Ayatollah Khomeini

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pages: 780 words: 168,782

Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century by Christian Caryl

Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, British Empire, colonial rule, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, export processing zone, financial deregulation, financial independence, friendly fire, full employment, Future Shock, Great Leap Forward, household responsibility system, income inequality, industrial robot, Internet Archive, Kickstarter, land reform, land tenure, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, liberation theology, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, Mont Pelerin Society, Neil Kinnock, new economy, New Urbanism, oil shock, open borders, open economy, Pearl River Delta, plutocrats, price stability, rent control, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , single-payer health, special economic zone, The Chicago School, union organizing, upwardly mobile, Winter of Discontent, Xiaogang Anhui farmers, Yom Kippur War

After the riots in Qom, leading clerics worried that the shah was preparing to have Khomeini executed, and one of their most prestigious members, Grand Ayatollah Mohamed Kazem Shariatmadari, moved to have the title of “Grand Ayatollah” given to Khomeini as a preemptive measure. (Their reasoning was that the shah would never dare to end the life of one of the country’s highest-ranking clerics.) The shah backed down and released Khomeini. In 1964, Khomeini delivered another scorching reproach of the shah over a planned agreement for the stationing of US forces in Iran, which many Iranians regarded as a violation of their country’s sovereignty. Khomeini was arrested again. By now his religious colleagues had tired of their tug-of-war with the shah, and there was little protest when the government sent Khomeini into exile.

This divided religious establishment—some of them wooed by the shah with money and favors—was in no position to act as an alternate power center. In 1961, Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi died. This gave his pupil Khomeini the freedom to act as he saw fit. He now had no reason to hold back from public attacks against the shah. The shah had not helped matters by acclaiming an ayatollah in Iraq as the preeminent spiritual leader of Iran’s Shiites—a transparent attempt to undermine the authority of politically minded clerics back in Iran like Khomeini and his older (and somewhat more cautious) colleague Ayatollah Mohamed Kazem Shariatmadari. Khomeini was ready. In October 1962 the cabinet passed a law that allowed Iranians to vote for representatives to local councils.

Yazdi, one of the leaders of a revolutionary organization called the Iran Freedom Movement, had traveled to Iraq to act as a political adviser to a Shiite religious scholar who was living there in exile after making a name for himself as a merciless critic of the shah. The cleric, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, had been living outside of Iran for thirteen years. He had spent the first year of his banishment in Turkey, then moved to Najaf in Iraq, a center of Shiite culture and learning. But now, due to a rising tide of unrest in Iran, the shah had grown nervous about Khomeini’s relative proximity, and the Iranian government had prevailed upon the Iraqi leaders to expel him. At first Khomeini and his aides had tried to go to Kuwait, but at the border the Kuwaiti authorities had refused them entry. Now they had settled upon Paris as the Ayatollah’s new place of exile.


pages: 1,800 words: 596,972

The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East by Robert Fisk

Albert Einstein, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boycotts of Israel, bread and circuses, British Empire, call centre, clean water, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, dual-use technology, Farzad Bazoft, friendly fire, Howard Zinn, IFF: identification friend or foe, invisible hand, Islamic Golden Age, Khartoum Gordon, Khyber Pass, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, music of the spheres, no-fly zone, Oklahoma City bombing, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the market place, Thomas L Friedman, Timothy McVeigh, Transnistria, unemployed young men, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

It was true, the prisoner said sullenly. “The spirit of our soldiers is not what it used to be.” And what, the world’s press wanted to know, did the two prisoners think of Ayatollah Khomeini? The major mistranslated the question thus: “Now that things have gone so badly for you, what do you think of Khomeini?” The first prisoner replied that “opinion” of the Ayatollah would not be the same after the war. But the wounded man glanced quickly at us and said that “if Ayatollah Khomeini brought on a war between two Muslim countries, this was wrong.” The conditional clause in this reply was lost on the Iraqi major who then happily ordered the removal of the prisoners.

And in so far as it was possible, Tudeh, Iran’s oldest political party, wanted the same things as Ayatollah Khomeini. This was the theory and Kianouri held to it bravely. The truth was that Tudeh’s views on the new Iran were almost exactly the same as those of the Soviet Union—which, for the moment, was in favour of the Ayatollah. “We have criticised the establishment,” Kianouri said. “We have made criticism over the position of liberty in the state and about the rights of women. We have criticised Islamic fanaticism—we are against the non-progressive ideas of those conservative elements. But for us, the positive side of Ayatollah Khomeini is so important that the so-called negative side means nothing.

“But here’s a little boy who would like to tell you his view of Khomeini,” said the governor, and an urchin in a grubby yellow abaya shrieked, “Khomeini is a traitor,” with a vacant smile. All the officials acclaimed this statement as the true feelings of the people of Najaf. Khadi had never met Khomeini but confidently asserted that the imam had been a CIA agent, that even Grand Ayatollah Abolqassem al-Khoi of Najaf had sent a telegram to Qom, blaming Khomeini for killing the Muslim Kurds of northern Iran. Al-Khoi may have done that—his fellow teacher, Ayatollah Sahib al-Hakim, had been executed by the regime—but this did not spare his family. In 1994, just two years after al-Khoi’s death, his courageous thirty-six-year-old son Taghi was killed when his car mysteriously crashed into an unlit articulated lorry on the highway outside Kerbala.


pages: 648 words: 165,654

Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East by Robin Wright

Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, central bank independence, colonial rule, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, old-boy network, power law, rolodex, Saturday Night Live, Seymour Hersh, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, uranium enrichment

Are we to be trampled underfoot by the boots of America simply because we are a weak nation and have no dollars?3 On November 4, 1964, the shah expelled the fiery ayatollah.* Soroush kept up with the ayatollah’s wandering exile—in Turkey for seven months, in Iraq for twelve years until he was deported by Saddam Hussein, and the final four months in Paris. The first in his family to go to university and the first to go to the West, Soroush took a break from his studies in London to visit Khomeini in France in 1978, as the revolution was building up steam back home. The two men hit it off. When the ayatollah returned triumphantly to Tehran to install Islamic rule several weeks later, Soroush followed him home.

“If you live in Iran, you have to deal with politics from seven in the morning until eleven at night,” University of Tehran political scientist Hadi Semati told me. “It’s like our traffic. It can be really frustrating—and really exhausting.” Khomeini’s heirs reflect the competing array of visions—even on the theocracy itself. The most powerful cleric in the Middle East is arguably Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of Iran. He is only the second person to have the job; he has already held it twice as long as the revolution’s founder. To the great confusion of Westerners, Khamenei (with an a) was selected after Ayatollah Khomeini (with an o) died abruptly in 1989. The similarity in names was misleading; they were quite different men.

Tyler, “Ten Days of Dawn, Ten Years of Struggle,” The Washington Post, Feb. 2, 1989. 9.“Ayatollah Khomeini’s Criticism of the Government,” The Echo of Iran, Oct. 18, 1988, p. 9. 10.The fatwa, read on Tehran Radio afternoon news, also called for the death of all those involved in the book’s publication. “I call on zealous Muslims to promptly execute them on the spot they find them, so that no one else will dare to blaspheme Muslim sanctities,” his fatwa declared. 11.Elaine Sciolino, “Montazeri, Khomeini’s Designated Successor in Iran, Quits Under Pressure,” The New York Times, Mar. 29, 1989. 12.Nazenin Ansari, “An Ayatollah Under Siege in Tehran,” Open Democracy, Oct. 4, 2006; and Nazila Fathi, “Iran Arrests Outspoken Cleric Who Opposes Religious Rule,” The New York Times, Oct. 9, 2006. 13.Nazila Fathi, “Qum Journal: Where the Austerity of Islam Yields to a Yen for Chic,” The New York Times, June 7, 2005. 14.Shaul Bakhash, “Iran’s Unlikely President,” The New York Review of Books, vol. 45, no. 17, Nov. 5, 1998. 15.Neil MacFarquhar, “Iran Leader Vows to Enact Reforms in His Second Term,” The New York Times, Aug. 9, 2001. 16.


pages: 273 words: 86,821

Argo: How the CIA and Hollywood Pulled Off the Most Audacious Rescue in History by Antonio J. Mendez, Matt Baglio

Ayatollah Khomeini, disinformation, false flag, Ronald Reagan

It was beginning to look more and more like the crisis was going to drag out indefinitely. On November 5, the Ayatollah Khomeini’s son Ahmad had praised the takeover as being in the name of the people. After that, the entire religious leadership of Iran had thrown its support behind the militants. Mehdi Bazargan, Iran’s prime minister, was forced to resign in protest, and this meant that there was only one person left for President Carter and his administration to deal with: the Ayatollah Khomeini. I paused long enough to take a sip of beer and felt her looking closely at me. Glancing up, I saw that she had been waiting for me to stop talking so that she could tell me something.

We now know that when the militant students overran the American embassy, they did not expect to stay for any length of time. But as the crisis stretched on, and as Ayatollah Khomeini seemingly endorsed their actions, they discovered that they had invented a new tool of statecraft: hostage taking. In no other civilized country in the world would such an undertaking be tolerated by the host government. And therein lay the power of the technique. Once Khomeini approved of their plan, the students had no need to negotiate. Iran has followed its own example in the interim, taking hostages almost whimsically whenever it felt a need for international attention or had a cause that needed leveraging.

On November 4, a group of Iranian militants had stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and taken more than sixty-six Americans hostage. The militants accused the Americans of “spying” and trying to undermine the country’s nascent Islamic Revolution, all of this while the Iranian government, led by the Ayatollah Khomeini, lent its support. At the time of the takeover, I was working as the chief of the CIA’s worldwide disguise operations in the Office of Technical Services (OTS). Over the course of my then fourteen-year career, I had conducted numerous clandestine operations in far-flung places, disguised agents and case officers, and helped to rescue defectors and refugees from behind the Iron Curtain.


Reaganland: America's Right Turn 1976-1980 by Rick Perlstein

8-hour work day, Aaron Swartz, affirmative action, air traffic controllers' union, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, Alistair Cooke, Alvin Toffler, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, Apollo 13, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boeing 747, Brewster Kahle, business climate, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, currency peg, death of newspapers, defense in depth, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, energy security, equal pay for equal work, facts on the ground, feminist movement, financial deregulation, full employment, global village, Golden Gate Park, guns versus butter model, illegal immigration, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, index card, indoor plumbing, Internet Archive, invisible hand, Julian Assange, Kitchen Debate, kremlinology, land reform, low interest rates, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, multilevel marketing, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, oil shock, open borders, Peoples Temple, Phillips curve, Potemkin village, price stability, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, rent control, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Robert Solow, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Suez crisis 1956, three-martini lunch, traveling salesman, unemployed young men, union organizing, unpaid internship, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, wages for housework, walking around money, War on Poverty, white flight, WikiLeaks, Winter of Discontent, yellow journalism, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

Several thousand more, in chadors—“wingless bats,” Fallaci called them—protested the protesters. One of the liberals shot at Ghotbzadeh’s limousine and another injured a bodyguard with a knife. On April 1, Khomeini claimed he had received a 97 percent mandate in a referendum to institute an Islamic republic, declaring “the first day of a government of God.” This was followed two weeks later by protests from thousands shouting “Down with Khomeini,” carrying portraits of Tehran’s most popular liberal clerk, Ayatollah Mahmoud Taleghani, who said that Khomeini was worse than the shah. His sons were then kidnapped and tortured. The following week a general was murdered. At his funeral procession, a man in an air force uniform failed to assassinate Prime Minister Bazargan with a machine gun.

And Foreign Minister Ghotbzadeh, once an ally to the theocrats, who had now switched sides, and so was denounced by the students as “filthy and satanic ways”; and some of the clerics who opposed the Ayatollah so aggressively that they had been snatched up and tortured. That even Khomeini’s hanging judge the Ayatollah Khalkhali said that to put the hostages on trial as spies was ridiculous because every nation has spies—and that, far from pulling the strings, Khomeini himself did little else but pray on his rug on the floor in Qom, saying almost nothing about anything. The news could have focused coverage on educating the public how, in Iran as it actually existed, the left hand wasn’t just ignorant of the right; the fingers on the hands were incommunicado, including with the hapless students inside the embassy, who were so naïve and foolish that they kept responding with earnest, head-scratching bafflement over why they weren’t received more sympathetically in America—which had fought its own revolution against an unjust foreign Goliath, after all, and was ruled by a president who said he prioritized human rights.

., 8, 193, 196, 268 Kennedy, Rose, 653, 654, 656 Kennedy family, Carter and, 19 Kentucky, 340, 592 Kerr-McGee, 528 Key, Susan, 74 Keynesian economics, 31, 269, 279, 280, 284 Keyserling, Leon, 288 Khalid (King of Saudi Arabia), 212 Khalkhali, Mohammed Sadeq Givi, 637, 639, 641, 691, 767, 902 Khalq (Afghanistan Communist Party), 697, 699 Khmer Rouge, 427 Khomeini, Ahmed, 646 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 212, 405–406, 423, 434–436, 440, 441, 442, 637–652, 682, 683, 688, 691, 712, 759, 760, 866, 903 “Khomeini Summit,” 567 Khrushchev, Nikita, 137, 291, 438 “kiddie porn,” 356 Kilgore, Joe, 450 “Killer Bees” (Democrats), 622 Kilpatrick, James J., 158, 294, 295, 304, 461, 610 Kim Il-Sung, 270 King, Billie Jean, 176 King, Coretta Scott, 183 King, Don, 166 King, Ed, 233, 363–364, 366, 397 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 19, 24, 47, 51, 165, 173, 192, 312, 409, 470, 575, 673, 833, 858, 884 King, Susan, 796, 806 Kingston Group, 367, 368 Kirbo, Charles, 54 Kirkland, Lane, 45 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 506 Kissinger, Henry, 14, 22, 36, 43, 103, 251, 252, 257, 266, 272, 367, 425, 435, 453, 458, 510, 612, 621, 623, 640, 643, 800, 804–805, 825, 882 “kitchen debate,” 137 Klein, Herb, 288 Klein, Joe, 690 Knights of Columbus, 607 Knox, Neal, 115 Knox, Philander, 229 Koch, Charles, 338 Koch, Ed, 131, 133, 134, 149, 150, 168, 661, 663, 813 Kokernot, Peggy, 173 Kondracke, Morton, 767 Koop, C.


pages: 479 words: 102,876

The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich by Daniel Ammann

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", accounting loophole / creative accounting, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, book value, Boycotts of Israel, business intelligence, buy low sell high, energy security, family office, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, oil shock, peak oil, purchasing power parity, Ronald Reagan, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez crisis 1956, trade liberalization, transaction costs, transfer pricing, Upton Sinclair, Yom Kippur War

The T official wrote Green’s name, date of birth, and passport number on the back of a piece of paper packaging and signed the unusual receipt. Khomeini’s Return On that day, February 1, 1979, hundreds of thousands of people kept vigil at Mehrabad Airport. They were waiting for an aged man who finally arrived on an Air France Boeing 747: the seventy-six-year-old Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, returning to Iran after fifteen years in exile in France. Four days later Khomeini appointed an “Islamic revolutionary government,” and soon afterward Bakhtiar had to make way for Khomeini’s appointed prime minister, Mehdi Bazargan. All the while Green was stranded in Tehran without a passport.

Sure enough, Green managed to get back his passport and immediately leave the country at a time when Americans and Jews in Iran had to fear for their lives. Two weeks after the Ayatollah Khomeini’s return, Iran found itself in the iron grip of Islamic fundamentalists. In the wake of the takeover, dozens of ministers who had remained true to the shah were tried by “Islamic people’s courts” in summary proceedings and sentenced to death. Thousands of army and police officers were arrested and shot. Prime Minister Bazargan broke off all relations with Israel, and the Israeli embassy was stormed and plundered by a rampaging mob. A few days later the Ayatollah Khomeini turned over the Israeli mission to the PLO; chairman Yasser Arafat flew to Iran to personally raise the Palestinian flag above the mission.

On that Sunday five hundred Iranians calling themselves the Muslim Students of the Imam Khomeini Line stormed the American embassy in Tehran in the late morning and took ninety people hostage, including sixty-three U.S. citizens. The American chargé d’affaires, Bruce Laingen, and two other diplomats were seized at the Iranian foreign ministry. The Ayatollah Khomeini immediately lent his support to the hostage taking as the “natural reaction of the people” and characterized the embassy as an “American den of spies.” Khomeini branded the United States “the Great Satan.” (He would later call Israel “the Little Satan.”)


pages: 383 words: 105,387

The Power of Geography: Ten Maps That Reveal the Future of Our World by Tim Marshall

Apollo 11, Ayatollah Khomeini, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, carbon footprint, centre right, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, David Sedaris, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Elon Musk, European colonialism, failed state, glass ceiling, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, Jeff Bezos, Johannes Kepler, low earth orbit, Malacca Straits, means of production, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, new economy, New Urbanism, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, space junk, Strategic Defense Initiative, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, uranium enrichment, urban planning, women in the workforce

The current regime likes to tell a tale about masses of fervently religious people taking to the streets desperate for a new age when the ayatollahs would rule the land. It wasn’t quite like that. The demonstrations in the lead-up to the shah’s overthrow involved secular groups, the communists, trade unions, and the religious establishment centred on Ayatollah Khomeini. The latter quickly murdered thousands of the former, and thus got to tell the story. Khomeini was a well-known figure. In 1964 he’d accused the shah of reducing ‘the Iranian people to a level lower than that of an American dog’. For his troubles he was banished, living first in Iraq and then in France.

As so often in revolutions, the liberals failed to understand that what the true believers said, they meant. On the day he landed in Tehran Ayatollah Khomeini informed the people: ‘From now on it is I who will name the government.’ Almost before anyone could say, ‘Who voted for you?’ the terror began. Ten days after the crowds welcomed Khomeini, the military declared neutrality. The prime minister went into hiding before making his way to France, where he was assassinated in 1991. Minor religious groups, and the communists, were swept aside amid waves of torture, executions and disappearances. To ensure that there was no counterrevolution, Khomeini set up the IRGC – the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.

He was the last of the shahs, and the last Iranian leader influenced by the Americans. They quickly switched their support to Iraq. Khomeini had been busy during exile. Broadcasts on the BBC’s Persian Service meant his voice was familiar to many, and thousands of cassette tapes had been smuggled into Iran to be played in mosques. Two weeks after the shah fled, the ayatollah arrived to a rapturous welcome as more than a million people lined the streets to greet him. What most did not know was that they had exchanged the crown for the turban. Those who did not understand revolutionary Islam assumed the elderly ayatollah would be a hands-off figurehead helping to guide the country towards a less repressive future.


The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations by Daniel Yergin

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", 3D printing, 9 dash line, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, addicted to oil, Admiral Zheng, Albert Einstein, American energy revolution, Asian financial crisis, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bakken shale, Bernie Sanders, BRICs, British Empire, carbon tax, circular economy, clean tech, commodity super cycle, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, decarbonisation, deep learning, Deng Xiaoping, Didi Chuxing, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, failed state, Ford Model T, geopolitical risk, gig economy, global pandemic, global supply chain, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hydraulic fracturing, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inventory management, James Watt: steam engine, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kickstarter, LNG terminal, Lyft, Malacca Straits, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, Masayoshi Son, Masdar, mass incarceration, megacity, megaproject, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, new economy, off grid, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, paypal mafia, peak oil, pension reform, power law, price mechanism, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart cities, social distancing, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Suez crisis 1956, super pumped, supply-chain management, TED Talk, trade route, Travis Kalanick, Twitter Arab Spring, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, ubercab, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, women in the workforce

The shah’s most resolute enemy was the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, an austere, singled-minded, narrow, and intensely devout Shia cleric, implacable in his resistance and ruthless in destroying those who stood in the way of an Islamic republic ruled by the clergy. From exile, Khomeini called for an Islamic revolution. The country was thrown into turmoil by strikes and larger and larger demonstrations, marked by increasing violence. In January 1979, with his regime crumbling, the shah left Iran. Two weeks later, the seventy-seven-year-old Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile to a tumultuous reception. Shortly after, Khomeini proclaimed himself the “Supreme Leader of the Revolution.”

He also has control over the Revolutionary Guard, the mainstay of the region, and of the media, and judiciary. The elected president is subordinate to the supreme leader. Under this new constitution, there were few bounds on the authority of the Ayatollah Khomeini. His legitimacy, he asserted, came from the Prophet and from God and from his expertise in Islamic law. In short, one scholar has written, “Khomeini had obtained constitutional powers unimagined by shahs.”5 While Iranian presidential campaigns, and the shifts they may portend, get global attention, these constitutional arrangements—an Islamic republic under the control of the most conservative parts of the Shiite clergy—remain the foundation for the way Iran is ruled today.

But so deep was the dissatisfaction with life under Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, the successor to Ayatollah Khomeini, and so significant the demographic changes (70 percent of the population was under thirty) that in the 1997 Iranian presidential election Khatami scored an upset victory over the candidate of the conservative religious establishment. Khatami came in with a mandate to liberalize society, roll back strict Islamic controls, promote rule of law, and reform the economy. Shocked, the conservative clerics around the Ayatollah Khamenei and their allies in the Revolutionary Guard quickly set out to undermine Khatami’s domestic reform program and Khatami himself.


pages: 1,042 words: 273,092

The Silk Roads: A New History of the World by Peter Frankopan

access to a mobile phone, Admiral Zheng, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, British Empire, clean water, Columbian Exchange, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, disinformation, drone strike, dual-use technology, energy security, European colonialism, failed state, financial innovation, Isaac Newton, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Murano, Venice glass, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, South China Sea, spice trade, statistical model, Stuxnet, Suez crisis 1956, the built environment, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade route, transcontinental railway, uranium enrichment, wealth creators, WikiLeaks, yield management, Yom Kippur War

He meant that the US should try to open channels of communication with Khomeini, before he took power rather than afterwards.4 Loud voices in the White House, however, continued in the belief that the US could control the situation, maintaining support for the Shah and backing a proposal made at the end of January 1979 by the Prime Minister, Shapur Bakhtiar, that Ayatollah Khomeini should be arrested if he flew into Iran.5 The blinkered futility of this thinking became apparent within a matter of days. On 1 February 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini touched down in Teheran fourteen years after being forced into exile.

Growing dissent played into the hands of Ayatollah Khomeini, by now exiled in Paris after being removed from Iraq as part of the deal struck with the Shah in 1975. Khomeini – whose elder son was probably murdered by the Savak in 1977 – seized control of the situation, providing a vision that at once diagnosed the ills in Iran and promised to cure them. He was a brilliant communicator, able to capture the mood just as Mossadegh had done three decades earlier. In a move that appealed to left-wing revolutionaries, Islamic hardliners and almost all those who were outside the golden loop of gilded rewards, Khomeini declared that the time had come for the Shah to step aside.

, Diplomacy & Statecraft 22.3 (2011), 500–20. 81Brands, ‘Saddam Hussein, the United States, and the Invasion of Iran’, 323. 82Sick, All Fall Down, pp. 313–14; J. Dumbrell, The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation (Manchester, 2005), p. 171. 83Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 504. 84J.-M. Xaviere (tr.), Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini: Political, Philosophical, Social and Religious: Extracts from Three Major Works by the Ayatollah (New York, 1980), pp. 8–9. 85E. Abrahamian, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic (London, 1989), p. 51. 86T. Parsi, The Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Iran, Israel and the United States (New Haven, 2007), p. 107. 87R. Claire, Raid on the Sun: Inside Israel’s Secret Campaign that Denied Saddam Hussein the Bomb (New York, 2004). 88Woods, Palkki and Stout, Saddam Tapes, p. 79. 89‘Implications of Iran’s Victory over Iraq’, 8 June 1982, National Security Archive. 90The Times, 14 July 1982. 91G.


pages: 302 words: 91,517

Baghdad Without a Map and Other Misadventures in Arabia by Tony Horwitz

Ayatollah Khomeini, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cotton gin, Donald Trump, Farzad Bazoft, Khartoum Gordon, Kickstarter, Mercator projection, trade route

Which form in this sea of black hoods was my wife? We touched down in Tehran at two in the morning, forty-eight hours after the announcement on Iranian radio that “Imam Khomeini has passed away. From God we come, to God we go.” Or, as an editor in the United States put it in a wake-up call to Cairo shortly after, “Khomeini's finally kicked it. Get up and write something.” The news was oddly surprising, despite the fact that the ayatollah was eighty-six and had reportedly been dying for years. Khomeini's failing health was one of those Middle East stories, like civil war in Beirut and the Arab-Israeli “peace process,” that had dragged on for so long with so little sign of actual movement that an end seemed unimaginable.

“I cannot believe he's really dead,” said the Iranian standing beside me in line at Tehran's Mehrabad Airport. He was a businessman returning from Germany and had told me on the plane that he hated Khomeini. “But I fear for the future. It is like your saying: 'The devil you know is better than a Satan you have not met.' ” The known devil scowled from a huge portrait on the wall, wreathed now in black crepe. Staring sleepily at the black-turbaned ayatollah, his eyebrows arched in menacing fury, I wondered aloud if Khomeini had ever smiled. Certainly not in any picture I'd seen. “He is not smiling now,” said the businessman, shuffling slowly toward immigration.

“Now tell America what you see with your own eyes. Tell America how much we love Imam Khomeini.” The view from the wall caused an odd sort of vertigo. Stretched below us, for a mile in every direction, was a seamless carpet of black tossed over the pink-brown hills. The carpet shifted, rearranging itself, as yet more mourners poured into the prayer ground. A high stand decorated the center of the rug, supporting Khomeini's coffin. The imam's trademark black turban, which denotes descent from the Prophet, rested on his chest. Several other ayatollahs stood beside the dais, and one of them moved to a microphone and shouted, “Allabu Akbar!”


pages: 579 words: 164,339

Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth? by Alan Weisman

air freight, Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, carbon footprint, clean water, colonial rule, David Attenborough, degrowth, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Edward Jenner, El Camino Real, epigenetics, Filipino sailors, Garrett Hardin, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, happiness index / gross national happiness, haute couture, housing crisis, ice-free Arctic, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), land reform, liberation theology, load shedding, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, Mahbub ul Haq, megacity, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, microdosing, Money creation, new economy, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, Pearl River Delta, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, race to the bottom, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Satyajit Das, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, unemployed young men, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

A referendum on whether the monarchy should be abolished in favor of Islamic government won 98 percent approval. The victorious citizenry widely believed that in newly liberated Iran, both secular and religious would live and worship as they liked, with Ayatollah Khomeini as the country’s guiding spirit. Soon, however, Iranians learned that Khomeini’s idea of spiritual leadership was not mere guidance, but theocracy. Although the revolutionary constitution had established a democracy, Khomeini anointed himself Supreme Leader, with a Guardian Council of religious clerics holding veto power over parliament, president, and prime minister. Among his first edicts was reinstatement of the compulsory hijab.

Women’s heads must be covered, and their bodies cloaked in chadors or long, loose-fitting garments. Secular Iranians felt betrayed. But as Hourieh Shamshiri entered her specialized studies in gynecology, her divided country suddenly united behind the Ayatollah, because Iran was attacked. Shortly after the Ayatollah Khomeini’s ascension, across Iran’s western border Saddam Hussein had assumed the presidency of Iraq. For thirteen years, Khomeini had lived there in exile, stirring revolutionary fervor among Iraqi Shi’ite Muslims until Hussein, a nominal Sunni and Iraq’s military strongman, finally pushed him out of the country. A year later, as Iran was still reorganizing after centuries of dynastic rule, Hussein seized the chance to invade his weakened, distracted neighbor, whose oil-rich Khuzestan province he coveted.

In the mid-1970s, the Shah, ostensibly a constitutional monarch, abolished every political party except his own, which incited spontaneous strikes. A high-ranking Shi’a cleric named Ruhollah Khomeini, exiled for denouncing the Shah’s lavish rule from the Peacock Throne and his coziness with the West, became a symbol of defiance in absentia. The strikes intensified and organized, until millions filled the streets. Suddenly to everyone’s shock, in January 1979 the Shah fled to Egypt. A year later he died from lymphoma. The bloodless revolution that toppled him had been joined across the country’s political spectrum, from orthodox mullahs to intellectuals. When the triumphant Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile in France, even soldiers in the Shah’s army celebrated.


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Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations by Ronen Bergman

Ayatollah Khomeini, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, card file, conceptual framework, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Edward Snowden, facts on the ground, friendly fire, glass ceiling, illegal immigration, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Marshall McLuhan, operational security, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Stuxnet, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

It was clear to both Washington and Jerusalem that what was once their closest ally in the Middle East was now their bitterest enemy. It also soon became clear that Khomeini’s vision was not restricted to the Islamic republic that he declared in Iran. Rather than clinging tenuously to power, the ayatollah was determined to spread his Islamic revolution throughout the Middle East. He intended to begin with Lebanon. — ONE OF KHOMEINI’S CLOSEST allies during his years in exile, a Shiite cleric named Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur, was given the mission of spreading the revolution. He first met Khomeini when studying in Najaf, a city holy to Shiites in Iraq, where the ayatollah had found refuge after being expelled by the shah.

He allowed the believers—even encouraged them—to call him “imam,” a term in the Shiite tradition that is largely similar in meaning to the Judeo-Christian concept of the Messiah, whose advent heralded the End of Days. In 1963, a short time after formulating his new doctrine, Khomeini launched an open campaign against the shah from Qom, Iran’s holiest city. The shah couldn’t risk killing the ayatollah, so instead he was exiled. Khomeini found refuge in Turkey, Iraq, and finally France. The lessons he taught there attracted more and more students. During the 1970s, he became, from afar, the most powerful of the shah’s opponents. By the time Lubrani and Merhav came to Kish, Khomeini had already flooded Iran with an estimated 600,000 cassette tapes of his sermons. In the mosques and the markets, in rural regions and on the mountains surrounding Tehran, in the bazaars and even, very quietly, in government offices, many millions were listening to the incendiary preaching of the fanatical, stern-faced cleric.

With almost no use of force, Khomeini and his supporters seized control of Iran, a vast country rich in natural resources, with the sixth-largest military force in the world and the largest arsenal in Asia. “Islam has been dying or dead for 1,400 years,” Khomeini said in his first speech as supreme leader. “We have resurrected it with the blood of our youth…very soon we will liberate Jerusalem and pray there.” As for the government of Shapour Bakhtiar, who had been appointed prime minister by the shah before he left, Khomeini dismissed it with one short, sharp statement: “I will break their teeth.” The United States, the “Great Satan,” as Khomeini thundered, and Israel, “the Little Satan,” saw the ayatollah’s rise as a passing episode. After all, American and British intelligence services had restored the shah to power once before, after left-wing rebels deposed him in 1953.


Rethinking Islamism: The Ideology of the New Terror by Meghnad Desai

Ayatollah Khomeini, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Dr. Strangelove, full employment, global village, illegal immigration, income per capita, invisible hand, liberal capitalism, liberation theology, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, means of production, Meghnad Desai, Nelson Mandela, oil shock, purchasing power parity, Ronald Reagan, structural adjustment programs, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Timothy McVeigh, Yom Kippur War

฀But฀his฀White฀Revolution฀came฀a฀cropper,฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ / and฀he฀was฀thrown฀out฀by฀one฀of฀the฀most฀significant฀Islamic฀personalities฀ of฀ the฀ twentieth฀ century:฀ Ayatollah฀ Ruholla฀ Khomeini.฀ Khomeini฀had฀been฀conducting฀a฀campaign฀against฀the฀Shah฀since฀ the฀ early฀ s฀ from฀ Najaf฀ in฀ Iraq,฀ and฀ later฀ from฀ Paris.฀ He฀ was฀ able฀to฀mobilise฀the฀lower-middle-class฀urban฀population฀who฀resented฀the฀westernised฀secular฀and฀rich฀elite฀surrounding฀the฀Shah.฀ Khomeini’s฀Revolution฀was฀Islamic,฀albeit฀a฀Shi’a฀one.฀It฀was฀total.฀ Just฀ as฀ the฀ October฀ Revolution฀ led฀ to฀ Russia’s฀ withdrawal฀ for฀ a฀ while฀from฀international฀circles,฀Khomeini฀was฀determined฀to฀take฀ Iran฀completely฀out฀of฀any฀Western฀camp฀and฀rebuild฀it฀along฀pure฀ Islamic฀lines.

฀Don’t฀forget฀what฀ happened฀to฀the฀Shah฀of฀Iran฀despite฀the฀reputation,฀strength,฀and฀ experience฀of฀his฀security฀apparatus,฀or฀what฀happened฀to฀Ceauɉescu฀ in฀Romania฀and฀the฀terrible฀fate฀that฀he฀and฀his฀family฀met฀for฀what฀ he฀did฀to฀his฀people.฀So฀clearly฀you฀would฀be฀better฀off฀if฀you฀restore฀ to฀the฀people฀their฀rights.฀(:฀) The฀ example฀ of฀ the฀ Iranian฀ Revolution฀ and฀ of฀ AyatollahKhomeini฀ has฀ obviously฀ impressed฀ Bin฀ Laden.฀ He฀ does฀ not฀ of฀ course฀ explicitly฀refer฀to฀the฀Ayatollah฀as฀he฀belongs฀to฀the฀dissident฀Shi’a฀ sect.฀But฀the฀similarity฀in฀the฀power฀of฀the฀Shah,฀his฀high฀standing฀ as฀an฀ally฀of฀the฀West,฀his฀powerful฀secret฀service฀Savak฀as฀well฀as฀ the฀suddenness฀of฀his฀collapse฀will฀all฀be฀known฀and฀remembered฀  ฀  by฀ Muslims.฀ The฀ Shah฀ had฀ just฀ invented฀ for฀ himself฀ a฀ ฀ year฀ history฀of฀his฀dynasty฀(which฀in฀reality฀had฀a฀history฀of฀less฀than฀ fifty฀years)฀and฀crowned฀himself฀in฀a฀glamorous฀ceremony฀to฀which฀ many฀Western฀leaders฀and฀media฀were฀lured.

.฀ The฀ Shah฀ had฀ just฀ invented฀ for฀ himself฀ a฀ ฀ year฀ history฀of฀his฀dynasty฀(which฀in฀reality฀had฀a฀history฀of฀less฀than฀ fifty฀years)฀and฀crowned฀himself฀in฀a฀glamorous฀ceremony฀to฀which฀ many฀Western฀leaders฀and฀media฀were฀lured.฀He฀had฀also฀bought฀ modern฀arms฀from฀the฀West.฀But฀Khomeini฀had฀been฀a฀thorn฀in฀his฀ side฀and฀fought฀him฀over฀twenty฀years,฀first฀from฀Najaf฀and฀then฀ from฀Paris.฀He฀also฀circulated฀tape฀recordings฀of฀his฀sermons,฀which฀ were฀popular฀in฀the฀Tehran฀bazaars.฀It฀was฀the฀steady฀drip฀drip฀of฀ the฀Ayatollah’s฀campaign฀and฀the฀failure฀of฀the฀Shah’s฀White฀Revolution฀ that฀ together฀ scuttled฀ him.32฀ Bin฀ Laden’s฀ career฀ has฀ been฀ somewhat฀more฀well฀known฀than฀the฀Ayatollah’s฀and฀he฀has฀taken฀ on฀more฀than฀just฀the฀Saudi฀family.฀Yet฀his฀hopes฀arise฀from฀that฀ example.


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The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power by Daniel Yergin

anti-communist, Ascot racecourse, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, Berlin Wall, book value, British Empire, Carl Icahn, colonial exploitation, Columbine, continuation of politics by other means, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, do-ocracy, energy security, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, financial independence, fudge factor, geopolitical risk, guns versus butter model, Ida Tarbell, informal economy, It's morning again in America, joint-stock company, junk bonds, land reform, liberal capitalism, managed futures, megacity, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, new economy, North Sea oil, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old-boy network, postnationalism / post nation state, price stability, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, stock buybacks, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas Malthus, tontine, vertical integration, Yom Kippur War

Its title gave some idea of the thrust of his political thought: Three Whom God Should Not Have Invented: Persians, Jews, and Flies. Though the Ayatollah Khomeini was expelled from Iraq in 1978, before Hussein's complete acquisition of power, the Ayatollah held Hussein personally responsible for his troubles and ranked him among his preeminent opponents. Once asked to list his enemies, Khomeini replied: "First, the Shah, then the American Satan, then Saddam Hussein and his infidel Ba'th Party." Khomeini and his circle saw the secular, socialist Ba'thists as implacable enemies of their own creed and attacked Ba'thism as "the racist ideology of Arabism." As if all that was not bad enough, Khomeini had even worse to say; he denounced Hussein as a "dwarf Pharaoh."

The efforts to construct hastily some new American position were complicated by the fact that the Shah was an object of dislike and criticism in the media in the United States and elsewhere, which resulted in a familiar pattern—moralistic criticism of U.S. policy combined with the projection by some of a romantic and unrealistic view of the Ayatollah Khomeini and his objectives. A prominent professor wrote in the New York Times of Khomeini's tolerance, of how "his entourage of close advisers is uniformly composed of moderate, progressive individuals," and of how Khomeini would provide "a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third-world country." The American ambassador to the United Nations, Andrew Young, went even further; Khomeini, he said, would eventually be hailed as "a saint." An embarrassed President Carter immediately felt the need to make clear "that the United States is not in the canonization business."

Grasping for some certitude in the melee, they increasingly heeded the call of traditional Islam and of an ever more fervent fundamentalism. The beneficiary was the Ayatollah Khomeini, whose religious rectitude and unyielding resistance made him the embodiment of opposition to the Shah and his regime and indeed to the very character and times of Iran in the mid-1970s. Born around 1900 in a small town 180 miles from Tehran, Khomeini came from a family of religious teachers. His father had died a few months after his birth, killed on the way to a pilgrimage by a government official, it was said by some. His mother died when he was in his teens. Khomeini turned to religious studies and, by the 1930s and 1940s, was a popular lecturer on Islamic philosophy and law, promulgating the concept of an Islamic Republic under the stern control of the clergy.


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What's Left?: How Liberals Lost Their Way by Nick Cohen

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, centre right, critical race theory, DeepMind, disinformation, Etonian, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Farzad Bazoft, feminist movement, government statistician, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, kremlinology, liberal world order, light touch regulation, mass immigration, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, no-fly zone, plutocrats, post-industrial society, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, sensible shoes, the scientific method, union organizing, upwardly mobile, Yom Kippur War

‘We have criticised Islamic fanaticism – we are against the non-progressive ideas of the conservative elements,’ said Noureddin Kianouri, leader of the Marxist Tudeh Party, as he explained how he had weighted the options. ‘But for us, the positive side of Ayatollah Khomeini is so important that the so-called negative side means nothing.’ Later they arrested him along with tens of thousands of his comrades, paralysed his arms, broke his fingers and made him confess on television to being a Soviet spy. The ayatollahs crushed the Left, the liberals and the feminists, and imposed a religious tyranny far more terrible and far harder for women to endure than the Shah’s persecutions. Afsaneh Najmabadi had been far more sceptical about the wisdom of leftists going along with holy misogynists, and had the good sense to leave and get back to Kanan in London.

Notice, though, that the Iranian revolution was a vicious clerical reaction whose persecutions others had to suffer. If the bishops of the French Catholic Church had achieved the theocratic power of the ayatollahs and used it to prescribe what Foucault and his colleagues could teach at the Collège de France in Paris, I’m sure Foucault and all his admirers in the Anglo-American academe would have gone ape and shouted ‘fascism’. As it was, the victims of the Ayatollah Khomeini’s theocracy had brown skins and lived in a faraway country. When an interviewer asked him about the fate of the secular Iranian friends of Afsaneh Najmabadi, who might have expected the sympathy and support of French philosophers, Foucault justified their persecution by saying that Iran ‘did not have the same regime of truth as ours’.

Instead of being led by workers demanding fair shares for all or middle-class radicals demanding human rights and democratic elections, Iran had an Islamist revolution led by priests determined to impose their god’s law on men and women (especially women). Iranian leftists went along with them, somewhat stupidly as events were to turn out. Although they didn’t agree with the Ayatollah Khomeini’s belief that everything the human race needed to know was revealed in a seventh-century holy book, they reasoned that any revolution was better than none. The mania for Islam would pass, they thought. Religious exuberance was just a craze that flared up every now and again, then disappeared.


The America That Reagan Built by J. David Woodard

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Boeing 747, Bonfire of the Vanities, business cycle, colonial rule, Columbine, corporate raider, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, friendly fire, glass ceiling, global village, Gordon Gekko, gun show loophole, guns versus butter model, income inequality, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Jeff Bezos, junk bonds, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, laissez-faire capitalism, late capitalism, Live Aid, Marc Andreessen, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, new economy, no-fly zone, Oklahoma City bombing, Parents Music Resource Center, postindustrial economy, Ralph Nader, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Rubik’s Cube, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, stem cell, Strategic Defense Initiative, Ted Kaczynski, The Predators' Ball, Timothy McVeigh, Tipper Gore, trickle-down economics, women in the workforce, Y2K, young professional

His rise to power capitalized on the centuries-old Sunni-Shia split, the Arab versus Persian religious and ethnic disputes, and the personal animosity Saddam Hussein had for Ayatollah Khomeini in neighboring Iran. While the Iraqis were led by fear, the Iranians had a divine reverence for Khomeini. Khomeini’s ouster of the shah and leadership of the Iranian revolution of 1979 led to a protracted war between the neighboring countries from 1980 to 1988, dubbed the Iran-Iraq War. In the fighting between contiguous states, Baghdad planned for a quick victory over Tehran. Saddam wanted oil, and he expected that when his armies invaded, the people in the Arabic-speaking area of Iran would respond by rising against Khomeini’s fundamental Islamic regime.

He said the militants occupying the U.S. embassy were expressing the will of the Iranian people. It was as if the holy man was powerless to stop them. The president sent a private letter to the Ayatollah, and Khomeini promptly read it before the assembled press. In the middle of the takeover, Khomeini ignored his country’s disintegration long enough to wage a savage, holy civil war against his own Kurdish citizens, who, he explained, had joined the cults of Satan. For many observers outside the president’s inner circle, Jimmy Carter seemed just as enigmatic as the Ayatollah.40 The president refused to see the seizure and imprisonment of American diplomats as an act of war that demanded prompt and necessary force.

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, a highly respected Democratic senator, criticized the policy by declaring, ‘‘You don’t negotiate with illegality.’’39 Khomeini ordered the students to release women and black hostages from the embassy, and then 10 THE AMERICA THAT REAGAN BUILT granted interviews to ABC and NBC News. The criminal act of seizing the American hostages at the embassy was multiplied by endless media speculation and the inability of the world’s most powerful military to respond. The Ayatollah Khomeini would not play by the rules. He said the militants occupying the U.S. embassy were expressing the will of the Iranian people.


The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East by Andrew Scott Cooper

addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Boycotts of Israel, energy security, falling living standards, friendly fire, full employment, Future Shock, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, interchangeable parts, Kickstarter, land reform, MITM: man-in-the-middle, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, RAND corporation, rising living standards, Robert Bork, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, strikebreaker, unbiased observer, uranium enrichment, urban planning, Yom Kippur War

If the Shah thought this gesture would bolster his standing at home among the clergy he was sadly mistaken. Many of the faithful sought out Ayatollah Khomeini, who was living in exile in Iraq. “People knew about Khomeini,” said Ambassador Richard Helms. “This was particularly true after the Algiers Agreement of 1975, when Iranian pilgrims were again permitted to visit the holy shrines in Iraq at Karbala and Najaf. Some pilgrims brought tapes back from Khomeini, and one began to hear reports of their being played in the mosques and circulated clandestinely. So that as a political factor, people were aware of him.”

“And so I asked the name of the mullah who was idolized by our young demonstrators and whose defiant look meant nothing to me.” The queen learned that he was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the hard-line cleric who had led the 1963 revolt against her husband’s White Revolution reforms. “It struck me as unusual,” she said. “I had always thought of students as young, idealistic, liberal, progressive individuals seeking freedom. Why would a student in America demonstrate for Khomeini and carry his picture as an emblem of his belief?” Ambassador Ardeshir Zahedi spent 1977 outside Iran, preferring to focus on his official duties rather than deal with the increasingly political atmosphere at court where those closest to the throne intensified their jockeying for position.

Riot police armed with gas masks, shields, and truncheons were held in reserve, well away from the crowds, stationed in buses several blocks from the White House grounds. The Pahlavis flew into Virginia on November 14 and spent the night in Colonial Williamsburg. Ambassador Sullivan was intrigued to see so many young protesters holding up Khomeini’s portrait. He knew who he was. “Although I appreciated the role that Ayatollah Khomeini had played in the struggle between the shah and Shi’a clergy, this was the first time I had seen his name and portrait invoked in the struggle by the Iranian students against the shah’s regime,” he recalled later. Like the queen, Sullivan was perplexed that a man with a feudal outlook could command any following outside religious circles.


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Aftermath: Following the Bloodshed of America's Wars in the Muslim World by Nir Rosen

Ayatollah Khomeini, failed state, glass ceiling, Google Earth, liberal capitalism, Parag Khanna, selection bias, Seymour Hersh, unemployed young men, urban sprawl, éminence grise

In the refugee camps where they were housed, fighting erupted between supporters of the Sadr Current and the rival Supreme Council of Hakim. The Hakim family was perceived to represent the elite; it also backed Ayatollah Khomeini’s system of clerical rule, known as wilayat al-faqih. Although theological differences existed, the bitter rivalry between followers of Hakim and Sadr can best be seen as both a class conflict and a symptom of the resentment of Iraqi nationalist Shiites who stayed in Iraq toward Hakim and his followers, who were in exile in Iran. The Sadrists are inspired by the example and teachings of Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, arguably the most important Shiite theologian of the twentieth century, who challenged the quietist and traditional role of the Shiite clerical establishment, known as the hawza.

As the honorific title of “sayyid” revealed, he was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, and thus respected. He was also the oldest and best-known sayyid in Shaab. I visited his large home, which was down the street from a wall with posters of Ayatollahs Khomeini and Khamenei. The walls of his study were decorated with posters of Supreme Council leader Muhammad Bakr al-Hakim, who had been slain six months earlier in Najaf, as well as other ayatollahs. Nasr wore a black turban and thick glasses. “Our good leaders will prevent fitna,” he said. He explained that when he visited the Qiba Mosque, he told the gathered people that “I am Sunni and I am Shiite.

His network of clerics coordinated their sermons, and his bayanat (statements) were posted on mosque walls throughout Iraq. On June 23, 2003, Muqtada, having just returned from a trip to Iran—where he had met with government officials and Ayatollah Haeri, his father’s official successor and intellectual heir, and commemorated the death of Ayatollah Khomeini—visited Baghdad for the first time since his father’s death in 1999. He visited the neighborhoods of Kadhimiya and Shula before arriving in Sadr City, where tens of thousands greeted him with Iraqi flags as well as flags from the Bahadal, Msaare, Al Jazair, and Fawawda tribes.


pages: 419 words: 124,522

Shadow of the Silk Road by Colin Thubron

Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, Day of the Dead, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, failed state, government statistician, Great Leap Forward, invention of gunpowder, invention of the telescope, Lao Tzu, Pax Mongolica, South China Sea, trade route

Arabs defeat the Chinese c 840 The Uighur migrate west to the Tarim 1220–7 Mongols invade under Genghis Khan 1260–1368 The ‘Pax Mongolica’ c. 1300 The Kyrgyz migrate from Siberia into the Tian Shan 1381 Tamerlane invades Afghanistan 1405 Tamerlane dies 1405–1530 Timurids rule at Herat 1500 Uzbek Shaybanids seize Samarkand 1504 Kabul captured by Babur 1747 Foundation of Afghan state 1885 Russians complete the conquest of Central Asia 1917 Soviet power established in Kyrgyz territory 1920 Bolsheviks seize Bukhara; Uzbek and Tajik refugees flee to Afghanistan 1924–7 Stalin defines the borders of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan 1979–80 USSR invades Afghanistan 1989 USSR retreats from Afghanistan 1991 The Central Asian states gain independence from USSR 1994 Rise of the Taliban 1997 Taliban seize Mazar-e-Sharif, then are massacred 2001 US-led invasion of Afghanistan 2004 First free Afghan elections Iran 765 Birth of the Ismaili sect 874 Occultation of the 12th Shia Imam 1020 Death of Firdausi 1037–1220 Seljuk Turkish dynasty 1256–7 Mongols under Hulagu extirpate the Assassins 1256–1335 Ilkhanid Mongol dynasty 1258 The Mongols sack Baghdad 1304–1316 Reign of Oljeitu 1500–1736 Safavid dynasty 1925–1979 Pahlevi dynasty 1979 Islamic revolution under Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah flees 1980–88 Iran–Iraq war 1989 Death of Ayatollah Khomeini The West 680 Battle of Kerbela 800 Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1099 First Crusade captures Jerusalem 1260 Mamelukes turn back the Mongols 1453 Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople 1498 Portuguese pioneer the seaway round Africa 1914–18 First World War 1917 The Russian Revolution 1939–45 Second World War 1984–97 Kurdish rebellions in Turkey 2001 World Trade Center attack 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq Searchable Terms Abbasid Caliphate Abdullah (Kurdish driver) Abdurahman, King Afghanistan journey in Afrasiab Africa, seaway round Aga Khan Ahmadjan Ahuramazda (god) Aimaq (nomads) Ain Jalut, battle of Akayev, President of Kyrgyzstan Akbar Khan al- for names beginning al- see under following element of name Alamut Alamut river Alaric Alexander the Great Alexandria Ali (statistician) Ali, Caliph Alik (ex-policeman) Aloban (Nestorian priest) Altun mountains Amanullah, King America see United States of America Amin, Hafezullah Amirali (artist and poet) Amithaba (Buddha of Infinite Light) Amu Darya/Oxus river Anatolia Ancestors, claimed see also Manas Andijan Andkvoi Annar (Kyrgyz) Ansari Antioch Antiochus IV, King Antoninus Pius, emperor Apak Hoja mausoleum, Kashgar Apollo Arabian Incense Road Arabs Aral Sea Arhun (watchman) Armenia Armenians Aryans Asmu, Imam: tomb Assassins Assyria Assyrian church At-Bashy Athens Ata, Mohammed Attar Augustus Caesar, emperor Aurelian, emperor Azerbaijan Iranian Azeris Babur, emperor Babylon Bacon, Francis Bactria Bactrians Badakshan Baghdad Baisanghur, prince Balkh Barnabas, St Basra ‘Beauty of Kroran, The’ Behesht-e Zahra Beijing see also Tiananmen Square Bethlehem Bibi Khanum mosque Samarkand Bihzad bin Laden, Osama Birecik Bishkek Black Jade river, Khotan Black Mountains Bodh Gaya Bolsheviks Bombyx mori (silk moth) Book of Changes Book of Odes Book of Rites Borders Brazil British, the Buddhism in China Bukhara Byron, Robert Byzantine empire Caesar, Julius Canada Carrhae, battle of (53 BC) Caspian Sea Caucasus, the Central Asia time line see also names of countrie Chaldean Church Changan (Xian) palace ruins see also Xian chariots Charklik (Ruoqiang) Charlemagne, emperor Chatyr lake Chechens Chechnya Cherchen (Qiemo) salt plateau of Chiang Kai-shek Chilamachin China journey in time line Chinese (outside China) Chingiz (builder) Chinon Christianity in Antioch in China in modern Iran and Mongols Chrysostom, St John Chychkan river Cicero Cizre Cleopatra Cologne cathedral Columbus, Christopher Communism compass, the magnetic Confucianism Confucius Conrad of Montferrat Constantine the Great, emperor Constantinople Crassus, triumvir Crete crossbows Crusades Cultural Revolution Cyrus, King of Persia Czechoslovakia Da Qin Dalai Lama Damascus Damghan Daniar (Kyrgyz) Daniel (builder) Daphne, groves of (near Antioch) Dasht-e-Laili Demavend, Mount Deng Xiaoping Deobandi schools, Pakistan Dharamsala Dokuz Khatun Dolkon (Uighur) Dost Mohammed, King Dostum, Abdul Rashid Dowlatabad drugs Dubs, Homer Dudayev, General Dunhuang East Turkestan Islamic Movement Edward I, King of England Egypt Eighth Imam (Shia) Elburz mountains Eleanor of Castile, queen Elnura (Kyrgyz) England English language Euclid Euphrates Europe Fatima (daughter of Mohammed) Feng (Hui) Fergana Fergana valley Firdausi Shahnama tomb First Pass under Heaven, The Fitzgerald, Edward Flanders Fraser, James (British traveller) Friendship Bridge Friday Mosque, Herat Gang of Four Gansu corridor Gate of Sorrows, Jiayuguan Gawhar Shad, queen mausoleum of Gawhad Shah mosque and college, Herat Gawhar Shad mosque, Meshed Gazargah Gazur Khan Gelia (artist’s wife) Genghis Khan Germans Germany al-Ghazali Ghorid dynasty Gobi desert Goes, Bento de Golden Horde ‘Golden House’, Antioch Golmud Goths Great Game Great Leap Forward Great Wall Greece Gromov, General Guanyin (goddess) Guarong (Song Guorong) Gul (Uighur) Gulag Gulja Guma Gumbaz mosque, Namangan gunpowder Gutenberg Gwelin Hafizullah (Afghan) Hairatan Hakkari Hamed Han Hangzhou Hari river Haroun al-Rashid Hasan-i-Sabah Hazara Hazrat Ali shrine, Mazar-e- Sharif Heavenly mountains see Tian Shan mountains Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin Helena, St Herat Herodotus Hindu Kush Hinduism Homs Hongming (film-maker) Horses Hu Ji (historian) Huang Huangling Huatuguo Hui Hulagu, emperor Hunan Huns 70 134 Husain Baiqara, sultan Hussein (Iranian acquaintance) Hussein (son of Caliph Ali) Hussein, Saddam Ibn BattutaId Kah mosque, Kashgar Ilkhanid dynasty India Indians Innocent IV, Pope Inventions, Chinese see also crossbows, stirrups Iran journey in time line see also Iran-Iraq war Iran-Iraq war Iranian Azerbaijan Iraq see also Iran-Iraq war Isfahan, Qadi of Islam/Muslims in China see also Mevlevi sect; Naqshbandi sect; Shia; Sunni Ismail, 281, 282 Ismailis see also Assassins Israelis Italy see also Romans; Rome jade Jade Gate Jade Road Jafar (trainee doctor) Japan Jaxartes (Syr Darya) river Jelaleddin Rumi Jerusalem Crusader king of Patriarch of Jesuit missionaries Jesus Christ Jews Jiahuang (painter) Jiayuguan Jielu Jiuquan Jumgal valley Justinian, emperor Juvenal Kabul Kalan minaret, Bukhara Kanikay Karakoram Karakoram mountains Karakoram Highway Karimov, President of Uzbekistan Karzai, President of Afghanistan Kashgar Kazakhs Kazakhstan Kekemeren river Kenkol ravine Kerbela, battle of (AD 680) Keriya Khameini, Supreme Leader, Iran Khan, Ismail Khan family, Bukhara Khatami, President of Iran Khoja Parsa shrine, Balkh Khomeini, Ayatollah tomb of Khorasan Khotan Kitbogha Kizilkum desert Kiziltepe Kochkor mazar near Kochoi, tomb of Kokand Koran Korea Koreans Kublai Khan, emperor Kuchi Kun Lun mountains Kunduz Kurds Kushans Kyanizyak-khatun, princess Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan journey in Labrang Living Buddha of Lady of the Silk Worms (Lei-tzu) Lanchou University Lanzhou Lao-tzu Lattimore, Owen Lei-tzu see Lady of the Silk Worms Lenin (village) Lenin, V.I.

Government police had moved in to supervise its hundred-million-dollar annual revenue, and a machine-gun perched on a truck looked down on a mob of customs officials. After an hour our bus crept past a last barrier. The way swarmed with money-changers. The red, green and black of the Afghan flag gave way to the red, green and white of Iran, and the photogenic smile of President Karzai was replaced by the painted scowl of Ayatollah Khomeini and the owlish confusion of Supreme Leader Khamenei. The lorries were banked up five abreast for quarter of a mile, heavy with the shipment containers of evil memory, and piled with cement, Mitsubishi trucks, steel rods, Nestlé bottled water… The Iranian police, dapper in bottle green, boarded our bus in twos and threes, glittering with suspicion, hunting for the opium which leaked like bacilli across the border.

It was the eve of the birthday of the Twelfth Imam, venerated in Shia tradition as the coming saviour, and the city was choked with pilgrims. Only after a long time did I find a hotel, above a noisy crossroads. In the foyer hung a trio of photographs: the awkward-looking Supreme Leader Khamenei, the mild reformist president Khatami, and in the centre an angry Ayatollah Khomeini, watching them both. I was shown to a cleanish room. In its bedside drawer were a Koran, a folded prayer-mat and a medallion of clay to which the faithful touch their foreheads in prayer. Meshed enshrines the memory of murder and loss. In 818 the Eighth Imam in the Shia line was poisoned here by the reigning Sunni caliph (say the Shia) with grapes and pomegranate juice.


From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia by Pankaj Mishra

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, classic study, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, Deng Xiaoping, European colonialism, financial innovation, Great Leap Forward, invention of the telegraph, joint-stock company, Khartoum Gordon, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Monroe Doctrine, New Urbanism, plutocrats, profit motive, Scramble for Africa, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the scientific method, upwardly mobile, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, young professional

Millions of demonstrators and strikers appeared united by their hatred for the American-backed shah. But it was an exiled cleric, Ayatollah Khomeini, the charismatic figure dreamt of by Bazargan in the 1960s, who emerged as the most visible face of protest by deftly using the idiom of Shiite Islam – and anti-imperialism: ‘Islam is the religion of militant individuals who are committed to truth and justice. It is the religion of those who desire freedom and independence. It is the school of those who struggle against imperialism.’59 A referendum held weeks after his triumphant return to Iran in 1979 overwhelmingly endorsed Khomeini; 99 per cent of Iranians voted in favour of Iran being made into an Islamic Republic.

It makes it possible, I believe, to see the main political and intellectual tendencies that preceded and outlasted the better-known figures that have come to monopolize, and limit, our sense of India, China and the Muslim world. Liang Qichao bequeathed his obsession with building state power to Mao Zedong and his heirs in Communist China; al-Afghani’s fear of the West and obsession with Muslim self-strengthening prepared the way for Atatürk and Nasser as well as Ayatollah Khomeini, and still animates the politics of Islamic societies. During their long and eventful lives the Asians discussed in the book manifested all of the three main responses to Western power: the reactionary conviction that if Asian people were truly faithful to their religious traditions, which were presumed to be superior to those of all other civilizations, they would be strong again; the moderate notion that only a few Western techniques were required by Asians whose traditions already provided a sound basis for culture and society; and the vigorous determination, embraced by radical secularists like Mao and Atatürk, that the entire old way of life had to be revolutionized in order to compete in the jungle-like conditions of the modern world.

The efforts of this government will be crowned with success when we become able to destroy the heads of treason, the idols, the human images and the false gods who disseminate injustice and corruption on earth.134 This could be al-Afghani in one of his more Islamic moods. It is actually Ayatollah Khomeini. Al-Afghani may have slightly resembled the kind of Muslim ally the United States sought in the immediate aftermath of 9/11 – this is what the American ambassador seemed to imply at his speech in Kabul in 2002. In fact, he was the first major Islamic thinker to use the concepts ‘Islam’ and ‘the West’ as violently opposed binaries.135 In many other ways, he was ahead of his time, participating in popular movements, speaking of Muslim unity and rebellion when political awareness among Muslim masses was still underdeveloped.


What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response by Bernard Lewis

Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, colonial rule, European colonialism, lone genius, spice trade, women in the workforce

In the heartlands of Islam, such progress as was made in women’s rights was due entirely to internal forces and to the unaided efforts of Muslim women and men. 69 WHAT WENT WRONG? Nevertheless the struggle for the emancipation of women made some progress in the socially and economically more advanced parts of the region and has become a major target of different schools of militant Islamic revival. The Ayatollah Khomeini, in particular, gave it a prominent place in his indictment of the misdeeds of the shah and the crimes of his regime. From a traditional point of view, the emancipation of women—specifically, allowing them to reveal their faces, their arms, and their legs, and to mingle socially in the school or the workplace with men—is an incitement to immorality and promiscuity, and a deadly blow to the very heart of Islamic society, the Muslim family and home.

In this sense, classical Islam had no priesthood, no prelates who might rule or even decisively influence those who did. The caliph, who was head of a governing institution that was state and church in one, was himself neither a jurist nor a theologian, but a practitioner of the arts of politics and sometimes of war. The office of ayatollah is a creation of the nineteenth century; the rule of Khomeini and of his successor as “supreme jurist” an innovation of the twentieth. In most tests of tolerance, Islam, both in theory and in practice, compares unfavorably with the Western democracies as they have developed during the last two or three centuries, but very favorably with most other Christian and post-Christian societies and regimes.

The ready acceptance of the visual and verbal arts makes the rejection of music the more remarkable. It was not for lack of trying. Sultan Mahmud II was not alone in his experiment with a brass band. Other rulers saw the relevance of Western music to Western drill, and hence to Western warfare. Even the Ayatollah Khomeini, who in general fiercely denounced the sinfulness and corruption of all kinds of music and of Western music in particular, was willing to make an exception for marches and anthems. In Turkey, where Westernization as distinct from modernization has made most progress, Western music has won the widest acceptance and there are Turkish soloists, orchestras, and even composers in the Western style.


pages: 1,208 words: 364,966

Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War by Robert Fisk

airport security, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, British Empire, colonial rule, friendly fire, haute couture, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, open economy, Ronald Reagan, Suez crisis 1956, the long tail, Yom Kippur War

Even more crucial, he was the principal link between the Iranian opposition to the Shah and the Ayatollah Khomeini when the latter was enduring his bitter exile in Najaf. Mousa Sadr lived in Tyre. His sister, Rabab, married Hussein Charefiddin, from one of the most prominent Lebanese Shia families in the city. In the grey days of Iranian opposition to the Shah, almost all the figures who were, after 1979, to be the kingmakers and spiritual leaders of Iran visited Tyre. To Mousa Sadr’s Jebel Amel college outside the city came Mehdi Bazargan, Khomeini’s future prime minister. Bazargan’s deputy, Sadeq Tabatabai – still one of Khomeini’s closest aides – visited Tyre each year.

Bazargan’s deputy, Sadeq Tabatabai – still one of Khomeini’s closest aides – visited Tyre each year. So did Ayatollah Mohamed Beheshti, who was later to become leader of the Islamic Republican Party and Iranian minister of justice. Sadeq Qotbzadeh, who advised Khomeini in Paris and became his foreign minister, travelled to Tyre each year. Mustapha Chamran, who was to be Khomeini’s minister of defence, was one of the founders of the Jebel Amel college and taught there for several years. One of his pupils, a young electrical engineering student, was Mohamed Sa’ad who, years later, was to be Khalil Jerardi’s leading explosives expert in the resistance movement. Jerardi and Sa’ad both attended prayers at the same mosque as Beheshti.

It was not as if the physical dangers lay only in Lebanon; nor could there be any doubting the epic scale of the events going on outside its frontiers. When The Times closed down for 11 months in 1979, I spent weeks reporting the Iranian revolution for Canadian radio. How could one compare one of the great developments of twentieth-century history with Lebanon’s little wars? I watched Ayatollah Khomeini one day – I sat a few feet from him – lecturing us on the evils of America, the necessity of returning the Shah to Iran for trial and the eternal nature of the Islamic Republic. He stared at the floor as he spoke. Only at the ground; at a tiny spot of light that fell onto the poorly carpeted floor of this crowded room at his home in Qom.


pages: 427 words: 127,496

Mossad: The Greatest Missions of the Israeli Secret Service by Michael Bar-Zohar, Nissim Mishal

airport security, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Boeing 747, Dr. Strangelove, false flag, illegal immigration, Stuxnet, traveling salesman, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

The revolutionary Islamic government massacred the shah’s supporters and turned against Israel. The ailing shah escaped from his country as it fell under Ayatollah Khomeini’s control and into the hands of his loyal mullahs. Khomeini put an immediate end to the nuclear project, which he considered “anti-Islamic.” The building of the reactors was stopped and their equipment dismantled. But in the 1980s, a bloody war erupted between Iraq and Iran. Saddam Hussein used poison gas against the Iranians. The use of nonconventional weapons by their vilest enemy made the ayatollahs rethink their policy. Even before Khomeini’s death, his heir apparent, Ali Khamenei, instructed his military to develop new weapons—biological, chemical, and nuclear—to fight back against the weapons of mass destruction that Iraq had unleashed on Iran.

Cooperating to Sabotage Iran Nukes,” JPOST.COM.STAFF, December 30, 2010 KHOMEINI AND THE “ANTI-ISLAMIC” NUCLEAR WEAPONS Tahiri, Amir, Allah’s spirit: Khomeini and the Islamic revolution, Ofakim-Am-Oved, Tel-Aviv, 1985 (H) “Will Worldwide Recession Create Totalitarianism Again?” Carl Forsloff, Digital Journal, December 14, 2008 “Khamenei Vehemently Rejects Nuclear Allegations,” Arabianbusiness.com, June 3, 2008 “Has Iran Been Striving for Nuclear Weapons for Many Years?” Kedma Amirpur Katajun, translated from the Zud Deutsche Zeitung with the author’s permission, Kedma.co.il (H) “A Speech by the Ayatollah Khomeini About Nuclear Development and the Negative Influence of the American Technology,” Answers Yahoo.com, April 9, 2006 (H) “Before Starting a New War in the Middle East,” Yossi Dahan, Haoketz, haokets. didila.com, June 5, 2009 (H) 1977—ISRAEL OFFERS BALLISTIC MISSILES TO IRAN Minutes of Conversation Between Defense Minister Weizman and General Toffinian, July 18, 1977; see also Top Secret Minutes from Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, July 18, 1977, Digital National Security Archive, George Washington University, Washington, D The authors’ interviews with former Minister of Defense Ezer Weizman and with former Director General of the Ministry of Defense Dr.

Its surviving members, headed by Yasser Arafat, were exiled to Tunisia. Mughniyeh, though, decided to stay behind and joined the first group of Hezbollah founders. The Hezbollah—literally, the Party of God—was a Shiite terrorist organization created in 1982, in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Inspired by the Ayatollah Khomeini, trained and supplied by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, the Hezbollah became Israel’s vile enemy, defining his main goal as “Israel’s final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration.” From the first day of its existence, Hezbollah engaged in violent acts of terrorism against Israel.


pages: 269 words: 83,959

The Hostage's Daughter by Sulome Anderson

Ayatollah Khomeini, different worldview, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, failed state, false flag, Kickstarter, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes, Skype

“But that was the lie they were feeding the president.” The fear of Soviet influence was still very real in the 1980s, but it’s also true that the timing of the hostage abductions posed a problem for the United States. The pro-Western shah of Iran had been deposed in 1979, replaced by a theocratic Islamic regime with the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini at its head. The new government’s violent anti-Western rhetoric, as well as its capture and imprisonment of sixty Americans who worked at the U.S. embassy in Tehran, resulted in escalating tension between the two countries. The hostages were released in 1981, just minutes after Reagan was sworn into office, and it gave the new president a boost in prestige and a reputation for freeing hostages.

Here is where the other one went in.” He shows me some vicious-looking scars. “Why did someone try to kill you?” I ask. “Was it because of something you wrote?” “It was because I’ve always been against the Syrian regime, and particularly Iran,” Sabra responds. “But I was with Khomeini during his trip from Paris to Tehran, in the same plane. Back then, Khomeini didn’t have the policy against Lebanon yet, and he was just supposed to have a revolution in Iran against the shah. I was supportive of this until the Iran-Iraq War, when Iran started interfering in the politics in Lebanon. Their slogans and speeches were not Arab at all.

They Shouldn’t,” Washington Post, June 12, 2015. 106 Terry Waite’s kidnapping and blame placed on Oliver North, “Reviews/Television; On Terry Waite and the Arms-for-Hostages Deal,” New York Times, November 26, 1991. 108 Decoy in a Deadly Game: Terry Waite and Ollie North: The Untold Story of the Kidnapping—and the Release by Gavin Hewitt. 119 Sabra’s conflict with former Lebanese president Elias Hrawi, “Calmest Cabinet Session for 31 Years Avoids All Slapstick,” Daily Star, July 7, 1998. 120 Ash-Shiraa is pro-Syrian, “After the Ayatollah,” Foreign Policy, Spring 1987. 122 Hezbollah officially announces its role in Syrian war, “Hezbollah’s Role in Syrian Conflict Ushers New Reality for Its Supporters,” Guardian, May 24, 2013. 123 Battling ISIS has increased Hezbollah’s popularity, “How ISIS Terror Benefits Hezbollah,” Now Lebanon, November 12, 2015. 123 “Beirut Editor ‘Never Imagined’ Scoop Would Be So Big,” Washington Post, December 10, 1986. 123 Hashemi’s fundamentalism, “The Case of Mehdi Hashemi,” by Evan Siegel. 123 Hussein-Ali Montazeri, “Profile: Iran’s Dissident Ayatollah,” BBC, January 30, 2003. 123 Hashemi headed IRGC’s Office of Liberation Movements, Iran’s Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps by Steven O’Hern, page 71. 124 Hashemi took control of Montazeri’s armed followers in 1981, Iran Report, RFE/RL August 9, 1999. 124 OLM was transferred to Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1984; Hashemi went to Qom and set up Office for Global Revolution, Iran: A Country Study, U.S.Library of Congress, 1987. 124 Links between Hashemi and the Islamic Jihad, Hashemi spreads Islamic revolution to other countries, “Newspapers Report U.S.


pages: 276 words: 78,061

Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of Flags by Tim Marshall

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, colonial rule, Donald Trump, drone strike, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, It's morning again in America, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Mahatma Gandhi, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, megacity, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, Ronald Reagan, sceptred isle, Scramble for Africa, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, trade route, white picket fence

Its flag even has Arabic script on it, while at the same time it is also deeply Persian and revolutionary. The Iranian flag is a simple tricolour: three horizontal bands, green at the top, white in the middle and red at the bottom. It dates from 1980, the year after the Islamic revolution overthrew the Shah of Iran and brought the religious fundamentalists led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to power. The green signifies several things in Iranian culture, including happiness and vitality. Green is also, as we’ve noted, the colour traditionally linked to Islam, and in the fiercely Shia Islamic Republic of Iran it can also be seen as a recognition of the Shia Fatimid dynasty.

The red tulip in the centre of the white band is a complex symbol, or set of symbols. It comprises four crescents and a central stem which can be read as a geometrically symmetric form of the word Allah, but also as symbolizing the Five Pillars of Islam. The stem is also a sword standing for the strength of the nation. Ayatollah Khomeini liked all this symbolism, so it was no surprise when, after his death in 1989, the faithful decorated his tomb with seventy-two stained-glass tulips, the number harking back to the martyred Hussein’s difficult last day. However, the tulip is meaningful for all Iranians, not just those who support the revolution, and so it was not a surprise that in 2009, when opposition protests broke out against the re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, some demonstrators used the flower as a symbol of defiance.

At the heart of Beirut’s Shia southern suburbs is the district of Al-Dahiya. This is a no-go area for state officials: here Hezbollah is the police, the army, the religious authority and the government all rolled into one. One of the things that strikes you about the neighbourhood is the sight of massive posters extolling Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran and the current Hezbollah leader, Hassan Nasrallah. There is also a sea of single-colour flags, including red, black and green for the traditional Islamic motifs alongside the yellow of Hezbollah. The yellow is sometimes tinged with gold, which is a colour often found at Shia shrines, but there is no conclusive evidence that this is why it is used.


pages: 538 words: 141,822

The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom by Evgeny Morozov

"World Economic Forum" Davos, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Alvin Toffler, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, borderless world, Buckminster Fuller, Californian Ideology, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, computer age, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, digital divide, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, don't be evil, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global village, Google Earth, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, invention of radio, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, lolcat, Marshall McLuhan, Mitch Kapor, Naomi Klein, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, peer-to-peer, pirate software, pre–internet, Productivity paradox, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Sinatra Doctrine, Skype, Slavoj Žižek, social graph, Steve Jobs, Streisand effect, technological determinism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Wisdom of Crowds, urban planning, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce

See Jewish Internet Defense Force Jihad Jane Judt, Tony Kadeer, Rebiya Kadinsky, Wassily Kafka, Franz Kaiser Kuo Kalathil, Shanthi Kapor, Mitch Kaspersky, Yevgeny Kaspersky Lab Kaufman, Ted Keenan, Thomas Kennan, George Kennedy, John F. Kenya Keohane, Robert Kern, Holger Lutz Kerry, John Keyes, David Keyhole Keylogger Keyword filtering KGB Khamenei, Ayatollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Khouri, Rami Kierkegaard, Søren Kill-switch Kimmage, Daniel Kimmelman, Michael Klee, Paul Klein, Naomi Klosterman, Chuck Kohák, Erazim Kononenko, Maksim Kotkin, Stephen Krame, Ghaleb Kristof, Nicholas Krugman, Paul Lacan, Jacques Lake, Eli Lasswell, Harold Law enforcement Lawlessness Lazarsfeld, Paul Learn from Lei Feng (game) Lebedev, Artemy Lessig, Lawrence Lewis, James Li Qiaoming Li Xiaolin Liberation by facts theory Liberation by gadgets theory LinkedIn Lippmann, Walter Literature Liu Xiaobo Liu Zhengrong LiveJournal The Lives of Others (film) Logic The Logic of Failure (Dörner) Lolcats Luna, Riccardo Lynch, Marc MacKinnon, Rebecca Madison, Elliot Malkin, Michelle Mandelson, Peter Manhattan Project Mao Zedong Marconi, Guglielmo Marcuse, Herbert Marketing Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China (Brady) Marvin, Simon Marx, Karl Marx, Leo Marxism Masnick, Mike Massage Milk McAffee computer security firm McConnell, Mike McLaughlin, Andrew McLuhan, Marshall McNamara, Robert Mearsheimer, John Medvedev, Dmitry Meet the Press Megaphone Memorial (Russian NGO) Messina, Chris “FactoryJoe,” Metzl, Jamie Mexico Meyen, Michael Microchip Immune Deficiency Syndrome (MIDS) Microsoft Middle class Middle East MIDS.

According to the Iranian police, public tip-offs helped to identify and arrest at least forty people. Ahmadinejad’s supporters may have also produced a few videos of their own, including a clip—which many in the opposition believed to be a montage—that depicted a group of protesters burning a portrait of Ayatollah Khomeini. If people had believed that the footage was genuine, it could have created a major split in the opposition, alienating vast swathes of the Iranian population. The police or someone acting on their behalf also went searching for personal details—mostly Facebook profiles and email addresses—of Iranians living abroad, sending them threatening messages and urging them not to support the Green Movement unless they wanted to hurt their relatives back in Iran.

This explains how, less than a year after the Iranian protests, a Newsweek writer mustered the courage to proclaim that “the revolts in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Burma, Xinjiang, and Iran could never have happened without the web.” (Newsweek, it must be noted, has been predicting an Internet-led revolution in Iran since 1995, when it published an article pompously titled “Chatrooms and Chadors” which posited that “if the computer geeks are right, Iran is facing the biggest revolution since the Ayatollah Khomeini.”) Unless journalists fully commit themselves to scrutinizing and, if necessary, debunking such myths, the latter risk having a corrosive effect on policymaking. As long as Twitter is presumed to have been instrumental in enabling the Iranian protests, any technologies that would allow Iranians to access Twitter by bypassing their government’s censorship are also presumed to be of exceptional importance.


pages: 407 words: 123,587

The Prince of the Marshes: And Other Occupational Hazards of a Year in Iraq by Rory Stewart

Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, clean water, Etonian, full employment, Khartoum Gordon, lateral thinking, Masdar, microcredit, public intellectual, trade route, unemployed young men, urban planning

He answered that he was sorry that we were not cutting the hands off thieves. It was ordained in the Koran. “But even Imam Khomeini did not encourage people in Iran to cut off hands,” I said. “Imam Khomeini has his opinion and I have mine,” the cleric replied. Young Shia clerics were normally deferential toward the age and wisdom of a Grand Ayatollah like Khomeini. I asked how long he had been in the hawza, the seminary in Najaf. “Two years,” he replied. It was normal to study there for fifteen years or more. I asked which Grand Ayatollah he had followed. “I followed myself,” he replied. This disregard for learning and authority appeared increasingly typical of young Shia politicians and their religious opinions seemed fractured, less controllable, and increasingly militant.

I asked. “Everyone including Iran,” he replied. “We want a national government for Iraq.” This was a change for a party that had once aimed to include Iraq in a super state under the Iranian leader Khomeini. “And what kind of government do you wish to establish?” “Wilayat-e-faqih,” he replied, smiling. The government of the jurists—or, in other words, an Islamic theocracy under a senior Ayatollah: the governmental system of Iran. No one in the Coalition wanted to establish an Iranian-style theocracy, and it was clear even in the few days I had been in the province that there was little enthusiasm for it from Iraqis.

—finance officer Charlotte “Charlie” Morris—social affairs officer IRAQI POLICE Abu Rashid—police chief, Maysan Brigadier General Sabih—acting police chief Seyyed Faqr—police chaplain Nadhem—police chief, Amara MARSH ARABS Seyyed Issa—head of the district council of Beni Hashim The “progressive classes” Ali—a young activist Asad—a middle-aged poet Hussein—director of the Finance Ministry POLITICAL PARTIES “The Prince’s Party” Rural/tribal and relatively secular Karim Mahood Hattab—“Abu Hatim,” “The Prince of the Marshes” Riyadh Mahood Hattab—brother of the Prince—head of the regeneration committee and candidate for governor Shia parties All derived from the original Dawa Party, founded in the late fifties and led by Ayatollah Muhammad Bakr al-Sadr (Sadr I), martyred in 1980 The “Iranian-linked groups” Supreme Committee for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI) Formed by the Marytr Ayatollah Muhammed Bakr Al-Hakim Militia—Badr Brigades and Party of God Abu Ahmed—SCIRI central, candidate for governor Abu Miriam—Movement of the Party of God Abu Maytham—Badr brigades, candidate for police chief Dawa Formed by the Martyr Ayatollah Muhammad Bakr al-Sadr (Sadr I) Abu Muslim—ex-cleric from Dawa movement Abu Akil—national head of Dawa Iraq tendency Abu Mustafa—cleric—independent Dawa Sheikh Rahim—cleric—independent Dawa The Sadrists (Office of the Martyr Sadr and Fodala) Formed by the Martyr Ayatollah Muhammad Sadeq al-Sadr (Sadr II) and led now by his son Muqtada (Sadr III) and Chief of Staff Al-Yakubi Militia—Army of the Imam Mehdi Seyyed Hassan—head of the Sadr Party Seyyed Sattar—head of the Majar branch of Sadr Hassan—head of the “alternative councils” TRIBES Albu Muhammad Beni Lam Al-Azerj Suwaad Beni Kaab Albu Deraaj Abu Ali Sudan Saada Bahadil DHI QAR COALITION PROVISIONAL AUTHORITY John Bourne—governorate coordinator, Dhi Qar Barbara Contini—governorate coordinator, Dhi Qar Jeremy Nathan—deputy governorate coordinator, Dhi Qar Toby Bradley—political officer, Dhi Qar Franco Corbani—special projects, Dhi Qar Sabri Badr Rumaiath—governor of Dhi Qar Abbas—deputy governor, a Danish citizen Adnan Sherife—assistant governor Abdul Amir Al-Hamdani—director of archaeology SADRISTS Sheikh Aws Al-Khafagi—head of the office Sheikh Ali Zeidi—Al Rafai leader Sheikh Muwayad—Nasiriyah leader Asad Al-Ghuzzi—associate and ally AL RAFAI TRIBES Shweilat, Sheikh Arkan Hairullah Beni Rikaab, Shlage Yunus, son of Shlage Ismail Taleb TIMELINE 3000 B.C.


pages: 410 words: 106,931

Age of Anger: A History of the Present by Pankaj Mishra

anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Brexit referendum, British Empire, classic study, colonial rule, continuation of politics by other means, creative destruction, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Evgeny Morozov, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, George Santayana, global village, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, informal economy, invisible hand, liberal capitalism, Mahatma Gandhi, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Nelson Mandela, Oklahoma City bombing, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, planetary scale, plutocrats, power law, precariat, public intellectual, Republic of Letters, Scientific racism, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, smart cities, Snapchat, stem cell, technological solutionism, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, traveling salesman, urban planning, Vilfredo Pareto, wage slave, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

The Jacobins and the German Romantics may have been Rousseau’s most famous disciples, determined to create through retributive terror or economic and cultural nationalism the moral community neglected by Enlightenment philosophes. But Rousseau’s prescient criticism of a political and economic system based on envious comparison, individual self-seeking and the multiplication of artificial needs also helps us understand a range of historical and sociological phenomena: how and why a cleric like Ayatollah Khomeini rose out of obscurity to lead a popular revolution in Iran; why many young people seduced by modernity come to pour scorn on Enlightenment ideals of progress, liberty and human perfectibility; why they preach salvation by faith and tradition and uphold the need for authority, hierarchy, obedience and subjection; or why, suffering from self-disgust, these divided men and women embrace conflict and suffering, bloodshed and war.

Three books by Ervand Abrahamian are indispensable: Iran between Two Revolutions (Princeton, 1982); Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London, 1989); and Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic (Berkeley, 1993). Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi’ite Islam (London, 2002), is a good overview of the Shiite tradition. Baqer Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (London, 1999), has many useful details. Two excellent accounts of gender relations in Iran, before and after the revolution, are offered by Afsaneh Najmabadi: The Story of the Daughters of Quchan: Gender and National Memory in Iranian History (Syracuse, NY, 1998), and Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity (Berkeley, 2005).

., A Rebours (1884) ideology, theory of Ignatieff, Michael immigrants anarchists in USA fin de siècle as great age of migration hate-mongering against Polish émigrés in Turkey racism towards after Brexit vote imperialism, Western backlashes in name of traditional society creation of ‘long-term losers’ by decolonization exporting of modernity French German institutionalization of racism by Italian justifications for violence legacy for nation states of Napoleon neo-imperialism nineteenth-century expansion of Rhodes on Spanish American colonies and Tocqueville see also British Empire; post-colonial states India author’s upbringing in caste system and European mystical doctrines gods and goddesses independence (1947) Indian Mutiny (1857) and individualism inequality in Kashmiri and Naga insurgencies Maoist guerrillas in Marx on modernization nuclear tests (1998) post-independence writers and artists and Herbert Spencer universal suffrage in Young India see also Hindu nationalism individual, liberal universalist ideal of attempts to impose by force and capitalist modernization Enlightenment inception of failed universalization of fin de siècle rejections of and French Revolution German counter-tradition and Mill Napoleon’s politicization of and new post-war ‘Western Model’ notion of self-expansion and the philosophes promoted by privileged minority rational choice-making capacity Rousseau as critic and Sorel worldwide spread of individualism and Bakunin and creeping despotism culture of competition and mimicry and digital media dominance of since 1990s and Dostoyevsky’s writings and globalization and ISIS and Mazzini neo-liberal fantasy of nineteenth-century rise of Ayn Randian clichés rational egoism notion rhetoric of self-empowerment and rise of ressentiment in USA war of all against all Indonesia industrial revolution inequality as abetted by intellectual classes in India in nineteenth/early twentieth century present-day intellectual and artist class ‘comprador intelligentsia’ fin de siècle as first apostles of nationalism and French Revolution in India in Muslim countries support of despotic modernizers and Voltaire-Rousseau battle see also German Romantics; philosophes Iqbal, Muhammad IRA Iran Khomeini’s rule Khomeini’s velayat-e faqih (guardianship by jurist) revolution (1978) Shah of Shah’s repressive security apparatus US and UK backed coup (1953) Iran-Iraq war (1981–8) Iraq First Gulf War (1990) invasion of (2003) Ireland ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) appeal of birth of destruction as a creative passion and individualism intellectual forefathers and ‘narcissism of small difference’ use of internet Western bafflement at Islam Jalal Al-e-Ahmad writings and Atatürk cartoons lampooning Prophet Mohammed clash of civilizations thesis and Erdogan and European fin de siècle ‘experts’ on first generation of Islamists and Hindu nationalism intellectual and artist class Iranian revolution (1978) Italian invasion of Libya (1911) Naipaul on pan-Islamism in post-colonial states and Rashid Rida Shiite tradition Sunni tradition and Voltaire Western campaign to ‘reform’ Islamism, Radical 9/11 terrorist attacks al-Suri’s jihad strategy appeal of and Christian eschatology as disconnected from Islamic faith historical continuity explanations ideological eclecticism intellectual forefathers and ‘jihad’ and local defences of autonomy mimetic violence as product of modern era and pseudo-explanations and struggle against sensuousness and urbanization World Trade Centre attack (1993) see also ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) Israel Italy assassination of Umberto I (1878) Bakunin’s influence Carboneria city states constitutionalist revolt (1820–21) failings of unified state far-right resurgence in Fascism fin de siècle migration and First World War and ‘Free State of Fiume’ imperial ambitions industrialization Lazzaretti in Tuscany literature Marx on militarism in late nineteenth century Northern League post-WW2 period Risorgimento Sorel’s influence in unification Young Italy see also Mazzini, Giuseppe Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze’ev Jacobi, Friedrich Jacobins Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig James, Henry Japan Jena-Auerstädt, battle of (1806) Jews see also anti-Semitism Jihadi John jingoism Johnson, Samuel Joyce, James, Ulysses (1922) Jünger, Ernst Kalimantan, Indonesia Kang Youwei Kant, Immanuel Kashmir Kasravi, Ahmad Keats, John Kepler, Johannes Keynes, John Maynard Khamenei, Ali Khan, Ayub Khomeini, Ayatollah post-revolutionary reign of terror Kierkegaard, Soren Kipling, Rudyard Kitaro, Nishida Kleist, Heinrich von Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb Kölcsey, Ferenc Korner, Theodor Kotkin, Stephen Kropotkin, Peter Kuliscioff, Anna Kyle, Chris, American Sniper Kyoto School of philosophy de Lafayette, Marquis de Lagarde, Paul de Lamartine, Alphonse de Lamennais, Abbé Félicité Words of a Believer (1834) Lang Lang (pianist) Le Pen, Marine Lebanon Lees, Edith Lenin Leroux, Pierre Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim Lewis, Bernard Li Shizeng Liang Qichao liberalism, classical Adam Smith’s theory ideal of pursuit of individual interests see also free market ideology; neo-liberalism Libya Lichtheim, George Locke, John Lohia, Rammanohar Loughner, Jared Louis Vuitton Louis XIV, King of France Lu Xun Luce, Henry Luther, Martin Macpherson, James, Ossian fraud de Maistre, Joseph Malatesta, Errico Mali mandarin culture Mandela, Nelson Mandelstam, Osip, ‘My Age, My Beast’ (1918) Mann, Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mannheim, Karl Manzoni, Alessandro Mao Zedong al-Maqdisi, Abu Mohammed Marat, Jean-Paul Marinetti, Filippo The Futurist Manifesto (1909) Marx, Karl The Communist Manifesto (1848) view of history Marxism dialectic dream of universal utopia see also Communism masculinity crisis of in nineteenth century fixation with manliness and Hindu nationalism machismo of Napoleon New Man in fin de siècle Mateen, Omar Maududi, Abu Al-Ala May, Theresa Mazzini, Giuseppe non-European disciples religion of humanity ‘Third Rome’ plan McEwan, Ian, Amsterdam (1998) McKinley, William, assassination of (1901) McLuhan, Marshall McVeigh, Timothy media see also digital communications Meinecke, Friedrich messianism, revolutionary metric system Metternich, Prince Mexico Meyerbeer, Giacomo Michelet, Jules Michels, Robert Mickiewicz, Adam Micklethwait, John Middle Ages Middle East division into mandates Israeli assault on Lebanon (2006) see also individual countries Miglio, Gianfranco Mill, John Stuart mimesis and Adam Smith’s theories appropriative mimicry and commercial society Herzl’s’Darwinian mimicry’ mimetic desire national emulation and ressentiment and Rousseau and violence and Westernizing dictators Mishima, Yukio modernity Anglo-America as maker of modern world Enlightenment inauguration of and European imperialism fin de siècle rejections of German counter-tradition and Khomeini latecomers to Marshall Berman’s definition and mimetic desire modernization from above and Naipaul’s ‘mimic men’ and post-colonial nations reappearance of mythic volk violent history of and Voltaire-Rousseau battle West vs Islam binary see also Enlightenment; individual, liberal universalist ideal of; progress, Enlightenment/modern notions of; Western society (the West) modernization theory Modi, Narendra Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh Montaigne Montesquieu Persian Letters (1721) The Spirit of the Laws (1748) Mosaddeq, Mohammad Mosca, Gaetano Most, Johann Muenzer, Thomas Mukerjee, Radhakamal Mumbai Munif, Abd al-Rahman, Cities of Salt (1984) Mussolini, Benito Myanmar Naipaul, V.


pages: 518 words: 143,914

God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World by John Micklethwait, Adrian Wooldridge

affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bonfire of the Vanities, Boris Johnson, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, David Brooks, Dr. Strangelove, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, ghettoisation, global supply chain, God and Mammon, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, industrial cluster, intangible asset, invisible hand, Iridium satellite, Jane Jacobs, joint-stock company, knowledge economy, liberation theology, low skilled workers, mass immigration, McMansion, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, new economy, oil shock, Peace of Westphalia, public intellectual, Robert Bork, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, Silicon Valley, stem cell, supply-chain management, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus

In the same year a Hindu nationalist party won 9.4 percent of the vote in India. Faith gathered pace in politics in the 1970s. By the end of that decade, America had elected its first proudly born-again Christian, Jimmy Carter; Jerry Falwell had founded the Moral Majority; Iran had replaced the worldly shah with Ayatollah Khomeini; Zia-ul-Haq was busy Islamizing Pakistan; Buddhism had been formally granted the foremost place in Sri Lanka’s constitution; and an anti-Communist Pole had become head of the Catholic Church. What caused this shift in the 1970s? Believers see a populist revolt against the overreach of elitist secularism—be it America’s Supreme Court legalizing abortion or Indira Gandhi harrying Hindus.

Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949, but his ideas spread throughout the Islamic world, often underground. Occidentosis: A Plague from the West by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, one of Iran’s leading intellectuals, had to be secretly published in Tehran in 1962. The book’s argument against what he called “west-mania” or “westoxification” had a marked influence on Ayatollah Khomeini. The Karl Marx of radical Islam was Sayyid Qutb, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood and, many argue, the spiritual godfather of Al Qaeda. Qutb received both a traditional Muslim education (he had memorized the entire Koran by the age of ten) and a secular Western one. He published poems, novels and literary criticism, and earned his living as a teacher and education bureaucrat.

Governments in many places are incapable of providing security and welfare services, leaving their unstable and rootless populations ripe for recruitment by religious entrepreneurs. A ring of instability lines Islam’s southern frontier, which runs roughly along the tenth parallel from West Africa to the Philippines. Radical Islam has a huge influence over several countries—notably Iran, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Iran is the most bellicose: Ayatollah Khomeini, who seized power from the shah in 1979, preached a messianic form of Shia Islam that involved a continuous war against the forces of evil, by which he meant the infidel West, led by the United States. His successors have preached the same doctrine with varying degrees of fervor. The current Iranian president is on the extreme end of that: he believes that the Second Coming is imminent and seems to think that he has a chosen role in bringing it about.


Inside British Intelligence by Gordon Thomas

active measures, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, British Empire, country house hotel, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, job satisfaction, Khyber Pass, kremlinology, lateral thinking, license plate recognition, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, old-boy network, operational security, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Suez crisis 1956, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

While possessing 10 percent of the world’s oil reserves, the majority of Iran’s people lived a life indistinguishable from that of their medieval forefathers; millions were without electricity, running water, or paved roads. The call for change had finally swept the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to power in 1979 when he had returned from exile in Paris preaching with the fervor of a new prophet. Asgari had been standing outside the Majlis, the country’s parliament, when Khomeini had been appointed faqih, the nation’s pious jurist, who would lead religious scholars to teach the people the true meaning of velayat-e faqih, a harsh doctrine that previously even the twelve Shiite Muslims who were the apostles of their faith had not spread.

A quiet and polite man with a receding hairline, which made him look older than his years, Evans had been one of the young officers marked down for fast-tracking, and he had been appointed to implement the policy changes Walker had left unfinished. In his spare time, he had chosen a subject to study: the politicizing of modern Islam. He became fascinated with how it developed from the power struggle between the House of Saud monarchy and the fundamentalism of Ayatollah Khomeini and how later Saddam Hussein, a secularist, had mobilized Iraq’s religious groups to keep them out of Khomeini’s control, a decision that had led to the seven-year war between their nations. From the mishmash of groups that emerged from that conflict, Evans had become intrigued by al-Qaeda and its messianic leader, Osama bin Laden. In 1991, bin Laden had set up his “Base” in a huge, well-guarded compound outside Khartoum, which was protected by the Sudanese military regime.

Lawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Its description of the role intelligence had played in using the Arabs to overthrow the Turks had convinced him MI6 had been the most powerful intelligence service, and remained so, in the region. He read elsewhere how it had later manipulated the shah and helped the Ayatollah Khomeini gain power and had then gone on to try unsettling the mullahs after Iran revealed its plans to become a nuclear power. In intelligence terms, Asgari saw MI6 as cool, calculated strategists. That conclusion may well have been the moment his thoughts of secretly working for it were sown. A passage in Lawrence’s book had stayed in his mind, “All men dream, but not equally.


pages: 565 words: 134,138

The World for Sale: Money, Power and the Traders Who Barter the Earth’s Resources by Javier Blas, Jack Farchy

accounting loophole / creative accounting, airport security, algorithmic trading, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, book value, BRICs, business climate, business cycle, collapse of Lehman Brothers, commodity super cycle, coronavirus, corporate raider, COVID-19, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, electricity market, energy security, European colonialism, failed state, financial innovation, Ford Model T, foreign exchange controls, Great Grain Robbery, invisible hand, John Deuss, junk bonds, Kickstarter, light touch regulation, lockdown, low interest rates, margin call, new economy, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, oil-for-food scandal, Oscar Wyatt, price anchoring, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, Ronald Reagan, Scramble for Africa, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, stakhanovite, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War, éminence grise

But a new crisis in the Middle East was about to redraw the oil market, bringing them riches on a new scale – and catapulting them to a position of geopolitical significance that would catch the attention of governments around the world. On 1 February 1979, a plane touched down in Tehran. From it emerged an elderly man with a white beard, dressed in long black robes. The man, walking gingerly and assisted by a steward, was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. His return to Iran after fifteen years of exile marked the culmination of the Iranian revolution and the beginning of a new era for the global oil market. Speaking in a loud, firm voice, the septuagenarian told his supporters: ‘We are succeeding, but this is only the first stage.’ 62 A few weeks earlier, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Persia, who had been famous for his lavish parties fuelled by the petrodollars of the 1973–74 crisis, had left the country, ostensibly on holiday, never to return.

Speaking in a loud, firm voice, the septuagenarian told his supporters: ‘We are succeeding, but this is only the first stage.’ 62 A few weeks earlier, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Persia, who had been famous for his lavish parties fuelled by the petrodollars of the 1973–74 crisis, had left the country, ostensibly on holiday, never to return. For the oil market, the Iranian revolution was a lightning bolt. Iran was the second-largest oil producer within OPEC, behind only Saudi Arabia. An oil crisis had already been brewing for several months when Ayatollah Khomeini landed in Tehran. Since early 1978, oil workers had been on strike in the south-east of Iran. At the beginning of the year, Iranian oil production had been around 5.5 million barrels a day; by the end of the year, production had fallen to a trickle. 63 The Iranian revolution didn’t affect everyone in the oil market equally.

And yet South Africa could rely on the Shah of Iran, who ensured that his oil continued to flow, regardless of what the rest of the world might think. Iran came to account for roughly 80% of South Africa’s petroleum supply, with some of its refineries configured to run exclusively on a diet of Persian crude. The Islamic revolution in 1979 ended the trade overnight, however, at least officially. With Ayatollah Khomeini in power, Iran stopped selling oil directly to South Africa. Pretoria had to turn to the commodity traders. They helped to secure oil from Iran, the Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia and Brunei – for a price. The trade was shrouded in secrecy, since few oil-producing countries permitted oil sales to South Africa.


pages: 586 words: 184,480

Slow Boats to China by Gavin Young

Ayatollah Khomeini, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, Malacca Straits, Pearl River Delta, South China Sea, the long tail, three-masted sailing ship

There were indeed three Kurds aboard the Chidambaram. Later I tried to talk to them in mangled English, French and Arabic. They were a thick-set, blue-chinned trio. ‘You are from Germany?’ they asked. ‘No, England.’ ‘We are Kurds,’ they said gruffly. When I asked them who they preferred, the Shah or Ayatollah Khomeini, they answered, ‘Both are bad. The Shah is looking too far forward, Khomeini too far back – he wants to see 700 AD in 1980.’ They were Kurdish nationalists, they said, and were confident that one day their country would be united and independent. ‘There are problems but in fifteen, twenty years….’ Were they, I wondered, on an arms-buying mission?

Under his orders, Shapur and Khalat threw open the hoods of the cars on deck and began detaching collars, pipes, a radiator, wires and batteries. The nakhoda came up to me, looking hot but unflustered. He said, ‘We stop here maybe two hours. Then go….’ He pointed vaguely towards Iran, or did he mean Pakistan? I wondered if we were going to end up engineless, foodless and waterless on some remote beach in the wild west of Ayatollah Khomeini’s Iran. As I took a discreet nip of gin behind the wheelhouse, the hoarse voice of Mir Mohamed murmured at my elbow, ‘A little for me?’ I poured him a couple of fingers, and he gave me a sly grin and a wink before going back to chop fish in his ‘galley’. After a while I heard him singing a lugubrious Baluchi lament.

Suddenly a sharp call from below roused the three from their contemplation of me, and they ducked under the roof-deck and disappeared. Soon Jan and the Haji joined me, Jan jumpy but giggling, the Haji apparently calm in the recollection of Allah. ‘You make friend with Moro, yah?’ cried Jan. ‘You make friend with very Muslim man – yah, yah – with Ayatollah!’ Thereafter Musa, the friendly Moro with the bottle-green eyes, was known to Jan as the Ayatollah. The Haji said, ‘Moros take arms from Brazil revolutionaries. FN rifles and pistols. Their chief is living in Libya with his wife. They want independence for Sulu, Mindanao and Palawan Island, all Muslim areas. But, of course, all that is too small for independence.


pages: 497 words: 143,175

Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies by Judith Stein

1960s counterculture, accelerated depreciation, activist lawyer, affirmative action, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, blue-collar work, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, centre right, collective bargaining, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, desegregation, do well by doing good, Dr. Strangelove, energy security, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, feminist movement, financial deregulation, floating exchange rates, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, income per capita, intermodal, invisible hand, knowledge worker, laissez-faire capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, Martin Wolf, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, post-industrial society, post-oil, price mechanism, price stability, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, reserve currency, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, Simon Kuznets, strikebreaker, three-martini lunch, trade liberalization, union organizing, urban planning, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, working poor, Yom Kippur War

He inserted Iran into the Cold War.18 Schlesinger did too, telling the oil minister of Kuwait that events in Iran “followed recent events in the two Yemens and Afghanistan.”19 At the time, the Western consensus was that religious leaders could not govern, and the Americans concluded that the Soviet Union, seemingly on the move, would reap the fruits of a post-shah Iran, not the Iranian Shiite leader, Ayatollah Khomeini. Liberals, too, misread the Shiite opposition. UN Ambassador Andrew Young predicted that Khomeini “would eventually be hailed a saint.”20 Carter’s press secretary, Jody Powell, quickly informed Young that the “United States is not in the canonization business.”21 Princeton professor Richard Falk took Khomeini at his word when he pledged freedom to Jews and leftists. Falk believed that “Iran may yet provide us with a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third world country.”22 The American left was prone to see its own aspirations in the new regime.

Falk believed that “Iran may yet provide us with a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third world country.”22 The American left was prone to see its own aspirations in the new regime. For many, the ayatollah’s vocal anti-imperialism was the only passport he needed to enter progressive circles. Even those in the region were of the mark. Hamsa Abbas, head of the Central Bank of Kuwait, stated categorically that “Khomeini is not a leftist,” but he also believed that despite the “revolutionary fervor,” Khomeini “would need to get his economy going again, which means he will have to reach some agreement with the U.S.”23 Khomeini was a more interesting and reactionary figure than his detractors and admirers made him out to be.

He had some acquaintance with Western philosophy and modeled his ideas of government on Plato’s, with all of the elitism that the choice implied. Forced into exile in Iraq, he was expelled by Saddam Hussein as a favor to the shah in October 1978 and was savvy enough to direct affairs in Iran from Paris. Khomeini was dead set against any compromise with the shah. The ayatollah’s eccentricities, which he exhibited in forms such as making the playing of chess a capital crime because of its monarchical pieces, were irrelevant for Americans. More important, the theocratic philosopher king did not care a whit for oil production, which fell from 5.9 million barrels per day in 1978 to 1.3 million in 1980, just before the start of Iran-Iraq war.24 Although the loss of Iranian production was modest, about 4 or 5 percent of the noncommunist world total, a huge price increase—150 percent—followed.25 As occurred in 1973, prices were driven by panicked responses to small losses in production.


pages: 420 words: 126,194

The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam by Douglas Murray

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, Boris Johnson, British Empire, centre right, cognitive dissonance, deindustrialization, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, gentrification, glass ceiling, high net worth, illegal immigration, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, open borders, post-industrial society, white flight

Britain had one of the earliest warnings, from Valentine’s Day 1989 when the Supreme Leader of the Revolutionary Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini, issued a document calling on ‘all zealous Muslims of the world’ to know that ‘the author of the book entitled The Satanic Verses – which has been compiled, printed and published in opposition to Islam, the Prophet and the Qur’an – and all those involved in its publication who were aware of its contents, are sentenced to death’. The Ayatollah went on: ‘I call on all zealous Muslims to execute them quickly, wherever they may be found, so that no one else will dare to insult the Muslim sanctities.’6 The head of a Tehran ‘charitable foundation’ followed this up with a $3 million reward for the British novelist’s murder (the bounty to be reduced by $2 million if the murderer was a non-Muslim).

Sacranie replied, ‘Death perhaps, is a bit too easy for him.’7 Britain’s most famous convert to Islam, Yusuf Islam (formerly known as the singer Cat Stevens), was asked on a television programme whether he would give Rushdie shelter if he were to turn up at his door. He replied, ‘I’d try to phone the Ayatollah Khomeini and tell him exactly where this man is.’ Asked whether he would go to a demonstration where an effigy of Rushdie was being burnt, he replied, ‘I would have hoped that it would be the real thing.’8 Across the cultural and political worlds people debated this reawakened question of blasphemy.

From the political left John le Carré declared that, ‘there is no law in life or nature that says great religions may be insulted with impunity’.13 And the Labour MP Bernie Grant – one of the first black MPs in the British House of Commons – told a meeting of fellow MPs that white people were trying to impose their values on the world and that although he didn’t agree with the Ayatollahs, Muslims in Iran should have the right to live their own lives. Besides which ‘burning books,’ he claimed ‘was not a big issue for blacks’.14 Still a small but determined group of people did realise what the fatwa meant and supported the novelist whom Ayatollah Khomeini referred to as ‘that blasphemous bastard’.15 The novelist Fay Weldon was sitting opposite Cat Stevens when he made his comments and remarked with amazement that a police chief superintendent who was also in the studio did not simply walk across and arrest the singer for incitement to murder. In a subsequent pamphlet Weldon claimed that Britain was paying the price for the fact that too few people had bothered to read the Koran and had instead been happy to murmur ‘platitudes about “great world religions”’.16 This broadside in turn was viewed by some British Muslims as hate-speech, with even a fairly moderate Muslim writer of the period, Ziauddin Sardar, writing that, ‘It seemed Weldon could fabricate whatever she wished and produce a prejudiced diatribe simply because Muslims were fair game.’17 In fact, it was only people associated with Rushdie who were ‘fair game’.


pages: 183 words: 59,209

Pumpkinflowers: A Soldier's Story of a Forgotten War by Matti Friedman

Ayatollah Khomeini, disinformation, friendly fire, Mount Scopus, Yom Kippur War

Mordechai’s mother had given it to him because she thought it might protect him from harm. The army found four bodies afterward. They were around Mordechai’s age. They had rifles, ammunition clips, grenades, food, candy, and gum. They had a Russian missile launcher. One had a photograph of the ayatollah Khomeini. Another had a video camera. They wore red-and-green headbands, camouflage coats, and dog tags, and in their packs were worry beads. Each had a small Qur’an. When everything was quiet again Mordechai brought his tank back to the outpost. The crew replenished the ammunition and made sure the tank was ready for more, just in case.

A child sat on her mother’s lap and chewed the seat in front of her. The roadside villages grew more ragged as we drove, the women’s dress more conservative, the yellow flags more numerous as we approached Hezbollah’s territory in the former security zone. At the entrance to the city of Tyre we were greeted by the guerrilla group’s patron saint, the ayatollah Khomeini, glaring from a poster next to a Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise, which was full. Tyre was to be the base for my exploration of the south. When the minivan stopped the barker pointed me toward a swarm of yellow cabs, one of which dropped me a few minutes later at a pension in the city’s Christian Quarter.

Ibrahim pointed his index finger in the direction of the base, thumb up, mimed a gunshot, and then sped away. We passed through Shiite towns bedecked with Hezbollah flags and posters of martyrs and leaders. After a while it seemed to me that Hezbollah’s artists might have become bored painting the same Hassan Nasrallahs and Ayatollah Khomeinis, and I started noticing the same portraits but with backgrounds of airbrushed neon colors, the kind of style you might have seen on the side of a van in America in the 1970s. I saw one Nasrallah with a pop-art background of comic book dots and imagined a frustrated artist laboring in a basement covered in his own unsold paintings, churning out another portrait of the leader to cover rent.


pages: 1,118 words: 309,029

The Wars of Afghanistan by Peter Tomsen

airport security, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, British Empire, disinformation, drone strike, dual-use technology, facts on the ground, failed state, friendly fire, glass ceiling, hiring and firing, Internet Archive, Khyber Pass, land reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, plutocrats, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, trade route, union organizing, uranium enrichment, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

The Soviet Union’s attack on its small Muslim neighbor offered the royal family space to project itself as the defender of Islam against a non-Muslim aggressor. The second was Ayatollah Khomeini’s Iranian Revolution. Khomeini charged that the al-Sauds were no less an American implant in the Islamic religious cosmos than the shah he had just overthrown. Shrill Iranian radio broadcasts to Saudi Arabia in Arabic enjoined the “revolutionary masses” in the kingdom to “resist the government” and announced that “the ruling regime in Saudi Arabia wears Muslim clothing, but it actually represents a luxurious, frivolous, shameless way of life, robbing funds from the people and squandering them.”38 Khomeini’s propaganda blitz excoriating the American “Great Satan,” the Soviet “Lesser Satan,” and Israel appealed to many Muslims in Saudi Arabia and the broader Muslim world.

Shrill Iranian radio broadcasts to Saudi Arabia in Arabic enjoined the “revolutionary masses” in the kingdom to “resist the government” and announced that “the ruling regime in Saudi Arabia wears Muslim clothing, but it actually represents a luxurious, frivolous, shameless way of life, robbing funds from the people and squandering them.”38 Khomeini’s propaganda blitz excoriating the American “Great Satan,” the Soviet “Lesser Satan,” and Israel appealed to many Muslims in Saudi Arabia and the broader Muslim world. But it was Khomeini’s pan-Islamic reach across the ancient Shia-Sunni chasm that most alarmed the Saudi monarch, the Wahhabi clergy, and Saudi Arabia’s conservative Sunni population. The Wahhabi establishment considered Shia to be infidels. Shiism was recognized as Iran’s official religion in Khomeini’s new constitution. The Shia devotion of ayatollahs as quasi-deities and the Shia worship of saints and the shrines of holy men violated the Wahhabi tawhid emphasis on the oneness of God. The Saudi government and the Wahhabi ulema interpreted Khomeini’s promise to “export Islam everywhere”—“the same version of Islam which is currently in power in our country”39—as a dangerous Shia assault on Sunni Islam.

The Saudi government and the Wahhabi ulema interpreted Khomeini’s promise to “export Islam everywhere”—“the same version of Islam which is currently in power in our country”39—as a dangerous Shia assault on Sunni Islam. Iranian Shia pilgrims in Mecca attempting to distribute photos of Ayatollah Khomeini and pamphlets praising the Iranian Revolution fought pitched battles with Saudi security forces. On November 28, 1979, in the midst of the Grand Mosque crisis in Mecca, violent pro-Khomeini demonstrations erupted in the oil-rich, Shia-minority eastern province of Hasa in Saudi Arabia. The demonstrators carried posters of Khomeini and called for more government aid to the province. The Saudi government rushed 20,000 troops to Hasa to restore order. Afterward, Saudi engineers constructed a causeway connecting the kingdom with the small island nation of Bahrain to facilitate its ability to deploy troops there if the Sunni ruling house on the atoll was threatened by the Shia-majority population.


pages: 743 words: 201,651

Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World by Timothy Garton Ash

"World Economic Forum" Davos, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Aaron Swartz, activist lawyer, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Andrew Keen, Apple II, Ayatollah Khomeini, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, British Empire, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, Clapham omnibus, colonial rule, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, data science, David Attenborough, digital divide, digital rights, don't be evil, Donald Davies, Douglas Engelbart, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Etonian, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ferguson, Missouri, Filter Bubble, financial independence, Firefox, Galaxy Zoo, George Santayana, global village, Great Leap Forward, index card, Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of writing, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Laura Poitras, machine readable, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Mary Meeker, mass immigration, megacity, mutually assured destruction, national security letter, Nelson Mandela, Netflix Prize, Nicholas Carr, obamacare, Open Library, Parler "social media", Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, power law, pre–internet, profit motive, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Ronald Reagan, semantic web, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Simon Singh, Snapchat, social graph, Stephen Fry, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Streisand effect, technological determinism, TED Talk, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tipper Gore, trolley problem, Turing test, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, WikiLeaks, World Values Survey, Yochai Benkler, Yom Kippur War, yottabyte

Many of the defining free speech moments of our time have precisely this dual, urban-orbal character. In 1989, the novelist Salman Rushdie’s life was endangered because an ayatollah in distant Tehran issued a fatwa (‘what’s a fatwa?’ exclaimed Rushdie’s American publisher, back in those innocent days) and the news travelled rapidly around the world.41 The threat had to be taken seriously, not least because Rushdie lived in a city (London) and a country where many Muslims now also lived, and it would take only one of them to carry out Ayatollah Khomeini’s injunction. A study of the worldwide storm that followed the publication in 2005 of cartoons of Muhammad by the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten—the ‘Danish cartoons’—estimates that more than 240 people died in the course of demonstrations against them.42 None of those deaths was in Denmark, and only one was in Europe; most were in countries such as Nigeria, Pakistan, Libya and Afghanistan.

I start from the history of dramatic transformations—technological, commercial, cultural and political—that have occurred since the mid-twentieth century, and with particular intensity since 1989. That year saw no less than four developments that would prove seminal for free speech in the twenty-first century: the fall of the Berlin Wall, the invention of the World Wide Web, the Ayatollah Khomeini’s fatwa on Salman Rushdie and the strange survival of Communist Party rule in China. History’s horse has not stopped galloping since, and I am always conscious of Walter Raleigh’s injunction that ‘who-so-euer in writing a modern Historie, shall follow truth too neare the heeles, it may happily strike out his teeth’.4 Nonetheless, I maintain that the basic character of the challenges we face in this world of neighbours is now clear.

Your whole argument, they will say, is built on purely Western intellectual foundations. How can that possibly be the basis for a transcultural debate? This challenge deserves a careful answer. The first and easiest—too easy—part of that answer is to point out that the same judgement grid can be used to present propositions that a Western liberal would abhor. Ayatollah Khomeini’s call for the execution of Salman Rushdie, the Chinese Communist Party’s case for arresting the dissident Liu Xiaobo, a socially conservative father’s argument for locking his daughter in her bedroom to prevent her from going out: all can in principle be presented in the form ‘If someone says X, constraint Y is justified by Z’.


pages: 639 words: 212,079

From Beirut to Jerusalem by Thomas L. Friedman

Ayatollah Khomeini, back-to-the-land, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mount Scopus, Neil Armstrong, post-work, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, Thomas L Friedman, Unsafe at Any Speed

There is no denying that many a Palestinian spokesman hung out there, but when the Israeli army invaded West Beirut, more than a few Israeli officers dined in the Commodore’s restaurant and used it to contact reporters—the exact way the PLO had. The Commodore lived by the motto: The king is dead, long live the king. I would not be surprised if today a poster of Ayatollah Khomeini is hanging over the reception desk. Every serious Beirut militia, whether Christian or Muslim, Palestinian or Lebanese, had a spokesman and a few assistants. The militia spokesmen were the real gatekeepers for Beirut reporters and we all knew it. If you wanted an interview with the big boss, you needed to stay on his spokesman’s good side.

Arafat had repeated this notion so many times in speeches, he had clearly become convinced of it. What Arafat hadn’t seemed to notice was that in the decade between 1973 and 1982 the Arab world had been broken, either by wealth or by the whip. The wealthier states had grown tired of the PLO’s revolutionary rhetoric, its endless waffling, and its shakedown operations. At the same time, Ayatollah Khomeini’s revolutionary takeover of Iran in 1979 posed a radical Islamic threat that the Arab oil states found far more frightening, both militarily and ideologically, than anything coming out of Israel. Since the Arabs were unwilling to give the Palestinians enough resources or sacrifices to see them through to success, they compensated them instead with money and rhetoric.

The Reagan Administration also took far too long to understand that the United States, in having supported the Israeli invasion and the May 17 peace agreement between Israel and Lebanon, was undercutting Syria, which viewed Lebanon as part of its traditional sphere of influence, and that eventually there would be a price to pay for this as well. Finally, the Reagan team took far too long to understand that back in Teheran, Ayatollah Khomeini was still nursing a grudge against the Americans for having supported the Shah for all those years. Having driven them out of Iran, he wanted to carry on and drive them out of the region altogether. All these aggrieved parties decided to fight the Americans in the only way they knew how, and that was not according to the Geneva Convention.


pages: 420 words: 98,309

Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts by Carol Tavris, Elliot Aronson

Ayatollah Khomeini, classic study, climate anxiety, cognitive dissonance, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, Donald Trump, false memory syndrome, fear of failure, Lao Tzu, longitudinal study, medical malpractice, medical residency, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, moral panic, Nelson Mandela, placebo effect, psychological pricing, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, social intelligence, sugar pill, telemarketer, the scientific method, trade route, transcontinental railway, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!

. *** In January 1979, the shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, faced with a growing public insurrection against him, fled Iran for safety in Egypt, and two weeks later the country welcomed the return of its new Islamic fundamentalist leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, whom the shah had sent into exile more than a decade earlier. In October, the Carter administration reluctantly permitted the shah to make a brief stopover in the United States on humanitarian grounds, for medical treatment for his cancer. Khomeini denounced the American government as the "Great Satan," urging Iranians to demonstrate against the United States and Israel, the "enemies of Islam." Thousands of them heeded his call and gathered outside the American embassy in Tehran.

In 1963, the shah put down an Islamic fundamentalist uprising led by Khomeini and sent the cleric into exile. As opposition to the shah's government mounted, he allowed his secret police, SAVAK, to crack down on dissenters, fueling even greater anger. When did the hostage crisis begin? When the United States supported the coup against Mossadegh? When it kept supplying the shah with arms? When it turned a blind eye to the cruelties committed by SAVAK? When it admitted the shah for medical treatment? Did it begin when the shah exiled Khomeini, or when the ayatollah, after his triumphant return, saw a chance to consolidate his power by focusing the nation's frustrations on America?

See also Holocaust; Israel Crusades and, [>] stereotypes of, [>]–[>], [>] Johnson, Lyndon, [>] Jones, Edward, [>]–[>], [>]–[>] Jost, John, [>] (n.6) jurors, evidence bias and, [>]–[>], [>] Kahn, Michael, [>]–[>] Kardon, Bob, [>]–[>] Karr, Mary, [>]–[>] Kassin, Saul, [>]–[>], [>]–[>] (n.30)–[>] Keech, Marian, [>]–[>], [>], [>] Keller, Sharon, [>] Kelley, Susan, [>]–[>] Kennedy, John F. Cuba and, [>] presidential debate with Nixon, [>] Kerry, John, [>], [>]–[>] Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, [>], [>] Kihlstrom, John, [>] King, Larry, [>] Kirsch, Jack, [>] Kissinger, Henry, [>], [>] Knowledge Networks polls, [>] Kochva, Omri, [>]–[>] Kohler, Rika, [>]–[>] Koppel, Ted, [>]–[>], [>] Kosinski, Jerzy, [>]–[>] Kranz, Tomasz, [>]–[>] (n.18) Krauthammer, Charles, [>]–[>] Krimsky, Sheldon, [>] Krugman, Paul, [>] Lacer, Ralph M., [>], [>] Lancet, [>]–[>] leading questions, [>]–[>] Leape, Lucian, [>] Leaving the Saints (Beck), [>] Lee, Bibi, [>] Lee, Robert E., [>]–[>] legal system, [>]–[>] Central Park Jogger case, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] denial of problems in, [>]–[>], [>] DNA testing and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] (n.40) evidence bias, [>]–[>], [>]–[>] eyewitness testimony, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>] false confessions, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>] false confidence and, [>]–[>] false convictions, [>]–[>], [>]–[>] independent commissions, [>]–[>] interrogator bias, [>]–[>], [>]–[>] investigator bias, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] police corruption and, [>]–[>], [>] prosecutor bias, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>] (n.8) videotaping of interviews, [>]–[>], [>] wrongful pardons, [>] Leo, Richard, [>], [>] Levi, Primo, [>] Liddy, G.


pages: 366 words: 117,875

Arrival City by Doug Saunders

agricultural Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Branko Milanovic, call centre, credit crunch, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, foreign exchange controls, gentrification, ghettoisation, Gini coefficient, guest worker program, Hernando de Soto, Honoré de Balzac, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, Kibera, land reform, land tenure, low skilled workers, mass immigration, megacity, microcredit, new economy, Pearl River Delta, pensions crisis, place-making, price mechanism, rent control, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, white flight, working poor, working-age population

From the beginning, as it rose from nothing in 1968 to 10,000 houses in the early 1970s to hundreds of thousands in the 1980s, Eslamshahr has offered a parallel, highly organized but legally clandestine society and government, a model for all future arrival cities, independent from Tehran’s municipal authorities and Iran’s ruling regime—and frequently at war with them. In media accounts, the 1979 revolution’s flashpoints are conventionally identified as the holy city of Qom, where the Ayatollah Khomeini and his circle of clerics delivered their rhetorical barrages against Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi after returning from exile in 1978; or in the bazaars of central Tehran, where the wealthy merchants merged their religious pieties with anti-modernist fury to back the Ayatollah’s movement. Yet these explosions occurred long after the revolution was well under way, and they would not have been society-altering events if this had merely been a revolt of the mosque and the bazaar.

But he knew that his revolution would not succeed unless he won the unqualified support of the slum-dwellers.14 His message was efficiently spread through the mosques, a recruiting network of the sort that the liberal-democratic and Marxist parties did not possess and did not seem capable of replicating. Even as he promised free land and housing, Khomeini kept the Islamic nature of his revolution obscure, couching it in the language of nationalism and democracy, referring to it as an “Iranian revolution” or a “republic” when addressing less religious audiences and avoiding discussion of Islamic policies.15 There is every indication that ordinary Iranians, when they voted overwhelmingly for Khomeini’s government in the referendum of March 1979, believed they were voting for a nationalist, liberal-democratic party that happened to have a mullah for a leader.

“The vast majority of participants in the revolutionary uprising,” the most comprehensive study of the revolution’s social origins concludes, “did not indicate in any way that they wanted to establish a society based on fundamentalist principles.”12 According to the sociologist Asef Bayat, who observed the revolution closely, “most of the poor seem to be uninterested in any particular form of ideology and politics.”13 There was every reason to expect this to be a liberal-democratic revolution, a turn to Turkish-style Kemalism or European-style liberalism. But it was the cleric Ruhollah Khomeini who most vocally, and most credibly, promised the rural migrants a place to live—in fact, in his speeches of early 1979, he promised all Tehranis, and all peasants, their own land. “This Islamic revolution is indebted to the efforts of this class, the class of shanty dwellers,” he said that February.


pages: 613 words: 151,140

No Such Thing as Society by Andy McSmith

"there is no alternative" (TINA), anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Bob Geldof, Boris Johnson, British Empire, Brixton riot, Bullingdon Club, call centre, cuban missile crisis, Etonian, F. W. de Klerk, Farzad Bazoft, feminist movement, fixed income, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, full employment, glass ceiling, God and Mammon, greed is good, illegal immigration, index card, John Bercow, Kickstarter, liberal capitalism, light touch regulation, Live Aid, loadsamoney, long peace, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, mortgage debt, mutually assured destruction, negative equity, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, old-boy network, popular capitalism, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Sloane Ranger, South Sea Bubble, spread of share-ownership, Stephen Fry, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, The Chicago School, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban decay, Winter of Discontent, young professional

Several countries with large Muslim populations followed India’s example. Ironically, one of the first countries to ban The Satanic Verses months before the Ayatollah’s fatwa, was South Africa, the land of apartheid. In January 1989, after 1,000 Muslims had taken to Bradford’s streets and burnt copies of the book, WH Smith withdrew it from the shelves. The next month, after a peaceful demonstration by 3,000 people in Birmingham, a violent one outside the American Cultural Centre in Islamabad and a riot in Kashmir, Ayatollah Khomeini, who had now ruled Iran for ten years, issued his infamous fatwa to Muslims worldwide to kill Rushdie and everyone involved in publishing the novel.

When the call was taken up in the House of Lords, the venerable Lord Hailsham, the oldest and most experienced member of cabinet and the only one possibly better known to the country than Margaret Thatcher, was shocked: ‘If I thought the Conservative Party in its manifesto had taken the line that it was going to stop all secondary action, I should certainly not have supported the manifesto myself, and I certainly should not have accepted office in the present government.’51 The most pressing issue was not the trade unions, however, it was the constant decline in the value of money. Inflation had been coming down since 1976, but was still too high and was likely to get worse because the 1979–80 revolution in Iran that brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power had almost tripled the price of oil. Thatcher and Howe set about applying the monetarist remedy with an enthusiasm that was almost masochistic. Howe’s first Budget looked like a wilful application of fuel on the fire. It contained a lavish gift to the rich – a cut in the top rate of income tax from 83 to 60 per cent.

During the decade, there were three violent incidents involving terrorists who were Muslim, but they were not British Muslims. One of the strangest episodes opened on 30 April 1980, when a group of gunmen burst into the Iranian embassy in London and seized twenty-six hostages, including PC Trevor Lock and two BBC employees. The gunmen were Arabs from Iran (where Arabs were a subdued minority), who opposed Ayatollah Khomeini’s revolutionary government. The Home Office went into its standard, slow procedure for negotiating with hostage-takers. Four hostages were released over the first three days, including a BBC employee, but by Monday, 5 May, which was a bank holiday, the gunmen were exhibiting symptoms of hysteria.


pages: 446 words: 109,157

The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth by Jonathan Rauch

2021 United States Capitol attack, 4chan, active measures, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Ayatollah Khomeini, Black Lives Matter, centre right, classic study, Climategate, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, critical race theory, deplatforming, disinformation, disintermediation, Donald Trump, experimental subject, facts on the ground, fake news, Filter Bubble, framing effect, hive mind, illegal immigration, information asymmetry, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, jimmy wales, Jon Ronson, Louis Pasteur, market bubble, meta-analysis, microaggression, mirror neurons, Peace of Westphalia, peer-to-peer, post-truth, profit motive, QAnon, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, Russian election interference, social software, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tragedy of the Commons, yellow journalism, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

And that depends on whether the reality-based community can meet a challenge from within: not chaos, but conformity. 7 Canceling: Despotism of the Few Coercive conformity is corrupting the reality-based community On February 14, 1989, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the supreme leader of Iran, called for the cancelation of the novelist Salman Rushdie. When Rushdie published The Satanic Verses in 1988, at the age of forty-one, he was highly regarded in literary circles but not a public celebrity, and the book—a magical-realist novel about two Indian Muslims in contemporary Britain—did not initially make much of a splash. But in the weeks following its publication, Muslim protests swelled in Britain (Rushdie’s home country) and abroad. After seeing a Pakistani protest on television, Khomeini issued an edict declaring the novel to be against Islam.

No one could have predicted the uproar and his subsequent firing, and that, really, was the point. Once a campaign is triggered, it is open ended; the originators can commence it but not control it. Khomeini decreed that the campaign against The Satanic Verses should begin by murdering Rushdie, but he let the mob decide where it might end. Legalistically, Iran argued that the decree became irrevocable when Khomeini died; but even if Khomeini had lived to change his mind there was no guarantee that his inflamed vigilantes would stand down. The same is true with a modern cancel campaign: once a pile-on begins, how long it may last and how far it may go is anyone’s guess.

In 2018 Norwegian police filed charges in the shooting of William Nygaard, the publisher of the Norwegian edition, who was left for dead outside his home (but survived). Beyond the killings and assaults and mass disruptions, the campaign had its desired effect. “Khomeini achieved something remarkable with his edict,” wrote Daniel Pipes in his 1990 book on the crisis. “In Europe and North America (and many other regions too) he created an unprecedented climate of worry. Concerned for their personal safety, writers, publishers, booksellers, book-buyers, faculty, and students watched what they said.”1 The phenomenon of thought vigilantism was ancient, but Khomeini showed that with the help of mass media it could be mobilized globally to reach anyone anywhere, literally overnight.


pages: 276 words: 71,950

Antisemitism: Here and Now by Deborah E. Lipstadt

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, belling the cat, Black Lives Matter, Boycotts of Israel, Cass Sunstein, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fixed income, ghettoisation, Jeremy Corbyn, microaggression, Oklahoma City bombing, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, Timothy McVeigh, union organizing, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game

Yours, DEL IV “Yes, But”: Rationalizing Evil THE OMINOUS CASE OF SALMAN RUSHDIE Dear Deborah: In your catalog of antisemites, I notice you didn’t address antisemitism within the Islamic world. I was thinking about this tonight because I just returned from a lecture by Salman Rushdie, whose 1988 novel, The Satanic Verses, contained Islam-related material that many Muslims believed was insulting to their religion. As I know you well remember, Ayatollah Khomeini, then Iran’s supreme religious authority, issued a fatwa, a religious ruling, declaring the novel blasphemous and calling on “zealous Muslims” to murder Rushdie and “all those involved in [the novel’s] publication.” Anyone killed in fulfilling this ruling would, he promised, be deemed a religious martyr.

They have blossomed in societies that welcome an array of cultures and beliefs. Khomeini’s fatwa was a religious attack on freedom of speech. He convicted Rushdie, who does not identify as a religious Muslim, of a religious crime. He insisted that non-Muslims are also bound by Islamic laws regarding blasphemy. And he gave Muslims throughout the world the authority to carry out his religious ruling that “blasphemers,” wherever they may be found, be punished.16 While most of Rushdie’s Western critics did not feel that Khomeini had the right to issue his fatwa, they also blamed Rushdie for doing something that he knew would enrage Muslims who were willing and able to express their anger in acts of violence—as if Muslims are for some reason not expected to adhere to the rules of international law when someone insults them.

I mean there is always a reason why anti-anything crops up anywhere; even a stinker like Hitler didn’t just pick on them for no reason.”11) Paul Gilroy, author of There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack, whom Rushdie had once lauded as “the United Kingdom’s Cornel West” and a person intent on shedding light on racism, accused Rushdie of having created his own tragedy.12 The historian Hugh Trevor-Roper declared that he “would not shed a tear if some British Muslim, deploring his manners, should waylay him in some dark street and seek to improve them. If that should cause him thereafter to control his pen, society would benefit, and literature would not suffer.”13 There were, however, public figures who supported Rushdie. Daniel J. Boorstin, a historian and former Librarian of Congress, declared Khomeini a terrorist and called for the American government to react in “the strongest terms.” Boorstin encouraged people to buy The Satanic Verses as an act of “affirmation of the freedom of the press in America and our unwillingness to be held hostage in our own country.”14 A similar tone was adopted by the Clinton White House.


pages: 267 words: 106,340

Europe old and new: transnationalism, belonging, xenophobia by Ray Taras

affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, carbon footprint, centre right, collective bargaining, Danilo Kiš, energy security, full employment, Gunnar Myrdal, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Kickstarter, low skilled workers, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Naomi Klein, North Sea oil, open economy, postnationalism / post nation state, Potemkin village, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, World Values Survey

But if you do the same with Islam, the Koran, the Prophet Muhammad, some son of Allah, you are called a xenophobic blasphemer who has committed an act of racial discrimination.”124 Fallaci was not always logical in her views. One of the many famous political leaders that she interviewed was Iran’s Ayatollah Khomeini. She was barefoot and wearing a chador—quite a compromise for an outspoken feminist—when she met him in Qom. She then described the Ayatollah as the most handsome old man she had ever met. She did reach a breaking point in the interview, however, and tore “this stupid medieval rag” off her face. Khomeini proved understanding and agreed to resume the interview the next day. Fallaci’s Islamophobic statements led to legal charges filed against her.

Chancellor Merkel subsequently complained that “Self-censorship does not help us against people who want to practice violence in the name of Islam.”77 In 2008, a stage adaptation of Salman Rushdie’s novel Satanic Verses in the east German city of Potsdam was seen as a provocative act by some Muslim groups in the country. Shortly after it had been published in 1988, the supposedly blasphemous novel had evoked a fatwah (religious directive) issued by Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini calling for the author’s assassination. The play was put on stage just as the controversy had seemed to be forgotten. In Britain, home secretary John Reid called on Muslim parents to keep a close watch on their children. “There’s no nice way of saying this,” he told a group of Muslims in London.

See also anti-Semitism John Paul II (Pope), 36, 107, 152, 216 Joppke, Christian, 156 Judt, Tony, 58 jus sanguini, 130, 132 jus soli, 130, 132, 133 248 Index Kaczyński, Jarosław, 107; defeat of, 111–12, 142–43; on Polish land rights, 110 Kaczyński, Lech, 76, 105, 107, 108; defeat of, 142–43; on German exhibition, 109 Kadare, Ismail, 9, 201, 203; on Balkan history, 208–9; Broken April by, 206; The Concert by, 207; The File on H. by, 202; General of the Dead Army by, 206–7; The Palace of Dreams by, 207–8; Spring Flowers, Spring Frost by, 209; The Three-Arched Bridge by, 204–6 Kant, Immanuel, 13, 15, 17, 108 Kanun, 209 Kapuscinski, Ryszard, 13, 37n2 Katzenstein, Peter, 167–68 Keohane, Robert, 167–68 Kertész, Imre, 4 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 103, 220 Kipketer, Wilson, 230 kitsch, 175 Kjærsgaard, Pia, 102 Klaus, Vaclav, 76 Klein, Naomi, 73–74 Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, 65–66 Kogon, Eugen, 68 Kohl, Helmut, 22; on culture, 62; on German role, 68; immigrant policies of, 131 Kohut, Andrew, 168 Kołodko, Grzegorz, 55n20 Kosovo, 14, 150–51, 178, 207–8 Kremlin, 33, 34 Kroum (Levin), 193 Krzemiński, Adam, 109 Kumar, Krishan, 89–90 Kundera, Milan, 174–75 Künneth, Walter, 68 labor, 73–74, 200 Lacqueur, Walter, 85, 89 Lahav, Gallya, on asylum seekers, 127; on European identity, 91; on immigration, 92, 93, 121 land sales: Denmark’s fear of, 64n7; Polish, 43, 110 language, 86–87 Latvia, 126, 233 Lega Nord.


pages: 338 words: 101,967

Israel: A Simple Guide to the Most Misunderstood Country on Earth by Noa Tishby

An Inconvenient Truth, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, Burning Man, centre right, COVID-19, disinformation, epigenetics, European colonialism, failed state, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, financial engineering, George Floyd, haute couture, if you build it, they will come, it's over 9,000, Jeremy Corbyn, lockdown, post-work, psychological pricing, RAND corporation, Silicon Valley, Social Justice Warrior, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, women in the workforce, Yom Kippur War

Religion, interestingly, has always found a way to make concessions and adapt to the changing of times; otherwise it wouldn’t have survived. One recent and extreme example of how religion finds unorthodox solutions to modern world problems may be found in, of all places, the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 1986 the Ayatollah Khomeini issued a religious fatwa in favor of transgender surgeries, gender-confirmation therapy, and hormone-replacement therapy. Yes, you are reading this correctly. They found a religious basis to issue a fatwa, explaining that if God made “them” that way, then it is God’s government’s responsibility to take care of this issue.

These activities didn’t worry Israel at first, as the Muslim Brotherhood had no outright political aspirations. Around 1979 everything changed, as explained by Ronen Bergman: At the time, the Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza was seen mainly as a social movement, devoid of political ambitions. Throughout the 1960s and ’70s, that was largely accurate. But then Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the shah in Iran. A religious scholar, pious and holy, had led a revolution, raised an army, and instituted a functioning government. He demonstrated to Muslims everywhere, not only to Shiites like him, that Islam was not only a religion, constrained to sermons in mosques and charity in the streets, but also an instrument of political and military power—that Islam could be a governing ideology, that Islam was the solution for everything.9 An organization that was at first based around social welfare services, dawah, now added political ambitions and jihad, a holy war.

Abbas, Mahmoud, 170, 181–82, 187 Abdullah I, King of Jordan, 111 Ables, Otto, 84 Abraham Accord (2020), 134, 136 Abu-Bakar, 32 Abu Srour, Mohammad, 120 Abu Toameh, Khaled, 208 Act for Israel, 14–15 Ahmed, Salim “Dahoum,” 39–40 Ajyal, 253 Alami, Musa, 106 Al-Aqsa, 139 Al-Aqsa Mosque, 134 Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 58 Alexander the Great, 30 Alexandra, Tsarina, 51–52 Algeria, 40, 113, 129, 130 aliyah, 65, 301 Alkalai, Rabbi, 69 Allenby, Edmund, 42 Aloba, Abiodun, 275 Alon, Yigal, 154–55 Alon Shavut settlement, 155 Altalena, bombed by Ben-Gurion, 109 Altneuland (An Old/New Land) (Herzl), 65–66, 267 American Muslims for Palestine (AMP), 213–15 Americans for Justice in Palestine Educational Foundation (AJP), 214–15 Amnesty International, 278 Annan, Kofi, 272 Anti-Defamation League, 279 Antiochus III, 30 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Judaism outlawed by, 30 Antipater, 23–24 Antiquity of the Jews, The (Josephus), 279 antisemitism, 29, 57–59, 104, 205–6, 277–82, 299 see also Holocaust anti-Zionism, 57, 276–81, 299 see also Zionist movement, Zionists Aqaba, 42, 84 Arab Higher Committee, 204 Arab-Israeli conflict, 12, 26–36, 105, 126–36, 141, 299 Bi-Communal Conflict in (1860–1948), 126 Interstate Conflicts in (1948–1973), 126–27 “no further demands” issue in, 138–39, 141 Non-State Actor Conflict in (1973–present), 127 Palestinian right of return as issue in, 89, 137–38, 141, 200 religious underpinnings of, 163–66 Two-State Solution for, 135–36 Arab League, 119, 134, 140, 204–5 Arab Liberation Army (ALA), 107 Arab Peace Initiative (2002), 134 Arabs, in British Mandate of Palestine, 89, 94–95, 105, 106 displaced during Israeli War of Independence, 110–13, 137, 200, 203, 296; see also Palestinian refugees UN granting of state refused by, 12, 97, 100, 104, 108, 110, 112, 153, 201, 266, 283, 296 see also Palestinian people Arabs, in State of Israel, see Israel, State of, Arab citizens of Arab Spring, 26, 173, 249 Arafat, Yasser, 115, 132, 140–41, 159, 185 and Camp David Summit, 134, 158–60, 298 see also Palestine Liberation Organization Artzi, Fania, 51–56, 69, 83, 94, 141, 142, 146, 189 as member of Degania kibbutz, 4, 75, 79–82 in move to Jaffa, 56–57, 69, 77–78, 89 Artzi, Isaac (Aki), 80, 142, 145, 291 Artzi, Joel, 80 Artzi, Roni, 80 Artzi-Krystal, Michal, 142 Artzi-Padan, Mira, 80, 124, 142 Ashkenazi Yahadut Ha’Torah party, Israeli, 237 Assad, Bashar al-, 249–50 assimilation, 30, 60, 61, 225, 228 Assyrian Empire, 29 Austria, and onset of World War I, 41 Bahrain, Israeli peace deal with, 136, 146, 162, 210 Balfour Declaration, 42, 103, 138 Ban Ki-moon, 271–72 Barak, Ehud, and Camp David Summit, 133–34, 158 Barghouti, Omar, 199, 205, 206, 210 Bar Giora, Simon, 245, 246, 247 Barhoum, Masad, 250–51 Bar Kokhba, Shimon, 169 Bar Shalom, Adina, 239–40 Bashar, Lamiya Haji, 252–53 Bashrat, Nabil, 209–10 BDS (Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions) movement, 197–221, 200–203, 205–13, 264, 281, 282 elimination of Israel as goal of, 207, 208, 212, 216, 221, 299 pro-terrorist funders of, 213–16, 299 Bedouins, 38, 227 Begin, Menachem, 109–10, 130–31, 140, 155–56, 162, 233–34, 285 Beham, Mordechai, 100 Beit Surik, 187 Ben-Gurion, David, 85, 98–99, 100–102, 104, 105–6, 109, 236, 256, 272 assimilation agenda of, 227–31 Mapai Party of, 98, 108–9 Ben Zvi, Itzhak, 98 Bergman, Ronen, 178, 180 Berkowitz, Hans, see Yavor, Hanan Bible, see New Testament; Old Testament; specific books Birnbaum, Daniel, 209 Birnbaum, Nathan, Zionism term coined by, 60 Black Lives Matter, 219–20 Black Panthers, Israeli, 233 Bolsheviks, 51–52, 54–55 British Mandate of Palestine, 33, 45, 86, 93, 103, 184, 295 Arab boycott of Jewish businesses in, 204–5 Arab emigration to, 89 Arab population in, 94–95, 104, 171, 189–90 Bi-Communal Conflict in, 126 end of, 95, 97, 99, 100, 104 first Zionists in, 88–89 Holocaust survivors’ migration to, 93–95 Jewish emigration to, 104, 272–73 UN Partition Plan for, see United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine Brunei, Sharia law in, 270 Bunche, Ralph, 107, 220 Caesar, Julius, 23 Caesarea, 23, 31 Camp David Accords (1978), 130–31 Camp David Summit (2000), 133–34, 158 Canaanites, Canaan, 27, 34, 170, 296 Carchemish archaeological site, 39, 40 Carter, Jimmy, 130–31 Catch-67 (Goodman), 219 Catherine II “the Great,” Empress of Russia, 57–58 “Changing East, The” (Lawrence), 48 Charedi Academy (Jerusalem), 239 Charedim, 226, 235–42 China, 270 Christianity, Christians, 26, 163 Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 32 Clinton, Bill, and Camp David Summit, 133–34, 157–58 Cold War, 127 Congress, US, 88, 212 Constantine, Emperor of Rome, 32 Constitution, US, 282 Corbyn, Jeremy, 57, 198 Crosby, David, 224 Crusades, Crusaders, 32–33, 35, 86, 116 Cunningham, Alan, 100 Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, 29–30 Daher Al Omar, Sheikh of Galilee, 126 Dahri, Noor, 159 Daoudi, Mohammed Dajani, 208–9 David, King, 27–28 Davidowitz, Harry Solomon, 100 Declaration of Independence, Israeli, 100, 101–2, 112, 174 Declaration of Independence, US, 100 Degania kibbutz, 4, 71–72, 74, 80, 87, 123–24 author’s summers in, 75–77, 123–24 Fania Artzi as member of, 4, 75, 79–82 Dreyfus, Alfred, 61 Druze community, 176, 226, 227 East Jerusalem, annexed by Israel, 154 Eban, Abba, 115–16 Egypt, 40, 204 Gaza Strip and, 129, 297 Israeli peace deal with, 140, 146, 298 in Israeli War of Independence, 103, 107 Jews expelled from, 113 Sinai Peninsula and, 129, 131, 162, 297, 298 in Six Day War, 128–29 in War of Attrition, 129–30 in Yom Kippur War, 130, 297 Egyptian Army, Fedayeen unit of, 128 Egyptian Islamic Jihad, 131, 141 Eitan, Rafael, 285 Elazar settlement, 155 Elect (organization), 240 Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 57–58 el-Zoubi, Seif el-Din, 174 Enlightenment, Age of, 59, 236 Enlightenment, Jewish, 59, 60 Eretz Israel (Ben-Gurion and Ben Zvi), 98 Eshkol, Levi, 155 ethnic cleansing, 111, 112, 200, 201, 206, 283–84 Etzel, 99, 109, 110–11 Europe, 40, 41, 47, 59, 235–36 antisemitism in, 61, 90, 93–94, 104; see also Holocaust Ezra, Book of, 29 Facts on the Question of Palestine (Husseini), 114 Faisal I, King of Iraq 43–44 Lawrence and, 41, 42, 43–44 Fatah, 115 Fertile Crescent, 26 First Intifada (1987–1993), 131, 186 First Jewish-Roman War (66–73), 86, 242–48 First Lebanon War (1982), 131 First Zionist Congress, 63–65, 96, 103 Flexigidity (Grinstein), 235 Floyd, George, 279 Ford, Henry, 58 Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 212 France, 39, 40, 128 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, assassination of, 41 Freedland, Jonathan, 57 French Mandate of Syria and Iraq, 33, 45 Friedman, Thomas, 173 Fritzlan, David, 118–19 Froman, Hadassah, 166 Froman, Menachem, 164–65 Galilee, province of, 24 Galilee Medical Center, 250–51 Gandhi, Indira, 75 Gaza Strip, 108, 132, 177–84, 193, 200, 206 Hamas coup in, 182–83, 188, 285, 298 Israeli and Egyptian blockades of, 13, 182, 193, 202, 299 Israeli occupation of, 131 Jewish settlements in, 162 in Second Intifada, 134 and Six Day War, 129, 297 Geneva Convention, 153, 185 Ghana, 17, 274–75 Golan Heights, 76, 129, 297 Goodman, Micah, 219 Great Britain, 40–41, 95, 128 see also British Mandate of Palestine Green Line, 108, 128, 152, 184–85, 186–87, 296 Grinstein, Gidi, 61, 68, 235, 241, 282 Gulf War (1990–91), 132 Gunness, Chris, 120 Günsberg, Osher, 24, 31 Gush Emunim, 155–56, 164 Gush Katif, 162 Hadassah, 275 Hadid, Mohammad, 118 Hadrian, Emperor of Rome, 169 Haganah, 99, 110, 112, 302 Ha-Halootz (The Pioneer), 53 Ha’Kohen, Yosef Ben Matityahu, see Josephus, Titus Flavius Hamas, 16, 127, 164, 179, 200, 203, 206, 214, 219, 271, 298 charter of, 13, 179–80 Gaza coup of, 181, 182–83, 188, 193, 201, 298 Iran’s support of, 183, 299 rockets launched into Israel by, 13, 182, 201–2, 203, 286, 298 terrorist attacks of, 133, 174, 180 Haqa’iq an Qadiyat Falastin (Facts on the Question of Palestine) (Husseini), 114 Harris, Sam, 278 Hashomer Hatzair, 253 Hasmonean dynasty, 24, 30–31, 35 Hebrew language, 55, 65 Hebrews, 27, 170 Hebron, 106, 150–51 Hejaz desert, 33, 44, 89, 103, 171 Helena, 32 Herod the Great, 23–24 Herter, Christian, 119–20 Herzl, Theodor, 73, 96, 267, 282 and Zionist movement, 60–66, 98, 103, 265 Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 220, 282 Hess, Moshe, 59 Hezbollah, 114, 127, 134–35, 292, 299 hijabs, 11, 176 Hilltop Youth, 164 Hinkle, Ari, 71 Hinkle, Ross, 71, 188 Hirsch, Baron, 62 Hizb-ut-Tahrir, 278 Holocaust, 12, 33, 66, 94, 104, 106, 109, 203 denial of, 67–68, 279 Holy Land Foundation (HLF), 215 Hussain-McMahon Correspondence, 42 Hussein, King of Jordan, 133, 147, 184–85 Hussein, Saddam, 132 Husseini, Mohammed Amin al-, 114, 171, 267 Ibenbuim, Racheli, 240 ibn al-Khattab, Omar, 32 Ibrahim, Hisham, 175 IMPACT-se, 121 Inbar, Buma, 147 “Incidents, The,” 106 India, 30, 41, 95, 251, 254 indigenous rights, 34 Indursky, Estee Ryder, 240 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 159 Iran, 136, 165, 178, 204, 270 terrorism supported by, 183, 299 Iraq, 29, 33, 103, 107, 113, 128–29, 130, 132, 204 ISIS, 219, 252–53 Islam, Muslims, 33, 163, 170, 176, 226 Jerusalem as third holiest city in, 26, 139 jihad in, 178–80, 202, 302 radical extremist, 13, 156, 158, 166, 177–79, 203; see also specific groups Sharia law in, 177–78, 193, 201, 206, 214, 270, 278, 298 Shia, 46, 127, 176, 178 Sunni, 46, 177 Islam and the Future of Tolerance (Nawaz and Harris), 278 Islamic Association for Palestine, 215 Islamic Resistance Movement, see Hamas Islamic Theology of Counter Terrorism, 159 IsraAID, 252–53 Israel, ancient kingdom of, 27, 295 archaeological remains of, 28, 295 conquered by Assyrian Empire, 29 Hebrews in, 27 twelve Jewish tribes in, 27 see also Judea Israel, land of: archaeological richness of, 24–25 British control of, see British Mandate of Palestine Caliphate renaming of Judea, 32 foreign conquerors of, 29-33 granted to Jews by UN, see United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine Hasmonean period of, 30–31 Jewish people as indigenous to, 34 Jews exiled from, 29, 31, 296 Ottoman period in, see Ottoman Empire, Palestine province in Roman rule in, 24, 31, 35, 169, 242–48, 295, 296 Roman renaming of, 295 see also Palestine region Israel, State of, 10–12, 61–62, 73 Arab citizens of, 112, 167–69, 173–76, 193, 199–200, 201, 226, 227, 283–84, 299 Arab political parties in, 12, 176, 284 attacked by surrounding Arab countries, see War of Independence, Israeli; Yom Kippur War “brand” of, 263–64 countries recognizing, 102–3 early assimilation agenda in, 227–31 Egyptian peace deal with, 140, 146, 298 established as secular, culturally Jewish democratic state, 101, 166, 236 establishment of, 33, 89, 100–102, 104, 126 freedom of religion in, 101, 166, 262, 264 Holocaust survivors’ emigration to, 109 humanitarian efforts of, 251–54 Jordanian peace agreement with, 133, 146, 298 naming of, 99 natural resources lacking in, 26 population of, 173, 226, 228, 237 as refugee state, 12, 225, 283 security as constant concern in, 137, 140 in Sinai War, 128 size of, 25–26, 153 technological and medical innovation in, 256–60 terrorist attacks on, 134, 156; see also Hamas; Hezbollah UN resolutions against, 268, 271 water desalination in, 26 world economic contributions of, 254–56 Israel Defense Forces (IDF), 14–15, 16, 98, 109–10, 159, 185, 211, 250, 302 Arabs serving in, 175, 201, 227, 284 author’s service in, 3, 4–5, 149–51 Charedim exempt from service in, 237 roof knock policy of, 202 service in, as mandatory for most Israelis, 4, 143 Israeli American Council, 16 Israeli Antiquity Authority, 25 Israeli identity, 223–48 Sabra, 234–35 Israeli-Palestinian conflict, see Arab-Israeli conflict Israeli-Palestinian Memorial Day Services, 147 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, 178–79, 181–82 Jabari, Ahmed al-, 16 Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 85, 161–62 Jarjora, Amin-Salim, 174 Jerusalem, 33, 43, 47, 82, 143, 171, 227, 239, 260 archaeological findings in, 25, 28 Black Panthers movement in, 233 Church of the Holy Sepulcher in, 32 destruction of First Temple in, 29 destruction of Second Temple in, 31, 139, 246–47, 248, 295 First Temple in, 28, 235 Old City of, 129, 154 Roman control of, 31–32, 242–48 Second Temple in, 30, 242 in Six Day War, 129, 154 terrorism in, 137 as third holiest city in Islam, 139 in War of Independence, 107 Zion as second name of, 60 see also East Jerusalem Jerusalem’s Traitor (Seward), 247 Jewish Agency, 83, 97, 98, 111 Jewish National Fund, 71 Jewish State, The (Herzl), 62–63 Jewish Wars, The (Josephus), 245 Jews: assimilation of, 60–61 conversions forced on, 30, 32, 33 discriminations and persecutions against, 30, 57–57, 63, 94, 126, 204, 220, 280, 296; see also antisemitism; Holocaust expelled from Arab countries, 109, 113, 203, 232, 297 Faisal and, 44–45 in first exile from Judea, 29 first Zion Return of, 30 as indigenous to land of Israel, 34–35 Lawrence and, 43–45, 49 in migration to British Mandate of Palestine, 88–90, 94–95, 104, 105 in migration to Ottoman Palestine, 103, 105 Mizrahi, 232–34, 239 and Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 58–59, 287 racism among, 231–35 resiliency of, 235, 241, 282 under Roman rule, 242–48, 296 in second exile from Judea, 31 secular, 19, 101, 161, 226, 237, 238, 239–40, 243, 248; see also Zionist movement, Zionists terrorism against, see Hamas; Hezbollah two thousand year exile of, 62 ultra-Orthodox, see Charedim UN granting of state to, 12, 33, 96–98, 104, 201, 203, 266, 296; see also Israel, State of in West Bank, 208, 209 see also Judaism jihad, 178–80, 202, 302 John of Giscala, 245, 246, 247 Jordan, 103, 107, 128–29, 130, 184, 204 Israeli peace agreement with, 133, 146, 298 West Bank and, 108, 129, 150, 152, 297 Jordan River, 45, 76 Jordan Valley, 75 Josephus, Titus Flavius, 31, 242–48, 279 Josephus Permutation, 244 Judah the Maccabee, rebellion led by, 30 Judaism, 26, 30, 31, 61–62, 129, 163, 243, 246 culture of debate and dissent in, 20, 241–42, 281 resilience of, 235 see also Jews Judea, 23–24, 29 Jews exiled by Nebuchadnezzar from, 29 name changed to Syria Palaestina by Hadrian, 169 Judea Mountains, 150, 164 Justinian I, Byzantine emperor, 32 Kaaba, Faras, 177 Kafkafi, Yaron, 19, 24, 25 Karine A, 158 Karra, George, 173, 175 Katznelson, Berl, 79 Kfar Etzion kibbutz, 155 Kfar Etzion settlement, 155 Kfar Maccabi kibbutz, 272 Kfar Yasif, 217 Khamenei, Ayatolla Ali, 277 Khayyal, Abdullah al-, 119–20 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 165, 178 kibbutzim, 4, 12, 72, 73–75, 80, 105, 106 see also specific kibbutzim KindHearts, 215 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 220 Kings, Second Book of, 28 Kiryat Arba settlement, 150 Knesset, 174–75, 176, 237, 303 Kook, Zvi Yehuda, 155, 164 Kuntar, Samir, 174 Kushner, Jared, and Trump Peace Plan, 135–36 Kuwait, invaded by Iraq, 132 Labor Party, Israeli, 79, 98, 156, 227, 229, 232, 234 Labor Party, UK, 57 Landmark Education, 144–45 Land of Peace, 164 Lapid, Yair, 176 Lawrence, T.


pages: 549 words: 170,495

Culture and Imperialism by Edward W. Said

Ayatollah Khomeini, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bretton Woods, British Empire, colonial rule, disinformation, European colonialism, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Herbert Marcuse, Howard Zinn, Joseph Schumpeter, Khartoum Gordon, lateral thinking, lone genius, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, public intellectual, sceptred isle, Scramble for Africa, Seymour Hersh, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, traveling salesman, W. E. B. Du Bois, work culture

Truly this has been the age of Ayatollahs, in which a phalanx of guardians (Khomeini, the Pope, Margaret Thatcher) simplify and protect one or another creed, essence, primordial faith. One fundamentalism invidiously attacks the others in the name of sanity, freedom, and goodness. A curious paradox is that religious fervor seems almost always to obscure notions of the sacred or divine, as if those could not survive in the overheated, largely secular atmosphere of fundamentalist combat. You would not think of invoking God’s merciful nature when you were mobilized by Khomeini (or for that matter, by the Arab champion against “the Persians” in the nastiest of the 1980s wars, Saddam): you served, you fought, you fulminated.

Many people in England probably feel a certain remorse or regret about their nation’s Indian experience, but there are also many people who miss the good old days, even though the value of those days, the reason they ended, and their own attitudes toward native nationalism are all unresolved, still volatile issues. This is especially the case when race relations are involved, for instance during the crisis over the publication of Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses and the subsequent fatwa calling for Rushdie’s death issued by Ayatollah Khomeini. But, equally, debate in Third World countries about colonialist practice and the imperialist ideology that sustained it is extremely lively and diverse. Large groups of people believe that the bitterness and humiliations of the experience which virtually enslaved them nevertheless delivered benefits—liberal ideas, national self-consciousness, and technological goods—that over time seem to have made imperialism much less unpleasant.

An article that appeared in the Winter 1990–91 issue of Foreign Affairs, entitled “The Summer of Arab Discontent,” opens with the following passage, which perfectly encapsulates the sorry state of knowledge and power that gave rise to Operation Desert Storm: No sooner had the Arab/Muslim world said farewell to the wrath and passion of the Ayatollah Khomeini’s crusade than another contender rose in Baghdad. The new claimant was made of material different from the turbaned saviour from Qum: Saddam Hussein was not a writer of treatises in Islamic government nor a product of high learning in religious seminaries. Not for him were the drawn-out ideological struggles for the hearts and minds of the faithful.


pages: 353 words: 98,267

The Price of Everything: And the Hidden Logic of Value by Eduardo Porter

Alan Greenspan, Alvin Roth, AOL-Time Warner, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, British Empire, capital controls, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, clean water, Credit Default Swap, Deng Xiaoping, Easter island, Edward Glaeser, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, financial engineering, flying shuttle, Ford paid five dollars a day, full employment, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, guest worker program, happiness index / gross national happiness, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jean Tirole, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joshua Gans and Andrew Leigh, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, longitudinal study, loss aversion, low skilled workers, Martin Wolf, means of production, Menlo Park, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Michael Milken, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, new economy, New Urbanism, peer-to-peer, pension reform, Peter Singer: altruism, pets.com, placebo effect, precautionary principle, price discrimination, price stability, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, rising living standards, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, search costs, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, superstar cities, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, ultimatum game, unpaid internship, urban planning, Veblen good, women in the workforce, World Values Survey, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

Wall, “Sex-Biased Evolutionary Forces Shape Genomic Patterns of Human Diversity,” PLoS Genetics, Vol. 4, No. 9, 2008 (www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000202, accessed 08/08/2010). The views of David Hume and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini on polygamy are found in David Hume, Essays Moral, Political and Literary, Part I, Essay XIX, in The Philosophical Works of David Hume, Vol. 3, edited by Adam Black, William Tait, and Charles Tait, 1826; and Oriana Fallaci, “An Interview with Khomeini,” New York Times Magazine, October 7, 1979. Mating strategies of bonobos and birds can be found in Matt Ridley, The Red Queen (London: Penguin Books, 1993), pp. 203-235.

In his essay on polygamy and divorce, the eighteenth-century Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume blasted polygamy as unnatural: “This sovereignty of the male is a real usurpation, and destroys that nearness of rank, not to say equality, which nature has established between the sexes.” But in 1979, more than two hundred years later, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini told the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci that Iran’s “law of the four wives is a very progressive law, and was written for the good of women since there are more women than men.” Polygamy, he concluded, “is better than monogamy.” IT MIGHT SEEM odd to bring the invisible hand of the market to bear on the most intimate transactions between men and women.

, The (album) infanticide information conflict between makers and consumers of driven off-line free online information technology Inhofe, James ink In Rainbows (album) insurance health social insurance companies Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Labour Organization Internet free downloads and internet service providers (ISPs) investment bubbles and in human capital investment banks iPhone Iran Ireland, Irish Isabella, Queen of Spain Israel Italy iTunes Jack Benny Show, The (TV show) Jackson, Michael janitors Japan, Japanese culture in health-related expenditures in Jehovah’s Witnesses Jews, Judaism Orthodox ultra-Orthodox Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan jobs Jobs, Steve John Paul II, Pope Johns, Adrian justice Justice Department, U.S. Justinian, Emperor Kahneman, Daniel Karnataka Katrina, Hurricane Kellner, Jamie Kennedy, Edward Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Robert Kenya Keynes, John Maynard Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khouri, Saeed kidneys Kimble, George H. T. Kipsigis Kmart Kodachrome Kodak Kolkata Krugman, Paul labor, cost of labor theory of value labor unions Lamalera land, allocation of Langthab lap dancing lawyers Lazcano-Ponce, Eduardo legal system, laws Lehman Brothers Lennon, John Leo IX, Pope Lewis, W.


pages: 291 words: 85,822

The Truth About Lies: The Illusion of Honesty and the Evolution of Deceit by Aja Raden

air gap, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, banking crisis, Bernie Madoff, bitcoin, blockchain, California gold rush, carbon footprint, carbon-based life, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cryptocurrency, data science, disinformation, Donald Trump, fake news, intentional community, iterative process, low interest rates, Milgram experiment, mirror neurons, multilevel marketing, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, placebo effect, Ponzi scheme, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, sugar pill, survivorship bias, theory of mind, too big to fail, transcontinental railway, Vincenzo Peruggia: Mona Lisa

Western hostages were taken, people were hung from cranes, and eventually Ayatollah Khomeini consolidated power and declared Iran a caliphate. The United States is really not into caliphates (or hostage taking, which was another factor in our bad breakup with Iran), so this understandably caused a rift between the two countries. But you know what the United States is very into? Arms dealing (just by the numbers, war is actually one of our primary exports), as well as double-dealing. You see, before the revolution, the United States was the single largest supplier of weapons to Iran. So when regime changed, as regime often does, and Ayatollah Khomeini severed all ties with the United States, we retaliated with intense sanctions, including a weapons embargo against Iran called Operation Staunch.* This weapons embargo was our idea.

See 2008 financial crisis flagrant lying, shared objective reality exploited by flashing defense, in nature Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Snake Oil Con formation of wellness industry and Ford Pinto death trap Forgery of art of Catholic relics counterfeit in fraud compared to Marcy antiquities money and Shroud of Turin as of Sumerian clay tablet wentletrap seashells fortune-tellers, false-memory effect and Fox, Kate Fox, Leah Fox, Margaret fraud forgery compared to of gold mines Gauchais effect, of mirror neurons Ghirlandaio, Domenico Gilbert, Daniel gold mines, fraudulent of de Guzman Good Samaritan play, in Long Con Gould, Stephen Jay Great Diamond Hoax Gregor I, Cazique of Poyais, MacGregor as Guru Con of Bakker false-memory effect magical thinking in Mesmer as of Osteen Rasputin and Spiritualism televangelists de Guzman, Michael habitual lying Hedberg, Mitch Hitler, Adolf Hoax absurdity factor in Animal Planet mermaid documentary Boxer Rebellion Chinese Great Wall and facts contagiousness in fake news and real consequences of London destruction love of being lied to Mencken bathtub history Tourney, Stevens, Wilshire, Lewis multiperson Hoax 2016 election Vosoughi on social media misinformation War of the Worlds honesty bias collective intelligence advantage shared objective reality acceptance Houdini, Harry human behavior, lying as normal illusory truth effect authority bias and inattentional blindness infants mentalizing ability of Iran/Israel/Nicaragua Shell Game Janin, Henry Jay-Z Kellogg, John Khomeini (Ayatollah) Kierkegaard, Søren King, Clarence Kirsch, Irving Lewis, John lies. See also lying of absolute truth belief change from told cognitive dissonance and belief in general belief in truths and Hoax love of from mentalizing ability placebo effect and specific priming use for truth relationship with London destruction, Hoax of Long Con De Beer’s diamond cartel of diamonds Good Samaritan play in of synthetic lab-grown diamonds of 2008 financial crisis banking Lustig, Victor Eiffel Tower sale by money-box con of lying habitual memory impacted by nature normal human behavior of from theory of mind MacGregor, Gregor Big Lie of as Gregor I, Cazique of Poyais Poyais scam of Madoff, Bernie magic of Penn and Teller Spiritualism versus magical thinking on seed money manipulation, from mentalizing ability Marcy, Louis math, in Pyramid Schemes MBS.


pages: 446 words: 578

The end of history and the last man by Francis Fukuyama

affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bonfire of the Vanities, business cycle, centre right, classic study, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, F. W. de Klerk, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Herbert Marcuse, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, Isaac Newton, Joan Didion, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, kremlinology, land reform, liberal world order, liberation theology, life extension, linear programming, long peace, means of production, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, nuclear winter, old-boy network, open economy, post-industrial society, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Socratic dialogue, Strategic Defense Initiative, strikebreaker, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, zero-sum game

It is frequently asserted that global information technology and instant communications have promoted democratic ideals, as in the case of CNN’s worldwide broadcasting of the occupation of Tienanmen Square in 1989, or of the revolutions in Eastern Europe later that year. But communications technology itself is value-neutral. Ayatollah Khomeini’s reactionary ideas were imported into Iran prior to the 1978 revolution on cassette tape recorders that the Shah’s economic modernization of the country had made widely available. If television and instant global communications had existed in the 1930s, they would have been used to great effect by Nazi propagandists like Leni Riefenstahl and Joseph Goebbels to promote fascist rather than democratic ideas.

This problem can be broken down into two parts: first, can modern natural science be deliberately rejected by existing societies; and second, can a global cataclysm result in the involuntary loss of modern natural science? The deliberate rejection of technology and a rationalized society has been suggested by any number of groups in modern times, from the Romantics of the early nineteenth century, to the hippie movement of the 1960s, to Ayatollah Khomeini and Islamic fundamentalism. At the moment, the most coherent and articulate source of opposition to technological civilization comes from the environmental movement. Contemporary environmentalism comprises many different groups and strands of thought, but the most radical among them have attacked the entire modern project of mastering nature through science, and have suggested that man might be happier if nature were not manipulated but returned to something more closely approximating its original, pre-industrial state.

., 225 Juan Carlos, King of Spain, 19, 47 Judaism, 217 Junkers, 113 Kant, Immanuel, 57-60, 70, 76, 126, 135, 138, 144, 151, 160, 163, 252, 262, 281-283, 296, 297, 302 Kapital, Das (Marx), 68, 131-132 Karamanlis, Constantine, 13 Katyn murders, 178 Kazakhstan, 269 Kennan, George, 246, 256 Kesey, Ken, 24 Khmer Rouge, 79, 127, 293 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 7, 83 Khrushchev, Nikita, 26, 28, 32, 40 King, Martin Luther, 196-197, 237 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 8-9 Kissinger, Henry, 8, 68, 246, 249-252, 256, 280 Kojève, Alexandre, 65-67, 139, 143, 144, 147, 150, 192, 193, 203, 206-207, 287-289, 291, 310-312, 319-320, 329, 339 Kommunist, 263 Korean War, 263 Krenz, Egon, 178 Kulaks, 6 Kurds, 273 Kuwait, 262, 277, 282 Langer, William, 267 Last man, 300, 301, 305-308, 312, 336 Late development, 100, 107 Latin America, 10, 16; see also specific countries democratic transitions in, 13-14, 19-21, 112, 121, 212, 220, 277 dependencia theory in, 99 economic development in, 41-42, 44, 103-106, 223 social structure in, 217 League of Nations, 249, 251, 281, 282 Lebanon, 236 Lee Kuan Yew, 134, 241, 243 Legitimacy concepts of, 257-259, 279 crisis of, 15-17 definition of, 15-16 Leisure, 225 Lenin, V.


pages: 535 words: 158,863

Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making by David Rothkopf

"World Economic Forum" Davos, airport security, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, asset allocation, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, Bob Geldof, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, BRICs, business cycle, carried interest, clean water, compensation consultant, corporate governance, creative destruction, crony capitalism, David Brooks, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, fake news, financial innovation, fixed income, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Gini coefficient, global village, high net worth, income inequality, industrial cluster, informal economy, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Elkington, joint-stock company, knowledge economy, Larry Ellison, liberal capitalism, Live Aid, Long Term Capital Management, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Nelson Mandela, old-boy network, open borders, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, price mechanism, proprietary trading, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, Skype, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trickle-down economics, upwardly mobile, vertical integration, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, William Langewiesche

Johnson-Sirleaf, Ellen Jolie, Angelina Jones, Gen. Jim Jordan, Vernon Jum’ah, Abdallah Jumper, Gen. John Kangxi, emperor of China Kant, Immanuel Kaplan, Steven Kapuściński, Ryszard Kassar, Monzer al- Katz, Rita Kennard, William Kennedy, John F. Khaled, Amr Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali Khan, Abdul Qadeer Khatami, Mohammad Khodorkovsky, Mikhail Khomeini, Ayatollah Khosla, Vinod Kidman, Nicole Kim Jong Il Kimmitt, Bob Kirchner, Néstor Kissinger, Henry Klein, Maury Kobayashi, Yotaro Koch, Ed Koizumi, Junichiro Kok, Wim Kosovo war Kouchner, Bernard Kraay, Aart Kravis, Henry Krišto, Borjana Krugman, Paul Kryshtanovskaya, Olga Kuczynski, Pedro-Pablo Lagardère, Arnaud Lagos Weber, Ricardo Lake, Anthony Lampert, Eddie Lamy, Pascal Langewiesche, William Langone, Kenneth Larson, Adm.

But by the early 1970s, many areas of the world began witnessing a backlash to secularism, and with it the reemergence of powerful religious leaders. The religious reversion was especially marked in the Middle East and Southeast Asia: In Iran, the secular and Western-oriented Shah saw his power diminish through the 1970s, culminating in the revolutionary ascension of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979. Similar movements toward more religious forms of nationalism took place in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. A “born-again” Baptist president, Jimmy Carter, was elected in the United States, and Americans tuned in en masse to the televised sermons of evangelist Jerry Falwell and other broadcast ministries.

His place in the Iranian power structure was well represented at Ahmadinejad’s inauguration in 2005, when the newly installed president made a very public sign of obedience: bending down to kiss Khamenei’s hand. Unlike most religious leaders, Khamenei has significant direct experience in government. He served two terms as Iran’s president from 1981 to 1989, winning the 1981 election with a 95 percent vote. His predecessor and mentor, Ayatollah Khomeini, led the overthrow of the Shah, founded the Islamic Republic of Iran, and held the highest rank of cleric, a Source of Emulation. In modern Iran, a better mentor would be hard to find. As supreme leader, Khamenei has proved a model of political pragmatism in creating networks of strategic allies.


pages: 481 words: 121,300

Why geography matters: three challenges facing America : climate change, the rise of China, and global terrorism by Harm J. De Blij

agricultural Revolution, airport security, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial exploitation, complexity theory, computer age, crony capitalism, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Eratosthenes, European colonialism, F. W. de Klerk, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global village, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, illegal immigration, Internet Archive, John Snow's cholera map, Khyber Pass, manufacturing employment, megacity, megaproject, Mercator projection, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Nelson Mandela, Oklahoma City bombing, out of africa, RAND corporation, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, social distancing, South China Sea, special economic zone, Thomas Malthus, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, UNCLOS, UNCLOS

Following the 1994 Jewish Community Center attack, pressure to investigate and solve the matter heightened, but high-level interference slowed the process down. In 1998, Argentinian judicial and intelligence officials got a break when an Iranian defector in formal testimony implicated senior members of the Tehran government including the president, the minister of foreign affairs, the head of intelligence, the son of the ayatollah Khomeini and the Iranian ambassador to Argentina at the time of the attacks. Additional information, gathered by Argentinian intelligence, showed Iranian officials FROM TERRORISM TO INSURGENCY I79 leaving and entering Argentina under false names around the time of the bombings (Rother, 2002a). For the first time in this investigation, a geographic connection was made that continues to matter today: the so-called Triple Frontier where Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay converge (Fig. 9-1).

Not even a complete cessation of oil exports and the total withdrawal of all Westerners and Western interests from Saudi Arabia would be enough to satisfy bin Laden and his Wahhabist associates: they equate the "moderate" wing of the royal family with the former shah of Iran, and nothing short of a theocracy of the Khomeini variety will do. Indeed, Khomeini himself made a move that reveals the intent of those who espouse the true faith: in 1989 he issued a fatwa that reached beyond the world of Islam, the umma, by proclaiming a death sentence against a British author living in the United Kingdom for a work allegedly containing blasphemy.

Islamic law alone—conversion from Islam is apostasy, punishable by death. Once a Muslim, always a Muslim; attempt to renounce the faith, and both the convert and he who encouraged the conversion are condemned. The Hadith is quite specific on this point: "Whoever changes his religion, kill him" (Hadith, 37). While apostasy and blasphemy (another capital offense, as Khomeini's fatwa against British author Salmon Rushdie reminded the world) may not routinely result in execution, it is noteworthy that reservations against the principle are almost never heard from clerics or commoners, and opposition to condemnations is rare. In Iran in 2002, when a conservative court sentenced a university professor to death for publishing a proposal for an Islamic "enlightenment," thousands of university students did take to the streets in protest.


pages: 392 words: 106,532

The Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis

Able Archer 83, American ideology, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, European colonialism, full employment, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, land reform, long peace, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Potemkin village, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Sinatra Doctrine, Strategic Defense Initiative

It did so, however, just as the revolution was brewing in neighboring Iran, which in January, 1979—in a severe setback for the United States—forced its long-time ally Shah Reza Khan Pahlavi into exile, replacing him with the Ayatollah Khomeini. The Russians and their new Afghan clients were no more prepared for this development than the Americans had been, and in mid-March a violent rebellion broke out in Herat, close to the Iranian border, which resulted in the deaths of some 5,000 people including fifty Soviet advisers and their families. The Afghans blamed Khomeini, but from Moscow’s perspective the unpopularity of the Kabul regime was also responsible.32 “Do you have support among the workers, city dwellers, [and] the petty bourgeoisie?”

Once again, a tail wagged a dog, linking the United States to an authoritarian leader whose only virtues were that he maintained order, kept oil flowing, purchased American arms, and was reliably anti-communist. Iranians were sufficiently fed up by 1979 that they overthrew the Shah, denounced the United States for supporting him, and installed in power under the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini the first radically Islamist government anywhere in the world.30 Not all C.I.A. operations ended this badly. In April, 1956, one of the most successful of them was, quite literally, exposed when the Russians invited reporters to tour a tunnel the Agency had constructed, extending from West Berlin a third of a mile into East Berlin, by which it had intercepted Soviet and East German cable and telephone communications for more than a year.

Justice Department, U.S. Kádár, János Kant, Immanuel Katyn Wood massacre Kazakhstan Kennan, George F. “long telegram” of on role of C.I.A. on U.N. Kennedy, John F. Cuban missile crisis and U.S.-Soviet relations and Kennedy, Robert F. Kent State incident K.G.B. Khmer Rouge Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khrushchev, Nikita background and personality of Berlin Wall and Cuban missile crisis and East German alliance and Eisenhower’s meetings with Hungarian uprising and nuclear weapons policy of ouster of rise of Sino-Soviet relations and Stalin denounced by Suez crisis and Tito visited by U.S. visited by U-2 incident and “We will bury you” remark of Khrushchev, Sergei Kim Il-sung King, Martin Luther, Jr.


pages: 88 words: 26,706

Against the Web: A Cosmopolitan Answer to the New Right by Michael Brooks

4chan, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, Bernie Sanders, capitalist realism, centre right, Community Supported Agriculture, crony capitalism, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, drone strike, Flynn Effect, gun show loophole, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, late capitalism, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, moral hazard, Nelson Mandela, open borders, Peter Thiel, Philippa Foot, public intellectual, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, trolley problem, universal basic income, upwardly mobile

Iran and the United States have a long and complicated history. In 1953, the United States helped overthrow Mohammad Mosaddegh, Iran’s democratically elected leader; thereafter, the country was ruled by the US-backed Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a brutal dictator. Once the Iranians deposed the Shah in 1979 and replaced him with Ayatollah Khomeini, the United States imposed sanctions of various kinds that continue to this day. In 2006—2 years after the publication of The End of Faith—the US and its allies persuaded the UN Security Council to pass Resolutions 1696 and 1737. The former demanded that Iran cease its nuclear enrichment program and the latter imposed new and more punishing sanctions for noncompliance.

It is for this reason that Harris’ subtle conflation of the actions of an independent terrorist network like al-Qaeda with those of a nation-state like Iran is ludicrous. The most basic historical overview would have shown Harris that many revolutionary states, from Stalin’s Soviet Union to Mao’s China to the Ayatollah’s Iran, have very quickly determined that their geopolitical decisions cannot be based on ideological fervor, but must rather be premised on the cold calculations of Realpolitik. This is simple stuff, and it is appalling and embarrassing that Harris’ “thought experiment” isn’t informed by any knowledge of historical facts.


pages: 740 words: 236,681

The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever by Christopher Hitchens

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, anthropic principle, Ayatollah Khomeini, Boeing 747, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, cosmic microwave background, cuban missile crisis, David Attenborough, Edmond Halley, Georg Cantor, germ theory of disease, index card, Isaac Newton, liberation theology, Mahatma Gandhi, phenotype, Plato's cave, risk tolerance, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Thales of Miletus, Timothy McVeigh, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics

“Imagine There’s No Heaven” A Letter to the Six Billionth World Citizen SALMAN RUSHDIE Born a Muslim in the year that his Indian homeland was fatally sundered by religious partition and war, Salman Rushdie has achieved global renown for his novels and for the way in which they illuminate cross-cultural migrations. In 1989, the Ayatollah Khomeini publicly offered money in his own name to suborn his murder, adding the inducement of a ticket to paradise for anyone willing to take the bribe. Ever since, Rushdie has come to symbolize the defense of free expression and unfettered literary activity (it was his novel The Satanic Verses that was also the object of Khomeini’s mad rage) as well as the right of any person to apostatize from religion. In 1997, Rushdie contributed a letter to a UN-sponsored anthology, addressed to the six-billionth human child who was expected to be born that year.

In a nuclear age, and in an age of serious environmental degradation, apocalyptic belief creates a serious second order danger. The precarious logic of self-interest that saw us through the Cold War would collapse if the leaders of one nuclear state came to welcome, or ceased to fear, mass death. The words of Ayatollah Khomeini are quoted approvingly in an Iranian eleventh grade textbook: “Either we shake one another’s hands in joy at the victory of Islam in the world, or all of us will turn to eternal life and matyrdom. In both cases, victory and success are ours.” And if we let global temperatures continue to rise because we give room to the faction that believes it is God’s will, then we are truly—and literally—sunk.

Once and for all, we could put the stories back into the books, put the books back on the shelves, and see the world undogmatized and plain. Imagine there’s no heaven, my dear Six Billionth, and at once the sky’s the limit. The Koran From Why I Am Not a Muslim IBN WARRAQ One of those moved into action and response by Ayatollah Khomeini’s assault on civilization was Ibn Warraq, the nom de plume of a scholarly ex-Muslim who is obliged to keep his true identity a secret. In this long extract from his outstanding book Why I Am Not A Muslim, he considers the fantastic claim that the Koran is the final and unalterable word of god, as delivered to an illiterate merchant in seventh-century Arabia.


pages: 283 words: 77,272

With Liberty and Justice for Some: How the Law Is Used to Destroy Equality and Protect the Powerful by Glenn Greenwald

Alan Greenspan, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Clive Stafford Smith, collateralized debt obligation, Corrections Corporation of America, crack epidemic, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, David Brooks, deskilling, financial deregulation, full employment, high net worth, income inequality, Julian Assange, mandatory minimum, nuremberg principles, Ponzi scheme, Project for a New American Century, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, too big to fail, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks

Sure enough, they got it: White House officials who clearly and knowingly broke the law, and then deliberately lied to Congress about what they had done (also a felony), were systematically protected from any consequences for their crimes. The Iran-Contra scandal erupted in 1986, when it was revealed that the Reagan administration had sold arms—anti-tank and antiaircraft missiles—to the Ayatollah Khomeini’s regime in Iran. The purpose of the deal was twofold. Initially, it was meant to help secure the release of six American hostages who were being held by Iranian-backed Shia militants in Lebanon. At the same time, the money received from the sale of these weapons to Iran was used to fund the Contras, a CIA-backed rebel group fighting to overthrow the Sandinista government in Nicaragua.

Morgan JPMorgan Chase Jefferson County case Jurist news service Justice Department (DOJ) detention without trial and fails to investigate Bush crimes financial industry and Iran-Contra and legal access of poor and memos authorizing criminal conduct and Plame outing and as political arm of White House prisons and state secrets and torture and U.S. attorney firings and warrantless eavesdropping and whistle-blowers and Kashkari, Neel Katzenbach, Nicholas Kean, Thomas Kelly, Elisa Kelly, Ian Kendrick, Joh Kennedy, Robert Kenworthy, Lane Kenya Khomeini, Ayatollah King, Martin Luther, Jr. Klein, Joe Klein, Mark Knutson, Harmony Kozinski, Alex Kravis, Henry Kristof, Nicholas Kristol, Bill Krumholz, Sheila Kuwait Lacey, Frederick Lachman, Desmond La Follette, Bob Lammers, Joris Latinos Lebanon Lederman, Marty Legal Service Corporation (LSC) legal services, access to Lehman Brothers Leibowitz, Shamai Libby, Lewis “Scooter” media defense of Plame outing and sentence commuted Libby Defense Fund Liberia Lichtblau, Eric Liddy, Ed Lieberman, Joe Lietzau, William Liptak, Adam lobbying financial industry and prison industry and telecoms and Los Angeles Times Loury, Glenn Macey, Jonathan Madison, James Madoff, Bernie Malaysia Mann, James R.


pages: 603 words: 182,826

Owning the Earth: The Transforming History of Land Ownership by Andro Linklater

agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bear Stearns, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, British Empire, business cycle, colonial rule, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, electricity market, facts on the ground, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, income inequality, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, John Perry Barlow, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kibera, Kickstarter, land reform, land tenure, light touch regulation, market clearing, means of production, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, mortgage debt, Northern Rock, Peace of Westphalia, Pearl River Delta, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, quantitative easing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, refrigerator car, Right to Buy, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, spinning jenny, Suez canal 1869, The Chicago School, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, three-masted sailing ship, too big to fail, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, ultimatum game, wage slave, WikiLeaks, wikimedia commons, working poor

Throughout Sunni Islam, the literalist interpretation of the Koran spread by Wahabi Muslims under the sponsorship of Saudi oil billionaires soon snuffed out any intellectual exploration. And Khomeini’s fundamentalism achieved the same result among Shi’ite scholars. The ayatollah himself found it impossible to decide whether the Iranian economy was to be capitalist or Socialist. “Islam does not approve of an oppressive and unbridled capitalism,” he declared in his last will. “Neither is Islam opposed to private property, as [are] communism, Marxism and Leninism. Islam provides for a balanced regime.” The consequences of Khomeini’s inability to deal with privately owned property went beyond Iran. In effect it gave credence to a globalized agricultural economy draped over a corrupted Islamic version of feudal possession of the earth.

In the same way, the shah’s rule, however brutal, was judged to be creating the conditions for Rostow’s elite group of modernizers to prepare the ground for capitalism and representative government. During the last years of Mohammed Reza’s reign, the combination of corruption and autocracy alienated all rural interest groups—aristocracy, tribal chiefs, and peasants—as well as religious and academic opinion in the cities. When his rule collapsed in 1979 and Ayatollah Ruhallah Khomeini returned as the flag bearer of Islamic fundamentalism, the adherents of western democracy had nothing to offer as an alternative. From the perspective of the twenty-first century, the fundamental errors in “development” theory are glaringly obvious. The evidence offered by China, Russia, and Vietnam, among others, demonstrates beyond doubt that capitalism can in fact flourish very well without modern democracy.

But, as in Iraq, Egyptian autocracy went on to flourish on the back of the fertilized agriculture that fed Cairo’s bursting slums, and filled the purses of the rural elite, many of them related to senior officers in the military. The fix from the Green Revolution, however, revealed an awkward gap in Islamic thinking about how to deal with the capitalist intrusion into the Ottoman Empire’s land system. Significantly, when the Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile in 1979 to lead the Islamic revolution, he singled out Arsanjani’s land reforms for particular vilification. Ostensibly, he blamed them for the dismemberment of large religious estates whose rents financed Shia colleges and clergy, but the real problem, that he never solved, was that a literal reading of the Koran offered no authority for dealing with the forces unleashed by individual ownership of land.


pages: 323 words: 95,188

The Year That Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall by Michael Meyer

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, Berlin Wall, Bonfire of the Vanities, Bretton Woods, BRICs, call centre, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, guns versus butter model, haute couture, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Prenzlauer Berg, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, union organizing

The massacre of demonstrating students in China—with its dramatic TV footage of rumbling tanks, riot police firing tear gas, screams, shots and bodies in the streets—occurred on the same day as the Polish election. June 4 also brought news of the death, at eighty-nine, of Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, the father of the Iranian Revolution. The imagery from China, coupled with the fanatical turmoil of Khomeini’s funeral, thrust Poland’s political transformation to the background of the news. “After that,” one Bush aide later told me, “it was almost impossible to focus on anything else. It was Tiananmen, Tiananmen, Tiananmen. And then Iran.

Bush, 94–95 as president of Poland, 92, 128, 131–132, 225–226 Round Table (1989), 35, 47, 49, 50–54, 58–63, 80, 82–83, 129, 141 Solidarity elections of 1989, 81 Jefferson, Thomas, 29, 41 Jennings, Peter, 183 John Paul II (pope), 190–191 Johnson, Ben, 39 Johnson, Daniel, 223 Jordan, 106 Jubilee of 1989 (GDR), 66, 115, 135, 147–152 Judt, Tony, 219, 238 Julius Caesar, 131 Kadar, Janos, 84–85, 88 Kagan, Robert, 215, 237 Karl-Marx-Stadt, rise of opposition, 158 Karpati, Ferenc, 57, 68–69 Kat, 52–53, 59, 81 Katowice, 51–52 Keller, Bill, 222 Kennan, George, 61 Kennedy, John F., 3, 10 Kent State University, 225–226 Kessler, Heinz, 68–69, 117 KGB secret police, 11–12, 25, 53, 135–136, 140 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla, 83 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 17 Ki-moon, Ban, 219 Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite (Behr), 236 Kiszcak, Czeslaw at Round Table (1989), 48, 59, 63, 80, 82–83 Solidarity elections of 1989, 82, 84 Klaus, Vaclav, 184 Kochemasov, Vyacheslav, 154–155, 234 Kohl, Helmut attitudes toward German reunification, 23–28, 127 fall of Berlin Wall and, 9, 72–76, 175, 228–229, 235–236 Gorbachev and, 12 nuclear deterrence and, 74–76 refugees from GDR and, 113–114, 125–127 Korean War, impact of, 23 Kornblum, John, 10 Kosovo, 47 Kovacs, Gyula, 99–100, 102 Kraków, 82 Krauthammer, Charles, 214, 236–237 Krenz, Egon collapse of GDR and, 163, 165–167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 204, 234–235 fall of Berlin Wall and, 7–9, 65, 223, 234 GDR Jubilee of 1989 and, 148, 150 as leader of GDR, 156–161, 175 refugees from GDR and, 133–135 rise of opposition in GDR, 154–156 Kreuzberg, 24 Krol, Marek, 130 Kubek, Tony, 94 Kubisova, Marta, 182 Kulcsar, Kalman, 145, 206 as justice minister of Hungary, 29, 30–31, 33, 36, 41, 55 Kurfurstendamm (West Berlin), 120 Kuron, Jacek, 53–54 Kuwait, 214 Kwiatkowski, Stanislaw, 230 Lake Balaton, 57, 68, 95, 98, 101, 113, 207, 232 Lance missiles, 229 Largo Desolato (Havel), 136 League of Young Democrats (Fidesz), 32 Lebow, Richard, 224 Leipzig fall of Berlin Wall and, 172, 234 refugees from GDR and, 124, 135, 160 rise of opposition, 152, 153, 155, 158–159 Lenin’s Tomb, 65–66 Letna Park (Prague), 188–190 Libby, I.


pages: 492 words: 153,565

Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet and the Launch of the World's First Digital Weapon by Kim Zetter

air gap, Ayatollah Khomeini, Brian Krebs, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, Doomsday Clock, drone strike, Edward Snowden, facts on the ground, false flag, Firefox, friendly fire, Google Earth, information retrieval, information security, John Markoff, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Loma Prieta earthquake, machine readable, Maui Hawaii, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Morris worm, pre–internet, RAND corporation, rolling blackouts, Silicon Valley, skunkworks, smart grid, smart meter, South China Sea, Stuxnet, Timothy McVeigh, two and twenty, undersea cable, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, WikiLeaks, Y2K, zero day

Throughout the eight-year war, which ran from 1980 to 1988, Iraq bombed the two towers more than half a dozen times, leaving them in ruins.21 During the war, the commander of Iran’s Revolutionary Guard urged the Ayatollah Khomeini to launch a nuclear weapons program to fend off Iraq and its Western allies. But Khomeini refused, believing that nuclear weapons were anathema to Islam and a violation of its basic moral principles. He apparently changed his mind, however, after Saddam Hussein unleashed chemical weapons on Iranian troops and civilians, killing about 25,000 and injuring more than 100,000 others. Incensed by the UN’s passive reaction, and alarmed at rumors that Iraq was seeking to build nuclear weapons of its own, Khomeini decided to revive Iran’s nuclear program.

The shah himself hinted at one point that his nuclear aims weren’t solely peaceful in nature, asserting in an interview that Iran would get nuclear weapons “without a doubt … sooner than one would think” if conditions in the Middle East made it necessary.18 But US leaders weren’t worried, because they considered the shah a friend and couldn’t seem to fathom a day when he or his regime wouldn’t be in power.19 That day came pretty quickly, however, when the Islamic Revolution erupted in 1979 just as one of the reactor buildings at Bushehr was nearing completion. The revolutionaries who ousted the shah and seized power with the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini took a narrow view of the behemoth reactors being erected at Bushehr, considering them a symbol of the shah’s alliance with the West. The United States, alarmed by the unstable political situation, withdrew support for the project, and the German government eventually forced Kraftwerk Union to pull out of its contract for Bushehr.20 The subsequent Iran–Iraq war wasn’t kind to the abandoned reactors.

Protesters vandalized stores and set fire to trash bins, while police and Basijis, government-loyal militias in plainclothes, tried to disperse them with batons, electric prods, and bullets. That Sunday, Ahmadinejad gave a defiant victory speech, declaring a new era for Iran and dismissing the protesters as nothing more than soccer hooligans soured by the loss of their team. The protests continued throughout the week, though, and on June 19, in an attempt to calm the crowds, the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei sanctioned the election results, insisting that the margin of victory—11 million votes—was too large to have been achieved through fraud. The crowds, however, were not assuaged. The next day, a twenty-six-year-old woman named Neda Agha-Soltan got caught in a traffic jam caused by protesters, and was shot in the chest by a sniper’s bullet after she and her music teacher stepped out of their car to observe.


pages: 413 words: 128,093

On the Grand Trunk Road: A Journey Into South Asia by Steve Coll

affirmative action, airport security, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial rule, disinformation, Fall of the Berlin Wall, foreign exchange controls, full employment, global village, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Khyber Pass, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, market bubble, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, New Urbanism, Ponzi scheme, Ronald Reagan, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, yellow journalism

It becomes necessary to see opponents not just as bad or misguided but as evil incarnate, evil in the face of which there can be no compromise. One example from my time is what happened to Salman Rushdie, a Bombay-born Muslim whose family emigrated to Pakistan before Rushdie went on to settle in the West. As is well known, Rushdie ran afoul of Ayatollah Khomeini for writing the novel The Satanic Verses, which some Muslims found blasphemous. Khomeini then issued a fatwah, or religious edict, condemning Rushdie to death and forcing the author into hiding. That such an edict would emanate from the puritan terrorism of the Iranian revolution did not seem entirely surprising. But what was mind-boggling was the way Rushdie was treated in the land of his birth.

Kamran’s source said the American had been detained at the airport for possession of a small amount of hashish. Later, the police discovered in his luggage and at his hotel what they described—in writing, at the time—as the manual of a C-130 aircraft, a hand-drawn sketch of a military airfield, a map of the airports at Islamabad and Istanbul, Turkey, photographs of the Ayatollah Khomeini, and the names and telephone numbers of pro-Iranian Shia activists in Pakistan. In addition, the American possessed unidentified radio equipment, possibly transmitters. The police were so alarmed by these materials that the chief martial-law bureaucrat in Baluchistan—this was prior to the restoration of democracy—flew to army headquarters in Rawalpindi and demanded a meeting with the chief of the Pakistan intelligence service, ISI.

Kanpur, India Karachi, Pakistan Karmal, Babrak Kashmir, India; counterinsurgency campaign in ; separatist guerrilla movements in ; vote-rigging in Kathmandu, Nepal Kennedy, Robert F. Kerala, India Khala Pahar (‘Black Mountain’) Khalid (guerrilla) Khan, A. Q. Khan, Kamran; investigation of Zia ul-Haq crash ; knife attack on Khan, Mohammed Amir Mohammed (‘Suleiman’) Khanna, Ajay Khayal, Ghulam Nabi Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khyber Pass kidnappings Kipling, Rudyard Koran Korea Kotagoda, Sri Lanka Kumar, Dinesh Kumar, Tardip Kumari, Ranjana Kuwait Lai, Rajesh Kumar Lakshmi, Rama Lal, Bahwaral land ownership land reform Latin America Layec, Suleiman Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) ; and political assassination; suicide attacks of life expectancy rates literacy rates Lockheed Corporation Lodhi, Maleeha London School of Economics Louis XVI (king of France) Lucknow, India McGee, Jim Maharashtra, India Mahendra (king of Nepal) Mahmudabad, India Mahule, S.


Executive Orders by Tom Clancy

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, card file, defense in depth, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, experimental subject, financial independence, flag carrier, friendly fire, Great Leap Forward, lateral thinking, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Neil Armstrong, one-China policy, operational security, out of africa, Own Your Own Home, plutocrats, power law, rolodex, South China Sea, the long tail, trade route

In that sense they were very like Americans, despite the difference in language, clothing, and religion, and just like Americans they had trouble understanding people who were not willing to do business, to reach an accommodation, to make some sort of exchange. Iran was such a country, changed from the previous state of affairs under the Shah by the Ayatollah Khomeini into a theocracy. They're not like us was the universal point of concern for any culture. They're not like us ANYMORE would be a very frightening development for Gulf States who'd always known that, despite political differences, there had always been an avenue of commonality and communication.

.” “As is indeed the wish of Allah, as revealed to us through the Prophet.” He was sticking to the script, Adler saw. Once upon a time, President Jimmy Carter had dispatched an emissary to visit this man's boss, Khomeini, at his exile home in France. The Shah had been in deep political trouble then, and the opposition had been sounded out, just to hedge America's bets. The emissary had come home after the meeting to tell his President that Khomeini was a “saint.” Carter had accepted the report at face value, and brought about the removal of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, allowing the “saint” to supplant him. Oops. The next administration had dealt with the same man and gotten nothing more for it than a scandal and world ridicule.

” And then they told him. IT WAS A BRAVE man who awoke the Ayatollah Mahmoud Haji Daryaei before dawn, and since those around him feared his wrath, it took two hours for them to summon the courage to do so. Not that it would help matters. At four in the morning in Tehran, the phone by the side of his bed rang. Ten minutes after that, he was in the sitting room of his private apartment, his dark, sunken eyes waiting to punish those responsible. “We have a report that American ships have entered the Gulf,” the intelligence chief told him. “When and where?” the Ayatollah asked quietly. “It was after midnight at the narrows.


The Secret World: A History of Intelligence by Christopher Andrew

Able Archer 83, active measures, Admiral Zheng, airport security, anti-communist, Atahualpa, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Chelsea Manning, classic study, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, Fellow of the Royal Society, Francisco Pizarro, Google Earth, information security, invention of movable type, invention of the telegraph, Julian Assange, Khyber Pass, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Murano, Venice glass, RAND corporation, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Skype, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the market place, trade route, two and twenty, union organizing, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, WikiLeaks, éminence grise

Its incomprehension of the political power of religious extremism was vividly displayed during the crisis in Iran which led early in 1979 to the fall of the pro-Western Shah and the rise of the 78-year-old Shia Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who had lived in exile for the past fourteen years. The popular appeal of the call by Imam Khomeini (as he was best known in Iran) for the establishment of a religious ruler, the velayate faqih, was almost beyond the comprehension even of the devoutly Christian US President, Jimmy Carter. The White House aide on Iran, Gary Sick, later acknowledged: ‘The notion of a popular revolution leading to the establishment of a theocratic state seemed so unlikely as to be absurd.’ ‘Whoever took religion seriously?’ demanded one State Department official after Khomeini’s rise to power.1 Iran’s religious revolution, however, was more popular than most of the political revolutions the West found easier to understand.

But the increasingly secularized late-twentieth-century West found it far more difficult to grasp the appeal of Islamic fundamentalism. Its incomprehension of the political power of religious extremism was vividly displayed during the crisis in Iran which led early in 1979 to the fall of the pro-Western Shah and the rise of the 78-year-old Shia Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. ‘Whoever took religion seriously?’ demanded one surprised State Department official after Washington had been taken aback by Khomeini’s popular triumph.25 Over the next decade, many Western intelligence analysts similarly failed to grasp that understanding the appeal of Al Qaeda and the terrorist threat which it posed required serious study of its theology.

Al-Khatmi crept into bint Marwan’s house at night and plunged a knife into her chest as she lay sleeping with her children.16* The offence for which she, like Kab and Abu Rafi, was assassinated was not hurting Muhammad’s feelings but blasphemy against the message which Allah had entrusted to him. In 1989 the Iranian Shia leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, claimed to be following the example of Muhammad when he issued a fatwa calling for the killing of the British author Salman Rushdie and his publishers on the grounds that his novel Satanic Verses had insulted the Prophet and ‘the sacred beliefs of Muslims’.† Khomeini’s fatwa calling for the assassinations declared that ‘whoever is killed in this cause will be a martyr’. This, he believed, was in accordance with the teachings of the Prophet.


pages: 214 words: 57,614

America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy by Francis Fukuyama

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, European colonialism, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, information security, Internet Archive, John Perry Barlow, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, no-fly zone, oil-for-food scandal, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, transaction costs, uranium enrichment, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus

The historians Ladan and Roya Boroumand have argued similarly that many radical Islamist ideas are not Islamic but Western in origin. If we go back through the precursor political thinkers who shaped al-Qaida's ideology, such as Hassan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb of the Muslim Brotherhood, Maulana Mawdudi of the Jamaat-e-Islami movement in Pakistan, or Ayatollah Khomeini, we find a peculiar syncretist doctrine that mixes Islamic ideas with Western ones, borrowed from the extreme left and right of twentieth-century Europe. 5 Concepts like "revolution," "civil society," "state," and the aestheticization of violence come not out of Islam but out of fascism and Marxism-Leninism.

"Scoop," 34 Jacksonian nationalists, 7, 8, 183 Jaffa, Harry, 23 Japan, 129,132,175 JDAMs (Joint Direct Attack Munition), 35 Jefferson, Thomas, 2 3 jihadists (radical Islamists), 69-70; cultural background of, 75-78; Iraq as base for, 181; political roots of, 72-74, 2om5; as threat to the United States, 5-6, 70-75, 184-85 Johnson, Lyndon,18 Jowitt, Ken, 54-55, 58, 86 Kagan, Robert, 40-44, 56, 102 Kant, Immanuel, 176 Kay, David, 92 Kelling, George, 19 Kennan, George, 50 Kennedy, John F, 50 Kennedy administration, 83 Kepel, Gilles, 71-72 Khalilzad, Zalmay, 31 Khan, A. Q., 80 221 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 73 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 41, 43 Kissinger, Henry, 5, 7, 34, 37, 189 Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 133 Kosovo war, 36, 98, 99, 172, 173 Krasner, Stephen, 178 Krauthammer, Charles, 43, 70-71, 102 Kristol, Irving, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 37, 40, 102 Kristol, William, 40-44, 56 Kristol-Kagan agenda, 40-44, 56, 102, 117 Kuwait, 160 Kyoto Protocol, 65 Laden, Osama bin, 70, 79 LaRouche, Lyndon, 21 Latin America, 109, 205~6ni5 leadership, aspects of, 60-61 League of Nations, 49, 176 leftists (during the 1960s), 18 legitimacy: of American actions against Iraq, 97; international, 96, 97-98, 191; of international institutions, 155, 169, 170-71; of NATO, 172-74; of states, 10 Leninism, 55, 58 Lerner, Daniel, 126 Levine, Ross, 123 Lewinsky, Monica, 43 liberal authoritarianism, 140-41 liberal internationalists, 7 libertarians, 27-28 Ligachev, Yegor, 199-200^2 Lilla, Mark, 21,23 Limongi, Fernando, 128 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 15, 16-17, 128 Loury, Glenn, 18-19 Lukashenko, Alexander, 130 Luther, Martin, 78 MacArthur, Douglas, 30, I97~98ni5 Madrid bombings, 73 Maine, Henry, 125 Mann, James, 14 Manning, David, 195m Marcos, Ferdinand, 135 Mawdudi, Maulana, 73 Mead, Walter Russell, 7, 106, 107 memorandum of understanding (MOU), 166 Metternich, Prince von, 189 Mexico, 148-49 Middle East: democracy in, 177, 186-87, 2I 5 n 4; nuclear proliferation in, 34.


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Among the Mosques: A Journey Across Muslim Britain by Ed Husain

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, battle of ideas, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Donald Trump, glass ceiling, Jeremy Corbyn, Khyber Pass, Mark Zuckerberg, Ronald Reagan, Shamima Begum

When Islam comes to power there is no place for this system.’8 Maududi founded Jamaat-e-Islami, a political group originally based in Pakistan that called for Islamic revolution and implementation of the sharia, and promoted literalist interpretations of the Quran. His thinking lies behind Pakistan’s contemporary blasphemy laws and the idea of an ‘Islamic state’, and had an influence on Sayyid Qutb, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, as well as Ayatollah Khomeini. So caliphist texts are readily available in Blackburn, too, as well as Dewsbury and Manchester. The shop also has copies of Bahishti Zewar for sale. The book is a collection of Islamic jurisprudence and moral guidance, primarily aimed at women and girls. According to this book, it is a sin against the sharia to ‘appear before one’s brother-in-law, sister-in-law, cousins or any other strangers etc. without any modesty or bashfulness’.9 Another major sin is to ‘enjoy dancing and listening to music’ and to ‘like and be attracted to the customs of the kuffar [unbelievers]’.10 In addition, according to this book, attending even female-only madrasas still has a ‘detrimental effect’ on women’s morals, and if girls ‘mix’ with male teachers their ‘chastity will be in danger’.11 It says that because Islam has suggested the seclusion of women, allowing women to partake in ‘modern education’ and the sciences is ‘in no way proper for women’.12 I leave the shop and walk down Audley Range, which has terraced brick houses interspersed with shops and industrial areas.

The shop owner looks uncomfortable, and says, ‘Some say that happened, others deny it. We can’t believe the media.’ ‘But do you condemn Mumtaz Qadri as a killer, a terrorist?’ I ask. ‘Some think he was,’ says the shop owner. ‘But what do you and your movement say?’ I press. He remains silent. ‘Can you see how Salman Rushdie was declared a gustakh-e-Rasul and Iran’s Ayatollah Khomeini was called ashiq-e-Rasul?’ I ask. ‘That happened a long time ago,’ he says. ‘Our children don’t even remember it.’ Each question I put to him, he deflects. He looks away and says, ‘We do not believe the media. Besides, the incident you were talking about is an isolated example.’ This denial of this aspect of caliphism, the argument that laws can be flouted to suit a specific and literalist interpretation of Islam, is not limited to the Barelwis.

., here Gilliat-Ray, Sophie, here Gilligan, Andrew, here Glasgow, here, here Asad Shah murder, here, here Central Mosque, here Dawat-e-Islami centre, here LGBT issues, here Glasgow University, here Good Friday Agreement, here Goodliffe, Ian, here Greek philosophers, here, here grooming gangs, here, here gustakh-e-Rasul killings, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Habib-ur-Rahman, Pir, here al-Haddad, Haitham, here, here, here Hafez, here Hagia Sophia, here Hajj pilgrimage, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Hamas, here Hanafis, here, here ul Haq, Riyadh, here Harris, Sam, here Hasan ibn Ali, here, here Hasnain, Imam, here Hastings, Warren, here healing, traditional, here Henry II, King, here Henry VIII, King, here, here Heraclitus of Ephesus, here Hezbollah, here, here hijabs, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Hitler, Adolf, here Hizb ut-Tahrir, here, here, here Hobbes, Thomas, here Hodja, Molla Nasreddin, here Holbein, Hans, here Hollern, Kate, here Holocaust remembrance, here homosexuality, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Honeyford, Ray, here, here honour-based violence, here Hopkins, Katie, here Hudhaifi, Shaikh, here Hume, David, here, here, here, here Hussein ibn Ali, here Hutcheson, Francis, here Hypatia, here Ibn Abbas, here Ibn al-Haytham, here Ibn Arabi, here ibn Hussain, ‘Imran, here Ibn Khaldun, here Ibn Taymiyyah, here Ibn Tufayl, here immigration laws, post-1945, here Indian partition, here Indian uprising, here, here IRA, here, here Iraq war, here ISIS, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Islamic Channel, here, here Islamic Dawah Academy (Leicester), here Islamic New Year, here Islamic Relief, here, here Islamic Sharia Council, here Islamic Society of Britain, here Islamophobia, here, here, here, here, here, here in Scotland, here, here, here Ismail, Talha, here Israel, here, here, here, here, here, here Jaan, Ahmed, here Jabir ibn Hayyan, here, here Jacob, here, here Jahan, Shah, here Jahanara, Princess, here Jalal, Mufti, here jaloos procession, here, here Jamaat-e-Islami, here, here James I and VI, King, here James II, King, here Jamiyat Tabligh-ul-Islam, here Jamshed, Junaid, here Jannah (paradise), here Javid, Sajid, here, here, here Jehovah’s Witnesses, here Jesus, here, here, here, here, here jihad, here, here, here, here, here jinns, here, here John, Elton, here John, King, here Johnson, Boris, here, here, here, here, here Joseph, here al-Juwaini, Imam, here Julian of Norwich, here Kandhlawi, Muhammad Ilyas, here, here Karbala, Battle of, here, here Kashmir, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here al-Kawthari, Muhammad ibn Adam, here, here Khan, Afzal, here Khan, Ahmad Raza (Ala Hazrat), here Khan, Imran, here, here Kanh, Imran (stabbed in Edinburgh), here Khan, Mohammad Sidique, here Khan, Noor Inayat, here Khan, Nusrat Fateh Ali, here Khan, Reyaad, here Khan, Sadiq, here khanqah (zawiya), here Khayyam, Omar, here Khomeini, Ayatollah, here, here Khusrow, Amir, here, here Al-Khwarizmi, here King, Martin Luther, here Knox, John, here, here Ku Klux Klan, here Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), here, here Lebanese civil war, here Liaquat, Haji, here Lincoln, Abraham, here Liverpool, here, here Lloyd, Lord, here Locke, John, here, here London, here bookshops, here East London Mosque, here, here Regent’s Park Mosque, here, here, here Shi‘as, here London Sharia Council, here London Tube bombings, here, here, here Longman, Frederick Henry, here Lot, here, here Lukhnawi, Mullah Nizam al-Din Sahalwi, here Maan, Bashir, here McAuley, Gerald, here McConnell, Pastor James, here, here Madonna, here Madrasa ‘Aliyah, here Magdy, Shaikh, here maghrib prayer, here Magna Carta, here al-Mahdi, Imam Muhammad, here, here mahrams (male chaperones), here, here Maliki school, here Malaysia, ‘sons of the soil’ policy, here Malik, Sayid, here Malji, Shakil, here Manchester, here, here, here activism and politics, here Arab immigrants, here British Muslim Heritage Centre, here, here Central Mosque, here, here Didsbury Mosque, here, here, here Free Trade Hall, here suicide bombing, here, here, here, here Manchester University, here al-Mansouri, Hazza, here Markle, Meghan, here Marr, Andrew, here marriage forced, here, here interfamilial, here Muslim, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here same-sex, here, here, here second, here, here see also divorce; weddings; wife-beating Maruf, Pir, here, here, here Mary, Queen of Scots, here masjid (the word), here Masroor, Imam Ajmal, here matam (chest-beating), here Maududi, Abul-Ala, here, here, here al-Mawsili, Ammar ibn Ali, here May, Theresa, here, here Mecca, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Medina, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Mill, John Stuart, here miswak twigs, here, here, here, here, here Moffat, Andrew, here, here Mohamed, Prophet and adhaan, here Ahmadis and, here, here and Angel Gabriel, here Barelwis and, here and beards, here and bid‘ah, here and biraderi system, here birthday celebrations, here, here, here and Christians and Jews, here, here, here, here and da‘wa, here and dawn prayers, here and dreams, here, here eating habits, here fabricated texts, here and families, here and fasting, here and gustakh-e-Rasul killings, here, here, here, here and hospitality, here, here, here and ‘Iqra’ injunction, here and Islamic education, here meeting with Bedouin, here and olive colour, here opposition to hereditary principle, here and perfume, here, here and rule of law, here his sandal, here seated on the earth, here succession to, here, here and traditional healing, here wearing aqeeq ring, here and women, here, here monasteries, here, here, here, here moon landings, here More, Sir Thomas, here Morsi, Mohamed, here, here Mosca, Gaetano, here Moser, Jacob, here Moses, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Motala, Yusuf, here, here, here, here Mountbatten, Lord, here Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, here Mughals, here, here, here, here, here Muharram, here Mulla, Salim, here Munshi, Hamad, here Munshi, Hasan, here al-Muqri, Muhammad Mustafa, here Murad III, Sultan, here Murray, Douglas, here Murree, here al-Mursi, Abul Abbas, here music, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here qawwali, here, here, here Muslim Brotherhood, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Muslim Council of Britain, here, here, here, here Muslim Council of Scotland, here Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND), here, here Muslim Research and Development Foundation (MRDF), here Muslims for Britain movement, here Mustaqbil, Shaikh, here, here Mutazilites, here Muthana, Nasser and Assel, here Nahj al-Balagha, here, here Nalain Shareet, here Naqshband, Bahauddin, here Naqshbandi order, here Nasrallah, Hasan, here Nasrallah, Huda, here Nasser, Gamal Abdel, here Nawaz, Mohammed, here Nehru, Jawaharlal, here Netanyahu, Benjamin, here Neudorf, Atlanta, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here New Zealand, mosque attack, here Newham College, here, here Newton, Isaac, here Nigeria, north–south divide, here niqabs, here, here, here, here, here French ban on, here Nizamuddin (Mahbub-e-Elahi), here Northern Ireland Public Service Alliance (NIPSA), here Offa, King of Mercia, here Omar, Caliph, here, here, here Orthodox Jews, here Orwell, George, here Othman, Caliph, here Ottomans, here, here, here, here, here, here Paisley, Baroness, here Paisley, Ian, here Pakistan biraderi system, here blasphemy laws and killings, here, here, here, here, here, here political influence in Britain, here rise of Arab culture, here separation from India, here shift to extremism, here Palestine, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Palmyra, here Panorama, here Patel, Hafez, here Patel, Lord, here Patel, Priti, here, here Patel, Qari Ziyaad, here Pepys, Samuel, here Pericles, here Peterloo Massacre, here Philip, Prince, here Philips, Bilal, here, here Pinter, Harold, here Pius V, Pope, here plague, black people and, here, here, here Plato, here Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), here polygamy, here, here, here polytheism, here, here Popper, Karl, here, here, here Powell, Enoch, here Presley, Elvis, here ‘Prevent’ strategy, here purdah, here al-Qadir, Shaikh Abd, here Qadiri, Imam, here, here Qadri, Mumtaz, here, here, here, here Qahtan tribe, here al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, here al-Qarni, A’id, here Qasida al-Burda, here, here al-Quduri, Imam Ahmad ibn Muhammad, here Queen’s University Belfast, here, here Quilliam, William Henry, here Quran broadcast in Leicester Square, here commandment to love and mercy, here ‘Iqra!’


pages: 556 words: 141,069

The Profiteers by Sally Denton

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Berlin Wall, Boycotts of Israel, clean water, company town, corporate governance, crony capitalism, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, energy security, Fall of the Berlin Wall, G4S, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Joan Didion, Kitchen Debate, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, new economy, nuclear winter, power law, profit motive, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, trickle-down economics, uranium enrichment, urban planning, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, wikimedia commons, William Langewiesche

The two countries had a long history of border disputes, but the current war was fueled by Iran’s Islamic revolution that had spurred the ousting of the Shah—a proxy for US interests in the Middle East—and his replacement by the anti-American radical cleric Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini. The vicious war, in which Saddam Hussein was using chemical weapons against Khomeini in violation of international law, had jeopardized the flow of oil out of the region. “After the Iranian revolution, Bechtel had been booted from Iran by the Ayatollah,” as one account described the geopolitical conflict of the region. “To counter this ungracious exile, Bechtel warmed once again to its old friends in Iraq.” Reportedly sent to the Middle East in December 1983 in response to the recent terrorist bombing of an American military facility in Lebanon, Rumsfeld’s top secret detour to visit Saddam in Iraq would remain classified for the next twenty years.

(JFK), 112 assassination of, 80–81, 82, 131, 318 Bay of Pigs invasion and, 78 McCone’s disagreements with, 82 normalization of relations with Cuba and, 81 plots against Cuba and, 78, 80 as president, 87, 119 proposed CIA reform by, 78 Kennedy, Joseph P. Sr., 78 Kennedy, Robert brother’s assassination and, 80–81 plots against Cuba and, 78 Kerry, John, 301 Keystone Pipeline System, 9 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla, 168 Kim Jong-il, 281 King, Ralph, 226, 309 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 140 Kissinger, Henry, 238 Allende coup in Chile and, 97, 98–99 as Bechtel consultant, 99, 121, 126–27, 184, 209 Bechtel’s participation in Arab boycott of trade with Israel and, 126–27 biotech company Theranos and, 305 on George Shultz, 109 Iran-Iraq war and, 172 Nixon administration and, 110, 132 nuclear nonproliferation and, 276, 283–84 nuclear technology export and, 146 Pollard affair and, 300 Klamath River Highway, California, 25 Klein, Aaron, 302 Klein, Naomi, 230, 245, 246 Klotz, Frank G., 294 Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Niskayuna, New York, 294–95 Koch brothers (Charles and David), 11, 309 Koch, Ed, 165–66 Koch Industries, 7 Komes, Jerome, 85 Kondrake, Morton, 140 Kopf, Rick, 219–20 Koppel, Ted, 175, 233, 234 Korb, Lawrence, 139 Korea, 89 Kosovo, 306–08 Kostikov, Valeriy, 81 Kurtz, Howard, 150 Kuwait Bechtel projects in, 62–63, 202–03, 206, 212 Iraqi invasion of, 200, 201, 202 oil industry in, 62, 85, 202, 242 Kuwait Oil Company, 62 Kwitny, Jonathan, 104 Kyl, Jon, 281–82 Labaton, Stephen, 311 Labor-Management Advisory Committee, US Treasury Department, 95 Laird, Melvin, 133 Lando, Barry, 193 LANS LLC, 258, 263, 270, 271, 282 Lardner, George, 190 La Rocque, Gene, 137 Latin America, 64, 96, 146, 225 Lauer, Eliot, 302 Laughlin, Robert B., 296 Lawrence, Ernest, 251 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 154 background of, 10–11 founding of, 251 layoffs at, 263–64 LLNS, LLC, formed by Bechtel to manage, 258, 263–64, 265–66, 283, 289, 290, 294 National Ignition Facility at, 265–66 national laboratory system with, 157 University of California management of, 252, 253 Lebanon, 168 American hostages held in, 185, 187 Bechtel projects in, 63, 139 warfare in, 142, 147, 177 Lee, Wen Ho, 252–53 Levi, Edward, 125–26 Libya, 178 Bechtel’s projects in, 63, 94, 96, 124, 139 CIA’s covert operations in, 78, 96 oil industry in, 94, 96 Qaddafi in, 87, 96, 124, 306 Lidgerwood Manufacturing, 36 Liedle, Steven B., 264 Life (magazine), 67 liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry, 9, 95–96, 101, 158, 205, 304 Livermore.

., 59, 76, 306 International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), 97, 318 International Water, 222 Investigative Reporting Program, University of California at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, 307–08 Iran Bechtel’s projects in, 63, 64–65, 78, 127, 168 Bechtel’s ties with the Shah and, 87, 121, 124 hostage crisis in, 133, 138–39 intelligence gathering in, 65 Khomeini and Islamic revolution in, 168 Mossadegh’s overthrow in, 65, 76 oil industry in, 65, 96, 168 Shah’s proposed restoration in, 65 US clandestine sale by weapons to, 347–48n185 Iran-Contra affair, 187–92, 240 background to, 187–88 Bechtel and, 213 Colley’s murder in, 77, 192 investigation of, 187, 190 Meese’s resignation and, 191–92 Pollard affair and, 184–85, 347n185 Rappaport’s involvement in, 189–91 Rumsfield’s visit with Saddam about pipeline and, 188–89 Weinberger’s role in, 185–86, 188, 191, 213–14, 302 Iran-Iraq war, 167–68, 169, 172, 176, 187 Iraq Bechtel employees as hostages in, after US invasion, 201–02 Bechtel’s arrival in, 5 Bechtel’s business relationships with, 15, 124, 168, 192–94, 197 Bechtel’s headquarters in Republican Palace in Green Zone in, 3–4, 242 Bechtel’s projects in, 5–6, 63 Bush’s reconstruction plans for, 5, 202, 235 chemical weapons production facilities in, 174, 176, 180–81, 198–99, 230, 237 CIA operations in, 80, 175 Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) in, 238, 239–40 depth of feeling about Israel held by, 188–89 ISIS in, 3 Israel’s bombing of reactor in, 141, 142, 175 lobbying for projects in, 141, 166, 173, 189–90, 194 PC2 petrochemicals plant in, 175–76, 180, 184, 197, 199–200, 201, 202–03 Reagan administration and, 141–42 Rumsfield’s visit with Saddam in, 166, 167, 168–71, 172–73 Saddam’s use of chemical weapons in, 168, 169–70, 173, 200, 230 Shultz’s support for Bechtel’s projects in, 166, 167, 168–73 US financing of projects in, 198–99, 200–01 US invasion of, 3, 201 weapons of mass destruction of, 3, 172, 199, 228, 229 Weinberger and weapons transfer to, 188, 198 Iraq Petroleum Company, 62 Iraq War, 3 iron-ore slurry pipelines, 146 irrigation construction projects, 235 ISIS, 3 Israel Arab boycott of trade with, 124, 125–26, 129, 146 Bechtel’s pipeline project in Iraq and guarantee from, 188–90, 191, 192 Bechtel’s business approach and, 148 Bechtel’s refusal to build in, 61, 124, 125 bombing of Iraqi reactor by, 141, 142, 175 Connally’s proposal on borders of, 131 depth of Iraqi feeling about, 188–89 distrust of Bechtel by, 124–25, 189 espionage operations against American targets by, 15 “Free Jonathan Pollard” crusade and, 14–15 Iran-Contra affair and, 188 Kerry’s proposal of prisoner swap for Pollard with, 301 nuclear test ban treaty and, 274 Pollard’s concern about threats to existence of, 174–76, 177–78, 180, 184–85 Pollard’s documents returned by, 182 Pollard’s release requested by, 13, 298, 299 Pollard’s spying for, 15, 178–82, 300 Qaddafi in Libya and, 306 Reagan administration and, 140–41, 142, 165, 166 Six-Day War (1967) of, 168 US spying on prime ministers of, 14 US support for, 61, 168 Weinberger’s hostility toward, 139–41, 142, 174–75, 303 J.


pages: 309 words: 79,414

Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists by Julia Ebner

23andMe, 4chan, Airbnb, anti-communist, anti-globalists, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bellingcat, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Cambridge Analytica, citizen journalism, cognitive dissonance, Comet Ping Pong, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, deepfake, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dunning–Kruger effect, Elon Musk, fake news, false flag, feminist movement, game design, gamification, glass ceiling, Google Earth, Greta Thunberg, information security, job satisfaction, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, Network effects, off grid, OpenAI, Overton Window, pattern recognition, pre–internet, QAnon, RAND corporation, ransomware, rising living standards, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social intelligence, Social Justice Warrior, SQL injection, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Transnistria, WikiLeaks, zero day

When the German cultural historian Arthur Moeller van den Bruck wrote The Third Reich, his idea of a new state would rebrand conservatism by combining right-wing nationalism and left-wing socialism. Like fascism, Islamist extremism combines conservative and progressive thinking. For instance, the Iranian revolution of 1979 was a careful and cunning attempt to reconcile fundamentally different leftist and rightist values. The resulting ideology under Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini was therefore an innovative merging of socialism and Islamism,9 often described by oxymorons such as ‘pragmatic fundamentalism’10 and ‘illiberal democracy’.11 The direction of many radical movements is ‘forward to the past’, or at least to a reinterpretation of the past. ‘I don’t think that one precludes the other.

Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/opinion/sunday/youtube-politics-radical.html. 6Ibid. 7Angela Nagle, Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars from 4chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right (London: Zero Books, 2017). 8Darren L. Linvill and Patrick L. Warren, ‘Troll Factories: The Internet Research Agency and State-Sponsored Agenda Building’, July 2018. Available at http://pwarren.people.clemson.edu/Linvill_Warren_TrollFactory.pdf. 9Gabriele Thoß and Franz-Helmut Richter, Ayatollah Khomeini: Zur Biographie und Hagiographie eines islamischen Revolutionsführers (Münster: Wurf Verlag, 1991), pp. 156–7. 10Cf. Ervand Abrahamian, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 2. 11‘The Oxymoron of “Illiberal Democracy”’, Brookings, 2004, online: http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2004/08/14islamicworld-abdulhamid, last accessed on 30 January 2015. 12Caroline Jack, ‘Lexicon of Lies: Terms for Problematic Information’, Data & Society Research Institute, 2017.

., Daniel here Habeck, Robert here HackerOne here hackers and hacking here ‘capture the flag’ operations here, here denial of service operations here ethical hacking here memory-corruption operations here political hacking here ‘qwning’ here SQL injections here techniques here Halle shooting here Hamas here, here Hanks, Tom here Happn here Harris, DeAndre here ‘hashtag stuffing’ here Hate Library here HateAid here, here Hatreon here, here, here Heidegger, Martin here Heise, Thorsten here, here Hensel, Gerald here, here Herzliya International Institute for Counter-Terrorism here Heyer, Heather here, here, here Himmler, Heinrich here Hintsteiner, Edwin here Histiaeus here Hitler, Adolf here, here, here, here, here Mein Kampf here, here Hitler salutes here, here, here, here Hitler Youth here HIV here Hizb ut-Tahrir here, here, here Höcker, Karl-Friedrich here Hofstadter, Richard here Hollywood here Holocaust here Holocaust denial here, here, here, here, here Holy War Hackers Team here Home Office here homophobia here, here, here Hooton Plan here Hoover Dam here Hope Not Hate here, here, here Horgan, John here Horowitz Foundation here Hot or Not here House of Saud here Huda, Noor here human trafficking here, here Hussein, Saddam here, here Hutchins, Marcus here Hyppönen, Mikko here Identity Evropa here, here iFrames here Illuminati here Incels (Involuntary Celibacy) here, here Independent here Inkster, Nigel here Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Intelius here International Business Times here International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) here International Federation of Journalists here International Holocaust Memorial Day here International Institute for Strategic Studies here Internet Research Agency (IRA) here iPads here iPhones here iProphet here Iranian revolution here Isabella I, Queen of Castile here ISIS here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here hackers and here, here, here, here, here Islamophobia here, here, here, here, here, here, here Tommy Robinson and here, here see also Finsbury Mosque attack Israel here, here, here, here, here Israel Defense Forces here, here Jackson, Michael here jahiliyya here Jakarta attacks here Jamaah Ansharud Daulah (JAD) here Japanese anime here Jemaah Islamiyah here Jesus Christ here Jewish numerology here Jews here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here see also anti-Semitism; ZOG JFG World here jihadi brides here, here JihadWatch here Jobs, Steve here Johnson, Boris here Jones, Alex here Jones, Ron here Junge Freiheit here Jurgenson, Nathan here JustPasteIt here Kafka, Franz here Kampf der Niebelungen here, here Kapustin, Denis ‘Nikitin’ here Kassam, Raheem here Kellogg’s here Kennedy, John F. here, here Kennedy family here Kessler, Jason here, here Khomeini, Ayataollah here Kim Jong-un here Kohl, Helmut here Köhler, Daniel here Kronen Zeitung here Kronos banking Trojan here Ku Klux Klan here, here Küssel, Gottfried here Lane, David here Le Loop here Le Pen, Marine here LeBretton, Matthew here Lebron, Michael here Lee, Robert E. here Li, Sean here Li family here Libyan Fighting Group here LifeOfWat here Lifton, Robert here Littman, Gisele here live action role play (LARP) here, here, here, here, here, here lobbying here Lokteff, Lana here loneliness here, here, here, here, here, here, here Lorraine, DeAnna here Lügenpresse here McDonald’s here McInnes, Gavin here McMahon, Ed here Macron, Emmanuel here, here, here, here MAGA (Make America Great Again) here ‘mainstream media’ here, here, here ‘Millennium Dawn’ here Manosphere here, here, here March for Life here Maria Theresa statue here, here Marighella, Carlos here Marina Bay Sands Hotel (Singapore) here Marx, Karl here Das Kapital here Masculine Development here Mason, James here MAtR (Men Among the Ruins) here, here Matrix, The here, here, here, here May, Theresa here, here, here Meechan, Mark here Meme Warfare here memes here, here, here, here and terrorist attacks here Men’s Rights Activists (MRA) here Menlo Park here Mercer Family Foundation here Merkel, Angela here, here, here, here MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way) here, here, here MI6, 158, 164 migration here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here see also refugees millenarianism here Millennial Woes here millennials here Minassian, Alek here Mindanao here Minds here, here misogyny here, here, here, here, here see also Incels mixed martial arts (MMA) here, here, here, here Morgan, Nicky here Mounk, Yascha here Movement, The here Mueller, Robert here, here Muhammad, Prophet here, here, here mujahidat here Mulhall, Joe here MuslimCrypt here MuslimTec here, here Mussolini, Benito here Naim, Bahrun here, here Nance, Malcolm here Nasher App here National Action here National Bolshevism here National Democratic Party (NPD) here, here, here, here National Health Service (NHS) here National Policy Institute here, here National Socialism group here National Socialist Movement here National Socialist Underground here NATO DFR Lab here Naturalnews here Nawaz, Maajid here Nazi symbols here, here, here, here, here, here, here see also Hitler salutes; swastikas Nazi women here N-count here Neiwert, David here Nero, Emperor here Netflix here Network Contagion Research Institute here NetzDG legislation here, here Neumann, Peter here New Balance shoes here New York Times here News Corp here Newsnight here Nietzsche, Friedrich here, here Nikolai Alexander, Supreme Commander here, here, here, here, here, here 9/11 attacks here, here ‘nipsters’ here, here No Agenda here Northwest Front (NWF) here, here Nouvelle Droite here, here NPC meme here NSDAP here, here, here Obama, Barack and Michelle here, here, here, here, here Omas gegen Rechts here online harassment, gender and here OpenAI here open-source intelligence (OSINT) here, here Operation Name and Shame here Orbán, Viktor here, here organised crime here Orwell, George here, here Osborne, Darren here, here Oxford Internet Institute here Page, Larry here Panofsky, Aaron here Panorama here Parkland high-school shooting here Patreon here, here, here, here Patriot Peer here, here PayPal here PeopleLookup here Periscope here Peterson, Jordan here Pettibone, Brittany here, here, here Pew Research Center here, here PewDiePie here PewTube here Phillips, Whitney here Photofeeler here Phrack High Council here Pink Floyd here Pipl here Pittsburgh synagogue shooting here Pizzagate here Podesta, John here, here political propaganda here Popper, Karl here populist politicians here pornography here, here Poway synagogue shooting here, here Pozner, Lenny here Presley, Elvis here Prideaux, Sue here Prince Albert Police here Pro Chemnitz here ‘pseudo-conservatives’ here Putin, Vladimir here Q Britannia here QAnon here, here, here, here Quebec mosque shooting here Quilliam Foundation here, here, here Quinn, Zoë here Quran here racist slurs (n-word) here Radio 3Fourteen here Radix Journal here Rafiq, Haras here Ramakrishna, Kumar here RAND Corporation here Rasmussen, Tore here, here, here, here Raymond, Jolynn here Rebel Media here, here, here Reconquista Germanica here, here, here, here, here, here, here Reconquista Internet here Red Pill Women here, here, here, here, here Reddit here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here redpilling here, here, here, here refugees here, here, here, here, here Relotius, Claas here ‘Remove Kebab’ here Renault here Revolution Chemnitz here Rigby, Lee here Right Wing Terror Center here Right Wing United (RWU) here RMV (Relationship Market Value) here Robertson, Caolan here Robinson, Tommy here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Rockefeller family here Rodger, Elliot here Roof, Dylann here, here Rosenberg, Alfred here Rothschilds here, here Rowley, Mark here Roy, Donald F. here Royal Family here Russia Today here, here S., Johannes here St Kilda Beach meeting here Salafi Media here Saltman, Erin here Salvini, Matteo here Sampson, Chris here, here Sandy Hook school shooting here Sargon of Akkad, see Benjamin, Carl Schild & Schwert rock festival (Ostritz) here, here, here Schilling, Curt here Schlessinger, Laura C. here Scholz & Friends here SchoolDesk here Schröder, Patrick here Sellner, Martin here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Serrano, Francisco here ‘sexual economics’ here SGT Report here Shodan here, here Siege-posting here Sleeping Giants here SMV (Sexual Market Value) here, here, here Social Justice Warriors (SJW) here, here Solahütte here Soros, George here, here Sotloff, Steven here Southern, Lauren here Southfront here Spencer, Richard here, here, here, here, here, here Spiegel TV here spoofing technology here Sputnik here, here SS here, here Stadtwerke Borken here Star Wars here Steinmeier, Frank-Walter here Stewart, Ayla here STFU (Shut the Fuck Up) here Stormfront here, here, here Strache, H.


pages: 846 words: 250,145

The Cold War: A World History by Odd Arne Westad

Able Archer 83, Albert Einstein, American ideology, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bolshevik threat, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, collective bargaining, colonial rule, continuous integration, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, energy security, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, full employment, Great Leap Forward, household responsibility system, imperial preference, Internet Archive, land reform, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, long peace, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, new economy, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, oil shock, out of africa, post-industrial society, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, South China Sea, special economic zone, Strategic Defense Initiative, Suez crisis 1956, union organizing, urban planning, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

The Americans worried that the powerful Iranian Communist Party, the Tudeh, would take power in the chaos that followed the Shah’s departure. But instead Shia Islamist organizations were in the driver’s seat. Their focal point was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a seventy-seven-year-old Shia cleric who believed that Iran should be made into an Islamic republic under his charismatic leadership. Khomeini saw himself as the guardian of Islam in Iran. In his sermons, spread illegally in Iran through audio and videotape, he condemned both the United States and the Soviet Union as devils who were out to destroy all Muslims. Khomeini’s slogan was “neither Left, nor Right, but Islam!” His triumphant return to Tehran from exile in February 1979 immediately made him the country’s de facto leader.

Many, in both capitals, thought that he would do like Muslim conservatives in the past and eventually turn to the United States for support. But they were wrong. Khomeini saw himself as the real revolutionary against a world of falseness. In November 1979 some of his supporters occupied the US embassy in Tehran and took its diplomats hostage. Khomeini supported the occupation, in part to make sure that any reconciliation with Carter would be as difficult as possible. The hostage crisis undid Carter’s presidency. He was seen as weak and indecisive because he did not respond by attacking Iranian territory or forcing some kind of showdown with Ayatollah Khomeini, as if that would have helped the hostages. Instead, Carter struggled to understand what was going on in Iran.

., 287–311 Alliance for Progress, 349–350 assassination, 309, 318 background of, 288–289 Brazil and, 351 on Chinese Communists, 311 Cuba and, 290, 297–310 Eisenhower and, 228, 230–231 inaugural address, 289 India-China conflict, 437 Khrushchev and, 290, 292–298 Laos and, 288, 291–292, 317 Latin America and, 349 nuclear response plan, 303–304 nuclear weapons, 303–309 Peace Corps, 291 US relationship with Third World, 290–292 Vietnam and, 317–318 visions for Europe, 292 winning the Cold War, 288–289, 291, 310 Kennedy, Paul, 560 Kennedy, Robert, 302–303, 308, 398 Kenyatta, Jomo, 266 KGB, 121, 359, 369, 508, 528, 603–604, 612–613 Khan, Yahya, 442, 444 Khmer Rouge, 481, 490–491, 532, 562 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 493 Khrushchev, Nikita, 194–208 background of, 195–196 Berlin and, 292–297, 367 Brezhnev and, 366 charm offensive, 228 China and, 196, 237–238, 246–248 China-India dispute, 246 at Communist Party Congresses, 198–199, 241, 244, 434 Congo crisis, 283 coup attempt (1957), 206 criticism of Stalin, 199–200, 281 eastern Europe and, 196 Hungary and, 203–207 India and, 429–430 Kennedy and, 290, 292–298 Laos and, 292 Mao meetings, 245–247 Middle East and, 456–457 nuclear weapons and, 303–309 Paris summit (1959), 229–230 on Poland, 202–203 reform program, 196–197 replacement of, 366–367 Vietnam and, 315, 317 virgin lands campaigns, 207–208 visit to United States (1959), 246 Yugoslavia and, 197–198 Kim Il-sung, 145, 162–169, 191, 244 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 335, 398, 405 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 417, 486, 508 Kishi Nobusuke, 401 Kissinger, Henry, 399 Angola and, 483–484 Beijing visit (1971), 408–409, 441–442 Chile and, 356 on difference in the Russians and the China, 408 Egypt and, 463 in Ford Administration, 420 India and, 443–444 Israel and, 464–465, 466 Mao and, 412 Middle East and, 466–467 nuclear talks with Soviet Union, 408 Soviet Union and, 408, 477 Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 584 Kohl, Helmut, 516, 522, 547, 590, 593–594, 605–606 Komer, Robert, 326, 329–330, 337–338 konfrontasi, 327 Koo, Wellington, 142 Korea, 159–182 Communists in, 129, 145, 161–162, 164 in Japanese empire, 159–160 nationalism, 160–162 Soviet occupation, 131, 167 strategic importance, 164–165 trade unions, 164 US occupation, 131 in World War I, 160 Korean War, 138, 144, 169–182 armistice, 179–182, 224 atrocities, 169 China and, 144, 146, 172–176, 233–235 destruction of, 179, 182 Inchon landings, 171 international reaction, 169–170, 176–178 Japan and, 400 nationalism and, 158 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and, 181, 213 North Korean attack of South (1950), 169–171 nuclear warfare fears, 177 origins, 159 prisoners of war, 180 Stalin’s sanction of, 167–169 United Nations and, 170, 174–175, 178 war scare in United States, 175–176 Kosovo, 607 Kostov, Traicho, 125 Kosygin, Aleksei, 368–369, 373, 375, 465 Kravchuk, Leonid, 609 Krenz, Egon, 591 Kriuchkov, Vladimir, 603, 613 Kubitschek, Juscelino, 351 Kuril Islands, 138 Kuwait, 456, 616 labor camps China, 242, 253, 404 North Vietnam, 315 Soviet Union, 37, 123, 185, 191–192, 195, 280, 418 labor unions, 105, 146, 222 Lancaster House Agreement, 566 land reform Chile, 356 Cuba, 299 Guatemala, 346 Nicaragua and, 498 North Korea, 165–166 Vietnam, 315 Laos, 288, 291–292, 317, 407 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 24 Latin America, 339–363 Alliance for Progress, 349–350 civilian role in 1980s, 571 Communists in, 348, 359 debt crisis of 1980s, 571–573 good neighbor policy, 344 human rights violations, 574 La Década Perdida, 573 military regimes, 350, 357–358, 361–363 nationalism, 339, 342–343, 353–354, 360 populism, 343 republicanism in, 341–342 US hegemony in, 339–340 US military intervention, 344, 359 in WWII, 344 Lattimore, Owen, 120 Latvia, 123, 600–601 Le Duan, 316–317, 333–334, 405, 479 League Against Imperialism, 33 League of Nations, 29 Leahy, William, 83 Lebanon, 452, 456–457, 461 Lee Kuan Yew, 403 Lend-Lease agreements, 46, 62 Lenin, Vladimir, 5, 12, 23–24, 27–28, 31–35, 108, 278, 280 Li Da’an, 180 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 400–401, 412–413 liberalism, post-WWI, 31 Liberia, 566 Libya, 466 Liebknecht, Karl, 26, 33 Lin Biao, 141, 251, 255–257, 409 Lin Xuepu, 180 Lithuania, 123, 582, 600–601 “little Stalins,” 191, 197 Liu Shaoqi, 235, 242, 248, 250, 251–252, 258, 292, 409 Lomè Conventions, 393 loyalty boards, 176 Lula, 361–363 Lumumba, Patrice, 282–283, 293, 325–326 Lutte Ouvrière, 380 Lysenko, Trofim, 207 Maastricht agreement of 1992, 593 MacArthur, Douglas, 171, 174–175 Maclean, Donald, 310 Macmillan, Harold, 266 Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra, 429 Malaka, Tan, 278 Malaysia, 147, 270, 327 Malcolm X, 285 Malenkov, Georgii, 194, 198, 206 Mallaby, Aubertin, 147–148 Man of Marble (film), 189 Manchuria, 140–142, 162, 165, 167, 172 Mandela, Nelson, 285, 429, 566, 575 Mandelstam, Osip, 54 Mansfield, Mike, 383 Mao Anying, 178 Mao Zedong, 139–140, 233–259 Cultural Revolution, 235, 379 Great Leap Forward, 242–244, 246–248, 256 India and, 431 Indonesia and, 328 Khrushchev and, 234 on Kissinger, 412 Korea and, 167–168, 171–175 nationalism, 248 People’s Republic of China (PRC) declared, 143 personal dictatorship, 191, 250 poetry, 248 public hero-worship of, 248 push for advanced socialism, 241–242 revolution and, 144 shelling of Taiwan, 245–246 Soviet Union and, 143, 154–155, 245–246, 255–256, 409 on Stalin, 200 travel of 1965–1966, 250 US relations and, 244, 556 Vietnam and, 322, 333, 404, 413 Mariam, Mengistu Haile, 488–489 Marshall, George C., 92–94, 140, 142 Marshall Plan, 94–95, 102, 110–113, 115, 210–212, 214–215, 217, 219 Marx, Karl, 10–11, 24 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 588 McCarthy, Joseph, 120–121, 146, 176, 191, 225–226 McKinley, William, 12 McNamara, Robert, 303–304, 308, 320 Mehta, Jagat Singh, 446 Meir, Golda, 461, 464, 466–467 Mendès-France, Pierre, 151 Menon, K.


Interventions by Noam Chomsky

Albert Einstein, Ayatollah Khomeini, cuban missile crisis, Dr. Strangelove, energy security, facts on the ground, failed state, Monroe Doctrine, no-fly zone, nuremberg principles, old-boy network, Ralph Nader, Thorstein Veblen, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, éminence grise

Bill Savadove, “President of Iran calls for unity against west,” South China Morning Post, June 16, 2006; “Non-aligned nations back Iran’s nuclear program,” Japan Economic Newswire, May 30, 2006; Edward Cody, “Iran Seeks Aid in Asia In Resisting the West,” Washington Post, June 15, 2006. 2. See, among others, William Lowther and Colin Freeman, “US funds terror groups to sow chaos in Iran,” Sunday Telegraph, February 25, 2007. 3. For Khamenei’s statement, see “Leader Attends Memorial Ceremony Marking the 17th Departure Anniversary of Imam Khomeini,” June 4, 2006. http://www.khamenei.ir/EN/News/detail.jsp?id=20060604A. The Great Soul of Power JULY 13, 2006 It is a challenging task to select a few themes from the remarkable range of the work and life of Edward Said. I will keep to two: the culture of empire, and the responsibility of intellectuals or those whom we call “intellectuals” if they have the privilege and resources to enter the public arena.

In Iraq, the January (2005) elections were successful and praiseworthy. However, the main success is being reported only marginally: The United States was compelled to allow them to take place. That is a real triumph, not of the bombthrowers, but of nonviolent resistance by the people, secular as well as Islamist, for whom Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani is a symbol. Despite U.S.-U.K. foot-dragging, Sistani demanded speedy elections, reflecting popular determination to achieve freedom and independence, and some form of democratic rights. The nonviolent resistance continued until the United States (and the United Kingdom, trailing obediently behind) had no recourse but to allow the elections.

Last January’s (2005) elections came about because of mass nonviolent resistance which U.S. forces could not contain. Few competent observers would disagree with the editors of the Financial Times, who wrote last March (2005) that “the reason [the elections] took place was the insistence of the Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani, who vetoed three schemes by the U.S.-led occupation authorities to shelve or dilute them.” Elections, if taken seriously, mean you pay some attention to the will of the population. The crucial question for an invading army is: Do they want us to be here? There is no lack of information about the answer.


pages: 296 words: 78,112

Devil's Bargain: Steve Bannon, Donald Trump, and the Storming of the Presidency by Joshua Green

4chan, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bernie Sanders, Biosphere 2, Black Lives Matter, business climate, Cambridge Analytica, Carl Icahn, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, coherent worldview, collateralized debt obligation, conceptual framework, corporate raider, crony capitalism, currency manipulation / currency intervention, data science, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, fake news, Fractional reserve banking, Glass-Steagall Act, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Gordon Gekko, guest worker program, hype cycle, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Jim Simons, junk bonds, liberation theology, low skilled workers, machine translation, Michael Milken, Nate Silver, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, obamacare, open immigration, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, quantitative hedge fund, Renaissance Technologies, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, urban planning, vertical integration

Just past midnight on March 21, 1980, he was piloting the destroyer off the southern coast of Iran when it rendezvoused with the supercarrier USS Nimitz, which it was assigned to shadow. The previous November, Iranian revolutionaries belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam’s Line, an Iranian student group that backed the Ayatollah Khomeini, had stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and seized fifty-two American hostages. The crisis dominated American headlines and roiled the latter stages of Jimmy Carter’s troubled presidency. The Paul F. Foster and the Nimitz sailed to the Gulf of Oman, where they began preparations for the secret mission that was to become Carter’s response.

., 174 Johnson, Woody, 197 Jones, Paula, 43, 153, 217 Jordan, Jim, 175–76 junk bonds, 67–68 Kali Yuga, 205, 223 Kaplan, Rob, 65 Kasich, John, 170, 182, 187 Kelly, Megyn, 168–74, 180, 192, 194, 195 Kelly, Michael, 33 Kelly File, The, 168, 173 Kennedy, John F., 50, 196 Kennedy, Kevin, 64 Kennedy, Ted, 90 Kerkorian, Kirk, 75–76 Khan, Khizr and Ghazala, 196, 219 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 56 King, Larry, 38 Koch, Charles and David, 123, 135 Kramer, Jane, 122n Krauthammer, Charles, 189 Krugman, Paul, 148 Kushner, Jared, 3, 12, 17, 193, 200, 201, 203, 215, 218, 219 Kwatinetz, Jeff, 80, 81 Lehane, Chris, 159 Leininger, Eric, 96 Lemon, Don, 171, 228 Le Pen, Marine, 207, 208, 222–23 Lessig, Lawrence, 152 Levin, Mark, 109, 172 Lewandowski, Corey, 3, 162–63, 166, 183, 192–94, 202 Lewinsky, Monica, 43 Lewis, Michael, 70, 88 Liberty Film Festival, 85 Liman, Doug, 80 Limbaugh, Rush, 85 Lindbergh, Charles, 190 Lovett, Jon, 34 Lynch, Loretta, 148 Maddow, Rachel, x Mallaby, Sebastian, 129 Manafort, Paul, 3–4, 193–94, 196, 199–203, 210 Manigault-Stallworth, Omarosa, 97 Maréchal-Le Pen, Marion, 208 Marlow, Alex, 143, 172, 173 McCain, John, ix, 39–40, 99–100 McCain-Feingold Act, 30 McDonald’s, 95, 96 Meadows, Mark, 176 Medallion Fund, 129, 130 Meet the Press, 27–28 Mercer, Rebekah, 122n, 123, 130, 133–35, 197, 199–200, 216 Mercer, Robert, 119–36, 141, 200, 216 Bannon and, 119, 124, 125, 130–31, 134–36, 148 Republican Party and, 120, 121, 134–35 Mercer Family Foundation, 133 Merkel, Angela, 206 Mexican immigrants: border agents and, 6, 108, 110, 163, 164 Breitbart and, 6, 108–10, 164 Trump’s attack on, 6, 161–63, 165–66 and Trump’s visit to border crossing, 6, 164–67 Trump’s wall plan and, 111, 163, 165, 169, 170, 190, 234 Meyers, Seth, 32, 35–36, 42 MGM, 24, 75–78 Mider, Zachary, 122n Milken, Michael, 67–72, 80, 141 Miller, Jason, 18 Miller, Stephen, xii, 14, 17, 183–84 minorities, 226 Republican Party and, 99–100, 102 Trump and, 96–103, 191 see also African Americans; Hispanics Mirage Resorts, Inc., 23–24 Mobile Press-Register, 182 Mook, Robby, 18–19 More Money Than God (Mallaby), 129 Morning Joe, 173 Morris, Dick, 30 Mount, Thom, 74 Murdoch, Rupert, 75, 108–9, 167, 179–80, 184, 194, 195 Muslims, see Islam, Muslims Mussolini, Benito, 205 NAACP, 90 NAFTA, 37, 41 nationalism, 207, 240 Bannon and, xiii, 6, 21, 46, 93, 150, 204, 207, 208, 222, 241 Trump and, xiii, 6, 46, 93, 204, 208, 230, 241, 242 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 152 Nazi Germany, 205 NBC, 73, 93–95, 97, 101 Nelson, Monique, 96, 97, 103 Nevin, Darrell, 54 New Hampshire Freedom Summit, 117 New Hampshire primary, 182 New Republic, 41 Newsmax, 104–5 New York, 28n, 172, 194, 196, 215 New York Post, 38, 104, 153, 242 New York Times, 26, 40, 69–70, 148, 152–54, 156, 157, 162, 199, 201, 202, 220, 229 Nightline, 27 Nimitz, USS, 56, 57 9/11 terrorist attacks, 84, 85 Nixon, Richard, 41, 99 Nojay, Bill, 112–13 North, Oliver, 33 Nugent, Ted, 233 Nunberg, Sam, 44–46, 105–6, 109, 111–14, 117, 166, 192, 193 Obama, Barack, 15–16, 31–32, 38, 42, 87, 106, 107, 125, 148, 155, 176, 226, 237 birth certificate of, 31–35, 39–40, 42, 45–46, 100–101, 103, 125 college records of, 45 racial issues and, 39–40, 98 at White House Correspondents’ dinner, 33–35, 41 Obama, Michelle, 220 Obamacare, 114, 115, 176, 238, 240 Oczkowski, Matt, 226, 232 O’Donnell, Rosie, 169 O’Keefe, James, 89–90 Orion Pictures, 78 Ornstein, Norman, 28 Overlock, Mike, 70 Ovitz, Michael, 44, 80 Paladino, Carl, 112 Palin, Bristol, 89 Palin, Sarah, ix–xi, xiii, 21, 88–89, 145, 207 Palmieri, Jennifer, 211 Parretti, Giancarlo, 75–77 Passion of the Christ, The, 134 Patriot, 137 Patterson, Nick, 132 Paul, Rand, 45, 116, 117, 170 Paul F.

It’s ‘Make America Great Again.’ That’s what I want to do.” But Trump didn’t even rate as the day’s most popular reality-TV star—Bannon outdid him. He’d spent the day at CPAC squiring around an unlikely pair of guests: Nigel Farage, the leader of the right-wing UK Independence Party, and Phil Robertson, the bandanna’d, ayatollah-bearded Duck Dynasty patriarch who was accepting a free-speech award. CPAC is a beauty contest for Republican presidential hopefuls. But Robertson, a novelty adornment invited after A&E suspended him for denouncing gays, delivered a wild rant about beatniks and sexually transmitted diseases that had upstaged them all, to Bannon’s evident delight.


pages: 604 words: 177,329

The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 by Lawrence Wright

airport security, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Fall of the Berlin Wall, invisible hand, Khyber Pass, lone genius, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, no-fly zone, PalmPilot, rolodex, Silicon Valley, uranium enrichment, urban planning, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

WHEN ZAWAHIRI RETURNED to his medical practice in Maadi, the Islamic world was still trembling from the political earthquakes of 1979, which included not only the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan but also the return of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to Iran and the toppling of the Peacock Throne—the first successful Islamist takeover of a major country. When Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the exiled Shah of Iran, sought treatment for cancer in the United States, the Ayatollah incited student mobs to attack the American Embassy in Tehran. Sadat regarded Khomeini as a “lunatic madman…who has turned Islam into a mockery.” He invited the ailing Shah to take up residence in Egypt, and the Shah died there the following year. For Muslims everywhere, Khomeini reframed the debate with the West.

Writing to his mother: interview with Omar Azzam; Robert Marquand, “The Tenets of Terror,” Christian Science Monitor, October 18, 2001. Through his connection: interview with Omar Azzam. recruiting for jihad: interview with Mahmoun Fandy. 46 “a training course”: al-Zawahiri, “Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner,” part 2. 47 “lunatic madman”: Ibrahim, Egypt Islam and Democracy, 30 n. “Yes we are reactionaries”: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, “Speech at Feyziyeh Theological School,” August 24, 1979; reproduced in Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism, 34. “Islam says”: Taheri, Holy Terror, 226–27. Iranian revolution: Abdelnasser, Islamic Movement, 73. 48 five hundred Quranic verses: Roy Mottahedeh, personal communication.

“You, who want freedom, freedom for everything, the freedom of parties, you who want all the freedoms, you intellectuals: freedom that will corrupt our youth, freedom that will pave the way for the oppressor, freedom that will drag our nation to the bottom.” As early as the 1940s, Khomeini had signaled his readiness to use terror to humiliate the perceived enemies of Islam, providing theological cover as well as material support. “Islam says: Whatever good there is exists thanks to the sword and in the shadow of the sword! People cannot be made obedient except with the sword! The sword is the key to paradise, which can be opened only for holy warriors!” The fact that Khomeini came from the Shiite branch of Islam, rather than the Sunni, which predominates in the Muslim world outside of Iraq and Iran, made him a complicated figure among Sunni radicals.* Nonetheless, Zawahiri’s organization, al-Jihad, supported the Iranian revolution with leaflets and cassette tapes urging all Islamic groups in Egypt to follow the Iranian example.


The End of the Cold War: 1985-1991 by Robert Service

Able Archer 83, active measures, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Great Leap Forward, Kickstarter, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Neil Kinnock, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, precautionary principle, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Silicon Valley, Strategic Defense Initiative, The Chicago School, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier

He said he understood why Gorbachëv might want to resolve his differences with the Iranian government even though he detested what the Ayatollah Khomeini stood for. The Iraqi dictator made a joke of it all: ‘May Allah help you. Only let it be our Allah and not the Iranian one!’33 On to Iran, where Shevardnadze hoped to mend fences. But if Deng and Assad had been bad-tempered hosts, Khomeini was even more difficult in his own peculiar way. The Ayatollah refused to see him in Tehran. Shevardnadze had to fly down to Qom, where Khomeini received him in his modest little house: power had not made him materialistic. It was the strangest of diplomatic encounters since the old man proved interested only in questions of spiritual belief and practice.

Baker demanded freedom for all the peoples of Europe and called on Soviet leaders to undertake an explicit rejection of the Brezhnev Doctrine. He slated the USSR’s lack of respect for human rights. He deprecated its military supplies to Nicaragua. He objected to what he saw as Shevardnadze’s efforts to cosy up to Iran’s Islamist leadership by visiting Ayatollah Khomeini. Shevardnadze replied as best he could that the priority for America and the USSR ought to be to resume their collaboration on nuclear arms reduction. Baker was implacable, explaining that the Americans had begun their policy review and could not say how long it would take. Shevardnadze warned: ‘If you begin to modernize your tactical missiles, we’ll be obliged to react.’

.: passim see also Gorbachëv, Mikhail; Reagan, Ronald; Shevardnadze, Eduard; Shultz, George; Yakovlev, Alexander France Eureka project ref1 Gorbachëv’s visit to (1985) ref1 relations with US ref1 relations with USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 see also Mitterand, François French Communist Party ref1, ref2 Friedman, Milton ref1, ref2 Frolov, Ivan ref1, ref2 G7 summits (1990) (Houston) ref1, ref2 (1991) (London) ref1, ref2 Gaddafi, Muammar ref1, ref2, ref3 Gandhi, Rajiv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Gapurov, Mukhamednazar ref1 Garland, Sean ref1 Gates, Robert ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 General Department (USSR) see under Communist Party of the Soviet Union General Staff Academy ref1 Geneva summit (1985) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Georgia (USSR) ref1, ref2, ref3 Armenians in ref1 history of ref1 relations with USSR ref1, ref2 ref3 Russian invasion (2008) ref1 and Shevardnadze ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 Tbilisi massacre (1989) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 German Democratic Republic see East Germany German reunification ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 and Bush ref1, ref2, ref3 and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Gorbachëv’s deal with Kohl over ref1 and Kohl ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Kohl’s Ten-Point Plan for ref1, ref2, ref3 Germany ref1, ref2 and NATO membership ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 recognizing of post-war border with Poland ref1 see also East Germany; West Germany Gierek, Eduard ref1, ref2 Glavlit ref1, ref2 Gorbachëv, Mikhail ref1, ref2 American opinion on ref1 and Afghan war ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 and Africa ref1 and agriculture ref1, ref2, ref3 and Andropov ref1, ref2 and Armed Forces leaders ref1 and Asia ref1 appeal for economic assistance ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 appointment of reformers to leading posts ref1 ‘asymmetrical response’ programme ref1 attributes and qualities ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 awarded Nobel Peace Prize ref1 background ref1, ref2 and Baltic states ref1, ref2 and biological weapons question ref1 and Bush ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 and Camp David summit (1990) ref1 change in title from Chairman of Supreme Soviet Presidium to President ref1 and Chernobyl power station disaster ref1, ref2, ref3 and Chinese–Soviet relations ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 and constitutional reform ref1, ref2 contribution to end of Cold War ref1 coup against, failed (1991) ref1, ref2, ref3 criticism of his policies ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 and Cuba ref1 decline in international status ref1 as deputy leader to Chernenko ref1 and dismantling of Soviet Union ref1 and East Germany ref1, ref2 and Eastern Europe ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 and the Eastern Europe revolutions ref1, ref2, ref3 economy and economic reforms ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 elected as leader (1985) ref1 and Ethiopia ref1 and 500 Days programme ref1, ref2 and Geneva Summit (1985) ref1 German reunification and deal with Kohl over ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 and Germany’s NATO membership ref1, ref2 global image and popularity ref1 government structure reforms ref1 and Gromyko ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and Helsinki summit (1990) ref1 and human rights ref1, ref2 industrial reforms ref1, ref2 and Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty negotiations ref1 and internal political reform ref1 invited to London by Thatcher (1984) ref1 and Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait (1990) ref1, ref2, ref3 January declaration ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 and Kohl ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and Libyan crisis ref1, ref2 and Lithuania ref1, ref2 and Malta summit (1989) ref1 marriage ref1, ref2 and Marxism-Leninism ref1, ref2 meeting with John Paul II (1989) ref1 and Mitterrand ref1, ref2 and Moscow summit (1988) ref1 and nuclear disarmament and arms reduction ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23 and perestroika ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Perestroika (book) ref1 and Polish crisis ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 political career ref1, ref2 public appeal ref1, ref2 and Reagan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 reduction of Soviet forces and withdrawal of troops from Eastern Europe ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 reform team behind ref1 resignation ref1 retreat over reform and dropping of prominent reformers ref1, ref2 and Reykjavik summit (1986) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Rust affair and sackings initiated in armed forces ref1 and Schultz ref1, ref2, ref3 and Shevardnadze ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 and Soviet–Far East relations ref1 speeches to Party Congress ref1, ref2 and Strategic Defense Initiative ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15 temperament ref1 and Thatcher ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and trade relations with US ref1 and Ustinov ref1 visit to China (1989) ref1 visit to Czechoslovakia (1987) ref1 visit to London (1989) ref1 visit to New York and speech to UN General Assembly (1988) ref1 visit to Paris (1985) ref1 and Warsaw Pact ref1 and Washington summit (1987) ref1, ref2, ref3 and West European leaders ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 and Western Europe ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and withdrawal of troops from East Germany ref1, ref2 and world communist movement ref1, ref2 and Yeltsin ref1, ref2, ref3 Gorbachëva, Raisa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 Gordievski, Oleg ref1, ref2, ref3 grain embargo, lifting of (1981) ref1, ref2, ref3 Grenada, US invasion of (1983) ref1 Grey, Earl ref1 Grinevski, Oleg ref1, ref2, ref3 Grishin, Viktor ref1 Gromov, Boris ref1 Gromyko, Anatoli ref1 Gromyko, Andrei ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and Afghan War ref1, ref2, ref3 and arms control talks ref1 becomes Chairman of the Supreme Soviet ref1 criticism of Gorbachëv’s arms reduction stance ref1, ref2 and Czechoslovakia ref1 easing out of the Politburo by Gorbachëv ref1 and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and Ministry of Foreign Affairs ref1, ref2, ref3 and Poland ref1, ref2 visit to US (1984) ref1 Grósz, Károly ref1, ref2, ref3 GRU (Main Intelligence Administration) ref1, ref2 Haig, Alexander ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Hall, Gus ref1, ref2 Hannaford, Pete ref1, ref2 Hart, Gary ref1 Hartman, Arthur ref1, ref2, ref3 Havel, Václav ref1, ref2 Healey, Denis ref1, ref2 Helms, Jesse ref1, ref2, ref3 Helsinki Final Act (1975) ref1, ref2, ref3 Helsinki summit (1990) ref1 Heritage Foundation ref1 Heston, Charlton ref1 Hill, Charles ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Hinckley, John ref1 Holland, Stuart ref1 Honecker, Erich ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14 Hong Kong ref1 Howe, Geoffrey ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Hoxha, Enver ref1 human rights in United States ref1 in USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20 Humphrey, Gordon ref1 Hungary ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Hurd, Douglas ref1, ref2 Husák, Gustáv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Hyett, Nell ref1 Iklé, Fred ref1, ref2 Iliescu, Ion ref1, ref2 intelligence ref1 Inter-Departmental Working Group (‘Little Five’) ref1 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ref1, ref2, ref3 negotiations ref1 savings made by ref1 Senate and Supreme Soviet ratification of ref1, ref2, ref3 signing of ref1, ref2 International Department see under Communist Party of the Soviet Union International Fund of Assistance ref1 International Harvester Company ref1 International Monetary Fund ref1 Iran ref1 Iran–Contra scandal (1986) ref1, ref2, ref3 Iran–Iraq War ref1, ref2 Iraq ref1 invasion of Kuwait (1990) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 relations with USSR ref1, ref2, ref3 Islamic fundamentalism ref1 Israel ref1 Italian Communist Party ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Italy ref1 Jackson–Vanik amendment ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Jakes, Miklos ref1 jamming, radio and TV ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Japan ref1, ref2, ref3 and China ref1 economic success ref1, ref2, ref3 relations with US ref1 relations with USSR ref1, ref2 Shevardnadze’s visit to (1986) ref1 and South Kuriles question ref1 Toshiba scandal (1980) ref1 Jaruzelski, Wojciech ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17 Jiang Zemin ref1 John Paul II, Pope ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and Lithuania ref1 meeting with Gorbachëv (1989) ref1 visit to Poland (1987) ref1, ref2 Johnson, Lyndon ref1 Johnson, Thomas ref1, ref2 Kádár, János ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Kampelman, Max ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Kania, Stanisław ref1 Karmal, Babrak ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Karpov, Viktor ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Kataev, Vitali ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Katusev, Alexander ref1, ref2 Kaunda, Kenneth ref1 Kazakhstan ref1 Kendall, Dr Henry ref1 Kennedy, John ref1 Kennedy, Paul ref1 KGB ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16 Khomeini, Ayatollah ref1 Khrushchëv, Nikita ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Kim Il-sung ref1, ref2 Kinnock, Neil ref1, ref2, ref3 Kirilenko, Andrei ref1 Kirkland, Lane ref1 Kirkpatrick, Jeane ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Kissinger, Henry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Kiszczak, Czesław ref1, ref2 Kohl, Helmut ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 deal with Gorbachëv over German reunification ref1 and East Germany ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and financial assistance to Soviet Union ref1, ref2, ref3 and German reunification ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and Reagan ref1 and Strategic Defense Initiative ref1 Ten-Point Plan for German unity ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Thatcher ref1, ref2, ref3 visit to Moscow (1990) ref1 Kokoshin, Andrei ref1, ref2 Kolbin, Gennadi ref1 Korean War ref1 Kornienko, Georgi ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Kosygin, Alexei ref1 Kovalëv, Anatoli ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Krasnoyarsk radar station ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 Krenz, Egon ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Kristol, Irving ref1 Kryuchkov, Vladimir ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18 Kukliński, Ryszard ref1 Kulikov, Viktor ref1, ref2 Kuwait, Iraqi invasion of (1990) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Labour Party (Britain) ref1 Lance nuclear missiles ref1, ref2, ref3 Landsbergis, Vytautas ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Lange, David ref1 Latvia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Lenin, Vladimir ref1, ref2, ref3 Li Peng ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Libya ref1, ref2, ref3 Ligachëv, Yegor ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 Lithuania ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 blockade initiated by Gorbachëv on (1990) ref1 demand for independence ref1, ref2, ref3 Jews in ref1 relations with USSR ref1 restrictions on number of foreigners entering ref1 setting up of popular front (Sajūdis) ref1, ref2 suspension of independence declaration ref1 and the Vatican ref1, ref2 Vilnius massacre (1991) ref1 Yakovlev’s visit to (1988) ref1 Little Five see Inter-Departmental Working Group Long-Term Grain Agreement ref1, ref2 Lungren, Dan ref1 MacEachin, Douglas ref1 McFarlane, Robert ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 McLennan, Gordon ref1 McNamara, Robert ref1 Madison Group ref1 Main Intelligence Administration see GRU Main Military Council (USSR) ref1 Major, John ref1, ref2, ref3 Malta summit (1989) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Marchais, Georges ref1, ref2 Marxism-Leninism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Maslyukov, Yuri ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Massie, Suzanne ref1 Matlock, Jack ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz ref1, ref2 Medvedev, Vadim ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Meese, Ed ref1, ref2, ref3 Melnikov, Alexander ref1 Mengistu, Haile ref1, ref2 Mensheviks ref1 MI6 ref1 Middle East ref1 Militaru, Nicolae ref1, ref2 Mitchell, George ref1 Mitkin, Nikolai ref1 Mitterrand, François ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 and German reunification ref1, ref2 and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2 and nuclear disarmament ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Strategic Defense Initiative ref1, ref2, ref3 and Thatcher ref1 visit to Moscow (1984) ref1 visit to Moscow (1986) ref1 visit to Moscow (1988) ref1 Mladenov, Petar ref1, ref2 Modrow, Hans ref1, ref2, ref3 Moiseev, Mikhail ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 mole, false (American) see Matlock, Jack Mondale, Walter ref1 Mongolia conference (1988) ref1 Morning Star (newspaper) ref1 Moro, Aldo ref1 Moscow summit (1988) ref1, ref2, ref3 Mulroney, Brian ref1, ref2 Murphy, George ref1 mutual acquaintance, process of (US and USSR) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 mutually assured destruction (MAD) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Najibullah, Mohammad ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Nakasone, Yasuhiro ref1 Namibia ref1, ref2 Napolitano, Giorgio ref1 national question in the USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 see also Estonia; Georgia; Latvia; Lithuania National Security Advisor see Allen, Richard; Carlucci, Frank; Clark, William; McFarlane, Robert; Poindexter, John; Powell, Colin; Scowcroft, Brent National Security Council (US) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23 National Security Decision Directive (No. 75) ref1 National Security Decision Directive (No. 210) ref1 National Union of Mineworkers ref1, ref2 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 command post exercise (Able Archer 83) (1983) ref1, ref2 and de Gaulle ref1, ref2 and deployment of Pershing-2 and Tomahawk missiles ref1 expansion eastwards ref1, ref2 Germany’s membership question ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and nuclear disarmament ref1 and nuclear war ref1 Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939) ref1, ref2 Németh, Miklós ref1, ref2 New York Times ref1 New Zealand ref1 Nicaragua ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 Nicholson, Major, shooting of (1985) ref1 Nitze, Paul ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 Nixon, Richard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Nofziger, Lyn ref1 non-aligned movement ref1, ref2 North, Oliver ref1, ref2 North Atlantic Treaty Organization see NATO North Korea ref1 Novosti ref1 nuclear disarmament advantages and savings ref1 Akhromeev’s January 1986 proposal and Gorbachëv’s assent ref1, ref2 and Bush ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and Geneva summit (1985) ref1, ref2, ref3 and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23 Gorbachëv’s declaration for global elimination by 2000 and reaction to ref1 inspections ref1 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty see Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and Malta summit (1989) ref1, ref2 and Politburo Arms Limitation Commission (Big Five) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16 and Reagan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24 Reagan’s commitment to Strategic Defense Initiative as stumbling block ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and Reykjavik summit (1986) ref1, ref2 and short-range missiles ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Stockholm and Vienna meetings ref1 strategic nuclear weapon talks ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20 Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START) (1991) ref1 and Washington summit (1987) ref1 withdrawal of SS-23s by Gorbachëv ref1 ‘zero’ option proposal ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 nuclear war ref1 and NATO countries ref1, ref2 and Poland ref1 probable consequences ref1, ref2, ref3 Soviet preparations for ref1 nuclear weapons ref1, ref2 deployment of an extra B-52 bomber with cruise missiles by Reagan (1986) ref1 deployment of Pershing-2s and Tomahawks in Europe by US ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 deployment of SS-20 missiles in Eastern Europe by USSR ref1, ref2 modernization question (US & USSR) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 non-realization of Dead Hand system ref1 peace movement ref1, ref2 Nunn, Sam ref1, ref2, ref3 Nyers, Resző ref1 Obama, Barack ref1 October Revolution (1917) ref1 Odom, William ref1 Ogarkov, Nikolai ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 oil prices, fall of (1985–86) ref1, ref2 Oldfield, Barney ref1 O’Neill, Tip ref1, ref2 OPEC ref1 Open Skies Conference (1990) ref1 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries see OPEC Orlov, Yuri ref1 Ortega, Daniel ref1, ref2, ref3 Orzechowski, Marian ref1 Packard, David ref1 Pakistan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Palme, Olof ref1, ref2, ref3 Party Central Committee see under Communist Party of the Soviet Union Party of Democratic Socialism (Italy) ref1 Party Politburo (USSR) see Politburo under Communist Party of the Soviet Union Pasechnik, Vladimir ref1, ref2 Patiashvili, Dzhumber ref1 Patolichev, Nikolai ref1 Pavlov, Valentin ref1, ref2, ref3 peace movement ref1, ref2, ref3 Pelshe, Arvid ref1 Perle, Richard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 Pershing-2 missiles ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Petrakov, Nikolai ref1 Petrovski, Boris ref1 Petrushenko, Nikolai ref1, ref2 Pióro, Tadeusz ref1 Pipes, Richard ref1 Podhoretz, Norman ref1 Poindexter, John ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Poland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 crisis (1989) ref1 economy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 ending of martial law (1983) ref1 Gorbachëv’s visit to Warsaw (1986) ref1 Gorbachëv’s visit to Warsaw (1988) ref1 government talks with Solidarity and legal status given to (1989) ref1, ref2 introduction of martial law by Jaruzelski (1981) ref1, ref2 John Paul II’s visit to (1987) ref1, ref2 Solidarity revolution and repression of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and Soviet preparations for nuclear war ref1 strikes and political protests (1988) ref1 Thatcher’s visit to (1988) ref1 and USSR ref1, ref2, ref3 winning of election by Solidarity and new government formed (1989) ref1, ref2 Polish United Workers Party ref1, ref2 Politburo see under Communist Party of the Soviet Union political reform, internal (USSR) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21 political right ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 Ponomarëv, Boris ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 popular front ref1 Powell, Charles ref1 Powell, Colin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Pozner, Vladimir ref1 Primakov, Yevgeni ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Prokofev, Yuri ref1 propaganda ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 US ref1, ref2 USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 see also disinformation campaigns; Communist Party of the Soviet Union: Propaganda Department; United States Information Agency Propaganda Department see under Communist Party of the Soviet Union Pugo, Boris ref1, ref2 Putin, Vladimir ref1, ref2 Qian Qichen ref1 Quad, The ref1 Quayle, Dan ref1 quarantine, cultural and informational (USSR) ref1 lifting of ref1 see also under censorship in USSR; jamming, radio and TV; travel permits (USSR) Radio Free Europe ref1, ref2, ref3 radio jamming see jamming, radio and TV Rakowski, Mieczysław ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Ratushinskaya, Irina ref1 Razumovski, Georgi ref1 Reagan, Nancy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Reagan, Ronald ref1, ref2, ref3 acting career ref1, ref2 addresses to the nation ref1, ref2 and Afghan War ref1, ref2, ref3 anticommunism and anti-Soviet rhetoric ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 appearance and character ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 attempted assassination of (1981) ref1, ref2 background ref1 and China ref1, ref2 contribution to end of Cold War ref1, ref2 critics of rapprochement with USSR ref1 demand for Berlin Wall to be pulled down ref1 and Eastern Europe ref1, ref2 elected President (1981) ref1, ref2 and expansion of military expenditure ref1, ref2 and Geneva summit (1985) ref1, ref2, ref3 and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 and Haig ref1 health concerns ref1 horse-riding fall (1989) ref1 and Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty negotiations ref1, ref2 and Iran–Contra scandal (1986) ref1, ref2 and Kohl ref1 leadership credentials ref1 and Libyan raid (1986) ref1 marriage ref1 and Moscow summit (1988) ref1 and nuclear disarmament and arms reduction ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24 Orlando speech (1983) ref1 and Polish crisis ref1 political philosophy and approach ref1, ref2 reaction to Gorbachëv’s declaration on eliminating nuclear weapons ref1, ref2 and reading ref1 and Reykjavik summit (1986) ref1, ref2, ref3 seen as a warmonger ref1, ref2 and Shevardnadze ref1, ref2 and Shultz ref1, ref2 Soviet policy ref1, ref2, ref3 Springfield speech (1988) ref1 and Strategic Defense Initiative ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23 and Thatcher ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and US–Soviet trade relations ref1 visit to China (1984) ref1 visit to West Berlin and Brandenburg Gate speech ref1 and Washington summit (1987) ref1 and Weinberger ref1, ref2 wins second term in office (1984) ref1 Reaganauts ref1 Red Brigades ref1 Regan, Don ref1, ref2, ref3 Reykjavik summit (1986) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Ridgway, Rozanne ref1, ref2 Robinson, Peter ref1 Rockefeller, David ref1 Rogers, Bernard ref1 Romania ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Ceauşescu’s oppressive regime ref1 protests (1989) ref1 relations with USSR ref1, ref2 uprising against Ceauşecu and collapse of communism (1989) ref1 see also Ceauşescu, Nicolae Romanov, Grigori ref1 Romerstein, Herb ref1 Rostow, Eugene ref1 Rowen, Harry ref1 Rowny, Ed ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Rusakov, Konstantin ref1 Russia ref1 relations with US ref1, ref2 Rust, Mathias ref1, ref2 Ryzhkov, Nikolai ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15 Sachs, Jeffrey ref1 Saddam Hussein ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Sagan, Carl ref1 Sagdeev, Roald ref1 Sajūdis ref1, ref2, ref3 Sakharov, Andrei ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 SALT-II Treaty ref1, ref2 Sandinistas ref1, ref2, ref3 Sasser, Jim ref1 Saudi Arabia ref1 Scargill, Arthur ref1 Schifter, Richard ref1 Schmidt, Helmut ref1, ref2, ref3 Scowcroft, Brent ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Second World War ref1 Secretariat see under Communist Party of the Soviet Union Shabanov, Vitali ref1 Shakhnazarov, Georgi ref1, ref2, ref3 Shatalin, Stanislav ref1, ref2 Shcharanski, Anatoli ref1, ref2, ref3 Shcherbitski, Vladimir ref1 Shebarshin, Lev ref1, ref2 Shevardnadze, Eduard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 and Afghan War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Africa ref1, ref2 and Akhromeev ref1 appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs ref1, ref2 and Asia ref1 Asian tour (1989) ref1 and Baltic states ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and biological weapons ref1 and Castro ref1 character ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 and China–USSR relations ref1 criticism of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and East German political crisis ref1 and Eastern Europe ref1, ref2 and Georgia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 and German reunification ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 and Howe ref1 and human rights ref1 and Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty negotiations ref1 and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Japanese–USSR relations ref1 and Krasnoyarsk radar station ref1, ref2, ref3 and Libyan international crisis ref1 and Lithuania ref1 and Malta summit ref1, ref2 meeting with Reagan (1985) ref1 meeting with Reagan (1988) ref1 and nuclear disarmament ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 personal life ref1 and Poland ref1, ref2, ref3 and rapprochement with US ref1 and Reagan ref1, ref2 and reform of Foreign Affairs Ministry ref1 resignation (1990) ref1, ref2, ref3 and Reykjavik summit ref1 rivalry between Yakovlev and ref1 and Romanian crisis ref1 speeches to Supreme Soviet ref1, ref2 and Strategic Defense Initiative ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 talks and relationship with Baker ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 talks and relationship with Shultz ref1, ref2, ref3 threatens to resign (1989) ref1 and Tbilisi massacre ref1, ref2 and Vietnam ref1, ref2 visit to Bonn and talks with Kohl (1988) ref1 visit to China and talks with Deng Xiaoping (1989) ref1 visit to Japan (1986) ref1 weakness in grasping international relations ref1 and withdrawal of Soviet forces from East Europe question ref1, ref2, ref3 Shevardnadze, Nanuli (wife) ref1, ref2 Shevchenko, Arkadi ref1 Shishlin, Nikolai ref1 Shmelev, Nikolai ref1 Shultz, George ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 and Afghan War ref1, ref2 and ‘age of information’ ref1 appointed Secretary of State ref1 and Carlucci ref1 character and attributes ref1 and CIA ref1 and Conference on Security and Cooperation ref1 foreign policy ref1 and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3 and Gorbachëv’s declaration on nuclear weapons ref1, ref2 hands in resignation and withdraws it ref1 and Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty negotiations ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 meetings with Gorbachëv ref1, ref2 and Moscow summit (1988) ref1 as Nixon’s Treasury Secretary ref1, ref2 and nuclear disarmament and arms control negotiations ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and Reagan ref1, ref2 and Reykjavik summit ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and Strategic Defense Initiative ref1, ref2, ref3 talks and relationship with Shevardnadze ref1, ref2, ref3 tour of Europe’s capitals (1985) ref1 and trade relations with USSR ref1 and US–Soviet relations ref1, ref2 visit to Moscow (1988) ref1 and Washington summit (1987) ref1 and Weinberger ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Shultz, O’Bie ref1, ref2, ref3 Siberian oil and gas pipeline ref1, ref2 Sitaryan, Stepan ref1, ref2, ref3 Slovo, Joe ref1 Slyunkov, Nikolai ref1 Snow, C.


pages: 326 words: 91,532

The Pay Off: How Changing the Way We Pay Changes Everything by Gottfried Leibbrandt, Natasha de Teran

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Bear Stearns, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, call centre, cashless society, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, cross-border payments, cryptocurrency, David Graeber, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, financial exclusion, global pandemic, global reserve currency, illegal immigration, information asymmetry, initial coin offering, interest rate swap, Internet of things, Irish bank strikes, Julian Assange, large denomination, light touch regulation, lockdown, low interest rates, M-Pesa, machine readable, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, move fast and break things, Network effects, Northern Rock, off grid, offshore financial centre, payday loans, post-industrial society, printed gun, QR code, RAND corporation, ransomware, Real Time Gross Settlement, reserve currency, Rishi Sunak, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart contracts, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, tech billionaire, the payments system, too big to fail, transaction costs, WikiLeaks, you are the product

. ______________________________________________________________________ 1 Announced by Facebook in June 2019, the Libra cryptocurrency project was renamed Diem in December 2020. 2 Cheques arguably do carry the risk of ‘slipping pen’ errors whereby the writer enters the wrong amount; these are either rare or do not receive the same level of publicity as transfer errors. 3 Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, known in the Western world as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian politician, revolutionary and cleric. He was the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which led to the overthrow of the last Shah of Iran, and the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Anti-Western and at odds with the USA throughout his tenure as Supreme Leader, he supported the hostage takers during the hostage crisis that led to the US sanctions that prevented North from overtly selling the arms to the country in the first place. 4 The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Nicaragua that took office in 1979.

The same thing happened in 2018 to an unfortunate Deutsche Bank employee who wired a $35 billion payment in error: the sum was $5 billion more than the bank’s entire market value. Equally, whereas it’s hard to write the wrong name on a cheque, it’s easy enough to mistake an account number in a bank transfer. This happened to US National Security Council staffer Oliver North when he was undertaking elaborate undercover deals with Ayatollah Khomenei’s Iran and General Noriega’s Nicaraguan rebels.3 North was funnelling the proceeds from the illegal sale of guns to the Iranian regime, via secret payments in Switzerland, to fund the rebels fighting Nicaragua’s then Sandinista government.4 During this complicated process, North mistakenly wired a $10 million ‘humanitarian’ donation from the Sultan of Brunei not to his own (secret) account at Credit Suisse but to that of a Swiss businessman.

Christensen) 217 instant payment systems 81–6, 144 Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) 245 interchange fees 42–4, 51, 57, 98, 162, 163 interest charges 7, 13, 90, 99, 212, 215 on credit cards 90 earning 17, 215 margins on account balances 92–3, 100 on overdrafts 99 rates 67, 90, 92, 99, 133, 183, 212 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 66 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 151 International Herald Tribune 250 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 17, 202 Interpol 3, 111 The Interview film 112 investment apps 77 invoice payment flows 120–1 iPhones 223–5, 269–70 Iran 64, 243–5, 248–9, 251–2, 262 Iran–Contra scandal 65, 264 Iraq 25 Irish banking strike 8 ISIS 266 Italy, medieval banks in 13–14 iTunes accounts 171, 172 J Jacobsson, Victor 174 Japan 17, 247 JCB cards 55, 78 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) 243–4, 252, 254 JPM Coin 207–8 JPMorgan 56, 133, 150, 158, 206–8, 211, 222, 248, 260, 267 JPMorgan Chase 55 K Käärmann, Kristo 146 Kaspersky Lab 107 Kelly, Jemima 11 Kenya 73–5, 78 KfW 131–2 Khomenei, Ayatollah 64–5 kidnap ransom payments 27–8, 195 Kim Jong-il 30 Kim Jong-un 112 Kissinger, Henry 237 Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro 10 Klarna 162, 174–5, 181, 183, 241 know your customer (KYC) checks 263, 266 Kodak 157 Kontantupproret (Cash Rebellion) 35 Korean War 249 L Latin America 101, 213 Latvia 260 lawsuit against Visa and Mastercard, US retailer 56–7 Laybuy 175 Layfield, Diana 127, 169 Lazarus Group 112–14, 233 ledger entries 11–13 Lee, Aileen 146 legacy infrastructures 72, 156 legal definition of payment 5 Lehman Brothers 55, 131–2, 134, 247 Leoni AG 111 Letter of Credit 149–51 letters of undertaking, Indian banks’ 115 libertarians 204 Libra Association 201, 211–12 Libra/Diem 63, 201–2, 204–6 Lieftinck, Piet 16–17 Link network 59 LinkedIn 110 liquidity 14, 15, 16–17, 19, 121, 122, 126–7, 130–1, 132, 133, 145, 208, 213, 214–15, 217, 231, 247, 272 loans 13–14, 77, 178–9, 215 see also credit cards ‘lock in’ effect 71–2 London Clearing House 118 loyalty programmes 219–20 M M-Pesa 74–5, 78 Ma, Jack 76, 272 Macao 249–50 MacLeod, Henry Dunning 9 Maestro 90–1 magstripe 47, 49, 109 mail order catalogues 50 Major’s Cabin Grill, NYC 40 malware 110, 113–14, 200 Manchester to Liverpool railway 68, 71 Marshall Plan 17 master merchants 164–5 Mastercard 3–4, 41, 42, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57–9, 90–1, 102, 161, 162, 174, 202, 204, 223, 269 Mazur, Robert 255, 263 McCrum, Dan 166 McKelvey, Jim 155 McNamara, Frank 40 medieval banks 13–14 medium of exchange, money as a 202 Melton, Bill 48 Meng Wanzhou 251–2 merchant acquiring 162–7 merchant discount fees 43, 44, 57, 162, 163, 174 Merchant of Venice (W.


pages: 400 words: 121,708

1983: Reagan, Andropov, and a World on the Brink by Taylor Downing

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, Herman Kahn, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, kremlinology, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, nuclear paranoia, nuclear winter, RAND corporation, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Seymour Hersh, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, Yom Kippur War

For twenty-five years the Shah had led a process of Westernisation in Iran, and in return for major concessions to British and American oil companies received substantial oil revenues. But opposition to his corrupt regime led to his abdication in January 1979 and his replacement by the fundamentalist Islamic cleric Ayatollah Khomeini. The new, strict Islamic republic reversed the process of Westernisation and its leaders denounced the ‘Great Satan’ of America. The greatest insult of all came in November 1979 when militant students seized US embassy personnel in Tehran and took them hostage. An unsuccessful rescue attempt by the military resulted in an accident when a US helicopter crashed into a refuelling aircraft in the desert.

Reagan saw the Middle East as ‘an adders’ nest of problems’, not just because of repeated conflicts between Arabs and Zionists but also because of an alarming rise in radical Islamic fundamentalism. This had already wrenched away a close American ally in the region, Iran, after the Revolution that brought about the departure of the Shah and the takeover of the state by the fundamentalist cleric Ayatollah Khomeini. It also threatened Egypt after the assassination of Anwar Sadat because of his agreement to a peace treaty with Israel.1 During the early months of 1982 all these tensions seemed to bubble to the surface in Lebanon, a state with its own fragile balance between Arabs and Christians that had been shattered by civil war a decade earlier and was now further unbalanced by the existence of a militant Palestinian community in the south of the country.

Edgar 24 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) 24 Howe, Sir Geoffrey 211, 218, 259, 270, 271, 272, 288 Hubbard, Carroll 149 human intelligence (HUMINT) operations 82 human rights issues 14, 48–9, 114, 270, 303, 306, 313, 314, 322 Hungary 42, 264 Hungarian Revolution 43–4 political reforms 328 HVA 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 251–2, 253, 336 and Operation RYaN 85–6 hybrid warfare 342 Ikle, Fred 142 India, nuclear arsenal 343 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) 9, 12–13, 34, 53, 60, 194, 198, 239, 313 Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty 320, 321–2, 333 verification processes 322 intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) 13 Iran 209 Iranian Revolution 29, 202 Tehran embassy hostage crisis 20, 29 Iran-Contra scandal 319–20 Iraq, US military incursions 342, 343 Irgun 203 Iron Curtain 23, 24, 332 Islamic fundamentalism 76, 202, 209, 323 Israel Israel Defence Forces (IDF) 203–4, 205, 206–7 Israeli Air Force 205 nuclear arsenal 343 Israeli-Palestinian conflict 202–9 Ivy League 82 exercise 59, 61–3, 97 Japan Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1–4, 93 listening stations 161–2, 183 Joan (MI6 case officer) 121–2, 291 John Birch Society 149 Johnson, Lyndon B. 26 Jones, General David 56 Jones, Nate 348–9 Kádár, János 43 Kalinin 159 Kalugin, Oleg 85, 240 Kamchatka peninsula 136, 138, 139–40, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 168, 180, 183 Kardunov, Marshal Alexandr 163 Karelian Republic 40–2 Kazakhstan 5, 333, 334 KC-135 tanker aircraft 191 Kennedy, John F. 10, 11, 320 Kennedy, Robert 114 KGB 43, 45–7, 49, 338 and the Able Archer 83 exercise 250–1 Andropov as head of 35, 45, 46–7, 48, 69, 74, 80, 83, 106, 341 directorates 73 First Chief Directorate (FCD) (Foreign Intelligence) 73–4 foreign residencies 46, 81, 118–20, 122–5, 218, 227, 228, 277, 278, 279 intelligence successes 125–8, 134–5 moles within see Gordievsky, Oleg; Martynov, Valery; Vetrov, Captain Vladimir role 45–6, 70 see also Operation RYaN Kharbarovsk 161, 163, 164 Khomeini, Ayatollah 29, 202 Khrushchev, Nikita 9, 10, 42, 43, 45 Cuban missile crisis 11, 114 denounces Stalin 42 Kim Eui-dong 150, 152 Kirghizia 333 Kirkpatrick, Jeane 183 Kissinger, Henry 99, 114 Kline, Major John 56 Kohl, Helmut 319 Korean Air Lines (KAL) Flight 007 149–56, 157–88, 165 downing of 157–69 intelligence community’s verdict on 187 Soviet defence of action 181–2, 183–5, 186–7, 216 Soviet propaganda disaster 176–7, 180 US response 169–79, 187–8 Kosygin, Aleksei 68–9 Kremlinologists 37, 214 Kryuchkov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich 74, 75, 80, 127, 229, 255, 279, 281, 282, 333 Kuklinski, Colonel 110–11 Kulikov, Marshal Viktor 248 Kuntsevo Clinic 234–5, 236, 242, 250, 255, 275 Kurchatov, Igor 5 Kurile islands 136, 139, 155, 171, 187 labour camps 46 Lang, Admiral 137 Laos 29 Latvia 329 Launch Under Attack option 15, 60, 238–9 Leahy, Patrick 176 Lebanon 202–9, 220 Israeli bombardment of Beirut 205–7, 228 Israeli invasion of 203–4 Multinational Force 206, 207, 208, 209 UN peacekeepers 203 Lee Kuan Yew 259 LeMay, General Curtis 8 Libya 110, 310 limited nuclear war concept 10, 15, 55, 88, 343 Line X operation 123, 143, 144, 285 listening stations 163–4, 168, 170, 176, 183, 217, 227, 231, 267–8 lithium H-bomb 7–8 Lithuania 329 Lockheed 54 Lokot, Sergei 246–7 Los Angeles Olympic Games (1984) 268 Lubyanka 46, 284 M-1 Abrams Main Battle Tank 53 McDonald, Larry 149–50, 171 McFarlane, Robert ‘Bud’ 208–9, 262, 297, 320 and Able Archer exercise 231, 260, 261, 265–6 and SDI 99, 100 McNamara, Robert 12 malware 144–5 Manchuria 4, 330 Mao Zedong 44–5 Martynov, Valery 285–6 Marxism-Leninism 36, 45, 50, 65, 69, 71, 134 maskirovka 160, 227, 253 Massive Retaliation doctrine 8, 9, 10 Matlock, Jack 312 Mauroy, Pierre 37 Meese, Edwin 32, 169 MI6 (British Secret Intelligence Service) 110, 121, 122, 126, 281, 336 exfiltration of Oleg Gordievsky 286–92 MiG 204, 205 MiG-23 248 military-industrial complex 74, 303, 310 Minsk 138 Minuteman missiles 195 Misawa 162, 170, 171, 172 missile silos 13, 194, 195, 200, 239, 242–3 Mitterrand, François 143 Moldavia 333 Mondale, Walter 269 Mons 223–4, 225, 229, 250, 256 Moorestown 193 Morrow, Douglas 91 Moscow Olympics (1980) 30, 49, 268 Moscow summit (1988) 323–5 Mozambique 29 Mujahideen 76, 77, 110, 310, 323 multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) 12, 242, 244 Munich Olympic Games (1972) 203 Murmansk 126 Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) 12, 13, 15, 17, 63, 93, 97, 103, 114, 344 MX missiles 53, 98, 99 Nagasaki, bombing of (1945) 4, 93 Nagy, Imre 43 Nakasone, Yasuhiro 183 National Association of Evangelicals 66 National Command Authority 241 National Emergency Airborne Command Post (Boeing 747) 59, 61 National Intelligence Council 269 National Military Command Center 61, 91, 193 National Security Advisors 189, 309, 320 National Security Agency (NSA) 141, 156, 161, 187, 258, 299 expansion of 54–5 National Security Archive (NSA) 17, 348–9, 350 National Security Council 144, 145, 208, 209, 231 NATO 55, 82, 86, 88, 100, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131, 140, 318, 320 Abel Archer 83 exercise 222–56, 344 Allied Command Europe (ACE) 222 Autumn Forge 83 exercises 223 Current Intelligence Group 131 East German agent in 130–5 MC 161 document 132–3 Political Affairs Directorate 131 response to SDI 134 neo-Nazis 129 Nicaragua 29, 70, 319, 323 Contras 110, 319–20 Nicholson, Major Arthur 295–6 Nine Lives exercise 61, 63 9/11 241 1983–The Brink of Apocalypse (documentary) 346 Nitze, Paul 313 Nixon, Richard 32, 114, 298, 320 anti-ballistic missiles (ABM) Treaty 92 signs Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) 13 Watergate 14, 28, 74 NKVD 5 nomenklatura 70, 220 North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) 90–1, 145, 189, 190, 193 North Korea 4, 44 nuclear capability 343 North, Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver 320 Norway 126, 127 intelligence service 157 Norwegian Labour Party 127 nuclear accidents 190–2 Chernobyl nuclear disaster 310–11 nuclear arms race 6–9, 12–13 nuclear arsenal 200 Soviet 223 US 8 nuclear ‘football’ system 55–6, 240–1 Nuclear Freeze peace movement 96, 103 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 13 nuclear war Counterforce strategy 10 Defense Readiness Condition (DEFCON) 204, 230 false alerts 189–201, 239 Launch Under Attack option 15, 60, 238–9 limited nuclear war 10, 15, 55, 88, 343 Massive Retaliation doctrine 8, 9, 10 Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) 12, 13, 15, 17, 63, 93, 97, 103, 114, 344 probable consequences 8, 60, 63, 68, 248–9 protocols for launching nuclear weapons 10, 15–16, 55–6, 62–3, 240–1 simulated nuclear attack 61–2 Withhold Options 60 nuclear war scare (1983) 344 Able Archer 83 exercise and 222–56, 344 CIA report on 339–40 Soviet arsenal on maximum alert 16, 240, 242, 243–9, 255, 257, 307 Soviet paranoia and miscalculation 16, 224, 227–9, 232–3, 239, 240, 242, 250–1, 254, 256, 258–61, 344 nuclear winter 16, 249 Nyerere, Julius 259 Obama, Barack 256, 343 observation satellites 90, 111, 194–5, 196, 248, 256 October War (1973) 204, 230 Odom, William 189 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 107 Ogarkov, Marshal Nikolai 73, 183–4, 184, 198, 236, 241, 245, 250, 255 oil and gas pipelines 65, 143, 145, 285 Okinawa 138 Oko satellite network 194–5 O’Malley, General 173 ‘open labs’ proposal 304, 314 Operation Barbarossa 80–1, 247 Operation Chrome Dome 190–2 Operation RYaN 80, 81–7, 88, 105, 118, 124–5, 216, 217–18, 227, 228–9, 237, 251, 255, 257, 340 categories of intelligence 81–2 confirmation bias 81, 86 information processing 83–4 spurious reports 81, 84, 86, 124–5, 227–8, 250–1 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 210 Ossipovich, Major Gennady 162–3, 164–7, 168, 178, 184–5 Pakistan, nuclear arsenal 343 Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) 203–4, 205, 206 Palestinian-Israeli conflict 202–9 Palmerston, Lord 273 Palomares incident (1966) 191–2 Parr, Jerry 56–7 Partial Test Ban Treaty 13 peace movement 66, 95–7, 96, 103, 123–4, 237 Pelše, Arvids 214 Pentecostal Christians 59, 116 perestroika 311, 325, 329 Perroots, Lieutenant-General Leonard 253–5 Pershing II missiles 14, 53, 78, 79, 88, 94, 95, 123, 135, 216, 220, 239, 258, 270, 299, 309, 319, 321 Petropavlosk 138, 158 Petrov, Lieutenant-Colonel Stanislav 195–200, 239 Pfautz, Major General James 172–3 Phalangist militiamen 207 Philby, Kim 278, 292 PL-5 missiles 157 plutonium implosion bomb 4, 6 Podgorny, Nikolai 69 Poindexter, Admiral John 320 Poland 65, 94 political reforms 328 popular protests 42–3 Solidarity 65, 110, 111, 328 Polaris 13 Politburo 34, 47–8, 64, 70, 76, 78, 181, 214, 215, 236, 255, 264, 275, 312, 317, 319 Prague Spring 47 President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) 339, 349–50 protective missile system see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) psychological operations (PSYOPS) 139–43, 147, 162, 182, 187, 310, 340 Putin, Vladimir 341 Pym, Francis 37 radiation sickness 3–4, 249 radioactive contamination 192 RAF Lakenheath 190 Ramstein Air Force Base 253 RAND Corporation 12 RC-135 spy planes 140–1, 156–7, 170, 178, 182 Reagan, Nancy 19, 25, 32, 66, 114, 302, 306 Reagan, Ronald 108 and Able Archer 83 exercise 231–2, 261, 262, 263, 265–6 anti-communism and anti-Soviet rhetoric 23, 24, 25, 26, 30–1, 51–2, 64–7, 77–8, 93, 94–5, 110, 114–15, 116, 177, 182, 216, 266 appearance and personality 21, 22, 33 approval ratings 28, 97, 265, 323 approves technological sabotage 144 attempted assassination of 56–8 background of 20–2 belief in personal diplomacy 51, 93–4, 268 ‘bombing Russia’ poor-taste joke 267–8 and Brezhnev 59 Cold War warrior 31, 267, 321 on the decision to launch nuclear weapons 15–16 demands Berlin Wall be pulled down 321 diary entries 64–5, 98, 99–100, 102, 116, 206, 262, 268, 294, 308 and the downing of KAL 007 169, 174, 177, 178, 179, 182, 188 economic policies 27–8, 31 elected President 15, 31–2 ‘evil empire’ rhetoric 66–7, 89, 117, 176, 182, 216, 324 film career 22, 25–6, 301 Geneva summit 297–9, 300–9, 305 Governor of California 27–8 ‘Great Communicator’ 268 and human rights issues 114, 270, 303, 306, 313, 314, 322 and invasion of Grenada 210, 211, 212 and Israeli-Palestinian conflict 202–9 leadership style 27 and Margaret Thatcher 211–12 meets Gordievsky 337, 337 Moscow summit 323–5 and nuclear policy 51, 58–9, 63–4, 91–3, 97–101, 103–4, 114, 261 political philosophy 22–3, 26 populism 19, 27, 33 president of Screen Actors Guild 24, 25 presidential inauguration 19–20, 21, 32–3 protocol for launching nuclear weapons 55–6, 62–3 re-election 265, 266–7, 269 Reykjavik summit 311, 312–18, 317 and SDI 98, 99–105, 117, 134, 298, 306, 313–14, 324 secret meeting with Soviet ambassador 115–17 signs INF Treaty 321 spouses see Reagan, Nancy; Wyman, Jane suggests rapprochement with Soviet Union 266–7, 268, 294 and total abolition of nuclear weapons 51, 93, 315, 318 visits Berlin 320–1 visits London 65 visits NORAD base 90, 91 war games, participation in 61–3, 62, 97, 262 Washington summit 321–3 Reagan Doctrine 110 Red Integrated Strategic Offensive Plan (RISOP) 55, 60 Red Scares 23, 24–5 Reed, Thomas 61, 62, 143–4 Reforger 83 exercise 223 Regan, Don 208 reunification of Germany 332 Rex 82 Alpha exercise 61, 63 Reykjavik summit 311, 312–18, 317 Rivet Joint operations 141, 162 Rogers, William 61 Romania 332 Romanov, Grigory 238, 270 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 27, 146 Rubin, Professor 213 Rupp, Rainer 128–34, 135, 251–3, 336 Russia 334 hybrid warfare capabilities 342 military exercises 342 Sabra and Shatila massacres (1982) 207 Sadat, Anwar 202 Sakhalin island 136, 160, 168, 171, 172, 173, 180, 183, 184 Sakharov, Andrei 48 Sandinistas 29 Saudi Arabia 208, 343 Scarlett, John 121, 125, 218, 259 Schmidt, Helmut 94 Schneider, Dr William 142 Scowcroft, Brent 327 Screen Actors Guild 24, 25 Sea of Okhotsk 136, 138, 156, 159, 162, 168, 180, 187, 299 Second World War 40–1, 107, 146, 255 end of 4 German invasion of Soviet Union 40, 80–1, 247 Serpukhov-15 194, 195–200 Severomorsk 245 Sharansky, Anatoly 49 Sharon, Ariel 203, 207 Shchelokov, Nikolai 88 Shemya 156, 157 Shevardnadze, Eduard 297, 309, 313, 320, 330 Shultz, George 37, 113–16, 117, 146–7, 208, 219, 262 and the downing of KAL 007 169, 174, 175, 176, 179, 185 and the Geneva summit 297, 303 on Gorbachev 295 and the Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty 320 meets with Gromyko 185, 240, 296–7 meets with Shevardnadze 320 and the Reykjavik summit 313, 314, 315, 318 and SDI 100, 298 and the Soviet ‘peace offensive’ 309 signals intelligence (SIGINT) 82, 141, 170, 176, 183 Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) 10, 11, 55, 56, 60, 62, 262 Six Day War (1967) 203 ‘snap-ons’ 161, 163, 164, 170 Snow, Jon 324 Sokol 164 Solidarity 65, 110, 111, 328 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 48 Son Dong-hui 150, 155, 161, 166, 167 South Korea 138 South Korean Navy 137 US-South Korean Mutual Defense Treaty 149 Soviet Air Force 247–8 expansion of 138 Far East Air Defence Command 139, 158, 162, 163, 180–1 Soviet embassy, London 81, 118–20, 122, 218, 228, 279 Soviet embassy, Washington 81, 277, 278 Soviet Far East 136–40, 137, 149–88 Soviet missile systems intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) 9, 34, 194, 239 PL-5 missiles 157 SS-18 missiles 90 SS-19 missiles 242 SS-20 missiles 29, 53, 75, 75, 78, 94, 238, 244, 254, 299, 309, 314, 321 SS-N-8 missiles 246 SS-N-20 missiles 246 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) 161 Soviet Navy Northern Fleet 126, 140, 245, 246 Pacific Fleet 138 submarine fleet 245–7 Soviet Union anti-Jewish purges 46 centralised planning 6, 69 civil defence programme 30 communist orthodoxy 36–7 Congress of People’s Deputies 329 corruption and organised crime 87–8, 333 defence budget 30 dismantling of 329, 333 economic stagnation 37, 48, 50, 64–5, 69, 71, 111 Five Year Plans 39–40 German invasion of 40, 80–1, 247 Great Terror 36, 39–40 human rights issues 14, 48–9, 114, 270, 303, 306, 313, 314, 322 intelligence community see GRU; KGB; SVR invasion and occupation of Afghanistan 30, 76–7 and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 204–5 Kremlin nuclear paranoia 85, 86, 112, 125, 233, 238, 240 see also Able Archer 83 exercise; Operation RYaN Middle East policies 220 military strength and personnel 222–3 nuclear arsenal 223 nuclear programme 4–6, 8, 9, 12 office of head of state 35, 36 oil and gas pipelines 65, 143, 285 outrage over Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) launch 104–5, 106 political reforms 311–12, 329 post-Soviet problems 333 post-war reconstruction 41 reduced nuclear stockpile 333–4 reduction of Soviet forces in Europe 328, 333–4 Second World War 4, 40–1, 80–1, 247, 255 Sino-Soviet relations 44, 45, 220, 330 social conditions 69–70 support for global liberation struggles 29, 30, 52, 70, 94, 109, 301 suspected of influencing American presidential elections 269, 342 suspicion and fear of the West 14, 71–2, 73, 78, 80, 85, 240 technology gap 72, 73, 104, 120, 143, 144 The Soviet War Scare, 1983 (documentary) 346 Soyuz spacecraft 14 space weapons see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Speakes, Larry 169, 176 Sputnik 9, 194 SS-18 missiles 90 SS-19 missiles 242 SS-20 missiles 29, 53, 75, 75, 78, 94, 238, 244, 254, 299, 309, 314, 321 SS-N-8 missiles 246 SS-N-20 missiles 246 stagflation 28–9 Stalin, Joseph 5, 23, 24, 35, 146, 237, 329 anti-Jewish purges 47 death of 42 and the Great Terror 36, 39–40 ‘Star Wars’ see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Stasi 85, 128, 130, 133, 335 Stewart, Nina 349 Stinger anti-aircraft missiles 310 Stombaugh, Paul, Jr 284 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) 13, 14, 94, 156 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) 30, 77 Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) 94, 105, 270, 334 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 103 costs 102 Geneva summit and 298, 299, 304 Gorbachev’s hostility to 273, 298, 299, 304, 305, 306, 309, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319 ‘open labs’ proposal 304, 314 origins of 97–100 proposed limits on 313 public attitudes towards 102 Reagan’s enthusiasm for 98, 99–105, 117, 134, 298, 306, 313–14, 324 Soviet fears of 104–5, 106, 117, 216 ‘strip alert’ 248, 254 Su-24 248 submarines Delta class 138, 246 nuclear weapon-carrying submarines 13, 136, 140, 200, 246 Ohio class 54 Typhoon class 246 suicide bombers 208–9 Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) 223, 229 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) 140–1, 161 Suslov, Mikhail 45 SVR 285, 334 Symms, Steve 149 Syria 204, 205, 209, 220 Syrian Air Force 205 systems failures 192, 193, 200, 201, 239 T-72 tank 204 Tadzhikistan 333 Taliban 77, 323 Tass news agency 182 Tehran embassy hostage crisis (1979–81) 20, 29 telemetry intelligence (TELINT) 156 Teller, Edward 6–7, 97–8, 101 ter Woerds, Margreet 347 terrorism 108–9 Thatcher, Denis 272 Thatcher, Margaret 124, 134, 210, 211–12, 217, 218, 231, 259, 264, 293 and British–Soviet relations 270 and Gordievsky 337, 338 meets Gorbachev 272–4, 274 on nuclear deterrence 318–19 thermonuclear weapons 7–8, 45, 190–1 Thor missiles 13 Thule 192 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989) 330 Titan missiles 13 Titov, Gennadi 127 Tkachenko, Captain Viktor 243–4 Tolkachev, Adolf 283–4 Tomahawk Cruise missiles 53 Topaz see Rupp, Rainer Treholt, Arne 127–8 Trident missiles 54, 319 ‘Trinity’ atomic test 5 Tripoli 310 ‘Trojan horses’ 144–5 Trudeau, Pierre 271 Truman, Harry 6, 7, 107 Trump, Donald 31, 269, 342, 343 Tsygichko, Vitalii 239 Tupolev TU-22M ‘Backfire’ bomber 138, 247 United States budget deficit 55, 102 Ukraine 333, 334, 341 United Nations 185 Lebanese operations 203 peacekeeping force (UNIFIL) 203 Security Council 183 United States declining superpower role 342–3 defence budget 52, 66, 79, 342 intelligence community see Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); National Security Agency (NSA); Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 203–4 military rearmament 52–4, 116 military-industrial complex 74, 303, 310 nuclear arsenal 8 nuclear programme 6–8, 9, 12 peace movement 66, 96, 96, 103 Red Scares 23, 24–5 Second World War 107 Washington KGB residency 81, 277, 278 US Air Force Air Force Intelligence 172–3, 178 PSYOPS 140–1, 142 Strategic Air Command 8, 10, 58, 90–1, 156, 190–1, 193 US Marines 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 217 US missile systems anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) 12, 13 Cruise missiles 53, 78, 88, 94, 95, 123, 135, 216, 220, 258, 270, 299, 309, 321 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) 12–13, 53, 198 Minuteman missiles 195 multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) 12 MX missiles 53, 98, 99 Pershing II missiles 14, 53, 78, 79, 88, 94, 95, 123, 135, 216, 220, 239, 258, 270, 299, 309, 319, 321 Stinger anti-aircraft missiles 310 submarine-launched ballistic missiles 13 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) 140–1 Trident missiles 54 Vanguard missiles 9 US Navy 142 expansion 54, 138 Pacific Fleet 138 PSYOPS 142 US presidential elections 1964 26 1976 28 1980 30–1 1984 265–9 2016 269, 342 suspected Soviet influence 269, 342 USS Coral Sea 137 USS Eisenhower 140 USS Enterprise 136–7 USS Midway 137, 139 USS New Jersey 208 Ustinov, Marshal Dmitri 34–5, 87, 180, 181, 198, 215, 236, 241, 242, 255 US-South Korean Mutual Defense Treaty 149 Uzbekistan 333 Vanguard missiles 9 Velikhov, Yevgeny 104 Velvet Revolution 332 Vessey, Admiral 262 Vetrov, Captain Vladimir 143 Vietnam war 27, 29 Vladivostok 138 Volk Field Air Base 192–3 Wakkanai 162, 168, 170, 172, 174 Warsaw Pact 43, 47, 55, 86, 88, 132, 222, 318 Washington summit (1987) 321–3 Watergate 14, 28, 74 Watkins, Admiral James D. 98–9, 139–40 Weinberger, Caspar 32, 52, 58, 100, 131, 179, 262, 296, 320 Weiss, Dr Gus 144, 145 West Germany 14, 128, 319 peace movement 95 Winter War (1939–40) 40 Withhold Options 60 Wolf, Markus 85, 86, 135, 335 Wright, Oliver 260 Wyman, Jane 22, 25 Yeltsin, Boris 329, 333, 338 Yesin, General-Colonel Ivan 245 Yom Kippur War (1973) 204, 230 Yugoslavia 44 Yurchenko, Vitaly 299–300 Zapad 17 exercise 342 Zeleny 139 zero-zero option 94–5, 315, 316, 318, 321, 321–2 Zil limousines 74, 111, 112, 236 Zionists 74, 202, 203 US lobby 204 Zubok, Vlad 348


pages: 570 words: 151,609

Into the Black: The Extraordinary Untold Story of the First Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia and the Astronauts Who Flew Her by Rowland White, Richard Truly

Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Apollo Guidance Computer, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Charles Lindbergh, cuban missile crisis, Easter island, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gene Kranz, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, John von Neumann, low earth orbit, Maui Hawaii, Mercator projection, Neil Armstrong, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, Ronald Reagan, Strategic Defense Initiative, William Langewiesche

They were quickly thrown out by supporters of the country’s new leader, the radical cleric Ayatollah Khomeini. In the aftermath of the attack, the CIA’s Iran branch chief in Langley contacted the head of the Tehran station to reassure him that another incursion was unlikely. “The only thing that could trigger an attack,” he said, “would be if the shah was let into the United States—and no one in this town is stupid enough to do that.” On October 21, the exiled Shah of Iran was admitted to a New York hospital for cancer treatment. Two weeks later, three thousand angry supporters of the ayatollah swarmed over the walls of the US embassy in the Iranian capital, overpowering the Marine guards to take hostage more than sixty embassy staff.

Two weeks later, three thousand angry supporters of the ayatollah swarmed over the walls of the US embassy in the Iranian capital, overpowering the Marine guards to take hostage more than sixty embassy staff. The sight of American diplomats blindfolded and handcuffed while crowds outside burned the Stars and Stripes and chanted for the shah’s return shocked America. Before the end of the month, Ayatollah Khomeini had released all the women and African American hostages, but a warning was to follow: if America attacked his country, the remaining fifty-three hostages would die “on the spot.” Work on a rescue attempt, however, had already begun. The foundation upon which the US Army’s Delta Force planned their operation was overhead photography from the two KH-11 satellites.

See KH-11 KENNEN Kerwin, Joe, 112, 113, 119, 121 KEYHOLE (spy satellite program), 64, 88, 204, 296, 378 Columbia’s damaged heat shield, 281–82, 287–90, 296, 301, 310–11, 316–18, 320, 324, 336–37 failings of, 38 MOL program, 33, 39–40, 60 security, 64, 311 Skylab, 298 Vandenberg Air Force Base, 54 See also individual satellites (KH) KGB, 205 KH-4 CORONA (Discoverer), 34–38, 39, 64, 88 CIA develops replacement, 58 Discoverer 0, 35 Discoverer 1, 34–35 Discoverer 2, 35 Discoverer 3, 35 Discoverer 13, 35 Discoverer 14, 35–36 USSR reconnaissance, 52 KH-7 GAMBIT, 37–38 KH-8 GAMBIT, 287, 288 KH-8 GAMBIT-3 (G3), 108, 115 assists Skylab, 1, 113, 115–18 KH-9 HEXAGON, 58–59, 74, 161, 287, 288 cancellation of, 58–60 design, 58, 93, 187 launch, 92, 162–63, 287 KH-10 DORIAN, 31, 32–33, 38–40, 42, 53, 55, 60 KH-11 KENNEN, 86, 161–62, 189, 203–4, 224–25 Columbia’s damaged heat shield, 288–90, 296, 301, 310–11, 316–18, 320, 324, 336–37 development of, 162, 188 launch, 203–4, 224–25, 324 KH-12 Advanced KENNEN (CRYSTAL/IKON), 188, 378 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 224–25 Kiker, John, 126–27 Kindley Field Naval Air Station, 183–84 Kissinger, Henry, 55, 86 Kleinknecht, Kenny, 223 Knoche, Hank, 162 Kokee Park tracking station, 293 kosmolyot, 142 Kosygin, Alexei, 107 Kraft, Chris, 151, 152, 248 Columbia’s damaged heat shield, 324 and Hans Mark, 256–57 heat shield development, 222, 229, 247 John Houbolt’s concern over Columbia, 247, 250 meets NASA’s TFNGs, 198 Shuttle development, 125, 127, 244 Shuttle Training Aircraft program, 158, 161 state of Shuttle program, 219–20 STS-1 launch, 270 STS-1 reentry and landing, 372 Kranz, Gene, 298, 318 Apollo 3 reentry, 348 Columbia’s damaged heat shield, 286–87, 290, 301, 306, 307, 324, 327–29, 333–37, 342, 375 press conferences, 302 Kranz Doctrine, 336, 391 Kubrick, Stanley (2001: A Space Odyssey), 164 Kuiper, Gerard P., 340 Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO), 340–41, 342, 343–44, 353–54 STS-1 reentry and landing, 347–48 systems failure, 361 Kulpa, Major-General John, 187, 188–89, 214 Land, Edwin, 35–36 landing Approach and Landing tests, 151, 165–88 landing gear, 125–26 landing simulations, 135–37 Langley Research Center, 126, 127, 245–47 Larsen, Dr., 124 Lawrence, Bob, 30, 42, 44 Lawyer, Dick, 29–30, 42 Learjet, 285 Lee, Dottie Apollo 11, 3 begins work on Space Shuttle concept, 3–4, 48–51 Columbia’s damaged heat shield, 6, 279, 294, 300–301 final presentation to Walt Williams, 235 LeMay, General Curtis, 15, 31 Leonov, Alexei, 140 Lewis, Chuck, 298, 333 Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, 75 Liberty Star (recovery ship), 270 Liebergot, Sy, 77 Life magazine, 12, 69 Lindberg, Charles, 10 Ling-Temco-Vought Company, 41 Livermore Laboratory, 87–88, 162 Lockheed Corporation, 49, 53, 103, 104 A-12 OXCART, 102, 103 bids to build Shuttle, 106 C-5A Galaxy, 126, 127 C-130 Hercules, 20, 35 C-141 Starlifter, 116, 340–41, 343–44, 353–54, 361 EC-130, 225 F-104 Starfighter, 18, 20, 25, 27–28, 44, 124, 222, 249 F-117 Nighthawk, 136, 213 heat shield, 133, 185–86 JC-130B, 116 Jetstar, 137 large space telescope (LST), 288 NF-104 AeroSpace Trainer, 18 NT-33, 136 P-80 Shooting Star, 22 Shuttle airframe testing, 208 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, 127 Shuttle Training Aircraft, 137 Skunk Works, 49, 102, 103, 162 SR-1 ejection seat, 259 SR-71 Blackbird, 102, 103, 233, 258 T-33, 20, 136 U-2 (spyplane), 36, 49, 102 Lockheed-Martin F-22 Raptor, 136 Los Alamos Laboratories, 388 Los Angeles Air Force Base, 41, 187 Lousma, Jack, 183, 184–85, 209, 377 Lovell, Jim, 76, 77, 78–80, 348 Lovell, Marilyn, 77 Lozino-Lozinskiy, Gleb, 205 Luftwaffe, 140 Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 340 lunar landing training vehicle (“Flying Bedstead”), 135 lunar module, 18 Apollo program, 99 Aquarius, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 Orion, 94–95, 135, 246 simulators, 135 lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR), 245–46 Lunar Rover buggy, 95 Lyulka AL-31 turbofan, 380 M113 tracked armored personnel carrier, 242 MacLean, Alistair (Ice Station Zebra), 34, 35 Macleay, Mac, 29–30, 42, 57, 58 Mahe, Seychelles, 54, 249, 274 Malabar Test Facility, 305, 307, 328 manned maneuvring unit, 234 Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 29–33, 38–44, 68, 118, 388 closure of project, 57–58, 60–61 computer systems, 129 costs, 52–53 DORIAN, 32–33, 38–40, 53, 55, 60 launch, 283, 388 “Magnificent Eight,” 29–30, 44 Manned Space Flight Center, Houston (MSFC), 45–51, 61, 63–70, 83–86, 102–38, 151–64, 227–36, 250–58, 281–98, 320–39, 355–62, 369–75 Apollo program, 99 Faget introduces Space Shuttle concept, 3–4 Firing Room 1, 260, 264, 265, 274 Flight Control, 286, 298, 302, 306, 332, 336 Launch Control, 236, 261, 264, 266, 274, 280 Shuttle’s computer systems, 109 Space Shuttle program, 99 Structures and Mechanics Division (Building 13) airframe testing, 207–8 Columbia’s damaged heat shield, 6, 283, 294, 301, 324–25, 335 heat shield construction concerns, 211, 218 heat shield testing, 223 See also Astronaut Office (NASA); Johnson Space Center; Mission Control manned spaceflight engineers (MSEs), 214 Mark, Hans, 93, 378, 390 at Ames Research Center, 88, 99–100, 131, 162–63, 189, 229, 340 appointed Air Force Secretary, 219, 220–21 appointed deputy administrator of NASA, 248 appointed director of NRO, 187, 203–4, 219, 281 Columbia’s damaged heat shield, 281–82, 287, 293, 296, 311, 337 Freedom space station, 383 Hans-o-grams, 131 heat shield design concerns, 211 heat shield development, 100, 103, 131, 134, 144, 230 Hubble Telescope, 288 interest in intelligent life, 163–64 interest in space, 87 MSEs, 214 Payload Specialists, 164, 214 seeks extra money and time for Shuttle program, 220–21 Shuttle crew selection, 164 Shuttle’s future under Reagan, 240–41 Shuttle’s launch location, 190 Skylab, 121–22 Space Shuttle program, 86–89, 90, 121–22 spy satellites, 287 STS-1, 248, 256–57, 355, 373–74 USAF and CIA’s resistance to Shuttle, 187–88 “The Utility of Military Man in Space,” 213–14 and Wernher von Braun, 88–89, 163, 376 Mark, Herman, 87 Mark, Marion, 164, 204 Mars, 56, 66–67, 257 Marshall Space Flight Center, 99–100, 110 acoustic stress testing, 209, 229 development of Shuttle’s engines, 85, 144, 207 engine testing, 181, 186, 230 Skylab, 113, 185 Space Simulation Branch, 115 Wernher von Braun at, 88 Martin NB-57 Canberra bomber, 20 WB-57F, 214, 215 Martin-Marietta (manufacturers), 42, 144–46, 185, 223, 229, 234 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 109 Mathematica Inc.


pages: 373 words: 80,248

Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle by Chris Hedges

Albert Einstein, AOL-Time Warner, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bear Stearns, Cal Newport, clean water, collective bargaining, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, Glass-Steagall Act, haute couture, Herbert Marcuse, Honoré de Balzac, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, income inequality, Joseph Schumpeter, Naomi Klein, offshore financial centre, Plato's cave, power law, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Seymour Hersh, single-payer health, social intelligence, statistical model, uranium enrichment

Nikolai Volkoff, who wrestled during these years under the name Boris Breznikoff, used to sing the Soviet National Anthem and wave the Soviet flag before matches to bait the crowd. He eventually teamed up with an Iranian-born wrestler, Hossein Khosrow Ali Vaziri, known as The Iron Sheik. In the midst of the Iranian hostage crisis, the Iron Sheik bragged in the ring about his devotion and friendship with Ayatollah Khomeini. The Iron Sheik was regularly pitted against a wrestler known as Sergeant Slaughter, All-American G. I. During the first Gulf War; the Iron Sheik reinvented himself, as often happens with wrestlers who shed one persona and name for another, as Colonel Mustafa, an Iraqi who was a close confidant of Saddam Hussein.

Morgan Chase Jackson, Randy Jameson, Jenna Japan in the Passing Lane: An Insider’s Account of Life in a Japanese Auto Factory (Kamata) Jaxin, Jersey Jefferson, Thomas Jensen, Robert Jerri (Survivor contestant) The Jerry Springer Show (television show) Jesus Christ JM Productions Job losses See also Unemployment Johnson, Chalmers Johnson, Lyndon Johnston, David Cay Jollee, Ariana Jopling, David Journal of Happiness Studies The Jungle (Lewis) Junk politics Justice Department, U.S. Kamata, Satoshi Kane (wrestler) Kant, Immanuel Keller, Bronwen Keltner, Dacher Kenci (porn actress) Kennedy, John F. Kerbel, Jarrett Kerry, John Khomeini, Ayatollah Khosrow Ali Vaziri, Hossein (Iron Sheik) Klein, Naomi Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) schools Known Unknowns: Unconventional “Strategic Shocks” in Defense Strategy Development (Freier) Korten, David Kristy (The Swan contestant) Krypton, Roger Ku Klux Klan Kucinich, Dennis LA Weekly (newspaper) Labor unions LaFarge, Peter Lahde, Andrew Landay, Jonathan Lane, Robert Lane, Sunny Las Vegas, Nevada described porn expo in Lasch, Christopher The Last Honest Place in America (Cooper) The Last Professors: The Corporate University and the Fate of the Humanities (Donoghue) Law, John Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Layfield, John Bradshaw (JBL) Lazarus, Richard S.


pages: 441 words: 135,176

The Edifice Complex: How the Rich and Powerful--And Their Architects--Shape the World by Deyan Sudjic

Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, British Empire, call centre, colonial rule, Columbine, cuban missile crisis, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Frank Gehry, glass ceiling, Great Leap Forward, Guggenheim Bilbao, haute couture, haute cuisine, megastructure, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Armstrong, new economy, New Urbanism, oil shock, Peter Eisenman, Ronald Reagan, Socratic dialogue, urban planning, urban renewal, V2 rocket, Victor Gruen

But they adopted the methods that Attaturk had used to build a secular Turkish state, and in particular his cultural strategy to outflank dissenting Islamists, which depended in equal measure on archaeology and architecture. Before the Shah finally took the controls of his personal Boeing 707 in 1979 and flew off to exile and an early death in Egypt, allowing Ayatollah Khomeini to take power in an orgy of revolutionary violence and religious intolerance, he had embarked on a building campaign that was even more ambitious, though in the end manifestly less successful, than Attaturk’s. He wanted to turn Tehran into the capital of a modern, technocratic nation that would reflect his vision of Iran as one of the world’s leading industrial economies.

In the event, of course, the Shah had packed his bags for exile, leaving his airports, his armed forces, and his infrastructure to the Ayatollahs. Even before the Islamic Republic of Iran closed the Shah’s art galleries and abandoned the plan for the library, the mob had swarmed over the site of the square, ransacking the pavilion in which a huge model of the new city had been on show. It had been flown from London in 1977 on a special Iranian Air Force flight. Tehran’s dispossessed destroyed it in moments and went on to try and dig up the gold foundation stone that the Shah had laid four years earlier. Not long after, the Ayatollahs gleefully dynamited Reza Khan’s tomb. After the hiatus of the revolutionary years, the Chinese eventually finished the metro system.

Helping the Shah bury the solid gold plaque marking the inauguration of construction on the site is Tehran’s last Pahlavi mayor, G. R. Nikpay. He wears a long black robe, embroidered in gold braid around the collar and cuffs, decked in medals, like a hero of the Soviet Union. Within five years, Nikpay would be dead, executed during Khomeini’s bloody settling of accounts. Haussmann’s Paris, it was constantly repeated, was the source for the reconstruction of Tehran. Llewelyn-Davies himself claimed, with what in retrospect sounds like a stunningly blinkered understanding of the closing years of the Shah’s reign, that ‘since Iran is in a period of national resurgence, it is only natural that the capital should become such a monumental expression of national pride.


pages: 389 words: 119,487

21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1960s counterculture, accounting loophole / creative accounting, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, algorithmic trading, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, carbon-based life, Charlie Hebdo massacre, cognitive dissonance, computer age, computer vision, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, DeepMind, deglobalization, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, failed state, fake news, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Freestyle chess, gig economy, glass ceiling, Google Glasses, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, job automation, knowledge economy, liberation theology, Louis Pasteur, low skilled workers, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, means of production, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Mohammed Bouazizi, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, obamacare, pattern recognition, post-truth, post-work, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, restrictive zoning, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Scramble for Africa, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, TED Talk, transatlantic slave trade, trolley problem, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, zero-sum game

Millions of Shiites flock yearly to the holy shrine in Karbala, established where Husayn was martyred, and on the day of Ashura Shiites throughout the world stage mourning rituals, in some cases flagellating and cutting themselves with chains and knives. Yet the importance of Ashura is not limited to one place and one day. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and numerous other Shiite leaders have repeatedly told their followers that ‘every day is Ashura and every place is Karbala’.12 The martyrdom of Husayn at Karbala thus gives meaning to every event, anywhere, any time, and even the most mundane decisions should be seen as having an impact on the great cosmic struggle between good and evil.

N. 310, 315–16 Good Samaritan parable 57 Google 31, 36, 39, 40, 41, 48, 53–4, 68, 77, 78, 90, 91, 178, 282; Glass 92; Maps 54, 55; Translate 262 gorilla 94–5, 98 Gove, Michael 46 Great Barrier Reef, Australian 116 Great Depression 251 Great Ukrainian Famine (1932–3) 33, 238 Greece 13, 154–5, 181; ancient 52, 95–6, 177, 181, 182, 291 greenhouse gases 117, 119 groupthink 218–20, 230 Guardian 306 Guevara, Che 9–10, 11, 133 Gulf War, First (1990–91) 172, 174 Haber, Fritz 194, 195 Haiti 150 Hamas 173 HaMevaser 97 Hammurabi 188 Hamodia 97 happiness xiv, 41–2, 201, 202, 211, 245, 251, 252, 273, 309 Harry Potter 234 Hastings, Battle of (1066) 178–9 Hayek, Friedrich 130, 131 healthcare 11, 16, 40, 112; AI and 22–3, 24–5, 28, 48–9, 50, 106–7; basic level of 41; religion and 128, 129 Hebrew Old Testament 184–96 Hillel the Elder, Rabbi 190 Hinduism 105, 108, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 181, 186, 191, 200, 203, 208, 235, 269– 70, 278, 283–4, 285, 291 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan 235 Hiroshima, atomic bombing of (1945) 112, 115, 178 Hitler, Adolf 9, 11, 66–7, 96, 108, 178, 211, 231, 237, 295 Holocaust 184, 236, 248, 272, 293 Holocene 116 hominids 110, 122 Homo Sapiens: communities, size of 90, 110, 111; disappearance of 122; emergence of 185; emotions and decision-making 58; as post-truth species 233, 238–9, 242; religion and 185, 188, 198; as storytelling animal 269, 275; superhumans and 41, 75, 246; working together in groups 218 homosexuality 50, 61, 135, 200, 205–6, 300 Hsinbyushin, King of Burma 305 Hugh of Lincoln 235–6 human rights xii, 4, 11, 15, 44, 93, 95, 96, 101, 211–12, 306 human sacrifice 289 humility 180, 181–96; ethics before the Bible and 186–90; Jews/Judaism and 182–96; monotheism and 190–3; religion and 181–96; science and 193–5 Hungary 169 hunter-gatherers 73, 100, 108, 111, 147, 187, 218, 224, 226, 230 Hussein, Saddam 180 Huxley, Aldous: Brave New World 251–5 IBM 23, 29, 30–1 identity, mass: religion and 133–7 ignorance 217–22; individuality and 218, 219–20; knowledge illusion, the 218–19; power and 220–2; rationality and 217–18 illness 48–9, 69, 129, 134 immigration xi, 4, 16, 93–4, 108, 115, 138, 139–55 imperialism 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 63, 79, 106, 136, 145, 178, 191–2, 212 Inca 289 incest, secular ethics and 205, 206 India 4, 10, 15, 39, 74, 76, 100, 106, 109, 113, 115, 127, 131, 181, 182, 183, 184, 191, 192, 193, 260, 266, 285–6, 310, 315 Indian Pala Empire 139 individuality: AI and 22, 23, 27; myth of 218–20 Indonesia 10, 14, 26, 102–3, 105 Industrial Revolution 16, 19, 33, 34, 74, 186, 266 inequality see equality information technology/infotech xii, 1, 6, 7, 16, 17, 21, 33, 48, 66, 80–1, 83, 120–1, 176 inorganic life, creation of xii, 78, 122, 246 Inoue, Nissho 305 Inside Out (movie) 249–51, 267 Instagram 301 Institution of Mechanical Engineers 118 intelligence, consciousness and ix, 68–70, 122, 245–6 see also artificial intelligence (AI) International Olympic Committee (IOC) 104 Internet 6, 15, 40, 65, 71, 73, 88, 122, 232, 246, 263 intuition 20–1, 47 Iran 90, 94, 106, 107–8, 120, 130–1, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 173, 181, 200, 289 Iran-Iraq War (1980) 173 Iraq 5, 13, 94, 106, 159, 165, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 210, 219, 288, 295, 296 Islam xi, 13, 15, 17–18, 87, 93–4, 96, 97–8, 101, 106, 107, 126, 127, 133, 137, 161, 168, 169, 177, 181, 183, 184, 186, 191, 196, 199, 248, 289, 295, 296 Islamic fundamentalism 87, 93–4, 97–8, 101, 106, 107, 161, 177, 188, 191, 199, 248, 295, 296 Islamic State 93, 94, 97–8, 101, 106, 107, 177, 188, 191, 199, 248, 295, 296 Isonzo, tenth Battle of the (1917) 160 Israel 15, 42–3, 64–5, 88, 97, 101, 103, 106, 107, 108, 111, 122, 130, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141–2, 160, 163, 173–4, 182, 183–4, 186, 189, 190, 191, 221, 224, 233, 242, 272, 274–5, 277, 290, 294 Israel Defence Forces (IDF) 173 Italy 38, 103, 172, 173, 179, 251, 292, 294, 295 Ivory Coast 103, 188 Japan 13, 54, 107, 119, 120, 135–7, 139, 148, 161, 162, 171, 173, 179–80, 182, 184, 186, 232, 235, 251, 285, 305–6 Jerusalem 15, 57, 165, 183, 239, 274, 279, 298 Jesus 108, 128, 131, 133, 187, 190, 212–13, 237, 283, 284, 289, 291–2, 306 Jewish Enlightenment 194 Jewish Great Revolt (66–70 ad) 239 Jews/Judaism 8, 15, 42–3, 57, 58, 96–7, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 142, 182–7, 188, 189–96, 208, 233, 235–6, 239, 272, 273–4, 279, 284, 289–90 jobs: AI and xiii, 8, 18, 19–43, 59–60, 63, 109, 259–68; education and 259–68; immigration and 139, 141, 149, 152 Johnson, Boris 46 Johnson, Lyndon B. 113, 114 Joinville, Jean de 296 Juche 137 Judah 189 judiciary 4, 44 justice xiii, 188–9, 222, 223–30, 270, 277, 288; complex nature of modern world and 223– 8; effort to know and 224; morality of intentions and 225–6; roots of sense of 223 kamikaze 136 Kanad, Acharya 181 Kant, Immanuel 58–9, 60 Karbala, Iraq 288, 289 Kasparov, Garry 29, 31 KGB 48, 299 Khan, Genghis 175, 179 Khomeini, Ayatollah 130, 131, 288 Kidogo (chimpanzee) 187–8 Kim Il-sung 137 Kim Jong-Il 180 Kim Jong-Un 64 Kinsey scale 50 Kiribati, Republic of 119, 120 Kita, Ikki 305 knowledge illusion, the 218–19 Korea 104, 135, 137, 171, 180, 275, 285 Labour Party 45 Laozi 190, 267 Leave campaign 46 Lebanon 173 Leviticus 189 LGBT 135, 200 liberalism/liberal democracy xii, xiv, xv, 3–4, 33, 46, 55, 141, 154–5, 210, 217, 237, 301; AI and 6–9, 17–8, 43, 44–72, 217, 220, 230; alternatives to 5, 11–15, 17; birth of 33; choice and 45–6, 297–300; crisis/loss of faith in x, xi, xiv–xv, 1, 3–18, 44, 45, 46, 55, 141; crises faced by, periodic 9–18; education and 261;elections/referendums and 45–6, 210–11; equality and 74, 76, 80; immigration and 4, 138, 141, 142–3, 144; individual, faith in 44–9, 55, 217, 220, 230, 297–302; liberty and 44–72; meaning of life stories and 297–302; nationalism and 11, 14–15, 112; reinvention of 16–17; secular ethics and 210 Liberation Theology 133 liberty xii, xiii, 3, 4, 10–11, 17, 44–72, 83, 108, 204, 211, 299; AI future development and 68–72; authority shift from humans to AI 43, 44–72, 78, 268; decision-making and 47–61; digital dictatorships and 61–8; free will/feelings, liberal belief in 44–6 Libya 5, 172, 173 life expectancy 41, 107, 109, 260, 264, 265 Life of Brian (film) 186, 220 Lincoln Cathedral 236 Lincoln, Abraham 12 Lion King, The (movie) 270–1, 273, 275–6, 297, 299 Lockerbie bombing, Pan Am flight 103 (1988) 160 Lody (chimpanzee) 187–8 logic bombs 77, 178 Louis IX, King of France 296 Louis XIV, King of France 66, 96 Louis XVI, King of France 207 Lucas, George 298 Luhansk People’s Republic 232 machine learning 8, 19, 25, 30, 31, 33, 64, 65, 67, 245, 267, 268 Mahabharata 181 Mahasatipatthana Sutta 303 Mahavira 190 Maimonides 193 Maji Maji Rebellion (1905–7) 239 Mali 229 Manchester Arena bombing (May, 2017) 160 Manchukuo 232 Manchuria 180 Mansoura, Battle of (1250) 296 Markizova, Gelya 237 martyrs 287–9, 295–6 Marx, Karl 94, 130, 131, 133, 209, 210, 213, 246, 248, 262; The Communist Manifesto 262, 273 Marxism 15, 137, 209–10, 213 Marxism-Leninism 12, 137 Mashhad, Iran 289 Mass, Christian ceremony of 283 Matrix, The (movie) 245, 246–8, 249, 255 Maxim gun 178 May, Theresa 114 Maya 186, 193 McIlvenna, Ted 200 meaning xiii–xiv, 269–308; Buddhism and 302–6; stories and 269–83, 291–8, 301–2, 306–8; individual/liberalism and 297–302; rituals and 283–91; romance and 280–1; successful stories 276–7 meat, clean 118–19 media: government control of 12–13; post-truth and 238; terrorism and 166, 167 Meir, Golda 233 Merkel, Angela 95, 96, 97 Mesha Stele 191 Mesopotamia 189 Methodism 200 #MeToo movement xi, 164 Mexican border wall 8 Mexican-American war (1846–48) 172 Mexico 8, 106, 151, 172, 260, 261, 266 Mickiewicz, Adam 307 Middle East 13, 15, 78, 106, 139, 142, 143, 161, 173, 175, 177, 188, 193, 199, 296 Mill, John Stuart 58, 60 Milwaukee County Zoo 187 mind, meditation and 310–18 Mishra, Pankaj 94 Mitsui 305 Moab 191 Modi, Narendra 114, 179 morality see justice Moses, prophet 186–7, 188–9, 274 movies, AI and 51–2, 69, 245–51, 255, 267, 268 Mubarak, Hosni 63 Muhammad, Prophet 15, 94, 181, 182, 187, 288 Mumbai x, 17 Murph (chimpanzee) 188 music, AI and 25–8 Muslims 13, 55, 62, 63, 93–4, 96, 98, 100, 104, 107, 130–3, 134, 143, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 165, 172, 181, 184, 185, 190, 191, 193, 200, 203–4, 208, 230, 233, 235, 271–2, 284, 288, 292, 295, 296, 306 Mussolini, Benito 295 My Lai massacre (1968) 62, 63 Myanmar 306 Nakhangova, Mamlakat 237–8 nanotechnology 76 national liberation movements 10 nationalism xi, 14, 83, 109, 110–26, 132, 160, 176–7, 179, 181, 230, 241, 309; AI and 120–6; benefits of 111–12; ecological crisis and xi, 115–20, 121, 122–3, 124; Europe and 124–5; fascism and 292–5; ideology, lack of unifying 176–7; liberalism, as alternative to 11–15, 17, 112; nostalgia and 14–15; nuclear weapons and 112–15, 121–2, 123, 124; origins of 110–12; post-truth and 231–3; religion and 137–8, 305, 307; rituals/sacrifice and 286–8, 292–5; story and meaning of 272, 273–5, 276, 277–8, 280, 286–7, 292–5, 306–8; suffering and 306–8; technology and 120–2, 123–4 National Rifle Association (NRA) 291–2 Native American Indians 79, 147, 185, 186, 191 NATO 175, 177, 231 natural selection 58, 93, 94, 122 Nazi Germany 10, 66, 96, 134, 136, 212, 213, 226, 237, 251, 279, 295 Nepal 103 Netanyahu, Benjamin 173, 179, 221 Netflix 52, 55 Netherlands 10, 14, 38, 186 neuroscience 20 New York Times 243 New Zealand 76, 105 Ngwale, Kinjikitile 239 Nigeria 90, 101, 103, 127, 159, 165 Nile: Basin 113; River 111; Valley 172, 296 9/11 159, 160, 161, 162–3, 166, 168, 195 Nobel Prize 193, 194, 195 North Korea 4, 64, 106, 107–8, 137, 138, 169, 171, 178 Northern Ireland: Troubles 132 nuclear weapons/war 14, 34, 107–8, 112–15, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 137, 138, 154, 165, 167–70, 178, 179, 181 Nuda, Yuzu 54 nurses 24, 107 Obama, Barack 4, 12, 15–16, 98, 151, 168 oligarchy 12–13, 15, 76, 176 Olympics: (1016) (Medieval) 103–5; (1980) 103; (1984) 103; (2016) 101–2; (2020) 105; Christian emperors suppress 192 opportunity costs 168 Orthodox Christianity 13, 15, 137, 138, 183, 237, 282, 308 Orwell, George 63, 64; Nineteen Eighty-Four 52, 252 Oscar (chimpanzee) 188 Ottoman Empire 153 Pakistan 102, 153, 159, 200, 286 Palestinians 64–5, 101, 103, 160, 233, 274, 275, 282 Paris terror attacks (November, 2015) 160, 295–6 Parks, Rosa 207, 299 Passover 284 Pasteur, Louis 299 pattern recognition 20 Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 135, 161, 162 Pegu, King of 305 Pentagon 162 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 178 Peter the Great 175 Phelps, Michael 102 Philippines 127, 161 phosphorus 116 Picasso, Pablo 299 Pixar 249–50 Plato 181, 182 Pokémon Go 92 Poland 15, 103, 137, 142, 169, 177, 186, 231, 279–80, 307–8 polar regions, ice melt in 117 post-truth xiii, 230, 231–45; action in face of 242–4; branding/advertising and 238; history of 231–3; Homo Sapiens as post-truth species 233–6; knowledge and belief, line between 240–2; nation states and 236–8; scientific literature and 243–4; truth and power, relationship between 241–2; uniting people and 239–40 Pravda 237, 243 Princeton Theological Seminary 57 Protestants 108, 132, 213 Putin, Vladimir 12, 13, 15, 80, 114, 175, 176, 177, 231, 232, 233, 238 Qatar 142 Qin Dynasty 171 Quran 127, 130, 131, 132, 181, 198, 233, 235, 272, 298 racism 60, 137, 141, 142, 146, 147, 150–2, 154, 182, 185, 190, 226 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 286 rationality 45, 47, 180, 217–18, 219, 220, 282 Reagan, Ronald 44 refugees x, 117, 123, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 148, 155, 205 regulation: AI and 6, 22, 34–5, 61, 77–81, 123; environmental 118, 130, 133, 219, 225 religion xi–xii, xiii, 14, 17, 46, 57, 83, 106, 108, 126, 127–38, 160, 248, 255, 260; authority and 46–7; community and 89, 91; distortions of ancient traditions and 96–8; economics and 33, 106; future of humanity and 127–8; God/gods and see God and gods; humility and 181–96; identity and 128, 133–7; immigration and 141–3, 144, 153; meaning of life stories and see meaning; meditation and 315–16; monotheism, birth of 190–3; nationalism and 15, 17, 137–8, 309; policy problems (economics) and 128, 130–3; post-truth and 233–7, 239, 241; science and 127–30, 193–5; secularism and see secularism; technical problems (agriculture) and 127–30; unemployment and 42–3 see also under individual religion name renewable energy 118, 120, 127, 128–30 robots 249, 250; inequality and 76–7; jobs/work and 19, 22, 24, 29–30, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42; as soldiers 61–8, 76–7, 168; war between humans and 70, 246 Rokia 229 Roman Empire 177, 184, 191, 192, 235, 239, 282 Romania 103, 169 Russia 5, 9, 12–13, 15, 64, 76, 100, 101, 105, 113, 114, 119–20, 122, 134, 135, 137, 137, 138, 139, 168–9, 171, 174–7, 179, 182, 231–2, 236, 237, 238, 242, 248, 251, 260, 277, 294, 307, 308 see also Soviet Union Sabbath, Jewish 188, 189, 290 sacrifice 60–1, 91, 112, 120, 136, 141, 182, 190, 274, 275, 279, 283–91, 302–3, 305, 307, 308 Sanders, Bernie 292 Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (Harari) 183 Saudi Arabia 102, 120, 131, 134, 135, 137, 139, 148 science fiction 51, 61, 68–9, 70, 244, 245–55; Brave New World 251–5; free will, Inside Out and concept of 249–51; intelligence with consciousness, confusion of 68–9, 246; mind’s inability to free itself from manipulation 245–55; ‘self’, definition of and 255; technology used to manipulate/control human beings, outlines dangers of 246–9; The Matrix 245, 246–8, 249, 255; The Truman Show 246–7, 248, 255, 268 scientific literature 243–4 Scientific Revolution 193, 195 Scotland: independence referendum (2014) 124–5 Second World War (1939–45) 3, 10, 11, 100, 123, 124, 179–80, 184, 293 secularism 42, 127, 130, 143, 183, 194, 195, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203–14, 229–30, 290; compassion and 205–6; courage and 207–8; definition of 203; equality and 206–7; freedom and 207; secular ideal/ethics of 204–9; Stalin and 209–10, 212 Serbia 175, 275, 276, 282 sexuality: AI and 50; law and 61; liberalism and 299; religion and 200, 300; secularism and 205–6 Shakespeare, William 25, 55–6, 252; Hamlet 297 Shechtman, Dan 194 Shiite Muslims 131, 134, 137, 138, 288–9 Shinto 135–7, 186 Shulhan Arukh (code of Jewish law) 195 Shwedagon Pagoda, Burma 305 Siam 304–5 Sikhs 186, 284 Silicon Valley 39, 76, 85, 178, 217, 299 skin colour 151, 152 slavery 96, 148, 151, 177, 226 Sloman, Steven 218 smart bomb 136 social media 50 solar energy 119, 120 soldiers, AI and 61–8, 76–7, 168 Somme, Battle of the (1 July, 1916) 160 Song Empire, Chinese 104, 259 South Africa 13, 76 South East Asia 100 South Korea 13, 120 Soviet Union 5, 8, 9, 10, 15, 48, 65, 103, 114, 169, 172, 174–5, 176, 209–10, 237–8, 248, 279, 280, 299 see also Russia Spain 48, 124, 125, 236, 260, 289 Spanish Inquisition 48, 96, 199, 212, 213, 289, 299 speciation (divergence of mankind into biological castes or different species) 76 Spinoza 193 Srebrenica massacre (1995) 62–3 St Paul the Apostle 190 Stalin, Joseph 66, 67, 96, 175, 176, 209–10, 211, 212, 237, 238, 243 Stockfish 8 31 Stone Age 73, 86, 182, 187, 217, 218, 233 stress 32, 57, 264 strongmen 5, 165 Suez Canal 172 suffering: AI and xii, 49; Buddhism and 303–4; fake news and 242; meditation and 309, 313; nation states and 307–8; reality and 242, 286–7, 306–8; sacrifice and 287, 289; secular ethics and 201, 205–9 Sumerian city states 188 Sunni Muslims 104, 131, 134 superhumans 41, 75, 211–12, 246 surveillance systems 63–5 Sweden 101, 105, 112, 141 Syria 13, 29, 93, 94, 106, 114, 139, 141, 147, 148, 159, 171, 173, 175, 176, 223, 228, 261, 295, 296 Taiwan 100, 102, 104, 135 Taliban 30, 101, 153 Talmud 42, 43, 97, 132, 183, 186, 189, 193, 235 Tasmanians, aboriginal 227 tax 6, 37, 40, 90–1, 105, 118, 130, 205, 286, 291 Tea Party 219, 291 technology 87; animal welfare and 118–19; ecological collapse and 118–19, 122–3; education and 266–8; equality and 72–81; human bodies and 88–9; liberal democracy and 6–9, 16, 17–18; liberty and 44–72; nationalism and 120–4; science fiction and 245–55; threat from future xii–xiii, xiv, 1–81, 123, 176, 178–9, 245–55, 259–68; war and 99–100, 123, 176, 178–9; work and 19–43 see also artificial intelligence (AI) and under individual are of technology Tel el-Kebir, Battle of (1882) 172 television, AI and 51–2 Temple of Yahweh, Jerusalem 15 Ten Commandments 186, 187, 199, 291 Tencent (technology company) 40, 41, 77 terrorism: AI and 65, 69; etymology 159; fear of xi, xiii, 93, 155, 159–70, 217, 237, 249; media and 166, 167, 170; nuclear weapons 167–70; numbers killed by 23, 159; state reaction to 163–7; strategy of 159–63; suicide/martyrdom 295–6 Tesla 59, 60–1 Thatcher, Margaret 44–5 Theodosian Decrees (391) 192 Theodosius, Roman Emperor 192 Third World War see war 3-D printers 39 Tibet 232 Tiranga (tricolor) (Indian national flag) 285–6 Tojo, General 180 Torah 190, 194 trolley problems 57, 60 Truman Show, The (movie) 246–7, 248, 255, 268 Trump, Donald xi, 5, 8, 9, 11, 14–15, 40, 114, 150–1, 232, 233, 312 truth 12, 54, 215–55; Google and 54; ignorance and 217–22; justice and 223–30; meditation and see meditation; nationalism and 277–8, 293; post-truth and xiii, 231–45; reality and 306–8; science fiction and 245–55; secular commitment to 204–14; suffering and 308 Tsuyoshi, Inukai 305 Tunisia xi Turkey 5, 15, 127, 141, 169, 181, 260 Twitter 91, 235, 238 Ukraine 33, 101, 114, 169, 174, 176, 177, 219, 231–2, 238, 242 ultra-Orthodox Jews 42–3, 97, 195 Umayyad caliphs 94 unemployment 8, 18, 19, 21, 30, 32–3, 34, 37, 43 see also jobs United Nations 15, 101; Declaration of Human Rights 211 United States 4, 5, 8, 11, 14–15, 24, 29, 33, 39, 40, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 76, 79, 94, 96, 99–100, 103–4, 106, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 127, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136, 142, 145, 147, 150–1, 152, 159, 161, 162, 165, 168, 169, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 182, 185, 191, 194, 200, 219, 227, 230, 231, 236, 242, 275 Universal Basic Income (UBI) 37–43 universe, age of 274 university, deciding what to study at 54–5 University of Oxford 310 US Air Force (USAF) 29, 30 useless class 18, 30, 32, 121 US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 24 US presidential election: (1964) 113, 114; (2016) 8, 85 Vedas 127, 131, 132, 198, 235, 240, 298 Victoria, Queen 15, 178 Vietnam 14, 100, 104, 176, 285 Vietnam War (1955–75) 62, 63, 100, 172, 173 violence: ethics and 200–2; nationalism and 112; number of deaths attributed to 16, 114; terrorism and see terrorism; war and see war Vipassana meditation 310, 312, 315–16 Vishwamitra 181 Wahhabism 137 Waksman, Selman 194 Walt Disney Pictures 249–51, 267, 270 war xi, xiii, 138, 170, 171–80; AI and 61–8, 123–4; economy and 177–9; possibility of 123–4, 138, 170, 171–80; religion and 138; spreads ideas, technology and people 99–100; stupidity/folly and 179–80; successful wars, decline in number of 171–80; technological disruption increases likelihood of 123–4 Warmland (fictional nation) 148–50, 152–4 War on Terror 168 Watson (IBM computer system) 20–1 weapons 123, 136, 212, 224–5; autonomous weapons systems 63; nuclear 14, 34, 107–8, 112–15, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 137, 138, 154, 165, 167–70, 178, 179, 181; terrorism and see terrorism; weapons of mass destruction xiv, 167–70 welfare state xii, 10–11, 76 West Bank 64–5, 224 White Memorial Retreat Center, California 200 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 95, 96 William the Conqueror 178–9 Willow (movie) 298 Wirathu, Ashin 306 work/employment, AI and 18, 19–43 see also jobs World Health Organization (WHO) 22–3 Wright brothers 181, 299 Xi Jinping 12 Yahweh 15, 191, 291 Yemen 173, 195 YouTube 50, 102 Yugoslavia 169 Zakkai, Rabbi Yochanan ben 195 Zen meditation 305–6 Zionism 111, 184, 233, 272, 273–4, 276, 279 Zuckerberg, Mark 80, 81, 85–6, 87, 88, 89–90, 93 @vintagebooks penguin.co.uk/vintage This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law.

Ancient scriptures are just not a good guide for modern economics, and the main fault lines – for example between capitalists and socialists – don’t correspond to the divisions between traditional religions. True, in countries such as Israel and Iran rabbis and ayatollahs have a direct say about the government’s economic policy, and even in more secular countries such as the United States and Brazil religious leaders influence public opinion on matters ranging from taxation to environmental regulations. Yet a closer look reveals that in most of these cases, traditional religions really play second fiddle to modern scientific theories. When Ayatollah Khamenei needs to make a crucial decision about the Iranian economy, he will not be able to find the necessary answer in the Quran, because seventh-century Arabs knew very little about the problems and opportunities of modern industrial economies and global financial markets.


On Power and Ideology by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, feminist movement, guns versus butter model, imperial preference, land reform, launch on warning, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, union organizing

Domestic policies too are conducted in the interest of dominant elites, but are often quite costly for the general population: militarization of the society, for example. To mobilize the population and recalcitrant allies in support of costly domestic programs and foreign adventures, it is necessary to appeal to the fear of some Great Satan, to adopt the Ayatollah Khomeini’s useful contribution to political rhetoric. The Cold War confrontation provides a useful means. Of course, it is necessary to avoid direct confrontation with the Great Satan himself, this being far too dangerous. It is preferable to confront weak and defenseless powers designated as proxies of the Great Satan.

Recall that under the Orwellian principles of Western logic, it is a matter of definition, not of fact, that the United States is never the agent of subversion or aggression; hence by simple logic, enemies of the United States must be guilty of subversion and aggression in their own countries if they act in ways displeasing to the Master and come into conflict with his designs. One might, incidentally, imagine the reaction in the West if some top Soviet military commander, or Moammar Qaddafi or Khomeini, were to issue such pronouncements about the use of nuclear weapons. Some of the 19 incidents when U.S. strategic nuclear forces were involved might surprise you. At least, they surprised me when I learned about them. One such occasion, for example, was an election in Uruguay in 1947. Another was the CIA coup in Guatemala in 1954.


Arabs: A 3,000 Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires by Tim Mackintosh-Smith

Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, colonial rule, disinformation, domestication of the camel, Donald Trump, European colonialism, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, George Santayana, invention of movable type, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, liberation theology, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, New Urbanism, out of africa, Pax Mongolica, plutocrats, post-truth, Scramble for Africa, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, trade route

And the new Persian would be interwoven with Arabic words, a richly figured linguistic carpet. But the warp, the basis, was Iranian. From the Caspian to the Gulf a cultural curtain, a Persian purdah, descended across the gates of the east. Beyond it would flourish Firdawsi, Sa’di, Hafiz, and a whole Persianate future all the way to Safavid Iran, Mughal India and Ayatollah Khomeini. It was in the west that arabness persisted, even intensified. However, that did not mean Arab political unity; far from it. THE ALCHEMY OF ARABNESS It was the interconnectedness of their empire that helped the rot run wild through Arab rule. Even in Egypt, it was those mobile and troublesome Turks from furthest Central Asia who were the first to challenge the sovereignty of Baghdad.

Here was an Islam that was not uniting and empowering impoverished tribesmen, but taking over a wealthy state whose regime was backed by one of the two latest ‘lions’, the United States. The fight against old-fashioned colonialism had already been won, in the decades immediately following the Second World War; the fight against the new cultural and economic imperialism of the Cold War could triumph too – with the blessing of Allah (or at least, in His name, of Ayatollah Khomeini), rather than of Nasser or Che Guevara. The third factor came into operation when, at the end of that same year, 1979, the second, Soviet, lion pounced on Afghanistan. From 1983, this time with the blessing of the United States as well as of Allah, Arab fighters went to join the Afghan resistance.

Sinan al-Absi (i), (ii) Khalid b. al-Walid (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) khalifah, khilafah see caliphate kharaj (land tax) (i) Kharijis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Khartum (i) Khashoggi, Jamal (i) khatibs (orators; later, preachers) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Khawlan (tribe) (i) khayal al-zill (shadow-puppet theatre) (i) Khaybar (i) Khazars (i), (ii) Khazraj (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) Khirbat al-Mafjar (i) Khomeini, Ayatollah (i), (ii), (iii) Khrushchev, Nikita Plate 19 Khurasan and Khurasanis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi) ‘Khusraw’ (general term for Sasanian shahs) (i), (ii) Khusraw Anushiruwan, Shah (i) Khuza’ah (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii) Khuzistan (i) Khwarizm (i) Khwarizm Shah (i) Kilito, Abdelfattah (i) Kilwa Kisiwani (i), (ii), (iii) Kindah (tribe) and Kindis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv) al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya’qub (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) Kipling, Rudyard (i), (ii) al-Kisa’i (i) Kish Island (i) Kishk, Muhammad Jalal (i) Kollam (i) Krishna (deity) (i), (ii) al-Kufah and Kufans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv) Kulayb (Taghlibi chief) (i), (ii), (iii) Kumyah (Berber tribe) (i) Kurds (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) Kuwait (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) al-Kuwayk (i) Kyrgyzstan (i) Labid (i) Lakhm (tribe) and Lakhmid dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii) Lane, Edward William (i), (ii) Lar (i) Laroui, Abdallah (i) al-Lat (deity) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Latin language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) Lawrence, T.E.


pages: 303 words: 83,564

Exodus: How Migration Is Changing Our World by Paul Collier

Ayatollah Khomeini, Boris Johnson, charter city, classic study, Edward Glaeser, experimental economics, first-past-the-post, full employment, game design, George Akerlof, global village, guest worker program, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, language acquisition, mass immigration, mirror neurons, moral hazard, open borders, radical decentralization, risk/return, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transaction costs, University of East Anglia, white flight, zero-sum game

This has most surely left Sri Lankan Tamils worse off than had the diaspora been quiescent. Nor is the existence of safe havens from bad governments unambiguously beneficial. The regime of the Russian czars epitomized misgovernance, but the return of Lenin from safe haven in Switzerland frustrated what might otherwise have been a transition to democracy. Similarly, the return of Ayatollah Khomeini to Iran from safe haven in France scarcely ushered in an era of sweetness and light. While in such extreme instances governments are right to fear diasporas, more commonly policies of discouragement appear to be based on little more than resentment at success. For example, Haiti, with its huge latent diaspora asset, has denied migrants the right to dual citizenship.

See income inequality income inequality capital endowment and, 28 capital mobility and, 28–29 factors explaining, 27–28 global aspects of, 28, 37–40, 50 marketization’s impact on, 84, 233 migration and, 38–41, 44–47, 49–50, 166, 251–252, 267, 271 technology’s impact on, 83–84 India brain gain versus brain drain in, 218, 220, 252 economic growth in, 39, 201 education investment in, 200–201 migration study from, 173–174 remittances to, 207 indigenous populations in host countries education competition and, 119–120 emigration by, 128–131 fatalism among, 119 happiness of, 138–139 migration policy and, 245 migration’s impact on housing for, 114–117, 123, 165, 254 migration’s impact on the happiness of, 138–139 migration’s impact on wages for, 111–113, 123, 129, 131, 136, 169–170, 253–254, 258, 261 migration’s impact on worker training for, 126–128 social networks among, 107–108, 242 trust levels among, 74–75, 81, 105, 141 values of, 243–244 individualism, 231–233 Indonesia, 200 international trade, 23, 36, 271 Iraq, 193 Ireland economic boom in, 130 famine in, 94, 215 migration from, 92, 94, 215 Protestants in, 94 Israel, 93, 247–249 Istanbul (Turkey), 216, 221 Italy, 123 Jamaica, 80, 200, 214 Japan, 12, 33, 132 Johnson, Boris, 96–97 Johnson, Simon, 93 Kahneman, Daniel, 6, 14, 78, 175 Kant, Immanuel, 260 Kenya cooperation study from, 76, 239–240 ethnic identity in, 240 remittances and, 206 schooling in, 196–197 Kenyatta, Jomo, 240 Keynes, John Maynard, 30, 198 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 188 Koopmans, Ruud, 107 Kranton, Rachel, 32–33, 192, 204, 238 Labour Party (Great Britain), 15, 21, 103 “ladder of life” metric, 172–174 language assimilation and, 70, 98–99, 107, 242, 264, 270 and cultural distance and, 77 identity and, 70, 73 multiculturalism and, 107 Laos, 200 Latin America.


pages: 478 words: 142,608

The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins

Albert Einstein, anthropic principle, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bletchley Park, Boeing 747, Brownian motion, cosmological principle, David Attenborough, Desert Island Discs, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Fellow of the Royal Society, gravity well, Gregor Mendel, invisible hand, John von Neumann, Jon Ronson, luminiferous ether, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Murray Gell-Mann, Necker cube, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, placebo effect, planetary scale, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Feynman, Schrödinger's Cat, scientific worldview, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, the scientific method, theory of mind, Thorstein Veblen, trickle-down economics, unbiased observer

If only such subtle, nuanced religion predominated, the world would surely be a better place, and I would have written a different book. The melancholy truth is that this kind of understated, decent, revisionist religion is numerically negligible. To the vast majority of believers around the world, religion all too closely resembles what you hear from the likes of Robertson, Falwell or Haggard, Osama bin Laden or the Ayatollah Khomeini. These are not straw men, they are all too influential, and everybody in the modern world has to deal with them. I’m an atheist, but I wish to dissociate myself from your shrill, strident, intemperate, intolerant, ranting language. Actually, if you look at the language of The God Delusion, it is rather less shrill or intemperate than we regularly take in our stride – when listening to political commentators for example, or theatre, art or book critics.

In the United States of recent years the phrase ‘American Taliban’ was begging to be coined, and a swift Google search nets more than a dozen websites that have done so. The quotations that they anthologize, from American religious leaders and faith-based politicians, chillingly recall the narrow bigotry, heartless cruelty and sheer nastiness of the Afghan Taliban, the Ayatollah Khomeini and the Wahhabi authorities of Saudi Arabia. The web page called ‘The American Taliban’ is a particularly rich source of obnoxiously barmy quotations, beginning with a prize one from somebody called Ann Coulter who, American colleagues have persuaded me, is not a spoof, invented by The Onion: ‘We should invade their countries, kill their leaders and convert them to Christianity.’119 Other gems include Congressman Bob Dornan’s ‘Don’t use the word “gay” unless it’s an acronym for “Got Aids Yet?”’

On this model, Roman Catholicism and Islam, say, were not necessarily designed by individual people, but evolved separately as alternative collections of memes that flourish in the presence of other members of the same memeplex. Organized religions are organized by people: by priests and bishops, rabbis, imams and ayatollahs. But, to reiterate the point I made with respect to Martin Luther, that doesn’t mean they were conceived and designed by people. Even where religions have been exploited and manipulated to the benefit of powerful individuals, the strong possibility remains that the detailed form of each religion has been largely shaped by unconscious evolution.


pages: 496 words: 131,938

The Future Is Asian by Parag Khanna

3D printing, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Basel III, bike sharing, birth tourism , blockchain, Boycotts of Israel, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, carbon footprint, cashless society, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, colonial rule, commodity super cycle, computer vision, connected car, corporate governance, CRISPR, crony capitalism, cross-border payments, currency peg, death from overwork, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Didi Chuxing, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, driverless car, dual-use technology, energy security, European colonialism, factory automation, failed state, fake news, falling living standards, family office, financial engineering, fixed income, flex fuel, gig economy, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, green transition, haute couture, haute cuisine, illegal immigration, impact investing, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, initial coin offering, Internet of things, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, light touch regulation, low cost airline, low skilled workers, Lyft, machine translation, Malacca Straits, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, megacity, megaproject, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, money market fund, Monroe Doctrine, mortgage debt, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, new economy, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, Parag Khanna, payday loans, Pearl River Delta, prediction markets, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Scramble for Africa, self-driving car, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, smart cities, SoftBank, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, synthetic biology, systems thinking, tech billionaire, tech worker, trade liberalization, trade route, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, upwardly mobile, urban planning, Vision Fund, warehouse robotics, Washington Consensus, working-age population, Yom Kippur War

The Gulf countries used this oil windfall to kick off massive infrastructural modernization powered by millions of South Asian laborers and white-collar workers. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, 1 million Koreans also went to the Gulf states to complete megaengineering projects. Other upheavals shook the Arab and Islamic domains. In early 1979, more than two thousand years of Persian monarchic tradition collapsed as the Ayatollah Khomeini ousted Iran’s Pahlavi monarchy and declared an Islamic Republic. Later that year, Sunni extremists held 100,000 worshippers hostage at the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Both Saudi Arabia and Iran began to push their respective strains of Islam outward, especially in Pakistan. In December 1979, amid political chaos in Afghanistan, the Soviet Union invaded the country to install a loyalist government, inspiring fierce resistance from Muslim nations backed by the United States.

., 49, 265, 316 Ganges region, 29, 32 Ganges River, 33, 35, 46 “Gangnam Style” (music video), 343 Gates, Bill, 317 Geely, 194 General Electric, 110, 168, 211 Genghis Khan, 39–40 Georgia, Republic of, 59 technocracy in, 307 Germany, Nazi, 50 Germany, unified: Arab refugees in, 255 Asian immigrants in, 253, 254, 256 Asia’s relations with, 242 multiparty consensus in, 284 Ginsberg, Allen, 331 Giving Pledge, 317 Global-is-Asian, 22 globalization: Asia and, 8–9, 162, 357–59; see also Asianization growth of, 14 global order, see world order Goa, 44, 89, 186 Göbekli Tepe, 28 Goguryeo Kingdom, 34 Go-Jek, 187 Golden Triangle, 123 Google, 199, 200, 208–9, 219 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 58 governance: digital technology in, 318–19 inclusive policies in, 303 governance, global: Asia and, 321–25 infrastructure and, 322 US and, 321 government: effectiveness of, 303 trust in, 291, 310 violence against minorities by, 308–9 Government Accountability Office (GAO), 293 GrabShare, 174–75 grain imports, Asian, 90 Grand Canal, China, 37, 42 Grand Trunk Road, 33 Great Britain: Asian investments in, 247 Brexit vote in, 283–84, 286, 293–94 civil service in, 293–94 colonial empire of, 46–47 industrialization in, 46 Iran and, 252 populism in, 283–84 South Asian immigrants in, 253, 254 West Asian mandates of, 49–50 Great Game, 47 Great Leap Forward, 55 Great Wall of China, 31 Greece, 60, 91, 248 Greeks, ancient, 29, 34 greenhouse gas emissions, 176–77, 182 gross domestic product (GDP), 2, 4, 150 Grupo Bimbo, 272 Guam, 50, 136 Guangdong, 42, 98 Guangzhou (Canton), 37, 48, 68 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 58, 101, 102 Gulf states (Khaleej), 6, 9, 57, 62, 81 alternative energy projects in, 251 Asianization of, 100–106 China and, 101, 102 European investment in, 251 India and, 102 Israel and, 99–100, 105 Japan and, 102 oil and gas exports of, 62, 74, 100–101, 176 South Asian migrants in, 334 Southeast Asia’s trade with, 102 South Korea and, 102 technocracy in, 311–12 US arms sales to, 101 women in, 315 see also specific countries Gulliver, Stuart, 148, 150 Gupta Empire, 35 H-1B visas, 219 Hamas, 59, 100, 139 Hamid, Mohsin, 184 Han Dynasty, 32, 33, 34, 300 Hanoi, 180 Han people, 31–32, 37, 69 Harappa, 29 Hardy, Alfredo Toro, 275 Hariri, Saad, 95 Harun al-Rashid, Caliph, 37 Harvard University, 230 Haushofer, Karl, 1 health care, 201–2 Helmand River, 107 Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, 75 Herodotus, 30 heroin, 106–7 Hezbollah, 58, 95, 96, 106 Hindus, Hinduism, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 70–71 in Southeast Asia, 121 in US, 220, 221 Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 51 Hispanic Americans, 217 history, Asian view of, 75 history textbooks: Asia nationalism in, 27–28 global processes downplayed in, 28 Western focus of, 27–28, 67–68 Hitler, Adolf, 50 Ho, Peter, 289 Ho Chi Minh, 52 Ho Chi Minh City, 56 Honda, 275 Hong Kong, 56, 74 American expats in, 234 art scene in, 342 British handover of, 60, 141 civil society in, 313 Hongwu, Ming emperor, 42 honor killings, 315 Hormuz, Strait of, 103, 106 hospitality industry, 190, 214 Houthis, 106, 107 Huan, Han emperor, 33–34 Hulagu Khan, 40 Human Rights Watch, 313 human trafficking, 318 Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 37 Hungary, 40, 248, 256 Huns, 35, 76 hunter-gatherers, 28 Huntington, Samuel, 15 Hu Shih, 332 Hussein, Saddam, 58, 62, 101 Hyundai, 104 IBM, 212 I Ching, 30 Inclusive Development Index (IDI), 150 income inequality: in Asia, 183–84 in US, 228, 285 India, 101, 104 Afghanistan and, 118 Africa and, 264–66 AI research in, 200 alternative energy programs in, 178–79, 322 Asian investments of, 118 Australia and, 128 British Raj in, 46, 49 charitable giving in, 316–17 China and, 19–20, 113, 117–18, 155, 156, 332 civil society in, 313 in Cold War era, 52, 55, 56 corporate debt in, 170 corruption in, 161, 305 demonetization in, 184, 186–87 diaspora of, 333–34 early history of, 29, 30–31 economic growth of, 9, 17, 148, 185–86 elections in, 63 European trade partnerships with, 250–51 expansionist period in, 38, 41–42 failure of democracy in, 302 family-owned businesses in, 160 film industry in, 349–51 financial markets in, 186 foreign investment in, 192 gender imbalance in, 315 global governance in, 322–23 global image of, 331–32 Gulf states and, 102 inclusive policies in, 304 infrastructure investment in, 63, 110, 185 Iran and, 116, 118 Israel and, 98–99 IT industry in, 204, 275 Japan and, 134, 156 Latin America and, 275 manufacturing in, 192 as market for Western products and services, 207 naval forces of, 105 Northeast Asia and, 154–55 oil and gas imports of, 96, 107–8, 176 Pakistan and, 53, 55, 61, 77–78, 117–18 partitioning of, 52–53 pharmaceutical industry in, 228, 275 population of, 15, 186 in post–Cold War era, 61, 62 privatization in, 170 returnees in, 226 Russia and, 86–87 service industry in, 192 Southeast Asia and, 154–55 special economic zones in, 185 spiritual heritage of, 332 technocracy in, 304–6 technological innovation in, 186–87 territorial claims of, 11 top-down economic reform in, 305 traditional medicine of, 355 West Asia and, 155 Indian Americans, 217, 218, 219–20, 222 Indian Institutes of Technology (ITT), 205 Indian Ocean, 38, 47, 74, 105, 261, 262, 266 European voyages to, 44 Indians, in Latin America, 276 IndiaStack, 187 Indochina, 45, 50, 52 see also Southeast Asia Indo-Islamic culture, 38 Indonesia, 53, 61, 121, 125, 182 art scene in, 342 in Cold War era, 54 economic growth of, 17, 148 eco-tourism in, 340 failure of democracy in, 302 foreign investment in, 187 illiberal policies of, 306 inclusive policies of, 304 Muslims in, 71 technocracy in, 304–5 Indus River, 32, 113 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), 92, 159 industrialization, spread of, 22 Industrial Revolution, 2, 46, 68 Indus Valley, 29 infrastructure investment, in Asia, 6, 62, 63, 85, 88, 93, 96, 104, 108, 109, 110–11, 185, 190, 191, 243–44 see also; Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank; Belt and Road Initiative Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), 257, 286–87 insurance industry, 210 intermarriage, 336, 337–38 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 162, 163, 166, 323 International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), 116 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 100 International Systems in World History (Buzan), 7 Internet of Things (IoT), 134, 136, 197 Interpol, 324 Iran, 11, 15, 62, 92, 95, 98, 101, 140 China and, 101, 106–7, 116 in Cold War era, 54 European trade with, 251–52 growing opposition to theocracy in, 312 India and, 116, 118 Islamic revolution in, 57 Israel and, 99, 100 nuclear program of, 62 oil and gas exports of, 50, 94, 106, 107–8, 118, 176 in post–Cold War era, 58–59 privatization in, 170 re-Asianization of, 81, 106 Russia and, 87 Saudi Arabia and, 95–96, 100, 105–6 Syria and, 106 tourism in, 252 Turkey and, 94 US sanctions on, 87, 107, 241, 251, 252 women in, 315 Yemen and, 107 Iran-Iraq War, 58, 106 Iraq, 9, 11, 16, 49 Kuwait invaded by, 59 oil exports of, 55, 96 Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 312 Iraq Reconstruction Conference (2018), 96 Iraq War, 3, 62, 91, 217, 240 Isfahan, 41 Islam, 40, 316 politics and, 71–72 spread of, 36, 38–39, 43, 69–72, 74 Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 95, 312 Sunni-Shi’a division in, 36 see also Muslims; specific countries Islamic radicalism, 58, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 115, 117, 139 see also terrorism Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 63, 71, 94, 96, 117 Israel, 11, 54, 96 arms sales of, 98 China and, 98–99 desalinzation technology of, 181 EU and, 97 Gulf states and, 99–100, 105 India and, 98–99 Iran and, 99, 100 Russia and, 88 see also Arab-Israeli conflict; Palestinian-Israeli conflict Japan, 14, 16, 63, 68, 69, 73 Africa and, 265 Allied occupation in, 51 alternative energy technologies in, 322 Asian investments of, 118, 156 Asianization of, 81 Asian migrants in, 336–37 Asian trade with, 273 capitalism in, 159 cashless economy in, 189 China and, 19–20, 77, 134, 136–37, 140–42 in Cold War era, 5, 55 corporate culture of, 132 early history of, 29, 31, 34–35 economic growth of, 55, 132, 148, 158, 163 economic problems of, 132, 134–35 in era of European imperialism, 47–48 EU trade agreement with, 133 expansionist period in, 38, 42, 44 foreign investment in, 135 in global economy, 133–37 global governance and, 322–23 global image of, 331 Gulf states and, 102 immigration in, 135–36 India and, 134, 156 infrastructure investment in, 110 Latin America and, 275 precision industries in, 134, 135–36 robotic technology in, 134 Russia and, 82, 86–87 Southeast Asia and, 133, 153–54, 156 South Korea and, 141–42 technological innovation in, 134, 196, 197 territorial claims of, 11 tourism in, 135 US and, 136 in World War I, 49 in World War II, 50–51 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 265 Japan-Mexico Economic Partnership Agreement, 273 Java, 35, 38, 39, 45 Javid, Sajid, 254 Jericho, 28 Jerusalem, 54, 98 Jesus Christ, 35 jihad, 38 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 52 Jobs, Steve, 331 Joko Widodo (Jokowi), 305, 306, 320 Jollibee, 172 Jordan, 54, 62, 97, 99 Syrian refugees in, 63 Journal of Asian Studies, 352 Journey to the West, 353 Judaism, 36 Kagame, Paul, 268 Kanishka, Kush emperor, 35 Kapur, Devesh, 218 Karachi, 113 Karakoram Highway, 113 Kashmir, 53, 55, 61, 77–78, 117–18, 119 Kazakhstan, 59, 140, 207 China and, 20, 108 economic diversification in, 190 energy investment in, 112 as hub of new Silk Road, 111–12 Kenya, 262, 263 Kerouac, Jack, 331 Khaleej, see Gulf states Khmer Empire, 70 Khmer people, 34, 38, 239 Khmer Rouge, 56 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 57, 59 Khorgas, 108 Khrushchev, Nikita, 56 Khwarizmi, Muhammad al-, 37 Kiev, 40 Kim Il Sung, 55 Kim Jong-un, 142 Kish, 28 Kissinger, Henry, 357 Koran, 316 Korea, 11, 31, 51, 68, 69 early history of, 34 expansionist period in, 38 Japanese annexation of, 48 reunification of, 142–43 see also North Korea; South Korea Korea Investment Corporation, 164 Korean Americans, 217 Korean War, 51 Kosygin, Alexei, 56 K-pop, 343 Kuala Lampur, 121, 246 Kublai Khan, 40 Kurds, Kurdistan, 87, 94, 99, 256 Kushan Empire, 32, 35 Kuwait, 101 Iraqi invasion of, 59 Kyrgyzstan, 59, 108, 182 language, Asian links in, 68–69 Laos, 45, 52, 60, 122, 154 Latin America: Asian immigrants in, 275–76 Asian investment in, 273–75, 276–77 Indian cultural exports to, 350 trade partnerships in, 272–73, 274, 275 US and, 271–72 Lebanon, 49, 54, 58, 95, 106 Syrian refugees in, 63 Lee, Ang, 347 Lee, Calvin Cheng Ern, 131 Lee Hsien Loong, 296–97 Lee Kuan Yew, 56, 127, 268, 288, 289, 292–93, 299, 305 voluntary retirement of, 296 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, 22, 299 Lenin, Vladimir, 49, 89 Levant (Mashriq), 81, 95, 97 LG, 275 Li & Fung, 184–85 Liang Qichao, 48–49 Liberalism Discovered (Chua), 297 Lien, Laurence, 317 life expectancies, 201 literature, Asian, global acclaim for, 353–54 Liu, Jean, 175 Liu Xiaobo, 249 logistics industry, 243 Ma, Jack, 85–86, 160, 189 Macao (Macau), 44 MacArthur, Douglas, 51 McCain, John, 285 McKinsey & Company, 160, 213 Macquarie Group, 131 Maddison, Angus, 2 Made in Africa Initiative, 262 Magadha Kingdom, 31 Magellan, Ferdinand, 43 Mahabharata, 35 Mahbubani, Kishore, 3 Mahmud of Ghazni, Abbasid sultan, 38 Malacca, 38, 43, 44, 124 Malacca, Strait of, 37, 39, 102, 103, 118, 125 Malaya, 46, 50 Malay Peninsula, 39, 53 Malaysia, 53, 61, 188 Asian foreign labor in, 335 China and, 123, 124 in Cold War era, 54 economic diversification in, 190 economic growth of, 17 technocracy in, 308 Maldives, 105 Malesky, Edmund, 308 Manchuria, 38, 48, 50, 51 Mandarin language, 229–30, 257 Manila, 121, 245 Spanish colonization of, 44 Mansur, al-, Caliph, 37 manufacturing, in Asia, 192 Mao Zedong, 51–52, 55, 56, 261, 300, 301 Marawi, 71 Marcos, Ferdinand, 53–54, 61 martial arts, mixed (MMA), 340–41 Mashriq (Levant), 81, 95, 97 Mauritius, 268 Mauryan Empire, 32–33, 68 May, Theresa, 293 Mecca, 57 media, in Asia, 314 median ages, in Asia, 148, 149, 155 Median people, 29 Mediterranean region, 1, 6, 29, 30, 33, 68, 84, 92, 95, 99, 106 see also Mashriq Mehta, Zubin, 332 Mekong River, 122 Menander, Indo-Greek king, 33 mergers and acquisitions, 212–13 meritocracy, 294, 301 Merkel, Angela, 242, 254 Mesopotamia, 28 Mexico, 7 Asian economic ties to, 272, 273, 274, 277 Microsoft, 208 middle class, Asian, growth of, 3, 4 Mihov, Ilian, 309 mindfulness, 332 Ming Dynasty, 42–43, 44, 69, 73, 75, 76, 105, 137, 262 mobile phones, 157, 183–84, 187, 188, 189, 193, 199, 208–9, 211 Modi, Narendra, 63, 98, 117, 119, 154–55, 161, 180, 185, 222, 265, 305, 306, 307, 320 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 54 Mohammed bin Salman, crown prince of Saudi Arabia, 72, 247, 310, 312, 315 Mohenjo-Daro, 29 Moluku, 45 MoneyGram, 196 Mongolia, 92, 111–12 alternative energy programs in, 112, 182 technocracy in, 307 Mongols, Mongol Empire, 39–40, 42, 44, 68, 69, 73, 76, 77, 239 religious and cultural inclusiveness of, 40, 70–71 Monroe Doctrine, 271 Moon Jae-in, 142 Moscow, 81, 82 Mossadegh, Mohammad, 54 MSCI World Index, 166, 168 Mubadala Investment Company, 88, 103, 104 Mughal Empire, 41–42, 46 religious tolerance in, 70–71 Muhammad, Prophet, 36 Mumbai, 185–86 Munich Security Conference, 241 Murakami, Haruki, 354 Murasaki Shikibu, 353 music scene, in Asia, 343 Muslim Brotherhood, 59 Muslims, 70–72 in Southeast Asia, 38–39, 43, 70–71, 121 in US, 220 see also Islam; specific countries Myanmar, 60, 63, 161 Asian investment in, 118–19 charitable giving in, 316 failure of democracy in, 302 financial reform in, 184 Rohingya genocide in, 122–23 see also Burma Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 51 Nanjing, 42, 49 Napoleon I, emperor of the French, 1 nationalism, 11, 20, 22, 49–50, 52–55, 77, 118, 137, 138–39, 222, 312, 329, 337, 352 Natufian people, 28 natural gas, see oil and gas natural gas production, 175–76 Nazism, 200 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 52, 55 Neolithic Revolution, 28 neomercantilism, 20, 22, 158 Nepal, 46, 119–20, 333 Nestorian Christianity, 36, 70 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 97, 98, 100 Netflix, 348 New Deal, 287 New Delhi, 245 Ng, Andrew, 199 NGOs, 313 Nigeria, 265 Nisbett, Richard, 357 Nixon, Richard, 56, 101 Nobel Prize, 48, 221, 249, 323, 353–54 nomadic cultures, 76 Non-Aligned Movement, 55 Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty, 61 North America: Asian trade with, 13, 14, 207 as coherent regional system, 7 energy self-sufficiency of, 175, 272 internal trade in, 152 see also Canada; Mexico; United States North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 7 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2, 57, 92, 116 Northeast Asia, 141 India and, 154–55 internal trade in, 152 manufacturing in, 153 North Korea, 55, 61 aggressiveness of, 63 China and, 143 cyber surveillance by, 142 nuclear and chemical weapons program of, 142 Russia and, 143 South Korea and, 142 US and, 142–43 Obama, Barack, 18, 82, 229, 240 oil and gas: Asian imports of, 9, 62, 82–83, 84–85, 96, 102, 106, 107–8, 152, 175, 176, 207 Gulf states’ exports of, 62, 74, 100–103, 176 Iranian exports of, 50, 94, 106, 107–8, 118, 176 Iraqi exports of, 55, 96 OPEC embargo on, 57 price of, 61 Russian exports of, 82–83, 84, 87–88, 175, 176 Saudi exports of, 58, 87–88, 102, 103 US exports of, 16, 207 West Asian exports of, 9, 23, 57, 62, 152 Okakura Tenshin, 48 oligarchies, 294–95 Olympic Games, 245 Oman, East Asia and, 104 ONE Championship (MMA series), 341 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 57 Operation Mekong (film), 123 opium, 47, 123 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 241 Oslo Accords, 59 Osman I, Ottoman Sultan, 41 Ottoman Empire, 40–41, 43, 45, 46–47, 48, 73, 91 partitioning of, 49–50 religious tolerance in, 70–71 Out of Eden Walk, 4 Overseas Private Investment Company (OPEC), 111 Pacific Alliance, 272 Pacific Islands, 181–82 US territories in, 48 Pacific Rim, see East Asia Pakistan, 52–53, 58, 62, 72, 95, 102, 105 AI research in, 200 Asianization of, 81, 113–18 as Central Asia’s conduit to Arabian Sea, 113–14 China and, 20, 114–16, 117–18 corruption in, 161 failure of democracy in, 302 finance industry in, 168–69 foreign investment in, 115 GDP per capita in, 184 India and, 55, 61–62, 117–18 intra-Asian migration from, 334 logistics industry in, 185 as market for Western products and services, 207 US and, 114–15 Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), 307 Palestine, Palestinians, 49, 54, 99 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 59 Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 59, 62, 97, 100 Pan-Asianism, 48, 351–52 paper, invention of, 72 Paris climate agreement, 178, 240 Paris Peace Conference (1918), 49 Park Chung-hee, 56 Park Geun-hye, 313 parliamentary democracy, 295 Parthians, 33, 76 Pawar, Rajendra, 205 Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 50 peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, 169 People’s Action Party (PAP), Singapore, 294 People’s Bank of China (PBOC), 110, 188 Pepper (robot), 134 per capita income, 5, 150, 183, 186 Persia, Persian Empire, 29, 30, 42, 45, 47, 50, 68, 75 see also Iran Persian Gulf War, 61, 101, 217 Peru: Asian immigrants in, 275, 276 Asian trade with, 272 Peshawar, 32 Peter I, Tsar of Russia, 45, 90 pharmaceutical companies, 209–10 Philippines, 61, 157, 165 alternative energy programs in, 180 Asian migrants in, 333 China and, 123–24 Christianity in, 74 in Cold War era, 53–54 eco-tourism in, 340 foreign investment in, 124 illiberal policies of, 306 inclusive policies in, 304 as market for Western products and services, 207 Muslims in, 71 privatization in, 170 technocracy in, 304–5 urban development in, 190 US acquisition of, 48 US and, 123–24 philosophy, Asian vs.

The Cold War came to an end, sparking geopolitical and ideological realignments favorable to Asia’s return to center stage in the global order. Asia Reawakens As the Cold War ended, West Asia grabbed the spotlight away from Europe. In the aftermath of the 1988 cease-fire between Iran and Iraq, Iran was weakened by war, economic isolation, and the death of its supreme leader, Ayatollah Khomini, in 1989. Iraq sought to rebuild its strength by turning on its oil-rich southern ally Kuwait. Within months, the United States sent 200,000 troops to defend Saudi Arabia, which became the staging ground for the liberation of Kuwait and massive retaliation against Saddam Hussein’s forces.


pages: 1,373 words: 300,577

The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World by Daniel Yergin

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, "World Economic Forum" Davos, accelerated depreciation, addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, book value, borderless world, BRICs, business climate, California energy crisis, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, Carmen Reinhart, clean tech, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, colonial rule, Colonization of Mars, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, decarbonisation, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, diversification, diversified portfolio, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, Exxon Valdez, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, financial innovation, flex fuel, Ford Model T, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, global village, Great Leap Forward, Greenspan put, high net worth, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, index fund, informal economy, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, James Watt: steam engine, John Deuss, John von Neumann, Kenneth Rogoff, life extension, Long Term Capital Management, Malacca Straits, market design, means of production, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, mutually assured destruction, new economy, no-fly zone, Norman Macrae, North Sea oil, nuclear winter, off grid, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, oil-for-food scandal, Paul Samuelson, peak oil, Piper Alpha, price mechanism, purchasing power parity, rent-seeking, rising living standards, Robert Metcalfe, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolling blackouts, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Sand Hill Road, Savings and loan crisis, seminal paper, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley startup, smart grid, smart meter, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Stuxnet, Suez crisis 1956, technology bubble, the built environment, The Nature of the Firm, the new new thing, trade route, transaction costs, unemployed young men, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, William Langewiesche, Yom Kippur War

The country’s new leader was the stern cleric Ayotollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who had returned to Iran after 15 years of exile. Khomeini and his followers used the seizure of the hostages—and the immediate cleavage it created with the United States—to consolidate power and eliminate effective opposition to the new theocratic fundamentalist regime. At one point, in a “letter to clergy,” Khomeini wrote, “When theology meant no interference in politics, stupidity became a virtue.” In the new Iran, ultimate political power lay in the hands of mullahs and, specifically, the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khomeini.13 Khomeini’s hatred for the shah, who had exiled him in 1963, was matched by his hatred for Israel, and for the United States.

Kelly, Robert Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) Kenetech Kennan, George Kennedy, Edward (“Ted”) Kennedy, John Kenya, U.S. embassy bombed in kerogen Kerr-McGee Kerry, John Keynes, John Maynard KGB Khamenei, Ali Khan, A. Q. Khan, German Khatami, Mohammad Khodorkovsky, Mikhail Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khosla, Vinod Khrushchev, Nikita Kiev King, David Kissinger, Henry Kistiakowsky, George (Kisty) Kleiner, Eugene Kleiner Perkins (later Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers) Koonin, Steven Korea Korean War Kosygin, Alexei Krupp, Fred Kurdistan, Kurds Kuwait Iraq’s invasion of oil of Kwaśniewski, Aleksander Kyoto conference (1997) developed vs. developing countries and Europe vs.

It stepped up its efforts to subvert other regimes along the Persian Gulf, fostered terrorism, targeted U.S. interests, and embarked on a military buildup. The hand of its clandestine Qods forces, the international arm of the Revolutionary Guards, could be seen in terrorism around the world. By 1993 Iran had earned the sobriquet of “the most dangerous sponsor of state terrorism.”14 NORMALIZATION? Khomeini died in 1989. He was succeeded as Supreme Leader by one of his acolytes, Ali Khamenei, who had been president for eight years and who embraced the hard line of his predecessor. Yet at various moments, glimmers of normalization appeared. The marketoriented president Hashemi Rafsanjani thought that a reduction in tensions with the United States was in Iranian interests and that commercial relations was the way to begin.


Who Rules the World? by Noam Chomsky

Able Archer 83, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, corporate governance, corporate personhood, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, liberation theology, Malacca Straits, Martin Wolf, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, one-state solution, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, precariat, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, structural adjustment programs, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, uranium enrichment, wage slave, WikiLeaks, working-age population

To be sure, Israel faces the “existential threat” of Iranian pronouncements: Supreme Leader Khamenei and former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad famously threatened it with destruction. Except that they didn’t—and if they had, it would have been of little moment.18 They predicted that “under God’s grace [the Zionist regime] will be wiped off the map” (according to another translation, Ahmadinejad says Israel “must vanish from the page of time,” citing a statement by the Ayatollah Khomeini during the period when Israel and Iran were tacitly allied). In other words, they hope that regime change will someday take place. Even that falls far short of the direct calls in both Washington and Tel Aviv for regime change in Iran, not to speak of the actions taken to implement regime change.

Johnson, Samuel John XXIII, Pope Jomini, Henry Jones, Clive Jordan Jordan Valley Journal of Strategic Studies Justice Department Kapeliouk, Ammon Kayani, Ashfaq Parvez Keller, Bill Kennan, George Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Robert Kern, Montague Kerry, John KGB Khamenei, Sayyed Ali Khamvongsa, Channapha Khomeini, Ayatollah Khrushchev, Nikita Kill Chain (Cockburn) Kimmerling, Baruch King, Martin Luther, Jr. Kinsley, Michael Kissinger, Henry Kivimäki, Timo Klinghoffer, Leon Knox, Henry Korean War Kornbluh, Peter Krähenbühl, Pierre Krugman, Paul Kull, Steven Küng, Hans Kuperman, Alan Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) Kurds Kuwait labor movement Labor Party (Israel) Laden, Osama bin assassination of Lansdale, Edward Laos Latin America Lawson, Dominic Leahy, Patrick Lebanon Leffler, Melvyn LeoGrande, William Le Pen, Marine Levy, Gideon Lewis, Anthony liberal internationalists liberation theology Liberty, USS, attack Libya Liebknecht, Karl Likud party (Israel) Lincoln, Abraham Linebaugh, Peter Lippmann, Walter Locke, John Lodge, Henry Cabot London Review of Books Luftwaffe Lukes, Steven Luxemburg, Rosa Madison, James Madison, Wisconsin, uprising Madrid negotiations Maechling, Charles, Jr.


pages: 363 words: 98,024

Keeping at It: The Quest for Sound Money and Good Government by Paul Volcker, Christine Harper

Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Bretton Woods, business cycle, central bank independence, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, Donald Trump, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, forensic accounting, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, income per capita, inflation targeting, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, low interest rates, margin call, money market fund, Nixon shock, oil-for-food scandal, Paul Samuelson, price stability, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, reserve currency, Right to Buy, risk-adjusted returns, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Savings and loan crisis, secular stagnation, Sharpe ratio, Silicon Valley, special drawing rights, too big to fail, traveling salesman, urban planning

“It” was high, rising, and seemingly intractable inflation. And by 1979 it seemed to be complicating, even blocking, every policy initiative. Price measures were rising 13 percent a year, driven in part by the oil crisis (the second in a decade) that followed the early 1979 Iranian revolution in which Grand Ayatollah Khomeini replaced the US-supported shah. A gasoline shortage led to long lines and rationing, dominating the news. New budget programs were politically, even economically, nonstarters. The forceful effort to stabilize the dollar in late 1978 had not produced lasting results. To put it mildly, the public was growing restive.

See Swiss banks-Nazi victims investigation John Paul II, Pope/visit to America, 107–108 Johnson, Lyndon, x Quadriad meeting/interest rates and, 55 reelection win, 50 Treasury and, 53, 54 Volcker and, 53 William Martin and, x, 55 Johnson, Manuel, 142, 142n JPMorgan Chase, 208 Kashiwagi, Yusuke/family, 73–74 Kaufman, Henry, xiii, 21 Kavesh, Bob, 103 Keating, Charles, 130 Keating Five, 130 Kennedy, David, 60, 61, 65, 68, 84 Kennedy, John F. assassination, x, 47, 67 exchange rate and, 45, 62, 64 Nixon and, x, 60 Treasury and, 44 Volcker and, 60 Kettl, Donald, 160, 245–246 Keynes, John Maynard, 17, 22–23 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 102 Kim, Jim Yong, 190, 191 King, Martin Luther, 210 Kipling, Rudyard, 35 Kissinger, Henry European travels, 73 international monetary policies and, 59, 64 Nixon and, 76 Volcker and, 59, 64 Knight, Bob, 61 Kohn, Donald, 123 Korean War and monetary policy, 23, 31 Korman, Edward, 177, 180 Laingen, Bruce, 173–174 Lambsdorff, Otto, Count, 171 Lamfalussy, Alexandre, 145 LaRouche, Lyndon/supporters, 109 Latin America inflation history, 223 Latin American debt crisis (1980s), 28, 130–131 current situation and, 136–137 loans and, 97–98, 115, 121, 131, 146–147 See also specific countries; specific individuals/institutions Lay, Ken, 197 Leach, Jim, 205 “Leadership for America: Rebuilding the Public Service,” 174 Lebanon Daily News, 6 Lee Kuan Yew, 137n Lehman Brothers, 209 Leigh-Pemberton, Robin, 147 Lenny (Federal Reserve barber), 141 Leutwiler, Fritz Nestlé and, 167–168 Swiss bank investigation and, 176–177, 180 Volcker and, 167–168 Levin, Carl, 218 Levine, Charles, 174n Levitt, Arthur, 108, 193–194, 195 Lewy, Glen, 154–155 Liberty bonds, 20 Light, Paul, 174n, 235–236, 245–246 Lincoln Savings and Loan (empire), 130 “Little Boy” atom bomb, 9 lobbyists, 92, 170, 209, 217, 218, 221 London School of Economics (LSE), 26, 27–29 London/Volcker (early 1950s), ix, 26, 27–29 Longstreth, Bevis, 154 Ludwig, Gene, 209 Lutz, Friedrich, 17 Luzzatto, Ernie, 244 McCarthy, Leonard, 190, 191, 192 McCloy, John J., 42 McCracken, Paul, 68, 70 McKinsey & Company, 197 McNamar, R.T.


pages: 956 words: 288,981

Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2011 by Steve Coll

airport security, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Boycotts of Israel, centre right, colonial rule, computer age, disinformation, energy security, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, illegal immigration, index card, Islamic Golden Age, Khyber Pass, Mikhail Gorbachev, Network effects, Oklahoma City bombing, operational security, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, upwardly mobile, urban planning, women in the workforce

Clandestine, informal, transnational religious networks such as the Muslim Brotherhood reinforced the gathering strength of old-line religious parties such as Jamaat. This was especially true on university campuses, where radical Islamic student wings competed for influence from Cairo to Amman to Kuala Lumpur.5 When Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran and forced the American-backed monarch Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to flee early in 1979, his fire-breathing triumph jolted these parties and their youth wings, igniting campuses in fevered agitation. Khomeini’s minority Shiite creed was anathema to many conservative Sunni Islamists, especially those in Saudi Arabia, but his audacious achievements inspired Muslims everywhere. On November 5, 1979, Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran, sacked its offices, and captured hostages.

There should be no future danger or conflict between social progress and traditional religious practices, Turki told visitors, as long as the Saudi royal family reduced corruption and created economic opportunities for the public. In Tehran, the Ayatollah Khomeini said it was “a great joy for us to learn about the uprising in Pakistan against the U.S.A. It is good news for our oppressed nation. Borders should not separate hearts.” Khomeini theorized that “because of propaganda, people are afraid of superpowers, and they think that the superpowers cannot be touched.” This, he predicted, would be proven false.14 The riot had sketched a pattern that would recur for years.

The Kremlin and its supporting academies possessed few experts on Islam.3 The Soviet Union’s closest allies in the Middle East were secular regimes such as Syria and Iraq. Like the Americans, the Soviets had directed most of their resources and talent toward the ideological battlefields of Europe and Asia during the previous two decades. In the early spring of 1979 religious activists inspired by Khomeini’s triumphant return carried their defiant gospel across Iran’s open desert border with Afghanistan, particularly to Herat, an ancient crossroads on an open plain long bound to Iran by trade and politics. A Persian-accented desert town watered by the Hari Rud River, Herat’s traditional cultures and schools of Islam—which included prominent strains of mysticism—were not as severe toward women as in some rural areas of Afghanistan to the east.


pages: 801 words: 229,742

The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy by John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, Boycotts of Israel, David Brooks, energy security, facts on the ground, failed state, invisible hand, low interest rates, oil shock, Project for a New American Century, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Strategic Defense Initiative, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

In short, thanks in good part to Israel and its American backers, the United States has pursued a counterproductive policy toward Iran since the early 1990s and is having difficulty getting support from states that have their own reasons to help Washington deal with Iran and would otherwise be inclined to do so. CONFRONTATION OR CONCILIATION? The United States had excellent relations with Iran from 1953 until 1979, when the American-backed shah was toppled and Ayatollah Khomeini and his Islamic theocracy came to power. Since then, relations between the two countries have been almost entirely adversarial. Israel has also had hostile relations with Tehran since the shah’s overthrow. During the 1980s, however, neither the United States nor Israel was seriously threatened by Iran, mainly because it was involved in a lengthy war with Iraq, which pinned it down and sapped its strength.

.; Middle East policy of Joint Security Assistance Planning Group (JSAP) Jordan; U.S. aid to Jordan, Hamilton Jordan River Judt, Tony Kagan, Robert Kalman, Matthew Kaplan, Lawrence Karine A incident Karpin, Michael Kashmir Katz, Haim Katznelson, Berl Kazakhstan Keller, Bill Kellogg Brown & Root Kelly, Michael Kenen, I. L. “Si,” Kennan, George Kennedy, John F.; Middle East policy of Kenya, 1998 U.S. embassy bombing in Kerry, John Kessler, Jonathan Khalidi, Rashid Khalq, Mojahedin-e Khatami, Mohammad Khobar Towers attacks (1996) Khomeini, Ayatollah Khrushchev, Nikita S. Kimmerling, Baruch King, Henry Churchill Kinsley, Michael Kirk, Russell Kirkpatrick, Jeane Kissinger, Henry; Cold War strategy of Klein, Joe Klein, Morton Klose, Kevin Knesset Koch, Ed Koch, Noel Kohr, Howard Kohut, Andrew Komer, Robert Kosovo Kramer, Martin Krauthammer, Charles Kristof, Nicholas D.

On the “Lavon affair,” see Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel, 107–108. On Israel’s various dealings with Iran, see “Israel-Iran Oil Deal Disclosed and Tied to Captives,” New York Times, December 20, 1989; Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Oil Sale Disclosure Upsets Israeli-Iranian Contacts,” New York Times, December 21, 1989; Bishara Bahbah, “Arms Sales: Israel’s Link to the Khomeini Regime,” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (online), January 1987; and Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, The Israeli Connection: Who Israel Arms and Why (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987), 3–22, 108–75. The Reagan administration did supply arms to Iran as part of the notorious Iran-contra arms scandal, but this covert operation was largely intended to secure the release of U.S. hostages in Lebanon and was widely seen as contrary to broader U.S. interests once it was exposed. 91.


Necessary Illusions by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, centre right, collective bargaining, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, full employment, Howard Zinn, Khyber Pass, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, land reform, long peace, military-industrial complex, New Journalism, Ronald Reagan, Strategic Defense Initiative, strikebreaker, union organizing

., 189, 266 Jonas, Susanne, 228 Jordan, 289, 290, 297, 306, 311, 339 Judis, John, 317 K Kahan Commission, 382n.21 Kahane, Rabbi Meir, 291, 296, 316 Kairys, David, 346, 348–49 Kalb, Marvin, 168 Kalven, Harry, 346 Kamm, Henry, 109 Kapeliouk, Amnon, 38, 118 Kempton, Murray, 123 Kennan, George, 40 Kennedy, John F., 28, 58, 67–68, 70, 115, 135, 189, 266 Kennedy, William V., 184 Kenworthy, E.W., 143 Kern, Montague, 122–23 Kerry, John, 58, 259 Key, V.O., 358n. l6 KGB, 167–68 Khalil, Samikha, 339 Khmer Rouge, 28, 37, 109, 156–55, 159 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 134, 285–86 Kifner, John, 207, 403n.70 King, Martin Luther, 46 Kinsley, Michael, 61 Kinzer, Stephen, 56, 83, 126, 141, 147, 225, 231, 235, 239–40, 248, 250–51, 258–59, 315, 328, 329, 331–35, 337, 344, 407n.l33 Kipper, Judith, 300 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 94, 100, 103, 219, 246, 326 Kissinger, Henry, 4, 21, 25, 47, 286, 289, 307 Klein, Joe, 315 Klinghoffer, Leon, 118 Knight-Ridder, 179 Koch, Edward, 232 Kondracke, Morton, 167–68, 171–72, 369n.57 Kook, Rabbi A.I., 214 Krauthammer, Charles, 171 Ku Klux Klan, 318 Kupperman, Robert, 270 Kurds, 286 L Lacouture, Jean, 156, 159 La Crónica del Pueblo, 41, 42 La Epoca, 124, 125, 332 LaFeber, Walter, 111–12, 148–50 La Follette Committee, 30 La Nación, 33l Lane, Charles, 388n.17 Lane, Mark, 159 Laos, 35, 38, 81, 106, 133, 205, 280 La Prensa, 42, 62, 78, 123–28, 165, 166, 230, 233, 324–32 Laqueur, Walter, 113, 171, 277–82 Larouche, Lyndon, 353 La Semana Cómica, 250 Lasswell, Harold, 17 Latin American Studies Association (LASA), 140–41, 147 Lau, Ricardo, 205 Law, Richard, 181 Law in the Service of Man (Al-Haq), 338 Lebanon, 12, 52–54, 80–89, 117, 118, 156, 161, 166–68, 170–73, 175, 192–95, 218, 272, 274–78, 294, 304, 319, 343, 405n.l00 Leiken, Robert, 164, 333, 372n.l9 Lelyveld, Joseph, 199, 409n.159 Lemann, Nicolas, 145–48, 360n.32 LeMoyne, James, 42, 56, 63, 66, 70, 81, 94, 95, 97, 102, 134, 205, 199–202, 223, 228–32, 235, 237–38, 248, 329, 333–37, 360n.46, 407n.l33, 409n.l59 Lenin, Vladimir, 45, 347 LeoGrande, William, 164 Leumi, Irgun Zvai, 114–15 Levi, Edward H., 351 Levin, Marcus, 211 Levin, Murray, 188 Lewis, Anthony, 2, 6–7, 13, 87, 143, 300 Lewis, Flora, 323 Lewis, Neil, 49, 106 Lewy, Guenter, 350–55 Libya, 9, 39, 49, 70, 77, 113, 271–73, 277, 319 Lichtenstein, David, 175 Lie, Trygvie, 220 Lippmann, Walter, 16, 26 Locke, John, 132 London Times, 275, 319, 320 López Contreras, Carlos, 222 Los Angeles Times, 121, 300, 319 Lovestone, Jay, 266 Luard, Evan, 220 Luxembourg, 55 Lybia, 271 M Ma’ariv, 293 MacMichael, David, 58, 200, 354 Magana, Alvaro, 239 Majano, Adolfo, 230–31, 249 Mansour, Attallah, 174 Manuel, Anne, 255 Manufacturing Consent, 12, 145, 148 Marcos, Ferdinand, 107 Markham, James, 107 May Day, 29 McCain, John, 37, 96 McCann, Thomas, 323 McCarthy witchhunt, 217 McGovern, George, 157 McHorn, Robert, 204 McKinley, William, 186 Media Alliance, San Francisco, 235 Medrano, Imelda, 255 Meese, Edwin, 271 Mein Kampf, 72 Meir, Golda, 360n.33 Melton, Richard H., 250, 252–53 Merz, Charles, 26 Mesoamerica, 268 Metternich, 72 Mexico, 41, 84, 202 Miami Herald, 228, 256 Middle East Studies Association, 317 Mill, James, 13 Mill, John Stuart, 132 Milo, Roni, 297 Milton, John, 105 Miranda, Roger, 199, 200, 203, 205 Miskito, 66, 92, 204, 225 Mission of Peace, 57 Mitchell, George, 58 Mitterand, François, 117 Mitzna, Amram, 338 Molina, Rev.

It is important to stay away from camps on the Honduran border, where refugees report “without exception” that they were “all fleeing from the army that we are supporting” and “every person had a tale of atrocity by government forces, the same ones we are again outfitting with weapons” as they conduct “a systematic campaign of terrorism” with “a combination of murder, torture, rape, the burning of crops in order to create starvation conditions,” and vicious atrocities; the report of the congressional delegation that reached these conclusions after their first-hand investigation in early 1981 was excluded from the media, which were avoiding this primary source of evidence on rural El Salvador.72 It would be bad form to arouse public awareness of Nicaragua’s “noteworthy progress in the social sector, which is laying a solid foundation for long-term socio-economic development,” reported in 1983 by the Inter-American Development Bank, barred by U.S. pressure from contributing to these achievements.73 Correspondingly, it is improper to set forth the achievements of the Reagan administration in reversing these early successes, to record the return of disease and malnutrition, illiteracy and dying infants, while the country is driven to the zero grade of life to pay for the sin of independent development. In contrast, it is responsible journalism for James LeMoyne to denounce the Sandinistas for the “bitterness and apathy” he finds in Managua.74 Those who hope to enter the system must learn that terror traceable to the PLO, Qaddafi, or Khomeini leaves worthy victims who merit compassion and concern; but those targeted by the United States and its allies do not fall within this category. Responsible journalists must understand that a grenade attack on Israeli Army recruits and their families leaving one killed and many wounded deserves a front-page photograph of the victims and a substantial story, while a contra attack on a passenger bus the day before with two killed, two kidnapped, and many wounded merits no report at all.75 Category by category, the same lessons hold.

The sudden discovery of human rights problems in Iran in 1979, as the U.S. client was displaced, had other consequences. Reviewing media coverage of the Kurds, Vera Beaudin Saeedpour observes that “beginning in 1979, the Kurds of Iran captured the attention of the Times” as they took up arms against the Khomeini regime.55 Subsequent press coverage treated the Kurdish problem as “a variable in the power struggle.” The basic question was whether whether U.S. interests would benefit or suffer if Iran were to be dismembered; coverage of the rights and travail of the Kurdish people rose or fell according to this criterion.


pages: 137 words: 35,041

Free Speech And Why It Matters by Andrew Doyle

Ayatollah Khomeini, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Bonfire of the Vanities, Boris Johnson, defund the police, disinformation, fake news, Herbert Marcuse, Index librorum prohibitorum, invention of the printing press, Jon Ronson, Joseph Schumpeter, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, microaggression, Overton Window, plutocrats, Silicon Valley, Streisand effect, zero-sum game

Year Zero p.93ambitions seem inimical to the organisation’s raison d’être: Chase Strangio, the ACLU’s Deputy Director for Transgender Justice of its LGBT & HIV Project, recently expressed his support for ‘stopping the circulation’ of Abigail Shrier’s book Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2020). See Abigail Shrier, ‘Does the ACLU want to ban my book?’, the Wall Street Journal (15 November 2020). p.94burning copies of Salman Rushdie’s novel: Salman Rushdie was subjected to a fatwa – a death sentence pronounced by the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini – because his novel The Satanic Verses was deemed to be blasphemous against Islam. p.94the crowd would not have hesitated to see him suffer: The singer Yusuf Islam, formerly known as Cat Stevens, made this feeling explicit in an appearance on the Australian television show Hypotheticals. The host Geoffrey Robertson asked him whether he would attend a demonstration where an effigy of Rushdie was to be burned.


pages: 624 words: 189,582

The Black Banners: The Inside Story of 9/11 and the War Against Al-Qaeda by Ali H. Soufan, Daniel Freedman

airport security, Ayatollah Khomeini, call centre, glass ceiling, illegal immigration, independent contractor, PalmPilot, power law, Ronald Reagan, Timothy McVeigh

With the Iranian revolution and the overthrow of the shah, an Islamic state was established under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. It was the first success of a political Islamic movement in modern history, and its effect was felt across the Muslim world: Shiite communities elsewhere now had a protector as well as a similar goal to aim toward, and Sunnis—especially the more radical groups in Egypt and Saudi Arabia—dreamed of repeating the revolution within their own framework. Other Sunnis saw a Shiite theocracy as a threat to Sunni Islam’s dominance in the region and were motivated to try to counter it and strengthen their own influence. Khomeini’s seizure of power was itself a revolution in Shiite political thought.

Beforehand, the regime offered him mercy on the condition that he recant his views, but he refused, allegedly telling his sister, “My words will be stronger if they kill me.” He surely was right in that sense, as his ideas have been used by everyone from Khomeini to bin Laden. Khomeini was fond of employing Qutb’s imagery and conceptual arguments: just as Qutb, for example, compared Nasser (whom he viewed as a tyrant) to Pharaoh, Khomeini likened the shah to the biblical Pharaoh, and by his logic whoever challenged the Pharaoh took on the role of Moses. Given Khomeini’s international prominence as the leader of Iran, his use of Qutb’s ideas and arguments gave them wide circulation in the Muslim world. In March 1979, one month after the Iranian revolution, Egypt and Israel signed the peace treaty that formally completed the Camp David Accords of the previous year.

The traditional view is that an Islamic regime can’t be established until the return of the twelfth, “missing” imam. Until then the ideas of Islam can be used to bring about a just society, but not an Islamic state. Khomeini broke with this traditional view, and he justified his actions—over the objections of dissenting clerics—by advocating the doctrine of Velayat-e faqih, or rule of jurisprudence. He argued that religious leaders can be ambassadors of the twelfth imam and therefore can establish an Islamic regime prior to his return. Of course, modern political Islam wasn’t created by Khomeini alone. He drew many of his ideas and religious justifications from Sunni Islamic thinkers, chief among them the Egyptian author and intellectual Sayyid Qutb (1906 –1966).


pages: 385 words: 103,561

Pinpoint: How GPS Is Changing Our World by Greg Milner

Apollo 11, Ayatollah Khomeini, Boeing 747, British Empire, creative destruction, data acquisition, data science, Dava Sobel, different worldview, digital map, Easter island, Edmond Halley, Eratosthenes, experimental subject, Eyjafjallajökull, Flash crash, friendly fire, GPS: selective availability, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, Ian Bogost, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, John Harrison: Longitude, Kevin Kelly, Kwajalein Atoll, land tenure, lone genius, low earth orbit, Mars Rover, Mercator projection, place-making, polynesian navigation, precision agriculture, race to the bottom, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skinner box, skunkworks, smart grid, systems thinking, the map is not the territory, vertical integration

One day in 1981, Javad Ashjaee had arrived at his office at Aryamehr University, in Tehran, and heard the unsettling news that a fellow professor had been murdered. Like Ashjaee, this man was one of four faculty members serving on the university’s senate. A young chair of the Aryamehr’s computer science department, and the driving force behind the school’s first microprocessor lab, Ashjaee was also an outspoken critic of the Ayatollah Khomeini and the chilling effect the Islamic Revolution was having on academic freedom. He had assumed that he was under surveillance by the Revolutionary Guards, the new government’s internal security force, but the death of his colleague confirmed that his own life was in danger. He decided he had no choice but to flee the country immediately, leaving behind his wife, two young daughters, and a comfortable middle-class existence.

., 35, 51, 64 Johnston, Roger, 146–50, 167–68 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 44 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), 71–72 Jones, Antoine, 188–90 Jones Live Map, 120 Journal of the Polynesian Society, 12 JPL Rogue, 213–14 Judeo-Christian tradition, 64 Juneau, Alaska, landing aircraft at, 138–40, 171 juvenile delinquents, 173–77 monitoring experiments with, 174–77 Kamehameha, king of Hawai’i, 107 Kansas City, Mo., 126 Kansas State University, 102 Kao, Min, 126–27, 242 Kaplan, Joseph, 29, 30 Karzai, Hamid, 72 Kashiwa, 128 Kashmar, 151 Katz v. United States, 178 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 84 Kind and Usual Punishment (Mitford), 177 Kitchin, Rob, 118 Kittredge Hall, 31 KLM Airlines, 229 Kon-Tiki, 12 Korean Air Lines Boeing 747, 81–82, 140 Korean War, 89 Korzybski, Alfred, 117–18 Kosovo, Serbian aggression in, 71 Kremlin, 75 Krull, Jay Dee, 126 Kuipers, Benjamin, 123–24 Kuwait, Iraqi invasion of, 62–63, 96 Kuwait City, 63 Kwajalein Atoll, xiv L1, 76, 91, 97–98 L2, 91, 92, 97–98 LaGuardia Airport, 170 Lake, Philip, 206 Lamarck, Chevalier de, 27 Lamarr, Hedy, 54 Landers, Calif., 215 land surveying, 245–51 modern history of, 248–51, 254–55 triangulation used in, 245–49, 251–54 Lang, John, 12 Laos, 51 Larson, Kristine, 217, 228–29 Last, David, 166–67 Las Vegas, Nev., 111, 135, 175 Laufenberg, 158 Leary, Timothy, 172–73, 174 Leclerc, George-Louis, 204 Levine, Judah, 154–55, 166 Lewis, David, 11–14, 18–22 Liang, Sam, 193–94, 200 Libya, 60–61 Lichten, Stephen, 261 Life, 210, 251 light, 156 speed of, xix, 40 Linz, 239–40 Livermore, Calif., 142–43 Locata company, 164, 165–66 London, xv, 25, 44, 55, 67 cab and bus drivers in, 133 Earl’s Court, 156 Hammersmith borough, 156 Long Island, N.Y., 243 LORAN (long-range radio navigation), 27, 37, 76, 81, 166 Loran-C, 76, 81, 85, 86, 157 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 146 Los Angeles, Calif., 141, 202, 203, 210 Northridge earthquake in, 215 Los Angeles Air Force Base, 53, 58 Louisiana, 69 Louisville, Ky., 143 Love, Jack, 194–95 Lowe, Fritz, 233 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 7 machine guns, 49 Macrometers, 213 Madrid, 192 Magellan, Ferdinand, 6, 7 Magellan GPS units, 111–12, 135, 136–37 Magellan Navigation, Inc., 89–90, 96, 98, 100, 126 Magnavox, 55–56, 58, 77, 78–79, 93 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 133 Maine, 249 Maloof, Matt, 42 Malys, Steve, 255–56 Mandalay, 251 Manpacks, 92–94, 95 maps, 127, 252–55 city, 130 cognitive, 115–20, 128, 130, 132, 133, 238 comprehensive, 116, 117–18, 128 computer, 241 digital, 122 downloading of, 126 hastily sketched, 124 moving, 122, 123 Pacific Ocean, 10, 13, 14, 263–64 reading and interpreting of, 126 reality, 117–18 strip, 116, 118, 128 territories vs., 117–18 see also Google Maps marine biology, 15 Marine Corps, U.S., 46 Mark, David, 124, 125 Marquesas, 4, 9, 265 Mars, 20 atmosphere on, 258, 262 exploration of, 258–62 Mars Climate orbiter, 259 Marseille, 263 Marshall Islands, 251, 265 Mars Odyssey mission, 259–60 Mars Polar Lander, 259 Mars rovers, 203, 258–59 Mars Science Laboratory, 258, 262 Marston, Glenn, 237 Martin Company, 34 Martinez, Bob, 196 Martínez de Zúñiga, Joaquín, 12 Martin-Mur, Tomas, 258 Maryland, 30, 44, 188 Maskelyne, Nigel, 26 Massachusetts, 184, 208 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 48, 209–10, 212–14, 246 MIT Media Lab, 239 mathematics, 205, 246, 255 “Mau,” see Piailug, Pius McClure, Frank, 37–38, 39 McDonald, Larry, 82 McDonald’s, 123 McGranaghan, Matthew, 124, 125 McHugh, Tom, 142 McNamara, Timothy, 131–32 McNeff, Jules, 47, 97, 99 Meades Ranch, 249 Mediterranean Sea, 113–14 Melanesia, 11 Melville, Herman, ix memory, human, 125, 128–29, 130, 237, 238 memory, solid-state, 126 Memphis, Tenn., 143 Mercator, Gerardus, 240 meteorology, 15, 27–28, 204, 227–28 GPS-enabled, 228 methamphetamine, 179 Mexico, 31, 161, 249 microchips, 87 Micronesia, 265 microprocessors, 79, 84 microwaves, 36–37, 41, 78 Milky Way, 257 Minitrack, 30–32, 35, 39, 57 Minnesota, 155 missiles, 47, 209, 250 Atlas ballistic, 43 CALCM, 69 cruise, 62, 69 guided, 37, 62 Hellfire, 66 long-range, 69–70 nuclear, 62, 69 Russian, 81 Scud, 66 tracking of, 37 Missouri, 71, 89 Missouri, USS, 48 Mitchell, Donald, 88 Mitford, Jessica, 177 Mitre, 139 Moby-Dick (Melville), ix modems, 195 Mojave Desert, 215, 259 Molyneaux, Robert, 9 Monaco, 168 Mona Lisa (Leonardo), 99 moon, 24, 26, 252 craters on, 210 landing of Apollo 11 on, 208 landing of Apollo 15 on, 210 moon rover, 210 Moorman, Thomas, 68 Moscow, 251 Moser, Edvard, 129 Moser, May-Britt, 129 Mosul, 69 Mountain City, Nev., 112, 135, 136 MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), 142 Murray, Sara, 197–98 napalm, 51 National Academy of Science, 31, 256 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 212, 257 Ames Research Center of, 96 Apollo missions of, 208, 210 Communications, Tracking, and Radar Division of, 261 Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of, 203, 210, 213, 214, 222, 231–32, 258, 261 Mars program of, 258–62 space shuttle program of, 61, 88 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), 255–56, 261 see also Defense Mapping Agency National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 154–55, 166 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory of, 227 National Research Council, 99–100 National Space Policy, 101, 144 Naval Academy, 48 Naval Observatory, U.S., 44, 155 Master Clock at, xv, 154 Naverus, 139 navigation, 6–22, 48, 119–20 Carolinian, 18–21, 118 of carriages, 120 commercial shipping, 38 determining routes in, 17 Doppler-aided, 36–38, 40, 43, 44, 51, 259 estimating distance, speed and time in, 16–17, 19, 22–26, 31, 39, 40, 130 etak compared to, 18–19 experiments in, 127–29 home-centering vs. self-centering systems of, 17, 20, 21–22, 27 improving skills of, 133 inertial, 48, 82 local-reference system of, 17, 20, 21, 22 loss of environmental engagement in, 119, 129, 134 modern technologies of, 27 orientation in, 130–33 passive ranging in, 40–42, 44, 45, 53, 101–2 Polynesian, 6, 8–18 space, 30–45 by sun and stars, 4, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 86 tools of, 5, 6, 13, 25, 26–27, 38–39 see also GPS auto navigation units NAVSPASUR (Navy Space Surveillance System), 39–40 Navstar Global Positioning System, 54 Navy, U.S., 37, 40, 42, 46, 56, 251 Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) of, 29, 30, 31, 39, 42–43, 47, 57, 252 Ordnance Bureau of, 38 Navy Navigation Satellite System, 38 Navy Seals, 93 Nellis, Mike, 195, 197, 283 nervous system, 118 Netherlands, 166 neurological pathologies, 118 neutrinos, 155–56 Nevada, 111 Newark Liberty International Airport, 170, 171–72, 181–82 GPS jamming incident at, 200–201, 283–84 Newell, Homer, 29, 35 New England Datum, 249 New Guinea, 4, 86 New Haven, Conn., 184 New Jersey, 170–72, 249 New Jersey Turnpike, 170–71, 172, 181–82, 200, 281 New Mexico, 44, 146, 151 New Mexico penitentiary, 195 New Orleans, La., 192, 249 Newton, Isaac, 246 New York, N.Y., xv, 81, 164, 239–40, 245, 251 Coney Island, 249 distinguishing uptown from downtown in, 17 Greenwich Village, 17 Kips Bay, 236 Manhattan, 236 Queens, 243 Staten Island, 220 Times Square, 167 traffic patterns in, 192 transportation in, 17, 145, 192 World Trade Center in, 17, 170 New York City Marathon, 220–21 New York Herald Tribune, 34 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), 34 New York Times, 173 New York Times Magazine, 86 New York World-Telegram and Sun, 35 New Zealand, 4, 12 NextGen, 142 NextNav company, 192 Nighthawk stealth aircraft, 66 NIMCOS company, 195 Nimer, Richard, 195 Nixon, Richard M., 51 North America, 25, 142, 215, 230, 242, 250, 254 electrical grid of, 158, 160 North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), xiii North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27), 249–51 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 71 North Korea, 166 North Stradbroke Island, Australia, 113 North Vietnam, bombing of, 51, 70 Norway, 251 NTS-2 satellite, 58–59 nuclear waste, 146 Oakland, Calif., 203 Obama, Barack, 255 oceanography, 15, 38 oceans: positional awareness on, 24–27 shipwrecks on, 26 see also specific oceans Odishaw, Hugh, 29 odometers, 120, 121, 243 Oetting, Valerie, 90 O’Hare Airport, 141 Ohio, 158, 164 Ohio State University, Mapping and Charting Research Laboratory of, 250–51 O’Keefe, John, 129, 252 Omega, 27 Omnitracs system, 182 Operation Allied Force, 71 Operation Desert Storm, see Gulf War Operation Eagle Claw, 77 Operation El Dorado Canyon, 61–62 Oregon, 111, 112, 202, 225 Origin of Continents and Oceans, The (Wegener), 205, 206 O-rings, 92–93 ornithology, 15 Oro worship, 7–8 Ortelius, Abraham, 204 Orwell, George, 177 oscillators, 41, 43, 77 oscilloscopes, 59, 79 Owens Valley, 214 Pace, Scott, 46, 68, 97–98 Pacific Ocean, xiv, 18–20, 26, 106–8, 122, 183, 218, 221–22, 229, 249 canoe travel on, 5, 9, 11, 14–15, 18–19, 264, 268 currents and winds of, 13, 14–15 exploration of, 4–10, 26, 27, 106–7 first detailed map of, 7 islands of, 4–13, 22, 27, 106–8, 251 maps of, 10, 13, 14, 263–64 ring of fire in, 221, 229 seismic disturbances in, 202 shipping charts of, 27 swell patterns of, 13, 14 Pacific Plate, 208 Pacific Rim, 4, 12 Palatucci, Joe, 242–43 Palo Alto, Calif., 77 Pangea, 3–4, 205 Pangea Ultima, 3 Papeete, 265 Paris, xv, 24, 154, 155, 167, 246 Eiffel Tower in, 167 Park Avenue Audio, 236–38 Parkinson, Brad, 45, 48, 50, 52–54, 56–58, 60–61, 65, 70, 81, 100, 140, 153, 165–66, 185, 230, 250, 272 particle accelerators, xix Pasadena, Calif., 203, 226 passive positioning systems, satellite-based, 40 passive ranging, 40–42, 44, 45, 53, 101–2 Pattabiraman, Ganesh, 192–93 Pave Low III helicopters, 65–66 PCM signals, 156 Pearl Harbor, bombing of, 34 Penn Station (New York City), 237 Penticton, 111 peregrine falcons, 237 Permanent GPS Geodetic Array, 214, 215 Permilab particle physics facility, 155 Persian Gulf, 63, 96 Peru, 12 Peterson Air Force Base, xiii Phasor measurement units (PMU), 159–61 Philippines, 12 photogrammetry, 251 photography, 235–39, 243 physics, 15, 28, 155, 204 Piailug, Pius “Mau,” 265–66 Picard, Jean, 245–46 pigeons, 174 PlaceMe, 193 planets, 24–27, 259 Plate Boundary Observatory, 215, 218 plates, tectonic, 215, 253, 258 continental, 207–8 movement of, 3–4, 202–8, 209, 214, 216, 232, 255 North American, 208, 221, 222 oceanic, 207, 208 Okhotsk, 221n Pacific, 208, 215, 221 Philippine Sea, 221 Point Arena, Calif., 249 Poland, 244 Polaris nuclear submarines, 37 police, 178–79, 181–82 British, 187–88, 197–98 German, 185–87 Irish, 187–88 Polynesia, 18, 21, 106, 264 Polynesians, 4–18 migration of, 11, 12–13, 21, 106, 264, 268 navigation of, 6, 8–18 origins of, 12 Polynesian Triangle, 264 Pong (video game), 121 Port Elizabeth, N.J., 170 Portis, Charles, 3 Precision Market Insights, 192 prime meridian, 25 prisons, 195, 197 privacy, xx, 177, 186–87, 190–91, 192–94, 200 Probation (magazine), 177 Project Moonbeam, 31 Project Moonwatch, 31 Project Vanguard, 29–35, 252 Pro Tech company, 196 proximity beacons, 121 psilocybin, 173 psychology, 116–18, 119, 131–32, 172–77 experiments in, 125, 127–29, 173–77, 277 psychotherapy, 173 Puea, 8 Pueblo, Colo., 75 Pullen, Sam, 181 Pyrenees Mountains, 246 Qihoo 360, 153 quadrants, 13 Qualcomm, 182 quasars, 209, 257, 261 radar, 27, 51, 66–67, 122, 142, 168, 229 GPS-assisted, 67 radiation, 43, 214, 258 radioactive materials, 146, 207 radio signals, xviii, 27, 30–31, 39, 54, 71, 91, 138, 171, 195 of celestial objects, 209 ham, 31 software vs. hardware components of, 149 transmission of, 210 Ra’iatea, 7, 9, 106 range measuring, 40 Rapa Nui, 4 rat experiments, 115–17, 118–19, 129, 133 Rea, Don, 90 Reagan, Ronald, 82, 140 Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM), 139–40 Red Army, 250 Red Army Faction, 185 Redoubt, Mount, 229–30 Regensburg, 49 Rehnquist, William, 180 relativity, xix, 267 Remote Oceania, 4 Resolution, HMS, 106–7 Rhodes, 168 Richmond Times, 34 Ring of Fire, 4 Rio Grande Valley, 40 Riyadh, 63–64 rockets, 28–29, 32–35 failure of, 33–35 Rockwell Collins, 58–60, 72, 78–79, 92, 93, 97 Rocky Mountains, 73 Rome, 55, 158–59, 164 Rosen, Milt, 252 Rotuma, 10 route discs, 120 Royal Institute of Navigation, 166 Royal Observatory, 25, 44 Royal Society, 7 Russia, xvii, 144, 166 Russian space agency, 88 Rutan 76 Voyager aircraft, 126 Saarbrücken, 127 Sahul, 4 Saigon, 64 St.


pages: 453 words: 111,010

Licence to be Bad by Jonathan Aldred

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, availability heuristic, Ayatollah Khomeini, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, Charles Babbage, clean water, cognitive dissonance, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Snowden, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, feminist movement, framing effect, Frederick Winslow Taylor, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, full employment, Gary Kildall, George Akerlof, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Herman Kahn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Linda problem, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, mandelbrot fractal, meta-analysis, Mont Pelerin Society, mutually assured destruction, Myron Scholes, Nash equilibrium, Norbert Wiener, nudge unit, obamacare, offshore financial centre, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, plutocrats, positional goods, power law, precautionary principle, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Skinner box, Skype, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, spectrum auction, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Vilfredo Pareto, wealth creators, zero-sum game

In a footnote he states ‘that “deviant” is used in a statistical, and not a pejorative sense’ – although even in 1981 working women were hardly a statistical outlier. Elsewhere in the Treatise, Becker argues that women would generally benefit from the legalization of polygamy, approvingly citing Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran – not an authority famous for his understanding of women’s interests – in support of his argument.6 Becker’s disregard for the facts was not limited to his work on the family. During the 2007–10 financial crisis he was asked whether low-waged and unemployed people who took out huge mortgages which they could not possibly hope to repay were rational.

objection, 107, 119–20 Friedman, Milton, 4–5, 56, 69, 84, 88, 126, 189 awarded Nobel Prize, 132 and business responsibility, 2, 152 debate with Coase at Director’s house, 50, 132 as dominant Chicago thinker, 50, 132 on fairness and justice, 60 flawed arguments of, 132–3 influence on modern economics, 131–2 and monetarism, 87, 132, 232 at Mont Pèlerin, 5, 132 rejects need for realistic assumptions, 132–3 Sheraton Hall address (December 1967), 132 ‘The Methodology of Positive Economics’ (essay, 1953), 132–3 ‘The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits’ (article, 1970), 2, 152 Frost, Gerald, Antony Fisher: Champion of Liberty (2002), 7* Galbraith, John Kenneth, 242–3 game theory assumptions of ‘rational behaviour’, 18, 28, 29–32, 35–8, 41–3, 70, 124 Axelrod’s law of the instrument, 41 backward induction procedure, 36–7, 38 and Cold War nuclear strategy, 18, 20, 21–2, 24, 27, 33–4, 35, 70, 73, 198 focus on consequences alone, 43 as form of zombie science, 41 and human awareness, 21–3, 24–32 and interdependence, 23 limitations of, 32, 33–4, 37–40, 41–3 minimax solution, 22 multiplicity problem, 33–4, 35–7, 38 Nash equilibrium, 22–3, 24, 25, 27–8, 33–4, 41–2 the Nash program, 25 and nature of trust, 28–31, 41 the Prisoner’s Dilemma, 26–8, 29–32, 42–3 real world as problem for, 21–2, 24–5, 29, 31–2, 37–8, 39–40, 41–3 rise of in economics, 40–41 and Russell’s Chicken, 33–4 and Schelling, 138–9 and spectrum auctions, 39–40 theory of repeated games, 29–30, 35 tit-for-tat, 30–31 and trust, 29, 30–31, 32, 41 uses of, 23–4, 34, 38–9 view of humanity as non-cooperative/distrustful, 18, 21–2, 25–32, 36–8, 41–3 Von Neumann as father of, 18, 19, 20–22, 25, 26, 28, 30, 34, 41 zero-sum games, 21–2 Gates, Bill, 221–2 Geithner, Tim, 105 gender, 127–8, 130–31, 133, 156 General Electric, 159 General Motors (GM), 215–16 George, Prince of Cambridge, 98 Glass–Steagall Act, repeal of, 194 globalization, 215, 220 Goldman Sachs, 182, 184, 192 Google, 105 Gore, Al, 39 Great Reform Act (1832), 120 greed, 1–2, 196, 197, 204, 229, 238 Greenspan, Alan, 57, 203 Gruber, Jonathan, 245 Haifa, Israel, 158, 161 Harper, ‘Baldy’, 7 Harsanyi, John, 34–5, 40 Harvard Business Review, 153 Hayek, Friedrich and Arrow’s framework, 78–9 economics as all of life, 8 and Antony Fisher, 6–7 influence on Thatcher, 6, 7 and Keynesian economics, 5–6 and legal frameworks, 7* at LSE, 4 at Mont Pèlerin, 4, 5, 6, 15 and Olson’s analysis, 104 and public choice theory, 89 rejection of incentive schemes, 156 ‘spontaneous order’ idea, 30 The Road to Serfdom (1944), 4, 5, 6, 78–9, 94 healthcare, 91–2, 93, 178, 230, 236 hedge funds, 201, 219, 243–4 Heilbroner, Robert, The Worldly Philosophers, 252 Heller, Joseph, Catch-22, 98, 107, 243–4 Helmsley, Leona, 105 hero myths, 221–3, 224 Hewlett-Packard, 159 hippie countercultural, 100 Hoffman, Abbie, Steal This Book, 100 Holmström, Bengt, 229–30 homo economicus, 9, 10, 12, 140, 156–7 and Gary Becker, 126, 129, 133, 136 and behaviour of real people, 15, 136, 144–5, 171, 172, 173, 250–51 and behavioural economics, 170, 171, 172, 255 long shadow cast by, 248 and Nudge economists, 13, 172, 173, 174–5, 177 Hooke, Robert, 223 housing market, 128–9, 196, 240–41 separate doors for poor people, 243 Hume, David, 111 Huxley, Thomas, 114 IBM, 181, 222 identity, 32, 165–6, 168, 180 Illinois, state of, 46–7 immigration, 125, 146 Impossibility Theorem, 72, 73–4, 75, 89, 97 Arrow’s assumptions, 80, 81, 82 and Duncan Black, 77–8 and free marketeers, 78–9, 82 as misunderstood and misrepresented, 76–7, 79–82 ‘paradox of voting’, 75–7 as readily solved, 76–7, 79–80 Sen’s mathematical framework, 80–81 incentives adverse effect on autonomy, 164, 165–6, 168, 169–70, 180 authority figure–autonomy contradiction, 180 and behavioural economics, 171, 175, 176–7 cash and non-cash gifts, 161–2 context and culture, 175–6 contrast with rewards and punishments, 176–7 ‘crowding in’, 176 crowding out of prior motives, 160–61, 162–3, 164, 165–6, 171, 176 impact of economists’ ideas, 156–7, 178–80 and intrinsic motivations, 158–60, 161–3, 164, 165–6, 176 and moral disengagement, 162, 163, 164, 166 morally wrong/corrupting, 168–9 origins in behaviourism, 154 and orthodox theory of motivation, 157–8, 164, 166–7, 168–70, 178–9 payments to blood donors, 162–3, 164, 169, 176 as pervasive in modern era, 155–6 respectful use of, 175, 177–8 successful, 159–60 as tools of control/power, 155–7, 158–60, 161, 164, 167, 178 Indecent Proposal (film, 1993), 168 India, 123, 175 individualism, 82, 117 and Becker, 134, 135–8 see also freedom, individual Industrial Revolution, 223 inequality and access to lifeboats, 150–51 and climate change, 207–9 correlation with low social mobility, 227–8, 243 and demand for positional goods, 239–41 and economic imperialism, 145–7, 148, 151, 207 and efficiency wages, 237–8 entrenched self-deluding justifications for, 242–3 and executive pay, 215–16, 219, 224, 228–30, 234, 238 as falling in 1940–80 period, 215, 216 Great Gatsby Curve, 227–8, 243 hero myths, 221–3, 224 increases in as self-perpetuating, 227–8, 230–31, 243 as increasing since 1970s, 2–3, 215–16, 220–21 and lower growth levels, 239 mainstream political consensus on, 216, 217, 218, 219–21 marginal productivity theory, 223–4, 228 new doctrine on taxation since 1970s, 232–5 and Pareto, 217, 218–19, 220 poverty as waste of productive capacity, 238–9 public attitudes to, 221, 226–8 rises in as not inevitable, 220, 221, 242 role of luck downplayed, 222, 224–6, 243 scale-invariant nature of, 219, 220 ‘socialism for the rich’, 230 Thatcher’s praise of, 216 and top-rate tax cuts, 231, 233–5, 239 trickle-down economics, 232–3 US and European attitudes to, 226–7 ‘you deserve what you get’ belief, 223–6, 227–8, 236, 243 innovation, 222–3, 242 Inside Job (documentary, 2010), 88 Institute of Economic Affairs, 7–8, 15, 162–3 intellectual property law, 57, 68, 236 Ishiguro, Kazuo, Never Let Me Go, 148 Jensen, Michael, 229 Journal of Law and Economics, 49 justice, 1, 55, 57–62, 125, 137 Kahn, Herman, 18, 33 Kahneman, Daniel, 170–72, 173, 179, 202–3, 212, 226 Kennedy, President John, 139–40 Keynes, John Maynard, 11, 21, 162, 186, 204 and Buchanan’s ideology, 87 dentistry comparison, 258–9, 261 on economics as moral science, 252–3 Friedman’s challenge to orthodoxy of, 132 Hayek’s view of, 5–6 massive influence of, 3–4, 5–6 on power of economic ideas, 15 and probability, 185, 186–7, 188–9, 190, 210 vision of the ideal economist, 20 General Theory (1936), 15, 188–9 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 128 Khrushchev, Nikita, 139–40, 181 Kilburn Grammar School, 48 Kildall, Gary, 222 Kissinger, Henry, 184 Knight, Frank, 185–6, 212 Krugman, Paul, 248 Kubrick, Stanley, 35*, 139 labour child labour, 124, 146 and efficiency wages, 237–8 labour-intensive services, 90, 92–3 lumpenproletariat, 237 Olson’s hostility to unions, 104 Adam Smith’s ‘division of labour’ concept, 128 Laffer, Arthur, 232–3, 234 Lancet (medical journal), 257 Larkin, Philip, 67 law and economics movement, 40, 55, 56–63, 64–7 Lazear, Edward, ‘Economic Imperialism’, 246 legal system, 7* and blame for accidents, 55, 60–61 and Chicago School, 49, 50–52, 55 and Coase Theorem, 47, 49, 50–55, 63–6 criminal responsibility, 111, 137, 152 economic imperialist view of, 137 law and economics movement, 40, 55, 56–63, 64–7 ‘mimic the market’ approach, 61–3, 65 Posner’s wealth-maximization principle, 57–63, 64–7, 137 precautionary principle, 211–12, 214 transaction costs, 51–3, 54–5, 61, 62, 63–4, 68 Lehmann Brothers, 194 Lexecon, 58, 68 Linda Problem, 202–3 LineStanding.com, 123 Little Zheng, 123, 124 Lloyd Webber, Andrew, 234–5, 236 lobbying, 7, 8, 88, 115, 123, 125, 146, 230, 231, 238 loft-insulation schemes, 172–3 logic, mathematical, 74–5 The Logic of Life (Tim Harford, 2008), 130 London School of Economics (LSE), 4, 48 Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM), 201, 257 Machiavelli, Niccoló, 89, 94 Mafia, 30 malaria treatments, 125, 149 management science, 153–4, 155 Mandelbrot, Benoît, 195, 196, 201 Mankiw, Greg, 11 marginal productivity theory, 223–4 Markowitz, Harry, 196–7, 201, 213 Marx, Karl, 11, 101, 102, 104, 111, 223 lumpenproletariat, 237 mathematics, 9–10, 17–18, 19, 21–4, 26, 247, 248, 255, 259 of 2007 financial crash, 194, 195–6 and Ken Arrow, 71, 72, 73–5, 76–7, 82–3, 97 axioms (abstract assumptions), 198 fractals (scale-invariance), 194, 195–6, 201, 219 and orthodox decision theory, 190–91, 214 Ramsey Rule on discounting, 208–9, 212 and Savage, 189–90, 193, 197, 198, 199, 205 and Schelling, 139 Sen’s framework on voting systems, 80–81 standard deviation, 182, 192, 194 and stock market statistics, 190–91, 195–6 use of for military ends, 71–2 maximizing behaviour and Becker, 129–31, 133–4, 147 and catastrophe, 211 and Coase, 47, 55, 59, 61, 63–9 economic imperialism, 124–5, 129–31, 133–4, 147, 148–9 Posner’s wealth-maximization principle, 57–63, 64–7, 137 profit-maximizing firms, 228 see also wealth-maximization principle; welfare maximization McCluskey, Kirsty, 194 McNamara, Robert, 138 median voter theorem, 77, 95–6 Merton, Robert, 201 Meucci, Antonio, 222 microeconomics, 9, 232, 259 Microsoft, 222 Miles, David, 258 Mill, John Stuart, 102, 111, 243 minimum wage, national, 96 mobility, economic and social correlation with inequality, 226–8, 243 as low in UK, 227 as low in USA, 226–7 US–Europe comparisons, 226–7 Modern Times (Chaplin film, 1936), 154 modernism, 67 Moivre, Abraham de, 193 monetarism, 87, 89, 132, 232 monopolies and cartels, 101, 102, 103–4 public sector, 48–9, 50–51, 93–4 Mont Pèlerin Society, 3–9, 13, 15, 132 Morgenstern, Oskar, 20–22, 24–5, 28, 35, 124, 129, 189, 190 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 91, 92–3 Murphy, Kevin, 229 Mussolini, Benito, 216, 219 Nash equilibrium, 22–3, 24, 25, 27–8, 33–4, 41–2 Nash, John, 17–18, 22–3, 24, 25–6, 27–8, 33–4, 41–2 awarded Nobel Prize, 34–5, 38, 39, 40 mental health problems, 25, 26, 34 National Health Service, 106, 162 ‘neoliberalism’, avoidance of term, 3* Neumann, John von ambition to make economics a science, 20–21, 24–5, 26, 35, 125, 151, 189 as Cold War warrior, 20, 26, 138 and expansion of scope of economics, 124–5 as father of game theory, 18, 19, 20–22, 25, 26, 28, 30, 34, 41 final illness and death of, 19, 34, 35, 43–4 genius of, 19–20 as inspiration for Dr Strangelove, 19 and Nash’s equilibrium, 22–3, 25, 38* simplistic view of humanity, 28 theory of decision-making, 189, 190, 203 neuroscience, 14 New Deal, US, 4, 194, 231 Newton, Isaac, 223 Newtonian mechanics, 21, 24–5 Nixon, Richard, 56, 184, 200 NORAD, Colorado Springs, 181 nuclear weapons, 18–19, 20, 22, 27, 181 and Ellsberg, 200 and game theory, 18, 20, 21–2, 24, 27, 33–4, 35, 70, 73, 198 MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction), 35, 138 and Russell’s Chicken, 33–4 and Schelling, 138, 139 Nudge economists, 13, 171–5, 177–8, 179, 180, 251 Oaten, Mark, 121 Obama, Barack, 110, 121, 157, 172, 180 Olson, Mancur, 103, 108, 109, 119–20, 122 The Logic of Collective Action (1965), 103–4 On the Waterfront (Kazan film, 1954), 165 online invisibility, 100* organs, human, trade in, 65, 123, 124, 145, 147–8 Orwell, George, Nineteen Eighty-Four, 42–3 Osborne, George, 233–4 Packard, David, 159 Paine, Tom, 243 Pareto, Vilfredo 80/20 rule’ 218 and inequality, 217, 218–19, 220 life and background of, 216–17 Pareto efficiency, 217–18, 256* Paul the octopus (World Cup predictor, 2010), 133 pensions, workplace, 172, 174 physics envy, 9, 20–21, 41, 116, 175–6, 212, 247 Piketty, Thomas, 234, 235 plastic shopping bag tax, 159–60 Plato’s Republic, 100–101, 122 political scientists and Duncan Black, 78, 95–6 Black’s median voter theorem, 95–6 Buchanan’s ideology, 84–5 crises of the 1970s, 85–6 influence of Arrow, 72, 81–2, 83 see also public choice theory; social choice theory Posner, Richard, 54, 56–63, 137 ‘mimic the market’ approach, 61–3, 65 ‘The Economics of the Baby Shortage’ (1978), 61 precautionary principle, 211–12, 214 price-fixing, 101, 102, 103–4 Princeton University, 17, 19–20 Prisoner’s Dilemma, 26–8, 29–32, 42–3 prisons, cell upgrades in, 123 privatization, 50, 54, 88, 93–4 probability, 182–4 and Keynes, 185, 186–7, 188–9, 210 Linda Problem, 202–3 modern ideas of, 184–5 Ramsey’s personal probabilities (beliefs as probabilities), 187–8, 190, 197, 198, 199, 204–5 and Savage, 190, 193, 197, 198, 199, 203, 205 ‘Truth and Probability’ (Ramsey paper), 186–8, 189, 190 see also risk and uncertainty Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 22 productivity Baumol’s cost disease, 90–92, 93, 94 and efficiency wages, 237–8 improvement in labour-intensive services, 92–3 labour input, 92 protectionism, 246, 255 psychology availability heuristic, 226 behaviourism, 154–8, 237 and behavioural economics, 12, 170–71 cognitive dissonance, 113–14 and financial incentives, 156–7, 158–60, 163–4, 171 framing effects, 170–71, 259 of free-riding, 113–14, 115 intrinsic motivations, 158–60, 161–3, 164, 165–6, 176 irrational behaviour, 12, 15, 171 learning of social behaviour, 163–4 moral disengagement, 162, 163, 164, 166 motivated beliefs, 227 ‘self-command’ strategies, 140 view of in game theory, 26–31 view of in public choice theory, 85–6 and welfare maximization, 149 ‘you deserve what you get’ belief, 223–6, 227–8, 236, 243 public choice theory as consensus view, 84–5 and crises of the 1970s, 85–6 foolish voter assumption, 86–8 ‘paradox of voter turnout’, 88–9, 95–6, 115–16 partial/self-contradictory application of, 86, 87–9 ‘political overload’ argument, 85, 86–7 ‘public bad, private good’ mantra, 93–4, 97 and resistance to tax rises, 94, 241 self-fulfilling prophecies, 95–7 and selfishness, 85–6, 87–8, 89, 94, 95–7 as time-bomb waiting to explode, 85 public expenditure in 1970s and ’80s, 89 Baumol’s cost disease, 90–92, 93, 94 and Keynesian economics, 4 and public choice theory, 85–8, 89, 241 and tax rises, 241–2 public-sector monopolies, 48–9, 50–51, 93–4 Puzzle of the Harmless Torturers, 118–19 queue-jumping, 123, 124 QWERTY layout, 42 racial discrimination, 126–7, 133, 136, 140 Ramsey, Frank, 186–8, 189, 190, 205, 208 Ramsey Rule, 208–9, 212 RAND Corporation, 17, 41, 103, 138, 139 and Ken Arrow, 70–71, 72–3, 74, 75–6, 77, 78 and behaviourism, 154 and Cold War military strategy, 18, 20, 21–2, 24, 27, 33–4, 70, 73, 75–6, 141, 200, 213 and Ellsberg, 182–4, 187, 197–8, 200 and Russell’s Chicken, 33 Santa Monica offices of, 18 self-image as defender of freedom, 78 rational behaviour assumptions in game theory, 18, 28, 29–32, 35–8, 41–3, 70, 124 axioms (abstract mathematical assumptions), 198 Becker’s version of, 128–9, 135, 140, 151 behavioural economics/Nudge view of, 173, 174–5 distinction between values and tastes, 136–8 economic imperialist view of, 135, 136–8, 140, 151 and free-riding theory, 100–101, 102, 103–4, 107–8, 109–10, 115–16 and orthodox decision theory, 198, 199 public choice theory relates selfishness to, 86 term as scientific-sounding cover, 12 see also homo economicus Reader’s Digest, 5, 6 Reagan, Ronald, 2, 87–8, 89, 104, 132 election of as turning point, 6, 216, 220–21 and top-rate tax cuts, 231, 233 regulators, 1–2 Chicago view of, 40 Reinhart, Carmen, 258 religion, decline of in modern societies, 15, 185 renewable energy, 116 rent-seeking, 230, 238 ‘right to recline’, 63–4 risk and uncertainty bell curve distribution, 191–4, 195, 196–7, 201, 203–4, 257 catastrophes, 181–2, 191, 192, 201, 203–4, 211–12 delusions of quantitative ‘risk management’, 196, 213 Ellsberg’s experiment (1961), 182–4, 187, 197, 198–200 errors in conventional thinking about, 191–2, 193–4, 195–7, 204–5, 213 financial orthodoxy on risk, 196–7, 201–2 and First World War, 185 and fractals (scale-invariance), 194, 195–6, 201 hasard and fortuit, 185* ‘making sense’ of through stories, 202–3 ‘measurable’ and ‘unmeasurable’ distinction, 185–6, 187–9, 190, 210–11, 212–13 measurement in numerical terms, 181–4, 187, 189, 190–94, 196–7, 201–2, 203–5, 212–13 orthodox decision theory, 183–4, 185–6, 189–91, 193–4, 201–2, 203–5, 211, 212–14 our contemporary orthodoxy, 189–91 personal probabilities (beliefs as probabilities), 187–8, 190, 197, 198, 199, 204–5 precautionary principle, 211–12, 214 pure uncertainty, 182–3, 185–6, 187–9, 190, 197, 198–9, 210, 211, 212, 214, 251 redefined as ‘volatility’, 197, 213 the Savage orthodoxy, 190–91, 197, 198–200, 203, 205 scenario planning as crucial, 251 Taleb’s black swans, 192, 194, 201, 203–4 ‘Truth and Probability’ (Ramsey paper), 186–8, 189, 190 urge to actuarial alchemy, 190–91, 197, 201 value of human life (‘statistical lives’), 141–5, 207 see also probability Robertson, Dennis, 13–14 Robinson, Joan, 260 Rodrik, Dani, 255, 260–61 Rogoff, Ken, 258 Rothko, Mark, 4–5 Rumsfeld, Donald, 232–3 Russell, Bertrand, 33–4, 74, 97, 186, 188 Ryanair, 106 Sachs, Jeffrey, 257 Santa Monica, California, 18 Sargent, Tom, 257–8 Savage, Leonard ‘Jimmie’, 189–90, 193, 203, 205scale-invariance, 194, 195–6, 201, 219 Scandinavian countries, 103, 149 Schelling, Thomas, 35* on access to lifeboats, 150–51 awarded Nobel Prize, 138–9 and Cold War nuclear strategy, 138, 139–40 and economic imperialism, 141–5 and game theory, 138–9 and Washington–Moscow hotline, 139–40 work on value of human life, 141–5, 207 ‘The Intimate Contest for Self-command’ (essay, 1980), 140, 145 ‘The Life You Save May be Your Own’ (essay, 1968), 142–5, 207 Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam, 172 Schmidt, Eric, 105 Scholes, Myron, 201 Schwarzman, Stephen, 235 Second World War, 3, 189, 210 selfishness, 41–3, 178–9 and Becker, 129–30 and defence of inequality, 242–3 as free marketeers’ starting point, 10–12, 13–14, 41, 86, 178–9 and game theory, 18 and public choice theory, 85–6, 87–8, 89, 94, 95–7 Selten, Reinhard, 34–5, 36, 38, 40 Sen, Amartya, 29, 80–81 service sector, 90–93, 94 Shakespeare, William, Measure for Measure, 169 Shaw, George Bernard, 101 Shiller, Robert, 247 Simon, Herbert, 223 Skinner, Burrhus, 154–5, 158 Smith, Adam, 101, 111, 122 The Wealth of Nations (1776), 10–11, 188–9 snowflakes, 195 social choice theory, 72 and Ken Arrow, 71–83, 89, 95, 97, 124–5, 129 and Duncan Black, 78, 95 and free marketeers, 79, 82 Sen’s mathematical framework, 80–81 social media, 100* solar panels, 116 Solow, Bob, 163, 223 Sorites paradox, 117–18, 119 sovereign fantasy, 116–17 Soviet Union, 20, 22, 70, 73, 82, 101, 104, 167, 237 spectrum auctions, 39–40, 47, 49 Stalin, Joseph, 70, 73, 101 the state anti-government attitudes in USA, 83–5 antitrust regulation, 56–8 dismissal of almost any role for, 94, 135, 235–6, 241 duty over full employment, 5 economic imperialist arguments for ‘small government’, 135 increased economic role from 1940s, 3–4, 5 interventions over ‘inefficient’ outcomes, 53 and monetarism, 87, 89 and Mont Pèlerin Society, 3, 4, 5 and privatization, 50, 54, 88, 93–4 public-sector monopolies, 48–50, 93–4 replacing of with markets, 79 vital role of, 236 statistical lives, 141–5, 207 Stern, Nick, 206, 209–10 Stigler, George, 50, 51, 56, 69, 88 De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum (with Becker, 1977), 135–6 Stiglitz, Joseph, 237 stock markets ‘Black Monday’ (1987), 192 and fractals (scale-invariance), 194, 195–6, 201 orthodox decision theory, 190–91, 193–4, 201 Strittmatter, Father, 43–4 Summers, Larry, 10, 14 Sunstein, Cass, 173 Nudge (with Richard Thaler, 2008), 171–2, 175 Taleb, Nassim, 192 Tarski, Alfred, 74–5 taxation and Baumol’s cost disease, 94 and demand for positional goods, 239–41 as good thing, 231, 241–2, 243 Laffer curve, 232–3, 234 new doctrine of since 1970s, 232–4 property rights as interdependent with, 235–6 public resistance to tax rises, 94, 239, 241–2 and public spending, 241–2 revenue-maximizing top tax rate, 233–4, 235 tax avoidance and evasion, 99, 105–6, 112–13, 175, 215 ‘tax revolt’ campaigns (1970s USA), 87 ‘tax as theft’ culture, 235–6 top-rate cuts and inequality, 231, 233–5, 239 whines from the super-rich, 234–5, 243 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 153–4, 155, 167, 178, 237 Thaler, Richard, 13 Nudge (with Cass Sunstein, 2008), 171–2, 175 Thatcher, Margaret, 2, 88, 89, 104, 132 election of as turning point, 6, 216, 220–21 and Hayek, 6, 7 and inequality, 216, 227 privatization programme, 93–4 and top-rate tax cuts, 231 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1944), 20, 21, 25, 189 Titanic, sinking of (1912), 150 Titmuss, Richard, The Gift Relationship, 162–3 tobacco-industry lobbyists, 8 totalitarian regimes, 4, 82, 167–8, 216, 219 see also Soviet Union trade union movement, 104 Tragedy of the Commons, 27 Truman, Harry, 20, 237 Trump, Donald, 233 Tucker, Albert, 26–7 Tversky, Amos, 170–72, 173, 202–3, 212, 226 Twitter, 100* Uber, 257 uncertainty see risk and uncertainty The Undercover Economist (Tim Harford, 2005), 130 unemployment and Coase Theorem, 45–7, 64 during Great Depression, 3–4 and Keynesian economics, 4, 5 United Nations, 96 universities auctioning of places, 124, 149–50 incentivization as pervasive, 156 Vietnam War, 56, 198, 200, 249 Villari, Pasquale, 30 Vinci, Leonardo da, 186 Viniar, David, 182, 192 Volkswagen scandal (2016), 2, 151–2 Vonnegut, Kurt, 243–4 voting systems, 72–4, 77, 80, 97 Arrow’s ‘Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives’, 81, 82 Arrow’s ‘Universal Domain’, 81, 82 and free marketeers, 79 ‘hanging chads’ in Florida (2000), 121 recount process in UK, 121 Sen’s mathematical framework, 80–81 Waldfogel, Joel, 161* Wanniski, Jude, 232 Watertown Arsenal, Massachusetts, 153–4 Watson Jr, Thomas J., 181 wealth-maximization principle, 57–63 and Coase, 47, 55, 59, 63–9 as core principle of current economics, 253 created markets, 65–7 extension of scope of, 124–5 and justice, 55, 57–62, 137 and knee space on planes, 63–4 practical problems with negotiations, 62–3 and values more important than efficiency, 64–5, 66–7 welfare maximization, 124–5, 129–31, 133–4, 148–9, 176 behavioural economics/Nudge view of, 173 and vulnerable/powerless people, 146–7, 150 welfare state, 4, 162 Wilson, Charlie, 215 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 186, 188 Wolfenschiessen (Swiss village), 158, 166–7 Woolf, Virginia, 67 World Bank, 96 World Cup football tournament (2010), 133 World Health Organization, 207 Yale Saturday Evening Pest, 4–5 Yellen, Janet, 237 THE BEGINNING Let the conversation begin … Follow the Penguin twitter.com/penguinukbooks Keep up-to-date with all our stories youtube.com/penguinbooks Pin ‘Penguin Books’ to your pinterest.com/penguinukbooks Like ‘Penguin Books’ on facebook.com/penguinbooks Listen to Penguin at soundcloud.com/penguin-books Find out more about the author and discover more stories like this at penguin.co.uk ALLEN LANE UK | USA | Canada | Ireland | Australia India | New Zealand | South Africa Allen Lane is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com First published 2019 Copyright © Jonathan Aldred, 2019 The moral right of the author has been asserted Jacket photograph © Getty Images ISBN: 978-0-241-32544-5 This ebook is copyright 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pages: 615 words: 187,426

Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping by Roger Faligot

active measures, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business intelligence, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, illegal immigration, index card, information security, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, new economy, offshore financial centre, Pearl River Delta, Port of Oakland, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, South China Sea, special economic zone, stem cell, union organizing, young professional, éminence grise

In the end, however, Hua’s public declarations of the PRC’s eternal friendship with the Pahlavi dynasty fell rather flat; just a few months later, on 16 January 1979, the Iranian revolution spread. The Shah flew into exile with his family; he would not return. With the subsequent accession to power of Ayatollah Khomeini, the Americans lost their electronic interception base in Mashad. They invited the Chinese to join forces with them by putting up electronic listening devices along the Russian border. When the Iran–Iraq War broke out in 1980, Deng Xiaoping—seeking the mullahs’ forgiveness for China’s support for the Shah—supplied Silkworm rockets to the new regime.

As we shall see, around the turn of the millennium, the PLA3 and PLA4 began to cross a new threshold in the intelligence war, entering the online battlefield and becoming the principal country implementing wartime measures in cyberspace. A helping hand from the CIA and BND Before their launch into cyber-warfare, the Chinese had an extraordinary training school. It was the very people they were fighting against, the Americans, who came to their rescue. In 1979, the Chinese, as we have seen, were taken by surprise by Ayatollah Khomeini’s Iranian revolution, just as the Americans were. The Americans lost their base in Mashhad, a large radio station run with the British, which intercepted communications from the USSR. From this shared blow emerged an unexpected “friendly” intelligence collaboration. As early as April 1979, US intelligence services received the green light from Jimmy Carter to negotiate with Deng Xiaoping on possible collaboration in this area.

Qiao Shi travelled a great deal in the entourage of the new president, Hua Guofeng: to Romania, Yugoslavia and Iran, countries whose own special services were interested in cooperating with the Chinese against the Soviets. The overthrow of the Shah obliged Qiao to renegotiate agreements with the Savama, the new Iranian secret police serving the Ayatollah. But he excelled in behind-the-scenes negotiations, and this minor inconvenience was not enough to stop his rise to the top. In April 1982, at the age of fifty-eight, Qiao became head of the ILD.9 In this capacity, he made technical-oriented trips to Algiers, Tehran and Pyongyang, where he established a close collaboration with his North Korean ILD counterpart, Kim Yong-nam, and the head of state security, Kim Byong-ha.


On the Road: Adventures From Nixon to Trump by James Naughtie

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alistair Cooke, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, Donald Trump, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, gentrification, Haight Ashbury, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Julian Assange, Mikhail Gorbachev, Norman Mailer, obamacare, Oklahoma City bombing, plutocrats, post-work, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Seymour Hersh, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, trickle-down economics, white flight, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

But they found it difficult to escape the caricature of southern outsiders, as when Hamilton Jordan, Carter’s chief of staff, was ridiculed for apparently overindulging at a banquet, peering down the dress of the Egyptian ambassador’s wife and announcing to the table, ‘I can see the pyramids!’ And then came the Iranian hostage crisis. In November 1979, at the height of the revolution that brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power, fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were taken prisoner and held for 444 days. It’s hard to exaggerate the feelings that their ordeal engendered back home – a blend of blazing anger and humiliation. Americans didn’t like the feeling that they were powerless. It produced a tide of patriotism but not one that was helpful to the president.

(‘LBJ’), 6, 40, 54, 97, 174, 200, 215, 264, 266, 270, 273 Johnson, Peggy, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140 Jolson, Al, 18 Jones, Alex, 184–5 Jones, Paula, 119, 123 Jordan, Barbara, 67 Jordan, Hamilton, 70–1 Jovita, Palloma, 287–8 Kaepernick, Colin, 268 Kaiser, Bob, 82 Kasich, John, 181 Katz, Diane, 214 Kavanaugh, Brett, 120, 285 Kaye, Danny, 45, 46 Kemp, Jack, 219 Kennedy, Caroline, 167 Kennedy, Christopher, 76 Kennedy, Edward (‘Ted’), 71–5, 76, 154, 167–8, 200 Kennedy, Ethel, 76 Kennedy, John F. (‘JFK’), 38, 40, 49, 72, 74, 77, 121, 124, 167, 168, 179, 198, 200, 202, 219 Kennedy, Robert F. (‘RFK’), 32, 38, 65, 71, 72, 76 Kennedy, Rose, 76–7 Kerouac, Jack, 6 Kerry, John, 152–3, 154, 163 KGB, 93 Khatami, Mohammad, 131 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 71 Kim Jong-un, 195 King, Carole, 154 King, Martin Luther, 24, 65, 122, 155, 169, 176, 202 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 85 Kissinger, Henry, 57, 59, 64 Klein, Joe, 162 Koch brothers, 120 Kohl, Helmut, 95–6, 97 Kopechne, Mary Jo, 71–2 Kornblum, John, 96 Krauthammer, Charles, 182 Ku Klux Klan, 216 Lavrov, Sergey, 150 Lee, Christopher, 110 Lee, Robert E., 172, 216 Lenin, Vladimir, 279 Leubsdorf, Carl, 34–6, 51 Levinson, Sanford, 283–4 Lewinsky, Monica, 119, 120, 121, 123, 261 Lewis, Jerry, 12, 15 Lieberman, Joe, 170 Life, 73 Lincoln, Abraham, 2–3, 41, 66, 120, 134, 194, 256, 260 Lincoln Memorial, 78, 169 Loeb, William, 180 Los Angeles Times, 55, 76 Louisiana Purchase, 240 Lowell, Robert, 6 McBain, Ed, 6 McCain, John, 167, 169–74, 181, 200–1 McCarthy, Eugene, 259 McCarthy, Joe, 38 McGovern, George, 54, 64, 180, 212 McHutchon, Graham, 116–17 Macintyre, Ben, 93 McPherson, James, 6 McQuaid, Joe, 180–1 Mailer, Norman, 6, 42, 293 Major, John, 117, 121 Making of the President (White), 74 Manafort, Paul, 183 Manchester Union-Leader, 180, 195 Marcia (cousin), 46–7 M*A*S*H, 45 Mason, Jackie, 15 Meadows, Chris, 209 Medina Ridge, Battle of, 111 Meese, Ed, 83 Melville, Herman, 297 mental health, 124, 269 Meyer, Christopher, 132 Milosevic, Slobodan, 130, 203–4 Miranda, Lin-Manuel, 293 MI6, 93 Mitchell, John, 52 Mitchell, Joseph, 29–31 Mondale, Walter, 67, 68, 88–9, 90–1 Mosey, Roger, 109 Mudd, Roger, 72, 73 Mueller, Robert, 184, 188, 195, 205, 221, 284, 289–90 Murdoch, Rupert, 100 Muskie, Ed, 180 Muti, Riccardo, 251 Nagin, Ray, 236 National Enquirer, 179, 198 National Governors Association, 87 National Press Building, 55 National Review, 98, 150 Naughtie, Andrew (son), 251, 300 Naughtie, Ellie (wife), 110–11, 300 Naughtie, Flora (daughter), 111 Naughtie, James: in Chicago, 80, 155, 158, 220, 221–52, 222 education of, 36–8 first arrives in US, 7, 9–33 first Thanksgiving of, 47 Greyhound travel of, 6–7, 11, 23, 34, 50 indentures of, 63 Leadership series of, see America’s Crisis of Leadership literary nature of, 6, 37, 52 in New Orleans, 23, 25, 222, 222–42 as Stern Fellow, 78–80 taco incident involving, 68–9 NBC, 74, 177 Negroponte, John, 151 neoconservatism, 129–31, 144, 149, 182 New York Post, 32 New York Times (NYT), 38, 54, 55, 76, 94, 104, 107, 176, 211 New Yorker, 29, 42, 120 Newhouse School of Communications, 42, 45 Newsday, 55 Newsome, Hawk, 216, 217 Newsweek, 162 Nichopoulos, George (‘Dr Nick’), 244, 245 Nightline, 102 Nixon, Richard, 5, 34, 35, 38–41, 43–4, 49–58, 65, 69, 79, 103, 124–5, 164, 183, 200, 294, 295 Ford pardons, 61 impeachment trial of, 265–6 resigns as US president, 59, 218 Watergate scandal, see main entry Norquist, Grover, 145–6 Novak, Phil, 45 Nunes, Devin, 291 Obama, Barack, 154–6, 160, 162–76, 183, 190–1, 193, 196, 199, 217, 231, 255, 287 becomes POTUS, 157–8, 168, 256–8 Obama, Michelle, 166, 193 Obamacare, 175, 178, 201, 205, 241 Observer, The, 76 ‘October Surprise’, 86 oil crises, 50, 69–70 Oklahoma bombing, 185 O’Neill, Terry, 183, 184 O’Neill, Tip, 94 optimism, 3, 4, 33, 60–1, 67, 154, 159, 168, 172, 251, 293 O’Rourke, Beto, 267–70, 272, 274 Oslo Accords, 114–15 Osnos, Peter, 82 Oswald, Lee Harvey, 179, 219 Palestine, 80, 114–15, 146 Palin, Sarah, 170–1, 175 Parker, Dorothy, 29 Parnas, Lev, 291 PBS, 38 Peel, John, 155 Perle, Richard, 144–5 Perot, Ross, 114 Pew Research Center, 237 philanthropy, 36, 183, 194, 236, 238, 259 Pick, Hella, 57 Pilgrim Fathers, 27, 133–4, 280 Plain Dealer, 55 Poirier, Dan, 135, 136 populism, 4, 118, 119, 152, 175, 180, 185, 193, 211–12, 260, 263, 266, 283, 296 Posner, Richard, 135 Powell, Gen.


pages: 489 words: 111,305

How the World Works by Noam Chomsky, Arthur Naiman, David Barsamian

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, capital controls, clean water, corporate governance, deindustrialization, disinformation, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, glass ceiling, heat death of the universe, Howard Zinn, income inequality, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, joint-stock company, land reform, liberation theology, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, single-payer health, strikebreaker, Telecommunications Act of 1996, transfer pricing, union organizing, War on Poverty, working poor

By the time we invaded Panama in December 1989, the press had demonized Noriega, turning him into the worst monster since Attila the Hun. (It was basically a replay of the demonization of Qaddafi of Libya.) Ted Koppel was orating that “Noriega belongs to that special fraternity of international villains, men like Qaddafi, Idi Amin and the Ayatollah Khomeini, whom Americans just love to hate.” Dan Rather placed him “at the top of the list of the world’s drug thieves and scums.” In fact, Noriega remained a very minor thug—exactly what he was when he was on the CIA payroll. In 1988, for example, Americas Watch [a US-based human-rights monitoring organization] published a report on human rights in Panama, giving an unpleasant picture.

In February 1982, the main Israeli figures whose names later appeared in the Iran/Contra hearings appeared on BBC television [the British Broadcasting Company, Britain’s national broadcasting service] and described how they had helped organize an arms flow to the Khomeini regime. In October 1982, the Israeli ambassador to the US stated publicly that Israel was sending arms to the Khomeini regime, “with the cooperation of the United States…at almost the highest level.” The high Israeli officials involved also gave the reasons: to establish links with elements of the military in Iran who might overthrow the regime, restoring the arrangements that prevailed under the Shah—standard operating procedure.

See also India Kennan, George on exploiting Africa on Indonesia Niebuhr revered by on police repression in the Third World on post-WWII foreign policy on Russian political power Kennedy administration Alliance for Progress Cuba campaign of Latin American policy of Vietnam War escalation during Kennedy, John F. business supported by CIA and as cult figure policy not affected by assassination of South Vietnam bombed by Kennedy liberals Kentucky Fried Chicken Kenya Kerala. See also India Kerry, John Keynesian economics Keynes, John Maynard Khiyam Khmer Rouge Khomeini regime Killing Fields Kirkpatrick, Jean Kissinger, Henry as “aristocrat,” on Chile as a “virus,” Chile destroyed by CIA and speaking truth to, as senseless Vietnam War and Knesset Knox, Henry Kofsky, Frank Kohen, Arnold Kolb, Eugene Kolko, Gabriel Koop, Everett Koppel, Ted Korea, US intervention after WWII.


pages: 289 words: 81,679

Why the Jews?: The Reason for Antisemitism by Dennis Prager, Joseph Telushkin

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, ghettoisation, Herbert Marcuse, Mikhail Gorbachev, Norman Mailer

But as then U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Daniel Patrick Moynihan pointed out: “It is no accident” that the “racist murderer” Idi Amin called for the extinction of Israel. “For Israel is a democracy and it is simply the fact that despotisms will seek whatever opportunities come to hand to destroy that which threatens them most, which is democracy.” 5 Amin went on to live in peace and tranquility in Saudi Arabia. One of the first acts of the Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini after assuming power in Iran was the takeover of the Israeli embassy in Tehran. That too was dismissed as the Jews’ problem—until the Iranians did the same thing to the American embassy. Hatred of Israel and Jews as indicators of the haters’ evil continues. The suicide bombings initiated against Israel (which most of the world is content to see as the Jews’ problem, or fault, see Chapter Fourteen) eventually inspired Islamist bombings of America on September 11, 2001, and such actions, it would seem, are now starting to inspire other extremist, non-Arab Muslims.

As the Christians of Lebanon, who have suffered far worse from Muslim hatred than the Jews of Israel, have learned, Arab leaders who call for wars to annihilate Zionism are not otherwise tolerant, democracy-loving gentlemen. There is often a direct correlation between the ferocity of a Muslim leader’s hatred of the Jewish state and his hatred of democracy and other Western values. Syria’s Assad, Iran’s Khomeini and now his disciples, Libya’s Gadhafi, Iraq’s Hussein, and Osama bin Laden are five such examples. As Professor Wisse reminds us: “We know from the past that the West paid dearly for ignoring Hitler’s war against the Jews. One can only hope that it will not pay as dearly for having ignored or underestimated for so long the Arab war against Israel and the Jews.” 6 (Conversely, Arab and other Middle Eastern Muslim societies less characterized by despotism and wanton cruelty, such as Tunisia and Turkey, are also characterized by a greater tolerance of the Jews.)


Understanding Power by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Burning Man, business climate, business cycle, cognitive dissonance, continuous integration, Corn Laws, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, disinformation, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, gentrification, global reserve currency, guns versus butter model, Howard Zinn, junk bonds, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, liberation theology, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, mortgage tax deduction, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Paul Samuelson, Ralph Nader, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, school choice, Strategic Defense Initiative, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, systems thinking, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, union organizing, wage slave, women in the workforce

. … And you know, you didn’t have Susan Sontag [American writer] getting up in public and saying, “I am Ernst Zundel,” all this kind of thing. The point is, you defend freedom of speech when it’s speech you like, and when you’re sure there’s a half-billion Western Europeans out there between you and the Ayatollah Khomeini so you can be courageous [the Iranian leader put a $6 million price on Rushdie’s head in 1989]. But when you get to a case where nobody likes what’s being said, then somehow defense of freedom of speech disappears. Well, you couldn’t have a law like that in the United States anymore, but you can have it in Canada—and American intellectuals basically support it, like the liberal Boston Globe, the New York Times, the P.E.N, writers [an organization that promotes free expression for writers] who don’t get excited.

Now, I don’t want to say that this is Nazi Germany, but there is a similarity—just as there’s a similarity to post-Khomeini Iran. I mean, Iranian business strongly opposed the Shah [the Iranian monarch who ruled the country until 1979], because they didn’t like the fact that he controlled the state monopolies, especially the National Iranian Oil Company—and as a result they wanted to see him overthrown, and they needed somebody to do it. Well, the only forces they could appeal to were the movements in the streets, and those guys were being organized by fundamentalist clerics. So as a result they overthrew the Shah alright, but they also got Khomeini and all these fundamentalist maniacs running around, which they didn’t like.

One way it could go would be like the building of the C.I.O. [an integrated mass union formed in 1935], or the Civil Rights and feminist movements, or the Freedom Rides [whites and blacks rode buses together into the American South in 1961 to challenge segregation laws]. Other ways it could go would be Nazism, Khomeini’s Iran, Islamic fundamentalism in Algeria—those are all ways people could go too. But the country is very disturbed. You can see it in polls, and you can certainly see it traveling around—and I travel around a lot. There’s complete disaffection about everything. People don’t trust anyone, they think everyone’s lying to them, everyone’s working for somebody else.


Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (Updated Edition) (South End Press Classics Series) by Noam Chomsky

active measures, American ideology, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, centre right, colonial rule, David Brooks, disinformation, European colonialism, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, information security, Monroe Doctrine, New Journalism, public intellectual, random walk, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, the market place, Thomas L Friedman

Again, it does not follow from the fact that the threat was fabricated that it was not believed in some planning circles; in public as in personal life, it is easy to come to believe what it is convenient to believe. The exaggeration of the Russian threat should be understood as an early example of the functioning of the Cold War system by which each superpower exploits the threat of the great enemy (its “Great Satan,” to borrow Ayatollah Khomeini’s term) to mobilize support for actions it intends to undertake in its own domains. The success of the Greek counterinsurgency campaign, both at the military and ideological level, left its stamp on future U.S. policymaking. Since that time there has been recurrent talk about Russia’s attempts to gain control of Middle East oil, the Soviet drive to the Gulf, etc.

The incidents are increasing in intensity, with half of the casualties since December 1, and 13 incidents in the first week of January 1983. “The perpetrators are reportedly Palestinians infiltrating back into south Lebanon, Lebanese leftists, as well as, in one case, Lebanese Shiite Muslim adherents of Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini.”286 Hirsh Goodman reports that “the IDF is conducting live fire patrols…to ensure that no terrorists are waiting in ruins or in orchards along the way”—that is, shooting randomly as they drive along Lebanese roads in what is called “defense against terrorism” by occupying armies.287 The U.S. marine commander in Lebanon criticized this “reconnaissance by fire” in the southern Beirut sector patrolled by his troops.

In an interview with the Boston Globe, Israeli Ambassador Moshe Arens, now Sharon’s replacement as Defense Minister, stated that Israel had provided arms to the Khomeini regime “in coordination with the U.S. government…at almost the highest of levels.” “The objective,” he stated, “was to see if we could not find some areas of contact with the Iranian military, to bring down the Khomeini regime.” Publication of this report elicited official U.S. government denials, and as Arens told the Globe: “I caught a little flack from the State Department.” Arens then reiterated his statement about coordination with the U.S. government, but qualified the account of the “objective”: the arms flow was too small to bring down the Khomeini regime; rather, “The purpose was to make contact with some military officers who some day might be in a position of power in Iran.”22 More information on Israeli ideas with regard to Iran was presented in a BBC program of February 1982 concerned with Israel’s arms shipments to Iran and what the moderator, Philip Tibenham, calls “one of the most closely-guarded secrets in the Middle East—Israel’s attempt to trigger a military coup in Iran.”23 The first person interviewed was Jacob nature of this alliance was revealed in part after the Shah’s fall by discussion in the Israeli press, particularly, the account by former Israeli Ambassador Uri Lubrani, who reports that “the entire upper echelon of the Israeli political leadership” visited the Shah’s Iran, including David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, Abba Eban, Yitzhak Rabin, Yigal Allon, Moshe Dayan, and Menachem Begin, and who describes the warm relations that developed between Israel’s Labor leaders and the Shah’s secret police (SAVAK), who hosted these visits, taking time off from torturing prisoners.24 Classics in Politics: The Fateful Triangle Noam Chomsky The Road to Armageddon 771 Nimrodi, head of Mossad (the Israeli CIA, in effect) in Iran under cover as Israeli military attaché under the Shah.


pages: 443 words: 125,510

The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities by John J. Mearsheimer

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Ayatollah Khomeini, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, Clive Stafford Smith, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, global village, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, invisible hand, laissez-faire capitalism, liberal world order, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, Peace of Westphalia, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Steven Pinker, Suez crisis 1956, Ted Kaczynski, Thomas L Friedman, transaction costs

But even some of those successes came back to haunt American leaders. For example, the 1953 coup in Iran that put the shah back in power gave the United States an important ally for about twenty-five years. But it poisoned relations between Tehran and Washington after the shah was toppled in 1979 and Ayatollah Khomeini came to power. Indeed, memories of the 1953 coup continue to mar relations today, more than sixty years later. And that was a success! As Lindsey O’Rourke shows, most U.S. coup attempts did not even achieve their short-term goals.14 American interventions could also prove remarkably costly for the target states.

., 69 justice: basis of, 25 fairness as, 66 global, 127–28 just war theory, 113, 203, 221, 292n1 Kaczynski, Ted (Unabomber), 34 Kagame, Paul, 113–14 Kant, Immanuel, 57, 61, 112, 151, 190, 196 Kargil War, 195 Karzai, Hamid, 165 Kennan, George, 177 Keohane, Robert, 211–13 Kerry, John, 178 Keyssar, Alexander, 73 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 225 Khrushchev, Nikita, 132 Kinzer, Stephen, 231–32 Kissinger, Henry, 156 Klosko, George, 63 Korean War, 294n15 Kramnick, Isaac, viii–ix, 57 Kristol, Irving, 27 Kuwait, 209 Kymlicka, Will, 104 laissez-faire, 46, 50, 56, 68, 70 Lampert, Lawrence, 240n28 language: nation-building through, 102 and nationhood, 88 Lasswell, Harold, 39 Lavrov, Sergei, 174 law, disagreements over, 25–27 Layne, Christopher, 154, 202 League of Nations, 81, 131 legal realism, 25 Levy, Jack, 207 liberal hegemony: American embrace of, 4–6, 122, 139, 153, 160–61, 177–78, 217–18, 227–30, 235n2 British embrace of, 139, 153, 160–61 contexts for, 1–2, 122, 139, 151 costs of, 233 defined, viii diplomacy hindered by, 156–58 domestic liberalism harmed by, 179–85, 233 elites and, 129–30 failure of, viii, 1–3, 122, 140–43, 151, 162–79, 186–88, 233 geographic constraints on, 268n25 goals of, viii, 1, 120, 127–28 intolerance demonstrated by, 157–58 militarism and war resulting from, 152–56, 179, 220–21 missionary zeal propelling, 152, 154–55, 219 negative consequences of, 2, 152–87, 218–20, 233 peace as motivation for, 121, 124–26, 154, 188–216 political instability resulting from, 162–79 the public and, 129–30 rationale for, 1–2, 120–21, 123–30 rights as important concern of, 1–2 liberal idealism, 10–11, 76–81 liberal institutionalism, 6, 189–90, 210–16 liberalism, 45–81 and community, 124 core features of, 6–7, 47–54 criticisms of, 82–83, 107–8 (see also international politics not amenable to) damages to, from liberal hegemony, 179–85, 233 defining, 8–12, 235n1 democracy in relation to, 11 domestic vs. international contexts for, 11–12 economics in, 51 as elite vs. popular point of view, 129 foreign policy based on, 5 freedom from viewpoint of, 9 good life from viewpoint of, 7, 54 historical context for, 113 human nature from viewpoint of, 7, 33, 82, 107, 241n40 individualism as core premise of, 7, 8, 33, 47, 82, 123, 241n40 and international economy, 127–28, 143 and international institutions, 127–28, 142–43 international politics not amenable to, 3, 11–12, 137–40, 188–89 intolerance of, 53, 63, 110 liberal idealism compared to, 10, 76–81 limits of, 82–83 maintenance of order by, 48–53 modus vivendi liberalism vs. progressive liberalism, 9–10, 45–46, 65–68 nationalism in relation to, 3–4, 82, 84, 102–8, 118, 125–26, 244n14 nationalism’s chief differences from, 102–3 opposition to, 142 paradoxes of, 53–54, 110 particularism of, 53–54, 110 politics’ role in, 51–52, 67–68 prevalence of, 104, 114 realism in relation to, 1–4, 122, 130–31, 137–39, 171–72, 178–79, 188–89 reason as core premise of, 47–48 rights as key concern of, 3, 8–9, 53–54, 65–66, 82–83, 107–16 safeguards of, 117–19 and sovereignty, 126, 158, 160–61 state’s role in, 9–10, 49–50, 55–56, 67, 68 threats to, 60–61, 64, 116–17 tolerance as value of, 9, 48–50, 53–54, 58, 62–63 Trump’s criticisms of, 230 of United States, 104, 235n1 universalism of, 53–54, 123 utilitarianism compared to, 10, 74–76 vulnerabilities of, 53, 126–27.


pages: 525 words: 116,295

The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives by Eric Schmidt, Jared Cohen

access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, airport security, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andy Carvin, Andy Rubin, anti-communist, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, bitcoin, borderless world, call centre, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, clean water, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, Dean Kamen, disinformation, driverless car, drone strike, Elon Musk, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, false flag, fear of failure, Filter Bubble, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Hacker Conference 1984, hive mind, income inequality, information security, information trail, invention of the printing press, job automation, John Markoff, Julian Assange, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Law of Accelerating Returns, market fundamentalism, Mary Meeker, means of production, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, Parag Khanna, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, Peter Singer: altruism, power law, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Robert Bork, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social graph, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, Susan Wojcicki, The Wisdom of Crowds, upwardly mobile, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, young professional, zero day

No state would be ready to do this today—Somalia least of all—but if countries can begin building such systems now, they will be ready when they are needed. The potential for remote virtual governance might well affect political exiles. Whereas public figures living outside their homelands once had to rely on back channels to stay connected—the Ayatollah Khomeini famously relied on audiocassette tapes recorded in Paris and smuggled into Iran to spread his message in the 1970s—there are a range of faster, safer and more effective alternatives today. In the future, political exiles will have the ability to form powerful and competent virtual institutions, and thus entire shadow governments, that could interact with and meet the needs of the population at home.

Hormuud https encryption protocols Huawei human rights, 1.1, 3.1 humiliation Hussein, Saddam, itr.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 Hutus Identity Cards Act identity theft identity-theft protection, 2.1, 2.2 IEDs (improvised explosive devices), 5.1, 6.1 IEEE Spectrum, 107n income inequality, 1.1, 4.1 India, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1 individuals, transfer of power to Indonesia infiltration information blackouts of exchange of free movement of see also specific information technologies Information and Communications Technologies Authority Information Awareness Office information-technology (IT) security experts infrastructure, 2.1, 7.1 Innocence of Muslims (video), 4.1, 6.1 innovation Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, n insurance, for online reputation integrated clothing machine intellectual property, 2.1, 3.1 intelligence intelligent pills internally displaced persons (IDP), 7.1, 7.2 International Criminal Court, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2 internationalized domain names (IDN) International Telecommunications Union Internet, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 Balkanization of as becoming cheaper and changing understanding of life impact of as network of networks Internet asylum seekers Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) internet protocol (IP) activity logs internet protocol (IP) address, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1 Internet service provider (ISP), 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 7.1 Iran, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1 cyber warfare on “halal Internet” in Iraq, itr.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2 reconstruction of, 7.1, 7.2 Ireland iRobot Islam Israel, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 iTunes Japan, 3.1, 6.1n, 246 earthquake in Jasmine Revolution JavaOne Conference Jebali, Hamadi Jibril, Mahmoud Jim’ale, Ali Ahmed Nur Join the Club: How Peer Pressure Can Transform the World (Rosenberg), 4.1 Joint Tactical Networking Center Joint Tactical Radio System Julius Caesar justice system Kabul Kagame, Paul, 7.1, 7.2 Kansas State University Karzai, Hamid Kashgari, Hamza Kaspersky Lab Kenya, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2 Khan Academy Khartoum Khodorkovsky, Mikhail Khomeini, Ayatollah Kickstarter kidnapping, 2.1, 5.1 virtual Kinect Kissinger, Henry, 4.1, 4.2 Kiva, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 Klein, Naomi, n Kony 2012, 7.1 Koran Koryolink “kosher Internet,” 187 Kosovo Kurds, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1 Kurzweil, Ray Kyrgyzstan Laârayedh, Ali Lagos language translation, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2 laptops Latin America, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1 law enforcement Law of Accelerating Returns Lebanon, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2 Lee Hsien Loong legal options, coping strategies for privacy and security concerns legal prosecution Lenin, Vladimir Levitt, Steven D.


pages: 533 words: 125,495

Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters by Steven Pinker

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, availability heuristic, Ayatollah Khomeini, backpropagation, basic income, behavioural economics, belling the cat, Black Lives Matter, butterfly effect, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, classic study, clean water, Comet Ping Pong, coronavirus, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, David Attenborough, deep learning, defund the police, delayed gratification, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, Easter island, effective altruism, en.wikipedia.org, Erdős number, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science, fake news, feminist movement, framing effect, George Akerlof, George Floyd, germ theory of disease, high batting average, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, index card, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, libertarian paternalism, Linda problem, longitudinal study, loss aversion, Mahatma Gandhi, meta-analysis, microaggression, Monty Hall problem, Nash equilibrium, New Journalism, Paul Erdős, Paul Samuelson, Peter Singer: altruism, Pierre-Simon Laplace, placebo effect, post-truth, power law, QAnon, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Waldo Emerson, randomized controlled trial, replication crisis, Richard Thaler, scientific worldview, selection bias, social discount rate, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, sunk-cost fallacy, TED Talk, the scientific method, Thomas Bayes, Tragedy of the Commons, trolley problem, twin studies, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, Walter Mischel, yellow journalism, zero-sum game

Tetlock asked people, “What if Joseph had abandoned Mary when Jesus was a child—would he have grown up as confident and charismatic?” Devout Christians refused to answer. Some devout Muslims are even touchier. When Salman Rushdie published The Satanic Verses in 1988, a novel containing a narrative that played out the life of Mohammad in a counterfactual world in which some of Allah’s words really came from Satan, Iran’s Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa calling for his murder. Lest this mindset seem primitive and fanatical, try playing this game at your next dinner party: “Of course none of us would ever be unfaithful to our partners. But let’s suppose, sheerly hypothetically, that we would. Who would be your adulterous paramour?”

See mythology mindset; reality mindset See also cognitive illusions; informal fallacies; Index of Biases and Fallacies irrelevant alternatives, sensitivity to, 177–78, 188–92, 350n8 James, William, 37 Jefferson, Thomas, 336, 339 Jenkins, Simon, 303 Jewish humor, 83, 89, 141–42, 192, 246, 262, 265, 325 See also Morgenbesser, Sidney Jewish people conspiracy theories about, 287 the Golden Rule in religion, 68 the Holocaust, 67, 184, 286 as percentage of population, 120 JFK (film), 303 Jindal, Bobby, 357n73 Johnson, Samuel, 111 Johnson, Vinnie “The Microwave,” 131 journalism cognitive biases and, 125 data and context, provision of, 127 editing and fact-checking in, 41, 300–301, 314, 316 innumeracy of, 125–27, 314 recommendations for, 127, 314, 316, 317 and the replicability crisis, 161–62 “yellow journalism,” 125 See also media; pundits judicial system overview of classic illusions of, 321 accountability for lying and, 313 adversarial system of, 41, 316 correlation implying causation and, 260 death penalty, 221, 294, 311, 333 eyewitness testimony, 216, 219 fairness and, 217 false convictions, 216–21 forensic methods in, 216, 219–20 guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, 217 inadmissible evidence, 57–58 juries, 57–58, 63, 202, 217–21 lie detectors in, 219 preponderance of the evidence, 217, 218 presumption of innocence, 217 Prisoner’s Dilemma, 238–42, 244 probability illusions and, 117–18, 129–30, 131, 138–39 prosecutor’s fallacy, 140–41 signal detection and, 202, 216–21, 352n17 See also crime; homicide Jung, Carl, 144 Kahan, Dan, 293, 295, 297–98 Kahneman, Daniel, 7, 9–10, 11, 25–29, 29, 119, 146, 154–55, 156, 190–95, 254, 342n15, 349–50nn6,27 Kaine, Tim, 82 Kant, Immanuel, 69, 327 Kaplan, Robert, 25 Kardashians, 99, 102 Kennedy, John F., 144, 259, 286, 303 Kennedy, John F., Jr., 33 Keynes, John Maynard, 310 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 65 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 328, 339 Kissinger, Henry, 107 knowledge Bayesian reasoning and priors, 157–58 defined as justified true belief, 36, 344n1 logic and requirement to ignore, 95–98 rumors conveying, 308 and trust in institutions, 313–14 used in service of goals, 36–37 Kpelle people, 96–97 Langer, Ellen, 342n17 language ambiguity of conditionals, 140–41 conversational habits, 10, 21, 28, 30, 78–80, 87–88, 308, 343n43 defenses against lying and, 313 as recursive, 71 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 113–14 Lardner, Ring, 43 La Rochefoucauld, François de, 173 Law and Order (TV show), 238–39 Lebowitz, Fran, 325 left and right (political) Bayesian reasoning and, 297 expressive rationality, 297–98 intellectual roots of, 296 mask-wearing during pandemic and, 296 moral and ideological alignments, 296 moral superiority and, 296 motivated numeracy and, 292–94 openness to evidence and, 311 political bias as asymmetrical, 312–13, 357n73 political bias as bipartisan, 295–96, 297, 312 as religious sects, 296 rise of, factors in, 296–97 and science, sympathy vs. hostility, 284, 295, 297, 312 as tribes, 296 views of protests, 294–95 See also Democratic Party and Democrats; myside bias; politics; Republican Party and Republicans Lehrer, Jonah, 353n13 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 74, 93–94, 98, 101 Let’s Make a Deal.


pages: 441 words: 136,954

That Used to Be Us by Thomas L. Friedman, Michael Mandelbaum

addicted to oil, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Andy Kessler, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, blue-collar work, Bretton Woods, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, centre right, Climatic Research Unit, cloud computing, collective bargaining, corporate social responsibility, cotton gin, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, delayed gratification, drop ship, energy security, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, full employment, Google Earth, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), job automation, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, Lean Startup, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, mass immigration, more computing power than Apollo, Network effects, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, obamacare, oil shock, PalmPilot, pension reform, precautionary principle, proprietary trading, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Jobs, the long tail, the scientific method, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, University of East Anglia, vertical integration, WikiLeaks

The year 1979 proved crucial for energy and the environment for other reasons as well. The cost of oil skyrocketed that year as did oil’s toxic geopolitical consequences. The sequence of events began in January 1979, with the overthrow of the shah of Iran and the subsequent takeover in Tehran by Ayatollah Khomeini and his followers. Months later, on November 20, 1979, the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, was seized by violent Sunni Muslim extremists, who challenged the religious credentials of the Saudi ruling family. After retaking the mosque, the panicked Saudi rulers responded by forging a new bargain with their own Muslim fundamentalists, which went like this: “Let us stay in power and we will give you a free hand in setting social norms, veiling women, curtailing music, restricting relations between the sexes, and imposing religious education.

-China Collaboration on Clean Energy Jordan, Michael JPMorgan Chase Justice Department, U.S. K Kaiser, Robert G. Kaiser Family Foundation Kannan Katz, Lawrence Keillor, Garrison Kelley, General James Kendrick, Anna Kennan, George Kennedy, David Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Center Honors Kerry, John Kessler, Andy Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Kindle Kinwar, Jishnu Kopp, Wendy Korean War Kosovo Krupp, Fred Kullman, Ellen Kurds Kyl, Jon L Labor Statistics, Bureau of Lamar University Land, Edwin Lane, Anthony Lazer, Hank Learning to Innovate, Innovating to Learn (Wagner) Lee Myung-bak Lehman Brothers Lemmon, Jack Lenin, V.


pages: 466 words: 127,728

The Death of Money: The Coming Collapse of the International Monetary System by James Rickards

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, bitcoin, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, BRICs, business climate, business cycle, buy and hold, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, centre right, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, complexity theory, computer age, credit crunch, currency peg, David Graeber, debt deflation, Deng Xiaoping, diversification, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Snowden, eurozone crisis, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, financial repression, fixed income, Flash crash, floating exchange rates, forward guidance, G4S, George Akerlof, global macro, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Goodhart's law, Growth in a Time of Debt, guns versus butter model, Herman Kahn, high-speed rail, income inequality, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, invisible hand, jitney, John Meriwether, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, Lao Tzu, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, margin call, market bubble, market clearing, market design, megaproject, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, mutually assured destruction, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, obamacare, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, operational security, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, power law, price stability, public intellectual, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, reserve currency, risk-adjusted returns, Rod Stewart played at Stephen Schwarzman birthday party, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Solyndra, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, Stuxnet, The Market for Lemons, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, trade route, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, working-age population, yield curve

During one such break, I chatted with the head of one of the largest institutional portfolios in the world. He asked me about my career, and I recounted my early days at Citibank on assignment in Karachi. That had been in the 1980s, not long after the shah of Iran had been deposed in the Iranian Revolution. Grand Ayatollah Khomeini became Supreme Leader and declared Iran to be an Islamic Republic guided by principles of sharia or Islamic law. This shift in Iranian governance placed pressure on Pakistan to burnish its own Islamic credentials. Pakistani president Zia-ul-Haq issued religious ordinances, including one that prohibited banks from charging interest on loans, something forbidden by sharia.

-Iran financial war, 54–58 Iraq, 153 Ireland, 128, 200 iron rice bowl principle, 93 “Irreversibility, Uncertainty, and Cyclical Investment” (Bernanke), 84, 85 ISI (Pakistani intelligence), 36–37 Israel, 156 Italy, 128 Jamaica compromise, 235–36 Japan, 82, 157–62 debt-to-GDP ratio of, 159, 259, 261 deflation in, 160–61, 260–62, 264 Federal Reserve’s easy-money policy and, 157–59 gold-to-GDP ratio of, 157, 281 IMF commitment of, 202 quantitative easing in, 160–61 secret gold acquisitions by, 273–74 Jin Dynasty, 90 Johnson, Lyndon, 7–8, 209 Jordan, 152, 153 JPMorgan Chase, 205 Kazakhstan, 151 Kelton, Stephanie, 168 Keynes, John Maynard, 7, 131, 134, 168, 207, 244 Keynesianism, 69, 124, 130–31, 193–94 Khan, Kublai, 90 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 30 Kindleberger, Charles, 84 King Dollar (sound-dollar) policy, 118, 176–77, 210, 211 Knight, Frank H., 85, 268, 269 Knight Capital computer debacle, 60, 63, 296–97 Knot, Klaas, 233 Korea, 202 Kos, Dino, 272–73 Kosovo, 136 Krugman, Paul, 117–18 on myth of Chinese growth, 94, 95, 96 myth that gold caused market panics and, 224 sticky-wage theory and, 124, 131, 134 Kuroda, Haruhiko, 161 Kuwait, 152, 153 Kyrgyzstan, 151 labor-capital factor input model of economic growth, 94–95 labor-management relations, 123–24 labor mobility, 125 Lagarde, Christine, 144, 148, 191, 192, 194–95, 198, 205, 206 land, as investment, 299 Lao Tzu, 90 Latvia, 136.


pages: 458 words: 134,028

Microtrends: The Small Forces Behind Tomorrow's Big Changes by Mark Penn, E. Kinney Zalesne

addicted to oil, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, big-box store, Biosphere 2, call centre, corporate governance, David Brooks, Donald Trump, extreme commuting, Exxon Valdez, feminist movement, Future Shock, glass ceiling, God and Mammon, Gordon Gekko, haute couture, hygiene hypothesis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, independent contractor, index card, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, labor-force participation, late fees, life extension, low cost airline, low interest rates, low skilled workers, mobile money, new economy, Paradox of Choice, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Renaissance Technologies, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Rubik’s Cube, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Superbowl ad, the payments system, Thomas L Friedman, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, War on Poverty, white picket fence, women in the workforce, Y2K

Diestro is “skillful” in Spanish.) The anti-left bias comes from, or is reflected in, the fact that in the New Testament, the devil sits at God’s left hand, whereas the blessed sit to His right. In Islam, too, left-handedness is a curse—just before the Islamist revolution in Iran in 1979, the Ayatollah Khomeini “proved” that the Shah was cursed by pointing out that his firstborn son was a lefty. And so left-handedness has been routinely discouraged, or even beaten out of people. China and the Netherlands were particularly aggressive in “hand reorientation” until the twentieth century, and until the 1960s in the U.S., elementary school teachers—most famously in Catholic schools—slapped left-handed children for trying to write with their left hands.

For more on Southpaw earnings, see Joel Waldfogel, “Sinister and Rich,” Slate, August 16, 2006. The discussion of lateralization of the brain among animals comes from Amanda Onion, “The Left-Handed Advantage,” ABC News, February 17, 2005. For more on the religious heritage of left-handedness as sin, including the Ayatollah Khomeini reference, see “All Is Not Right in the World of the Lefty,” cited above; and Kathleen Laufenberg, “For Centuries, Being Left-Handed Was More than Just Inconvenient,” Tallahassee Democrat, January 29, 2002. The UCLA study is K. Hugdahl, et al., “Left-Handedness and Old Age: Do Left-Handers Die Earlier?


pages: 444 words: 127,259

Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber by Mike Isaac

"Susan Fowler" uber, "World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, always be closing, Amazon Web Services, Andy Kessler, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Benchmark Capital, Big Tech, Burning Man, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Chris Urmson, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, citizen journalism, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, corporate governance, creative destruction, data science, Didi Chuxing, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, end-to-end encryption, fake news, family office, gig economy, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, Greyball, Hacker News, high net worth, hockey-stick growth, hustle culture, impact investing, information security, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, lolcat, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, mass immigration, Menlo Park, Mitch Kapor, money market fund, moral hazard, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, off grid, peer-to-peer, pets.com, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, selling pickaxes during a gold rush, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , Sheryl Sandberg, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, Snapchat, SoftBank, software as a service, software is eating the world, South China Sea, South of Market, San Francisco, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, super pumped, TaskRabbit, tech bro, tech worker, the payments system, Tim Cook: Apple, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, union organizing, upwardly mobile, Vision Fund, WeWork, Y Combinator

With thinning hair balancing a thick brow line and a full, steeply-bridged nose, Khosrowshahi was handsome, charming, even cool. Like someone’s dad, who also happened to look good while wearing black skinny jeans. Westerners often found his Persian surname tricky; everyone ended up calling him “Dara.” Khosrowshahi’s family fled Tehran in the late ’70s in the midst of the revolution that brought the Ayatollah Khomeini to power, escaping to the south of France before eventually settling in Tarrytown, New York. His parents, trying to usher their sons into American culture as painlessly as possible, enrolled young Dara and his two brothers at Hackley, a K–12 private prep school in the area, where they quickly assimilated.

Uber, 338–41 tries to rally shareholders, 301–2 Trump’s business advisory council and, 203, 204, 210–12, 221, 224, 254 Trump’s election and, 201–3 on Uber’s board, 79–80 at UCLA, 20–22 vision for Uber, 85 voting power of, 287 writes letter of apology to his employees, 265–66 Zimride and, 85–86 Kalanick, Travis Cordell, making of a founder, 16–25 Kamel, Fawzi, 237, 240, 308–10, 309n Kapor, Mitch, 284–85 Keitel, Harvey, 45 Kerry, John, 229 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 320 Khosrowshahi, Dara, 319–29, 331–34 Kim, Young Mi, 311n King, Gayle, 194 Klein, Freada Kapor, 284–85 Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, 35, 38, 39, 40, 98, 184, 201 Klout, 93, 94 Knowles, Beyoncé, 7–8, 194 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, 211 Kondaiah, M, 149 Kopelman, Josh, 293 Krafcik, John, 233 Krane, David, 98–101, 99n, 105–6, 283 Kuaidi Dache, 142 Kygo, 7 Lacy, Sarah, 119, 121, 128, 129–30, 150 Lake, Katrina, 285, 335 Larry King Live, 229 Lasky, Mitch, 294 Las Vegas, Nevada, 3, 4, 5–7, 8, 93, 113 Leathern, Rob, 28 Lehman Brothers, 132 Le Méridien hotel, 236 Levandowski, Anthony, 107–10, 180–85, 232–34, 233, 254–56, 260, 278, 333 Lin, Alfred, 92n LinkedIn, 74, 77, 117 Liu, Jean, 202, 258 Livefyre, 46 London, England, 84, 144 Los Angeles, California, 16–25, 84, 128, 144 Lowercase Capital, 288, 289, 293, 297–98 Lucini, Benedetta, 113–14 Lyft, 86n, 115, 132, 134, 137, 166, 177, 201, 211, 224, 248, 257–58 Kalanick’s attitude toward, 86–89, 119–20 Kalanick’s desire to merge with, 186–89 MacDonald, Andrew, 309 Maceo crime family, 66 Macintosh, 35, 37 Macromedia, 26 Maher, Bill, 229 Malaysia, 195 Mao Zedong, 201 Maris, Bill, 106 Martello, Wan-Ling, 276–77, 287 Match.com, 171–72 McCarran International Airport, 5 McCloskey, Melody, 49 McCue, Mike, 92n McKinsey, 132 Melbourne, Australia, 85 Menlo Ventures, 192, 288, 289, 297–98, 301–2 Merrill Lynch, 92, 332 Messina, Chris, 223 Metcalfe, Ben, 117 #MeToo movement, 241–42 Metropolitan Taxicab Commission, 117 Mexico, 172–74 Meza de la Cruz, Esteban, 173 Miami, Florida, 120 company-wide retreats in, 3, 4 Michael, Emil, 92n, 122, 143, 156–58, 162, 202, 226–27, 260, 262, 331, 337 celebrity recruitment and, 193–94, 227 firing of, 272–73 Michael, Emil (continued) gaffe at Waverly event, 127–29 Google and, 105–6 Gurley and, 125–26 Holzwarth and, 249–53 as Kalanick’s secret fundraising weapon, 92–99 Lyft and, 186 Michels, Oren, 193n Microsoft, 39, 69, 77, 115 Milan, Italy, 85, 113–14 Miller, Stephen, 207 MIT, 153 Modolo, Osvaldo Luis, Filho, 174 Mohrer, Josh, 84, 117–18, 130, 133–34, 156, 269 Morgan Stanley, 69 Motion Picture Association of America, 24, 28, 29 Mountain View, California, 105, 183 Mueller, Robert S., 168 Murdoch, Rupert, 295 Musk, Elon, 42, 54, 199 Napster, 21, 24 Nasdaq, 76 National Review, 229 NBC, 131 Nest, 98 Netscape, 35, 69, 69n Nevada, 110, 113 Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles, 182 New Delhi, India, 149–50, 150 News Corp, 295 New York, 113, 115 New York, New York, 84, 113, 126–28, 130, 144–45 popularity of Uber in, 83, 143 success in, 147 Uber offices in, 117–18, 134, 195 New Yorker magazine, 229, 241 New York magazine, 200 New York Police Department (NYPD), 145 New York Taxi Workers Alliance, 206, 208 New York Times, xvii, xix, 24, 55, 131, 199, 202, 332n, 339–40.


pages: 299 words: 89,342

The Places in Between by Rory Stewart

Ayatollah Khomeini, clean water, Khyber Pass, out of africa, trade route, upwardly mobile

The mosque functioned not only as a chapel and a guesthouse but also as a dining hall, a conference room, and a school. The walls were of scratched mud, stained with grease, dimpled with worm casts and moth holes, and hung with a blackboard and a small embroidery of the Kabaa at Mecca. In Iran there would have been posters of Ayatollah Khomeini, but here there was no government figure to idolize, no father of the nation, no king. Nevertheless, the Beg had clearly spent money on the mosque—it had a felt carpet, three full-length windows, and plaster flowers on the ceiling. As if to confirm the building's secular aspect, three ibex heads with curling three-foot horns hung in the atrium.

The dispute was originally over who had been the legitimate successor of the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century. But each sect had gathered its own collection of traditions and practices over fourteen centuries. Some Christian observers saw the Sunnis as the Protestant and the Shia as the Catholic sections of Islam. They pointed to the authority of the ayatollah priests in the Shia tradition and their emotional and colorful penances, their incorporation of local traditions, and their concern with saints and miracles. But others saw the Shia as Protestants: reformers who had returned to the original religion of the Prophet when the earlier Sunni tradition had been corrupted by power.


pages: 616 words: 189,609

The Dream Machine: The Untold History of the Notorious V-22 Osprey by Richard Whittle

Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, Boeing 747, Charles Lindbergh, digital map, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, helicopter parent, military-industrial complex, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, The Soul of a New Machine, VTOL

Schaefer and fifteen other handpicked U.S. military pilots and copilots found themselves the night of Thursday, April 24, 1980. They were at the controls of eight RH-53D Sea Stallions, a Navy variant of the Sikorsky CH-53 built for minesweeping and equipped with extra fuel tanks. They were churning through a navigator’s nightmare of darkness and dust above Islamic revolutionary Ayatollah Khomeini’s Iran. They were also flying under radio silence, and at gut-wrenchingly low altitudes to avoid radar detection. The Sea Stallions were a crucial element in Operation Eagle Claw, an audacious secret mission of Rubik’s Cube complexity. The mission’s goal was to rescue fifty-three Americans held hostage in Iran over the previous five and a half months, since Islamic radicals had seized the 27-acre U.S.

., 240–43, 280, 286, 287, 301, 302, 303, 318, 314–15, 316, 318, 342, 361, 378, 388 Jones, Warren, 27, 36 JORD (Joint Operational Requirements Document), 91–92, 98, 116, 250 Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 56–57 Joyce, Sean, 214–15, 218–33 Joyce, Yvonne, 215, 233 Judge Advocate General Manual (JAGMAN) investigations, 321–24 JVX (Joint Services, Vertical Lift and Experimental), 7–8, 14, 88–106, 136–67 Army’s withdrawal from, 137–42, 144–45, 161, 177 Bell-Boeing contract bid for, 7–8, 14, 20, 103–4, 116, 117, 119, 137, 146 Blot as program manager of, 154, 155–59, 161 Congressional funding of, 92–95, 99, 101, 102–3, 137, 138 cost of, 98, 129, 132 design competition for, 98, 101–4 financing of, 97, 99, 101, 104 long lead items in, 183–84 new engine design for, 150–52 JVX operational requirements, 98, 102, 105–6, 107–116, 131–35, 140, 149, 206–8, 248, 325, 333, 366, 389 airspeed in, 98, 105, 108 altitude in, 98, 112 amphibious assault ship compatibility in, 108, 111, 112–13, 118, 126, 127, 129, 194–95, 327–28 autorotation in, 325, 335 defensive weapons in, 113, 153, 378 electronic gear in, 105, 108, 113 escape clause in, 116 infrared suppressors in, 113, 118 range in, 105, 108, 112, 135, 151, 206, 248 rotor size in, 108, 114, 119, 135 size in, 101, 105, 108, 110–12, 118, 124 survivability in, 113, 132–33, 201, 235–36, 246, 295 weight in, 113, 131–33 wing stow mechanism in, 127 JVX preliminary design, 107–35, 146, 147, 148–49, 164–65, 380 appearance of, 134–35 Composite Flex Ring in, 128–29 composite structures of, 119–22, 125, 126–31, 132, 148, 206, 236, 245–46 configuration of, 117–18 design gross weight in, 113, 114 disk loading of, 114, 166, 195, 327–28 engines of, 114, 118, 132, 133, 135, 150–52, 206, 215, 246 flight controls of, 105, 113, 118, 132–33, 148, 166, 195, 206 fuselage frames and formers of, 132, 245–46 fuselage of, 117, 118, 119, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, 132, 161–62, 164, 206 honeycomb in, 129–31, 132 H-shaped tail of, 129, 135 hydraulic system of, 133 nacelles of, 118, 126, 133, 135, 151 power lever of, 157–59, 200 proprotor blades of, 108, 112, 113, 117–18, 119, 120, 130, 133, 135, 141 risk reduction studies in, 119, 132 rotor grips of, 120–22, 206 skin of, 119, 125, 130–31, 132 sponsons of, 135 testing of, 104, 119–22, 128, 132 unrealistic requirements for, 107–16, 133–35 weight problem in, 108, 113–15, 118, 119, 120, 126, 129–34, 151, 166, 206, 246 wing of, 135, 246 wing stow mechanism of, 118, 126–29, 132, 138, 206, 246 Kalista, Cliff, 43 Karem, Abraham, 396 Keith, Kelly, 261, 274 Kelley, Bartram, 28–29, 30, 42, 48 Kelley, P. X., 86–88, 91, 99, 138, 141, 154, 156, 160, 163 Kevlar composite, 131 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 60 Khosrowdad, Manuchehr, 47 Kisor, Ronald, 352–53 Klemin, Alexander, 9, 12, 18, 19, 20, 30, 34, 105 Knight Ridder Newspapers, 316 Knott, Sandy, 218, 233 Korean War, 32, 56, 57, 58 Krulak, Charles, 53, 244 Krulak, Victor H., 53 Krupp, Dennis, 305–6 Kurtz, Howard, 303 Lambert, Merrill, 12–13 Lawrence, William S., 73–76, 85–86 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 192 Leader, Gary, 214–15, 218–33 Leberman, Odin “Fred,” 306, 307, 310, 312, 314, 343, 344 LeCloux, Marty, 164, 216, 219, 220 Lehman, John Francis, Jr., 83–85, 87–88, 97, 130, 136–61, 173, 229 appearance of, 84 Army’s threatened withdrawal stopped by, 140–42 background of, 83, 84 Blot appointed by, 155–59 fixed-price FSD contract demanded by, 146–50, 164–65, 238, 333 managerial style of, 84–85 new engine design chosen by, 150–52 “Osprey” name picked by, 136–37 tiltrotor advocated by, 85, 88, 91, 94, 99, 103, 137, 204–5, 377 as XV-15 guest pilot, 83, 100–101 “Young Winston” nickname acquired by, 83–84 Leishman, J.


pages: 593 words: 183,240

An Economic History of the Twentieth Century by J. Bradford Delong

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, ASML, asset-backed security, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, buy and hold, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, colonial rule, coronavirus, cotton gin, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, ending welfare as we know it, endogenous growth, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial repression, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, general purpose technology, George Gilder, German hyperinflation, global value chain, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Rosling, hedonic treadmill, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, income per capita, industrial research laboratory, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, invention of agriculture, invention of the steam engine, It's morning again in America, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, land reform, late capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, means of production, megacity, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mortgage debt, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, occupational segregation, oil shock, open borders, open economy, Paul Samuelson, Pearl River Delta, Phillips curve, plutocrats, price stability, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, public intellectual, quantitative easing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, restrictive zoning, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, rolodex, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social intelligence, Stanislav Petrov, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, Suez canal 1869, surveillance capitalism, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, too big to fail, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, TSMC, union organizing, vertical integration, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wayback Machine, Yom Kippur War

Thereafter, Iran’s economy stagnated. First a catastrophic decade-long war with Iraq—not started by Iran’s ayatollahs but continued by them, as they believed God was on their side, that their cause was just, and that they could not but prevail—absorbed tremendous resources. And the newly dominant religious government had little interest in economic development: its leaders were interested in paradise in heaven, not utopia here on earth. The Iranian people had not made the Islamic Revolution to lower the price of watermelons—which was what Ayatollah Khomeini was reputed to have said in dismissal of the concerns of those of his advisers who wanted policies to bring material prosperity to Iran.

And although the shah was truly committed to turning Iran into a literate, educated, technologically proficient country, steps to boost education had the unintended consequence of producing a large body of students and intellectuals attracted to revolutionary politics. From exile, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini—a former opponent of land reform, who had thought it was un-Islamic to dispossess landlords and free peasants from debt bondage—lit the fuse, calling on the Islamic clergy and the people to seize power from the despot and carry out an Islamic revolution. A forty-day cycle of demonstrations began, during which young religious activists would be shot by the police, triggering another demonstration to mourn their deaths.


pages: 454 words: 139,350

Jihad vs. McWorld: Terrorism's Challenge to Democracy by Benjamin Barber

airport security, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, borderless world, Bretton Woods, British Empire, classic study, computer age, Corn Laws, Corrections Corporation of America, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, export processing zone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, George Gilder, global village, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Joan Didion, Kevin Kelly, laissez-faire capitalism, late capitalism, Live Aid, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, minimum wage unemployment, new economy, Norbert Wiener, North Sea oil, off-the-grid, pirate software, Plato's cave, postnationalism / post nation state, profit motive, race to the bottom, Right to Buy, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, undersea cable, vertical integration, young professional, zero-sum game

About satellite programs being beamed in to Teheran, he says: “These programs, prepared by international imperialism, are part of an extensive plot to wipe out our religious and sacred values.”3 With Dynasty, Donahue, Dinky Dog, and The Simpsons being beamed in courtesy of Star TV to compete with what Iranian skeptics call “the man on the balcony” (the late revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini delivering interminable speeches), it is hardly surprising that the Iranian state believes “the satellite is exactly against the honorable Prophet” and is trying to ban the import, manufacture, and use of satellite dishes.4 Jihad has been a metaphor for anti-Western antiuniversalist struggle throughout this book.

Indeed, my prediction that Jihad will eventually (if not any time soon) be defeated by McWorld rests almost entirely on the long-term capacity of global information and global culture to overpower parochialism and to integrate or obliterate partial identities. If the choice is ultimately to be (as the French writer Debray has argued) “between the local ayatollah and Coca-cola”11—if “the satellite [TV dish] is exactly against the honorable Prophet, exactly against the Koran”12—the mullahs will lose, because against satellite television and videocassettes they have no long-term defense. Over the long haul, would you bet on Serbian nationalism or Paramount Pictures?

And if the democratic option sounds utopian as a response to the infotainment telesector with its infectious videology and its invisible electronic fingers curling around human minds and hearts wherever satellite transmissions can be received, think of the alternative: surrender to the markets and thus to the least noble aspirations of human civilization they so efficiently serve; and the shrinking of our vaunted liberty to Regis Debray’s wretched choice between “the local Ayatollah and Coca-Cola.”20 In a nation at war, Abraham Lincoln saw in democracy a last and best hope. On our paradoxical planet today, with nations falling apart and coming together at the same moment for some of the very same reasons, and with cowering national governments and toothless international law hardly able to bark, let alone bite, democracy may now have become our first and only hope.


pages: 790 words: 150,875

Civilization: The West and the Rest by Niall Ferguson

Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Andrei Shleifer, Atahualpa, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, conceptual framework, Copley Medal, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Dean Kamen, delayed gratification, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Easter island, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, guns versus butter model, Hans Lippershey, haute couture, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, invention of movable type, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, John Harrison: Longitude, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, land reform, land tenure, liberal capitalism, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, market bubble, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, Pearl River Delta, Pierre-Simon Laplace, power law, probability theory / Blaise Pascal / Pierre de Fermat, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, rent-seeking, reserve currency, retail therapy, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spice trade, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Great Moderation, the market place, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, total factor productivity, trade route, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, undersea cable, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, wage slave, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce, work culture , World Values Survey

The reality, of course, is that promoting the headscarf is part of a wider agenda to limit women’s rights by introducing sharia law in Turkey, achieving gradually what was achieved much more suddenly in Iran after the 1979 Revolution – a backlash against the Shah’s ‘Westoxification’ (gharbzadegi) of Iran, which the Ayatollah Khomeini converted into a drastic sexual counter-revolution.112 Already you can see burqas in the streets of Istanbul, covering their wearers in black from head to foot, leaving them with only a tiny slit to see out of – concealing their identities so totally that in 2010 the French National Assembly voted to prohibit such garments altogether.

H. 103–4 empires see imperialism; individual empires Encümen-i Daniş (Assembly of Knowledge), Ottoman empire 89 Engels, Friedrich 207, 209, 210–11, 228 England 4, 18, 37 China and 47–9 exploration, voyages of 36 France and 23, 24, 39 Industrial Revolution 10, 13, 21, 28–9, 70 Ireland and 24, 105, 203n London see London slavery (chattel slavery) in 130, 132 see also Britain; British empire English Civil Wars 104, 105, 106, 107, 115, 150, 152 the Enlightenment 76–9, 81 environmental issues 17, 293–4, 299 Epp, Franz Xavier Ritter von 188–9 Erasmus, Desiderius xxiii Erdely, Eugene 190 Eugene of Savoy, Prince 56 eugenics 176–7 in Germany 176–81, 189–90, 191; in German Namibia 176–81; genocide in 179–80, 188 Euler, Leonard 84 Euphrates river/valley 17 Europe competition between states 36–42 geography 36–7 Islamic envoys to 86–7 US and 16 see also individual countries European integration 14–15, 239 Everett, Edward 137 exploration, voyages of 9, 23, 38 Chinese 28–33, 48 English 36 marine chronometers for 70 as missionary endeavours 39 Portuguese 33–5, 39, 53, 130 Spanish 35–6 Faidherbe, Louis, governor of Senegal 164, 165, 166 fashion/clothing 197–8, 219–20, 225, 237, 246, 255 communist attitude to 249–50 in Japan 220–21, 222, 223, 225 jeans 240–44, 246–9, 250 machine made 217–18, 237 for men 216, 220–21, 230 military uniforms 215–16, 229, 233, 234, 237 for women 216, 220, 246; Islamic 253–5, 253n see also consumerism Fashoda incident, Sudan (1898) 173 Feng Youlan: History of Chinese Philosophy 27 Feraios, Rigas 213 Fermat, Pierre de 66 Ferrier, Thomas 121, 122 Ferry, Jules, Prime Minister of France 172 Fertile Crescent concept 17 film industry 230, 231 Filmer, Sir Robert: Patriarcha 108 financial systems 7, 14, 139 in Asia 7, 252–3, 277–8 banking 230–31 capitalism see capitalism cash nexus concept 206–7 consumer credit 238 in Europe 106–7, 161 markets/market economy 205–6, 276–7 money supply 38 monopolies 38 taxation 38, 44, 106, 107, 117, 210–11, 288 see also economic …; Great Depression First World War (1914–18) 16, 92, 148–9, 181, 182, 227 African colonial troops in 181–9; French 183–7; German 182 casualty figures 181, 183, 186, 187 Dardanelles 85 Gallipoli 91, 182 Rudyard Kipling on 187–8 Fischer, Eugen 180–81, 189 Human Heredity … 189 food see diet food supplies 22, 200–201 famine 44, 46 see also agriculture foreign aid, to Africa 145–6 France 4, 16, 36, 37, 83, 85 American Revolution and 117 Britain and 140, 160, 161, 173 economic crises 149–50, 161 England and 23, 24, 39 the Enlightenment 77–8 in First World War 182–3, 185–7 Huguenots 39, 41, 76 Italy and 159 literacy rates 77 living standards 24–5 the Marseillaise 156, 156n under Napoleon Bonaparte 119, 142, 156–61 Paris 5, 77, 215 property rights 152 Russia and 160 Spain and 119 student unrest 245 see also French … Frauenfeld, Alfred 193 Frederick the Great of Prussia 73–4 The Anti-Machiavel 75, 79–80 as an intellectual 79–80 Political Testaments 73, 80 as a scientific patron 71, 79–80, 84 French army, in First World War 182–3, 185–7 mutiny in 186–7 French empire 148, 159, 160, 195 in Africa 163–75, 176, 188, 190–91; segregation in 174–5 colonial armies 164; in First World War 183–7 Ecole Coloniale 165, 166–7, 172 extent of 144 institutional structure 172–3 legal system 165–6 male suffrage in 163 in North America (Louisiana Purchase) 163, 160–61 slavery, abolition of 163–4 unrest in 163, 175 French Revolution 119, 142, 149–57, 161–2 Edmund Burke on 149, 150–52, 152n, 155, 156 causes of 149–50, 153 Declaration of the Rights of Man 150, 151 executions during 152–3 political system during 152–3 as a religious conflict 151, 152, 153, 154 Rousseau and 151–2 the Terror 153, 155–6 Alexis de Tocqueville on 153–4 see also France … French West Africa 170–71, 174, 191 Freud, Sigmund 16 on civilization 272–3 on religion 270–71, 272 Frisch, Otto 235 Galileo Galilei 65, 66, 83, 84 Galton, Francis 176–7 Kantsaywhere 177n Gandhi, Mahatma 217 on Western civilization 141, 144, 171, 195 on Western medicine 146, 149 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 229 Le Gazetier Cuirassé 79 genocide 179–80, 188, 193, 194, 234 see also eugenics German army, in First World War 182–3, 185–7 colonial troops 182 German empire 144 in Africa 176–81, 188–90, 191; legal system 177, racial issues 176, 177–81; rebellion in 178–9 Nazi, in Eastern Europe 189–90, 191–5 German nationalism 213, 214 Germany 11, 16, 38, 159 division of, post-1945 243; Berlin Wall 249, 251 economic growth/output 231, 232–3 eugenics in 176–81 living standards 232–3 Nazi regime 189–90, 191–5, 231–4; see also Hitler, Adolf as a printing centre 61 Reformation 38 Russia and 192, 194, 231–2 as a scientific centre 175–6 Gibbon, Edward 78 The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 257–9, 291–2 Gide, André 174 Gilbert, William 65 Ginsburg, Allen 247 globalization 239 gold, from South America 99, 101–2, 130 golf 28 Goltz, Colmar Freiherr von de (Goltz Pasha) 91 Gorbachev, Mikhail 250 Göring, Heinrich (father of Hermann Göring) 176, 189 Göring, Hermann 176, 189, 193 Graham, Billy 273–4 Great Britain see Britain Great Depression 229–31 Greece 15, 17, 21 Greek nationalism 213, 228 Greer, Germaine 246 Gregory VII, Pope 60 Grijns, Gerrit 170 Grimm, Hans: People without Space 189 Grosseteste, Robert 60 Guettard, Jean-Etienne 66 Guizot, François xxvii Gutenberg, Johann 60–61 Habsburg empire 8–9, 53, 144 Ottoman empire’s invasion of (1683) 52, 54–7 Vienna, siege of (1683) 52, 53, 55, 57 see also Austria Haiti 120, 128, 160 Hamakari, battle of (1904) 179 Hammond, Mac 275 Hardy, Georges 166 Hargreaves, James 200 Harrison, John 70 Harvey, William 66 Haussmann, Baron Georges 215 Havel, Václav 248–9 Hawaii 144 Hayek, Friedrich von 301 Road to Serfdom 237 health issues 7, 12, 14, 44, 68, 175–6 antibiotics 148 Black Death/plague 4, 23, 25, 54, 169, 175 death 25–6 definition 13 diet and 170 eugenics see eugenics European diseases, spread of 99, 101 hospitals: Islamic 51 medical schools 53 native medicine/healers 171–2 public health 147, 148, 171–2, 177, 205 sanitation 23, 147, 179 tropical diseases 148, 168–70, 173; mortality rate from 168; research on 169–70, 174 vaccination 14, 147, 148, 170, 173, 175 Western medicine, benefits of 146–8, 168–75, 191 witch doctors 171, 172 health transition concept 147–8 Heck, Walter 233 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 159, 207, 212 Helvétius, Adrien 78 Hempel, Carl xx Hendel, Ann Katrin 250 Henry V, King of England 23, 24, 39 Henry VIII, King of England 72, 103–4 Henry the Navigator, King of Portugal 39 Himmler, Heinrich 190, 192, 193–4 Hirohito, Crown Prince of Japan 220, 225–6 Hispaniola (island) 101–2 history teaching of xviii–xx limitations of xx–xxii Hitler, Adolf 189–90, 194, 231 Hossbach memorandum 233 see also Germany, Nazi regime Ho Chi Minh 167 Hobbes, Thomas 24, 73 on liberty 107–8 Hoffmann, Erich 175–6 Hogg, James xxvi Holbach, baron Paul-Henri Thiry d’ 79 homicide rates 24, 25, 105 Hong Kong 105, 169 Hong Xiuquan 279–80 Hooke, Thomas 67, 70 Micrographia 64 How, Millicent (English migrant to South Carolina) 103, 106, 111–12 Hu Jintao 287–8 Huguenots 39, 41, 76 human rights 8 Hume, David 77, 78 Hungary 251 Huntington, Samuel, on Western civilization 15, 16, 312–13 Hus, Jan 61 Hussein, Saddam xvi Hutton, James 66 Ibrahim, Muktar Said 288–9 illiteracy see literacy rates imperialism 8–10, 13, 14, 15, 142–95, 302–3 in Africa 14, 139, 145, 146, 148, 163–75; see also individual countries in America see America … colonial armies/troops 164, 181–9 communications, difficulty of 170–71, 181–2 as conquest 99–102 European diseases spread by 99, 101 growth/decline of 3, 4, 5, 13, 38, 142, 144–5 impact of 8, 45, 46, 144–6, 173–4, 190–95 institutional structures and 103–5 Lenin on 144 as a term of abuse 144, 145 Mark Twain on 144 Western 14, 15, 96–140, 142–95 Western medicine, benefits of to overseas colonies 146–8, 168–75, 191 see also individual empires Inca empire, Spanish conquest of 98, 99–102 income levels see living standards; wages India 5, 9, 17, 36 as British colony 144, 264 China and 29, 32 as independent state 224–5 Portugal and 34, 35, 39 science/technology 11 textile industry 2245 Indian Medical Service 169–70 Indian Ocean 29, 32, 33 Indo-China, as a French colony 167, 191 Indonesia 240 Industrial Revolution 13, 21, 28–9, 70, 198–205 in Britain 10, 13, 21, 28–9, 70, 199–200, 203–5 consumerism, increase caused by 201–2 definition 198–9 spread of 204–5, 225, 264 industrialization 10, 14, 216–18 in China 225, 284, 285 inequality see living standards infant mortality see life expectancy Inoue Kaoru 226 institutional structures 11–14 cultural 77 financial/economic see financial systems imperialism and 103–5, 112, 172–3, 287 of Islamic fundamentalism 288, 289, 290n Islamic 289, 290, 290n Iran 94–5, 255 Ireland 11, 227, 203n England and 24, 105 iron/steel industry 200–201 Islam 3, 8, 9, 16, 60 calligraphy, importance of 68 Europe, envoys sent to 86–7 health issues: hospitals 51; medical schools 53 the Koran 63 population figures 290 printing, attitude to 68, 86 religious conflict 71 in Turkey 253–5 the West and 39, 50–57, 63, 85–90, 255 women’s clothing 253–5, 254n see also Ottoman empire; religious issues Islamic education 51 Islamic fundamentalism 93–5, 93n, 255, 258, 288–91 institutional structure 288, 289, 290n Islamic migration 290, 290n Islamic science/technology 51–7, 264 astronomy 68–9 attitudes to 67–9 Roger Bacon on 52 modernization of 88–9, 92, 94–5 optics 51–2 Israel 92–5, 246–7 Jerusalem 93, 93n, 94 science/technology in 93–4 see also Jews Italian city-states/Italy 4, 25, 28, 159, 182 France and 159 Under Mussolini 228 Naples 26, 159 as a printing centre 63 Rome 17; March on (1922) 228–9 in Second World War 233–4 Venice 38–9 see also Roman empire Italian colonies 144 Italian unification 212–13, 214–15, 228 Iwakura Tomomi 221 Jamaica 120, 123 as a British colony 148 Jansen, Zacharias 65 Japan 5, 9, 42 China and 226, 233, 234 fashion/clothing 220–21, 222, 223, 225 living standards 45–6 modernization of 90, 218, 221–5, 226, 239, 257; internal opposition to 222 Russia and 226 textile industry 223–4 US and 221; in Second World War 233–5 Western influence on 5, 7, 15, 221–5 women in 222 Japanese armed forces 226, 234 Java 170 jeans, as a symbol of consumerism 240–49, 250 Jefferson, Thomas 134 Jerusalem 93, 93n, 94 Jews 3, 76 as entrepreneurs 216–17, 217n, 262n as intellectuals 235, 235n in Palestine 92–3 persecution of 38–9; in Germany 92, 214, 234, 235 Max Weber on 262 see also Israel Jiang Zemin 287 Jiao Yu and Liu Ji: Huolongjing 28 Jirous, Ivan 248 John Paul II, Pope 252 Johnson, Blind Willie 18 Johnson, Samuel 2, 10 Kahn, Albert 196, 196n Kamen, Dean 145n Kant, Immanuel 76, 79, 80–81 Critique of Pure Reason 76 Kara Mustafa Köprülü (‘the black’), Grand Vizier 52, 54–5, 56, 71, 86 Karaca, Nihal Bengisu 254 Kaufman, Henry xvi Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk, Kemal Kennedy, Paul: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 298 Keynes, John Maynard 7, 230, 231, 237 Khan, Dr A. Q. 95 Khomeini, Ayatollah 255 Khrushchev, Nikita 243, 250 King, Jonathan 273n Kipling, Rudyard, on First World War 187–8 Kirsch, Wilhelm 90 Kissinger, Henry 16 Kitchener, Sir Horatio 173 Koch, Erich 193 Koch, Robert 169, 175 the Koran 63 see also Islam Korea 11 Korea, South 239, 240, 306–7 Korean War (1950–53) 235–6, 239 Kraus, Karl 273 Kuhlman, August 179–80 labour market 203, 232, 265 migrant workers 219 trade unions 238–9, 245 unemployment 230–31, 232, 265, 265n women in 224 working hours 265, 277 Labouret, Henri 166 Lafayette, marquis Gilbert de 150 Laigret, Jean 170 land ownership see property rights Landes, David, on Western ascendancy 11 Langton, Christopher 299 Laplace, Pierre-Simon 158n Larkin, Philip 270 Latin America see South America Laud, Archbishop William 106, 107 Lavoisier, Antoine 66 Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van 66 legal systems 8, 12, 124 in Britain 202–3 definition 13 in French colonies 165–6 in German colonies 177 Napoleonic 159–60 property rights see property rights racial laws 134–6 in Russia 244 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 65, 66, 70, 78, 80 on China 46 Leipzig, battle of (1813) 160 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 227, 228 on imperialism 144 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 54, 55 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 155 Lettow-Vorbeck, General Paul Emil von 188 Leuthen, battle of (1757) 82–3 Leutwein, Theodor 176 Levi jeans 241–3, 244 Lewis, C.


pages: 530 words: 154,505

Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu by Anshel Pfeffer

Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, centre right, different worldview, Donald Trump, fake news, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, full employment, high net worth, illegal immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mount Scopus, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, pre–internet, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, Stuxnet, Thomas L Friedman, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

All that, however, was in the future as Obama tuned out the foreign policy “experts” and Netanyahu, focusing his efforts instead on reaching a deal with Iran. In June 2013, a new Iranian president, Hassan Rouhani, had been elected. Rouhani was a member of the clerical class that had been behind Ayatollah Khomeini’s Islamic Revolution in 1979, but, unlike his predecessor as president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who had led an outwardly hardline attitude toward the world, the Western-educated Rouhani projected a more flexible image. Netanyahu, in both public appearances and in conversations with other Western leaders, tried in vain to convince his interlocutors that Rouhani and his new government were simply a more user-friendly face of the same extreme regime, and that the real power in Tehran still resided with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).

Obama instead believed he could engage with the Shi’a Iranian regime, even partner with it in “balancing” Sunni extremism. On the campaign trail, Obama had said he would reach out to the Iranian people and their leaders. With the rabidly anti-Western president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in office in Iran, that seemed impossible, but, undeterred, Obama sent Iran’s supreme leader, the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, a personal letter in May 2009 in the hope of opening a dialogue. A month later, Khamenei referred to the letter in a speech in Tehran, citing it as proof that the United States and other foreign powers had interfered in Iran’s presidential election. It was a baseless accusation as far as Obama was concerned.


pages: 333 words: 86,662

Zeitgeist by Bruce Sterling

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, cotton gin, Frank Gehry, Grace Hopper, informal economy, invisible hand, Iridium satellite, jitney, market bubble, Maui Hawaii, new economy, offshore financial centre, PalmPilot, rolodex, sexual politics, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Ted Kaczynski, the scientific method, undersea cable, upwardly mobile, urban decay, Y2K

Once upon a time, in the distant royal 1970s, Iran had possessed a Westernized pop culture rather similar to Turkey’s. Iran had nightclub music on vinyl, punch-’em-up black-and-white action adventure movies, belly dancing on TV, quavering male heartthrob pop singers, and so forth. This pop scene had all been scraped painfully off the face of the country and flung overseas by Khomeini. The Ayatollah had installed a fifteen-year pop-music regimen, exclusively consisting of martial songs and folk hymns. However, Iran’s numerous exiles still required something to play on the stereo and watch on TV. There were a million Iranian emigrés, scattered all over the planet. Germany, Turkey, Britain, and Sweden all had extensive communities, but Los Angeles boasted an Iranian contingent that was eighty thousand strong.

I want to be a monster.” “You know what that means, right, Betsy?” “Yeah, it probably means I die young, fat, hooked, and stupid. But let me tell you something. I’ve been around the block with G-7. I just got off a pop tour through half of fuckin’ Islam. I’ve seen these solemn sons of bitches in their Ayatollah beards. I went eyeball to eyeball with them. I know what they mean. They are fuckin’ medieval. They’re a bunch of friggin’ tribal morons. There’s not room enough in the world for me and them. If I’m gonna be all I can be, those fuckin’ losers have got to shut up shop and go.” She tossed her cigarette into the Bosphorus.


The Despot's Accomplice: How the West Is Aiding and Abetting the Decline of Democracy by Brian Klaas

Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, citizen journalism, clean water, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, failed state, financial independence, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, moral hazard, Ronald Reagan, selection bias, Seymour Hersh, Skype, Steve Jobs, trade route, Transnistria, Twitter Arab Spring, unemployed young men, Washington Consensus, zero-sum game

Using Internet-based crowdsourcing, at 166 THE NEW BATTLEGROUND least forty people were arrested, showing that despotic regimes can use the web to request popular involvement, rather than fearing it or trying to shut it down. Then, the regime disseminated a video online that had possibly been altered, showing Green Movement protesters burning the image of Ayatollah Khomeini, a clear attempt to divide the opposition against itself. This move demonstrated the regime’s ability to use social media for misinformation campaigns to great effect. â•… Furthermore, Iranians living abroad received anonymous messages on social media warning them that if they posted about the protests online, their families might be harmed.

., 138 Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 58 Devlin, Larry, 43 Diamond, Larry, 171 Dictator’s Learning Curve, The (Dobson), 210 digital communications, 49, 125, 161–75, 207, 208, 221, 223 Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), 48 direct democracy, 28–9 disabled rights, 141, 144 disinformation, 207–8 Dobson, Will, 210 “Don’t Forget Me” (GooGoosha), 140 Dubai, 82 Duékoué, Côte d’Ivoire, 105 Dulles, Alan, 41 Durack, Western Australia, 29–30 Duvalier, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc”, 114 Ebola, 184 echo chamber effect, 165 Egypt, 6, 9–10, 13–16, 27, 88, 155, 163–4, 225 1987 US aid payments begin, 14 2001 EU Association Agreement, 155 2008 Afifi exiled to US, 163 2009 Clinton describes Mubaraks as ‘friends of my family’, 6; Obama’s Cairo speech, 9–10, 218 2011 Tahrir Square protests begin, 10, 13, 163–4; Mubarak ousted, 13, 164 2012 Morsi elected president, 14; anti-Morsi demonstrations begin, 164, 247 2013 coup d’état; el-Sisi comes to power, 14–16, 88, 164; Saudi Arabia announces aid package, 15 Eid al-Kabir, 124 Eisenhower, Dwight David, 38, 43 elections campaign finance, 185–8, 238 foreign aid/intervention, 97–110, 143 “free and fair”, 8, 14, 88–90, 102, 159, 193 gerrymandering, 180–5, 188, 251 grade inflation, 88–9, 158, 159 inclusivity, 24, 129–31, 221 observation/monitoring, 8, 65, 81, 83–4, 88–90, 102, 158–9, 173–4, 178, 211, 223 polling, 174–6 respect for, 5, 37–48 rigging of, 22–3, 34, 61, 63–4, 70–1, 83–5, 87, 112, 158–9, 166, 210–11 short-term thinking, 26, 54, 56 turnout, 180, 184 Electoral Integrity Project, 189, 238 Elizabethville, Congo, 43 “emerging democracy”, 88 Emory University, 136 261 INDEX “End of History”, 163, 214 English Civil War (1642–51), 31 Ennahda party, 126–8 Equatorial Guinea, 6, 11, 121, 173, 220 Erdoggan, Recep Tayyip, 20, 161–3, 176 Eritrea, 11, 24 Estonia, 17, 149, 151 Ethiopia, 27 Eton College, Berkshire, 202 European Commission, 150 European Parliament, 84, 180 European Partnership for Democracy (EPD), 58 European Union (EU), 2, 3, 56, 61–3, 65–7, 84, 90, 100, 143, 145, 148–56, 160, 180, 195, 214, 223, 225, 247 1999 European Parliament elections, 180 2004 Eastern Bloc countries accede to Union, 148–9 2005 intervention in Palestinian election campaign, 100 2006 asset ban on Lukashenko government, 63 2008 aid given for Ghanaian election, 143 2009 Eurozone crisis begins, 180, 190 2013 endorsement of Azerbaijani election, 84; endorsement of Malagasy election, 90 2014 Riga designated European Capital of Culture, 148, 225 2015 Riga summit; Juncker slaps Orbán, 150 2016 Belarus sanctions suspended, 65, 67, 195; Zimbabwe sanctions suspended, 247; UK € 262 holds membership referendum, 1 Eurozone crisis, 180, 190 Facebook, 125, 161–3, 165, 168, 172, 223 Falls Church, Virginia, 163 famine, 24 Fatah, 99–102 Fats Domino, 207 Ferjani, Said, 125–33, 142, 156, 221, 224 Fidesz Party, 150–2 financial crisis (2008–9), 185, 206 FixMyStreet, 171 Florida, United States, 117 Forces Nouvelles, 106 Ford, Gerald, 45 Foreign Affairs, 53 foreign aid, 14–15, 47, 49, 52, 57, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 100–1 Fourteen Points (1918), 35 France, 2, 33, 44, 55–6, 58, 72, 89, 106, 108–10, 115, 129, 214, 225 “free and fair”, 8, 14, 88–90, 102, 159, 193 free speech, 94, 103, 161–3, 165, 188 free trade zones, 152–60 Freedom House, 139, 140, 189 Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 189 Front Populaire Ivorien, 105 FSB (Federal’naya sluzhba bezopasnosti), 61 Fukuyama, Francis, 74, 163, 214 fungibilty, 95 Gaddafi, Muammar, 24, 76–9, 102, 113, 129 Gambia, The, 121 Gandhi, Jennifer, 136 INDEX Gaza, Palestine, 100–1, 240–1 Gbabgbo, Laurent, 105–10, 111, 119 General Motors, 48 Geneva Convention, 177 Geneva, Switzerland, 140 George III, King of the United Kingdom, 31 Georgia, 143 Geraldton, Western Australia, 30 Germany, 17, 23, 35, 44, 56, 58, 74–5, 103–4, 147–8, 165, 189, 201, 204, 208, 213, 223 Gerry, Elbridge, 181–2 gerrymandering, 180–5, 188, 251 Ghana, 17, 143, 144, 171 Ghani, Rula, 137 globalization, 153 Globe & Mail, 94 golden handcuffs, 111, 119–21, 154 golden parachutes, 19, 116–21 Gollum, 20, 161–3, 165, 176 Google, 164 GooGoosha (Gulnara Karimova), 140, 145 Government Organized NonGovernmental Organizations (GONGOs), 209–10, 212 grade inflation, 88, 99, 158, 159 Great Leap Forward (1958–61), 24 Greece, 20, 21, 22, 27–30, 31, 156, 230 Green Revolution (2009), 135–6, 166–8 gridlock, 184–5, 187 Guardian, 166 gun regulation, 186–7 gunboat diplomacy, 116, 118, 120 Gutiérrez, Luis, 182 Guyana, 171, 220 Guys and Dolls, 40 Hague, William, 77 Haiti, 114–21 Hamas, 99–104, 241 Harmodius, 28 Harvard University, 45 health care, 184–5 Henry IV “the Impotent”, King of Castile and Léon, 30, 231 Herodotus, 29 Higiro, Robert, 94 Hipparchus, 28 Hitler, Adolf, 23, 103–4, 165 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 116, 207 Hobart, Tasmania, 153 homosexuality, 12, 20 Hong Kong, 168–70, 176, 221 House of Representatives, 33, 181 human rights, 10, 11, 52, 54, 57, 64, 113, 118, 139, 209, 213 Humphrey, Hubert, 21 Hungary, 150–2, 160, 171 Hussein, Saddam, 63, 72, 73, 79, 124, 156–7 I Paid a Bribe, 170–1 Ibragimbekov, Rustam, 82 Iceland, 88 Iglesias, Julio, 140 “illiberal democracy”, 227 Illinois, United States, 182–3 Iloniaina, Alain, 222–3 imihigo program, 93 Immunization of the Revolution, 127 inclusion, 24, 129–31 India, 56, 98, 152, 156, 170–1, 172, 220 Indonesia, 27, 156, 218 Indyk, Martin, 102 insidious model effect, 46, 48 Inter-Commission Working Group 263 INDEX on International Cooperation, 211 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 52, 53 International Criminal Court (ICC), 106, 109, 118, 119 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 105 International Republican Institute (IRI), 58, 142 Internet, 49, 125, 161–75, 207, 208, 221, 223 iPad, 151 iPhones, 20, 83, 135–6, 145 Iran, 26, 30, 36, 38, 47, 48, 69, 98, 117, 135–6, 145, 208, 232 1951 nationalization of AngloIranian Oil Company, 38 1953 Operation Ajax; Mossadegh ousted, 38–42, 98, 208 1979 Islamic Revolution, 42, 117, 216 2009 intervention in Lebanese election, 98; presidential election; Green Revolution protests, 135–6, 166–8 2010 VOA announces “citizen journalism” iPhone app, 135–6, 145 2015 nuclear deal, 26 Iraq, 2, 5, 20, 49, 63, 67, 72–5, 77, 78, 79, 98, 124, 128, 129, 133, 156–7, 198, 213 1979 Saddam comes to power, 72, 129 1990 invasion of Kuwait, 156 2003 US-led invasion, 63, 72–3, 77, 84, 98, 156, 201, 234; de-Ba’athification campaign, 72, 77, 124, 128 2006 formation of al-Maliki government, 73 264 2015 IS execute election officials, 74 Ireland, 90, 217 Islam, 11, 12, 16, 99, 105, 123–6, 129, 131, 177, 218 Islamic State (IS), 74, 78, 131 Islamism, 99, 123–6, 129, 131, 177 Israel, 14, 99–104 Italy, 98, 192 Jackson, Peter, 162 Jammeh,Yahya, 121 Japan, 17, 24, 35, 56, 58, 74–5, 89, 112, 154, 156, 164, 204, 206, 217, 218, 220 al-Jazeera, 76 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 172 Joan of Portugal, Queen consort of Castile, 231 Jobs, Steve, 151 Johnson, Boris, 202 Jordan, 18, 60, 155 Juncker, Jean-Claude, 150 Kabila, Joseph, 121 Kabul, Afghanistan, 70 Kagame, Paul, 6, 91–6 Kagan, Robert, 217–18 Kakul Military Academy, 53 Kallel, Abdallah, 124 Kant, Immanuel, 118 Karbala, Iraq, 201 Karegeya, Patrick, 94 Karimov, Islam, 139–40, 142, 154 Karimova, Gulnara, 139–40, 145 Karnataka, India, 170 Karoui, Nébil, 131 Karzai, Hamid, 70 Katanga, Congo, 43–4 Keane, John, 30 INDEX Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 11, 35–6, 55, 190, 192 Kenya, 220 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), 3, 61–2, 147–8, 194, 225 Khan, Rana Sanaullah, 52 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 167 Kim Jong-un, 136, 181 Kingdom of Ebla, 28 Kipling, Rudyard, 69 Kissinger, Henry, 44–7, 214 knee-jerk reactions, 26, 55 Koch Brothers, 185–6 Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 58, 189 Kounalakis, Eleni, 151 kratos, 27 Kununurra, Western Australia, 30 Kuwait, 156, 229 Kyrgyzstan, 185 2011 NATO-led intervention, 76–7; death of Gaddafi, 76–7, 113 2013 Political Isolation Law, 77, 128 LINE, 164–5 Literary Digest, 174 lobbying, 186–7 local-level democracy, 3, 18, 169–73 locusts, 6–7 London, England, 132–3 long-term thinking, 4, 46, 48, 51–67, 138, 141, 234 Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 20, 161–3, 165, 176 “Luck Be a Lady Tonight”, 40 Lukashenko, Alexander, 61–7, 154, 193–5, 206, 222 Lumumba, Patrice, 42–4 Lumumbashi, Congo, 43 Lake, Anthony, 117 Landon, Alf, 174 Langouste (Ramakavélo), 87 Laos, 200 Latin Earmuffs, 182 Latvia, 147–50, 151–2, 154, 160, 225 League of Democracies, 152–60, 212 Lebanon, 98 Léon, 30–1, 231 Léopoldville, Congo, 43 Levy, Phil, 157 Libya, 2, 5, 20, 24, 49, 67, 69, 76–9, 102, 113, 128, 129, 133, 156, 213 1969 coup d’état; Gaddafi comes to power, 78, 113, 129 2008 Rice makes visit, 76 MacCann, William, 34 Madagascar, 3, 6–9, 17, 20, 59, 85–91, 96, 200, 220, 222–3, 234–5 1991 Panorama Convention, 87 1992 presidential election, 87 1993 population census, 89 2006 presidential election, 85–6 2009 coup d’état; Rajoelina comes to power, 6, 90 2012 Rajoelina announces capture of bandits’ sorcerer, 7 2013 general election, 8, 89–90, 211, 222–3 Madagascar Effect, 6–8, 17, 81, 96, 159, 204, 234–5 Madison, James, 31–2 Malaysia, 153, 218 al-Maliki, Nouri, 73–4 Mao Zedong, 23, 24 265 INDEX marketplace of ideas, 24, 219 Mauritius, 220 May, Theresa, 26 McCain, John, 77 McMahon, Michael, 83 McSpedon, Joe, 49 Megara, 156 Mejora Tu Escuela, 171 El Mercurio, 47 Merkel, Angela, 208 Mesopotamia, 28 Mexico, 27, 149, 155, 156, 171, 172, 178 MI6, 43 Miami, Florida, 117 Miloševicc, Slobodan, 98, 120 Minnesota, United States, 21, 186–7 Minsk, Belarus, 19, 61–2, 66, 192, 193 Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 119 Mobutu, Joseph-Desiré, 43–4 Mogadishu, Somalia, 116 Moghaddam, Ismail Ahmadi, 167 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 39–42, 117 Moldova, 195–6 Mondale, Walter, 21 Mong Kok riots (2016), 169 Mongolia, 17, 30, 189 Morjane, Kamel, 130 Morocco, 155, 171 Morsi, Mohammed, 14, 15, 164, 247 Moscow, Russia, 210 Mossadegh, Mohammed, 38–42, 43, 232 Mosul, Iraq, 72, 73 al-Moubadara, 130 Mubarak, Hosni, 6, 13, 164 Mugabe, Robert, 112–13, 157–8 Mugenzi, Rene Claudel, 94–5, 189 € 266 Muhirwa, Alice, 93 Muñiz de Urquiza, María, 90 Munyuza, Dan, 94 Musharraf, Pervez, 51–7 Myanmar, 218, 225 Nasiri, Nematollah, 40 Nation, The, 198 National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), 197 National Democratic Institute (NDI), 58, 92, 142 National Endowment for Democracy (NED), 58, 60, 144, 247 National Rifle Association (NRA), 186–7 Native Americans, 32, 33 Nawabshah, Pakistan, 51 Nazi Germany (1933–45), 23, 44, 74–5, 103–4, 147–8, 165 Nepal, 98 Netherlands, 58, 89, 143 Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, 58 New Stanford Hospital, Palo Alto, 26 NewYork Times, 71, 93, 185–6 New Zealand, 112, 156, 209 Nicaragua, 24, 98 Nidaa Tounes, 131 Niger, 185 Nigeria, 171, 172 Nixon, Richard, 44–7 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 25 Nobel Prize, 18, 24, 131, 156, 163 non-alignment, 43 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 58–60, 141–2, 144, 158, 209–10, 212, 238 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 45, 55, 77 INDEX North Carolina, United States, 183 North Korea, 4, 11, 136, 138, 144, 173, 176, 181 Norway, 24, 77, 205, 219 nuclear power/weapons, 26, 192 Nunavut, Canada, 153, 230–1 Nunn, Sam, 116 Nuristan, Afghanistan, 70 Nyaklyayew, Uladzimir, 61–2, 65 Nyamwasa, Faustin Kayumba, 94 Obama, Barack, 6, 9–10, 14, 49, 54, 55, 57–8, 76, 96, 111, 183, 204, 205, 218 Obiang, Teodoro, 6, 121 Odysseus, 22, 153 oil, 4, 11, 16, 24, 84, 192, 229 olive oil, 125 Operation Ajax (1953), 38–42, 98, 208 Operation Desert Storm (1991), 156 Operation Enduring Freedom (2001–14), 70 Operation Uphold Democracy (1994–5), 116 Orbán, Viktor, 150–2 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 64 Ortega, Daniel, 98 Orwell, George, 15, 101, 199 Oswald, Lee Harvey, 192 Ouattara, Alassane, 105–10, 119 Oxford University, 198, 202 OxfordGirl, 166 Pakistan, 18, 50–7, 70, 220, 233 Palestine, 99–104, 108, 240–1 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 99 Panama, 117 Panorama Convention (1991), 87 Papua New Guinea, 188 parliaments, 31 partisan engagement, 99–104 Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), 156 People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD), 197, 202 Pericles, 29 Persia, 28 Peru, 153 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 33 Philippines, 218 Pinochet, Augusto, 47–8, 225 Piromya, Kasit, 204–5 Plateau Dokui, Abidjan, 107 Plato, 29 Poland, 201 Political Isolation Law (2013), 77, 128 polling, 174–6 Pomerantsev, Peter, 210 Pongsudhirak, Thitinan, 165 Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 117 Portugal, 218, 231 Pouraghayi, Saeedah, 167 Powell, Colin, 116, 120 Préval, René, 117 Price, Melissa, 30 Princeton University, 186 prisoner’s dilemma, 200 process engagement, 99–100 propaganda-industry tax, 209 protectionism, 177 proto-democracy, 28 Public Diplomacy of the Public Chamber of Russia Elections, 211 Pul-i-Charki, Kabul, 71 Putin, Vladimir, 63, 64–5, 194–5, 204, 207, 214 267 INDEX al-Qaeda, 18, 50, 52–3, 55, 78, 177, 234 Qatar, 155, 229 Qatif, Saudi Arabia, 11, 16 Queen, 121 racism, 176, 218, 250 Rajoelina, Andry, 6 Ramadan, 126 Ramakavélo, Desiré-Philippe, 86–7 Rao, Bhaskar, 170 Rassemblement des Républicains, 105 Ratchaburi, Thailand, 199 Ravalomanana, Marc, 6 Reagan, Ronald, 35–6, 55 realpolitik, 4, 45, 48, 98, 104 refugees, 208 representative democracy, 30–3 Republican Party, 39, 58, 79, 124, 142, 181, 182–8 Rever, Judi, 94 Riahi, Taghi, 39–40 Rice, Condoleeza, 76, 102 Riga, Latvia, 147–8, 150, 160, 225 rock lobster, 87 Rojanaphruk, Pravit, 198–9, 221, 223–4 Romania, 149, 209 Rome, Ancient (753 BC–476 AD), 21, 30 Romney, Mitt, 112 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 39, 174 Roosevelt, Kermit, 38–40, 208 Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy”, 39 de Rosas, Juan Manuel, 34–5 Roskam, Peter 183 rule of law, 10, 27, 73, 77, 136, 159, 209, 218 Rumsfeld, Donald, 145 Russia Today (RT), 207–9 268 Russian Federation, 24, 27, 60–1, 63–5, 82, 106, 140, 149, 190, 191–6, 204, 205–12, 214, 221, 229 1996 Commonwealth with Belarus established, 194 2002 proposal for re-integration of Belarus, 194 2005 support for Moldovan opposition on Transnistria, 195–6; Russia Today established, 207 2010 Putin sings Fats Domino’s Blueberry Hill, 207 2013 endorsement of Azerbaijani election, 211 2014 annexation of Crimea; intervention in Ukraine, 64, 65; RT reports “genocide” in Ukraine, 207; RT reports CIA behind Ebola outbreak, 207 2015 NED banned, 60; pressure on Belarus to host military base, 65, 195 2016 RT report on rape of “Lisa” in Germany, 208; Putin praised by Trump, 214 Rwanda, 6, 20, 91–6, 120, 185, 189, 215, 216 Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 91 San Diego State University, 209 sanctions, 52, 62–5, 67, 103, 106, 135–6, 145, 156–8, 160, 195, 247, 253 Sandinista National Liberation Front, 98 Sandy Hook massacre (2012), 186 dos Santos, José Eduardo, 112–13 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 108 INDEX SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), 25–6 Saudi Arabia, 5–6, 9–12, 15–16, 19–20, 85, 98, 138, 144, 200, 216, 229 1962 slavery abolished, 11 2009 intervention in Lebanese election, 98; children sentenced to prison and lashes for stealing exam papers, 11, 16; Jeddah floods, 172 2010 Indonesian maid mutilated by employer, 11, 12; arms deal with US, 10–12 2011 Qatif protests, 16 2013 aid package to Egypt announced, 15; purchase of US naval craft announced, 16; Badawi sentenced to prison and lashes, 16 Saudi Arabia Effect, 5, 9, 16, 85, 138, 200 Schneider, René, 45 School of the Americas, 115 Seattle, Washington, 77 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), 43 Sen, Amartya, 24 Senate, US, 32–3, 187 Senegal, 42, 121 September 11 attacks (2001), 18, 52–3, 55, 70 Serbia, 98, 120 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 211 Sharif, Nawaz, 51–2, 233 Shinawatra, Thaksin, 196, 199, 201, 202, 205 Shinawatra,Yingluck, 198 short-term thinking, 3–4, 26, 46, 48, 51–67, 120, 138, 141, 234 Shushkevich, Stanislav, 192–3 Siberia, 147, 148 Sidick, Koné Abou Bakary, 107–9 Sierra Leone, 88, 171, 209 Singapore, 23, 24, 27, 93, 155, 215, 216, 217, 229 Siripaiboon, Thanakorn, 165 el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 15 Skujenieks, Knuts, 148 Skype, 62 slavery, 11, 29, 32 social media, 49–50, 125, 161–70, 173, 176, 199, 207, 208, 223 Socrates, 29 Solon, 28 Somalia, 42, 116 Sophocles, 29 Sopko, John, 137 Sousse attacks (2015), 131 South Africa, 27, 94, 157, 189 South Korea, 17, 27, 112, 152, 156, 218 Soviet Union (1922–91), 1, 22–3, 35–6, 37–50, 61, 64, 82, 121, 147–8, 150, 160, 192–4, 201, 204, 206–7 Spain, 218 Sparta, 28, 29 St John’s College, Oxford, 202 Stalin, Joseph, 23 Stanford University, 171 State Department, 11, 15, 54, 202 state power, 27 Statkevich, Mikalai, 61–2, 65, 222 Stewart, Jon, 53 Sting (Gordon Sumner), 140 Stockholm Syndrome, 199 Sudan, 206 Sukondhapatipak, Werachon 198 Sundaravej, Samak, 197 Super PACs, 185 Supreme Court, US, 185, 188 Sweden, 92, 220 269 INDEX Switzerland, 118, 140, 205 Syria, 78, 120, 131, 198, 208, 217, 224, 225 Szájer, József, 151 Tahrir Square, Cairo, 10, 13, 163–4 Taiwan, 27, 218 Taliban, 18, 52, 56, 71, 138 tame democracy promotion, 59 Taming of Democracy Assistance, The (Bush), 59 Tarakhel Mohammadi, 70–1 Tasmania, Australia, 153 Tasting and Grumbling, 197 Tea Party, 185 terrorism, 11, 16, 18, 19, 20, 26, 52–3, 55, 63, 70, 78, 97, 100, 101, 131, 156, 201, 234 Tetra Tech, 138 Thailand, 3, 19, 27, 154, 164–5, 196–206, 212, 221, 223–4, 253 1973 pro-democracy uprising, 199 1976 student protests, 199 1982 launch of Cobra Gold exercises with US, 201 2003 troops dispatched to Iraq, 201 2006 coup d’état, 196, 197 2008 judicial coup, 196, 197, 202, 253 2010 protests and crackdown, 202 2014 NCPO coup d’état, 164, 196–206, 221; junta gives out free haircuts, 154; rail deal with China, 203; junta releases LINE “values stickers”, 164–5 2015 man arrested for insulting Tongdaeng, 165 270 2016 constitutional referendum, 197, 223 Thirty Tyrants, 29 Thucydides, 28, 29 time horizon, 55 Tobruk, Libya, 77 Togo, 170, 177–8 Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel, 20, 161–3, 165, 176 Tongdaeng, 165 torture, 11, 28, 43, 48, 52, 124–7, 132, 139, 141, 222, 224 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 153 Transnistria, 196 transparency, 26, 82, 170, 174, 212, 218 Tripoli, Libya, 77 Trojan War, 22 Trump, Donald, 1, 20, 25, 79, 178, 180, 187, 188, 204, 205 Tudeh Party, 41, 232 Tunisia, 12–13, 17, 18, 19, 27, 65, 77, 123–33, 142, 143, 144, 155, 156, 209, 218, 221, 224–5 1987 coup d’état; Ben Ali comes to power, 124, 126, 129 1991 Barraket Essahel affair, 123, 126, 224 1995 EU Association Agreement, 155 2010 self-immolation of Bouazizi; protests begin, 12, 126, 224 2011 ousting of Ben Ali, 13, 124–6, 130 2014 assembly rejects bill on political exclusion, 128; law on rehabilitation and recognition of torture victims, 224; presidential election, 130 2015 Bardo Museum and Sousse attacks, 131, 156; National INDEX Dialogue Quartet awarded Nobel Peace Prize, 18, 131 Tunisia’s Call, 131 Turkey, 20, 27, 39, 149, 161–3, 165, 176 Turkmenistan, 11, 25, 26, 138, 144, 154 Twitter, 49, 162, 163, 166, 168, 176, 199, 208 U2, 92 Udon Thani, Thailand, 201 Uganda, 166, 176 Ukraine, 2, 27, 64, 65, 171, 198, 207, 213 Umbrella Movement (2014), 168, 176, 221 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 229 United Kingdom (UK), 1–3, 31, 33, 38, 43–4, 56, 58, 71–2, 92, 94–5, 126, 129, 132–3, 156, 166, 171–2, 180, 189, 202, 214 1707 Acts of Union, 31 1947 Churchill’s statement on democracy, 22, 190, 215 1951 Mossadegh nationalizes Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 38 1987 Ferjani arrives in exile, 126 1999 European Parliament election, 180 2003 invasion of Iraq, 72–3 2009 OxfordGirl tweets on Iranian Green Revolution, 166; Blair meets with Kagame, 6, 92 2011 intervention in Libya, 77; Kagame appears on BBC radio; threat against Mugenzi, 94–5, 189 2012 launch of FixMyStreet, 171 2016 EU membership referendum, 1 United Nations (UN), 104, 105, 106, 108–10, 118, 130, 132, 140, 152 United States (US) 1787 Constitutional Convention, 31 1812 redrawing of Massachusetts senate election districts, 181–2 1869 Wyoming grants women vote, 33 1870 non-white men receive vote, 33 1913 Seventeenth Amendment enacted, 32 1917 Wilson’s “safe for democracy” speech, 35 1918 Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 35 1920 women receive vote, 33 1924 protections to ensure Native American voting rights, 33 1936 presidential election, 174 1948 CIA intervention in Italian election, 98 1953 Operation Ajax; Mossadegh ousted in Iran, 38–42, 98, 208 1960 plot to assassinate Lumumba with poisoned toothpaste, 43 1961 Foreign Assistance Act, 14–15 1962 Saudi Arabia pressured into abolishing slavery, 11; Cuban Missile Crisis, 50 1963 Kennedy’s Berlin speech, 35; assassination of Kennedy, 192 271 INDEX 1965 protections to ensure minority voting rights, 33 1973 ousting of Allende in Chile, 47 1982 launch of Cobra Gold exercises with Thailand, 201 1987 Reagan’s Berlin speech, 35; aid payments to Egypt begin, 14 1988 Reagan’s “city on a hill” speech, 10, 35, 179, 188, 189 1990 intervention in Nicaraguan election, 98 1991 launch of Operation Desert Storm in Iraq, 156 1992 presidential and House of Representatives elections, 183–4 1993 Clinton assumes office, 115; Battle of Mogadishu, 116 1994 launch of Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, 116; Cessna crash at White House, 116; Cédras given “golden parachute”, 116–17 1997 USAID Cambodia claims to have “exceeded expectations”, 59 1999 Pakistan urged to return to democracy, 52, 53 2001 September 11 attacks, 18, 52–3, 55, 70; cooperation with Pakistan begins, 52–3, 55; invasion of Afghanistan, 70, 71, 84, 98 2002 Bush announces new approach for Israel/Palestine conflict, 99 2003 invasion of Iraq, 63, 72–3, 77, 84, 98, 156, 201, 234 272 2004 Belarus Democracy Act, 63, 194 2005 Senate vote on armorpiercing bullet ban, 187; intervention in Palestinian election campaign, 99–104 2006 Musharraf appears on The Daily Show, 53 2008 Afifi arrives in exile, 163, 247; Rice’s visit to Libya, 76 2009 Obama assumes office, 55, 57; Clinton describes Mubaraks as “friends of my family”, 6; Obama’s Cairo speech, 9–10, 218; military helicopter drops ballot boxes in Afghanistan, 70; Kagame receives Clinton Global Citizen award, 92 2010 VOA announces “citizen journalism” app for Iran, 135, 145; Citizens United v.


pages: 190 words: 62,941

Wild Ride: Inside Uber's Quest for World Domination by Adam Lashinsky

"Susan Fowler" uber, "World Economic Forum" Davos, Airbnb, always be closing, Amazon Web Services, asset light, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, Benchmark Capital, business process, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cognitive dissonance, corporate governance, DARPA: Urban Challenge, Didi Chuxing, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, Erlich Bachman, gig economy, Golden Gate Park, Google X / Alphabet X, hustle culture, independent contractor, information retrieval, Jeff Bezos, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, Menlo Park, multilevel marketing, new economy, pattern recognition, price mechanism, public intellectual, reality distortion field, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, South of Market, San Francisco, sovereign wealth fund, statistical model, Steve Jobs, super pumped, TaskRabbit, tech worker, Tony Hsieh, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, turn-by-turn navigation, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, ubercab, young professional

“I said, ‘Look, if I had doubled the revenues, would you do this deal?’ And he’s like, ‘Hell, yes.’ And I said, ‘Marc, I’ve got that in three months.’ But it was too pricey for them.” Though new to the venture-capital world, Pishevar was already a veteran networker. His family had left Iran during the revolution that brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power, and Pishevar had sold several technology companies by his mid-thirties. He was attending an entrepreneurship conference in Tunisia in October 2011 when Kalanick called to ask if he’d still like to invest. He also asked Pishevar to fly immediately to Dublin, where Kalanick was attending an Internet conference.


pages: 851 words: 247,711

The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War by Norman Stone

affirmative action, Alvin Toffler, Arthur Marwick, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bonfire of the Vanities, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, central bank independence, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, European colonialism, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, gentrification, Gunnar Myrdal, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, income per capita, interchangeable parts, Jane Jacobs, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, labour mobility, land reform, long peace, low interest rates, mass immigration, means of production, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Mitch Kapor, Money creation, new economy, Norman Mailer, North Sea oil, oil shock, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, Ponzi scheme, popular capitalism, price mechanism, price stability, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, scientific management, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, special drawing rights, Steve Jobs, Strategic Defense Initiative, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, trade liberalization, trickle-down economics, V2 rocket, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, Yom Kippur War, éminence grise

In the same way, his official representative at a human rights gathering had solemnly stood up and apologized for his country’s handling of Allende and Chile. And so the Shah was overthrown. But his successors were not Communist at all. Over the turn of 1978-9, after various governments had passed in and out, the Ayatollah Khomeini took over, a grim, elderly figure whose prescription was theocracy, the Rule of Saints. The Saints manifested themselves in mobs of students, in gruesome executions, in parades of black-garbed women vociferously demanding that Westernization, in particular the ways of ‘satanic’ America, should be put down.

., Jr Kennedy, Joseph Kennedy, Robert Kent State University shootings (1970) Kerr, Clark Keyder, Çağlar Keynes, John Maynard, 1st Baron: Galbraith and on government spending homosexuality hopes for German bombing on paper money and Roosevelt Keynesianism KGB: and coup of August 1991 and Cuban crisis of 1962 and dissidents and Gorbachev network of informers relationship with Party and revolutions of 1989 and war in Afghanistan and Western anti-missile demonstrations see also Cheka KHAD (Afghan secret police) Khanin, G. I. Khariton, Yuli Khe Sanh, battle of (1968) Khmer Rouge Khomeini, Ayatollah Khrushchev, Nikita: agricultural reform background and character and Berlin crisis of 1961 and China and Cuban crisis of 1962 cultural liberalization policies and de-Stalinization of Soviet satellite states defeat of old guard denunciation of Stalin and Eisenhower and Hungarian uprising of 1956 megalomania and Molotov Moscow Party head and nationalism and Orthodox Church overthrow of Beria overthrown (1964) ‘peaceful coexistence’ doctrine and Poland political reforms relations with China relations with West release of political prisoners reputation and popularity rise to power row with Nixon over culture at Stalin’s seventieth birthday transfer of Crimea to Ukraine 20th Party Congress speech (1956) Ukraine Party head Vienna conference (1961) Kiesinger, Kurt Georg Kiev Rosa Luxemburg knitwear factory Killing Fields, The (film) KimSung King’s College, Cambridge Kırbaşi Kirikkale Kirkpatrick, Jeane Kisielewski, Stefan Kissinger, Henry: background and character and Chile and Cyprus and EEC and Helskinki conference (1975) and Middle East military adviser to Kennedy and OPEC and ‘Pentagon Papers’ reputation and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) and Vietnam Koç, Vehbi Koestler, Arthur Kohl, Helmut Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.

The Poles in a sense did both, because they did develop a first-rate intelligentsia, but instead of being loyal Communists, or even, like Czechs or Slovenes, just progressives of the sort that Communists could use, they marched off in a different direction altogether and produced the most vibrant political Catholicism in the world. Frenchmen, trained from earliest infancy in anti-clericalism, could not believe the crowds they saw in Poland welcoming the Pope. ‘Like the Ayatollah,’ sniffed one of those Frenchmen. There were great differences between Poland and the other ‘bloc’ countries. In the first place she had a ‘mass of manoeuvre’, a population coming on for 40 million, and still, in the 1960s, expanding, and that because of a second considerable difference: a large peasant population, still set in the old days, with hay-carts trundling along on the roads.


pages: 740 words: 217,139

The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution by Francis Fukuyama

Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, California gold rush, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, conceptual framework, correlation does not imply causation, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Day of the Dead, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, double entry bookkeeping, endogenous growth, equal pay for equal work, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Francisco Pizarro, Garrett Hardin, Hernando de Soto, hiring and firing, invention of agriculture, invention of the printing press, John Perry Barlow, Khyber Pass, land reform, land tenure, means of production, offshore financial centre, out of africa, Peace of Westphalia, principal–agent problem, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, Right to Buy, Scramble for Africa, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), spice trade, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Washington Consensus, zero-sum game

Powerful, modern states that are not offset by rule of law or accountability simply succeed in being more perfect tyrannies.22 Whether modern Islamists can achieve a democratic regime limited by a rule of law is a delicate question. The experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran after the 1979 revolution is not encouraging. Since the nineteenth century, Shia Iran has had a better-organized clerical hierarchy than anything existing in the Sunni world. This hierarchy, led by Ayatollah Khomeini, took control of the Iranian state and turned it into a genuine theocracy in which the clerical hierarchy controlled the state apparatus. That state developed into a clerical dictatorship that routinely jailed and killed opponents and has been willing to bend the law to suit its purposes as it went along.

Hitler, Adolph Hobbes, Thomas Holland, see Netherlands Holstein Holy Roman Empire Homo erectus Homo ergaster Homo heidelbergensis Homo sapiens, evolution of Hopi Indians House of Commons, English Huan, Emperor of China Huguenots Hui, Victoria Hulagu Khan Humbert of Moyenmoutier, Cardinal Hume, David Humphrey, Nicolas Hundred, Court of the Hundred Schools of Thought period Hungary; accountability in; Diet of; Golden Bull in; maps of; military expenditures in; Ottoman conquest of Huns hunter-gatherers Huntington, Samuel Hunyadi, János Hunyadi, Mátyás Huo Xian Husain Hussein, Saddam Iceland I Jing (Book of Changes) Iliad (Homer) Ilkhanid dynasty Imperial Academy, Chinese Inden, Ronald India; accountability in; agnatic lineages in; agrarian society in; British rule in; comparison of China and; corruption in; democracy in; divergence from Chinese development of; economic growth of; film industry in; kinship structures in; Mongols in; Muslim nation building in; political consequences of ideas in; rationality of religion in; religion in (see also Brahmanism); rule of law in; transition to statehood in; tribalism in; victory of society over politics in Indians: American (see also Native Americans); Amazonian individualism; English; modern; primordial Indo-Aryans Indo-Europeans Indo-Gangetic Plain Indonesia Industrial Revolution; economic growth and productivity gains in; interaction of dimension of development during; kinship patterns and; Protestant work ethic and information technology Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional; PRI), Mexican International Criminal Court International Monetary Fund (IMF) Internet Iran; Islamic Republic of Iraq; tribalism in; U.S. invasion of Iraq-Iran War Ireland Irnerius Iron Age Iroquois Indians Isabella, Queen of Castile Islam; conversion to; in India; religious law of; see also Muslims Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Iranian Islamism; radical Israel, ancient István, King of Hungary Italy; Catholic church in; colonies of; Normans in; rise of capitalism in; serfdom abolished in; urban bourgeoisie in Ivan I, Prince of Moscow Ivan III, Tsar of Russia Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar of Russia Ivan the Terrible (film) Jainism James I, King of England James II, King of England Janissaries Japan Jefferson, Thomas Jena-Auerstadt, Battle of Jesus Jews; in England; in Hungary; in Ottoman Empire; see also Judaism Jim Crow laws Jin Dynasty Jing, Emperor of China Jin state Joanna, Queen of Spain John, King of England John II, King of France Johnson, Simon Jordan Judaism; see also Jews Junkers Justinian Code Jutes Kaikolar weaver caste Kalahari Desert, Bushmen of Kalenjin people Kalmar Union Karakhanids Karbala, Battle of Kashi Kashmir Kautilya Kaviraj, Sudipta Kazakhstan Keeley, Lawrence Kenya Khaldun, Ibn Kharijites Khilnani, Sunil Khitai Khitans Khomeini, Ruhollah Khorasanis Khwarazm empire Kikuyu people kinship; advent of state and exit from; agnatic, see agnation; in China ,; in Europe; fictive; in India; in Latin America; in Muslim state; property rights and; religion and Kipchak Turks Kipling, Rudyard Koguryo Kojève, Alexandre Köprülüs, vizirate of Koran Korea Korean War Kosala Kroeber, Alfred Kshatriyas Kublai Khan Kurds Kushana dynasty Kutadgu Bilig Kwakiutl Indians Kwangju massacre Labour Party, British Laffer curve Laon, Aldabéron de Laos Laslett, Peter latifundia Laud, Archbishop William Law, John Laws of Manu Lebanon LeBlanc, Steven LeDonne, John P.

For an overview of theories of how Islam relates to economic backwardness, see Timur Kuran, Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 128–47. 16 Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, p. 75. 17 Timur Kuran, “The Provision of Public Goods Under Islamic Law: Origins, Impact and Limitations of the Waqf System,” Law and Society 35 (2001): 841–97. 18 Derrett, History of Indian Law, pp. 2–3. 19 Head, “Codes, Cultures, Chaos,” pp. 758–60. 20 Muhammad Qasim Zaman, The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 21–31. 21 Feldman, The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State, pp. 62–68. 22 See ibid., pp. 111–17. 23 Shaul Bakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1984). 20: ORIENTAL DESPOTISM 1 Denis Twitchett, ed., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3: Sui and T’ang China, 589–906, Part I (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 57–58, 150–51. 2 Ibid., pp. 86–87. 3 For intellectual developments during the Song Dynasty, see James T.


They Have a Word for It A Lighthearted Lexicon of Untranslatable Words & Phrases-Sarabande Books (2000) by Howard Rheingold

Ayatollah Khomeini, clockwork universe, Easter island, fudge factor, Howard Rheingold, informal economy, junk bonds, Kula ring, Lao Tzu, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Silicon Valley, systems thinking, The Home Computer Revolution, the map is not the territory, the scientific method, Tragedy of the Commons

Tikkun olam implies the joining together of all these sparks as part of each religious person's sacred duty, and thus directs the pious to refurm the political as well as the spiritual THEY HAVE A WORD FOR IT inequities of the worui This is clearly more than just a political statement-it implies a systemic transformation in the way we live upon the earth and in the way we live with each other. The concept sounds great. How could anybody disagree with the idea that helping reform earthly institutions is part of the duty of every religious person? The problems and disagreements begin when people attempt to define the nature of reformation. Fundamentalists like the Ayatollah Khomeini and Jerry Falwell, for example, both represent religious movements that very strongly believe in the reform of political institutions. Yet the kind of tikkun olam advocated by Islamic or Christian fundamentalists leads to very different visions of how societies ought to operate. And the "new age" transformationalists in our country have yet another vision of how the temporal world ought to be repaired.


pages: 339 words: 103,546

Blood and Oil: Mohammed Bin Salman's Ruthless Quest for Global Power by Bradley Hope, Justin Scheck

"World Economic Forum" Davos, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, Boston Dynamics, clean water, coronavirus, distributed generation, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, Elon Musk, Exxon Valdez, financial engineering, Google Earth, high net worth, Jeff Bezos, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, megaproject, MITM: man-in-the-middle, new economy, NSO Group, Peter Thiel, public intellectual, ride hailing / ride sharing, Sand Hill Road, Silicon Valley, SoftBank, South of Market, San Francisco, sovereign wealth fund, starchitect, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, tech billionaire, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, traumatic brain injury, Travis Kalanick, Uber for X, urban planning, Virgin Galactic, Vision Fund, WeWork, women in the workforce, young professional, zero day

Mohammed, in his most charismatic public speech to date, gave an impassioned pledge to return the country back to the way it was before religious extremism began to rise in 1979. That was the year of the Grand Mosque attack and the Al Saud’s subsequent decision to appease religious conservatives with restrictions on entertainment and women’s rights. It was also the year Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini overthrew Iran’s secular shah, showing Saudi Arabia what could happen if rulers moved too far away from powerful religious leaders. “Saudi Arabia and the entire region witnessed the spread of an awakening project after 1979 for many reasons that are not the subject of today,” Mohammed said.

It was leading the way. Houthi rebels had been marching across Yemen, Saudi Arabia’s neighbor, capturing one city after another. Their brazenness, support from Iran, and proximity to Riyadh made the guerilla force a perilous threat on the southern border. For Saudi Arabia, no threat is greater than Iran, whose ayatollahs believe the Middle East is their strategic domain. It was Iran’s supply of powerful missiles and military hardware that gave the rebels so much confidence in facing down the bigger and better-equipped Saudi armed forces. A day earlier, one of the rebel commanders declared that if Saudi Arabia intervened, the Houthis wouldn’t stop their “expansion at Mecca, but rather Riyadh.”


pages: 412 words: 115,048

Dangerous Ideas: A Brief History of Censorship in the West, From the Ancients to Fake News by Eric Berkowitz

Albert Einstein, algorithmic management, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Bonfire of the Vanities, borderless world, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Charlie Hebdo massacre, Chelsea Manning, colonial rule, coronavirus, COVID-19, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Filter Bubble, high-speed rail, Index librorum prohibitorum, Jeff Bezos, Julian Assange, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, Minecraft, New Urbanism, post-truth, pre–internet, QAnon, Ralph Nader, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, source of truth, Steve Bannon, surveillance capitalism, undersea cable, W. E. B. Du Bois, WikiLeaks

As law professor Danielle Keats Citron put it, “As companies alter speech rules and speech operations in a wholesale way (rather than retail via country), then the strictest regime prevails. . . . This is a considerable threat to free expression.”127 Salman Rushdie knows a thing or two about the degree of hatred the offended can direct against their offenders. In 1992, while in hiding as the Ayatollah Khomeini’s fatwa exhorted “brave Muslims” 128 to murder him, he published a story that read in part: We, the public, are easily, lethally offended. We have come to think of taking offence as a fundamental right. We value very little more than our rage, which gives us, in our opinion, the moral high ground.


When Cultures Collide: Leading Across Cultures by Richard D. Lewis

Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, business climate, business process, colonial exploitation, corporate governance, Easter island, global village, haute cuisine, hiring and firing, invention of writing, Kōnosuke Matsushita, lateral thinking, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, Nelson Mandela, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, old-boy network, open borders, profit maximization, profit motive, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, trade route, transaction costs, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, women in the workforce

These factors, as well as an extreme climate that has engendered a tough, vigorous populace, have enabled Persians to enjoy dominance of the region up to modern times. The Pahlavi monarchy (the Shah) was overthrown in 1979, and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established and endorsed by a universal referendum a month later. Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as the undisputed leader. Rule by religious leaders has continued into the twenty-first century. In economic terms, it is important to understand that currently the Iranians are cautious about signing large new contracts with foreign firms. There are big differences in attitude 396 WHEN CULTURES COLLIDE between the private and the public sectors: whereas trade with the private sector can be fast, mobile and present-oriented, the state has put on the brakes and is more long-term and future-oriented in the types of businesses it will consider.

Islamic faith and values, spirituality new technology, research, invention neighborliness traditional music and literature caution in decision making respect for the wisdom of the old politeness and clemency hospitality family design and pattern seriousness, dignity academic achievement respect for the Islamic role of women their cultural achievements Concepts Leadership and Status In general terms, spiritual leadership is dominant. When the spiritual leader Ayatollah Khomeini decided that it was time for the Shah to step down, support was massive and immediate (over 98 percent). In business, the leader may be identified as the last person to enter the room at a meeting, and he (and it will be a “he”) will sit in the middle. Alternatively, he may show his hospitality by greeting the visitors at the entrance to the room.


pages: 602 words: 177,874

Thank You for Being Late: An Optimist's Guide to Thriving in the Age of Accelerations by Thomas L. Friedman

3D printing, additive manufacturing, affirmative action, Airbnb, AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, Anthropocene, Apple Newton, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, Bob Noyce, business cycle, business process, call centre, carbon tax, centre right, Chris Wanstrath, Clayton Christensen, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive load, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, data science, David Brooks, deep learning, demand response, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, end-to-end encryption, Erik Brynjolfsson, fail fast, failed state, Fairchild Semiconductor, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ferguson, Missouri, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Flash crash, fulfillment center, game design, gig economy, global pandemic, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, indoor plumbing, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of the steam engine, inventory management, Irwin Jacobs: Qualcomm, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, land tenure, linear programming, Live Aid, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, Maui Hawaii, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, ocean acidification, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, planetary scale, power law, pull request, Ralph Waldo Emerson, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Solyndra, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, subscription business, supercomputer in your pocket, synthetic biology, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech worker, TED Talk, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas L Friedman, Tony Fadell, transaction costs, Transnistria, uber lyft, undersea cable, urban decay, urban planning, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Y2K, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

Because of that I got my first big lesson in journalism. It came on the very first real news story UPI sent me out to cover, after I joined its London bureau. And that lesson was: Never ask your competition to hold the phone for you. The Islamic Revolution in Iran was just unfolding. A group of pro–Ayatollah Khomeini Iranian students in London took over the Iranian Embassy there, ousted the shah’s diplomats, and then locked themselves inside the main embassy building. I managed to talk my way into the building to interview some of the student revolutionaries. I don’t remember what they said, but I was so excited by whatever it was that after filling my notebook I ran directly to the phone booth next to the embassy to call my story in to the bureau.

Journal of History and Theory Kagol, Miriam Kalra, Prem Kalra, Urmila Kanagawa, Treaty of (1854) Kannan, P. V. Kaplan, Fred KARE (TV station) Karp, Alexander Karsner, Andy Kauffman Foundation kayaking Kelly, John E., III Kennedy, David Kennedy, John F. Kernza Khan, Salman “Sal” Khan Academy Khomeini, Ayatollah Kiev Kilby, Jack Kindle King, Jeremy Kissinger, Henry Knight Capital knowledge, stocks vs. flows of knowledge economy Koch, Hannes Kreisky, Bruno Krishna, Arvind Krzanich, Brian Kshirsagar, Alok Kunene River Kurdistan Kurniawan, M. Arie Kurzweil, Ray labor market, see workforce, innovation in Labour Party, British Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, Mohamed Lancet Lanchester, John Land, Edwin Land Institute laser science latency Latin America; emigration from Latinos LaunchCode.org Lavie, Peretz leadership; definition of; ethics and learned behavior Learning by Doing (Bessen) LearnUp.com Lebanese American University Lebanese PTT Lebanon; U.S. educational aid to LED lighting Lee Kuan Yew Leuthardt, Eric C.


pages: 405 words: 121,999

The Human Tide: How Population Shaped the Modern World by Paul Morland

active measures, agricultural Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, clean water, Corn Laws, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Donald Trump, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, mass immigration, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, Nelson Mandela, open immigration, Ponzi scheme, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, sceptred isle, stakhanovite, Thomas Malthus, transatlantic slave trade, women in the workforce, working-age population

Scott: The Great Gatsby, 115 food prices: fall in Victorian times, 73 food production (global), 44; see also Malthus, Thomas France: ethnic composition, 26; European immigrants, 110–11, 121, 158; fears German rivalry, 91–2; fertility rates, 105, 144–5; life expectancy increases, 107; little emigration, 50; manpower in First World War, 97; north African immigrants, 158; numbers of children born, 16; population compared with Germany, 79; pro-natalism and encouragement of fecundity in, 121; rural living conditions in eighteenth century, 4; rural remoteness, 76; size of economy, 56; slow population growth, 19, 50–1, 83, 86, 88, 120–1; slow urbanisation, 50 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 189 Freedom House, 241 French, Marilyn: The Women’s Room, 141 Freud, Sigmund, 111 Gaddafi, Muammar, 224 Gandhi, Indira, 142, 264 Gandhi, Sanjay, 264 Gaza: fertility rate, 249–50, 252; relations with Israel, 252–3 George III, King of Great Britain, 64 Germans: US immigrants, 65, 66, 92 Germany: birth rate, 30; Catholic–Protestant divide, 81; East and West merge, 189; Eastern birth rate falls, 186; economic size, 23, 78, 80; expansion, 69; family size, 81–2; fear of Russian power, 93–4, 98; fertility rates, 32–3, 104–5, 145, 148, 158, 231–2, 259; future population decline, 279; as goal for non-European immigrants, 245; immigrants, 82, 156, 158–9; increased life expectancy, 80–1; invades Soviet Russia, 127–8; Jews emigrate, 110–11, 125; life expectancy, 151; manpower in First World War, 97; median age, 207; old-age pensions, 152; orderly society, 242; political reaction to immigration, 159; population growth, 51, 79, 83, 86, 91–4, 104; population in Second World War, 129; post-war baby boom, 137; pro-natal movement, 125; rapid industrial development, 95; rivalry with Britain, 70–1, 78–9, 91, 94; rural large families, 81; territorial expansion and settlement (Lebensraum), 125–6; unified from smaller states, 78–9; urbanisation, 81, 105 Goldstein, Ferdinand, 93 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 164–6 Granicus, Battle of (334 BC), 19 Grant, Madison: The Passing of the Great Race or the Racial Bias of European History, 114 Great Depression (1930s), 110, 133 Great Stink (London, 1858), 72 Greece: extra-marital births, 147; median age, 191 Gregory, John Walter: The Menace of Color, 115 Guatemala, 257 Guinea: death rate, 33; median age, 33 Haggard, Sir Henry Rider, 118–19 Haycraft, Dr John Berry: Darwinism and Race Progress, 89 Hayhoe, Aida, 76 Herzen, Alexander, 84 Hiroshima, 211 history: demography and, 29; shaping of, 6–7 Hitler, Adolf: and German war casualties, 126; Houston Stewart Chamberlain applauds, 200; military interference, 128; racial theories and German population, 100, 125–6, 127; and settlement of Ukraine, 202; war in Russia, 169 Holocaust, 8, 247–8 Honduras, 257 Hong Kong: life expectancy, 206 Howard, Michael, 111 Hu Yaobang, 216 Hughes, William, 117 Huguenots, 17 Human Development Index, 237 Ibn Khaldun, 20 Illustrated London News, 53 immigration: countries of origin, 156–9; effects, 153; into Europe from Middle East, 236; political reactions to, 159 Independent (newspaper), 155 India: British imperialism in, 60; emigrants, 118; famines, 261; fertility rates, 221, 262, 264, 265, 267; immigrants in UK, 157; independence, 127; life expectancy, 265; male life expectancy, 180; Muslims in, 231; population size, 24, 221, 261–2; size of economy, 23, 55, 266; sterilisation programme, 264–5 Indonesia: health care, 49; population size, 222; size of economy, 23 industrialisation: global spread, 22; rates of, 80 infant mortality: falls, 15–16, 72–3; historic, 3, 5, 8; in North Africa and Middle East, 230; in Russian central Asian republics, 171 infanticide: in China, 213; in Japan, 198, 213 Iran: fertility rates, 231, 234, 254; numbers of children born, 16; population policies, 233–4; status of women in, 234 Iraq: birth and death rates, 30; family size, 21, 230; median age, 225; militants, 20 Ireland: death and birth rates, 30; emigration, 46, 53, 59, 77, 109, 137; famine, 8, 53, 67; high fertility rate, 137, 148; importance of potato in, 52; nationalism and home rule, 54; population fall in Victorian age, 54; population growth, 52; separation from Britain, 127 ISIS, 242, 247 Islam: achievements, 237; pro-natalism, 233; role in Middle East and North Africa, 231–2; see also Muslims Israel: conflict with Palestinians, 245–7; fertility rate, 32, 250–1, 271; and Gaza Strip, 252–3; immigration, 248–9, 251; Russian Jews migrate to, 170, 184, 248; territories, 252; water supply and consumption, 238; see also West Bank Italy: emigration declines, 124; emigration to USA and Argentina, 87, 109; fertility rates, 137, 145–6; future population decline, 279; immigrants in France, 110; large family size, 86; low extra-marital births, 147; median age, 207; population increase, 124; population policy under Fascism, 124; settlers in North Africa, 228; women’s work handicaps, 147 Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire Jacobite rising (1745–6), 46 Japan: adopts European practices, 120; centenarians, 208; death rate, 30, 33; defeat (1945), 211; defeats Russia (1904–5), 162, 195–6, 201; demographic transition, 196, 199; economic decline, 209; economy and population size, 24, 203; extra-marital births, 204; falling birth rates, 18, 205–6; fertility rate falls, 204–5, 207; government debt, 209; high life expectancy, 151, 206–7; inadequate early data, 197; infanticide in, 198; low emigration, 202; low marriage and sex relations, 205; median age and ageing population, 33, 207–9, 275–6; modernisation and rise to power, 196–201; modest immigration, 207; not seen as threat, 83; orderly society, 242; population trend, 14, 206–7; post-war baby boom, 204; post-war pacifist policy, 209; pressure on pensions system, 206; pro-natalist policies, 203; reliance on agricultural imports, 202; small family sizes, 206, 208; stable population, 197; status and education of women, 204–5; territorial expansion and settlement question, 203; as threat to Australia, 116–17; twentieth-century population increase, 199, 202; wartime losses, 203; Western alarm at rise of, 203 Jefferson, Thomas, 64, 66, 134–5 Jews: birth rate, 251; emigrate from Soviet Russia to Israel, 170, 184, 248; flee Germany and Italy, 110–11; immigrants in England, 46; migrants to USA, 77, 87, 108–9; numbers, 248; persecuted in Russia, 110; see also Israel; Zionism Jihadism, 240 Kazakhstan, 171 Kenya: female literacy, 270; fertility rate, 269; population growth, 36 Keynes, John Maynard: The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 101–2 Khameini, Ali, 234 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 233 Kingsley, Charles, 53 Kipling, Rudyard, 83 Kirk, Dudley, 112 Knowlton, Charles: The Fruits of Philosophy, 74 Koch, Robert, 73 Kollontai, Alexandra, 122 Korea: migrants in Japan, 202 Korea, North: Soviet-style policies, 178 Korea, South: falling birth rates, 222; fertility rate, 217; life expectancy, 222; median age, 223, 274 Kosovo, 190 Kravitz, Lenny: ‘Rock and Roll is Dead’ (song), 138 Ku Klux Klan, 114 Kurds: and Armenian massacres, 227; Turkish attitude to, 28 Lagos, Nigeria, 272 Lancet, The, 75, 90–1 Latin America: Catholicism in, 262; cultural and geographical differences, 255–6; demographic pattern, 255–6; falling infant mortality, 256; fertility rates, 257–8; immigrants in USA, 143, 153–5; population growth, 260; Spanish empire in, 57–8 Latvia: population decline, 279 Lazarus, Emma, 135 League of Nations: data collection, 107; formed, 130; mandates in Middle East, 228 Lebanon: conflict in, 28 Lenin, Vladimir I., 122, 165, 169 Le Pen, Marine, 159 Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul: La question de la population, 120 Lesotho: fertility rate, 268 LGBTQ: effect on demography, 282 liberalism: decline after First World War, 122 Libya: civil breakdown, 247; fertility rate, 230; median age, 275 life expectancy: calculation, 283–4; and death rates, 33; increase, 5, 7–8, 107, 148–9; male–female differences, 180 Lister, Joseph, 1st Baron, 73 Lithuania: fertility rate, 148 Lloyd George, David, 89, 120 London: conditions in nineteenth century, 4–5, 72–3; differences in birth rates in boroughs, 90; sewage system and public hygiene, 73; suburbs develop, 45 Lönne, Friedrich, 93 Louisiana Purchase (1804), 65 Luxembourg: economy, 24, 55–6 McCain, John, 25 McCleary, G.

In Egypt, for example, a study in the early 1970s found that barely one in ten married women had attended a family planning clinic, at that stage still overwhelmingly the most common way in which contraception was obtained.27 Once policies were adopted, however, they could be very effective. The speed with which fertility rates fell in Iran has already been noted, and although this may have happened anyway, it was certainly prompted by the Islamic Republic. Indeed, Iran makes an interesting case study, which in some ways resembles China. The Khomeini regime which took power in 1979 was at first pro-natalist, as was Mao’s–again like Mao’s basing this stance on its ideology. The Shah’s family planning programmes were partly discontinued and, with the outbreak of war with Iraq in 1980, the permitted age of marriage was lowered. There was a modest rise in what was already a high fertility rate and by the end of the decade the Mullahs were starting to get alarmed at the burgeoning population growth.


pages: 279 words: 72,659

Gaza in Crisis: Reflections on Israel's War Against the Palestinians by Ilan Pappé, Noam Chomsky, Frank Barat

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", Ayatollah Khomeini, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, desegregation, disinformation, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, friendly fire, ghettoisation, Islamic Golden Age, military-industrial complex, New Journalism, one-state solution, price stability, Suez crisis 1956, too big to fail

Jerusalem Demolition,” Reuters, March 4, 2009. 64 Among others, on Hamas see Ismail Haniyeh, “Aggression Under False Pretenses,” Washington Post, July 11, 2006; Khalid Mish’al, “Our Unity Can Now Pave the Way for Peace and Justice,” Guardian, February 13, 2007. Guy Dinmore and Najmeh Bozorgmehr, “Iran ‘Accepts Two-state Answer’ in Mideast,” Financial Times, September 2, 2006; “Leader Attends Memorial Ceremony Marking the 17th Departure Anniversary of Imam Khomeini,” The Center for Preserving and Publishing the Works of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei, June 4, 2006, http://english.khamenei.ir/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=442&Itemid=2. See also Iran scholar Ervand Abrahamian, “Khamenei Has Said Iran Would Agree to Whatever the Palestinians Decide,” in David Barsamian, ed., Targeting Iran (San Francisco: City Lights, 2007), 112.


pages: 233 words: 75,477

Surrender or Starve: Travels in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea by Robert D. Kaplan

Ayatollah Khomeini, citizen journalism, disinformation, European colonialism, facts on the ground, Great Leap Forward, land reform, Live Aid, mass immigration, out of africa, Ronald Reagan, Suez canal 1869, the market place

If ever a Third World country were a candidate for the Reagan Doctrine, it was Ethiopia. But Ethiopian politics plays to an empty house in the United States. There is no personality to capture the crowd's attention. Lieutenant Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam has proved himself to be more ruthless and more cunning than either Muammar Gaddafi or Ayatollah Khomeini. By the standards of several human rights reports, Mengistu is the world's cruelest leader. But like many communist rulers, he is a faceless bureaucrat. The vast majority of the U.S. populace wouldn't even recognize him. Mengistu had a predecessor whose face was known throughout the world—Haile Selassie.


pages: 256 words: 75,139

Divided: Why We're Living in an Age of Walls by Tim Marshall

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, cryptocurrency, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, Donald Trump, end world poverty, facts on the ground, gentrification, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, it's over 9,000, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, open borders, openstreetmap, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, the built environment, trade route, unpaid internship, urban planning

There have been more than 150 in the wider Middle East this century, including compounds in Riyadh housing foreign workers; hotels across Egypt’s Sinai province and in Jordan’s Amman; oil facilities in Yemen and Algeria; churches in Baghdad; the US Consulate in Benghazi; the Bardo Museum in Tunis; and the Iranian Parliament and shrine of Ayatollah Khomeini. The walls went up in these at-risk urban centres in response to the many attacks. The template for this type of wall construction was the ‘Green Zone’ in Baghdad, whose perimeter was built after the 2003 invasion of Iraq to protect the American-led ‘Provisional Government’ in the post-Saddam years.


pages: 249 words: 79,740

The Next Decade: Where We've Been . . . And Where We're Going by George Friedman

airport security, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business cycle, continuation of politics by other means, creative destruction, Deng Xiaoping, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, It's morning again in America, low interest rates, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, South China Sea, Suez crisis 1956

But after the failures in Iraq, and to the extent that the United States could neither revive the balance of power nor leave Iran the dominant power in the Persian Gulf region, it would be natural enough for the Americans to consider some kind of attack to oust the Iranian government. The fact that this regime is split between old clerics who came to power with Ayatollah Khomeini and younger, nonclerical leaders such as Ahmadinejad adds to Iranian worries. But the leaders’ primary concern is that they have seen other U.S.-sponsored uprisings succeed, particularly in the former Soviet Union, and they cannot take the chance that the United States won’t get lucky again.


pages: 368 words: 120,794

The Ten Million Dollar Getaway: The Inside Story of the Lufthansa Heist by Doug Feiden

air freight, Ayatollah Khomeini, large denomination, planned obsolescence, urban decay

The Bureau had to talk one man out of a crew of eighteen hard-core, hard-boiled, hardbitten mobsters into first turning canary, and then turning state’s evidence. Good luck. The agents’ first target was Tony Ducks. They should have known better. Getting him to join the Federal Witness Program was like getting the Ayatollah Khomeini to enroll in a rabbinical school. When the five G-men came calling at his Queens home, Tony Ducks invited them in for a glass or two of red wine, which they dutifully refused. Then he motioned them into the study, where he ran his business operations, and they sank deep into his plushly cushioned mahogany chairs.

He was virtually laughed out of town and never had a chance at the polls. In many ways, Queens is a political anomaly. Its Ninth Congressional District is geographically close to Manhattan’s chic and liberal Upper East Side, but the Ninth is as far away in spirit from John Lindsay’s “silk-stocking district” as it is from the Iran of the Ayatollahs. This is Archie Bunker country, and to the conservative homeowners who live here, Manhattan is always referred to as “the City”—as if it were some faraway and exotic land. It is. While the wealthy East Side voted fifty-eight percent for George McGovern in the 1972 presidential election, the Ninth went seventy-three percent for Richard Nixon.


pages: 450 words: 134,152

The Deal of the Century: The Breakup of AT&T by Steve Coll

Alvin Toffler, Ayatollah Khomeini, cross-subsidies, George Santayana, Marshall McLuhan, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, union organizing, vertical integration

More than two hundred of them signed on as cosponsors of CCRA in early 1976, and of those, probably less than ten fully understood the recent history of competition in the telephone industry. The congressmen had good reason to be frightened. With a million employees spread around the country and a sizable political war chest at its disposal, the phone company was able to raise a terrible sound and fury about the Bell Bill. Its attack on Congress resembled a charge by Ayatollah Khomeini’s Iranian army, for what it lacked in strategic planning, it made up for with waves of human flesh. Bell lobbyists, who became known on Capitol Hill as “shepherds” for the hovering attention they paid to their congressional flock, were flown into Washington by the planeload. They were unusual lobbyists.


pages: 561 words: 138,158

Shutdown: How COVID Shook the World's Economy by Adam Tooze

2021 United States Capitol attack, air freight, algorithmic trading, Anthropocene, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, basic income, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Benchmark Capital, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, blue-collar work, Bob Geldof, bond market vigilante , Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, business cycle, business process, business process outsourcing, buy and hold, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, centre right, clean water, cognitive dissonance, contact tracing, contact tracing app, coronavirus, COVID-19, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, currency risk, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, energy transition, eurozone crisis, facts on the ground, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear index, financial engineering, fixed income, floating exchange rates, friendly fire, George Floyd, gig economy, global pandemic, global supply chain, green new deal, high-speed rail, housing crisis, income inequality, inflation targeting, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Jeremy Corbyn, junk bonds, light touch regulation, lockdown, low interest rates, margin call, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, mass incarceration, megacity, megaproject, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, Modern Monetary Theory, moral hazard, oil shale / tar sands, Overton Window, Paris climate accords, Pearl River Delta, planetary scale, Potemkin village, price stability, Productivity paradox, purchasing power parity, QR code, quantitative easing, remote working, reserve currency, reshoring, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ronald Reagan, secular stagnation, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, six sigma, social distancing, South China Sea, special drawing rights, stock buybacks, tail risk, TikTok, too big to fail, TSMC, universal basic income, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce, yield curve

With hindsight, we can see that it was in the third week of February that the global pandemic began in earnest. Starting on February 15, significant outbreaks were registered in South Korea, Iran, and Italy. The first death in Iran may have occurred on January 22, though it was not registered at the time.30 The regime was too busy celebrating the forty-first anniversary of the return of Ayatollah Khomeini to Tehran and rigging local elections. By February 19, when Iran officially acknowledged the outbreak, fifty-two people had already died. Retrospective analysis suggests that by that point the virus was already circulating invisibly in France, Spain, London, New York City, and Latin America, notably in Ecuador.

See vaccines and immunizations Imperial College London, 36, 84, 85, 124 India: Bollywood shutdowns, 100; competition with China, 207–9; and early responses to pandemic, 11, 13, 51, 87–88; and emerging market debt crises, 164; and fiscal responses to pandemic, 133, 133; garment industry struggles, 102–3; and global trade contraction, 106; and global vaccine rollout, 245, 246; IT and outsourcing industry disruptions, 99; and labor market challenges, 104–5; and mortality rates of SARS-CoV-2, 28; and second wave of pandemic, 292; and supply chain disruptions, 86; vaccination programs, 237; and wartime rhetoric on pandemic, 135 Indonesia, 106, 122, 158, 159, 165, 189, 249 infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, 51 influenza, 29, 30, 35, 53, 73–74, 77, 90, 239 Institute of International Finance (IIF), 155, 257 Instituto Butantan, 249 Integrated Policy Framework, 302 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 194 intensive care units (ICUs), 41 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 258 International Energy Agency, 79, 205 International Labour Organization (ILO), 88 International Monetary Fund (IMF): and 2020 trade forecasts, 106; and debt relief programs, 252–53, 259–60, 261; and early responses to pandemic, 13, 66; and economic impact of coronavirus pandemic, 1–2; and emerging market debt crises, 157, 159–62, 166, 168, 170, 172; and European sovereign debt crisis, 177–78; and fiscal responses to pandemic, 131, 132, 143; and G20 finance ministers’ meeting, 71; and global market stabilization efforts, 123; and global response to pandemic spread, 96; and global vaccine rollout, 244; Integrated Policy Framework, 302; and Munich Security Conference, 70; New Arrangements to Borrow, 162–63; special drawing rights (SDRs), 162; and Turkish financial crisis, 267 Iran, 20, 71, 83, 162, 295 Ireland, 81, 82, 104, 177 Israel, 171 Italy: debt levels, 177–78; and development of European recovery fund, 186–87; and early responses to pandemic, 51, 67, 71–72, 84, 88; and European sovereign debt crisis, 179–80, 181, 182; and eurozone crisis legacy, 109; extent of outbreak in, 78; and fiscal responses to pandemic, 133, 134, 137; and “flattening the curve” efforts, 75; and global response to pandemic spread, 95; and NextGen EU fiscal package, 284–85; and second wave of pandemic, 233; and wartime rhetoric on pandemic, 135; and WHO funding, 33 Japan: and China’s growing influence, 205; and climate agenda, 194; debt levels, 177; and development lending programs, 264; and differing national responses to pandemic, 73; and fiscal responses to pandemic, 133, 138, 142, 145; and global vaccine rollout, 243; Olympic Games postponed, 88; and Trans-Pacific Partnership, 206; and WHO funding, 33 Jenner Institute, 245 Johnson, Boris, 69, 77–78, 81, 88–89, 90, 124, 278 Johnson & Johnson, 54, 239–40, 241, 251 J.P. Morgan, 112, 202 JPMorgan Chase, 217 Jubilee Debt Campaign, 255 Juncker, Jean-Claude, 6 Just Transition Fund, 190 Karniol-Tambour, Karen, 202 Kenya, 268 Keynesian economic theory, 13, 15–16, 132, 146, 149, 286, 293 Khan, Imran, 83 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 71 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 287 Knowledge Ecology International, 245 Kogene, 74 Kubayi-Ngubane, Mmamoloko, 102 Kudlow, Larry, 75, 76, 220 Kushner, Jared, 68, 76 Kuwait, 33 labor markets, 98, 103–4, 121, 138 labor unions and activism, 85–86, 101, 147, 293 Lagarde, Christine, 130, 179–81, 182, 188–89, 253 Lam, Carrie, 200 Latin America: and Brazil’s economy, 155–56; and Chinese pandemic aid, 197; and development lending programs, 263; and early responses to pandemic, 51, 71; and emerging market debt crises, 159, 161, 166–69, 171–73; and global response to pandemic spread, 95; and global vaccine rollout, 249–50; and mortality rates of SARS-CoV-2, 28; and second wave of pandemic, 233, 292; and Trans-Pacific Partnership, 206 Lebanon, 163, 265 Legislative Council (LegCo), 198–200 Le Maire, Bruno, 71, 76, 81 Lenin, Vladimir, 18 Levitz, Eric, 135–36 Leyen, Ursula von der, 12, 181, 286 Liberia, 52 Libya, 295 Li Keqiang, 50, 53, 61, 204 liquidity requirements, 115–16 liquidity swap lines, 122, 125–26 Liu Shangxi, 203 Li Wei, 62 Li Wenliang, 55–56 Logan, Lorie, 121 López Obrador, Andrés Manuel, 11, 77, 89, 90, 173 Lou Jiwei, 203–4 Love, Jamie, 245 low-income countries, 28, 155–56.


pages: 340 words: 81,110

How Democracies Die by Steven Levitsky, Daniel Ziblatt

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Cass Sunstein, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, David Brooks, Donald Trump, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gunnar Myrdal, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Jeff Bezos, Nate Silver, Norman Mailer, old-boy network, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, single-payer health, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, universal basic income

Through a new political action committee, GOPAC, Gingrich and his allies worked to spread these tactics across the party. GOPAC produced more than two thousand training audiotapes, distributed each month to get the recruits of Gingrich’s “Republican Revolution” on the same rhetorical page. Gingrich’s former press secretary Tony Blankley compared this tactic of audiotape distribution to one used by the Ayatollah Khomeini on his route to power in Iran. In the early 1990s, Gingrich and his team distributed memos to Republican candidates instructing them to use certain negative words to describe Democrats, including pathetic, sick, bizarre, betray, antiflag, antifamily, and traitors. It was the beginning of a seismic shift in American politics.


pages: 262 words: 83,548

The End of Growth by Jeff Rubin

Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bakken shale, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, deal flow, decarbonisation, deglobalization, Easter island, energy security, eurozone crisis, Exxon Valdez, Eyjafjallajökull, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fiat currency, flex fuel, Ford Model T, full employment, ghettoisation, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Hans Island, happiness index / gross national happiness, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, Kickstarter, low interest rates, McMansion, megaproject, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, new economy, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, subprime mortgage crisis, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, traumatic brain injury, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, women in the workforce, working poor, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

Faced with an upsurge of support for the Shah, Mossadegh fled, and the younger Pahlavi returned from his brief exile to regain his throne. The Shah protected British and American oil interests in Iran until 1979, when he was overthrown by a popular revolution and replaced by an Islamic fundamentalist regime led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Until his downfall, the Shah’s decades-long rule of Iran was marked by the same brutality that defined Moammar Gadhafi’s regime in Libya and Hosni Mubarak’s years in Egypt. Now deposed, these three rulers also shared another trait: each made sure the oil kept flowing into world markets. For years, these regimes counted on steady oil production to bring cash into the country and keep Western powers so happy that they would tolerate what these men were doing to their own citizens.


pages: 670 words: 169,815

Ghosts of Empire: Britain's Legacies in the Modern World by Kwasi Kwarteng

Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, British Empire, classic study, colonial rule, Corn Laws, corporate governance, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of penicillin, Etonian, illegal immigration, imperial preference, invisible hand, Khartoum Gordon, land reform, sceptred isle, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, urban planning, Yom Kippur War

On 17 September 1980, fully resplendent in the uniform of the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Saddam stood before the National Assembly of Iraq. He renounced the 6 March 1975 agreement which he had signed with the Shah relating to border and other disputes between the two countries. The Iranian revolution of 1979 had put into power a radical Shi’ite cleric, the Ayatollah Khomeini, a religious figure totally opposed to the secular Arab nationalism that Saddam and, before him, Nasser had espoused. Saddam denounced the Iranians as ‘racist’ and ‘Persian’ and launched a war against them.46 The Iran–Iraq conflict was a new manifestation of the age-old conflict between Ottomans and Safavids, between Arabs and Persians, which had shaped the region for many centuries.

More than a year before the Agreement had been signed, Sheikh Muhammad Shirazi, a Shia cleric, had issued a fatwa, in January 1919, proclaiming that ‘a non-Muslim could not be allowed by Muslims to rule over the followers of the Prophet’. In March 1920 he was even more explicit, promulgating another fatwa forbidding Muslims to accept any office in the heart of the British administration.30 Later that month, Ayatollah Shirazi took the decision to launch a general uprising against the British. The revolt of 1920 has taken on a mythic status among Iraqis. Even foreigners, who have tried to compare the events of that long hot summer with subsequent occupations, have misunderstood it. To the British, it was often depicted as a case of ungrateful, ill-disciplined natives exploiting imperial weakness.

The fact that both Sunni and Shia had combined during the revolt surprised British officials like General Haldane and Arnold Wilson, who had clearly underestimated ‘the strength of the nationalist movement’.34 Wilson himself, in his memoirs, readily admitted that the ‘deep prejudices which separate the Sunni and Shi’ah sects’ had been ‘temporarily overcome’ during the revolt.35 Despite the overt nationalism, which we, influenced by President Nasser and the Ba’athists of the 1950s, anachronistically regard as a largely secular movement, there was a strong religious element to the uprising. The Ayatollah Shirazi, the Shia cleric whose fatwa had started the trouble, ‘enjoyed unprecedented prestige’ among the Shia community, while his fellow Shia clerics clearly saw their struggle as a holy war.36 Gertrude Bell agreed. Writing to her stepmother in September 1920, she remarked that the British were ‘now in the middle of a full-blown Jihad’, a term we translate as ‘holy war’.


pages: 525 words: 146,126

Ayn Rand Cult by Jeff Walker

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, buy and hold, credit crunch, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Doomsday Book, Elliott wave, gentleman farmer, George Gilder, Herbert Marcuse, Jane Jacobs, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, Michael Milken, Money creation, Mont Pelerin Society, price stability, Ralph Waldo Emerson, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Savings and loan crisis, school vouchers, Tipper Gore, Torches of Freedom

You cannot communicate by excommunicating.” Bidinotto draws a cruel parallel with Atlas Shrugged: Objectivism’s best brains are draining out of it. The Peikoffians, Bidinotto points out even more cruelly given their anti-Khomeini ad in support of Salman Rushdie in The New York Times, “view Objectivism as a mental refuge . . . a door to slam shut against a threatening, revolting world,” yet Objectivism “emphatically does not need a secular Ayatollah, who props up a shaky self-image with denunciations instead of deeds . . . an ideological policeman, whose only evident gratification is the bitter, endless, self-righteous pursuit of ‘evildoers’—no matter how petty their alleged offenses, no matter what their contexts of knowledge.”

Adds Joan Blumenthal, “I constantly thought from the time of the Break that it was impossible that Leonard didn’t know. And yet . . . if you won’t know, you won’t know.” Announced Peikoff: “I certainly do not recommend this book. . . . I have not read it and do not intend to do so.” (Peikoff comes across no better in Passion than does the Ayatollah figure in Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses.) Peikoff dismisses Passion as non-cognitive, prompting libertarian David Brown’s sarcastic inference that closing one’s eyes to the evidence while pronouncing judgment represents cognition at its best. In 1983 Peikoff was damning some early draft of Barbara Branden’s 1986 biography.


pages: 1,364 words: 272,257

Jerusalem: The Biography by Simon Sebag-Montefiore

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, California gold rush, Etonian, facts on the ground, haute couture, Khartoum Gordon, Mount Scopus, place-making, plutocrats, sexual politics, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, white flight, Yom Kippur War

America's exuberant democracy is raucously diverse and secular yet it is simultaneously the last and the probably the greatest ever Christian power - and its evangelicals continue to look to the End Days in Jerusalem, just as US governments see a calm Jerusalem as key to any Middle Eastern peace and strategically vital for relations with their Arab allies. Meanwhile Israel's rule over al-Quds has intensified Muslim reverence: on Iran's annual Jerusalem Day, inaugurated by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979, the city is presented as more than an Islamic shrine and Palestinian capital. In Tehran's bid for regional hegemony backed by nuclear weapons, and its cold war with America, Jerusalem is a cause that conveniently unites Iranian Shiites with Sunni Arabs sceptical of the ambitions of the Islamic Republic.

The Twelver Shiites of Iran believe in the first twelve imams descended from Muhammad's son-in-law Ali and his daughter Fatima and that the Twelfth Imam was 'occulted' - hidden by God - and will return as the Madhi, the Chosen messianic redeemer of Judgement Day. The Islamic Republic of Iran was founded by Ayatollah Khomeini on this millenarian expectation: the clergy rule only until the Imam's return. * Jerusalem's importance lessened as Mecca's grew: if Jerusalem had perhaps at one point approached Mecca and Medina as part of the haj -'You shall only set out for the three mosques Mecca,Medina, and al-Aqsa,' declared one of the hadith of al-Khidri - now under the Abbasids,Jerusalem was reduced to a ziyara, a pious visit

Jerusalemites looked back at this time as a golden age ruled by the ideal high priest who, they said, resembled 'the morning star in the midst of a cloud'.28 SIMON THE JUST: THE MORNING STAR When Simon* emerged from the Holy of Holies on the Day of Atonement, the High Priest 'was clothed in the perfection of glory, when he went up to the holy altar'. He was the paragon of the high priests who ruled Judah as anointed princes, a combination of monarch, pope and ayatollah: he wore gilded robes, a gleaming breastplate and a crown-like turban on which he sported the nezer, a golden flower, the symbol of life and salvation, a relic of the headdress of the kings of Judah. Jesus Ben Sira, the author of Ecclesiasticus and the first writer to capture the sacred drama of the flourishing city, described Simon as 'a cypress tree which groweth up to the clouds'.


pages: 669 words: 226,737

The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics by Christopher Lasch

affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Alvin Toffler, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, collective bargaining, colonial exploitation, company town, complexity theory, delayed gratification, desegregation, disinformation, equal pay for equal work, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, Future Shock, gentrification, George Santayana, ghettoisation, Gunnar Myrdal, Herbert Marcuse, informal economy, invisible hand, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, liberation theology, mass immigration, means of production, military-industrial complex, Norman Mailer, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, planned obsolescence, post-industrial society, Post-Keynesian economics, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, school vouchers, scientific management, scientific worldview, sexual politics, the market place, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, urban renewal, Vilfredo Pareto, wage slave, War on Poverty, work culture , young professional

These considerations refute conventional optimism (though the real despair lies in a refusal to confront them at all), and both the right and left therefore prefer to talk about something else—for example, to exchange accusations of fascism and socialism. But the ritual deployment and rhetorical inflation of these familiar slogans provide further evidence of the emptiness of recent political debate. For the left, fascism now embraces everything to the right of liberalism and social democracy, including such disparate configurations as the Ayatollah Khomeini's Iran, the opposition to the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua, and Reaganism itself. For the right, communism (or "creeping socialism," as it used to be called) embraces everything to the left of, and including, the New Deal. Not only have these terms lost their meaning through reckless expansion, but they no longer describe historical alternatives at the end of the twentieth century.

., 408, 468 -71; assassination of, 563 -64 Kennedy, Robert, 471 Keppel, Frederick: on Myrdal study, 440 Kerr, Clark, 159, 510 Keynes, John Maynard, 71, 79, 510, 518 ; on economic virtues, 74 ; on "immoralists," 76-77; misgivings about progress, 77 -78; on private "right of decision," 75 -76; on savings and consumption, 72 -73; on sexual morality, 74 -75 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 24 Kierkegaard, Søren, 229 King, Coretta: on civil rights movement, 397 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 16, 408 n., 441, 449 n., 470 n., 471, 557 ; on American dream, 398; on civil rights in Chicago, 401 -2; on democratic socialism, 404 ; on Montgomery bus boycott, 405, 406 ; on national repentance, 425 n.; on Niebuhr, 388-90; on poor people's march, 406 -7; on progress, 391 -92; on racial hatred, 393 ; on racial separatism, 403 ; on the South, 395-97; on "universal wholeness," 387 ; on victimization of blacks, 406 ; on "white racism," 409 King, Martin Luther, Sr., 393 Kipling, Rudyard: on imperialism, 299 -580- Kirkham, James F.: on psychology of assassins, 471 n.


pages: 1,744 words: 458,385

The Defence of the Realm by Christopher Andrew

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, Boeing 747, British Empire, classic study, Clive Stafford Smith, collective bargaining, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, Desert Island Discs, disinformation, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, G4S, glass ceiling, illegal immigration, information security, job satisfaction, large denomination, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Kinnock, North Sea oil, operational security, post-work, Red Clydeside, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, Torches of Freedom, traveling salesman, union organizing, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, Winter of Discontent, work culture

Within Europe MOIS’s most frequent targets were Iranian Kurdish dissidents, of whom at least seventeen were assassinated between 1989 and 1997. The highest-profile victim of MOIS foreign operations, assassinated in Paris in 1991, was the Shah’s last Prime Minister, Shahpur Bakhtiar, an outspoken critic of the Islamic Republic established by the Ayatollah Khomeini twelve years before.7 The fact that none of the killings took place in the UK8 probably owed much to successful Security Service and Special Branch surveillance and periodic disruption of MOIS operations against dissidents. The main target of MOIS UK operations during the 1990s, some of them assisted by its Lebanese Shia ally, Hizballah (‘Party of God’),9 was one of Britain’s best-known writers, the Indian-born Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses, whose title referred to the medieval legend (deeply insulting to most Muslims), retold by Rushdie, that some of the Quran’s original verses originated with Satan and were later deleted by Muhammad.

The main target of MOIS UK operations during the 1990s, some of them assisted by its Lebanese Shia ally, Hizballah (‘Party of God’),9 was one of Britain’s best-known writers, the Indian-born Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses, whose title referred to the medieval legend (deeply insulting to most Muslims), retold by Rushdie, that some of the Quran’s original verses originated with Satan and were later deleted by Muhammad. In February 1989, four months before his death, Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa condemning Rushdie and his publishers to death for blasphemy: ‘I call on zealous Muslims to execute them quickly, wherever they find them, so that no one will dare to insult Islam again.’ Faced with ‘the loudest death-threat in history’, Rushdie was forced to go into hiding, protected by the Special Branch.

M. 378, 428 Jones, Sir Elwyn 525, 530, 543 Jones, Jack 379, 535–6, 587, 588–9, 657, 711 Jones, Sir John: Deputy Director General 552, 555; appointment as DG (1981) 555–6; background and character 556, 696; management style 556–7, 688, 696, 721; reputation as DG 556; and Massiter case 559; on industrial subversion 591, 658–9, 854; and counterterrorism 613, 616–17, 621, 696, 701–2, 734; and alleged plot against Wilson 640; and peace movement 674, 676; and Bettaney case 720; and Spycatcher affair 761, 762 Jordan 607–8, 609, 808 Joseph, Sir Keith 671, 672 Joyce, William 193–4, 225 Joynson-Hicks, Sir William 154, 155–6 July 2005 terrorist attacks (London) 821–3, 858 K Branch 548, 584, 713, 745; KI0B 788; K3 708; K4 714, 715, 716; K6 441, 710, 718, 731; K7 571; K8 731, 732; see also Appendix 3 Kagan, Sir Joseph 627–30, 631, 639 Kapitsa, Pyotr 167–8, 172, 854 Kaufman, Sir Gerald 756–7, 758 Keeler, Christine 494–5, 496, 497–8, 499, 500 Kell, Constance, Lady 23, 108; ‘Secret Well Kept’ 41, 42, 50, 56, 66, 71–2, 98, 113–14, 218 Kell, Sir Vernon: recruitment 3, 21, 22, 24, 25–8; and Cumming 3, 25–6, 27–8, 96, 97; and Haldane 15; background and character 21–3, 29, 82, 120; development of MO5(g) 28, 29–30, 31, 48–9, 52, 58; and Churchill 29–30, 37, 88, 239; contacts with chief constables 29–30, 31, 35, 48, 50–51, 191, 239, 861, 858; pre-First World War German espionage investigations 30–52, 861; and Defence of the Realm Act 53, 142; division of MO5(g) 56–8; and counter-subversion 65–6, 95, 96–7, 103, 129, 140, 142, 185, 268; and opposition to First World War 66; and First World War German espionage and sabotage attempts 67, 70–72, 77, 861; and forensic science 70–71; and censorship 71; rivalry with Thomson 81–3, 106–7, 108, 115; domestic life 97–8, 108, 132–3; health problems 97–8, 108, 219; quarrel with Drake 98; knighthood 109; fights for survival of MI5 114–16, 117, 121–2; and Makgill 122–3; founds Intelligence and Police dining club 125; and General Strike 125–6; management style 133; and recruitment of staff 133, 135; relations with Whitehall officials 136–7, 154; and classification of subjects by race 143; and Labour Party 146; and Zinoviev letter 149, 154; and ARCOS raid 154; and dockyard sabotage 177–8; reports on Fascist movement 191, 192, 193; and Ustinov 196; and investigation of Auslands Organisation 197; on Hitler 198; memorandum on Nazi Germany (1936) 198; and Munich crisis 203, 206, 853; and outbreak of Second World War 207; wartime economy measures 217–18; question of succession as head 218–19, 228, 237; wartime shortcomings 219, 222–3, 227, 855, 859; dismissal as director (1940) 227, 237; on Kenyatta’s time in Moscow 455; views on recruitment 549 Kellar, Alex 350–51, 448–9, 450, 456, 468–9, 478–9 Kennedy, John F. 477, 478, 490, 493, 494, 497, 500, 504, 509, 532 Kennedy, Joseph 225, 226 Kennedy, Robert 500, 509 Kent, Bruce 673, 675 Kent, Tyler 224–5, 226, 230 Kenya 454, 456–8, 466–8, 472–3, 474, 475, 803, 808, 809, 856 Kenyatta, Jomo 176, 454–7, 466, 467–8 Kerrigan, Peter 386, 410, 853 KGB (Soviet intelligence agency): disinformation department 90; use of forgery 90; Second World War codenames 349; and American Communist Party 366; Wilson and 417, 418–19; mishandling of Cambridge Five 420–21, 426, 433, 434, 856–7; African operations 452, 470; growth of London residency 491, 565–7; contacts with British trade union movement 536, 589, 657; mass expulsion of London personnel (Operation FOOT) 565–7, 571–3, 574–5, 576, 579, 585–6, 732, 859; Department V (sabotage and covert attack) 567–9, 573–4, 605; resumes operations after expulsions 579–86; ‘psycho-physiological’ testing of agents 585; supply of arms to PFLP and IRA 605–6, 622; and Middle Eastern terrorism 648; and peace movement 673, 674–5, 675–6; and Libyan terrorism 701; Operation RYAN 709, 722–3, 861; Lines in KGB residencies 710; First Chief Directorate 713; Third Directorate 713; recall of illegals from Britain 726, 727; expulsion of agents following Gordievsky defection 727, 730, 736; return of illegals to Britain 727–8; monitoring of Jewish dissidents 728; effect of British visarefusal policy 732, 733 Khan, Mohammed Siddique 822–3 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 685, 800 Khrushchev, Nikita 326, 327, 404, 417, 445, 497 King, John 174, 263–6, 268, 854 Kinnock, Neil 642, 663, 664, 667, 681, 766 Kipling, Rudyard 855; Kim 4, 401 Kirby Greene, Philip 463, 464 Kirke, Sir Walter 25, 71 Klugmann, James 404, 438, 538–9 Knight, (Charles Henry) Maxwell: background and character 123, 132; eccentricities 123; exotic pets 123; infiltration of Fascist movement 123–4, 132, 191, 193; member of IIB 123–4; penetration of Right Club 124, 221, 224–7; political views 124; Communist subversion investigations 128–9, 132, 165, 179–80, 221, 401; recruited by SIS 128–9; Special Branch surveillance of 129; transferred to MI5 131–2; working methods 132, 179; women agents 221, 401; recruitment of Himsworth 273 Knightsbridge bombing (1982) 697, 699 Knouth, Betty (Gilberte/ Elizabeth Lazarus) 355–7 Kollek, Teddy 353, 354 Korean War 388, 407, 488, 489 Korovin (Nikolai Rodin; KGB resident) 520 Kriegsnachrichtenstelle (German war intelligence centre) 66–8, 72–3, 76 Krivitsky, Walter 180, 220, 263–8, 272, 341 Kroger, Peter and Helen see Cohen, Morris and Lona Krüger, Otto 245, 246 Labouchere, Frank 96, 97 Labour Party: suspicions about Security Service 116, 146, 522, 525–6, 531, 758, 793, 847; control of Daily Herald 125; Conservative agents in Labour HQ 126; first Labour government (1924) 146–9, 159, 186, 319, 847; 1924 election 150, 151; 1929 election 160; 1945 election landslide 319, 411, 847; and extension of vetting system 380, 381–2, 392, 393; 1950 and 1951 elections 391, 412; International Department 407; NEC 411, 536, 577–8, 660–61, 663–4; search for crypto-Communist MPs 411–15, 522, 526, 531, 660, 847–8, 84; 1964 election 480, 520; 1966 election 527; Communists’ attempts to penetrate NEC 577–8; 1974 elections 578, 627, 633; Communists’ influence on left wing 656, 657, 668–9; Militant Tendency 660–64, 667, 680, 681–2; 1979 election 667; 1987 election 681; policy for establishment of intelligence and security committee 755; and Interception of Communications Act (1985) 756–7; 1997 election landslide 791, 797 Labour Party Young Socialists (LPYS) 661–2, 664 labour unrest 65–6, 95–7, 107, 122–3, 125–6, 147–8, 588–99, 594, 656, 664–7, 670–73; see also strikes; trade unions Lakey, Arthur see Allen, Albert Lamphere, Robert 372, 387 Lander, Sir Stephen: background and character 561, 789–90, 811; training reforms 561; on John Jones 696; on European security and intelligence collaboration 748; and Irish Republican terrorism investigations 751, 773, 775–6; on Rimington 774; on budget and staffing cuts 781, 786–7; installation of new computer systems 781; and Northern Ireland peace process 783, 795, 797; and acquisition of new work 787, 788, 794; apppointed DG 788–9; and recruitment advertising 791; and Shayler affair 792–3; on counter-terrorism and terrorism threat 797, 855–6; and Islamist terrorism 807, 809–12, 814; relations with Blair 811–12; retirement (2002) 814 Landman, Samuel 359–61 LARGE, Operation 806–7 Lazarus, Gilberte/Elizabeth (Betty Knouth) 355–7 le Carré, John (David Cornwell) 131, 350 Le Queux, William 4, 8–9, 13–14, 18, 20–21, 23, 47, 54–5 Leander, Torsten 759–60, 766, 767 Lenin, Vladimir 99–100, 139, 141, 144, 147, 853 Libya: support for PIRA 622–3, 649, 699, 703, 737–8; funding for NUM 679, 680; Qaddafi’s assassination campaigns against émigre´s 688–90, 700–702; sponsorship of Abu Nidal 691, 734, 735; Britain breaks off diplomatic relations with 701; US air-raid on (1986) 735; Lockerbie (PanAm 103 bombing) 746–8 Libyan embassy/People’s Bureau (London) 689; siege (1984) 700–701, 702 Liddell, Guy: early career 118, 130; joins MI5 118, 120, 130; background and character 130–31, 190, 229; private life 131; management style 133, 323; and Zinoviev letter 158; and Kapitsa investigation 168; visits Berlin (1933) 189–90; recruitment of agents 190, 219, 329; and Munich crisis 206; and outbreak of war 213; and wartime aliens’ investigations 222; on ‘fifth column’ fears 224, 229–30; and Kent–Wolkoff case 225, 226; establishment of RSLOs 230; made head of B Division 236–7, 255; wins respect of wartime recruits 238; on Putlitz 242; on interrogation of TATE 251–2; and GARBO 254, 310; member of Twenty Committee 255, 256; on Krivitsky’s interrogation 264, 265; offers job to Blunt 269; and recruitment of Burgess 270, 272, 856; and wartime Soviet espionage 277, 278, 280, 856; and Churchill 287, 289, 308; on threat of V-weapons 313–14; onVE Day 316–17; and postwar double agents 317–18; on Sillitoe’s appointment as DG 319–2; on Attlee 321–2; and Sir Norman Brook 322; retirement from Security Service 323; and Gouzenko defection 340, 345–6, 347–8; and Volkov attempted defection 343; and Zionist extremists 353–4, 358; and Special Relationship 365–6; and VENONA 366, 371, 372; and vetting system 381–2; and atom spies 383–4, 385, 387, 389; and investigations into CPGB 401; and crypto-Communists on Labour’s backbenches 411; on Burgess’s behaviour 422; refuses Philby’s approach to become Washington SLO 423; establishment of SLO in India 442, 443; and Malayan Emergency 448; on African nationalist movements 452, 453; double-agent allegations 706 Lines (departments) of Soviet residencies 710; Line F 569, 574; Line KR 714–15; Line PR 675, 679, 709, 710–12, 730; Line X 579–86, 710, 730, 732 Litvinov, Maksim 95, 145, 175, 281 Lloyd George, David 37, 96, 98, 99, 101, 106, 139, 144, 145, 147 Lockerbie (PanAm 103 bombing; 1988) 746–8 Lod Airport massacre (1972) 609–10, 613, 614 Lody, Carl 64–5, 67, 68, 89 London Controlling Section (LCS) 284, 318 London Reception Centre (LRC) 250–51 Long, Leo 269, 280, 348–9 Long, Walter 107, 109 Lonsdale, Gordon (Konon Trofimovich Molody) 485–8, 520, 728 LORELEI, Operation 553 ‘Lost Sheep’ 411–15, 522, 847–8 Loyalist paramilitaries 600, 619, 624, 653–4, 683–4, 738, 852 LUCKY ALPHONSE, Operation 463 Lyalin, Oleg 567–71 573–4, 584, 605, 627, 710 Lynskey Tribunal (1948–9) 361–2 Lyttelton, Oliver 449, 454, 460 M Section 131–2, 134; see also Appendix 3 Macassey, Sir Lynden 9, 96 McCann, Danny 739, 740, 741, 742–3, 744–5 McCarthy, Joseph 393, 440, 460 MacDonald, A.


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Roller-Coaster: Europe, 1950-2017 by Ian Kershaw

airport security, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, British Empire, business cycle, centre right, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, Exxon Valdez, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, feminist movement, first-past-the-post, fixed income, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, income inequality, Jeremy Corbyn, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, labour market flexibility, land reform, late capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, liberation theology, low interest rates, low skilled workers, mass immigration, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open borders, post-war consensus, precariat, price stability, public intellectual, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Sinatra Doctrine, Suez crisis 1956, The Chicago School, trade liberalization, union organizing, upwardly mobile, washing machines reduced drudgery, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, young professional

Little more than the puppet of the United States, the Shah’s power had been shored up in 1953 following successful machinations by the CIA and the British MI6 to depose the democratically elected government. The regime was detested by most of the population. The exiled spiritual leader of the Shiite opposition to the Shah, Ayatollah Khomeini, was received by rapturous crowds in Teheran on 1 February on return from exile in France and proclaimed an Islamic republic. This inaugurated new and lasting great political turmoil, not just in the region but across the world. A consequence of the upheavals was a sharp drop in Iranian oil production.

In December NATO reached a ‘twin-track resolution’: to deploy, mainly in West Germany and Britain, hundreds of cruise and Pershing II missiles (capable of reaching Moscow within ten minutes), while at the same time continuing to work with the Soviet Union towards nuclear arms control. The clouds were already darkening by this time. The Islamic revolution swiftly swept over Iran after the deposition of the Shah and return of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979. Its consequences would be felt, in Europe and the world beyond, for the rest of the century and beyond. So would what happened in Afghanistan, washed over by outlying waves from the Iranian revolution. An Afghan communist leader, Mohammed Taraki, had seized power in Kabul in April 1978 and set up a communist government.


pages: 511 words: 148,310

Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide by Joshua S. Goldstein

Albert Einstein, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, blood diamond, business cycle, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, death from overwork, Doomsday Clock, failed state, immigration reform, income inequality, invention of writing, invisible hand, land reform, long peace, microcredit, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, Oklahoma City bombing, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, selection bias, Steven Pinker, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, Tobin tax, unemployed young men, Winter of Discontent, work culture , Y2K

The Iran-Iraq War was massively brutal and futile. Iran’s ayatollahs sent teenagers by the thousands to their deaths, promising them paradise. Iraqis electrified swamps to kill Iranians wholesale. They used chemical weapons—the only such case in recent decades—and found them lethally effective. Both sides rained missiles on each other’s cities. And in the end, hundreds of thousands of the deaths and a wasted decade later, the border was right where it had started, and both regimes were still in power, Saddam Hussein and Ayatollah Khomeini. Within a few years Saddam had invaded another of his neighbors, Kuwait.


pages: 1,073 words: 314,528

Strategy: A History by Lawrence Freedman

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, Black Swan, Blue Ocean Strategy, British Empire, business process, butterfly effect, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, circulation of elites, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, collective bargaining, complexity theory, conceptual framework, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate raider, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, defense in depth, desegregation, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, endowment effect, escalation ladder, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, framing effect, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Ida Tarbell, information retrieval, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, lateral thinking, linear programming, loose coupling, loss aversion, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, mental accounting, Murray Gell-Mann, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Nelson Mandela, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, oil shock, Pareto efficiency, performance metric, Philip Mirowski, prisoner's dilemma, profit maximization, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, scientific management, seminal paper, shareholder value, social contagion, social intelligence, Steven Pinker, strikebreaker, The Chicago School, The Myth of the Rational Market, the scientific method, theory of mind, Thomas Davenport, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Torches of Freedom, Toyota Production System, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, ultimatum game, unemployed young men, Upton Sinclair, urban sprawl, Vilfredo Pareto, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

After an early dalliance with the French Communist Party, he appeared to distance himself from Marxism only to return as an enthusiastic proponent of the “spirit of ’68,” encouraging student occupations and leftist scholarship. In turn, he enthused about and then became disillusioned with Mao’s Cultural Revolution and the Ayatollah Khomeini’s revolution in Iran. He died from an AIDS-related illness in 1984, aged 57, halfway through writing a six-volume work on sexuality. As with many important thinkers, there were significant shifts in his work over the course of his life, and he refused to accept any label, although he came to be regularly identified as a leading postmodernist.

Berlin blockade crisis and, 172–173 civil rights legislation and, 363–364 civilian strategic advisers to, 149–150 counterinsurgency and, 188 Cuban missle crisis and, 173–176 television debate with Nixon and, 438–439 women’s rights and, 409 Kennedy, Robert, 174, 386, 403, 407 Kerry, John, 433 Kershaw, Ian, 140 key performance indicators (KPIs), 562 Keynes, John Maynard, 513 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 424 Khrushchev, Nikita, 173–176 Kiechel III, Walter, 498–499, 501 Kilcullen, David, 224, 234 Kim, W. Chan, 537–539 King Jr., Martin Luther Alinsky and, 388–389 assassination of, 403 Birmingham campaign and, 362–364 on Black Power movement, 394 Chicago and, 388–389 economic issues and, 364, 395 Gandhi and, 358–360 March on Washington and, 364 Montgomery Bus Boycott and, 357–358 nonviolent direct action and, 344, 358–359, 362–364, 677n28 plagiarism and, 359–360, 677n28 Rustin and, 358–361, 389 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and, 391 Wilkins and, 360–361 King Lear (Shakespeare), 64, 314 King, Mary, 410 Kingdom of God is Within You, The (Tolstoy), 347 Kissinger, Henry, 170 Kitzmiller v.


Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower by William Blum

anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, collective bargaining, Columbine, disinformation, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, it's over 9,000, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, Oklahoma City bombing, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Timothy McVeigh, union organizing

Rene Schneider, C-in-C of Army, Chile 1970s, 1981 General Omar Torrijos, leader of Panama 1972 General Manuel Noriega, Chief of Panama Intelligence 1975 Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire 1976 Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica 1980-1986 Moammar Qaddafi, leader of Libya, several plots and attempts upon his life 1982 Ayatollah Khomeini, leader of Iran 1983 Gen. Ahmed Dlimi, Moroccan Army commander 1983 Miguel d'Escoto, Foreign Minister of Nicaragua 1984 The nine comandantes of the Sandinista National Directorate 1985 Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, Lebanese Shiite leader (see note below) 1991 Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq 1998 Osama bin Laden, leading Islamic militant 1999 Slobodan Milosevic, President of Yugoslavia In case they run short of assassins In 1975, a US Navy psychologist, Lt.


pages: 379 words: 99,340

The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium by Martin Gurri

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Ayatollah Khomeini, bitcoin, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Burning Man, business cycle, citizen journalism, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, collective bargaining, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, currency manipulation / currency intervention, dark matter, David Graeber, death of newspapers, disinformation, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, facts on the ground, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, job-hopping, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, Nate Silver, Occupy movement, Port of Oakland, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Skype, Steve Jobs, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, too big to fail, traveling salesman, University of East Anglia, urban renewal, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, young professional

He was not a politician, not a revolutionary, not a genius, not a scholar – not an authority of any sort. He represents a type we’ll encounter often in this story of the struggle between grand hierarchies and the public: the gifted amateur, propelled to unexpected places by the new information technology. He was four years old when Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic revolution swept to power in Tehran. That was the only government he knew before he departed into exile, and it came to define his life, for and against. Since that government played the role of villain in this specific story, it would be useful to linger over its characteristics for a moment.


pages: 371 words: 101,792

Skygods: The Fall of Pan Am by Robert Gandt

airline deregulation, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Carl Icahn, Charles Lindbergh, collective bargaining, flag carrier, hiring and firing, invisible hand, Maui Hawaii, RAND corporation, revenue passenger mile, Tenerife airport disaster, yield management, Yogi Berra, Yom Kippur War

The dream deal, had it come true, would have metamorphosed into a nightmare. Less than four years later, the Shah was overthrown. America’s bedrock ally in the Middle East became, overnight, a mortal enemy. Policymakers speculated grimly about a Pan American World Airways whose principal owner was the Ayatollah Khomeini. Chapter Eighteen The Children’s Crusade Pan Am does a lot more than compete with other airlines. We compete with whole countries, sometimes even our own. —New York Times advertisement, September 23, 1974, placed by Pan Am employees The Pan Am mystique was slipping away.


pages: 241 words: 90,538

Unequal Britain: Equalities in Britain Since 1945 by Pat Thane

Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, call centre, collective bargaining, equal pay for equal work, full employment, gender pay gap, longitudinal study, mass immigration, moral panic, Neil Kinnock, old-boy network, pensions crisis, Russell Brand, sexual politics, Stephen Fry, Stephen Hawking, unpaid internship, women in the workforce

THE 1980s: BRITAIN’S ISLAMIC COMMUNITY RAISES ITS VOICE The Satanic Verses controversy in 1988 projected Britain’s Muslim population into popular consciousness. Salman Rushdie’s book precipitated widespread rioting in Pakistan and India and was quickly banned in all Muslim countries, as well as in South Africa, Sri Lanka, China and India. Tensions were heightened when the Iranian leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, issued a fatwa sentencing Rushdie to death. In Britain, the controversy sparked widespread demonstrations and even book burnings, particularly in Bradford and Bolton. To alleviate the situation, Muslim groups, supported by some Christian leaders, advocated the banning of the publication and distribution of the book under the Blasphemy Act 1838.


pages: 311 words: 94,732

The Rapture of the Nerds by Cory Doctorow, Charles Stross

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Alan Greenspan, Ayatollah Khomeini, butterfly effect, cognitive dissonance, combinatorial explosion, complexity theory, Credit Default Swap, dematerialisation, Drosophila, epigenetics, Extropian, financial engineering, Future Shock, gravity well, greed is good, haute couture, heat death of the universe, hive mind, margin call, mirror neurons, negative equity, phenotype, plutocrats, rent-seeking, Richard Feynman, telepresence, Turing machine, Turing test, union organizing

Finally, you deliver your majority verdict to me and I check it for procedural compliance. Then if I’m lucky, I get to hang someone. Are there any questions?” Doc Dagbjört is already waving a hand in the air, eager to please. The judge turns a black gaze on her that reminds Huw of historical documentaries about the Ayatollah Khomeini. Dagbjört refuses to wilt. “What,” says Giuliani, “is it?” “About this Exhibit? Is it the box, in? And if so, how secure the containment is? I would hate for your worries to depart the abstract and concretize themselves, as it were.” “Huh.” The judge stalks out from behind her lectern and kicks the box, hard.


pages: 1,034 words: 241,773

Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress by Steven Pinker

3D printing, Abraham Maslow, access to a mobile phone, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Alignment Problem, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Arthur Eddington, artificial general intelligence, availability heuristic, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, biodiversity loss, Black Swan, Bonfire of the Vanities, Brexit referendum, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charlie Hebdo massacre, classic study, clean water, clockwork universe, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, conceptual framework, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, data science, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, distributed generation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, double helix, Eddington experiment, Edward Jenner, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end world poverty, endogenous growth, energy transition, European colonialism, experimental subject, Exxon Valdez, facts on the ground, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Flynn Effect, food miles, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, frictionless, frictionless market, Garrett Hardin, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Hacker Conference 1984, Hans Rosling, hedonic treadmill, helicopter parent, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Hobbesian trap, humanitarian revolution, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge economy, l'esprit de l'escalier, Laplace demon, launch on warning, life extension, long peace, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, Mahbub ul Haq, Martin Wolf, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nate Silver, Nathan Meyer Rothschild: antibiotics, negative emissions, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Norman Mailer, nuclear taboo, nuclear winter, obamacare, ocean acidification, Oklahoma City bombing, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, paperclip maximiser, Paris climate accords, Paul Graham, peak oil, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, post-truth, power law, precautionary principle, precision agriculture, prediction markets, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, radical life extension, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, rent control, Republic of Letters, Richard Feynman, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Rodney Brooks, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rory Sutherland, Saturday Night Live, science of happiness, Scientific racism, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, Social Justice Warrior, sovereign wealth fund, sparse data, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, supervolcano, synthetic biology, tech billionaire, technological determinism, technological singularity, Ted Kaczynski, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, total factor productivity, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, universal basic income, University of East Anglia, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, women in the workforce, working poor, World Values Survey, Y2K

Indeed, no autocrat of the 20th century lacked champions among the clerisy, including Mussolini (Ezra Pound, Shaw, Yeats, Lewis), Lenin (Shaw, H. G. Wells), Stalin (Shaw, Sartre, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Brecht, W. E. B. Du Bois, Pablo Picasso, Lillian Hellman), Mao (Sartre, Foucault, Du Bois, Louis Althusser, Steven Rose, Richard Lewontin), the Ayatollah Khomeini (Foucault), and Castro (Sartre, Graham Greene, Günter Grass, Norman Mailer, Harold Pinter, and, as we saw in chapter 21, Susan Sontag). At various times Western intellectuals have also sung the praises of Ho Chi Minh, Muammar Gaddafi, Saddam Hussein, Kim Il-sung, Pol Pot, Julius Nyerere, Omar Torrijos, Slobodan Milošević, and Hugo Chávez.

., 42, 162, 198, 404 and reactionary ideology of Sayyid Qutb, 441 and right-wing nationalism, 451 and Syrian civil war, 159 theoconservatism (Christian) similar to, 449 and wars within Muslim-majority countries, 439 See also ISIS; terrorism and terrorists Islamophobia, 219, 440, 441–2 anti-Islamic hate crimes, 219–20, 220 Ismail, Gululai, 443 Israel agriculture of, 129 cyber-sabotage and, 304 happiness ranking of, 475n30 nuclear weapons and, 317, 318 and war, 313 Italy child labor force in, 231–2, 231 emancipative values in, 225–7, 226, 227 Fascism of, 445, 446 homicide rates in, 169, 170 literacy in, 236 poverty and, 79 social spending in, 108 Jacobs, Alan, 283 Jainism, 23 Jamaica, homicide rates in, 172 Jamison, Dean, 67 Japan education in, 237, 237, 238 emancipative values in, 225–7, 226, 227 fertility rates falling in, 125 nuclear power and, 146, 147 secularization and, 436, 489n68 social spending in, 108 and World War II, 158, 161, 196, 305, 314 Jaspers, Karl, 23 Jefferson, Thomas, 27, 95, 412, 417 Jencks, Christopher, 116 Jenner, Edward, 63, 65 Jensen, Robert, 95 Jervis, Robert, 197, 311–12 Jetsons, The, 330 Jindal, Bobby, 387 Johnson, Samuel, 162 jokes, bigoted, 217–19, 218, 471n13 Jonassohn, Kurt, 160–61 Juárez, Mexico, homicide rate in, 172 Judaism and Axial Age, 23 humanistic branches, 412 religiosity and, 440 Rosh Hashanah/Yom Kippur, 167–8 and schools, development of formal, 233 Talmudic debate, 379 See also anti-Semitism Jussim, Lee, 373 Kahan, Dan, 154, 357–8, 360–61, 366, 381, 382–3 Kahneman, Daniel, 41, 353, 383, 404 Kahn, Herman, 309 Kaku, Michio, 308 Kalahari “Bushmen” (San people), 249, 353–4 Kant, Immanuel and arguments for the existence of God, 421 categorical imperative of, 412 as cognitive psychologist, 392 and deontology, 416 on enlightenment, 7 and human nature, 10 and irrationality of humans, 8–9, 353, 482n6 on peace, 13–14, 162, 163 on progress, 11 Kass, Leon, 60, 389 Kazakhstan, nuclear weapons relinquished by, 313 Keith, David, 153–4 Kelley, Jonathan, 101 Kellogg-Briand (Paris Peace) pact (1928), 163–4 Kellogg, Frank, 164 Kelly, Kevin, 254, 301–2, 304, 344–5, 477n20 Kelsey, Elin, 292 Kendall, Henry, 308 Kendrick, Pearl, 64 Kennedy, John F., 31, 312, 336 Kenny, Charles, 65, 95 Kenya, 54–5, 71, 71, 436 Kepler, Johannes, 424 Keynes, John Maynard, 347, 400 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 447 Khrushchev, Nikita, 312 Kim Il-sung, 447 Kim Jong-il, 78 Kim Jong-un, 313 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 223, 405 Kingston, Maxine Hong, 284 Kinzer, Stephen, 420 Kissinger, Henry, 316 Klein, Daniel, 362–3 Klein, Naomi, 138–9 knowledge, 21, 233–46 computation and, 21 populism and disdain for, 333 Trump’s disdain for, 336 unity of, as consilience of humanities and science, 390, 406–9, 486n13 See also education; literacy; reason Knowlton, Nancy, 122 Koch, Charles and David, 139 Korean War, 49, 157, 158, 160 Kosovo, 203 Kotler, Steven, 330 Kozol, Jonathan, 456n1 Krasnow, Max, 140 Krauss, Lawrence, 308 Kristof, Nicholas, 373 Kuhn, Thomas, 395, 486n21 Kunstler, James, 465n76 Kurzweil, Ray, 60 Kuwait, 171 conquest by Iraq (1990–91), 163 Kuznets curve carbon emissions, 143, 143 economic inequality, 103–6, 110, 111 environmental, 124, 463n9, 463n35 Kuznets, Simon, 103, 104 Kyrgyzstan, 203 labor movement, paid vacation and, 251 Lacan, Jacques, 406 Lahiri, Jhumpa, 284 Lamarckian process, 399 Landsteiner, Karl, 64 language communication of ideas using, 27 development of, 23 Indo-European, 398 writing, 27 Lanier, Jaron, 477n20 Lankford, Adam, 196, 198 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 24, 298 Lasch, Christopher, 456n1 Laski, Harold, 400, 418 Latin America.


pages: 371 words: 108,105

Under the Knife: A History of Surgery in 28 Remarkable Operations by Arnold van de Laar Laproscopic Surgeon

Albert Einstein, Apollo 13, Ayatollah Khomeini, clean water, Great Leap Forward, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, Louis Pasteur, Neil Armstrong, placebo effect, the scientific method, wikimedia commons

The fact that, as a cardiovascular surgeon, DeBakey actually had nothing to do with the spleen, was apparently not relevant, either for himself or for his esteemed patient. When the shah fled the revolution in Iran on 16 January 1979 and boarded a plane in Tehran never to see his home country again, he was not only threatened with death by Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic rebels but also by cancer. His exile was to become not only a wandering quest from one country to another, where he was always unwelcome, but also a fight against malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma in his abdomen. The shah was treated by the French oncologist Professor Georges Flandrin, who followed him from one country to another.


pages: 422 words: 104,457

Dragnet Nation: A Quest for Privacy, Security, and Freedom in a World of Relentless Surveillance by Julia Angwin

AltaVista, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, bitcoin, Chelsea Manning, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, clean water, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, data is the new oil, David Graeber, Debian, disinformation, Edward Snowden, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, Garrett Hardin, GnuPG, Google Chrome, Google Glasses, Ida Tarbell, incognito mode, informal economy, Jacob Appelbaum, John Gilmore, John Markoff, Julian Assange, Laura Poitras, Marc Andreessen, market bubble, market design, medical residency, meta-analysis, mutually assured destruction, operational security, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, prediction markets, price discrimination, randomized controlled trial, RFID, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, security theater, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart meter, sparse data, Steven Levy, Tragedy of the Commons, Upton Sinclair, WikiLeaks, Y2K, zero-sum game, Zimmermann PGP

“It would be possible to make such awards in such a way so that nobody knows who is getting awarded the money, only that the award is being given.” Bell described this death prediction market as a way to punish “violators of rights” by putting a price on their heads. “Consider how history might have changed if we’d been able to ‘bump off’ Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, Tojo, Kim Il Sung, Ho Chi Minh, Ayatollah Khomeini, Saddam Hussein, Moammar Khadafi, and various others, along with all of their replacements if necessary, all for a measly few million dollars,” he wrote. Bell’s idea of placing “bounties” on the heads of government officials wasn’t well received. In 1997, IRS agents raided Bell’s home. He was charged with obstruction of justice and using fake social security numbers.


pages: 632 words: 171,827

Israel: A Concise History of a Nation Reborn by Daniel Gordis

Albert Einstein, Ayatollah Khomeini, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, facts on the ground, illegal immigration, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mount Scopus, post-oil, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

(Yehuda Avner, The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership [ Jerusalem: Toby Press, 2010], p. 269; Gil Troy, “Happy Birthday, Mr. Kissinger,” May 23, 2013, Tablet, http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/132819/happy-birthday-mr -kissinger#xCoSwz6BrWoHxhzI.99.) * At approximately the same time and in essentially the same region, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was using audiocassettes to distribute his subversive anti-Western (and anti-Shah) sermons, preparing the way for what would be the 1979 Iranian Revolution. * Some forty years later, in late 2015, the New York Times and other news sources reported on information obtained decades earlier that revealed that the athletes, before they were killed in the firefight, had been beaten up and tortured.

With many of the repressive secular regimes that had ruled the Arab countries in the previous decades now weakened (the most prominent case being Sadat’s regime in Egypt), the setting was ripe for an alternative source of hope. In many of the Arab countries surrounding Israel, due in part to the regional influence of the successful Iranian revolution that brought the regime of the ayatollahs to power in 1979, it was Islamism that filled the vacuum.* During the 1970s and 1980s, the Muslim Brotherhood became the most prominent of the Islamist organizations. In many places in the Arab world, it began developing effective systems for providing critical social services—services that the secular governments had failed to provide.3 Its social service organizations, though, brought with them a distinct, highly traditionalist religious message, which spread rapidly.


pages: 1,222 words: 385,226

Shantaram: A Novel by Gregory David Roberts

Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, Burning Man, clean water, colonial rule, financial independence, friendly fire, invisible hand, Khyber Pass, Kickstarter, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, mandelbrot fractal, trade route, unemployed young men, Yom Kippur War

When I grow up, I fight Shah. Two times in the jail. Two times beating, and electricity on my body, and too much pain. I fight for revolution in Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini makes the revolution in Iran, and he is the new power, when Shah runs away to America. But Savak secret police still the same. Now they work for Khomeini. Again I go in the jail. Again the beating and the electric pain. The same people from the Shah—the exactly same people in the jail—now they work for Khomeini. All my friends die in the jail, and in the war against Iraq. I escape, and come to Bombay. I make business, black-market business, with other Iran people.

‘Those men—the men we fought—they did some business here. Mostly drugs business, but sometimes guns business and sometimes passports. And they were spies against us, reporting about any of us from Iran who ran away from the Iraq war. I was one man who ran away from the Iraq war. Many thousands ran away to here, India, and many thousands who hate Ayatollah Khomeini. The spies from Iran, they made reports about us to the new Savak in Iran. And they hate Khader because he want to help the mujaheddin in Afghanistan and because he did help so many of us from Iran. You understand this business, Lin brother?’ I understood it. The Iranian expatriate community in Bombay was huge, and I had many friends who’d lost their homeland and their families, and were struggling to survive.


pages: 391 words: 117,984

The Blue Sweater: Bridging the Gap Between Rich and Poor in an Interconnected World by Jacqueline Novogratz

access to a mobile phone, Ayatollah Khomeini, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, business process, business process outsourcing, clean water, disinformation, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, half of the world's population has never made a phone call, Hernando de Soto, Kibera, Lao Tzu, low interest rates, market design, microcredit, Nelson Mandela, out of africa, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, tontine, transaction costs, zero-sum game

The team decided to reach out and convene a roundtable to try and make sense of what was happening. We gathered our community of partners, team members, and experts, including a White House advisor on terrorism and a former Wall Street Journal writer who had covered the Middle East for years and had interviewed every jihadist from Ayatollah Khomeini to Osama bin Laden himself. The experts told us that the White House was already linking Saddam Hussein to the tragedy and predicted we would be at war with Iraq the following year. After hours of discussing fundamentalism, terrorism, poverty, and possible solutions that focused on “soft power” rather than on forceful retaliation, I asked what an organization like Acumen Fund might do to contribute.


pages: 387 words: 120,092

The Idea of Israel: A History of Power and Knowledge by Ilan Pappe

affirmative action, Ayatollah Khomeini, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, disinformation, double helix, facts on the ground, feminist movement, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, mass immigration, Mount Scopus, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, one-state solution, postnationalism / post nation state, stem cell, Suez canal 1869, urban planning, Yom Kippur War

They saw the musicians – especially the early ones who, since they did not have the money or connections to employ established studios, had to produce music on illegal audio cassettes – not only as subversive activists against the law or challengers to hegemonic Western music, but also as harbingers of a new age in Israel. Their cassettes were even compared with those used by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in Iran, since cassettes were the medium through which his revolutionary words were spread (other political Islamic movements, too, have relied on cassette tapes). Post-Zionist music tended to be more Arabic in style and dotted with lyrics that conveyed some sort of challenge to basic Zionist truths.


Mbs: The Rise to Power of Mohammed Bin Salman by Ben Hubbard

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bellingcat, bitcoin, Citizen Lab, Donald Trump, fake news, it's over 9,000, Jeff Bezos, knowledge economy, Mark Zuckerberg, medical residency, megacity, Mohammed Bouazizi, NSO Group, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rosa Parks, Rubik’s Cube, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, SoftBank, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Tim Cook: Apple, urban planning, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Yom Kippur War

Throughout Saudi history, the clerics had sought to ban the telegraph, the radio, the camera, cinema, soccer, girls’ education, and television, whose introduction in the 1960s caused outrage. In areas where it was not entirely clear what was halal or haram—permitted or forbidden—Saudis turned to clerics for fatwas, or religious opinions. Some fatwas had made international news, such as when Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran called for the killing of the author Salman Rushdie, but most had to do with personal religious practice. Others revealed the lengths clerics went to when applying ancient scriptures to modern life. Take the cleric who appeared to call for the death of Mickey Mouse and then backtracked.


Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health by Laurie Garrett

accounting loophole / creative accounting, airport security, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, biofilm, clean water, collective bargaining, contact tracing, desegregation, discovery of DNA, discovery of penicillin, disinformation, Drosophila, employer provided health coverage, Fall of the Berlin Wall, germ theory of disease, global pandemic, Gregor Mendel, illegal immigration, indoor plumbing, Induced demand, John Snow's cholera map, Jones Act, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, mass incarceration, Maui Hawaii, means of production, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mouse model, Nelson Mandela, new economy, nuclear winter, Oklahoma City bombing, phenotype, profit motive, Project Plowshare, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, stem cell, the scientific method, urban decay, urban renewal, War on Poverty, working poor, Works Progress Administration, yellow journalism

Hussein, then president of Iraq, announced he was unilaterally ending the Algiers accord, which had kept the peace between Iran and Iraq. Referring to Iran’s leader, the Ayatollah Khomeini, Hussein announced that the Iranian “is under the illusion that he can occupy the country that gave him hospitality for fourteen years. He can conquer it if he wishes to by ties of brotherliness, but he cannot extend his racism over one iota of this country’s soil. Khomeini knows that he can only cross the Arab Gulf over the dead bodies of Iraqi martyrs.” See: Matar, F., 1990, ibid, 135. 19. No one really knows how many people were wounded or died in the Iran/Iraq war.

., “The week they almost lost Pennsylvania.” New Scientist (April 4, 1979). 355. Days after the Shah of Iran, a long-standing U.S. ally, arrived in the United States for medical treatment, his rule was overthrown in Iran and student militants seized the U.S. Embassy, taking the entire staff hostage. The new Iranian government of Ayatollah Khomeini gave the students its full support and the hostages remained in captivity inside the embassy throughout the rest of 1979 and all of 1980, On September 22, 1980, the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein invaded Iran, sparking the bloodiest Middle East conflict of the twentieth century. Possibly because it had its hands full with that war, Iran agreed to release the U.S. hostages.


pages: 392 words: 122,282

Generation Kill by Evan Wright

Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Columbine, friendly fire, oil shale / tar sands, time dilation, working poor

Several young men who serve as the imam’s bodyguards train their AKs on him the moment Meesh sets foot in the gloomy anteroom. After twenty minutes of negotiating with these characters, one of them leads him into the imam’s office in the back. The imam, a man in his early fifties who studied in Iran, looks to Meesh almost exactly like a younger version of the late Ayatollah Khomeini, with a long, pointed white beard and dark-black eyebrows. Though Meesh is a Sunni—as well as a beer-drinking dope smoker—he and the imam kneel and perform a prayer together. Then, according to Meesh, the imam tells him he welcomes the Americans, so long as they don’t expose the Iraqi people to corrupting Western influences.


pages: 461 words: 125,845

This Machine Kills Secrets: Julian Assange, the Cypherpunks, and Their Fight to Empower Whistleblowers by Andy Greenberg

air gap, Apple II, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, Bletchley Park, Burning Man, Chelsea Manning, computerized markets, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, disinformation, domain-specific language, driverless car, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Fairchild Semiconductor, fault tolerance, hive mind, information security, Jacob Appelbaum, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Lewis Mumford, Mahatma Gandhi, military-industrial complex, Mitch Kapor, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mohammed Bouazizi, Mondo 2000, Neal Stephenson, nuclear winter, offshore financial centre, operational security, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, profit motive, Ralph Nader, real-name policy, reality distortion field, Richard Stallman, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, social graph, SQL injection, statistical model, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Teledyne, three-masted sailing ship, undersea cable, Vernor Vinge, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, X Prize, Zimmermann PGP

But the military would be unnecessary in a world where no foreign government would be able to form a military, either, and all aggressive dictators would be immediately eliminated by crypto-funded assassins. “Consider how history might have changed if we’d been able to ‘bump off’ Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, Tojo, Kim Il Sung, Ho Chi Minh, Ayatollah Khomeini, Saddam Hussein, Moammar Khadafi and various others,” Bell wrote. As for fighting crime, he explained, citizens could pool together money to put out anonymous hits on criminals just as easily as politicians. “Assassination Politics” inflamed the Cypherpunk Mailing List almost as much as the defunct Clipper Chip had.


pages: 613 words: 200,826

Unreal Estate: Money, Ambition, and the Lust for Land in Los Angeles by Michael Gross

Albert Einstein, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, California gold rush, Carl Icahn, clean water, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate raider, cotton gin, Donald Trump, estate planning, family office, financial engineering, financial independence, Henry Singleton, Irwin Jacobs, Joan Didion, junk bonds, Maui Hawaii, McMansion, Michael Milken, mortgage debt, Norman Mailer, offshore financial centre, oil rush, passive investing, pension reform, Ponzi scheme, Right to Buy, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, tech billionaire, Teledyne, The Predators' Ball, transcontinental railway, yellow journalism

Though they came from the same general region around the same time and have, particularly since the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979, been ignorantly lumped together with Muslim Arabs, newcomers like the Mehdizadehs were Iranian Jews (though they often describe themselves as Persian). Beginning as early as the late 1940s, they came to Beverly Hills in a trickle that turned into a torrent after their country was taken over in the radical Islamist revolution led by the Ayatollah Khomeini. They were the most significant wave of Jewish immigration to west Los Angeles since the arrival of the movie moguls of the early twentieth century. Persian Jews now “own a significant percentage of the property in Beverly Hills,” says realtor John Bruce Nelson, who adds that Farsi is used as a second language in local public schools and one Presbyterian church in the city has a regular Farsi service.

Between 1976 and 1978, Persians were estimated to have spent close to $200 million on local real estate. “They bought and bought,” says Nourmand, “and when the Persians started buying, prices went up, and Americans were resentful, even though they were the beneficiaries.… The problems really started when Khomeini came to power and the hostage crisis [and seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran] caused a backlash. Irrespective of who we were, why we were here, what we believed in, we were all the people in the embassy. Before 1979, I was welcome, desirable. Then, I became the worst thing walking the face of the earth.”


pages: 1,213 words: 376,284

Empire of Things: How We Became a World of Consumers, From the Fifteenth Century to the Twenty-First by Frank Trentmann

Abraham Maslow, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bread and circuses, British Empire, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, car-free, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, classic study, clean water, collaborative consumption, collective bargaining, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, company town, critique of consumerism, cross-subsidies, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, equity premium, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial exclusion, fixed income, food miles, Ford Model T, full employment, gentrification, germ theory of disease, global village, Great Leap Forward, haute cuisine, Herbert Marcuse, high net worth, income inequality, index card, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, labour mobility, Les Trente Glorieuses, libertarian paternalism, Livingstone, I presume, longitudinal study, mass immigration, McMansion, mega-rich, Michael Shellenberger, moral panic, mortgage debt, Murano, Venice glass, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, Paradox of Choice, Pier Paolo Pasolini, planned obsolescence, pneumatic tube, post-industrial society, Post-Keynesian economics, post-materialism, postnationalism / post nation state, profit motive, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, Ralph Nader, rent control, retail therapy, Richard Thaler, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, scientific management, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, seminal paper, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, stakhanovite, Ted Nordhaus, the built environment, the market place, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade liberalization, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce, working poor, young professional, zero-sum game

The Iranian Revolution in 1979 at first seemed to herald a new clash of cultures between an Islamic republic and Western materialism. In the West, commentators began to diagnose a battle of ‘Jihad vs McWorld’, with traditional religious groups striking back at global consumer capitalism.34 In Iran itself, the Ayatollah Khomeini, who had led the revolution, gave his verdict in his final testament in 1989. Western advertising, radio, television and cinemas, he said, had been ‘successfully used to intellectually anaesthetize nations, and especially the youth’. For the last half-century, they had worked as ‘a propaganda tool against Islam’, not only marketing ‘luxury items’, cosmetics, drinks and clothing but promoting ‘a form of life as a prestigious model, so much so that to look like westerners in every aspect of one’s daily life became a status symbol’.

And fashion and the taste for expensive products translated into political dependence, because ‘cosmetics, entertainment, alcoholic beverages . . . toys and dolls’ and other ‘modish extravaganzas’ were paid for with the export of oil and other resources, leaving Iran a colony of the West.35 We tend to think of the ‘luxury wars’ as a European debate that was over by the nineteenth century, settled in favour of consumption, growth and development. This is too parochial. The Iranian Revolution opened a new front. Like Rousseau two centuries earlier, Khomeini pointed to a causal chain between luxury, status-seeking and envy, social conflict, corruption and dependence. Unlike Rousseau – a profligate spender and lover of women – Khomeini also lived the idea and banished luxury from the new society. Film, books and media were censored. Almost half the cinemas in Iran were shut down or burnt in the immediate aftermath of the revolution. Alcohol was outlawed, and women’s hair and bodies disappeared behind headscarves and plain overcoats.

Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalization and Tribalism are Reshaping the World (New York, 1996), following on from his 1992 article in Atlantic Monthly. ‘The Political and Religious Testament of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution and the Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Imam Khomeini’ (1989), reproduced in the appendix of H. Fürtig, Liberalisierung als Herausforderung: Wie stabil ist die Islamische Republik Iran? (Berlin, 1996), Arbeitshefte 12, appendix, quoted at 128f. 36. Minoo Moallem, Between Warrior Brother and Veiled Sister: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Politics of Patriarchy in Iran (Berkeley, CA, 2005). 37.


pages: 476 words: 144,288

1946: The Making of the Modern World by Victor Sebestyen

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, centre right, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, disinformation, Etonian, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, imperial preference, Kickstarter, land reform, long peace, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, operation paperclip

It had taken less than six months for wartime partners in the most destructive conflict in history to become enemies – as they were to remain for the next four decades.11 * Reza Pahlavi was taken prisoner by British troops and kept under house arrest, initially in Mauritius and then in Johannesburg. He died in July 1944 in South Africa from a heart attack, aged sixty-six. His son remained on the throne until he was overthrown in the Islamic Revolution of 1979 led by the Ayatollah Khomeini. He died in 1980. 2 The American Century ‘War is hell . . . but America had a hell of a War,’ the astute columnist Walter Lippmann said soon after VJ Day. The US experience of World War Two was entirely different from that of every other combatant nation. There was much hardship, to be sure, and loss of lives.


pages: 470 words: 144,455

Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World by Bruce Schneier

Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Bletchley Park, business process, butterfly effect, cashless society, Columbine, defense in depth, double entry bookkeeping, drop ship, fault tolerance, game design, IFF: identification friend or foe, information security, John Gilmore, John von Neumann, knapsack problem, macro virus, Mary Meeker, MITM: man-in-the-middle, moral panic, Morris worm, Multics, multilevel marketing, mutually assured destruction, PalmPilot, pez dispenser, pirate software, profit motive, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Russell Brand, Silicon Valley, Simon Singh, slashdot, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steven Levy, systems thinking, the payments system, Timothy McVeigh, Y2K, Yogi Berra

That would increase the number of nonpaying customers to the millions, and could significantly affect the company’s profitability. Physical counterfeiting is a problem, but it’s a manageable problem. Over two decades ago, we sold the Shah of Iran some of our old intaglio printing presses. When Ayatollah Khomeini took over, he realized that it was more profitable to mint $100 bills than Iranian rials. The FBI calls them supernotes, and they’re near perfect. (This is why the United States redesigned its currency.) At the same time the FBI and the Secret Service were throwing up their hands, the Department of the Treasury did some calculating:The Iranian presses can only print so much money a minute, there are only so many minutes in a year, so there’s a maximum to the amount of counterfeit money they can manufacture.


pages: 205 words: 18,208

The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom? by David Brin

affirmative action, airport security, Ayatollah Khomeini, clean water, cognitive dissonance, corporate governance, data acquisition, death of newspapers, Extropian, Garrett Hardin, Howard Rheingold, illegal immigration, informal economy, information asymmetry, information security, Iridium satellite, Jaron Lanier, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, offshore financial centre, Oklahoma City bombing, open economy, packet switching, pattern recognition, pirate software, placebo effect, plutocrats, prediction markets, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Robert Bork, Saturday Night Live, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, telepresence, The Turner Diaries, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, UUNET, Vannevar Bush, Vernor Vinge, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, workplace surveillance , Yogi Berra, zero-sum game, Zimmermann PGP

To people freshly exposed, without the technological immunization that often comes with familiarity, these new media seemed to amplify a skilled user like Hitler, making him appear larger than life. New communications technologies also have the potential to undermine authority. In prerevolutionary Iran, followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini bypassed the shahʼs monopoly over radio and television by smuggling into the country one audiocassette per week. Khomeiniʼs sermon, soon duplicated a thousandfold, was played at Friday services in countless mosques, preparing for the storm to come. Fax machines came close to serving the same insurrectionary function in China, during the Tian An Men uprising.


pages: 499 words: 144,278

Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World by Clive Thompson

"Margaret Hamilton" Apollo, "Susan Fowler" uber, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 4chan, 8-hour work day, Aaron Swartz, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, air gap, Airbnb, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, Asperger Syndrome, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, backpropagation, barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, blockchain, blue-collar work, Brewster Kahle, Brian Krebs, Broken windows theory, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, Chelsea Manning, Citizen Lab, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, computer vision, Conway's Game of Life, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Danny Hillis, data science, David Heinemeier Hansson, deep learning, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, don't be evil, don't repeat yourself, Donald Trump, driverless car, dumpster diving, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ernest Rutherford, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, fake news, false flag, Firefox, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Free Software Foundation, Gabriella Coleman, game design, Geoffrey Hinton, glass ceiling, Golden Gate Park, Google Hangouts, Google X / Alphabet X, Grace Hopper, growth hacking, Guido van Rossum, Hacker Ethic, hockey-stick growth, HyperCard, Ian Bogost, illegal immigration, ImageNet competition, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, John Markoff, Jony Ive, Julian Assange, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, Larry Wall, lone genius, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Shuttleworth, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, meritocracy, microdosing, microservices, Minecraft, move 37, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, Network effects, neurotypical, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, no silver bullet, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, OpenAI, operational security, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, PageRank, PalmPilot, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, Paul Graham, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, pink-collar, planetary scale, profit motive, ransomware, recommendation engine, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rubik’s Cube, Ruby on Rails, Sam Altman, Satoshi Nakamoto, Saturday Night Live, scientific management, self-driving car, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, single-payer health, Skype, smart contracts, Snapchat, social software, software is eating the world, sorting algorithm, South of Market, San Francisco, speech recognition, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech worker, techlash, TED Talk, the High Line, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, universal basic income, urban planning, Wall-E, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WeWork, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Y Combinator, Zimmermann PGP, éminence grise

She catalogued a landscape of guys who’d snigger about women’s presumed inferiority; professors who’d tell female students “you’re far too pretty” to be studying electrical engineering; when a few CS students at CMU asked men to voluntarily stop using pictures of naked women as their computer desktop wallpaper, the men angrily replied that this was censorship straight out of “the Nazis or the Ayatollah Khomeini.” A similar study at MIT produced equally bleak tales. Male students would muse about women’s mediocrity: “I really don’t think the woman students around here are as good as the men,” one said. Behavior in research groups “sometimes approximates that of a locker room,” the report found, with men rating how “cute” female students were, in front of them.


pages: 514 words: 153,274

The Cobweb by Neal Stephenson, J. Frederick George

air gap, Ayatollah Khomeini, computer age, cuban missile crisis, friendly fire, illegal immigration, independent contractor, industrial robot, Neal Stephenson, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Snow Crash, uranium enrichment, éminence grise

On the small table was a tray laid to Millikan’s specifications with a bottle of iced Stolichnaya, beluga caviar, and plates of black bread, butter, onions, chopped hard-boiled eggs. “I thought that you might have had too much champagne by this time, old friend,” Millikan explained, knowing the contempt in which Aziz held the French for, among other things, their sheltering of the Ayatollah Khomeini in the1970s. “You couldn’t be more correct, Jim,” Aziz responded. Millikan hated to be called Jim, had got into fights as a child when somebody had called him Jim, but Aziz had called him Jim for the past twenty years, and he was not about to ask him to change. “A toast,” Millikan said when the shot glasses were filled with the vodka, syrupy in its subzero cold.


How to Make a Spaceship: A Band of Renegades, an Epic Race, and the Birth of Private Spaceflight by Julian Guthrie

Albert Einstein, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Charles Lindbergh, cosmic microwave background, crowdsourcing, Dennis Tito, Doomsday Book, Easter island, Elon Musk, Fairchild Semiconductor, fear of failure, fixed-gear, Frank Gehry, Gene Kranz, gravity well, Herman Kahn, high net worth, Iridium satellite, Isaac Newton, ITER tokamak, Jacquard loom, Jeff Bezos, Johannes Kepler, Larry Ellison, Leonard Kleinrock, life extension, low earth orbit, Mark Shuttleworth, Mars Society, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Murray Gell-Mann, Neil Armstrong, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, packet switching, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, pets.com, private spaceflight, punch-card reader, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, Ronald Reagan, Scaled Composites, side project, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, SpaceShipOne, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Strategic Defense Initiative, urban planning, Virgin Galactic

Their interest in space was not a wish or a game; it was who they were, like the color of their eyes. Hamid was drawn to the idea of the international competition, and the daredevilry required to win it. He wasn’t at all afraid of the obvious risk of something going wrong along the way. Risk had been good to the Ansaris. His family had fled Tehran at the start of the revolution under Ayatollah Khomeini, arriving in America with little money and speaking no English. Anousheh and her family had left Mashad a few years later, when conditions in Iran had worsened. Hamid and Anousheh had met in the United States in the mid-eighties, when Anousheh, a computer and electrical engineering major at George Mason University, applied for a summer internship at MCI, where Hamid worked.


pages: 554 words: 168,114

Oil: Money, Politics, and Power in the 21st Century by Tom Bower

"World Economic Forum" Davos, addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, bonus culture, California energy crisis, corporate governance, credit crunch, energy security, Exxon Valdez, falling living standards, fear of failure, financial engineering, forensic accounting, Global Witness, index fund, interest rate swap, John Deuss, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, kremlinology, land bank, LNG terminal, Long Term Capital Management, margin call, megaproject, Meghnad Desai, Mikhail Gorbachev, millennium bug, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Nelson Mandela, new economy, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, Oscar Wyatt, passive investing, peak oil, Piper Alpha, price mechanism, price stability, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, transaction costs, transfer pricing, zero-sum game, éminence grise

Anticipating the shortage, Rich had again purchased oil for storage from corrupt Iranian officials. Among his customers was BP, the former owner of the Iranian oilfields, which was anxious to keep its refineries operating. BP’s reliance on Rich increased after the Shah was ousted from Tehran in January 1979 and replaced by the Islamic fundamentalist Ayatollah Khomeini. Fears of an oil embargo pushed prices further up. On BP’s trading floor in London, Andy Hall watched Chris Moorhouse, the lead trader, regularly run up a flight of stairs to ask Bryan Sanderson, the director responsible for the supply department, to approve contracts to buy oil at increasingly higher prices.


pages: 552 words: 168,518

MacroWikinomics: Rebooting Business and the World by Don Tapscott, Anthony D. Williams

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, airport security, Andrew Keen, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Ben Horowitz, bioinformatics, blood diamond, Bretton Woods, business climate, business process, buy and hold, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, citizen journalism, Clayton Christensen, clean water, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, cloud computing, collaborative editing, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, colonial rule, commoditize, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, demographic transition, digital capitalism, digital divide, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, do well by doing good, don't be evil, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Evgeny Morozov, Exxon Valdez, failed state, fault tolerance, financial innovation, Galaxy Zoo, game design, global village, Google Earth, Hans Rosling, hive mind, Home mortgage interest deduction, information asymmetry, interchangeable parts, Internet of things, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, Joseph Schumpeter, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, medical bankruptcy, megacity, military-industrial complex, mortgage tax deduction, Netflix Prize, new economy, Nicholas Carr, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, oil shock, old-boy network, online collectivism, open borders, open economy, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, radical decentralization, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, scientific mainstream, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, social web, software patent, Steve Jobs, synthetic biology, systems thinking, text mining, the long tail, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, transaction costs, transfer pricing, University of East Anglia, urban sprawl, value at risk, WikiLeaks, X Prize, Yochai Benkler, young professional, Zipcar

That means hundreds of millions of potential inventors, managers, engineers, educators, thinkers, and investors around the world are handicapped in their pursuit of opportunities that should be every citizen’s birthright. “But hold on,” you say, “aren’t people in countries like Iran, Russia, and China enjoying far more freedom than those who lived under the likes of Khomeini, Stalin, and Mao?” In many respects that is true. Ordinary citizens in these countries can access far more information than their parents ever could. Their growing middle classes can travel abroad for holidays, purchase a plethora of consumer goods, and enjoy other personal freedoms. Moreover, to varying degrees all three countries have joined the global trading system, and international commercial relationships are flourishing.

The fact that he now finds himself leading the charge against the very system that he helped create is ironic to say the least. Ahmadinejad, on the other hand, is more republican oriented, and has a stronger base among the military and the oil-sector bourgeoisie than among the clergy, despite the support from the leading ayatollah. Both represent different layers and sectors of the Iranian elite, but have different international connections and allegiances. And, if the more cynical elements of the reform movement are to be believed, both stand as obstacles to genuine democratic rights for the mass of the population, and both are happy to leave the clergy in control of social norms. 9.


pages: 597 words: 172,130

The Alchemists: Three Central Bankers and a World on Fire by Neil Irwin

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, break the buck, Bretton Woods, business climate, business cycle, capital controls, central bank independence, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, credit crunch, currency peg, eurozone crisis, financial engineering, financial innovation, Flash crash, foreign exchange controls, George Akerlof, German hyperinflation, Google Earth, hiring and firing, inflation targeting, Isaac Newton, Julian Assange, low cost airline, low interest rates, market bubble, market design, middle-income trap, Money creation, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, Paul Samuelson, price stability, public intellectual, quantitative easing, rent control, reserve currency, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, savings glut, Socratic dialogue, sovereign wealth fund, The Great Moderation, too big to fail, union organizing, WikiLeaks, yield curve, Yom Kippur War

Jim Bunning of Kentucky, the only senator to have voted against Bernanke’s confirmation four years earlier, noted that the day before Time magazine had named Bernanke its “Person of the Year.” “Chairman Bernanke may wonder if he really wants to be honored by an organization that has previously named people like Joseph Stalin twice, Yasser Arafat, Adolf Hitler, the Ayatollah Khomeini, Vladimir Putin, Richard Nixon twice, as their person of the year,” he said. “But I congratulate him and hope he at least turns out better than most of those people.” All but one Democrat on the Banking Committee voted in favor of the Fed chair—but only four of ten Republicans did. Although his confirmation had moved to the full Senate floor, Ben Bernanke had yet another fight on his hands.


pages: 535 words: 167,111

An Unexpected Light: Travels in Afghanistan by Jason Elliot

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, clean water, Easter island, Eratosthenes, trade route

Did we have idols, or worship fire, and were there different sects in my religion? The muzzles of two rifles poked into my legs as the driver wrestled the jeep over potholes. Was it true that if you were being robbed, you could simply call the police and they would actually come? Was Salman Rushdie English and was the fatwa a good thing or not? Was Ayatollah Khomeini a good or bad man? Could a man and a woman sleep together before marriage? What if – the questions grew more controversial as the men grew more confident – what if another man looked at my wife? I didn’t dare say it made no difference and confirm the old Moslem prejudice that the West was a place devoid of a moral code between the sexes.


pages: 716 words: 192,143

The Enlightened Capitalists by James O'Toole

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, benefit corporation, Bernie Madoff, Bletchley Park, book value, British Empire, business cycle, business logic, business process, California gold rush, carbon footprint, City Beautiful movement, collective bargaining, company town, compensation consultant, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, desegregation, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, end world poverty, equal pay for equal work, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, garden city movement, germ theory of disease, glass ceiling, God and Mammon, greed is good, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, income inequality, indoor plumbing, inventory management, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, job satisfaction, joint-stock company, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lao Tzu, Larry Ellison, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, Lyft, Marc Benioff, means of production, Menlo Park, North Sea oil, passive investing, Ponzi scheme, profit maximization, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, scientific management, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Socratic dialogue, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, stock buybacks, stocks for the long run, stocks for the long term, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, traveling salesman, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, Vanguard fund, white flight, women in the workforce, young professional

Looking farther afield, Norris set his eye on the nation of Iran, where the then-reigning shah was attempting to modernize and industrialize his country. Sure enough, the shah signed on. Unfortunately, while CDC was developing Farsi-language PLATO courseware, the shah was deposed. His successor, the Ayatollah Khomeini, had extremely limited interest in computers—or much of anything developed after the fourteenth century—and that venture ended as yet another write-off. An even more embarrassing error was CDC’s decision to sell PLATO technology to the apartheid-era South African government, which used it as a tool in the infamous passbook system used to enforce racial segregation.


pages: 1,060 words: 265,296

Wealth and Poverty of Nations by David S. Landes

Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Atahualpa, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bartolomé de las Casas, book value, British Empire, business cycle, Cape to Cairo, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, Columbian Exchange, computer age, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, deskilling, European colonialism, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial intermediation, Francisco Pizarro, germ theory of disease, glass ceiling, high-speed rail, illegal immigration, income inequality, Index librorum prohibitorum, interchangeable parts, invention of agriculture, invention of movable type, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, John Harrison: Longitude, joint-stock company, Just-in-time delivery, Kenneth Arrow, land tenure, lateral thinking, Lewis Mumford, mass immigration, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, Murano, Venice glass, new economy, New Urbanism, North Sea oil, out of africa, passive investing, Paul Erdős, Paul Samuelson, Philip Mirowski, rent-seeking, Right to Buy, Robert Solow, Savings and loan crisis, Scramble for Africa, Simon Kuznets, South China Sea, spice trade, spinning jenny, Suez canal 1869, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, Vilfredo Pareto, zero-sum game

The historian Bernard Lewis, among others, tells us that "the steady march of [Muslim] women into the public arena, as important players in the economy and increasingly important players in politics, is . . . ir­ reversible and of enormous significance." Women have the vote now in Turkey, Egypt, and Iran, and even the Ayatollah Khomeini, funda­ mentalist though he was, never suggested that women should lose that right. I am skeptical. I don't know what constitutes "important players." Nor would I anticipate an early transformation o f structures that rest 24 25 26 27 412 T H E WEALTH AND POVERTY OF NATIONS on the male-female divider.

., 4 5 2 - 5 3 , 515 skilled l a b o r in, 2 8 0 Jews, 34, 3 5 , 4 2 , 5 2 , 64, 6 5 , 6 9 » , 1 3 3 - 3 4 , 136, Itô Hirobumi, 375 139, 173, 179, 1 8 0 , 1 8 4 - 8 5 , 222, 223, Iwakura T o m o m i , 3 7 5 239, 240, 243, 245, 311, 326, 410, 466, 467 Jackson, James, 2 8 8 Johnson, Samuel, 192 Jaime I, King of Aragon, 66 Jones, Eric, 2 1 » , 2 2 » , 3 9 8 » , 3 9 9 » Jamaica, 115, 154 Jumel, Louis-Alexis, 4 0 3 - 4 James II, King of England, 4 4 3 "just in t i m e " s y s t e m , 4 8 5 , 4 8 6 , 4 9 0 janissaries, 4 0 0 Japan, 96, 2 3 9 » , 3 5 0 - 9 1 a g r i c u l t u r e in, 3 5 6 , 3 6 3 , 3 6 4 , 3 6 8 - 6 9 , 3 7 8 , 388,389,461 a u t o m o b i l e i n d u s t r y of, 4 6 3 K'ang Hsi, Emperor of China, 3 3 7 - 3 9 K e i a n edict ( 1 6 4 9 ) , 3 8 4 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 4 1 1 kingdoms, 3 1 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 102, 1 1 0 - 1 1 , 398-99 Christianity in, 3 5 3 - 5 5 , 3 5 8 Knox, Henry, 319 c u l t u r e of, 3 5 0 - 5 3 , 3 6 0 , 3 6 6 , 3 7 4 - 7 5 , 3 7 6 , Koran, 5 2 , 4 1 1 381, 383, 385», 391, 424, 472-73, 517 K o r e a , S o u t h , 3 7 7 , 4 3 6 , 437-38, d e m o c r a c y in, 3 7 4 e c o n o m y of, 1 7 2 , 3 6 5 - 6 6 , 3 8 0 , 3 9 1 , 4 1 9 , 478-79 475, 476, 477, 490 K o r e a n War, 4 8 3 K r u g m a n , Paul, 5 1 9 , 5 2 1 e m p e r o r of, 3 7 1 - 7 4 , 3 7 6 , 3 8 3 Kuwait, 394, 4 0 9 , 4 9 2 e m p i r e of, 1 4 8 - 1 9 , 3 4 4 , 3 5 0 - 5 1 , 4 3 7 - 3 8 Kuznets, Simon, 1 9 5 » , 284 e n e r g y s o u r c e s of, 3 7 8 - 8 1 , 3 9 0 e x p o r t s of, 3 7 9 - 8 0 , 4 8 2 finance in, 3 6 0 - 6 3 , 3 8 0 labor: agricultural, 1 9 , 2 4 , 2 7 , 2 3 8 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 8 f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t by, 4 7 5 - 7 7 capital v s . , 1 7 1 , 1 7 8 , 2 2 5 , 2 7 4 , 2 8 1 , 2 9 7 , 3 8 2 f o r e i g n policy of, 3 7 2 , 3 7 3 cheap, 4 3 - 1 4 , 226, 228, 2 2 9 - 3 0 , 3 4 5 , 3 8 1 - G e r m a n y c o m p a r e d with, 3 7 5 - 7 6 g r o s s n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t ( G N P ) of, 4 1 9 han of, 3 5 3 , 3 5 6 , 3 5 8 , 3 6 0 , 3 6 4 , 3 6 5 , 368-70, 372, 374 91, 445, 447, 456, 475, 476, 521-22 child, 4 3 , 1 1 1 , 2 1 0 , 2 3 0 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 4 , 3 8 8 , 4 0 6 , 501 c o n c e n t r a t i o n of, 2 0 8 - 1 0 Holland and, 144, 355, 356, 3 6 6 - 6 7 , 368 c o s t s of, 1 7 4 , 2 9 9 , 4 4 6 i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of, 3 5 0 - 7 0 , 3 7 8 - 9 1 , 4 1 9 division of, 7, 4 3 , 4 4 , 4 5 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 4 , i s o l a t i o n i s m of, 355-60 literacy in, 3 5 8 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 6 , 4 1 9 214, 215, 222, 2 5 1 , 279, 2 8 1 , 298, 305, 365, 384,398, 4 4 9 , 4 5 4 m e r c h a n t class of, 3 6 1 - 6 3 , 3 6 9 e x p l o i t a t i o n of, 3 8 1 - 9 1 , 4 0 8 , 4 3 2 - 3 3 , 4 3 4 military of, 2 5 4 » , 3 5 8 , 3 6 9 - 7 0 , 3 7 3 , 3 7 5 , female, 4 3 , 56, 1 1 1 , 2 1 0 , 2 2 6 , 2 3 0 , 3 0 0 , 376-77, 3 9 1 , 4 7 4 » 3 1 6 - 1 7 , 324, 345, 3 8 2 - 8 9 , 406, 412 645 INDEX forced, 2 2 , 1 1 1 , 116, 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 - 1 9 , 148, 2 4 1 , 293, 3 0 0 , 4 0 6 Lusiads, free, 2 4 0 , 2 4 2 gang, Lowell, Francis, 2 9 9 The ( C a m o ë n s ) , 1 3 2 Luther, Martin, 5 2 , 139, 179 116,117,118-19 indentured, 1 1 5 , 1 7 1 , 2 9 9 , 3 1 9 , 3 8 2 Macao, 144, 340 manual, 58 Macaulay, T h o m a s , 1 6 1 » , 1 6 2 , performance and, 2 1 7 machine readiness, 2 3 7 , 2 4 8 - 5 3 , as p r o d u c t i o n factor, 2 9 3 machismo, skilled, 2 2 8 - 2 9 , 2 5 6 , 2 7 4 , 2 8 0 - 8 1 , 303^, 321,365 269 411-15 Madagascar, 9 2 - 9 3 Madeira Islands, 6 7 , 6 8 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 4 2 2 specialization of, 2 7 9 , 3 6 5 , 3 6 6 MadredeDeus, supply of, 2 0 7 - 1 0 , 2 2 6 , 2 2 7 , 2 9 6 - 9 7 , 300, 150-52, 160-61 Magellan, Ferdinand, 1 3 0 » 301, 308, 319», 320, 326, 327, 383, magic, 2 0 2 - 3 , 2 1 7 » , 5 1 2 » 412», 441 Magna Carta, 220 labor unions, 2 4 4 , 2 9 9 , 4 4 5 , 4 5 3 , 4 5 6 » , Maine, Henry, 396 462-63, 472-73, 485, 486-88, 489, 490 Ladder 166-67 to Dutch Studies ( Ô t s u k i G e n t a k u ) , 3 6 7 malaria, 1 0 - 1 1 , 169,288 Malaysia, 4 7 7 , 4 7 8 laissez-faire, 3 7 5 Mali, 7 3 - 7 4 Lake of Blood, 108 Malthus, Thomas, 187, 515 Lancaster, J a m e s , 1 3 1 Mamelukes, 400, 4 0 2 - 3 land: Mansa Musa, 7 3 - 7 4 distribution of, 4 1 markets: o w n e r s h i p of, 2 6 0 - 6 1 , 2 9 6 , 3 0 6 , 3 1 9 - 2 0 colonial, 4 2 9 - 3 0 , price of, 2 9 7 c o m p e t i t i o n in, 4 2 - 4 4 434 as p r o d u c t i o n factor, 2 9 3 domestic, 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 , 2 4 6 , 344, 4 7 3 - 7 4 , productivity of, 4 1 free, 5 6 , 5 9 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 8 , 1 6 3 , 2 6 5 - 6 7 , Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 117 433,442,470,473-74,492,495, Latin America, 3 1 0 - 1 5 , 3 2 7 - 2 8 , 4 3 0 - 3 1 , 492-95,518 see also individual international, 508 301, 342, 522 222 m o r a l i t y of, 2 4 3 countries share of, 1 3 0 , 2 6 7 » , 4 5 5 , 4 6 0 , 4 7 4 , 4 8 1 » , Latin language, 52, 2 0 4 , 2 0 5 486 size of, 4 5 , 1 2 1 , 2 1 5 , 4 3 4 latitude, 8 6 , 8 7 , 2 8 5 Martel, Charles, 2 0 Law, J o h n , 2 7 6 Martin, Claude, 229 Le C o m t e , Louis, 342 Martin, Emile, 2 7 1 L e C r e u s o t ironworks, 2 6 2 , 2 7 0 - 7 3 M a r x , Karl, 2 1 0 , 2 3 6 L e i b e n s t e i n , Harvey, 4 8 7 » Marxism, 2 7 4 » , 382 L e i b n i z , G o t t f r i e d Wilhelm v o n , 2 0 4 , 3 3 7 Masters and the Slaves, The ( F r e y r e ) , 3 2 9 L e o p o l d II, King of Belgium, 4 2 9 , 4 3 8 Maudslay, Henry, 3 0 3 » L e r o y - B e a u l i e u , Paul, 4 2 9 - 3 0 Maximilian, Emperor o f Mexico, 4 3 0 L e v i n s t e i n , Ivan, 4 5 7 Mayan empire, 103 Lewis, Bernard, 4 1 1 , 4 1 7 Maybury-Lewis, David, 76 liability, 2 5 7 , 2 6 3 « - 6 4 « meat, 113, 1 3 2 - 3 3 , Liberia, 4 2 8 medicine, 1 8 0 - 8 1 , 2 0 2 liberty, personal, 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 0 Meiji Restoration, 3 4 4 , 3 5 8 , 3 6 0 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 1 - 9 1 , life expectancy, x i x - x x , 1 1 , 5 1 5 limpieza 419,473 de sangre (racial p u r i t y ) , 7 7 , 1 8 0 literacy, 5 2 , 1 0 8 , 1 6 4 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 2 5 0 , 2 6 8 , 313, 321, 358, 4 1 0 - 1 1 , 4 1 9 , 434,508 "little t i g e r s , " 4 7 5 - 7 7 mercantilism, 4 4 3 , 4 4 6 , 4 4 9 Mersenne, Marin, 183, 184, 2 0 5 Merton, Robert K., 176 metallurgy, 1 0 5 , 1 2 1 , 1 9 1 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 7 - 7 8 , livestock, 2 0 , 2 6 , 4 0 , 4 1 , 7 0 , 7 1 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 1 5 6 , 169,323 285-88, 295, 298, 382 Mexico, 295 living s t a n d a r d s , 1 6 5 , 1 8 7 , 2 1 9 - 2 2 , 4 0 9 , 4 6 0 , 480, 501-2, 521 g r o s s d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t ( G D P ) of, 2 9 2 I n d i a n p o p u l a t i o n of, 6 3 , 1 0 2 , 3 1 2 loans, 2 5 6 , 2 6 2 , 3 6 1 - 6 2 , 3 6 8 , 4 9 3 - 9 5 , 506-7 Lombe, Thomas, 206-7 p e s o crisis of, 4 9 4 textile i n d u s t r y of, 3 1 5 longitude, 2 1 2 U.S. and, 4 3 0 » Lopes de Sequeira, D i o g o , 9 2 L o p e z , Carlos Antonio, 3 3 0 » , 323 m i d d l e class, 2 1 9 , 2 2 1 331-32 Louis XIV, King o f France, 1 5 6 , 2 3 4 , 3 6 2 Middle East, 4 0 8 - 1 8 , 4 2 4 , 4 3 0 , 4 9 1 , 4 9 9 see also individual countries 282, 646 INDEX middle passage, 1 1 7 - 1 8 I n d i a n p o p u l a t i o n of, 6 1 - 6 3 , 6 7 » , 7 0 , 7 1 - 7 2 , migration, 37, 4 3 , 1 7 0 - 7 1 , 2 9 8 - 9 9 , 3 1 2 , 7 4 - 7 8 , 99, 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 - 1 2 , 169, 318-23, 445 171,293, 311,312 Military A u t o m o b i l e s Assistance L a w ( J a p a n , 1918), 481 industrialization of, 292-309 S p a n i s h c o n q u e s t of, 7 4 - 7 8 , 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 9 - 1 1 2 , Mill, J o h n S t u a r t , 4 3 4 122,168,169-73 M i n g dynasty, 5 6 , 3 3 6 , 3 3 9 Nigeria, 4 9 9 , 506 Ministry o f International T r a d e and Industry N o b e l , Alfred, 2 4 9 (MITI), 482 noble savage, 7 4 - 7 6 M i r Jafar, 1 6 0 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 5 , 1 6 6 N o b u n a g a , see O d a N o b u n a g a Mitsui Takafusa, 363 nomadic pastoralism, 2 3 , 33 M o b u t u Sese Seko, 5 0 4 - 5 North American Free Trade Agreement Moctezuma, 105-6 (NAFTA), 494 Moghul empire, 1 5 2 - 5 4 , 1 5 6 - 6 1 , 394, 395-96, 398 Norway, 2 4 9 Nunes, Pedro, 93, 2 0 4 monasteries, 4 8 , 58 nutrition, xix-xx, 16 monopolies, 43, 132, 1 4 6 - 4 7 , 153, 159, 2 3 5 , Nyerere, Julius, 4 3 2 239, 243, 364 Monroe, James, 4 3 0 » Oda Nobunaga, 354-55, 357 mortality rates, 1 1 , 1 7 0 oil, 1 4 8 , 1 9 9 , 2 9 5 , 3 9 0 , 3 9 1 » , 4 0 8 - 1 0 , 4 1 4 , Môser, Justus, 2 2 2 - 2 3 441,492,508-9 Moses, 34 Ô k u b o Toshimichi, 3 7 5 , 3 7 6 , 378 m o t i o n , r o t a r y vs. r e c i p r o c a t i n g , 1 8 8 , 191-92, 198-99 O m d u r m a n , battle of, 4 2 9 Omichund, 160, 165-67 movable type, 52 O P E C , 408 Muhammad, 392 opium, 155 M u m f o r d , Lewis, 4 8 optical t e c h n o l o g y , Muslim Brotherhood, 413 orientalism, 1 6 4 , 4 1 1 , 4 1 5 - 1 8 Mustafa, Haji, 2 2 9 Orientalism myopia, 4 7 ormolu, 46-47 (Said), 164, 4 1 5 - 1 8 277-78 Otsuki Gentaku, 3 6 7 Napier, Charles, 4 2 7 O t t o m a n empire, 3 9 , 5 5 , 2 5 2 , 2 9 2 - 9 3 , Napier, J o h n , 2 0 4 394, 396-402, 403, 430, 450, 520 N a p o l é o n I, E m p e r o r of France, 4 0 3 o w n e r s h i p , c o n t i n g e n c y of, 3 2 , 3 3 Napoléon III, Emperor of France, 2 6 3 , 2 6 7 oxen, 20, 4 1 Nariakira, S h i m a z u , 3 6 9 natural r e s o u r c e s , 2 3 6 , 2 4 2 , 2 9 3 , 2 9 5 - 9 6 , 2 9 9 , 457, 471 Panama, 431 paper, 4 6 , 5 2 , 5 5 , 4 0 1 navigation, 8 6 - 8 7 , 8 8 , 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 8 , 1 1 0 » , 135,201-2, 204, 212, 265, 277, 285 navigation acts, 2 3 4 , 4 4 3 , 4 4 6 , 4 4 8 Paraguay, 3 2 9 - 3 4 p a r a s i t e s , 7, 8 - 9 , 1 7 , 2 0 - 2 1 parchment, 401 Needham, Joseph, 55, 339», 347 P a r e n t e , William J . , 4 1 2 » Neolithic revolution, parity principle, 4 3 40-41 N e t h e r l a n d s , see H o l l a n d Parry, F r a n c i s , 1 3 5 Newcomen, Thomas, 187 P a r s o n s , C h a r l e s A., 1 8 8 New Discourse Parsons, Talcott, 1 7 5 » of Trade ( C h i l d ) , 4 4 8 N e w Imperialism, 4 2 8 - 2 9 partnerships, 2 5 7 , 2 6 2 « - 6 3 » N e w t o n , Isaac, 184, 2 0 2 , 2 0 4 Patel, S u r e n d r a , 4 3 9 N e w World: Paul, Lewis, 2 0 7 » a g r i c u l t u r e in, 1 6 9 , 2 9 3 - 9 4 , British c o l o n i z a t i o n of, peanuts, 5 0 1 - 3 314 Pearl H a r b o r attack, 3 7 4 77-78 Christianity in, 1 0 1 , 1 0 7 , 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 313-14 d i s c o v e r y of, 6 0 - 7 8 , 8 8 , 9 9 - 1 0 1 e p i d e m i c s in, 6 2 - 6 3 , 7 1 , 1 0 6 - 7 , 1 0 9 , 169-70, 293 Pearls Recovered from the Red River (Wen-Ting), 341 peasants, 19, 24, 37, 50, 9 5 , 116, 157, 165, 219, 2 3 8 - 4 2 , 248, 2 5 1 , 252, 269, 306, as frontier, 2 9 2 - 9 5 356, 360, 361, 364, g o l d in, 1 0 1 - 2 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 7 , 1 0 8 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 4 377, 383-84, 447, 502, 503-1 historical analysis of, 6 0 - 6 3 , immigration to, 3 1 2 , 3 1 4 76-78 peddlers, 2 2 2 - 2 3 , 366 pendulums, 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 285 368,370,372,374, INDEX 647 pepper, 1 3 0 , 1 4 7 , 155 Priestley, J o s e p h , 1 7 7 Pereire, E m i l e , 2 6 3 printing, 5 1 - 5 2 , 9 9 , 1 3 4 , 1 6 4 , 180, 1 9 1 - 9 2 , Pereire, I s a a c , 2 6 3 197, 4 0 1 - 2 Perkin, William H e n r y , 2 8 8 - 8 9 , 2 9 0 privateers, 8 7 - 8 8 P h e l p s , Oliver, 3 1 9 production: Philippines, 1 4 1 , 1 4 3 factors of, 2 9 3 pirates, 9 6 , 9 7 , 1 3 1 - 3 2 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 4 lean, 4 8 4 - 9 0 Pizarro, Francisco, 1 0 7 - 8 mass, 4 7 , 1 2 1 , 1 8 7 - 9 3 , 2 2 2 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 1 ^ , Plassey, battle of, 1 6 0 - 6 1 , 1 6 6 306-7, 449, 454,480-81, 484-90, 496 plastics, 2 8 4 m e a n s of, 2 1 7 Plato, 3 3 1 o r g a n i z a t i o n of, 2 4 2 - 4 5 plows, 4 1 quality c o n t r o l in, 4 7 2 , 4 8 4 , 4 8 5 poison scandal, 2 0 3 w rural vs. u r b a n , 4 3 - 4 4 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 4 Pollard, Sidney, 4 6 4 productivity: Polo, Marco, 3 5 0 agricultural, 4 1 , 4 3 porcelain, 1 5 5 climate and, 1 5 - 1 6 Portugal, 7 9 - 9 3 , 125-36 in I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n , 1 8 6 - 8 7 , 1 9 6 - 9 8 , C a t h o l i c i s m in, 1 2 6 , 1 3 3 - 3 6 , 3 1 2 , 3 2 9 China and, 3 4 0 199,213,232 level of, 5 2 1 , 5 2 3 e m p i r e of, 1 0 4 , 1 2 5 - 3 6 , 1 4 4 , 1 7 1 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 3 , 329,425,430 mechanical clock and, 4 9 - 5 0 profits: e x p l o r a t i o n by, 7 0 , 7 9 - 9 3 level of, 4 4 3 - 1 4 i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of, 2 4 9 , 2 5 0 m a r g i n of, 1 2 8 » , 1 2 9 - 3 2 , 1 4 1 ^ 4 , intellectual life of, 2 0 1 - 2 rate of, 2 6 7 Japan and, 3 5 1 , 354, 355 147-48 v o l u m e vs., 1 2 1 literacy in, 2 5 0 progress, 57, 59, 2 0 1 , 2 0 6 , 513, 521 M u s l i m p o p u l a t i o n of, 6 5 - 6 6 , 1 2 6 , 1 7 9 property rights, 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 5 6 , 7 5 , 1 5 7 , as naval p o w e r , 8 9 , 9 4 , 9 7 - 9 8 , 1 2 6 - 2 7 , 1 2 9 , 150-52 p o p u l a t i o n of, 1 2 5 protectionism, 2 3 4 , 2 6 5 - 6 7 , 2 7 6 , 2 8 0 , 2 8 1 , slavery a n d , 6 9 - 7 0 , 1 2 5 - 2 6 , 1 2 9 t r a d e of, 217, 248, 296 prostitution, 3 8 2 , 503 126-32,154 w e a l t h of, 1 7 1 326, 446, 473, 483, 493 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 1 7 4 - 7 9 p o s t a l service, 3 0 6 , 4 6 9 poverty: Protestantism, 3 5 , 38, 5 2 , 5 8 , 136, 138, 139-40, 174-80, 181, 223, 311 d i s e a s e a n d , xvii-xix, 7 - 1 3 , 1 7 , 2 3 , 4 0 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 7 1 , 1 0 6 - 7 , 1 0 9 , 117, 169-70, 293 putting-out system, 4 3 - 4 4 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 3 , 2 2 7 , 243, 364, 382, 383, 388, 462 e c o n o m i c decline a n d , 4 4 2 - 6 4 , 4 9 2 exploitation and, 3 8 1 - 9 1 , 4 0 8 , 4 3 2 - 3 3 , 4 3 4 Q i n g dynasty, 3 3 9 » , 3 4 4 - 4 5 religion and, 4 5 2 - 5 3 , 4 9 2 Quakers, 1 1 9 , 2 9 7 , 2 9 9 social i m p a c t of, xx, 1 5 7 , 1 7 3 , 2 2 0 , 2 5 0 , Quetzlcoatl, 106 345-46,410, 518-24 quinine, 2 8 8 - 8 9 , 4 2 6 in T h i r d World, 1 9 4 , 2 3 6 , 2 5 2 , 2 6 9 , 4 3 3 , 509,516 unemployment and, 4 9 1 , 5 0 9 , 5 2 1 - 2 3 power: absolute, 102 racism, 4, 3 1 1 railways, 2 3 6 , 2 5 7 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 5 , 2 6 8 , 2 6 9 , 270, 282, 295, 301, 314, 320, 326, 345, 437, 469 disparities of, 6 3 rainfall, 1 3 - 1 4 , 1 7 - 1 8 , 2 7 - 2 8 political, 1 8 7 , 2 3 1 - 3 5 R a l e i g h , Walter, 1 5 1 religion and, 3 9 2 - 9 5 Reaumur, René Antoine de, 2 8 6 , 2 8 7 wealth and, 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 , 5 1 9 reconquista, 65-66, 76-77, 423 Prebisch, Raoul, 510 Reformation, 38, 52, 58, 179 presbyopia, 4 6 , 4 7 refrigeration, 3 2 3 , 4 6 8 prices: religion: commodity, 4 3 2 e c o n o m i c decline a n d , 4 5 2 - 5 4 , 4 9 2 differentials in, 1 4 1 - 4 3 f r e e d o m of, 2 2 3 » land, 2 9 7 government and, 38, 54 level of, 1 9 3 , 1 9 5 - 9 6 , 2 2 2 , 4 4 4 » power and, 3 9 2 - 9 5 setting of, 2 6 7 » science a n d , 1 7 6 - 7 7 , 2 0 1 , 3 4 1 , 5 1 2 » 648 INDEX Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (Tawney), 176, 1 7 9 - 8 0 Schneider, A d o l p h e , 2 7 0 , 2 7 2 - 7 3 Schneider, Antoine, 2 7 0 reverse e n g i n e e r i n g , 4 7 2 Schneider, E u g è n e , 2 7 0 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 3 Ricardo, David, 125, 135, 323, 515 Scholasticism, 2 0 1 rice, 8, 2 5 , 2 6 - 2 7 , 1 1 0 » , 1 4 6 , 1 6 9 , 2 3 0 » , 3 6 0 , science: 361, 363, 365, 372,383,384,388-89, 515» authority and, 2 0 1 - 2 d e v e l o p m e n t of, 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 - 8 4 , 2 0 0 - 2 0 6 , riverine civilizations, 2 1 - 2 2 roads, 2 1 4 - 1 5 , 2 2 4 - 2 5 , 2 4 5 - 4 6 , 505 341^4, 346-49,512-13 e x p e r i m e n t s in, 2 0 2 - 4 , 2 0 6 Roberts, Richard, 193, 2 8 1 » m e a s u r e m e n t in, 2 1 1 - 1 2 Robinson, George, 4 2 6 » - 2 7 » m e t h o d of, 2 0 1 , 2 0 2 ^ 1 Robinson religion and, 1 7 6 - 7 7 , 2 0 1 , 3 4 1 , 5 1 2 » Crusoe ( D e f o e ) , 2 3 3 Roe, Thomas, 153 " r e v o l u t i o n " of, 3 4 8 Roentgen, Gerard Moritz, 4 4 7 r o u t i n i z a t i o n of, 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 - 6 R o m a n empire, 3 1 , 3 2 - 3 3 , 34, 3 7 - 3 8 , 39, 4 5 , 49,68 technique and, 2 8 4 - 8 5 see also t e c h n o l o g y R o t h s c h i l d , N a t h a n , xvii-xviii Scientific Rotterdam, 2 4 7 Seillière, F l o r e n t i n , 2 7 2 Royal Botanic G a r d e n s , 4 2 6 S e k i g a h a r a , battle of, 3 5 7 American, 304-5 R o y a l Society, 1 7 6 - 7 7 , 2 0 5 Selaniki M u s t a f a , 4 0 1 rubber, 148, 1 6 9 , 4 2 6 , 4 3 2 S e p o y rebellion ( 1 8 5 7 - 5 8 ) , 3 9 6 rum, 115, 120 serfs, 6 9 , 2 1 9 , 2 3 8 ^ 2 , 2 5 1 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 8 Rush, Benjamin, 298 servants, 5 0 , 1 1 5 , 1 7 1 , 2 9 9 , 3 1 9 , 3 8 2 Russia: sheep, 169, 3 1 5 , 3 1 6 , 3 1 8 a g r i c u l t u r e in, 2 9 3 Shimabara rebellion, 3 5 6 civil w a r of, 4 6 6 shipbuilding, 8 7 , 9 4 - 9 5 , 9 6 , 9 8 , 1 0 1 , 1 1 0 » , 1 3 1 , e c o n o m y of, 5 1 7 - 1 8 1 9 0 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 8 - 9 9 , 200, 229, 447, 4 5 6 » e m p i r e of, 4 2 8 Sicily, 1 8 4 - 8 5 e n e r g y s o u r c e s of, 3 9 1 » siesta, 6 - 7 finance silk, 1 5 5 , 1 9 0 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 6 - 7 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 8 , 3 9 0 , 4 0 1 , in, 2 6 5 , 2 6 8 - 6 9 i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of, 2 4 9 , 2 5 1 - 5 2 , 2 6 8 - 6 9 literacy in, 2 6 8 military of, 2 5 3 - 5 5 402, 449 silver, 7 3 , 1 0 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 7 1 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 6 , 364» m o d e r n i z a t i o n of, 2 6 8 - 6 9 Singapore, 456, 4 7 5 , 4 7 6 , 4 7 8 s e r f d o m in, 2 4 0 - 4 2 Sivin, N a t h a n , 3 4 7 , 3 4 8 t r a n s p o r t in, 2 4 7 Slater, S a m u e l , 2 9 9 see also S o v i e t U n i o n slavery, 5 , 7, 9 , 2 7 , 3 1 , 6 8 - 7 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 1 4 - 3 1 , R u s s o - J a p a n e s e War, 2 6 9 168-74, 293, 294, 299, 3 1 1 , 3 1 7 , 3 1 8 , Rychten, Juryi, 6 1 » - 6 2 « 324, 382, 390, 400, 406 ryots, 1 5 8 , 1 6 5 , 2 2 0 smallpox, 107, 169 Sahara desert, 13, 19 S m i t h , A d a m , In, 3 3 » , 4 4 , 4 5 , 5 0 , 1 0 2 , 1 1 6 , Smeaton, John, 189 Said, Edward, 164, 4 0 9 » , 4 1 5 - 1 8 147, 215, 219, 236, 296, 3 0 7 - 9 , 375, Saigô Takamori, 377 4 4 3 ^ 4 , 446, 515, 520 sailors, 8 7 , 9 3 , 1 4 5 , 2 1 1 s o a p , xviii-xix Saladin, 2 0 , 6 4 » , 3 9 4 socialism, 1 1 1 , 4 3 2 , 4 3 8 , 4 6 6 , 4 6 7 , 4 9 5 - 9 9 , saltpeter, 1 5 5 » 502,509 Samuelson, Paul, 3 2 7 Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier, 2 6 3 - 6 4 samurai, S o d r e , Vincente, 126 239», 286, 353, 355-58, 360-63, 365, 369-70, 372, 376, 377-78, 391, 418 Santa Maria, 94 S o l a n o L o p e z , Francisco, 3 2 9 » , 3 3 0 » , 3 3 1 , 333 Solow, Barbara, 121 S a n t i s i m a T r i n i d a d mill, 1 2 2 Somalia, 507 Sào Tome, 6 7 - 6 8 , 69 S o n g dynasty, 3 4 1 Satsuma province, 3 6 8 - 7 0 , 3 7 3 , 3 7 4 Soviet Union, 4 6 6 , 4 7 1 , 4 9 5 - 9 9 , 5 0 0 » Sauer, Carl, 2 5 » , 6 2 - 6 3 Savery, T h o m a s , 1 8 7 see also R u s s i a Spain, 9 9 - 1 1 2 , 1 6 9 - 7 3 savings rate, 3 2 8 a g r i c u l t u r e in, 1 7 2 , 2 5 0 s c a l e , e c o n o m i e s of, 2 8 3 , 2 9 6 , 3 0 5 , 4 5 4 C a t h o l i c i s m in, 6 5 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 1 3 9 , 1 7 9 - 8 0 , Scandinavia, 2 4 8 - 4 9 250,311,312 649 INDEX e m p i r e of, 7 4 - 7 8 , 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 9 - 1 1 2 , 1 2 2 , 1 6 8 , 169-73, 269, 294-95, 310-13, 408, 409, 4 2 5 , 4 3 0 historical analysis of, 5 4 i n n o v a t i o n s in, 4 5 - 5 9 , 1 6 9 , 1 8 7 - 9 3 m o r a l values a n d , 5 8 - 5 9 e x p l o r a t i o n by, 7 0 , 7 9 , 9 3 telephones, 3 0 6 , 4 6 8 , 4 6 9 Holland and, 1 3 8 - 4 0 , 143, 179 textile i n d u s t r y , 4 3 - 4 4 , 4 5 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 4 , industrialization of, 2 4 9 , 2 5 0 1 5 4 - 5 5 , 163, 186, 190-93, 2 0 6 - 1 0 , intellectual life of, 1 7 9 - 8 1 , 2 5 0 , 3 1 3 - 1 4 213, 223, 225-29, 250, 267, 279-80, Japan and, 354, 3 5 5 281», 284, 297-304, 315, 364-65, 369, Jews a n d , 1 7 9 - 8 0 402, 419 literacy in, 2 5 0 Thailand, 4 7 8 , 4 7 9 - 8 0 , 5 1 7 M u s l i m p o p u l a t i o n of, 5 4 , 6 4 - 6 6 , 1 3 9 , 1 7 3 , Thatcher, Margaret, 4 5 9 Third World, 1 9 4 , 2 3 6 , 2 5 2 , 2 6 9 , 4 3 3 , 5 0 9 , 179,180 as naval p o w e r , 1 0 1 , 1 5 0 , 2 3 3 516 p o v e r t y in, 1 7 3 , 2 5 0 T h o m s o n Multimedia, 4 7 6 slavery a n d , 7 1 - 7 2 , 3 1 1 throsdes, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 trade of, 1 4 1 , 1 6 8 , 1 6 9 - 7 3 time, 59 wealth of, 1 7 1 - 7 3 , 1 7 5 m e a s u r e m e n t of, 4 7 - 5 1 , 1 7 8 , 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 2 4 , Spice Islands, 9 3 , 1 2 7 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 4 spices, 8 8 - 8 9 , 9 7 , 1 3 0 - 3 3 , 1 4 1 - 1 3 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 , 446 339,359,376 Timur, 2 1 » , 153, 156 Tlacallel, 1 0 3 - t spinning, 1 9 0 - 9 3 , 2 0 7 - 1 0 , 2 2 5 - 2 9 , 2 8 1 » , 299-300, 304, 364, 365, 379, 380 tobacco, 115, 169 Todorov, Tzvetan, 7 7 Springfield A r m o r y , 3 0 3 ^ i T o k u g a w a Ieyasu, 354—55, 3 5 7 squatters, 3 1 9 - 2 0 Tokugawa shogunate, 2 3 9 » , 3 5 5 - 5 8 , 360, 362, Staden, H a n s , 7 6 364, 366, 368, 371-74, 375, 3 8 3 , 3 9 1 , Staunton, George, 342 420,473 steampower, 1 8 7 - 8 9 , 1 9 1 , 193, 1 9 8 - 9 9 , 2 8 0 , 281, 285, 301, 321, 345, 380, 446 steel, 1 8 9 » , 1 9 0 , 1 9 7 , 2 2 8 , 2 3 6 , 2 6 8 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 9 , 285-88, 304,315, 453, 4 5 4 » Strachey, J o h n , 5 0 1 of Social Action, Toledo, Francisco de, 108 tolls, 2 4 5 - 1 7 T o m o e , Yamashiro, 3 8 4 » , 388 tools, 2 2 8 - 2 9 , 3 0 2 - 3 Streeten, Paul, 5 Structure T o k y o Electric L i g h t C o m p a n y ( T E L C ) , 3 8 1 torture, 76, 7 7 » ^(Parsons), 175» Suez Canal, 4 0 4 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 3 5 3 » , 354 trade, 4 3 , 179 sugar, 6 8 - 7 0 , 1 1 4 - 2 5 , 146, 154, 1 5 5 , 1 6 8 , 1 6 9 , 190», 293, 311, 316, 364, 368-69, 401 Summers, Lawrence, 4 9 4 barriers t o , 1 6 3 , 2 3 4 , 2 4 5 ^ 7 , 2 6 5 - 6 7 , 2 7 6 , 280, 281, 307-9, 326, 345, 375, 405, 407, 433, 436, 446, 452, 473-74, 482, s u n k c o s t s , doctrine of, 3 0 4 , 5 2 0 483, 488, 492, 493 S u p p l e , Barry, 4 5 0 , 4 5 3 colonial, 4 3 3 , 4 3 4 - 3 5 , 4 3 6 Suraj-ud-Dowlah, 159, 160 free, 5 6 , 5 9 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 8 , 1 6 3 , 2 6 5 - 6 7 , 3 0 1 , S u v a r o v , Alexander, 2 5 4 342, 407, 433, 442, 449, 452-53, 470, Suzuki Shosan, 363 473-74, 492, 495,521-22 Sweden, 248, 249, 278, 286 greed and, 1 4 3 ^ i 6 , 147 Switzerland, 177, 3 6 6 intolerance and, 1 8 4 - 8 5 , 2 4 9 maritime, 56, 6 6 - 6 7 , 8 8 - 8 9 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 9 6 - 9 7 , T a i p i n g rebellion ( 1 8 5 0 - 6 4 ) , 3 4 5 Taiwan, 377, 4 3 7 - 3 8 , 4 7 5 , 4 7 8 Takekoshi, Yosoburo , 3 5 3 » slave, 1 1 7 - 2 2 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 1 6 8 , 2 9 3 Talbi, M o h a m m e d , 4 1 4 » transportation, 2 1 4 - 1 5 , 2 2 4 - 2 5 , 2 4 5 - 4 7 , 2 5 6 , Tanganyika, 5 0 1 - 3 447 tariffs, 1 6 3 , 2 4 6 , 2 6 5 , 2 6 7 , 3 2 6 , 3 4 5 , 3 7 5 , 4 0 5 , 407, 436, 452, 482, 493 Tawney, R .


pages: 1,150 words: 338,839

The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made by Walter Isaacson, Evan Thomas

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, Charles Lindbergh, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cuban missile crisis, George Santayana, guns versus butter model, kremlinology, land reform, liberal world order, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, old-boy network, Ronald Reagan, Steve Jobs, Suez crisis 1956, Ted Sorensen, uranium enrichment, éminence grise

Bundy and, 598, 619–20 Clifford and, 591, 592–93, 596, 606 Cuban missile crisis and, 619–24, 627–30 Eisenhower and, 606 foreign policy of, 595, 599–600 Galbraith and, 590, 594, 604, 635–36 Harriman and, 49, 601, 603–4, 606, 608–9, 616–19, 630–39 Kennan and, 599–600, 614–15 Khrushchev and, 600–603, 608–10, 613, 616, 628, 630, 633, 730 on Laotian crisis, 607, 608, 610, 617–18 Lovett and, 21, 590, 592–97, 599, 624–25, 627, 669 McCloy and, 571, 594–95, 599, 620, 630, 730 McNamara and, 597–98 Nitze and, 597–98 nuclear test ban and, 630–33 Rusk and, 592, 594–96, 611, 639, 704 Soviet policies of, 599–600 speeches of, 627–28 Truman and, 591 Vietnam War and, 635–41 Kennedy, Joseph, 590, 604 Kennedy, Robert F., 593, 595 Acheson and, 621–22, 625 Bohlen and, 624 Cuban missile crisis and, 621–22, 624–25, 627, 629 Harriman and, 618, 639, 641, 660–61, 663, 691–92, 695–96 presidential campaign of, 695–96, 701 Kent, Sherman, 626 Keyserling, Leon, 496 Khiem, Ung Van, 636, 666 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 573–74 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 173, 506, 513n, 623 Acheson and, 612–14, 629 Berlin crisis and, 609–10, 612–15 Harriman and, 20, 602–3, 628, 631, 633, 663 J. F. Kennedy and, 600–603, 608–10, 613, 616, 628, 630, 633, 730 McCloy and, 603, 613–14 nuclear test ban and, 20, 630–31, 633 Kim II Sung, 506 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 708 Kirk, Alan, 547–48, 552 Kirk, Lydia, 547–48 Kirov, Sergei, 164–65 Kissinger, Henry A., 34–35, 519, 654 Acheson and, 503, 582, 611–12, 716–18 on Establishment, 27, 727, 736–37, 739 Kennan and, 24, 411 McCloy and, 572, 733, 734 Knowland, William, 475, 476, 492, 532, 570 Knox, Frank, 182, 183–84, 189 Koestler, Arthur, 468 Kohlberg, Alfred, 475 Kohler, Foy, 611 Kong Le, 606–7 Koniev, Ivan, 330 Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of (North), 477–78, 535–37, 541 Korea, Republic of (South), 477–78, 502 Korean War, 502 Acheson and, 505–9, 512–13, 519, 521, 530–34, 537–39, 541–45, 551–52, 679 Bohlen and, 511–13, 542, 551 cease-fire in, 551–52 China and, 506, 512, 521–24, 526–27, 528–29, 532, 533–34, 535–39, 541, 544, 548–49, 552, 679 Dulles and, 527–28, 563 Harriman and, 507, 509–11, 519, 531–32, 540–41 Kennan and, 507, 508, 511–13, 526–27, 528, 530, 542–43, 548, 551–52 Lovett and, 535–36, 544 MacArthur and, 508, 521–22, 530–33, 535–44, 548–49 McCloy and, 517 Marshall and, 533, 536–38, 541, 544, 548 Nitze on, 526–27, 528, 530, 548 nuclear weapons considered for, 543 Rusk and, 506, 528–29, 544, 548, 592, 595, 655 Soviet Union and, 506, 511–12, 526–27, 528–29, 531, 532, 549, 551–52 Truman and, 505, 507–9, 512, 519–20, 530, 533–34, 536–37, 541, 543–44, 548–49 U.N. and, 507, 533–34 U.S. casualties in, 541, 552 Vietnam War compared to, 679, 682–83, 693, 698 Kossuth, Lajos, 75 Kosygin, Aleksei, 658, 665, 710 Krock, Arthur, 409, 422, 504 Krulak, Victor, 639, 640 Krupp, Alfred, 516–17 Ky, Nguyen Cao, 646–47, 668, 712, 713 labor unions, 126–28, 137 La Farge, Oliver, 54 Lake, Anthony, 726 Lamont, Thomas, 419 Laotian crisis, 605 Great Britain’s role in, 607 Harriman and, 606, 607–8, 616–18 J.

Though the forces of nascent nationalism could be felt, they could be dealt with, smoothed over, contained. The really tempestuous revolution—the rise of Islamic fundamentalism—had not yet stirred. In the late 1950s, OPEC was not even an acronym; Muammar Qaddafi was an impoverished Libyan teen-ager; Ruhollah Khomeini was an obscure middle-aged mullah praying quietly in Iran. Determined to cut spending for conventional forces and rely almost totally on the Bomb, the Eisenhower Administration had no place for Bob Lovett, the Defense Secretary who wanted to spend more, not less, on overall preparedness. Lovett was not entirely unhappy to leave his ulcer-inducing responsibilities behind, however, and take his “glass insides” back to Wall Street.


pages: 1,590 words: 353,834

God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican by Gerald Posner

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, banking crisis, book value, Bretton Woods, central bank independence, centralized clearinghouse, centre right, credit crunch, disinformation, dividend-yielding stocks, European colonialism, forensic accounting, God and Mammon, Index librorum prohibitorum, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, liberation theology, low interest rates, medical malpractice, Murano, Venice glass, offshore financial centre, oil shock, operation paperclip, power law, rent control, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

Later he dropped the Bulgarians from his story and said instead he got weapons training in Syria at a Soviet-sponsored camp for the terror group the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. After his release from a Turkish prison in 2010, he announced that he shot the Pope because Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the father of Iran’s fundamentalist revolution, had told him, “You have to kill the Pope in the name of Allah. You have to kill the devil’s mouthpiece on earth.”9 II. John Paul believed that delivering the note to Brezhnev was a critical intervention in the standoff over Solidarity. The Pope considered several emissaries, including Secretary of State Cardinal Casaroli, Vienna’s Cardinal König, and John Paul’s private secretary, Monsignor Stanislaw Dziwisz.

,” Newsweek, September 25, 2006, 36. 44 See, for example, James Mills, “Pope’s Criticism of the Prophet Inflames Muslims Worldwide,” The Evening Standard, September 15, 2006, 7, “Muslims in Pope Rage,” Evening Gazette, September 15, 2006, 6; Michael Valpy, “Pope’s Quote Kindles Islamic Rage; Fury Compared to That over Danish Cartoons,” The Globe and Mail (Canada), September 16, A1; Geraint Jones, Gordon Thomas, and Julia Hartley-Brewer, “Pope ‘Sorry’ as Churches Are Bombed by Muslims,” Sunday Express, September 17, 2006, 7. 45 Alex Jolly and Jack Lefley, “ ‘Execute the Pope’ call at Westminster Protest,” The Evening Standard, September 18, 2006, 6. 46 Malcolm Moore, “Security Around the Pope Is Stepped up; Six Churches Burned in Weekend of Protests as Muslims Condemn Pontiff’s Unflattering Reference to Mohammed,” The Daily Telegraph, September 18, 2006, 4; James Wickham, “Nun Is Shot Dead in Pope Backlash,” Daily Star (UK), September 18, 2006. See also Simon Caldwell, “24 Catholic Missionaries Killed in 2006,” Daily Mail, January 2, 2007, 19. Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said the Pope was trying to kick off a “chain of conspiracy to set off a crusade.” Ian Fisher and Sebnem Arsu with reporting from Istanbul, Raymond Bonner from Jakarta, Indonesia, and Mona el-Naggar from Cairo, “Pope’s Regrets over Statement Fail to Quiet a Storm of Protests,” The New York Times, September 19, 2006, 15 47 Ağca quoted in Patsy McGarry, “Man Who Tried to Kill Pope Warns Against Trip,” The Irish Times, September 21, 2006, 12. 48 Nick Pisa, “Pope in Flak Jacket Visit Plea,” The Mirror, November 27, 2006.


pages: 1,336 words: 415,037

The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life by Alice Schroeder

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Bob Noyce, Bonfire of the Vanities, book value, Brownian motion, capital asset pricing model, card file, centralized clearinghouse, Charles Lindbergh, collateralized debt obligation, computerized trading, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, corporate raider, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, desegregation, do what you love, Donald Trump, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, Everybody Ought to Be Rich, Fairchild Semiconductor, Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, financial engineering, Ford Model T, Garrett Hardin, Glass-Steagall Act, global village, Golden Gate Park, Greenspan put, Haight Ashbury, haute cuisine, Honoré de Balzac, If something cannot go on forever, it will stop - Herbert Stein's Law, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, index fund, indoor plumbing, intangible asset, interest rate swap, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, Jeff Bezos, John Bogle, John Meriwether, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, junk bonds, Larry Ellison, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, low interest rates, margin call, market bubble, Marshall McLuhan, medical malpractice, merger arbitrage, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, money market fund, moral hazard, NetJets, new economy, New Journalism, North Sea oil, paper trading, passive investing, Paul Samuelson, pets.com, Plato's cave, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, proprietary trading, Ralph Nader, random walk, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Scientific racism, shareholder value, short selling, side project, Silicon Valley, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, telemarketer, The Predators' Ball, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, tontine, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, two and twenty, Upton Sinclair, War on Poverty, Works Progress Administration, Y2K, yellow journalism, zero-coupon bond

Its latest stall-out took it back down to the familiar territory of the mid-800s. Gerald Ford’s replacement in Washington, Jimmy Carter, wore Mister Rogers sweaters to promote energy conservation; it backfired, and he seemed to embody the United States’ impotence in dealing with Iran, where the Ayatollah Khomeini had deposed the Shah. The empress would no longer waltz around the dance floor at the Iranian Embassy. A partial meltdown at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant released radioactive material into the atmosphere; inflation galloped at double digits; and lines formed at the gas pumps. BusinessWeek declared “The Death of Equities,” as if no one would ever buy stocks again.