Biosphere 2

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pages: 370 words: 97,138

Beyond: Our Future in Space by Chris Impey

3D printing, Admiral Zheng, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, AltaVista, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Berlin Wall, Biosphere 2, Buckminster Fuller, built by the lowest bidder, butterfly effect, California gold rush, carbon-based life, Charles Lindbergh, Colonization of Mars, cosmic abundance, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, Dennis Tito, discovery of DNA, Doomsday Clock, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Eratosthenes, Great Leap Forward, Haight Ashbury, Hans Moravec, Hyperloop, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, Kim Stanley Robinson, Late Heavy Bombardment, life extension, low earth orbit, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Andreessen, Mars Rover, Mars Society, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, Neil Armstrong, Nick Bostrom, ocean acidification, Oculus Rift, operation paperclip, out of africa, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, phenotype, private spaceflight, purchasing power parity, quantum entanglement, radical life extension, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, risk tolerance, Rubik’s Cube, Scaled Composites, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Searching for Interstellar Communications, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, skunkworks, Skype, Snow Crash, space junk, SpaceShipOne, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, supervolcano, technological singularity, telepresence, telerobotics, the medium is the message, the scientific method, theory of mind, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, Virgin Galactic, VTOL, wikimedia commons, world market for maybe five computers, X Prize, Yogi Berra

The Anatomical Record Part A, vol. 281A, no. 2, pp. 1256–63. 11: Living Off-Earth 1. “Biospherics and Biosphere 2, Mission One” by J. Allen and M. Nelson 1999. Ecological Engineering, vol. 13, pp. 15–29. 2. “Life Under the Bubble” by J. F. Smith 2010, from Discover magazine, online at http://discovermagazine.com/2010/oct/20-life-under-the-bubble#.UkvfALNsdOA. 3. Several Biospherians have written about their experience. See Life Under Glass: The Inside Story of Biosphere 2 by A. Alling and M. Nelson 1993. Santa Fe: Synergetic Press; and The Human Experiment: Two Years and Twenty Minutes Inside Biosphere 2 by J. Poynter 2006. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press.

A few days later, two members of the first crew, Mark Van Thillo and Abigail Alling, allegedly vandalized the project by breaking panes of glass and opening an air lock and three emergency exits.4 Two members of the second crew had to be replaced. The second mission ended prematurely after only six months. Two decades later, it’s possible to make a more balanced judgment on Biosphere 2. Anyone reading about it in the popular media would have seen grandiose expectations and hype, followed by damning criticism. The project failed as a prototype for a completely sealed environment, but more than 200 published papers have been based on research done in Biosphere 2.5 It was the largest “closed system” habitat ever built, with five distinct biomes: ocean with coral reef, mangrove wetland, tropical rainforest, savanna grassland, and fog desert.

Dreaming the Biosphere by R. Reider 2010. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 6. “Calorie Restriction in Biosphere 2: Alterations in Physiologic, Hematologic, Hormonal, and Biochemical Parameters in Humans Restricted for a Two-Year Period” by R. Walford, D. Mock, R. Verdery, and T. MacCallum 2002. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. B211–24. 7. “Coral Reefs and Ocean Acidification” by J. A. Kleypas and K. K. Yates 2009. Oceanography, December, pp. 108–17. 8. “Lessons Learned from Biosphere 2: When Viewed as a Ground Simulation/Analog for Long Duration Human Space Exploration and Settlement” by T.


pages: 321 words: 89,109

The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space Beckon! by Joseph N. Pelton

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Biosphere 2, Buckminster Fuller, business logic, Carrington event, Colonization of Mars, Dennis Tito, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, global pandemic, Google Earth, GPS: selective availability, gravity well, Iridium satellite, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, life extension, low earth orbit, Lyft, Mark Shuttleworth, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megastructure, new economy, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Planet Labs, post-industrial society, private spaceflight, Ray Kurzweil, Scaled Composites, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, skunkworks, space junk, SpaceShipOne, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Strategic Defense Initiative, Thomas Malthus, Tim Cook: Apple, Tunguska event, uber lyft, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, wikimedia commons, X Prize

O’Neill envisioned a world in space that was contoured with hills and valleys and lakes, an “Earth-like world” that could sustain a rather large population and theoretically be self-sufficient. Biosphere 2 The idea of creating a sustainable space habitat has been envisioned by many but accomplished by few. The “biosphere” that was created in the desert of Arizona in the late 1980s, called Biosphere 2, was an attempt to create a viable self-contained world with “biospherians” inside this large structure. These would be future space colonists who were urged to grow their own crops and livestock and maintain a sustainable community.

There is yet another aspect to the planning for future space colonies that go beyond the issue of durable machines, and instead consider the vulnerabilities of humans in isolated communities and very long duration missions. The Biosphere 2 experiments not only exposed problems with the sustainability of the atmosphere inside the biosphere but also with human governance and conflict even in small groups left to themselves for extended periods of time. Within the Biosphere 2 before the experiment was shut down the biospherians evolved into what amounted to competing teams and sharp rivalries despite careful vetting of those chosen for the project. Other space agency projects to simulate long duration missions with test “astronaut teams” have exposed personality conflicts and even hostilities.

There are also literally thousands of science fiction stories that can suggest ways that off-world colonies or habitats or scientific settlements might be established, run, policed and economically sustained. Some are harmonious democracies that are able to sing “Cumbaya” together. Others become absolute dictatorships with iron rule. Some of the fictional colonies over time deteriorate and form into competing or warring tribes, such as more or less occurred with the unsuccessful “Biosphere 2” experiment. Others become a part of a vast galactic “empire,” where police or soldiers are magically deployed around a galaxy without regard to the laws of physics. In these future cosmic worlds there are such unlikely capabilities as warp drives or interstellar transport via wormholes to span light years of distance in an instance .


pages: 308 words: 94,447

The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History by Elizabeth Kolbert

Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, Columbian Exchange, correlation does not imply causation, double helix, Easter island, Honoré de Balzac, index card, Jacob Silverman, Maui Hawaii, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, out of africa, seminal paper, Skype, Steven Pinker, the long tail, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Yogi Berra

There are extensive coral reefs in the tropical Pacific, in the Indian Ocean, and in the Red Sea, and many smaller ones in the Caribbean. Yet curiously enough, the first evidence that CO2 could kill a reef came from Arizona, from the self-enclosed, supposedly self-sufficient world known as Biosphere 2. A three-acre, glassed-in structure shaped like a ziggurat, Biosphere 2 was built in the late nineteen-eighties by a private group largely funded by the billionaire Edward Bass. It was intended to demonstrate how life on earth—Biosphere 1—could be re-created on, say, Mars. The building contained a “rainforest,” a “desert,” an “agricultural zone,” and an artificial “ocean.”

For reasons mainly having to do with the richness of the soil that had been imported into the “agricultural zone,” decomposition won out. Oxygen levels inside the building fell sharply, and the Biospherians developed what amounted to altitude sickness. Carbon dioxide levels, meanwhile, soared. Eventually, they reached three thousand parts per million, roughly eight times the levels outside. Biosphere 2 officially collapsed in 1995, and Columbia University took over the management of the building. The “ocean,” a tank the size of an Olympic swimming pool, was by this point a wreck: most of the fish it had been stocked with were dead, and the corals were just barely hanging on. A marine biologist named Chris Langdon was assigned the task of figuring out something educational to do with the tank.

The saturation state is determined by a complicated chemical formula; essentially, it’s a measure of the concentration of calcium and carbonate ions floating around. When CO2 dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid—H2CO3—which effectively “eats” carbonate ions, thus lowering the saturation state. When Langdon showed up at Biosphere 2, the prevailing view among marine biologists was that corals did not much care about the saturation state as long as it remained above one. (Below one, water is “undersaturated,” and calcium carbonate dissolves.) Based on what he was seeing, Langdon became convinced that corals did care about the saturation state; indeed, they cared about it deeply.


pages: 192 words: 63,813

The End of Astronauts: Why Robots Are the Future of Exploration by Donald Goldsmith, Martin Rees

Apollo 11, Biosphere 2, blockchain, Colonization of Mars, cosmic abundance, crewed spaceflight, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, gravity well, hydroponic farming, Isaac Newton, James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, Johannes Kepler, Kuiper Belt, low earth orbit, Menlo Park, microplastics / micro fibres, Neil Armstrong, operation paperclip, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, place-making, Planet Labs, planetary scale, Ronald Reagan, satellite internet, self-driving car, South China Sea, SpaceX Starlink, Stephen Hawking, UNCLOS, V2 rocket, Virgin Galactic, Yogi Berra

In any case, the proj­ect of implementing effective mea­sures to stabilize Earth’s climate and biosphere so that the planet remains suitable for life is far less difficult than terraforming an entire planet to create an ecosystem from scratch. This comparison ­will appear again when we critique the possibility of space colonization in Chapter 7. M a rs · 91 ­Here’s a straightforward challenge to t­ hose who dream of terraforming Mars: can you make a “Biosphere 3” that succeeds on Earth? Biosphere 2, a privately funded research station in the Arizona desert, aimed to create a self-­contained biosphere, a precursor of colonies on Mars or in space, within which eight ­humans would live for two years without outside assistance, amid an agricultural area, grasslands, wetlands, and a rain forest.

Two attempts during the early 1990s ended in failure that arose from diverse, simultaneous prob­lems, including agricultural and atmospheric collapse as well as interpersonal difficulties.20 Some of ­these ­were on the way to being overcome when the most serious prob­lem of all—­a cutoff in funding—­terminated the proj­ect. Although the precise interpretation of Biosphere 2’s results remains controversial, an excellent concept to implement before setting out to create a ­viable, self-­contained colony on Mars would be the creation of such a self-­contained colony that can flourish on Earth. The larger issue, of course, is what ­human activity has already done to the Earth as a ­whole.

Index Aldrin, Buzz, 41 Angel, Roger, 30 Antarctic treaty, 134–136, 138, 139 Apollo program, 1, 5, 12, 14, 24, 32, 51–54, 65, 68, 82, 116, 119, 136 Arabidopsis thaliana, 86 Armstrong, Neil, 110 artificial intelligence, 8, 62–64, 81, 82, 110–112, 146 asteroids, 24, 25, 38, 46, 54, 88, 94–104, 109, 138, 148 astrobiologists, 68 astronauts: on asteroids, 94–104; compared to robots, 11, 64, 81–83, 92, 93, 103, 114, 146; construction by, 58; contamination by, 67, 68; costs of, 17, 22, 23, 30, 33, 34, 64, 115–123, 126; discoveries, 54, 55, 61; in Earth orbit, 31, 34, 35, 40, 42; h ­ azards to, 14, 29, 42–45, 61, 83–85; as heroes, 1; inspiration from, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 33; loss of, 18, 31; manufacturing by, 36, 37, 58; on Mars, 11, 13, 14, 24, 38, 78, 81, 114, 147, 149; on moon, 4, 5, 20, 24, 37, 50–55, 58, 65–68, 114, 119–121, 147, 148; in outer solar system, 149; requirements of, 26, 77, 78, 86, 115–118; worldwide funding, 123–129 Atlantic Monthly, 75 Bandyopadhyay, Saptoshi, 58 Bennu, 95, 97 Beresheet, 70 Berra, Yogi, 26 Bezos, Jeff, 38, 39, 90, 99, 108, 111, 113, 131, 148 Biosphere 2, 91 Biosphere 3, 91 Blue Origin, 39, 83, 120 Bohr, Niels, 26 Bradford Industries, 101 Branson, Richard, 38 Bridenstine, James, 142 Buck Rogers, 18 Burrough, Edgar Rice, 76 Byers, Michel, 143 cancer, 1, 44, 45, 63, 85, 110 carbonaceous chondrites, 96, 97 carbon dioxide: on Mars, 76, 78, 86, 90; on Venus, 92 Car­ter, Jimmy, 140 Cassini-­Huygens, 24, 126 Ceres, 27, 94, 148, 149 Cernan, Eugene, 54, 61 Challenger, 31 Chandrayaan, 52, 55, 129 Chang’e 1, 52 Chang’e 3, 52 Chang’e 4, 52, 125 Chang’e 5, 53, 54, 125 China, 7, 19, 32, 37, 52, 53, 56, 65–67, 78, 99, 123–125, 129 Clark, Alvan, 75 Clementine, 51, 55 CMEs.


pages: 294 words: 80,084

Tomorrowland: Our Journey From Science Fiction to Science Fact by Steven Kotler

adjacent possible, Albert Einstein, Alexander Shulgin, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Biosphere 2, Burning Man, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Colonization of Mars, crowdsourcing, Dean Kamen, Dennis Tito, epigenetics, gravity well, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, Helicobacter pylori, interchangeable parts, Kevin Kelly, life extension, Louis Pasteur, low earth orbit, North Sea oil, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, personalized medicine, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, private spaceflight, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, SpaceShipOne, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, theory of mind, Virgin Galactic, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

This list goes on. To put this in different terms, the only other time terraforming has been attempted at scale — and a much smaller scale than is being tried here — was in the early 1990s, when the 3.4 acre dome in the desert known as Biosphere 2, the Arizona-based “Earth systems research facility,” was created to see if we could actually engineer ecosystems. Unfortunately, Biosphere 2 suffered an onslaught of unintended consequences — wildly fluctuating CO2 levels, massive fish die-offs, a cockroach and ant population explosion, to name but a few — and while the lessons learned were myriad, the moral was straightforward: Playing God ain’t easy.

See prosthetics Ashcroft, John, 210 Asimov, Isaac, 27 Asphaug, Erik, 147 aspirational genome, 131 asteroid mining, 141–52 compared to exploration of North America, 149 economics of, 149–50 mapping for, 147–48 for platinum-group metals, 150 science fiction on, 145, 148 space missions and, 144, 146–47 technology for, 148 for water, 151 “Asteroids of Gold” (Simak), 145 astral projection, 36 Atkinson, Peter, 136, 137, 138, 140 Atomic Energy Commission, 109 “Atoms for Peace” (Eisenhower), 109 Aum Shinrikyo, 233–34 Avatar (film), 27 ayahuasca, 161 Aztecs, 167 Babbitt, Bruce, 84 Batzer, Jeff, 8–9 Baumgartner, Felix, 125–30 Becker, Ernest, xv–xvi, 29, 175 Behr, Barry, 262 Beijing Genomics Institute, 237–38 Béliard, Octave, 87 Berger, Theodore, 26 Berthold, Arnold, 192 Bigelow Aerospace, 129 BioBricks, 234 bioethics, 211–12 Biological Weapons Convention, 230 BiOM prosthetic, 18–20 biosensing technologies, 242 Biosphere 2, 89 biotechnology, rate of progress in, 28–29. See also synthetic biology bioweapons, 219–46 crowdsourcing designs for, 221–23 FBI biosecurity conferences on, 236–37 genetically targeted, 224–25, 227–28 against heads of state, 224 radical transparency against, 243–46 sensing technologies against, 242–43 Blees, Tom, 111, 119 Blood, Benjamin Paul, 168 Bloom, Howard, 219 Blue Brain project, 28 Blue Heron Biotechnology, 231 brain-computer interface (BCI), 26 Brand, Stewart, 111 Brandt, Laura, 91 Branson, Richard, 145 Breedlove, Craig, xii, 97 “Brief proposal on immortality: an interim solution” (Martin), 27 British Journal of Sports Medicine, 190 British Telecommunications, 25 Britton, Willoughby, 43–45 Brown, Clare, 255 Brown-Séquard, Édouard, 193 Built to Survive: HIV Wellness Guide (Vergel & Mooney), 197 Bush, George W., 11, 111, 207, 209–10, 211–12, 213, 214, 217, 238, 261 Butcher, Grace, 37 Calder Hall, 110 Calfee Design Factory, 99 California Cryobank, 249–63 California Health Span Institute, 185 Cameron, James, 27 cancer.


pages: 329 words: 85,471

The Locavore's Dilemma by Pierre Desrochers, Hiroko Shimizu

air freight, back-to-the-land, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, British Empire, Columbian Exchange, Community Supported Agriculture, creative destruction, edge city, Edward Glaeser, food desert, food miles, Food sovereignty, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, intermodal, invention of agriculture, inventory management, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, land tenure, megacity, moral hazard, mortgage debt, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, planetary scale, precautionary principle, profit motive, refrigerator car, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, trade liberalization, Tragedy of the Commons, Tyler Cowen, Upton Sinclair, urban sprawl

The first two items, however, are untenable because conventional greenhouses can already be operated around the clock if so desired while the claim that a pest-free agricultural environment can be maintained on this planet is simply implausible. After all, insects and plant diseases found their way into the Biosphere 2 project, a self-contained ecosystem built in the middle of the Arizona desert.44 This leaves the basic economic trade-offs of such proposals, which essentially boil down to the fact that their additional costs (from building these structures to lighting, heating, and powering them) negate any economic benefits attributable to an urban location.

Growing Local: Sustaining Farms and Farmland for the Future http://www.farmland.org/programs/localfood/planningforagriculture/Sustaining-Farms-Farmland-Future.asp. 43 For a more detailed presentation of his own work, see Despommiers’s website at http://www.verticalfarm.com/ and Dickson Despommiers. 2011. “Vertical Farming.” In Cutler J. Cleveland (editor). Encyclopedia of the Earth http://www.eoearth.org/article/Vertical_farming. 44 D.V Marino, Tilak Ram Mahato, John W. Druitt, Linda Leigh, Guanghui Lin, Robert M. Russell and Francesco N. Tubiello. 1999. “The Agricultural Biome of Biosphere 2: Structure, Composition and Function.” Ecological Engineering 13: 199-234. To be fair, the designers of such schemes are more nuanced on this issue than their supporters. For instance, in his encyclopedia entry on vertical farming (ff209), Despommier writes that his scheme promises to “eliminate external natural processes as confounding elements in the production of food,” but he only claims that his proposal “reduces the risk of infection from agents transmitted at the agricultural interface,” not that it would be pesticide-free.

manure See also Livestock Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life (Kingsolver) Animal production in proximity to city railway and semen and embryos See also specific products Annals of Rural Bengal (Hunter) Apples grades pesticides production Aristotle Arthashastra (treatise) Arthurdale, West Virginia Athens Autarky food security and Smith, A., on Avery, Dennis Backward integration Bailey, Ronald Bananas Gros Michel Barber, Andrew Bastiat, Frédéric Battle for Grain Baudeau, Nicolas Bauerlein, Monika Bell, Beverly Bengal, India The Better Angels of Our Nature (Pinker) Biodiversity Biosphere 2 project Biotechnology Bittman, Mark Black markets Blemishes Bloom, Leah Blumenthal, Gary Boin, Caroline Book of Genesis Book of Revelation Born, Branden Boudreaux, Donald Bourdain, Anthony Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Brands (food) Brandt, Karl Bread(table) British Columbia Broken Window Fallacy Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education Brown, Sherrod BSE.


pages: 364 words: 101,193

Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet by Mark Lynas

accounting loophole / creative accounting, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, blood diamond, Climatic Research Unit, Deng Xiaoping, failed state, Garrett Hardin, hindcast, ice-free Arctic, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Live Aid, Medieval Warm Period, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, price stability, South China Sea, supervolcano, Tragedy of the Commons

But ecology is such a complicated web that we cannot even understand many of the living interactions that go on within ecosystems, let alone imagine that we can somehow redesign and replace them. Scientists once tried to build a sealed living world-nicknamed Biosphere 2-from scratch in a big greenhouse in the Arizona desert. They failed. As carbon dioxide levels rose within the sealed greenhouses, Biosphere 2's human inhabitants must have reflected on the lessons they were learning as they gasped for air. Functioning ecosystems cannot be created artificially. Life keeps us alive, and we lay waste to it at our peril. 3 THREE DEGREES What every Botswanan wants Botswanans have a major national obsession.

acid rain 171, 228, 230, 249 adaptation 94, 103, 196, 208-9, 220, 235 Afifi, Abdulkader 268 Africa 120 agriculture 89-90, 157-8, 173, 195 ancient 108, 220 disease 151-3 drought 22, 101-5, 173, 194 famine 112, 113 glacial retreat 13-18 monsoon 20-1, 52 rainfall 21-2 refugees 159 refuges 210 Agassiz, Lake 10 agriculture xv, 176, 261 abandonment 8, 174, 211 Africa xv, 89-90, 157-8, 173 Arctic 131 Australia 112, 124, 173 Central and South America 82, 85, 89, 134, 173 China 172-3 decline in 90-1, 157, 172-5, 196 drought-resistant crops 174 Europe 59-60, 62, 89 ‘firestick farming’ 122 growing season, extended 131, 158, 196 harvest failure 13, 113 India 78-9, 137, 173, 174 intensive 195 irrigation 8, 58, 82, 86, 140, 144, 159, 197 new areas 157, 186-7, 196, 197 North America 5-9, 88-9, 90, 143-4, 158-9, 173 Pakistan 139-41 refuges 210 slash-and-burn 120 UK 89, 210-11 worldwide agricultural drought 173-4 air-conditioning 59, 62, 178 Alaska 25, 221 meltdown 25-6, 75, 131, 187 North Slope fossils 219, 221 rainfall 129, 193 Alexandria, Egypt 163-5, 167 algae 34-5, 37, 58, 224 Algeria 19-20 Alley, Richard 68 Alps xv, 29-31, 58, 150, 177, 180-1, 246 Amazon River 119 Amazonia 32-3, 153, 175 death of 115-21, 190, 209, 252 deforestation 119-20 desertification 194, 209 drought 112, 115, 116, 173 American Association for the Advancement of Science 204 American Geophysical Union 69 Andes 80-5, 108, 115, 119, 238 Angola 104, 105 animals see wildlife Antarctic Ocean 199-200 Antarctica 67, 176 ancient 108-9, 220, 222, 228 coal 222 ice-free 211, 220 ice sheets 64, 71, 146, 167-70 Anthropocene 208, 235 aquifers 8, 53, 158, 166, 170, 194-5 Archer, David 205, 206 Arctic 10, 66, 128-31 agriculture 196 amplifier 24, 76, 189 ancient 109-10, 198-9, 203 ice-free 25-7, 109-10, 130, 170, 186, 203, 220 meltdown 23-8, 66-73, 186-90, 246 peoples 76-7 vegetation 76 wildlife 33, 72-7, 187 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 75 Arctic Ocean ancient 199, 219, 249-50 freshwater run-off 188 methane hydrate melt 205-6 sea-ice xx, 72-7, 129, 186-7 Argentina 194 Asian Brown Cloud 136 Atacama Desert, Peru 113 Atlantic Ocean: ancient 201, 218, 219 circulation 9-13, 110, 176 freshwater run-off 10-11 hurricane formation 42-6 North 69 tropical 22 Atlas Mountains, Morocco 180, 181 atmosphere 128-9, 234-5, 236-7 ancient 202-5, 222, 225, 230-1, 249-50 atolls 16, 46-7 Australia 31-8, 95, 211 agriculture 112, 124, 173 bushfires 122-5 coal 221 desertification 194 drought 112, 113, 173, 194 Australian Conservation Foundation 123 avalanches 180 submarine 201, 206-8 Axel Heiberg Island, Canada 203 Baker, Andrew 37 Bakun, Andrew 238 Banda Aceh 207 Bangkok, Thailand 72 Bangladesh 79, 132, 135, 137, 165 Barbados 166 Barrow, Alaska 25 Beever, Dr Erik 40 Bennike, Ole 109 Benton, Michael 230-1 Bhopal, India 238 Bighorn Basin, Wyoming 199 biodiversity 33-4, 91-7, 154-6, 198, 213, 234, 240, 252 Amazon 119 China 171 marine 154 plants 39 under threat 18, 41 biofuels 274-6 Biosphere 2 97 birds 75, 77, 92, 94, 95, 120, 155 Black Sea 237 bogs, thawing 188-9 Bolivia 84, 121 Bombay see Mumbai Boston, USA 165 Botswana 90, 101-5, 151 Bowman, Malcolm 147 Brahmaputra River 138, 193 Brazil 42, 43, 44, 95, 120, 121, 194 desertification 194 hurricanes 42-4 rainforest 120 Brigham, Lawson 189 British Antarctic Survey 110, 167 British Council 14 British Virgin Islands 38 Broe, Pat 72 Bryden, Professor Harry 11, 12 Buffett, Bruce 205, 206 Bunyard, Peter 119 Burke, Eleanor 22 Burkina Faso 90 Bush, George W. 264 bushfires, Australia 122-5 butterflies 92, 93, 95 Cairo, Egypt 195 calcium carbonate 34, 53-6, 221 Caldeira, Professor Ken 54 California 3-5, 8-9, 85-8, 115, 142, 144-5, 195 California Coastal Range 87 Cameroon 232 Camill, Phil 188, 190 Canada xvii, 131, 188, 196 agriculture 90, 144, 158, 174, 196, 197 ancient 7 arctic 76, 131, 187 forest fires 197 fossil fuels 73, 221, 269 habitable areas 196, 197 rainfall 129 river flows 193, 196 Canberra, Australia 124-5 Cape Floristic Region, South Africa 39 carbon 96, 117, 205, 221-2, 267, capture and storage 271, 273, 276 carbon cycle 56, 116, 117-19, 190, 220-2, 225, 227, 250,254-5, 256 carbon trading 257 dissolved 188-9 release from seabed 202 release from soil 117-18, 188, 250-1 sequestering 175, 221-2, 223 carbon dioxide xix-xx, 89, 96-7, 252-3 ancient atmosphere 110-12, 203-4, 220, 225, 229, 230, 233, 249-50 and climate sensitivity 248-9 emissions 78, 131, 204, 234-6, 246-7 fertilising effect of 174 from fires 197, 203 ocean acidification 53-6 plant emissions 60 volcanic outgassing 232, 233, 235 Caribbean 38, 113 Carboniferous period 234 Carnegie Institution 54 cars 172, 271, 272, 276 Carson, Rachel 95-6 Cascades, USA 87 Caspian Sea 178 cattle ranching 8, 19, 102, 103, 119, 184 Cayman Islands 63 Central America 82, 83-4, 85, 89, 133-5, 173 Chaco Canyon, New Mexico 5-6 Chad, Lake 20 Chernobyl 176 Chile 89, 194, 211 Chilingarov, Artur 73-4 Chimu civilisation 82, 83 China xxii, 140, 197, 218 coal 221 conflict 197 desertification 197 droughts 51-3 early civilisation 172-3 emissions 257, 258, 264 floods 112 forests 155 hypercapitalism 170-5 monsoon 52-3, 193, 209 water supply 140, 194 civilisations, collapse of 82-3, 131-5, 174-5 climate change xix-xx, 6, 10-11 ancient 15-16, 23, 197-206 conferences on 14 denial 14, 16, 262-5 modelling xv, 105-7, 194-6, 217, 248-51 speed of xxi, 235-6 transient xxi-xxii climate sensitivity 248-50, 252-3 climate zones, shifting 27-8, 123, 129 climatic envelope 94 clouds 107, 114, 125, 175 coal 221, 222, 226, 234, 262, 269, 271 coasts 72, 76, 145-8, 183, 184-5, 193 coccolithophores 54-5, 56 Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive (Diamond) 134 Colorado River, USA 6, 86, 142-5, 167 Columbia 121 Columbia River, USA 87 Comiso, Josefino 75 computer modelling 12, 22 carbon-cycle feedback 116-18 climate xv, 105-7, 194-6, 217, 248-51 El Niño 113-14 global and regional models 106 Hadley Model 39, 59, 105-6, 134 hindcasting 104, 106 hurricane 128 hydrological 139 sea temperature 110 conflict 6, 212-14 over climate refugees 141, 159, 179 over habitable land xxii, 197 over oil 268-9 over water xxii, 85, 86, 141 conservation, site-based 94 continental climates 198 continental drift 218 continental shelf 237 collapse of 201, 206-7 contraction and convergence 257 Cooke, Jennifer 184, 185 cooling: aerosols 135 north-west Europe 9, 12, 211 nuclear winter xviii, 125, 233 Younger Dryas 10 coral: bleaching 34-9, 154-5 reefs 34-9, 42, 63, 91, 154-5, 209, 220, 246 Coral Coast, Fiji 38-9 Cordillera Blanca, Peru 81-2, 84 Cordillera Central, Peru 83-4 Cornwall 28 Costa Rican golden toad 40-1 Cox, Peter 117, 273-4 Cretaceous 56, 200, 217-23, 236, 250 Crump, Marty 40-1 CSIRO 33-4, 122-3 cyclones see hurricanes Cyprus 62 dams 86, 142-3, 167, 196 Dante xviii, 217, 245-6 Danube River 181 Dasuopu, Tibet 14 Dawson, Mary 197, 198 Democratic Republic of Congo 16 Day After Tomorrow, The 9 deforestation 14, 175-6, 247 Amazonia 119-20 Central America 134 deforestation diesel 276 deglaciation see glaciers denial 14, 16, 262-5 Denmark 73, 149 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK) 78 Department for International Development (UK) 139 desalination plants 178 desert: Amazonia 115, 116 Europe 58, 60, 62, 150, 194 Kalahari Desert 102, 103-4, 105, 194 Marine 224 Mediterranean rim 150-1 North America 3-9 Polar 67 Sahara 21-2, 23, 61, 120, 151, 180, 186, 194, 195, 224 sandstorms 224 spreading 150-1, 186, 194-6, 209, 246 Diamond, Jared 133-4 Dickens, Gerald 200, 204 disease 123, 151-3, 158 drought 60, 193 Africa 101-5 and agriculture 157, 173-4 Amazonia 112, 115, 116, 173 ancient 16, 133-4 Australia 112, 113, 173, 194 Central America 83-4, 133-5 China 51-3 ENSO-related 113 Europe 58, 60, 62, 150, 194 extreme 4, 23 hotspots 173-4 Mediterranean 62-3 Palmer Drought Severity Index 22-3 perennial 194, 209 Sahel 18-19, 22-3 spread of 22-3 threat to woodland 94 UK 177-8, 182 US 3-9, 60, 86-8, 129, 143, 142-5 Doyle, Arthur Conan 153, 154 Dudh Koshi River 80 Dukes, Jeffrey 260, 265-6 dust storms 9, 51-2 Dust Bowl 7-8, 9, 88, 144, 194 Earth: thermal time lag 246, 251 thermoregulation systems 176 earthquakes 207 ecological overshoot 134 economics 170-2 ecosystems 91-7, 175-6, 222-3, 240, 261 Arctic 187 Wet Forest 31-4 Ecuador 84, 89 Eemian interglacial 52, 63, 64 Egypt 19, 195 El Niño 83, 112-15, 224 Ellesmere Island, Nunavut 25, 109, 197-8 Emanuel, Kerry 45, 46 emissions 113, 258, 259 contraction and convergence 257 cuts in 124, 246, 253-9, 276-7 future scenarios 247-8 India 77-8 permits 257 rate of 56, 246, 259 stabilising 276-7 targets 251-9 see also greenhouse gases energy: efficiency 271, 272-3, 275-6 renewable 258, 267-70, 271-7 ENSO 113, 114, 115 Environmental Research Letters 71 Eocene 198, 199, 203-4, 208, 209 see also Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum erosion: coastal 76, 145-8, 183, 184-5, 193 hillside 134 soil 170, 184-5, 202, 203, 214, 227-8 Estonia 59 ethanol 275 Ethiopia 18, 90, 108, 194, 210 Europe: agriculture 59-60, 62, 89 ancient 218, 220 cooling 9, 10, 11-12 desertification 150, 177-8, 186 drought 58, 60, 62, 150, 194 El Niño effect 113 extinctions 95, 156 floods 148-51, 182-4 heatwaves 57-61, 62, 177-9, 180-2 hurricanes 44-5 rainfall 62, 177 refuges 159 storms 148-51 temperature rise 175-9, 186 wildfires 62 European Union 256, 276 Everest, Mount 138, 139 extinctions 33, 39-41, 76, 77, 86, 91-7, 208 Anthropocene Mass 235 end-Permian 226-34 Paleocene-Eocene 208-10 human 240 living dead species 156 marine 208-10, 224, 225-6, 229, 233, 234 mass 56, 92, 157, 201, 224, 226-34, 235 plant 39, 76, 77, 91, 93-4, 155, 228 Fahnestock, Mark 69 famine 88, 89, 90-1, 103, 158-9, 213 Africa 112, 113 India 78-9 mass 174 Sahel 18 Faroe Islands 207 feedbacks 190, 252, 255 carbon-cycle 60-1, 116-19, 190, 245, 250, 255 desertification 194 ice-age 255 ice-albedo 28, 70-1 methane 188-90, 202, 204-6 Fiji 38-9, 166 Finland 177 flood barriers 147, 148, 165 flooding: Africa 151 atolls 46-7 coastal cities 145-8, 164-7, 193, 211-12 continental interiors 193, 218 Europe 148-51, 182-4 flash floods 5, 23, 146, 180, 203, 230 monsoon see monsoon post-ice age 66; storm surge see storm surge UK xiii-xiv, 148-51, 182-4, 193-4 USA xiv, 115, 145-7, 158, 165-6 food 88-91, 140-1, 166, 172, 213 aid 210 prices 8, 91, 158, 275 production 210, 261-3 shortages 134, 140-1, 158, 174, 186, 275 web, Arctic 75 see also agriculture Ford, Derek 63 forest 262 ancient 229 boreal 197 carbon emissions 60 deforestation 119-20, 175, 176, 247 die-back 60, 78 montane 17-18 polar 187, 208, 220 reforestation 272 US West 144 forest fires 17, 61-2, 122-5, 197, 203 Amazonia 120-1 Asian 276 Australia 122-5 Europe 58, 59, 61-2 Indonesia 118-19, 121, 136-7 North America 4, 87-8, 144-5 fossil fuels 73, 78, 171-2, 221, 222, 223-6, 261, 267-70 France 58, 62, 149, 177 Francis, Jane 108, 110 freshwater surges 10-11 Frey, Karen 188-9 Friends of the Earth 256 frogs 31-4, 40-1 frost 89, 219 fungi 228 Gabon 90 Gaia Theory 176, 221, 240 Ganges, River 138, 140, 141, 193, 211 gas, natural 7, 73, 222, 260, 261, 268, 269, 271, 272, 276 Gazprom 73 Geology 185 Geology Today 111 Geophysical Research Letters 43, 185 Germany 58, 59, 94, 149, 150, 181, 221 Ghana 18 Giant Sequoia National Park 4 glaciers 10, 80, 110 Alpine 30, 58, 177, 180-1, 187, 246 Andean 80-5 Antarctic 108-9, 167, 168, 169 Arctic 25-6 Greenland 66-9, 138 Himalayas 80 Iceland 130-1 Karakoram 137-42 Kilimanjaro 13-18 Scandinavian 131 Gladwell, Malcolm 23 Glen Canyon Dam 142-3 Global Carbon Project 246 Global Commons Institute 257 global dimming 107, 249 global warming xix accelerating xiv, 206 ancient xvii Arctic amplifier 24, 76 climate zone shifts 28 peaks 223-6 positive feedback 189, 252 runaway 204-5, 231, 246, 253, 256, 258 speed of xxi, 235-6 thermal inertia xxi-xxii, 111 Gobi Desert 51, 194, 195 GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) 70 Great Barrier Reef 34-6 Great Lakes 9 Great Plains 4, 5, 7, 155 Great Depression 210 Greece 177 greenhouse gases xix-xx, 110, 176, 178-9, 188, 236, 247 ocean acidification 53-4 see also carbon dioxide emissions methane Greenland 6, 10, 13, 67-70, 76, 129, 187, 252 ancient 24, 75, 109, 219, 233 ice sheet collapse 64-72, 129, 130, 131, 146, 170, 176, 252 Greenpeace 120 Grindelwald, Switzerland 30 Guadalupe River 184 Gulf of Mexico 224 Gulf Stream 9-10, 211, 237 Hadley Centre, UK 22-3, 39, 59, 105-6, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 134, 148,205 Haeberli, Wilfried 30 Hall, T.


Lifespan: Why We Age—and Why We Don't Have To by David A. Sinclair, Matthew D. Laplante

Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Atul Gawande, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, biofilm, Biosphere 2, blockchain, British Empire, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, carbon footprint, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, clean water, creative destruction, CRISPR, dark matter, dematerialisation, discovery of DNA, double helix, Drosophila, Easter island, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, global pandemic, Grace Hopper, helicopter parent, income inequality, invention of the telephone, Isaac Newton, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, labor-force participation, life extension, Louis Pasteur, McMansion, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, microbiome, mouse model, mutually assured destruction, Paul Samuelson, personalized medicine, phenotype, Philippa Foot, placebo effect, plutocrats, power law, quantum entanglement, randomized controlled trial, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, self-driving car, seminal paper, Skype, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Tim Cook: Apple, Tragedy of the Commons, trolley problem, union organizing, universal basic income, WeWork, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Adult Okinawans were also leaner, taking in about 20 percent fewer calories than their mainland counterparts. Kagawa noted that not only were the lifespans of Okinawans longer, but their healthspans were, too—with significantly less cerebral vascular disease, malignancy, and heart disease.5 In the early 1990s, the Biosphere 2 research experiment provided another piece of evidence. For two years, from 1991 to 1993, eight people lived inside a three-acre, closed ecological dome in southern Arizona, where they were expected to be reliant on the food they were growing inside. Green thumbs they weren’t, though, and the food they farmed turned out to be insufficient to keep the participants on a typical diet.

His Waddington Landscape was proposed to help understand how a cell can divide to become the hundreds of different cell types in the body. ROY L. WALFORD (June 29, 1924–April 27, 2004): American biologist who rejuvenated the field of caloric restriction. One of eight crew members inside Arizona’s Biosphere 2 from 1991 to 1993. In medical school, reportedly used statistical analysis to predict the results of a roulette wheel in Reno, Nevada, to pay for medical school and a yacht, and sailed the Caribbean for over a year. H. G. WELLS (September 21, 1866–August 13, 1946): British science fiction writer who foresaw air raids in World War II, tanks, nuclear weapons, satellite television, and the internet.

Two of the authors of the report were themselves part of the crew who elected to be locked up inside the Biosphere for two years and live on a low-calorie diet, with just 12 percent protein and 11 percent fat in terms of calorie consumption. Despite this calorie restriction and a 17±5 percent weight loss, all eight crew members were healthy and highly active during the two-year period. R. L. Walford, D. Mock, R. Verdery, and T. MacCallum, “Calorie Restriction in Biosphere 2: Alterations in Physiologic, Hematologic, Hormonal, and Biochemical Parameters in Humans Restricted for a 2-Year Period,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 57, no. 6 (June 2002): 211–24, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023257. 7. L. K. Heilbronn, and E.


pages: 223 words: 59,820

The One-Minute Workout by Martin Gibala

Biosphere 2, Kickstarter, large denomination, meta-analysis

Those long-term studies haven’t been done—but there is a community of people in North America who believe it’s healthy to subsist on an extremely low-calorie diet. The movement is known as calorie restriction, and it originated with a UCLA medical school professor named Roy Walford. As one of eight crew members in an experiment in isolated, self-contained communal living called Biosphere 2, which lasted from 1991 to 1993, Walford convinced his fellow bionauts to attempt to live according to the low-calorie, high-nutrient diet that calorie restriction required. When the bionauts left their facility, they’d substantially improved their blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and other health markers.

., 57–58, 61 Asmussen, Erling, 244 Athletics Weekly, 56 Atkins diet, 216, 229 Australia, 40–41, 102–4, 149–50, 209–10 Baar, Keith, 21 Bacon, Andrew, 241 Ball State University, 61 Bandura, Albert, 117 Bangsbo, Jens, 177–78, 182 Bannister, Roger, 13, 49–50, 177 Barbell squats, 35 Bascomb, Neal, 49 Basic Training Workout, 140–42 Basketball, 95, 132, 181, 195 Batterham, Alan, 100–101 Baumeister, Roy, 118 Bear crawl, 96 Beginner Workout, 137–39, 154 Bench presses, 182 Biddle, Stuart, 103–4 Bikes, see Cycling; Exercise bikes; Stationary bicycles Biosphere 2, 226–27 Blade Runner (movie), 18 Blair, Steven, 206–8 Blomkamp, Neill, 18 Blood sugar, 44, 173, 240, 247 in people with diabetes, 67, 87–92, 138, 156–57, 162 Body fat, 150 reducing, 137, 156 Body-mass index (BMI), 207, 227 Bodyweight exercises, 9, 35, 182, 202–3, 252 See also specific exercises Boot camp workouts, 50, 107, 108, 141 Borg, Gunnar A.V., 125 Boston Marathon, 69, 79 Bouchard, Claude, 239–40 Bowerman, Bill, 50 Bowers, Dick, 57–58 Bowling Green University, 57 Breathing rate, 32, 36 Britain, see United Kingdom British Army, 54 British Columbia, University of, 89, 107–9, 161, 196 Burns, George, 53 Burpees, 96, 98, 121, 128, 183–87, 236 in bodyweight exercises, 9, 197, 204 in Wingate Classic, 130 California, University of Berkeley, 51 Los Angeles (UCLA), 226 Calisthenics, 57, 149 See also specific exercises Calories, 101, 211–18, 221–31, 238 Canada, 50–54, 89, 98–99, 209, 239 Department of National Defence, 51–53 See also specific universities Cancer, 1, 93, 226, 242–43, 247 Cardiovascular disease, 68, 73–87, 114 interval training protocols for patients with, 77–87, 94, 143, 144, 156 reduced risk of developing, 1, 11, 75–77, 92–93, 181, 200, 225, 238, 250 VO2max and, 73–75 Cardiovascular fitness, 9, 17, 73, 82, 98, 187, 252, 254 Cell (journal), 7 China, Communist, 56 Christie, Jeff, 77, 86, 103, 114, 116 Chronic diseases, 46, 67, 207 reducing risks of developing, 71, 73, 192, 205 See also specific diseases Circuit training, 54, 99, 134, 176 Circulation (journal), 82 Coca-Cola, 222 Cold war, 50–51, 57 Columbia University, 184 Comparisons, avoiding, 119 Computer technology, 101 Confidence, boosting, 111, 113, 117–19 Cool-downs, 140, 188, 253 in protocols, 89, 94, 151, 170–72, 193, 210 in studies, 83, 85–86, 133, 199 Copenhagen, University of, 64, 138, 146–47 Muscle Research Centre, 60, 244–46 Copenhagen City Heart Study, 168 Coyle, Edward F., 21 Crab walk, 96 Crunches, 96 Curtin University, 102 Cycling, 2, 9, 36, 67, 92 long-distance, 14, 30, 35, 76, 168 in study protocols, 18, 40, 61, 98, 168–69, 179 in workouts, 128, 130, 143, 182, 204, 237 See also Exercise bikes; Stationary bicycles Denmark, 177 Diabetes, 132, 143, 223 interval training for people with, 67, 87–92, 94, 109, 118, 138, 157, 162 reduced risk of developing, 1, 11, 92–93, 144, 208, 225, 238, 250 Dundee, University of, 226 Eddy, Duane O., 61–62 Endothelial function, 84–85 England, see United Kingdom Endurance training, 5, 6, 13, 111, 178–79 athletic and health benefits of interval training compared to, 55–57, 74, 83, 167, 173, 192–93 physiology of, 30, 35, 37, 67, 57 in study protocols, 17, 19–21, 23–26, 39–41, 57–64, 69, 85, 132, 147, 152–53, 195–96, 209–11, 239–42 Epidemiological studies, 72, 92, 93, 167, 169 Esquire magazine, 7, 18, 170 European College of Sport Science, 60 European Heart Journal, 75 Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), see Afterburn Exercise bikes, 106, 121–22, 126, 128, 183, 233, 253 Basic Training Workout on, 141 for cardiac rehab, 84–85 Fat Burner Workout on, 151 Hickson protocol on, 178 High-Octane Ride, 237 Midwestern Workout on, 159 One-Minute Workout on, 173, 174, 176 for spin classes, 99, 107, 122, 208 Tabata Classic on, 195 Ten by One Workout on, 89, 109 See also Stationary bicycles Exercise Metabolism Research Group, 18 Exercise pills, 7, 244, 250–51 Exerkines, 249–51 Exertion ratings, 125–28 Facebook, 2 Fast Diet, The (Mosley), 227 Fat Burner Workout, 131, 149–51, 182, 207, 210 Finland, 47 5BX, 52–54 Florida State University, 118 Fonda, Jane, 50 Foster, Carl, 54, 80 Fox, Edward L., 57–59, 61, 63, 79 France, 75–67 Freiburg University, 55 Friends (TV sitcom), 235, 236 Frog hops, 96 Frontiers of Psychology (journal), 102 Frozen Otter Ultra Trek, 164 Gatorade, 222 Sports Science Institute (GSSI), 31 Generation 100 study, 93–94 Germany, 55–56 Gerschler, Woldemar, 55–56 Gibala, Lisa, 10, 235 Go-To Workout, 134, 176, 202–4 Guardian (newspaper), 48, 207 Guidelines, public health, 8, 12, 23, 73, 92–94 Hägg, Gunder, 49 Harbig, Rudolf, 56 Hardcastle, Sarah, 102–4 Hargiss, Homer Woodson “Bill,” 50 Hargreaves, Mark, 30–31, 40 Harridge, Stephen, 180 Hartford (Connecticut) Hospital, 69 Harvard University, 93, 101 School of Public Health, 221 Harvey Nichols (department store), 238 Hawley, John, 250, 251 Health and Fitness Journal, 54 Heart (journal), 75 Heart disease, see Cardiovascular disease Heart rate, 23, 76, 115, 124–26, 132 breathing rate and, 32, 36 in study protocols, 83, 86–87, 89–90, 105, 109, 212 during workouts, 130, 183, 184, 193, 195, 202–4 Heriot-Watt University, 170 HERITAGE Family Study, 239–41 Hickson, Robert, 178–79 High-Octane Ride exercise bike, 237–39 High steps, 96 Hippocrates, 71 Hockey, 51–52, 95, 131–32, 181, 182, 253 Holloszy, John, 250, 251 Homeostasis, 36, 43–45 How They Train (Wilt), 48 Illinois, University of, 51, 52 at Chicago, 159 India, 56 Industrial revolution, 101 Insulin resistance, 87–88, 91–92, 162 Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 244–47 International Society for Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 103 Internet, 227 Intervall-training, Das (Gerschler), 56 Interval Training (Fox and Mathews), 59 Israel, 223 Italy, 177 Jacobs, A.


pages: 394 words: 112,770

Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House by Michael Wolff

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, Biosphere 2, Carl Icahn, centre right, disinformation, disintermediation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, fake news, false flag, forensic accounting, illegal immigration, impulse control, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, obamacare, open immigration, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Paris climate accords, Peter Thiel, Renaissance Technologies, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, Saturday Night Live, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, Steve Bannon, Travis Kalanick, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game

The Washington Post traced his many addresses to no clear conclusion, except a suggestion of possible misdemeanor voter fraud. In the midnineties, he inserted himself in a significant role into Biosphere 2, a project copiously funded by Edward Bass, one of the Bass family oil heirs, about sustaining life in space, and dubbed by Time one of the hundred worst ideas of the century—a rich man’s folly. Bannon, having to find his opportunities in distress situations, stepped into the project amid its collapse only to provoke further breakdown and litigation, including harassment and vandalism charges. After the Biosphere 2 disaster, he participated in raising financing for a virtual currency scheme (MMORPGs, or MMOs) called Internet Gaming Entertainment (IGE).

., 140, 174–82, 235–39, 243, 257, 261–62, 272, 274, 277, 280–81, 289–91 Kelly and, 287–91, 294–97 Kushner and, 69–70, 72, 77, 87, 110, 132, 134, 140–48 Kuttner call and firing of, 297–300, 307 media and, 38, 90–91, 93, 195–97, 206–9, 222 NSC and, 103, 176, 190–92 Obamacare and, 165–67, 170–72, 175 Paris Climate Accord and, 238–39 Pence and, 124 Priebus and, 33–34, 110 role of, in early presidency, 31–35 Russia investigation and, 7, 95, 97, 101, 154–55, 157, 170, 211, 233–46, 254–55, 257, 260–62, 278–81, 308 Ryan and, 161–63 Saudi Arabia and, 229–30 Scaramucci and, 268, 271, 274, 277, 281–85 Sessions and, 155, 241–42, 277–78 Syria and, 190–94 Trump on, 122–23 Trump pressured to fire, 173–82 Trump’s personality and, 21, 23, 35, 45, 47–48, 148–49, 158 Trump’s Times interview and, 277–78 White House appointments and, 4, 36, 86–87, 89, 189, 285 Barra, Mary, 88 Barrack, Tom, 27–29, 33, 42, 85, 233, 240 Bartiromo, Maria, 205 Bass, Edward, 56 Bayrock Group, 100–102 Bedminster Golf Club, 165, 213–14, 216, 287–94, 297, 302, 307 Beinart, Peter, 297 Benghazi, 97 Berkowitz, Avi, 143 Berlusconi, Silvio, 100 Berman, Mark, 78 Best and the Brightest, The (Halberstam), 53–54 Bezos, Jeff, 35 Biosphere 2, 56 Blackstone Group, 35, 78, 87, 298 Blackwater, 265 Blair, Tony, 156–58, 228 Blankfein, Lloyd, 144 Bloomberg, Michael, 117 Boehner, John, 26, 161 Boeing, 88 Bolton, John, 4–5, 189 border wall, 77–78, 228, 280, 303 Bossie, David, 58, 144, 177, 234, 237, 301 Bowles, Erskine, 27 Boyle, Matthew, 298–300 Boy Scouts of America, 284 Brady, Tom, 50 Brand, Rachel, 279 Breitbart, Andrew, 58–59 Breitbart News, 2, 32, 58–59, 62, 121, 126–29, 138, 160–62, 167, 179–80, 196, 207–8, 237, 266, 275, 297–98, 309 Brennan, John, 6, 41 Brexit, 5 Britain, 70, 157 Brooks, Mel, 15 Bryan, William Jennings, 45 Brzezinski, Mika, 66–69, 121, 176, 247–49 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 66 Buckley, William F., 127 Bush, Billy, 10, 13–14, 34, 86, 96, 161 Bush, George H.


pages: 573 words: 142,376

Whole Earth: The Many Lives of Stewart Brand by John Markoff

A Pattern Language, air freight, Anthropocene, Apple II, back-to-the-land, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bernie Madoff, Beryl Markham, Big Tech, Bill Atkinson, Biosphere 2, Brewster Kahle, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, butterfly effect, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, complexity theory, computer age, Computer Lib, computer vision, Danny Hillis, decarbonisation, demographic transition, disinformation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, El Camino Real, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, feminist movement, Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, Filter Bubble, game design, gentrification, global village, Golden Gate Park, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, Haight Ashbury, Herman Kahn, housing crisis, Howard Rheingold, HyperCard, intentional community, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lao Tzu, Lewis Mumford, Loma Prieta earthquake, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, microdosing, Mitch Kapor, Morris worm, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, North Sea oil, off grid, off-the-grid, paypal mafia, Peter Calthorpe, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Stallman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Hackers Conference, Thorstein Veblen, traveling salesman, Turing test, upwardly mobile, Vernor Vinge, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, young professional

In addition to Shell, both Volvo and AT&T had signed on as sponsors, and from 1987 to 1989 Remy and Brand organized six conferences that brought together a small group of scientists and engineers to meet with the corporate executives. The meetings were organized so that the corporate sponsors sat outside of the circle as observers to the discussion. Each of the conferences took place in a different location, ranging from the first meeting held at Biosphere 2—an elaborate sealed environment intended to explore what it would be like to live in outer space, which was being constructed outside of Tucson—to Hillis’s Thinking Machines Corporation in Cambridge. Others were held in places like Sweden, Big Sur, and Costa Rica. Each of the conferences was organized around several “learning journeys” selected by Brand and Remy—essentially brief field trips to visit interesting places and organizations.

“There are fortunes to be made here,” one Autodesk technologist enthused to Brand on one of his visits. “It’s totally virgin territory.” Soon afterward, Brand listened to an Autodesk talk by a young computer hacker named Jaron Lanier. Lanier, whom Brand had met during the first Learning Conference at Biosphere 2, was a computer scientist who was pushing the boundaries of what the technology could do. (Several years earlier, in a review of one of Lanier’s games in the Whole Earth Software Catalog, Art Kleiner said, “If this were still the psychedelic era, every game would be like Moondust.”) His inventions would make him one of the pioneers of virtual reality technology, designed to create exotic simulated computer worlds experienced through computerized headsets.

.,” 174–75, 177, 179, 180, 223, 229, 233, 305 Balme, Pamela, 59, 61 Barlow, John Perry, 325 Barringer, Felicity, 341–42 Barthelme, Donald, 201 Bateson, Gregory, 103, 208, 213, 215, 220, 222, 225, 231, 277 SB influenced by, 45, 46, 92, 208, 216–17, 219, 222, 232, 269, 363–64 SB’s Harper’s profile of, 213, 216–17 Bateson, Mary Catherine, 289 Beat poets, Beat culture, 3, 16, 33–34, 35, 37, 47–49, 126 Be Here Now (Ram Dass), 107, 139 Bellwood, Lucy, 355 Benign Genres, SB’s concept of, 251–52, 290 Berg, Peter, 206 Berry, Wendell, 232 “Better Than the Next Best Thing to Being There” (Kleiner), 240 Bezos, Jeff, 148, 328, 331–32, 335, 363 Big Ben, SB’s visit to, 327 Big Sur (Kerouac), 71 Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch (Miller), 71 Big Sur Hot Springs, 34–35, 51, 71, 72, 84, 97, 138 Biosphere 2, 288, 294 “Birth of a Network Nation, The” (Kelly), 255 Black Panther Party, 229 Black Rock Desert, 109, 203, 328, 329 Boise, Ron, 129 Bonner, Jay, 184–85 Bonner (Dwarka), Joe, 170–71, 178, 184 “Both Sides of the Necessary Paradox” (Brand), 46, 216–17 Bourke-White, Margaret, 12 Bradbury, Ray, 361 Bradbury Building (Los Angeles), 306–7 Brademas, John, 191 Brand, Arthur “Bob” (father), 12–13, 103–5, 132–33, 134, 153, 327 Brand, Gale (Mike’s wife), 24, 209 Brand, Julia Morley (mother), 11, 13, 192, 235 Brand, Lois Jennings, see Jennings, Lois Brand, Mary Clare, 11, 12 Brand, Mike (brother), 6, 9, 11, 14–15, 17, 19, 24, 33, 37, 40, 90–91, 209 Brand, Noah (son), 235, 289–90, 312, 316, 355 Brand, Peter (brother), 11, 12, 62, 135 Brand, Stewart: as avid reader, 13, 27 boredom as issue for, 210, 249, 312, 323 childhood and adolescence of, 7–21, 23 contrarian philosophy of, 3, 17 depression battled by, 84, 188, 190, 204, 205–6, 207, 210, 213, 338 Earth from space vision of, 1, 6 eye problem of, 214 family inheritance of, 10, 16, 159, 160–61, 173, 187, 277, 343 intellectual restlessness of, 6, 198, 271 Jennings and, see Jennings, Lois living-off-the-land experiments of, 138–39 logging short story of, 35–36 in on-again/off-again call to activism, 39–40 panic attacks of, 210, 213, 337 Phelan and, see Phelan, Patty philanthropic ideals of, 202–3 psychoanalysis of, 194, 202, 213 in psychotherapy, 194, 202, 213 relentless curiosity of, 2, 6, 17, 37, 91, 290, 301, 323 as role model and symbol, 3, 188–89 vertigo episodes of, 337–38 “We are as gods” hypothesis of, 2, 39, 165, 232, 294, 347–48, 358, 360, 361–62, 364 see also specific projects and publications Brand family: Higgins Lake camp of, 7, 8, 9, 10–11, 21, 30, 209, 289–90, 326, 327 Rockford home of, 11, 12–14 Brando, Marlon, 174, 207, 233 Bread and Wine Mission, 47–48, 74 Breakthough Institute, 340 BriarPatch Food Co-op, 158–59 Brilliant, Larry, 189–90, 263–64 Brockman, John, 136, 160, 177, 216, 252–53, 294–95, 297, 344 as SB’s literary agent, 240, 253, 258, 280, 299, 303, 346 Broderbund, 271, 292 Brown, Elaine, 229 Brown, G.


pages: 296 words: 78,112

Devil's Bargain: Steve Bannon, Donald Trump, and the Storming of the Presidency by Joshua Green

4chan, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bernie Sanders, Biosphere 2, Black Lives Matter, business climate, Cambridge Analytica, Carl Icahn, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, coherent worldview, collateralized debt obligation, conceptual framework, corporate raider, crony capitalism, currency manipulation / currency intervention, data science, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, fake news, Fractional reserve banking, Glass-Steagall Act, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Gordon Gekko, guest worker program, hype cycle, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Jim Simons, junk bonds, liberation theology, low skilled workers, machine translation, Michael Milken, Nate Silver, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, obamacare, open immigration, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, quantitative hedge fund, Renaissance Technologies, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, urban planning, vertical integration

In the meantime, we hung out at political events or at the Capitol Hill headquarters of Breitbart News, which he took over in 2012. Through the years, I discovered seemingly endless new dimensions (and contradictions): his admiration for Rachel Maddow, whom he considered a master of fact-based partisan polemics; his controversial stint overseeing the Biosphere 2 Project in Arizona; his deep interest in Christian mysticism and esoteric Hinduism; and his particular fascination with an obscure, early-twentieth-century French intellectual, René Guénon, who became a Muslim and observed the Sharia—a jarring contrast to the bombastic Islamophobia Bannon often espoused.

., 23–24 Bachmann, Michele, 21 Bannon, Chris, 50 Bannon, Doris, 49–50 Bannon, Martin, 19, 49–50, 88 Bannon, Steve: author’s meeting of, ix, xiii background and career of, x, 2, 5, 21, 48, 49–65 in college, 53–54 on Election Night, 3, 12–14, 16–18, 20 in entertainment and media industry, ix, x, 72–74, 79–89, 108, 132–34, 140, 142, 166 GAI and, 132–33, 141–42, 151, 156–57, 209 Goldman Sachs and, x, 2, 52, 63–65, 67, 69–74, 82, 84, 87, 140–42, 155 at Harvard, 60–65, 67, 68 in high school at Benedictine, 2, 50–53, 204 hobbies of, 119–20 immigration views of, 6, 46, 108, 111, 140, 208 national security degree of, 60 as naval officer, 2, 54–59, 62, 63, 65, 204 Pentagon position of, 59–60 physical appearance of, 2–3, 45, 140 populist-nationalist worldview of, x, xiii, 6, 21, 46, 52, 53, 93, 139–40, 145, 150, 204, 207, 208, 213–14, 222, 241 religious studies and views of, 204–7 as Trump’s campaign strategist, xi–xiii, 2–6, 9–11, 20–22, 53, 197, 200–203, 208–9, 211, 212, 236, 238, 241–42 Trump’s meeting of, 44–46, 93 “Uninvited” conference of, 124–25 Valkyries and, 149–50, 216 in video game industry, x, 81–83, 145–46 views on Islam, x, 51, 58, 84–85, 140, 207 White House role of, xi, 237–39 Bannon & Co., 74, 76–79 Beato, Greg, 91n Begala, Paul, 220–21 Benedict XVI, Pope, 134, 206 Benedictine College Preparatory, 2, 50–53, 204 Berlusconi, Silvio, 78 Bernadette, 75 Biosphere 2 Project, x Blankfein, Lloyd, 9 Blitzer, Wolf, 13, 38 Blizzard Entertainment, 82, 83 Bloomberg Businessweek, xi, xii, 19 Bloomberg News, 122n, 130 Bloomberg Politics–Des Moines Register Iowa poll, 181 Boehner, John, 4, 132, 175–77 Boisi, Geoff, 69–70 Border Wars: The Battle over Illegal Immigration, 87, 108 Bossie, David, xii, 6, 11, 25–32, 47, 114, 116, 200, 201, 209, 215, 221 Citizens United group of, 29–32, 111, 121, 123 Clintons and, 26, 27, 29–31 Trump and, 25, 31, 32, 42–44 Boston Globe, 158 Boyle, Matthew, 149, 163 Brat, David, 110 Brauchli, Marcus, 36 Breitbart, Andrew, 85–91, 130–31, 140, 143–44, 146, 213 death of, 46, 91, 108, 131 Breitbart London, 207 Breitbart News, 46, 72, 89–91, 108–10, 130–32, 135, 143–44, 147, 157, 160, 176, 177, 192, 195, 199, 213 Bannon’s leadership of, x, 4–6, 46, 81, 83, 90, 91, 108, 124–25, 131, 137–51, 164, 166, 183, 187–88, 203, 208, 212–13, 216 Fields and, 192 Fox News and, 171 Kelly and, 172–74 Mercers and, 130–32 Mexican immigration issues and Texas bureau of, 6, 108–10, 149, 163, 164 Trump and, 6, 46, 183 Breitbart Rome, 206 Brexit, 207, 226 Broaddrick, Juanita, 217 Brock, David, 153–54, 157 Brown, Peter, 127, 128, 130 Brzezinski, Mika, 173 Buress, Hannibal, 150 Burke, Raymond Cardinal, 206, 207 Burnett, Mark, 95 Burton, Dan, 25–28, 47, 141 Busey, Gary, 35, 36 Bush, Billy, 214 Bush, George H.


Microserfs by Douglas Coupland

Apple Newton, Big Tech, Biosphere 2, car-free, computer age, El Camino Real, Future Shock, game design, General Magic , guns versus butter model, hive mind, Kevin Kelly, Maui Hawaii, means of production, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Multics, postindustrial economy, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Sand Hill Road, Silicon Valley, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, telemarketer, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, white picket fence

All these little fears: fear of not producing enough; fear of not finding a little white-with-red-printing stock option envelope in the pigeonhole; fear of losing the sensation of actually making something anymore; fear about the slow erosion of perks within the company; fear that the growth years will never return again; fear that the bottom line is the only thing that really drives the process; fear of disposability . . . God, listen to me. What a downer. But sometimes I think it would be so much easier to be jerking espressos in Lynwood, leaving the Tupperware-sealed, Biosphere 2-like atmosphere of Microsoft behind me. And this got me thinking. I looked around and noticed that if you took all of the living things on the Microsoft Campus, separated them into piles, and analyzed the biomass, it would come out to: • 38% Kentucky bluegrass • 19% human beings • .003% Bill • 8% Douglas and balsam fir • 7% Western red cedar • 5% hemlock • 23% other: crows, birch, insects, worms, microbes, nerd aquarium fish, decorator plants in the lobbies

* * * Along I-5, just outside a suburb of Eugene, Oregon, there were all of these houses for sale next to the freeway, and they were putting these desperate signs up to flog them: if you lived here, you would be home right now. Karla honked the horn, waved out the window of the Microbus and pointed at the sign. Convoy humor. We made this rule that we had to honk every time we spotted road kill, and we nearly burned out our horns. * * * On a diner TV set we saw that in Arizona, the eight men and women of Biosphere 2 emerged into the real world after spending two years in a hermetically sealed, self-referential, self-sufficient environment. I certainly empathized with them. And their uniforms were like Star Trek. * * * We switched vehicles and I drove Karla's Microbus for a while, but the Panasonic rice cooker in the rear filled with rattling cassette tapes drove me nuts.


pages: 903 words: 235,753

The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty by Benjamin H. Bratton

1960s counterculture, 3D printing, 4chan, Ada Lovelace, Adam Curtis, additive manufacturing, airport security, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, Anthropocene, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, Biosphere 2, bitcoin, blockchain, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, call centre, capitalist realism, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, carbon-based life, Cass Sunstein, Celebration, Florida, Charles Babbage, charter city, clean water, cloud computing, company town, congestion pricing, connected car, Conway's law, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, dark matter, David Graeber, deglobalization, dematerialisation, digital capitalism, digital divide, disintermediation, distributed generation, don't be evil, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Evgeny Morozov, facts on the ground, Flash crash, Frank Gehry, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fulfillment center, functional programming, future of work, Georg Cantor, gig economy, global supply chain, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Guggenheim Bilbao, High speed trading, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, Ian Bogost, illegal immigration, industrial robot, information retrieval, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jacob Appelbaum, James Bridle, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Joi Ito, Jony Ive, Julian Assange, Khan Academy, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kiva Systems, Laura Poitras, liberal capitalism, lifelogging, linked data, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Masdar, McMansion, means of production, megacity, megaproject, megastructure, Menlo Park, Minecraft, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, Nick Bostrom, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, Oklahoma City bombing, OSI model, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, peak oil, peer-to-peer, performance metric, personalized medicine, Peter Eisenman, Peter Thiel, phenotype, Philip Mirowski, Pierre-Simon Laplace, place-making, planetary scale, pneumatic tube, post-Fordism, precautionary principle, RAND corporation, recommendation engine, reserve currency, rewilding, RFID, Robert Bork, Sand Hill Road, scientific management, self-driving car, semantic web, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, skeuomorphism, Slavoj Žižek, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, Snow Crash, social graph, software studies, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spectrum auction, Startup school, statistical arbitrage, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, Superbowl ad, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, TED Talk, the built environment, The Chicago School, the long tail, the scientific method, Torches of Freedom, transaction costs, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, undersea cable, universal basic income, urban planning, Vernor Vinge, vertical integration, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Washington Consensus, web application, Westphalian system, WikiLeaks, working poor, Y Combinator, yottabyte

If it is not breached and remains a vacuum, then the findings will have diminished significance outside the artificially hermetic environment. If data or some other aspect of the Island microsociety were to leak out, or some of the outside world to link in, on a regular basis, as happened with Biosphere 2 in the Arizona desert, then the experimental noninterference would be breached, to whatever significant or insignificant degree. If breached, then the island is really just one locus among many others in “the whole world,” one that may layer experiments one on another in dense concentration, but one that does what it does in direct (if filtered) relationship with other enclaves and camps.

Synthetic computation shifts what can be sensed, measured, calculated, communicated, or stored and performs feats of organizational cognition at a scale and speed previously unknown. There is a productive and generous cannibalism in this. For some, the friend-enemy distinction is rationalized by the ambiance of vast indoor airport cities, thousands of them each supporting hundreds of millions of people, most skirted by lethal security prophylactics.5 Recall that the Biosphere 2 experiment did have a winner. It was the ants that beat back the cockroaches that made the humans go insane.6 The lesson is that inside a domed totality, massively distributed single-mindedness may be a better evolutionary adaptation than individuated nuanced thinking, and so Google charter cities may be drawn more by stigmergic chemical communication than by glassy formal algorithms.

Maan News Agency, August 28, 2011, http://www.maannews.net/eng/viewdetails.aspx?id=416597. 5.  O. Wainwright, “The World's First Indoor City: A Greatest Hits Mashup of London and New York,” The Guardian, July 9, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2014/jul/09/worlds-first-indoor-city-dubai-mall-of-the-world. 6.  “Biosphere 2 was a giant sealed world. Eight humans were locked in with a mass of flora and other fauna, and a balanced ecosystem was supposed to naturally emerge. But from the start it was completely unbalanced. The CO2 levels started soaring, so the experimenters desperately planted more green plants, but the CO2 continued to rise, then dissolved in the ‘ocean’ and ate their precious coral reef.


pages: 441 words: 113,244

Seasteading: How Floating Nations Will Restore the Environment, Enrich the Poor, Cure the Sick, and Liberate Humanity From Politicians by Joe Quirk, Patri Friedman

3D printing, access to a mobile phone, addicted to oil, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, barriers to entry, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business climate, business cycle, business process, California gold rush, Celtic Tiger, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, Colonization of Mars, Dean Kamen, Deng Xiaoping, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, export processing zone, failed state, financial intermediation, Garrett Hardin, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Kickstarter, low skilled workers, Machinery of Freedom by David Friedman, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, minimum wage unemployment, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open borders, Patri Friedman, paypal mafia, peak oil, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, price stability, profit motive, radical decentralization, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, standardized shipping container, stem cell, TechCrunch disrupt, TED Talk, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, undersea cable, young professional

Sarkum’s out-of-the-box vision earned an honorable mention in eVolo magazine’s 2010 Skyscraper Competition which invites architects to design skyscrapers to solve technological or environmental problems, and it’s attracted more attention than the winners. Speaking of the oceans as “covering more than two-thirds of the Earth’s surface” radically understates the available space in the oceans for colonization. Thirty feet below the surface, waves are not much of a factor. British designer Phil Pauley has developed Sub-Biosphere 2, composed of interconnected spherical modules that could submerge during storms and float at the surface in good weather. This underwater habitat is meant to sustain all life support systems for air, water, food, and electricity by controlling the variant atmospheric pressures that occur at depth.

Anna’s Medical Mission, 242 Star Trek (tv show), 169 start-ups, 28, 30, 36, 37, 140, 148, 216, 228–29, 236 see also specific start-ups stem cell treatment, 238–39 Stephens, Donald, 233 Stephens, Keyon, 233 Stiglitz, Joseph E., 204 Story of Civilization, The (Durant), 289 strategic incrementalism, 59 Straub, Mike, 154 Strong, Michael, 188, 197, 198–99 Sub-Biosphere 2, 173 subsidies, 93 Summers, Larry, 27 Summer Youth Olympics, 9 Sun Microsystems, 29 surveys, 11, 50, 57–59 sushi, 116 Swaminathan, Monkombu Sambasivan, 68 swordfish, 104, 157 symbiosis, 49 Synopsys, 131 Tahiti, 149 Tahiti Field (oil production platform), 19 Taiwan, 157, 195 Takahashi, Patrick Kenji, 54 on closing growth cycle, 122, 143, 158 on floating cities, 143, 144 on hurricanes, 158–59 influence on Blue Revolution, 56, 126–27, 143 introduces Hard Minerals Act, 159–60 on oceans as solar collectors, 144–49 on OTEC, 149–52, 156, 158 on whale sharks, 157–58, 159 Takeuchi, Massaki, 174, 176, 179 Tanka people, 267 Tao Ju, 168 taxes, 260–61 Taylor, Brad, 284 TechCrunch Disrupt (conference), 26 TEDMED (medical conference), 167 telemedicine, 221, 232, 241 teosinte, 81 TerraVia (formerly Solazyme), 135 territorial waters, 11, 13, 264, 270 Tesla Motors, 29, 169 Tetanus (spinoff from Ephemerisle), 35 Thailand, 19, 90, 176, 227 thalassocracy, 267 “thalassophilanthropy,” 23 thalassotherapy, 23 Thiel, Peter, 27–29, 38, 57, 169, 212–13, 216, 241, 263 Thiel Fellowship, 27 Thiel Foundation, 29, 57, 58, 288 3-D printing, 167–71 Time, 121 Titan (spinoff from Ephemerisle), 34–35, 36 Titanic (movie), 124 Titanic (ship), 65, 120, 161 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 214 tofu, 114 tofu shark, 157 Tokyo Bay, 9, 175 Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, 173 topsoil, 82 Touchstone Research Laboratory, 76 “Tragedy of the Commons, The” (Hardin), 106 Transcend Biomedical, 131 Triton City (floating city), 24 trochus (sea snail), 107 trophic steps, 111, 122, 133, 157, 163 Tsukiji Hotel, 173 tsunamis, 257–58 Tufts Energy Competition, 213 tuna, 104, 111, 157 20 Under 20 community, 216 TwoXSea, 116 typhoons, 12, 172, 173 Ultimate Resource The (Simon), 7 Umihotaru (artificial island), 173 Undercurrent News, 127 Unilever, 70, 135 United Nations: Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 13, 264 Food and Agriculture Organization, 49, 70, 104, 158 Human Development Index (HDI), 201, 295 International Labor Organization (ILO), 265 and international law, 303 International Tribunal on Maritime Law, 264–65 political entities in, 265 sovereignty for seasteaders, 17, 177 Third Global Biodiversity Outlook, 104 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), 259 UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), 238 on water use, 67, 68 World Environment Day, 132 Uptightan (spinoff from Ephemerisle), 34–37 urchins, 84 United States, health care costs in, 221–25, 226 US Compassionate Home Health City, 233 US Oosterschelde Barrier, 41 US Steel, 137 van Buren, Remko, 43–44 van de Camp, Paul, 25, 26 van Dongen, Teresa, 261 van Helmont, Jean-Bapiste, 73 Velella (hydrozoan), 118 Velella Mariculture Research Project, 115, 118–21, 149 Venice, 267–68, 283 Venter, Craig, 122 VeriFone, 131 video cameras, 23 Virage, 130 Virgin Group, 268 Virtual Watch Room, 262 Vivaldi, Antonio, 268 Wachowiak, Helmut, 222 Wachtstetter, Lee, 16–17 Wall Street Journal, 231 Wang, Ning, 290 War of the Worlds, The (movie), 272 wars, 132, 166, 267, 270 Washington, George, 287, 290 wastewater treatment plants, 43 water, 5, 65, 67–68, 260 water bankruptcy, 67 Waterstudio, 9, 21, 25, 44, 45–46, 172 Waterworld (movie), 272 wave energy converters, 18 websites, 10, 57, 84, 121, 177, 235, 246, 248, 265 see also specific websites Wei, Peter, 225–28 Weinger, Paul, 59 Welthungerhilfe (World Hunger Aid), 85 whale sharks, 157–58, 159 wheat, 68, 78–79, 80, 81, 92, 139 Wheat Revolution, 92 Willauer, Heather, 136 Williams, John, 136 wind turbines, 18, 261 WineBid, 265 WinSun, 168 Wisconsin State Journal, 229 Wolff, James, 170 Wolf Hilbertz process, 178–79 Wong, Alan, 116 Woodman, Josef, 223 World Bank, 70, 72, 128, 185, 188, 191, 201, 203, 298 World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty, 69 World Economic Forum, 204, 206 World Health Organization, 234 World Hunger Aid (Welthungerhilfe), 85 Worlds in Transition: Evolving Governance Across a Stressed Planet (Camilleri & Falk), 280 World Wildlife Fund, 127 Wright, Orville, 38 Xiaogang Village, 214–15 XPRIZE Foundation, 65 Xu Xiaoping, 216 Yammer, 28, 29 Yelp, 28, 29 YouTube, 29, 212 Zafar, Ali, 203 Zanzibar, 85, 89, 155 Zhai, Baoguang, 122, 209–16 ZhenFund, 216 Zocdoc, 28 Zuckerberg, Mark, 212, 235 Zynga, 28 Free Press An Imprint of Simon & Schuster, Inc. 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2017 by The Seasteading Institute All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.


pages: 157 words: 53,125

The Fifth Risk by Michael Lewis

Albert Einstein, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Biosphere 2, chief data officer, cloud computing, data science, Donald Trump, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, low interest rates, machine readable, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Silicon Valley, Solyndra, Steve Bannon, tail risk, the new new thing, uranium enrichment

She found all sorts of odd groups, outsiders to the space project, unknown to the astronauts’ families, who might be relevant to the new mission: teachers, museum professionals, curriculum supervisors, textbook publishers, exhibition designers, video-tech types, and so on. Plus, an architect. She gathered all these people in Biosphere 2, in Oracle, Arizona, “to get everyone out of their ruts.” Pretty quickly the architect turned the event into a presentation of his plan for the building. Kathy and the others could see that he hadn’t listened to a word anyone had said. She let him go the next day. In the end, the group discussion led to a course aimed at middle-school students.


pages: 339 words: 57,031

From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism by Fred Turner

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1960s counterculture, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, back-to-the-land, Bill Atkinson, bioinformatics, Biosphere 2, book value, Buckminster Fuller, business cycle, Californian Ideology, classic study, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, computer age, Computer Lib, conceptual framework, Danny Hillis, dematerialisation, distributed generation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dr. Strangelove, Dynabook, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, future of work, Future Shock, game design, George Gilder, global village, Golden Gate Park, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, Haight Ashbury, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, informal economy, intentional community, invisible hand, Ivan Sutherland, Jaron Lanier, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Lewis Mumford, market bubble, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, means of production, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Mitch Kapor, Mondo 2000, Mother of all demos, new economy, Norbert Wiener, peer-to-peer, post-industrial society, postindustrial economy, Productivity paradox, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, reality distortion field, Richard Stallman, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, South of Market, San Francisco, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Hackers Conference, the strength of weak ties, theory of mind, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, Yom Kippur War

Now, in the late 1980s, as the cold war wound to a close, Brand, de Geus, and Schwartz melded countercultural and cybernetic rhetoric, practice, and social theory to help corporate executives model and manage their work lives in a post-Fordist economy. In keeping with Brand and de Geus’s first discussions, the six semiannual Learning Conferences were designed to explore the dynamics of group learning. Brand staged the events in environments that he considered to be “learning systems” in their own right. One meeting took place at Biosphere 2 in the Arizona desert; another involved a visit to Danny Hillis’s Thinking Machines Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts; a third brought participants to the Esalen Institute in Big Sur. Like the Media Lab, these sites were meant to be both material and metaphorical. That is, they would allow participants to simultaneously study and engage with a “system” as it learned.

Over its first ten years, GBN held more than thirty meetings. Some meeting themes, such as “Environmental Technology” (for a gathering held in 1991 at the Monterey Bay Aquarium) or “Business and Social Responsibility” (for one at The Hague in 1997), reflected long-standing countercultural concerns. Others, such as “Environment as Infrastructure” (held at Biosphere 2 in 1990) and “Complex Adaptive Systems” (at the Santa Fe Institute in 1991), reflected GBN’s ongoing concern with the legacy of cybernetics. Most, however, brought elements of both those traditions to bear on questions of economic change. Networking the New Economy [ 191 ] “The Network Corporation,” “The Future of Information Services,” “Risk Within and Beyond the Organization,” and “Restructuring the Global Economy” are just a few of the themes around which meetings were organized in the early 1990s.


pages: 220 words: 64,234

Fewer, Better Things: The Hidden Wisdom of Objects by Glenn Adamson

big-box store, Biosphere 2, blood diamond, blue-collar work, Buckminster Fuller, carbon footprint, Charles Babbage, crowdsourcing, dematerialisation, dumpster diving, fake news, Ford Model T, haute couture, informal economy, Jacquard loom, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Kintsugi, Mason jar, post-truth, race to the bottom, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, trade route, VTOL, white flight

., Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain, and the United States (New York: Bard Graduate Center/Yale University Press, 2005), pp. 214–15.   6   Julie Jackson, “Subversive Finds: Hidden Cross-Stitched Messages from a Nazi POW,” Make: (December 21, 2011). Casdagli’s sampler was displayed in the exhibition Power of Making at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2011.   7   The best-known such experiment is Biosphere 2, constructed in Arizona between 1987 and 1991. For a recent fictional account of life inside such a facility, see T. C. Boyle, The Terranauts (New York: Ecco/HarperCollins, 2016).   8   This passage and direct quotes are drawn from an interview with Constance Adams conducted on September 2, 2016.   9   See Constance Adams, “Techne and Logos at the Edge of Space,” in Louise Valentine, ed., Prototype: Design and Craft in the 21st Century (London: Bloomsbury, 2013).


pages: 205 words: 61,903

Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires by Douglas Rushkoff

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andrew Keen, AOL-Time Warner, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, behavioural economics, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, bitcoin, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, Burning Man, buy low sell high, Californian Ideology, carbon credits, carbon footprint, circular economy, clean water, cognitive dissonance, Colonization of Mars, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, CRISPR, data science, David Graeber, DeepMind, degrowth, Demis Hassabis, deplatforming, digital capitalism, digital map, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, European colonialism, Evgeny Morozov, Extinction Rebellion, Fairphone, fake news, Filter Bubble, game design, gamification, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, Google bus, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Haight Ashbury, hockey-stick growth, Howard Rheingold, if you build it, they will come, impact investing, income inequality, independent contractor, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, job automation, John Nash: game theory, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Schumpeter, Just-in-time delivery, liberal capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, megaproject, meme stock, mental accounting, Michael Milken, microplastics / micro fibres, military-industrial complex, Minecraft, mirror neurons, move fast and break things, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Oculus Rift, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), operational security, Patri Friedman, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, Plato's cave, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, QAnon, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Sam Altman, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, SimCity, Singularitarianism, Skinner box, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, surveillance capitalism, tech billionaire, tech bro, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, the medium is the message, theory of mind, TikTok, Torches of Freedom, Tragedy of the Commons, universal basic income, urban renewal, warehouse robotics, We are as Gods, WeWork, Whole Earth Catalog, work culture , working poor

Notes Introduction: Meet The Mindset     5   Elon Musk colonizing Mars : Mike Wall, “Mars Colony Would Be a Hedge against World War III, Elon Musk Says,” Space.com , March 28, 2018, https:// www .space .com /40112 -elon -musk -mars -colony -world -war -3 .html.     5   Peter Thiel reversing the aging process : Maya Kossoff, “Peter Thiel Wants to Inject Himself with Young People’s Blood,” Vanity Fair , August 1, 2016, 2021, https:// www .vanityfair .com /news /2016 /08 /peter -thiel -wants -to -inject -himself -with -young -peoples -blood.     5   uploading their minds : Alexandra Richards, “Silicon Valley billionaire pays company thousands ‘to be killed and have his brain digitally preserved forever,’ ” Evening Standard , March 15, 2018, https:// www .standard .co .uk /news /world /silicon -valley -billionaire -pays -company -thousands -to -kill -him -and -preserve -his -brain -forever -a3790871 .html.     8   “fairer” phones : Bas Van Abel, interview with Douglas Rushkoff, Team Human podcast, March 29, 2017, https:// www .teamhuman .fm /episodes /ep -30 -bas -van -abel -fingerprints -on -the -touchscreen.   10   cars into space : Joel Gunter, “Elon Musk: The Man Who Sent His Sports Car into Space,” BBC , February 10, 2018, https:// www .bbc .com /news /science -environment -42992143.   10   Biosphere trials : Steve Rose, “Eight Go Mad in Arizona: How a Lockdown Experiment Went Horribly Wrong,” Guardian , July 13, 2020, https:// www .theguardian .com /film /2020 /jul /13 /spaceship -earth -arizona -biosphere -2 -lockdown. Chapter 1: The Insulation Equation   13   posted an article : Douglas Rushkoff, “Survival of the Richest: The Wealthy Are Plotting to Leave Us Behind,” Medium , July 5, 2018, https:// onezero .medium .com /survival -of -the -richest -9ef6cddd0cc1.   16   publishes pieces : J.


pages: 558 words: 175,965

When the Heavens Went on Sale: The Misfits and Geniuses Racing to Put Space Within Reach by Ashlee Vance

"Peter Beck" AND "Rocket Lab", 3D printing, Airbnb, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Biosphere 2, bitcoin, Burning Man, Charles Lindbergh, cloud computing, Colonization of Mars, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, deepfake, disinformation, Elon Musk, Ernest Rutherford, fake it until you make it, Google Earth, hacker house, Hyperloop, intentional community, Iridium satellite, James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, Kwajalein Atoll, lockdown, low earth orbit, Maui Hawaii, McMansion, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, off-the-grid, overview effect, Peter Thiel, Planet Labs, private spaceflight, Rainbow Mansion, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, SoftBank, South China Sea, South of Market, San Francisco, SpaceX Starlink, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Steve Wozniak, Strategic Defense Initiative, synthetic biology, tech billionaire, TikTok, Virgin Galactic

Every New Year’s, we find a site for the event. Ideally, the site will be a place that humanity has built that reflects something larger than life. We went to the Arecibo Observatory once, where the world’s largest telescope is in the middle of a jungle, and we took it over. We had another one at the Biosphere 2 complex, which is a set of glass pyramids in the desert that have jungles and oceans and deserts inside of them. It was airtight and completely separate from the outside world. We broke into it, of course, and took that over, too. These are places where I think we can truly reflect on what people are capable of doing.

“Pete” Beck and, 207 espionage accusations and, 68 Google and, 58, 61, 64–65 growth of, 42–43 LADEE and, 57 lunar lander and, 55–57 Anisimov, Artiom, 403, 430–432, 447–448, 456, 460, 461, 465, 468, 476 Antares rockets, 29, 95, 104, 445, 493n “antigravity device,” 414 Antonov cargo plane, 446n Apollo mission, 42 Arecibo Observatory, 274 artificial intelligence (AI), image analysis and, 120–122 Astra in Alaska, 319–336, 338–354 attention given to, 317 engine tests at, 301–303 financial issues and, 326, 327, 370–374, 378, 379, 381–382 funding and, 365, 366, 383 goals of, 309–310, 364, 384 going public, 385–391, 393–394 growth of, 300 headquarters of, 397 Kemp and, 59 launch attempts and, 360–361, 375–376, 379–383, 391–393 “Launch Challenge” and, 369–370, 374–375 launch delays and, 326–334, 338 launch dress rehearsal and, 329–331 launch failures and, 335–336, 340–343, 345, 347, 349–354, 363–364 launch locations and, 303–304 launch process and, 345–347 moving rocket and, 302–306 name change to, 294 offices of, 310–311, 368 race to reach orbit and, 230 recent work of, 491–493 Rocket 2 and, 337–354 Rocket 3 and, 395 Rocket Lab and, 337–338, 349–350, 365 RV camp at, 355–358 security and, 301 Skyhawk space and, 367–369 static fire test and, 314–318 Atchison, Tom, 90–91 Ātea-1, 186–193, 195 autism spectrum, image analysts and, 119 Baiknour Cosmodrome, 442 Balls, 90 Beal, Andrew, 418 Beal Aerospace, 418 Bechtolsheim, Andy, 251n Beck, Peter Astra and, 332, 349–350, 381, 388 background of, 147–157 early days of Rocket Lab and, 183–186 early rocket experiments of, 159–166 Electron rocket and, 209–213 field trips with, 244 first launch and, 190–193, 226 founding of Rocket Lab and, 16, 137, 179–182 funding and, 203–204, 205–207, 209, 214, 224, 229 headquarters and, 230 Humanity Star and, 228 importance of to Rocket Lab’s success, 244–245 at IRL, 169–171 Kemp and, 254, 365–366 launch challenges and, 220–221 launch site and, 216–218 Merkel and, 232 military and, 187, 195–199, 202–203 motivations of, 245–246 Musk and, 241–243 new hires and, 236–238 Number 8 wire mentality and, 159 recent work of, 490 regulatory efforts and, 222–223 Rocket and, 180–181 Rocket Lab and, 138–141, 142–146 schedule and, 224 sounding rockets and, 178–179, 182 on “spiral of doom,” 189 stock options and, 235 success of, 17 third launch and, 239, 240–241 United States visit and, 172–177 US offices and, 234 work ethic of, 201 yacht work and, 166–167, 168–169 Beck, Russell, 148–151, 153 BeNaughty, 438 Beresheet lander, 476 Beta, 395, 426, 455 Beukelaers, Vincent, 101 Bezos, Jeff, 13, 17, 18–19, 420 Biblarz, Oscar, 162 Biefeld-Brown effect, 414 Biosphere 2, 274 Black Rock Desert, 90 BlackRock, 387 Blair, Tony, 84 Bloom Energy, 251–252 Bloomberg Businessweek, 470 Blue Origin, 17, 420–421, 449n Blum, Michael, 423–424 Boeing, 53, 443n, 454 Bolden, Charles, Jr., 423 Boshuizen, Chris arrival of at Ames, 62–63 departure from Planet Labs of, 488 founding of Planet Labs and, 100–102 goals of, 26 Lego satellite and, 87–88 PhoneSat project and, 89–96, 97 small satellites and, 98–100 Worden and, 50, 51 “bouncy houses of death,” 113 Boyd, Jack, 42 Branson, Richard, 13, 207, 421, 458 Brexit, 428 Brieschenk, Stefan, 211–212, 213 Brin, Sergey, 55, 65, 77, 104n, 111n, 298, 489, 490 Brockert, Ben, 282, 290–293, 307, 318, 324–330, 332, 341, 391 Bruno, Vita, 304 bungee jumping, 54–55 Buran space shuttle, 437 Burning Man, 253–254, 313–314, 357 Bush, George W., 53 Buzza, Tim, 7n, 9, 301n carbon fiber, 140, 166, 169–170, 186, 189, 198, 209, 263, 364, 426 Cardillo, Robert, 475 Carlson, Roger, 324, 326–333, 338, 343–347, 391 Carter, Doug, 170, 179, 184n Castle Air Force Base, 369 Ceperley, Dan, 482–483 Cheriton, David, 251n China, 112–115, 122 Classmates.com, 273 Clementine mission, 47 Clinton, Hillary, 297–298 Cold War, 145, 437, 444 Common and the Black Keys, 62 CORONA, 115–117, 461 Cosmogia, 96, 100 covid pandemic, 378–379, 389, 460, 476 Cowan-Sharp, Jessy Kate.


pages: 864 words: 222,565

Inventor of the Future: The Visionary Life of Buckminster Fuller by Alec Nevala-Lee

Adam Neumann (WeWork), Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, American energy revolution, Apple II, basic income, Biosphere 2, blockchain, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, Charles Lindbergh, cloud computing, Columbine, complexity theory, Computer Lib, coronavirus, cotton gin, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, declining real wages, digital nomad, double helix, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, East Village, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Elon Musk, Evgeny Morozov, Frank Gehry, gentrification, gig economy, global village, Golden Gate Park, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, hydraulic fracturing, index card, information retrieval, James Dyson, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kitchen Debate, Lao Tzu, lateral thinking, Lean Startup, Lewis Mumford, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, megastructure, Menlo Park, minimum viable product, Mother of all demos, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, Own Your Own Home, Paul Graham, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, reality distortion field, remote working, Ronald Reagan, side project, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Ted Nelson, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the medium is the message, Thomas Malthus, universal basic income, urban planning, urban renewal, We are as Gods, WeWork, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

It led to $150 million in funding from the businessman Ed Bass, with the goal of building a closed ecological system to house a human crew for two years. Allen credited its basic “epiphany” to Fuller: “The idea that Bucky had, that we developed, was to make a model of the Earth’s biosphere.” They called it Biosphere 2. Peter Pearce, a former colleague of Fuller’s, was hired to design and build a space frame that enclosed three acres in Arizona, with a pressure control system housed in two domes. In 1991 its crew of eight entered to considerable fanfare, but a rise in carbon dioxide forced them to artificially introduce oxygen.

., 69 Balanchine, George, 214 Baldwin, Jay, 368–369, 441, 468, 514n132 ball clock, 221 “Ballistics of Civilization” (Fuller), 169 Banham, Reyner, 293 Barcroft, Taylor, 1–3 Bardacke, Gregory, 193, 194, 205 “bare maximum” concept, 363 Barr, Alfred, 175–176 Basing, Charles, 80 Bass, Ed, 470 Bassett, John, 354 bathroom project, 160–161, 160fig, 162–164, 220 Battiste, Roy, 373 Battlestar Galactica, 387 Bauersfeld, Walther, 244 Bauhaus school, 81, 115, 129, 220, 229, 274 Bayer, Herbert, 189, 540n238, 564n266 Bear Island, Maine Alexandra and, 72 Allegra and, 117 ecological threats to, 389 Fuller on, 27–28, 28fig, 29, 30, 32–33, 34, 62, 71, 76, 117, 123, 128, 293, 349, 381 Lacey on, 214 loss of share of, 154 renting out of, 173 Tomkins on, 331–332 Beard, Marjorie, 62 Beatty, Warren, 347–348 Beaux Arts Ball, 58, 124 bebop, 234 Becker, Sal, 373 Beckett, Samuel, 364, 365, 370 Beckett Theatre, 364–365, 377–378, 404 Bedford, Gladys, 72 Beech, Walter, 195–196 Beech Aircraft, 193–194, 197, 207, 210 Béhar, Yves, 12, 469 “Being with Bucky,” 408, 410 Beirn, Ken, 183, 192 Bel Geddes, Norman, 154, 278–279 Bell, Alexander Graham, 256–257 Bell Telephone, 157 Bellinger, Patrick, 64, 65, 66, 137 Ben-Eli, Michael, 336, 373–374, 384, 391 Benshetrit, Dror, 471 Benson Manufacturing of Missouri, 186 Berger Brothers, 288 Bernofsky, Gene, 334, 335 Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 554n296 Better Homes and Gardens, 286 Beyond the Horizon (O’Neill), 70 Bezos, Jeff, 472 Biddle, Anna “Nannie,” 136, 138–139, 140, 141, 143–144, 148, 154 Big House, Bear Island, Maine, 30 biohacking, 11 biology, Fuller’s interest in, 316–317 Biosphere, 410 Biosphere 2, 470 Black Mountain College, 227–233, 230fig, 237–243, 239fig Blake, Peter, 234, 301–302, 328 Blouke, Pierre, 110 Blue Hills Reservation state park, 25 Board of Economic Warfare (BEW), 180–181, 182, 183, 192 Bodky, Erwin, 232 Boggs, Samuel Whittemore, 185 Bonenkamp, Nettie, 94, 95 Bonnie and Clyde, 347–348 Borland, John Nelson, II, 93 Boudreau Machine and Tool Company, 139 Boy-Ed, Karl, 60–61 Bragdon, Claude, 111 Braggiotti, Mario, 168 brain/mind distinction, 355 Brancusi, Constantin, 120, 121 Brand, Stewart Clock of the Long Now and, 472 on dome, 400 in Fuller’s classes, 338 Fuller’s legacy and, 366 on Great Depression, 120 Joint Computer Conference and, 357–358 Kahn and, 368 meeting with in California, 338 as outlier, 359 Whole Earth Catalog and, 4, 356–357 whole earth photo and, 352–353 Brave New World (Huxley), 387 Brazil, 188, 189 Breath (Beckett), 370 Breck, John, 183 Breines, Simon, 129 Brenneman, Richard J., 596n432 Brewer, Kidd, 252 Brezhnev, Leonid, 375 Bridges, Jeff, 467 British Commonwealth Scientific Office, 191 Brokaw, Clare Boothe (later Luce) Hale and, 167–168 later interactions with, 183, 193, 438 Milan Triennale and, 271, 547n272 Presidential Medal of Freedom and, 443 relationship with, 149–151, 169 Vanity Fair and, 134–135 Bromberg, Manuel, 236, 257, 547n269 Brook Farm, 38 Brooklyn Dodgers, 278–280 Brooks, Jefferson Davis, III, 282 Brooks, Louise, 98 Browall, Harold, 154 Brown, Howard, 388, 412, 440, 468 Brown, Jerry, 400, 435 Brownjohn, Robert, 234 Bryan, Joseph “J.,” III, 504n95 Bryn Mawr College, 383, 449 Bubble House, 252, 259 Buck, Pearl S., 593n426 Buckley, William F., Jr., 382 Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario (Fuller), 433 Buckminster Fuller: At Home in the Universe (Hatch), 398 Buckminster Fuller Institute, 468, 589n415 Buckminster Fuller Reader, The (Fuller), 370 Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (Fuller), 384 Buckminster Fuller’s Universe (Sieden), 16 buckminsterfullerene, 9, 462–467, 465fig Bucky (Kenner), 389–390 buckyball.


pages: 326 words: 88,968

The Science and Technology of Growing Young: An Insider's Guide to the Breakthroughs That Will Dramatically Extend Our Lifespan . . . And What You Can Do Right Now by Sergey Young

23andMe, 3D printing, Albert Einstein, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, basic income, Big Tech, bioinformatics, Biosphere 2, brain emulation, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive bias, computer vision, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, deep learning, digital twin, diversified portfolio, Doomsday Clock, double helix, Easter island, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, European colonialism, game design, Gavin Belson, George Floyd, global pandemic, hockey-stick growth, impulse control, Internet of things, late capitalism, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, lockdown, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, microbiome, microdosing, moral hazard, mouse model, natural language processing, personalized medicine, plant based meat, precision agriculture, radical life extension, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, tech billionaire, TED Talk, uber lyft, ultra-processed food, universal basic income, Virgin Galactic, Vision Fund, X Prize

,” Safety.com, last modified January 13, 2020, https://www.safety.com/ridesharing-reduce-drunk-driving-incidents/. 16Ricki J. Colman et al., “Caloric Restriction Delays Disease Onset and Mortality in Rhesus Monkeys,” Science 325, no. 5937 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173635.; Sally E. Silverstone, “Food production and nutrition for the crew during the first 2-year closure of Biosphere 2,” Life support & biosphere science 4, no. 3-4 (1997); Christopher Turner, “Ingestion / Planet in a Bottle,” Cabinet Magazine, last modified Spring, 2011, http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/41/turner.php.; Mark P. Mattson, Valter D. Longo, and Michelle Harvie, “Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes,” Ageing research reviews 39 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005.; Alessio Nencioni et al., “Fasting and cancer: molecular mechanisms and clinical application,” Nature reviews.


Western USA by Lonely Planet

airport security, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Apple II, Asilomar, back-to-the-land, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Biosphere 2, Burning Man, California gold rush, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, Charles Lindbergh, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cotton gin, Donner party, East Village, edge city, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Frank Gehry, global village, Golden Gate Park, Haight Ashbury, haute couture, haute cuisine, illegal immigration, intermodal, Joan Didion, Kickstarter, Loma Prieta earthquake, machine readable, Mahatma Gandhi, Mars Rover, Maui Hawaii, off grid, off-the-grid, retail therapy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South of Market, San Francisco, starchitect, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, supervolcano, trade route, transcontinental railway, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, Virgin Galactic, women in the workforce, Works Progress Administration, young professional, Zipcar

Around Tucson The places listed following are less than 1½ hours’ drive from town and make great day trips. NORTH OF TUCSON About 35 miles away from downtown via backcountry roads, Biosphere 2 ( 520-896-6200; www.b2science.org; 32540 S Biosphere Rd, Oracle; adult/child/senior $20/13/18; 9am-4pm) is a 3-acre glassed dome housing seven separate microhabitats – a jungle, a desert, a swamp – designed to be self-sustaining. In 1991 eight bionauts entered Biosphere 2 for a two-year tour of duty, during which they were physically cut off from the outside world. They emerged thinner, but in fair shape. Although this experiment could be used as a prototype for future space stations, it was privately funded and controversial.


pages: 458 words: 134,028

Microtrends: The Small Forces Behind Tomorrow's Big Changes by Mark Penn, E. Kinney Zalesne

addicted to oil, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, big-box store, Biosphere 2, call centre, corporate governance, David Brooks, Donald Trump, extreme commuting, Exxon Valdez, feminist movement, Future Shock, glass ceiling, God and Mammon, Gordon Gekko, haute couture, hygiene hypothesis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, independent contractor, index card, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, labor-force participation, late fees, life extension, low cost airline, low interest rates, low skilled workers, mobile money, new economy, Paradox of Choice, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Renaissance Technologies, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Rubik’s Cube, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Superbowl ad, the payments system, Thomas L Friedman, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, War on Poverty, white picket fence, women in the workforce, Y2K

Similar experiments have shown the same effects in mice, hamsters, spiders, worms, fish, flies, monkeys, and dogs. And when they eat that much less, these animals not only live longer—they are healthier and more vibrant right until the end. One indication that Calorie Restriction (CR) works the same way in people comes from the Biosphere 2 experiment in the 1990s, when eight bioscientists locked themselves in an airtight terrarium for two years, only to find that the ecosystem, intended to be self-sustaining, barely produced enough food to keep them alive. But rather than abandon the experiment, they were persuaded by their physician, Roy Walford—who fifteen years later founded the Calorie Restriction diet—to live at mere subsistence levels.


Southwest USA Travel Guide by Lonely Planet

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Berlin Wall, Biosphere 2, Burning Man, carbon footprint, Columbine, Day of the Dead, Donner party, El Camino Real, friendly fire, G4S, haute couture, haute cuisine, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), low earth orbit, machine readable, off grid, off-the-grid, place-making, SpaceShipOne, supervolcano, trade route, transcontinental railway, Virgin Galactic, walkable city, Works Progress Administration, X Prize

Camping (campsites $25) is available at 85 electric, first-come, first-served sites; suitable for tents or RVs. Biosphere 2BIOSPHERE (520-838-6200; www.b2science.org; 32540 S Biosphere Rd, Oracle; adult/child/senior $20/13/18; 9am-4pm) Built to be completelysealed off from Biosphere 1 (that would be Earth), Biosphere 2 is a 3-acre campus of glass domes and pyramids containing five ecosystems: tropical ocean, mangrove wetlands, tropical rainforest, savannahand coastal fog desert. In 1991, eight biospherians were sealed inside for a two-year tour of duty from which they emerged thinner but in pretty fair shape.

After several changes in ownership, the sci-fi-esque site is now a University of Arizona-run earth science research institute. Public tours take in the biospherians’ apartments, farm area and kitchen, the one-million gallon ‘tropical ocean’ and the ‘technosphere’ that holds the mechanics that made it all possible. Biosphere 2 is near Oracle, about 30 miles north of Tucson via Hwy 77 (Oracle Rd) or 30 miles east of the I-10 (exit 240, east on Tangerine Rd, then north on Hwy 77). No pets. Casa Grande Ruins National MonumentNATIONAL MONUMENT (520-723-3172; www.nps.gov/cagr; 1100 W Ruins Dr, Coolidge; adult/child $5/free; 9am-5pm) Built around AD 1350, Casa Grande (Big House) is the country’s largest Hohokam structures still standing, with 11 rooms spread across four floors and mud walls several feet thick.


pages: 1,324 words: 159,290

Grand Transitions: How the Modern World Was Made by Vaclav Smil

8-hour work day, agricultural Revolution, AltaVista, Anthropocene, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, Boeing 747, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, clean water, complexity theory, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, energy transition, European colonialism, Extinction Rebellion, Ford Model T, garden city movement, general purpose technology, Gini coefficient, Google Hangouts, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Rosling, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of movable type, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Just-in-time delivery, knowledge economy, Law of Accelerating Returns, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, megacity, meta-analysis, microplastics / micro fibres, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, old age dependency ratio, peak oil, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, power law, precision agriculture, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Republic of Letters, Robert Solow, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Singularitarianism, Skype, Steven Pinker, Suez canal 1869, the built environment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, total factor productivity, urban decay, urban planning, urban sprawl, working-age population

That dilemma is whether the management of the fifth transition will determine the real success or eventual failure of the first four epochal shifts, and at this point it is impossible to say if we will succeed (at least to a large extent) or if we will largely fail in the most fundamental quest, that of maintaining a habitable biosphere. 2 Populations Demographic transitions have resulted in an epochal shift that was engendered by other major, unprecedented transformations and that has, in turn, brought a variety of social, economic, political, and environmental consequences. Inevitably, this process has been a major subject of modern population studies ever since its notion emerged during the 1930s.


pages: 753 words: 233,306

Collapse by Jared Diamond

biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, California energy crisis, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, Donner party, Easter island, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, Garrett Hardin, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, job satisfaction, low interest rates, means of production, Medieval Warm Period, megaproject, new economy, North Sea oil, Piper Alpha, polynesian navigation, prisoner's dilemma, South Sea Bubble, statistical model, Stewart Brand, Thomas Malthus, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, unemployed young men

Elimination of lots of lousy little species regularly causes big harmful consequences for humans, just as does randomly knocking out many of the lousy little rivets holding together an airplane. The literally innumerable examples include: the role of earthworms in regenerating soil and maintaining its texture (one of the reasons that oxygen levels dropped inside the Biosphere 2 enclosure, harming its human inhabitants and crippling a colleague of mine, was a lack of appropriate earthworms, contributing to altered soil/atmosphere gas exchange); soil bacteria that fix the essential crop nutrient nitrogen, which otherwise we have to spend money to supply in fertilizers; bees and other insect pollinators (they pollinate our crops for free, whereas it's expensive for us to pollinate every crop flower by hand); birds and mammals that disperse wild fruits (foresters still haven't figured out how to grow from seed the most important commercial tree species of the Solomon Islands, whose seeds are naturally dispersed by fruit bats, which are becoming hunted out); elimination of whales, sharks, bears, wolves, and other top predators in the seas and on the land, changing the whole food chain beneath them; and wild plants and animals that decompose wastes and recycle nutrients, ultimately providing us with clean water and air. 4.


pages: 801 words: 242,104

Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond

biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, California energy crisis, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, Donner party, Easter island, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, Garrett Hardin, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, job satisfaction, low interest rates, means of production, Medieval Warm Period, megaproject, new economy, North Sea oil, Piper Alpha, polynesian navigation, profit motive, South Sea Bubble, statistical model, Stewart Brand, Thomas Malthus, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, unemployed young men

Elimination of lots of lousy little species regularly causes big harmful consequences for humans, just as does randomly knocking out many of the lousy little rivets holding together an airplane. The literally innumerable examples include: the role of earthworms in regenerating soil and maintaining its texture (one of the reasons that oxygen levels dropped inside the Biosphere 2 enclosure, harming its human inhabitants and crippling a colleague of mine, was a lack of appropriate earthworms, contributing to altered soil/atmosphere gas exchange); soil bacteria that fix the essential crop nutrient nitrogen, which otherwise we have to spend money to supply in fertilizers; bees and other insect pollinators (they pollinate our crops for free, whereas it’s expensive for us to pollinate every crop flower by hand); birds and mammals that disperse wild fruits (foresters still haven’t figured out how to grow from seed the most important commercial tree species of the Solomon Islands, whose seeds are naturally dispersed by fruit bats, which are becoming hunted out); elimination of whales, sharks, bears, wolves, and other top predators in the seas and on the land, changing the whole food chain beneath them; and wild plants and animals that decompose wastes and recycle nutrients, ultimately providing us with clean water and air. 4.


pages: 945 words: 292,893

Seveneves by Neal Stephenson

Apollo 13, Biosphere 2, clean water, Colonization of Mars, Danny Hillis, digital map, double helix, epigenetics, fault tolerance, Fellow of the Royal Society, Filipino sailors, gravity well, hydroponic farming, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, kremlinology, Kuiper Belt, low earth orbit, machine readable, microbiome, military-industrial complex, Neal Stephenson, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, phenotype, Potemkin village, pre–internet, random walk, remote working, selection bias, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snow Crash, space junk, statistical model, Stewart Brand, supervolcano, tech billionaire, TED Talk, the scientific method, Tunguska event, VTOL, zero day, éminence grise

And anyway, could the arklets really support five humans each? Without a doubt they were large enough for five people to bang around in, but it was not at all clear that each could be self-sufficient in food production. Building a sustainable ecosystem in a tube the size of a railway tank car was no small task. Biosphere 2, a well-known experiment in the Arizona desert, had attempted to support eight people on an ecosystem the size of a couple of football fields, and been unable to make it work long term. But its mission had been clouded by political strife and odd quasi-spiritual factors. A more down-to-earth project run by the Soviets had determined that eight square meters of algae—an expanse of pond scum about the size of two ping-pong tables—was needed to keep a single human supplied with oxygen.


USA Travel Guide by Lonely, Planet

1960s counterculture, active transport: walking or cycling, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Asilomar, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, big-box store, bike sharing, Biosphere 2, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Burning Man, California gold rush, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, congestion pricing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cotton gin, cuban missile crisis, Day of the Dead, desegregation, Donald Trump, Donner party, Dr. Strangelove, East Village, edge city, El Camino Real, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, gentleman farmer, gentrification, glass ceiling, global village, Golden Gate Park, Guggenheim Bilbao, Haight Ashbury, haute couture, haute cuisine, Hernando de Soto, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, immigration reform, information trail, interchangeable parts, intermodal, jitney, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, license plate recognition, machine readable, Mars Rover, Mason jar, mass immigration, Maui Hawaii, McMansion, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Neil Armstrong, new economy, New Urbanism, obamacare, off grid, off-the-grid, Quicken Loans, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, retail therapy, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, starchitect, stealth mode startup, stem cell, supervolcano, the built environment, The Chicago School, the High Line, the payments system, three-martini lunch, trade route, transcontinental railway, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Virgin Galactic, walkable city, white flight, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional, Zipcar

Around Tucson The places listed following are less than 1½ hours’ drive from town and make great day trips. NORTH OF TUCSON About 35 miles away from downtown via backcountry roads, Biosphere 2 ( 520-896-6200; www.b2science.org; 32540 S Biosphere Rd, Oracle; adult/child/senior $20/13/18; 9am-4pm) is a 3-acre glassed dome housing seven separate microhabitats – a jungle, a desert, a swamp – designed to be self-sustaining. In 1991 eight bionauts entered Biosphere 2 for a two-year tour of duty, during which they were physically cut off from the outside world. They emerged thinner, but in fair shape. Although this experiment could be used as a prototype for future space stations, it was privately funded and controversial.