resources Institute. pai1.17 Pax Arabia. Map created by Jeff Blossom. Desertec; DII; Natural Earth; Theodora; World Resources Institute. pai1.18 Pax Aseana. Map created by Jeff Blossom.

Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia by Anthony M. Townsend

1960s counterculture, 4chan, A Pattern Language, Adam Curtis, air gap, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Apple II, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Big Tech, bike sharing, Boeing 747, Burning Man, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, charter city, chief data officer, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, company town, computer age, congestion charging, congestion pricing, connected car, crack epidemic, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital map, Donald Davies, East Village, Edward Glaeser, Evgeny Morozov, food desert, game design, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, ghettoisation, global supply chain, Grace Hopper, Haight Ashbury, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jacquard loom, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, jitney, John Snow's cholera map, Joi Ito, Khan Academy, Kibera, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lewis Mumford, load shedding, lolcat, M-Pesa, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, messenger bag, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, off grid, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), openstreetmap, packet switching, PalmPilot, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, place-making, planetary scale, popular electronics, power law, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, scientific management, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, social software, social web, SpaceShipOne, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, telepresence, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, undersea cable, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, working poor, working-age population, X Prize, Y2K, zero day, Zipcar

The effort has since expanded around the world, and in poor countries often rivals the government’s own maps. After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which obliterated the nation’s mapping agency in a building collapse, OpenStreetMap provided essential data to relief organizations. The Indian activists who pioneered slum mapping in the 1990s saw their work as a way to begin integrating poor communities into existing city-planning efforts in the hope of securing a fairer share of government resources. But with the new chart living online in OpenStreetMap, Map Kibera is focused instead on powering new tools that change how the community is represented in the media, and how organizers lobby the government to address local problems.

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By the early 2000s, artists and hobbyists in England had discovered that by plotting the position logs recorded by personal GPS navigators they could quickly collect the data required to re-create a digital base map of the street grid. Inspired by Wikipedia’s model of collaborative knowledge production, in 2004 British computer scientist Steve Coast launched OpenStreetMap. Suddenly, anyone could upload a record of his or her movements along the nation’s road network. By systematically traveling the streets of every city, town, and village in the United Kingdom, an army of volunteers set out to make a freely-usable map. As of 2013, after years of collective surveying and annotation, the crowdsourced street map of England was finally nearing completion.

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As Heeks argues, “In a globalized world, the problems of the poor today can, tomorrow—through migration, terrorism, and disease epidemics—become the problems of those at the pyramid’s top.”50 This brings us to the final dilemma: crowdsourcing and the future role of government in delivering basic services. In smart cities, there will be many new crowdsourcing tools that, like OpenStreetMap, create opportunities for people to pool efforts and resources outside of government. Will governments respond by casting off their responsibilities? In rich countries, governments facing tough spending choices may simply withdraw services as citizen-driven alternatives expand, creating huge gaps in support for the poor.

Data and the City by Rob Kitchin,Tracey P. Lauriault,Gavin McArdle

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, algorithmic management, bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, Bretton Woods, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, clean water, cloud computing, complexity theory, conceptual framework, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, create, read, update, delete, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, dematerialisation, digital divide, digital map, digital rights, distributed ledger, Evgeny Morozov, fault tolerance, fiat currency, Filter Bubble, floating exchange rates, folksonomy, functional programming, global value chain, Google Earth, Hacker News, hive mind, information security, Internet of things, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, linked data, loose coupling, machine readable, new economy, New Urbanism, Nicholas Carr, nowcasting, open economy, openstreetmap, OSI model, packet switching, pattern recognition, performance metric, place-making, power law, quantum entanglement, RAND corporation, RFID, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, semantic web, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, smart contracts, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, software studies, statistical model, tacit knowledge, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, technological solutionism, text mining, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, the market place, the medium is the message, the scientific method, Toyota Production System, urban planning, urban sprawl, web application

These are being complemented with big data generated by: (a) commercial companies such as mobile phone operators (location/movement, app use, activity), travel and accommodation sites (reviews, location/movement, consumption), social media sites (opinions, photos, personal info, location/movement), transport providers (routes, traffic flow), website owners (clickstreams), financial institutions and retail chains (consumption, in-store movement, location), and private surveillance and security firms (location, behaviour) that are increasingly selling and leasing their data through data brokers, or making their data available through APIs (e.g. Twitter and Foursquare); (b) crowdsourcing (e.g. OpenStreetMap) and citizen science (e.g. personal weather stations) initiatives, wherein people collaborate on producing a shared data resource or volunteer data. Other kinds of more irregular urban big data include digital aerial photography via planes or drones, or spatial video, LiDAR (light detection and ranging), thermal or other kinds of electromagnetic scans of environments that enable the mobile and realtime 2D and 3D mapping of landscapes.

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The emergence of community/crowd/user-generated digital maps (Haklay et al. 2008) provide some evidence for activities that, at their worst, fall into the trap of a device paradigm and at their best demonstrate the potential of new focal practices that are facilitated by technology. Projects such as OpenStreetMap (OSM) (Haklay and Weber 2008) exhibit complex relationships between the contributor to the mapping product and the user of the map in terms of their understanding of data, as well as making decisions about what will be captured and how. For the OSM mapper, who is commonly interested in her local area and walks through it to record specific objects, the process of mapping is an example of a novel way to engage with the world (Budhathoki and Haythornthwaite 2013).

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Budhathoki, N.R. (2010) ‘Participants’ motivations to contribute geographic information in an online community’, doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Budhathoki, N.R. and Haythornthwaite, C. (2013) ‘Motivation for open collaboration crowd and community models and the case of OpenStreetMap’, American Behavioral Scientist 57(5): 548–575. Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T. and Scholl, H.J. (2012) ‘Understanding smart cities: an integrative framework’, in System Science (HICSS) 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference, pp. 2289–2297.

No Ordinary Disruption: The Four Global Forces Breaking All the Trends by Richard Dobbs, James Manyika

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, asset light, autonomous vehicles, Bakken shale, barriers to entry, business cycle, business intelligence, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, circular economy, cloud computing, corporate governance, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, demographic dividend, deskilling, digital capitalism, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, financial innovation, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, global village, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, income inequality, index fund, industrial robot, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, inventory management, job automation, Just-in-time delivery, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, M-Pesa, machine readable, mass immigration, megacity, megaproject, mobile money, Mohammed Bouazizi, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old age dependency ratio, openstreetmap, peer-to-peer lending, pension reform, pension time bomb, private sector deleveraging, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, recommendation engine, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, stem cell, Steve Jobs, subscription business, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, The Great Moderation, trade route, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, urban sprawl, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working-age population, Zipcar

“Innovation in government: Kenya and Georgia,” McKinsey & Company, September 2011. 31. Blair Claflin, “Employees use skills to reduce traffic congestion in Pune,” Cummins Inc., www.cummins.com/cmi/navigationAction.do?nodeId=219&siteId=1&nodeName=Reducing+Traffic+in+Pune&menuId=1050. 32. “Haiti,” Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, http://hot.openstreetmap.org/projects/haiti-2. 33. Michael Chui, James Manyika, Jacques Bughin, Richard Dobbs, Charles Roxburgh, Hugo Sarrazin, Geoffrey Sands and Magdalena Westergren, The social economy: Unlocking productivity and value through social technologies, McKinsey Global Institute, July 2012. 34.

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The much more powerful thing, open data, is making the public aware.”30 Pune, India, uses data analytics to identify accident-prone locations and isolate common factors in accidents (such as the lack of crosswalks or too-short traffic-light cycles) in order to improve the city’s traffic infrastructure.31 The OpenStreetMap project, set up after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, combined data from different sources and became a critical source of reliable information for government and private aid agencies in delivering supplies to hospitals, triage centers, and refugee camps.32 ACCELERATING ADOPTION It’s not simply that computers run more quickly today.

The Data Journalism Handbook by Jonathan Gray, Lucy Chambers, Liliana Bounegru

Amazon Web Services, barriers to entry, bioinformatics, business intelligence, carbon footprint, citizen journalism, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, data science, David Heinemeier Hansson, eurozone crisis, fail fast, Firefox, Florence Nightingale: pie chart, game design, Google Earth, Hans Rosling, high-speed rail, information asymmetry, Internet Archive, John Snow's cholera map, Julian Assange, linked data, machine readable, moral hazard, MVC pattern, New Journalism, openstreetmap, Ronald Reagan, Ruby on Rails, Silicon Valley, social graph, Solyndra, SPARQL, text mining, Wayback Machine, web application, WikiLeaks

It wasn’t long before we started to get requests and enquiries about running similar projects in other countries around the world. Shortly after launching OffenerHaushalt—a version of the project for the German state budget created by Friedrich Lindenberg—we launched OpenSpending, an international version of the project, which aimed to help users map public spending from around the world a bit like OpenStreetMap helped them to map geographical features. We implemented new designs with help from the talented Gregor Aisch, partially based on David McCandless’s original designs. Figure 3-10. OffenerHaushalt, the German version of Where Does My Money Go? (Open Knowledge Foundation) With the OpenSpending project, we have worked extensively with journalists to acquire, represent, interpret, and present spending data to the public.

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They can be used for data analysis and data visualization, and are both limited to static visualizations. They cannot be used to create interactive charts with tooltips and more advanced stuff. I’m not using MapBox, but I’ve heard it is a great tool if you want to provide more sophisticated maps based on OpenStreetMap. It allows you, for instance, to customize the map styles (colors, labels, etc). There’s also a companion of MapBox, called Leaflet. Leaflet is basically a higher level JavaScript library for mapping that allows you to easily switch between map providers (OSM, MapBox, Google Maps, Bing, etc.).

Too Big to Know: Rethinking Knowledge Now That the Facts Aren't the Facts, Experts Are Everywhere, and the Smartest Person in the Room Is the Room by David Weinberger

airport security, Alfred Russel Wallace, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Mechanical Turk, An Inconvenient Truth, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, book scanning, Cass Sunstein, commoditize, Computer Lib, corporate social responsibility, crowdsourcing, Danny Hillis, David Brooks, Debian, double entry bookkeeping, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, Fall of the Berlin Wall, future of journalism, Future Shock, Galaxy Zoo, Gregor Mendel, Hacker Ethic, Haight Ashbury, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, invention of the telegraph, Jeff Hawkins, jimmy wales, Johannes Kepler, John Harrison: Longitude, Kevin Kelly, Large Hadron Collider, linked data, Neil Armstrong, Netflix Prize, New Journalism, Nicholas Carr, Norbert Wiener, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, P = NP, P vs NP, PalmPilot, Pluto: dwarf planet, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Republic of Letters, RFID, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, semantic web, slashdot, social graph, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, technological singularity, Ted Nelson, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Whole Earth Catalog, X Prize

Efforts to relieve the suffering caused by the 2010 Haitian earthquake were hindered by the fact that the streets of Port-au-Prince had never been fully mapped. So, OpenStreetMap.org posted satellite images of the city on its wiki. People from around the world, especially Haitians living elsewhere, started adding in street names. The map was, according to Dickover, “insanely detailed” within just a couple of weeks, and was routinely used by the World Bank, the United Nations, the US Southern Command, the US Marine Corps, the Coast Guard—“anyone who needed to get across town.” By the third week, the World Bank was funding people from OpenStreetMap to train local Haitians in the use of GPS equipment to add more and more local knowledge.

City 2.0: The Habitat of the Future and How to Get There by Ted Books

active transport: walking or cycling, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, big-box store, carbon footprint, clean tech, cognitive load, collaborative consumption, crowdsourcing, demand response, food desert, high-speed rail, housing crisis, Induced demand, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, jitney, Kibera, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, McMansion, megacity, New Urbanism, openstreetmap, ride hailing / ride sharing, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart grid, TED Talk, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, Zipcar

Community-based groups like Shack/Slum Dwellers International have enlisted citizens to conduct their own censuses and create their own maps, which they publish on open online platforms, thereby expanding our collective knowledge of cities. Map Kibera, for instance, used youth volunteers with handheld GPS units and the wiki OpenStreetMap to create a detailed map of the most famous informal settlement in Nairobi. Until Map Kibera, most government maps showed the area as a forest. The project revealed the network of paths and roads and showed locations of churches, clinics, and stores. Residents of Kibera are now using the map as a platform to report uncompleted or badly built government projects, countering official reports and often exposing corruption.

Ghost Road: Beyond the Driverless Car by Anthony M. Townsend

A Pattern Language, active measures, AI winter, algorithmic trading, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Robotics, asset-backed security, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, big-box store, bike sharing, Blitzscaling, Boston Dynamics, business process, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, company town, computer vision, conceptual framework, congestion charging, congestion pricing, connected car, creative destruction, crew resource management, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data is the new oil, Dean Kamen, deep learning, deepfake, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, dematerialisation, deskilling, Didi Chuxing, drive until you qualify, driverless car, drop ship, Edward Glaeser, Elaine Herzberg, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, extreme commuting, financial engineering, financial innovation, Flash crash, food desert, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, Future Shock, General Motors Futurama, gig economy, Google bus, Greyball, haute couture, helicopter parent, independent contractor, inventory management, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jevons paradox, jitney, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, Lewis Mumford, loss aversion, Lyft, Masayoshi Son, megacity, microapartment, minimum viable product, mortgage debt, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, North Sea oil, Ocado, openstreetmap, pattern recognition, Peter Calthorpe, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Ray Oldenburg, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, SoftBank, software as a service, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, technological singularity, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, The Coming Technological Singularity, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, The Great Good Place, too big to fail, traffic fines, transit-oriented development, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban planning, urban sprawl, US Airways Flight 1549, Vernor Vinge, vertical integration, Vision Fund, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics

While the company is investing its own resources to compile data cities have ignored, it strikes me as an ethically dubious attempt to make cities dependent upon the company’s services in perpetuity. More city-friendly alternatives to Coord’s rent-a-regulation model are being built, too. Washington, DC–based SharedStreets has assembled a registry for street data modeled after OpenStreetMap, a free wiki world map that has served as an alternative to Google’s dominance in online mapping for more than 15 years. Unlike OpenStreetMap, however, SharedStreets is more of a closed commons than an open-source repository. As a data collaborative, SharedStreets provides a secure, trusted forum for cities, mobility operators, and other stakeholders to share data about streets and what happens on them.

The Open Revolution: New Rules for a New World by Rufus Pollock

Airbnb, Cambridge Analytica, discovery of penicillin, Donald Davies, Donald Trump, double helix, Free Software Foundation, Hush-A-Phone, informal economy, Internet of things, invention of the wheel, Isaac Newton, Kickstarter, Live Aid, openstreetmap, packet switching, RAND corporation, Richard Stallman, software patent, speech recognition, tech billionaire

But it has a ratchet effect that can bring more and more material into the Open realm. Everyone who uses this material must adopt the share-alike system, and so on unto the third and fourth generations. And share-alike is already required by many major Open information projects such as Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap, GNU/Linux and Android. None of this, however, means that Open publication is sheer altruism, giving away one’s work for nothing. There are mechanisms by which Open publication can be rewarded – and in fairer and more socially beneficial ways than it is at present. This too is part of the vision of Openness.

Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control by Stuart Russell

3D printing, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Andrew Wiles, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, behavioural economics, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, brain emulation, Cass Sunstein, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, connected car, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ernest Rutherford, fake news, Flash crash, full employment, future of work, Garrett Hardin, Geoffrey Hinton, Gerolamo Cardano, Goodhart's law, Hans Moravec, ImageNet competition, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of the wheel, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, Law of Accelerating Returns, luminiferous ether, machine readable, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, multi-armed bandit, Nash equilibrium, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, NP-complete, OpenAI, openstreetmap, P = NP, paperclip maximiser, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Pierre-Simon Laplace, positional goods, probability theory / Blaise Pascal / Pierre de Fermat, profit maximization, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, recommendation engine, RFID, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Shiller, robotic process automation, Rodney Brooks, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart contracts, social intelligence, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, superintelligent machines, surveillance capitalism, Thales of Miletus, The Future of Employment, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thomas Bayes, Thorstein Veblen, Tragedy of the Commons, transport as a service, trolley problem, Turing machine, Turing test, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, Von Neumann architecture, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, zero-sum game

Figure 7: (left) © Noam Eshel, Defense Update; (right) © Future of Life Institute / Stuart Russell. Figure 10: (left) © AFP; (right) Courtesy of Henrik Sorensen. Figure 11: Elysium © 2013 MRC II Distribution Company L.P. All Rights Reserved. Courtesy of Columbia Pictures. Figure 14: © OpenStreetMap contributors. OpenStreetMap.org. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode. Figure 19: Terrain photo: DigitalGlobe via Getty Images. Figure 20: (right) Courtesy of the Tempe Police Department. Figure 24: © Jessica Mullen / Deep Dreamscope. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Index The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book.

The Equality Machine: Harnessing Digital Technology for a Brighter, More Inclusive Future by Orly Lobel

2021 United States Capitol attack, 23andMe, Ada Lovelace, affirmative action, Airbnb, airport security, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, Amazon Mechanical Turk, augmented reality, barriers to entry, basic income, Big Tech, bioinformatics, Black Lives Matter, Boston Dynamics, Charles Babbage, choice architecture, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, contact tracing, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, data science, David Attenborough, David Heinemeier Hansson, deep learning, deepfake, digital divide, digital map, Elon Musk, emotional labour, equal pay for equal work, feminist movement, Filter Bubble, game design, gender pay gap, George Floyd, gig economy, glass ceiling, global pandemic, Google Chrome, Grace Hopper, income inequality, index fund, information asymmetry, Internet of things, invisible hand, it's over 9,000, iterative process, job automation, Lao Tzu, large language model, lockdown, machine readable, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, microaggression, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, Network effects, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, occupational segregation, old-boy network, OpenAI, openstreetmap, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, performance metric, personalized medicine, price discrimination, publish or perish, QR code, randomized controlled trial, remote working, risk tolerance, robot derives from the Czech word robota Czech, meaning slave, Ronald Coase, Salesforce, self-driving car, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, social distancing, social intelligence, speech recognition, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, surveillance capitalism, tech worker, TechCrunch disrupt, The Future of Employment, TikTok, Turing test, universal basic income, Wall-E, warehouse automation, women in the workforce, work culture , you are the product

Created in 2016 in São Paulo, Brazil, the Geochicas mapping project is a digitally driven effort to augment our physical environment and help women navigate the spaces around them, and the initiative has helped increase the number of women contributing to digital mapping. The effort came out of the realization that a minuscule number of mappers contributing to the world’s largest crowdsourced database, OpenStreetMap, were female. Yeliz Osman, a gender violence expert at UN Women, explains that maps are representations of the world, nothing that “when women map, they are more likely than men to represent women’s specific needs and priorities, which is a key to driving change in local policies, plans and budgets.

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Algorithms are already successfully helping to distinguish between forest elephant calls and all the other noises in tropical rainforests. Imagine applying the same technology advances to address equality issues. There is immense potential in integrating technology to bring more equality to public spaces, and Mapwith.ai, a partner of OpenStreetMap, has already begun building plug-in tools to help optimize mapping for inclusion. While the work here is only beginning, we can feel optimistic about inclusive mapping ahead. Testing Our Books and the Big Screen One of the largest digital spaces that still struggles with equitable gender representation is that of film and television.

Solr in Action by Trey Grainger, Timothy Potter

business intelligence, cloud computing, commoditize, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data science, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, fault tolerance, finite state, full text search, functional programming, glass ceiling, information retrieval, machine readable, natural language processing, openstreetmap, performance metric, premature optimization, recommendation engine, web application

Figure 15.1 demonstrates the area inside of which documents would be returned from the previous query for a 20 km radius. Figure 15.1. The geographical area from which documents would be returned from a geofilt query requesting a distance of d=20 km from the center of San Francisco, CA. (© OpenStreetMap.org contributors) The geofilt query demonstrated in figure 15.1 works under the covers using a two-pass filtering mechanism. The first pass creates a bounding box: a square with sides equal in length to the diameter of the radius being searched. Once the document set has been filtered down by the relatively quick bounding box filter, the distance is then calculated for all documents remaining so that documents inside the bounding box but outside the circular radius can be filtered out.

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The area inside the box is guaranteed to contain all documents within a 20 km radius of the center of the box, though it may also contain documents a greater distance away. The radius circle is calculated after the bounding box filter is applied in order to remove documents near the four corners of the bounding box. (© OpenStreetMap.org contributors) Although the second part of the geofilt query—the calculation of the distance—enables accurate location resolution (often within a few meters), it can be expensive to calculate the exact distance of many documents if you have a large document set. In some cases, it’s good enough to include all the matching documents within the bounding box and forego incurring the cost of the more precise circular radius filter.

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Figure 15.4 provides a more concrete example for how a search for documents near San Francisco, CA, might be constructed. Figure 15.4. The San Francisco, CA, area, as modeled into grid levels. The central parts of the area are wholly contained within more granular levels (larger boxes), whereas the edges may require using more precise levels to closely approximate the shape’s edges. (© OpenStreetMap.org contributors) You can see from figure 15.4 that if the world is broken up into multilevel grids, querying for something in the “shape” of the San Francisco area is a matter of finding the best combination of larger and smaller grid boxes which wholly contain San Francisco without accidentally including other areas.

Beautiful Data: The Stories Behind Elegant Data Solutions by Toby Segaran, Jeff Hammerbacher

23andMe, airport security, Amazon Mechanical Turk, bioinformatics, Black Swan, business intelligence, card file, cloud computing, computer vision, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, data science, database schema, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fault tolerance, Firefox, Gregor Mendel, Hans Rosling, housing crisis, information retrieval, lake wobegon effect, Large Hadron Collider, longitudinal study, machine readable, machine translation, Mars Rover, natural language processing, openstreetmap, Paradox of Choice, power law, prediction markets, profit motive, semantic web, sentiment analysis, Simon Singh, social bookmarking, social graph, SPARQL, sparse data, speech recognition, statistical model, supply-chain management, systematic bias, TED Talk, text mining, the long tail, Vernor Vinge, web application

Mapping multivariate location traces In the early stages of the design process, we mapped GPS traces the way that users typically see location tracks: simply a line that goes from point to point. This was before taking values from the microenvironment models into account, so the map was a basic implementation 8 CHAPTER ONE Download at Boykma.Com using Modest Maps and tiles from OpenStreetMap. GPS traces were mono-colored and represented nothing but location; there was a circle at the end so that the user would know where the trip began and ended. This worked to a certain extent, but we soon had to visualize more data, so we changed the format. We colored traces based on impact and exposure values.

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We created a simple scatterplot of the latitudes and longitudes, shown in Figure 18-13. F I G U R E 1 8 - 1 3 . (Top) A small point is drawn for every residential sale in the data. It gives us a pretty good feel for the layout of San Francisco. (Bottom) For comparison, a street map of San Francisco from http://openstreetmap.com. (See Color Plate 68.) 318 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Download at Boykma.Com For the residential parts of the city, this gives an amazingly detailed picture. We can see the orientation of the streets, the waterfront boundaries, and parks. Our view of some areas, like downtown, is patchier because there are fewer residential homes there.

Order Without Design: How Markets Shape Cities by Alain Bertaud

autonomous vehicles, call centre, colonial rule, congestion charging, congestion pricing, creative destruction, cross-subsidies, Deng Xiaoping, discounted cash flows, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, extreme commuting, garden city movement, gentrification, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Jane Jacobs, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, land tenure, manufacturing employment, market design, market fragmentation, megacity, microapartment, new economy, New Urbanism, openstreetmap, Pearl River Delta, price mechanism, rent control, Right to Buy, Ronald Coase, self-driving car, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, the built environment, trade route, transaction costs, transit-oriented development, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban sprawl, zero-sum game

Weber, 1999, in The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks, ed. Philipp Niewöhner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017). Figure 3.4 The author, with his two assistants, tracing new streets in Yemen, 1970. Figure 3.5 Le Corbusier’s Plan Voisin for Paris. Sources: Paris built-up background map: OpenStreetMap®; Plan Voisin: three-dimensional model by author based on plans and drawings from the “Fondation Le Corbusier” website and from Le Corbusier, The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1987). Figure 3.6 Application of the sun rule—footprint of danwei housing in Beijing, Ningbo, and Guangzhou.

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Le Corbusier’s doctrine consisted of deliberately ignoring markets and of designing neighborhoods, and even entire cities, based on the norms he selected and on his interpretation of rational human needs. Figure 3.5 Le Corbusier’s Plan Voisin for Paris. Sources: Paris built-up background map: OpenStreetMap®; Plan Voisin: three-dimensional model by author based on plans and drawings from the “Fondation Le Corbusier” website and from Le Corbusier, The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1987). Counterintuitively, the design approach to urban planning often results in repetitive design, while the market approach results in a variety of designs.

Ours to Hack and to Own: The Rise of Platform Cooperativism, a New Vision for the Future of Work and a Fairer Internet by Trebor Scholz, Nathan Schneider

1960s counterculture, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anthropocene, barriers to entry, basic income, benefit corporation, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, Build a better mousetrap, Burning Man, business logic, capital controls, circular economy, citizen journalism, collaborative economy, collaborative editing, collective bargaining, commoditize, commons-based peer production, conceptual framework, content marketing, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, Debian, decentralized internet, deskilling, disintermediation, distributed ledger, driverless car, emotional labour, end-to-end encryption, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, food desert, future of work, gig economy, Google bus, hiring and firing, holacracy, income inequality, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Internet of things, Jacob Appelbaum, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, lake wobegon effect, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, minimum viable product, moral hazard, Network effects, new economy, offshore financial centre, openstreetmap, peer-to-peer, planned obsolescence, post-work, profit maximization, race to the bottom, radical decentralization, remunicipalization, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rochdale Principles, SETI@home, shareholder value, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart contracts, Snapchat, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, Tyler Cowen, Uber for X, uber lyft, union organizing, universal basic income, Vitalik Buterin, W. E. B. Du Bois, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, workplace surveillance , Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

Commons-based peer production refers to a set of activities characterized by collaborative production, involving peer-to-peer relationships and a resulting common resource. This model stands in stark contrast to traditional, hierarchical command relationships. It relies on access to open commons resources—favoring access, reproducibility, and emulation. Some of the best-known examples are Linux, Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap, and SETI. Commons-based peer production is not identical with platform cooperativism, but our study is relevant to the larger platform co-op ecosystem, which is deeply reliant on commons-related practices. For a community of commons-based peer producers to operate, there needs to be a platform—made possible by the people who create it, maintain it, and facilitate its legal framework.

What's Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy by Tom Slee

4chan, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, asset-backed security, barriers to entry, Benchmark Capital, benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, big-box store, bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, Californian Ideology, citizen journalism, collaborative consumption, commons-based peer production, congestion charging, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data science, David Brooks, democratizing finance, do well by doing good, don't be evil, Dr. Strangelove, emotional labour, Evgeny Morozov, gentrification, gig economy, Hacker Ethic, impact investing, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, invisible hand, Jacob Appelbaum, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kevin Roose, Khan Academy, Kibera, Kickstarter, license plate recognition, Lyft, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, move fast and break things, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, Network effects, new economy, Occupy movement, openstreetmap, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, principal–agent problem, profit motive, race to the bottom, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, rent control, ride hailing / ride sharing, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, software is eating the world, South of Market, San Francisco, TaskRabbit, TED Talk, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, Thomas L Friedman, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ultimatum game, urban planning, WeWork, WikiLeaks, winner-take-all economy, Y Combinator, Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

Wikipedia is so identified with web-based collaboration that its name has been incorporated into book titles (Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything) and related initiatives such as the leaked document site WikiLeaks. In Benkler’s The Wealth of Networks, Wikipedia plays a prominent role as an exemplar of “commons-based peer production.” But Wikipedia turned out to be more the exception than the rule. While there are other not-for-profit large-scale collaborative platforms (OpenStreetMap, for example), no other non-­commercial site has reached anything resembling Wikipedia’s influence. As Sue Gardner, then Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation, wrote in 2011: Wikipedia represents the fulfilment of the original promise of the internet: that it’s a kind of poster child for online collaboration in the public interest.

Divided: Why We're Living in an Age of Walls by Tim Marshall

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, cryptocurrency, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, Donald Trump, end world poverty, facts on the ground, gentrification, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, it's over 9,000, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, open borders, openstreetmap, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, the built environment, trade route, unpaid internship, urban planning

Picture credits: Pages 8–9: iStock.com/real444; pages 36–7: Herika Martinez/AFP/Getty Images; pages 68–9: iStock.com/Joel Carillet; pages 96–7: Ahmad Al-Rubaye/Stringer/ Getty Images; pages 120–21: STRDEL/AFP/Getty Images; pages 152–3: Stefano Montesi/Corbis News/Getty Images; pages 180–81: The Washington Post/Getty Images; pages 214–15: Epics/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Maps: JP Map Graphics Ltd Sources for maps: Pages 17 and 22: The Economist/2010 China census; page 44: Openstreetmap.org; page 57: Pew Research Center; pages 104–5: CRS, Pew Research Center, CIA World Factbook; page 134: Diercke International Atlas; page 163: John Bartholomew & Co; page 230: BBC. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typesetting: Marie Doherty Cover design by davidwardle.co.uk

Mastering Structured Data on the Semantic Web: From HTML5 Microdata to Linked Open Data by Leslie Sikos

AGPL, Amazon Web Services, bioinformatics, business process, cloud computing, create, read, update, delete, Debian, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, Firefox, Google Chrome, Google Earth, information retrieval, Infrastructure as a Service, Internet of things, linked data, machine readable, machine translation, natural language processing, openstreetmap, optical character recognition, platform as a service, search engine result page, semantic web, Silicon Valley, social graph, software as a service, SPARQL, text mining, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, Wikidata, wikimedia commons, Wikivoyage

For example, the city of Adelaide has two addresses on GeoNames: http://sws.geonames.org/2078025/ and http://sws.geonames.org/2078025/about.rdf. The first represents the city (in a form used in Linked Data references); the second is a document with information about Adelaide. 65 Chapter 3 ■ Linked Open Data LinkedGeoData The LinkedGeoData dataset at http://linkedgeodata.org uses the information collected by OpenStreetMap data (a free editable world map), makes it available as an LOD dataset, and interlinks this data with other LOD datasets. The authors of the dataset provide their own semantic browser, called LGD Browser and Editor, at http://browser.linkedgeodata.org (see Figure 3-3). Figure 3-3. LinkedGeoData in the LGD Browser and Editor A good example for the unambiguity on the Semantic Web is searching for “Adelaide” in the LGD Browser.

Peers Inc: How People and Platforms Are Inventing the Collaborative Economy and Reinventing Capitalism by Robin Chase

Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Andy Kessler, Anthropocene, Apollo 13, banking crisis, barriers to entry, basic income, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, Burning Man, business climate, call centre, car-free, carbon tax, circular economy, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, commoditize, congestion charging, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deal flow, decarbonisation, different worldview, do-ocracy, don't be evil, Donald Shoup, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Eyjafjallajökull, Ferguson, Missouri, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, frictionless, Gini coefficient, GPS: selective availability, high-speed rail, hive mind, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, Kinder Surprise, language acquisition, Larry Ellison, Lean Startup, low interest rates, Lyft, machine readable, means of production, megacity, Minecraft, minimum viable product, Network effects, new economy, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, optical character recognition, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, peer-to-peer model, Post-Keynesian economics, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, six sigma, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Crocker, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, TaskRabbit, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Future of Employment, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Turing test, turn-by-turn navigation, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, vertical integration, Zipcar

Etsy, an online marketplace for makers, is not like a really big craft fair. eBay is different from both classifieds and yard sales. Airbnb is much more than a listing of 1 million bed-and-breakfasts. What distinguishes and transforms these activities is that platforms connect, organize, aggregate, and empower the participating peers. Without the platform—without Airbnb, Etsy, Lyft, TopCoder, or OpenStreetMaps, to name a few—the peer co-creators would not engage, the leveraged excess capacity would be limited, and the consumers of these products and services would not return again and again. Excess capacity turns out to be a key input into a Peers Inc product or service. The cost of experimentation is lowered as new value is extracted out of something that already exists and is already substantially (or entirely) paid for.

The Corruption of Capitalism: Why Rentiers Thrive and Work Does Not Pay by Guy Standing

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-fragile, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, basic income, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Bernie Sanders, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Big Tech, bilateral investment treaty, Bonfire of the Vanities, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carried interest, cashless society, central bank independence, centre right, Clayton Christensen, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, commons-based peer production, credit crunch, crony capitalism, cross-border payments, crowdsourcing, debt deflation, declining real wages, deindustrialization, disruptive innovation, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, ending welfare as we know it, eurozone crisis, Evgeny Morozov, falling living standards, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Firefox, first-past-the-post, future of work, Garrett Hardin, gentrification, gig economy, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Greenspan put, Growth in a Time of Debt, housing crisis, income inequality, independent contractor, information retrieval, intangible asset, invention of the steam engine, investor state dispute settlement, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, labour market flexibility, light touch regulation, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, lump of labour, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, market clearing, Martin Wolf, means of production, megaproject, mini-job, Money creation, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Neil Kinnock, non-tariff barriers, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, nudge unit, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, openstreetmap, patent troll, payday loans, peer-to-peer lending, Phillips curve, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, precariat, quantitative easing, remote working, rent control, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Right to Buy, Robert Gordon, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, savings glut, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Simon Kuznets, SoftBank, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, structural adjustment programs, TaskRabbit, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, the payments system, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, Y Combinator, zero-sum game, Zipcar

For instance, by offering cheap taxi rides they may reduce the numbers using subsidised public transport and accelerate the loss of public bus services. The real sharing economy is exciting some analysts. Paul Mason sees the emergence of commons-based peer production in the likes of Wikipedia, Linux, OpenStreetMap and Mozilla’s Firefox. In Spain, arts and culture collectives La Tabacalera and Medialab-Prado are prime examples. While these have great potential, they involve a lot of work by unpaid activists and can be pushed out or marginalised by commercial ventures. Many will need state subsidies in order to survive.

Cities Are Good for You: The Genius of the Metropolis by Leo Hollis

Airbnb, Alvin Toffler, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, Boris Johnson, Broken windows theory, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, cellular automata, classic study, clean water, cloud computing, complexity theory, congestion charging, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital map, Disneyland with the Death Penalty, Donald Shoup, East Village, Edward Glaeser, Elisha Otis, Enrique Peñalosa, export processing zone, Firefox, Frank Gehry, General Motors Futurama, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, Gini coefficient, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Guggenheim Bilbao, haute couture, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Leo Hollis, Lewis Mumford, Long Term Capital Management, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Masdar, mass immigration, megacity, negative equity, Neil Armstrong, new economy, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, place-making, power law, Quicken Loans, Ray Oldenburg, Richard Florida, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, spice trade, Steve Jobs, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, the High Line, The Spirit Level, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Malthus, trade route, traveling salesman, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, white flight, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

Even before the quake, Port au Prince had been a chaotic city; beyond the central neighbourhoods there had been few attempts to map the slums, shanties and informal streets. Many of these were out of bounds to officials; others were in such a state of flux that no map could reasonably keep up to date. However, in this time of desperation, there was a need for accurate maps so that aid could be delivered where necessary. Using Openstreetmap, volunteers pored over Google Earth satellite maps tracing primary and secondary streets, damaged buildings and, as they emerged, refugee camps.12 Within forty-eight hours, volunteers working independently around the world were changing the way aid workers were operating on the ground, giving them accurate locations and data.

City on the Verge by Mark Pendergrast

big-box store, bike sharing, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, cotton gin, crowdsourcing, desegregation, edge city, Edward Glaeser, food desert, gentrification, global village, high-speed rail, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, independent contractor, Jane Jacobs, jitney, land bank, Lewis Mumford, liberation theology, mass incarceration, McMansion, megaproject, New Urbanism, openstreetmap, power law, Richard Florida, streetcar suburb, subprime mortgage crisis, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, transatlantic slave trade, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois, walkable city, white flight, young professional

Part II NEIGHBORS Part II explores the neighborhoods in the four quadrants adjacent to the BeltLine as well as selected areas outside the Atlanta city limits and downtown. The final chapter brings the story through most of 2016 and offers my conclusions. To orient themselves, readers should consult easily available online maps such as Google Maps, MapQuest, or OpenStreetMap as they read these chapters, zooming in and out to follow along. Atlanta BeltLine, Inc., also offers helpful maps on its website. CHAPTER 10 EAST BELTLINE: CHIC, WALKABLE NEIGHBORHOODS Prices have skyrocketed in very short order. If you ask why, this part of the city was already in resurgence, but the Beltline Eastside Trail is the big artery pumping life into it.

The Metaverse: And How It Will Revolutionize Everything by Matthew Ball

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", 3D printing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, Apple Newton, augmented reality, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, business process, call centre, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, deepfake, digital divide, digital twin, disintermediation, don't be evil, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, game design, gig economy, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Google Glasses, hype cycle, intermodal, Internet Archive, Internet of things, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, John Gruber, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Metcalfe’s law, Minecraft, minimum viable product, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, non-fungible token, open economy, openstreetmap, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer model, Planet Labs, pre–internet, QR code, recommendation engine, rent control, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, satellite internet, self-driving car, SETI@home, Silicon Valley, skeuomorphism, Skype, smart contracts, Snapchat, Snow Crash, social graph, social web, SpaceX Starlink, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, thinkpad, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, TSMC, undersea cable, Vannevar Bush, vertical integration, Vitalik Buterin, Wayback Machine, Y2K

As we know, gaming experiences now sit at the forefront of the industry—including at Microsoft. Recall that Microsoft Flight Simulator is a marvel of both technology and collaboration. Though Xbox Game Studios developed and published the title, it was built in partnership with Bing Maps and leveraged data from OpenStreetMaps, a collaborative and free-to-use online geographic, with Azure’s artificial intelligence bringing this data together into 3D visualizations, powering real-time weather, and supporting cloud data streaming. The Xbox division also has its own hardware suite, the most popular cloud game-streaming service in the world, a fleet of first-party game studios, and a handful of proprietary engines.

Who Owns England?: How We Lost Our Green and Pleasant Land, and How to Take It Back by Guy Shrubsole

Adam Curtis, Anthropocene, back-to-the-land, Beeching cuts, Boris Johnson, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, congestion charging, Crossrail, deindustrialization, digital map, do-ocracy, Downton Abbey, false flag, financial deregulation, fixed income, fulfillment center, Garrett Hardin, gentrification, Global Witness, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Google Earth, housing crisis, housing justice, James Dyson, Jeremy Corbyn, Kickstarter, land bank, land reform, land tenure, land value tax, linked data, loadsamoney, Londongrad, machine readable, mega-rich, mutually assured destruction, new economy, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, openstreetmap, place-making, plutocrats, profit motive, rent-seeking, rewilding, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, sceptred isle, Stewart Brand, the built environment, the map is not the territory, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, trickle-down economics, urban sprawl, web of trust, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

(Frank Newbould/IWM via Getty Images) PICTURE SECTION All pictures taken by the author unless otherwise stated. Map of land ownership. Map generated using data compiled from multiple Freedom of Information requests to public authorities alongside publicly-available information. Contains OS data © Crown copyright Ordnance Survey. Map tiles © Mapbox © OpenStreetMap. To view the interactive map and a full list of the sources for each layer, please visit map.whoownsengland.org West Berkshire land ownership map. Map generated using data released by West Berkshire Council following a Freedom of Information Request. Underlying map data © 2019 Google Richard Benyon MP’s deer park Kinder Scout mass trespass, 1932 (© Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans) Arundel Castle Kingsway bomb shelter and telephone exchange Forestry Commission pine plantation A grouse moor in the Peak District Nicholas van Hoogstraten’s unfinished empty mansion in Uckfield, Sussex Protesters battle for Greenham Common (Sahm Doherty/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images) ‘Private – No Public Right of Way’ sign Protest outside empty Mayfair mansion St George’s Hill, birthplace of the Diggers Queen’s Chapel of the Savoy Landfill site at Tilbury, Essex White Cliffs of Dover About the Author Guy Shrubsole works as a campaigner for Friends of the Earth and has written for numerous publications including the Guardian and New Statesman.

Spies, Lies, and Algorithms by Amy B. Zegart

2021 United States Capitol attack, 4chan, active measures, air gap, airport security, Apollo 13, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Bletchley Park, Chelsea Manning, classic study, cloud computing, cognitive bias, commoditize, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, failed state, feminist movement, framing effect, fundamental attribution error, Gene Kranz, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google Earth, index card, information asymmetry, information security, Internet of things, job automation, John Markoff, lockdown, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, Nate Silver, Network effects, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, operational security, Parler "social media", post-truth, power law, principal–agent problem, QAnon, RAND corporation, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Russian election interference, Saturday Night Live, selection bias, seminal paper, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, synthetic biology, uber lyft, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, zero day, zero-sum game

In 2000, approximately 15 percent of the world’s population was connected to the Internet.51 Today, more than half the world is online, and more people are estimated to have mobile phones than access to running water.52 Connectivity is turning everyday citizens into intelligence collectors, whether they know it or not. There’s also metadata—such as the time, location, and equipment used to take a photograph posted online—downloadable 3D modeling applications, and community data sharing sites like OpenStreetMap, which allows users to post their GPS coordinates from their phones. All of these capabilities offer new clues and tools for nuclear sleuths. As discussed more below, the online information ecosystem is making possible exciting new opportunities for societal verification or open crowdsourcing to assess nuclear threat information.

Hadoop: The Definitive Guide by Tom White

Amazon Web Services, bioinformatics, business intelligence, business logic, combinatorial explosion, data science, database schema, Debian, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, exponential backoff, fallacies of distributed computing, fault tolerance, full text search, functional programming, Grace Hopper, information retrieval, Internet Archive, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, linked data, loose coupling, openstreetmap, recommendation engine, RFID, SETI@home, social graph, sparse data, web application

This sharply reduces the intermediate data size, yet still does a reasonable job of estimating cohesiveness. —Philip (flip) Kromer, Infochimps * * * [144] http://infochimps.org/search?query=network [145] http://www.datawrangling.com/wikipedia-page-traffic-statistics-dataset [146] http://www.wormatlas.org/neuronalwiring.html [147] http://www.openstreetmap.org/ [148] All are steady-state network flow problems. A flowing crowd of websurfers wandering the linked-document collection will visit the most interesting pages the most often. The transfer of social capital implied by social network interactions highlights the most central actors within each community.

The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty by Daron Acemoglu, James A. Robinson

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, AltaVista, Andrei Shleifer, bank run, Berlin Wall, British Empire, California gold rush, central bank independence, centre right, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, colonial rule, Computer Numeric Control, conceptual framework, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, Dava Sobel, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, double entry bookkeeping, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, European colonialism, export processing zone, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, financial innovation, flying shuttle, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, information asymmetry, interest rate swap, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, John Harrison: Longitude, joint-stock company, Kula ring, labor-force participation, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, mass incarceration, Maui Hawaii, means of production, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Nelson Mandela, obamacare, openstreetmap, out of africa, PageRank, pattern recognition, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, Skype, spinning jenny, Steven Pinker, the market place, transcontinental railway, War on Poverty, WikiLeaks

Ashoka Pillar and Rock Edicts from Geonames, https://www.geonames.org/. Map 13: Holy Roman Empire from Shepherd (1911). Brandenburg and Prussia from EarthWorks, Stanford Libraries, https://earthworks.stanford.edu/catalog/harvard-ghgis1834core. Map 14: Trampoline of Death from Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, https://www.hotosm.org. Middle Magdalena and Sibundoy Valley from Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, https://www.igac.gov.co. Map 15: Clower, Dalton, Harwitz, and Walters (1966). REFERENCES Aaronson, Daniel, Daniel Hartley, and Bhash Mazumder (2017). “The Effects of the 1930s HOLC ‘Redlining’ Maps.”

The Rough Guide to South America on a Budget (Travel Guide eBook) by Rough Guides

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Atahualpa, banking crisis, California gold rush, call centre, car-free, centre right, colonial rule, Colonization of Mars, company town, Day of the Dead, discovery of the americas, Easter island, Francisco Pizarro, garden city movement, gentrification, haute cuisine, illegal immigration, it's over 9,000, Kickstarter, mass immigration, Nelson Mandela, off grid, openstreetmap, place-making, restrictive zoning, side project, Skype, sustainable-tourism, the long tail, trade route, urban sprawl, walkable city

Information and maps Ministry of Tourism iTur offices (ecuador.travel), in provincial capitals and the main tourist centres, supply maps, lists of hotels, restaurants and sights, and the website is a good source of information. Quito’s main tourist office is the best in Ecuador. The Instituto Geográfico Militar in Quito, Seniergues E4-676 y Gral. Telmo Paz y Miño, sells topographical maps for $3 (bring your passport as ID to enter the institute). For tablets and smartphones, apps using OpenStreetMap (openstreetmap.org) tend to be slightly superior to Google Maps. Waze (waze.com) is excellent for finding your way. Money and banks Ecuador uses the US dollar as its currency. There are 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 cent and 1 dollar coins. Notes come in 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollars, though avoid the last two if you can as they’re tough to change.

The Art of Community: Building the New Age of Participation by Jono Bacon

barriers to entry, Benchmark Capital, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), collaborative editing, crowdsourcing, Debian, DevOps, digital divide, digital rights, do what you love, do-ocracy, en.wikipedia.org, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, game design, Guido van Rossum, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jono Bacon, Kickstarter, Larry Wall, Mark Shuttleworth, Mark Zuckerberg, openstreetmap, Richard Stallman, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, slashdot, social graph, software as a service, Stephen Fry, telemarketer, the long tail, union organizing, VA Linux, web application

Instead of merely enjoying things together, collaboration goes so far as to help people create things together. In these environments, the community also assumes the role of producer of the content. The typical example here is one of the many Free Culture communities, such as Linux, Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap, Creative Commons, and so on. In these communities, community members have the opportunity to change the very content that brings them together. The Ubuntu community is one such example. Ubuntu is an entirely free Linux operating system that is designed to provide a complete, free, stable, and secure system for desktops, servers, or mobile devices.