classic study

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Hive Mind: How Your Nation’s IQ Matters So Much More Than Your Own by Garett Jones

behavioural economics, centre right, classic study, clean water, corporate governance, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, en.wikipedia.org, experimental economics, Flynn Effect, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, hive mind, invisible hand, Kenneth Arrow, law of one price, meta-analysis, prediction markets, Robert Gordon, Ronald Coase, Saturday Night Live, social intelligence, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Tyler Cowen, wikimedia commons, zero-sum game

Or instead are they more likely to come to the insight of economist Gordon Tullock, who stopped voting once he learned that he was more likely to die in an accident on the way to the voting booth than he was to change the outcome of the election? Early studies of who votes looked at years of education, which of course has a moderate to strong relationship with IQ. In a classic study from the 1970s, aptly titled Who Votes, political scientists Wolfinger and Rosenstone concluded, The core finding is the transcendent importance of education. . . . [T]he personal qualities that raise the probability of voting are the skills that make learning about politics easier and more gratifying and reduce the difficulties of voting.8 The positive link between education and voting turns up in many countries.

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Pande argues that informed voters can hold politicians accountable: they remember if the politician was corrupt, effective, scandalous, whatever. Recalling the famous Dali painting with the melting clock—the one on the cover of Barro and Sala-i-Martin’s textbook—let’s call this the “persistence of memory” channel.14 As one piece of evidence she discusses a classic study by economists Ferraz and Finan of Brazilian government audits: Brazil’s central government mandated audits in some regions but not others, and so Ferraz and Finan could compare how voters treated incumbent mayors both pre- and post-audit, as well as between audited and non-audited regions.15 Yes, the audits mattered, but it also turns out that radio mattered: radio, that key source of low-cost information for so many people around the world.

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The Social Construction of Opinion Exactly what is the effect of the opinions of others on our own? Solomon Asch, “Opinions and Social Pressure”17 We’ve seen evidence of conformity in the classroom and after a neighbor wins the lottery, but the most famous conformity study deserves a moment of our time. The classic study: social psychologist Solomon Asch puts a group of students in a room, and they’re all shown three lines drawn on a piece of cardboard, labeled A, B, C. The second line is clearly the longest and C is clearly the shortest. Students are asked, one by one, to say out loud which of the lines is longest.

Mastermind: How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes by Maria Konnikova

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, availability heuristic, Bluma Zeigarnik, classic study, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, delayed gratification, fear of failure, feminist movement, functional fixedness, Lao Tzu, pre–internet, Richard Feynman, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Walter Mischel

The effect disappeared if subjects were first made explicitly aware of the rainy day: if they were asked about the weather prior to stating their happiness level, the weather no longer had an impact. In studies of the effect of the environment on emotion, if a nonemotional reason is given for a subject’s state, the prime effect is likewise eliminated. For instance, in one of the classic studies of emotion, if you’re given a shot of adrenaline and then you interact with someone who is displaying strong emotion (which could be either positive or negative), you are likely to mirror that emotion. However, if you are told the shot you received will have physically arousing effects, the mirroring will be mitigated.

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What separates Holmes from Watson, the passive observer from the active one, engaged passivity from disengaged activity, is precisely the descriptor I’ve used in both cases: engagement. Flow. Motivation. Interest. Call it what you may. That thing that keeps Holmes focused exclusively on his visitor, that enraptures him and prevents his mind from wandering anywhere but to the object at hand. In a set of classic studies, a group of Harvard researchers set out to demonstrate that active perceivers categorize and characterize on a near-subconscious level, automatically and without much thought, but then fail to implement the final step of correction—even when they have all of the information to do so—and so end up with an impression of someone that does not take into account all of the variables of the interaction.

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You are led into a room with a table. On the table are three items: a box of tacks, a book of matches, and a candle. You are told that you have only one assignment: attach the candle to the wall. You can take as much time as you need. How do you proceed? If you are like over 75 percent of the participants in the now-classic study by the Gestalt psychologist Karl Duncker, you would likely try one of two routes. You might try to tack the candle onto the wall—but you’ll quickly find that method to be futile. Or you might try to light the candle and use the dripping wax to attach it to the wall, foregoing the box of tacks entirely (after all, you might think, it could be a distracter!).

The Eureka Factor by John Kounios

active measures, Albert Einstein, Bluma Zeigarnik, call centre, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, classic study, deliberate practice, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, Flynn Effect, functional fixedness, Google Hangouts, impulse control, invention of the telephone, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, meta-analysis, Necker cube, pattern recognition, Silicon Valley, Skype, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, theory of mind, US Airways Flight 1549, Wall-E, William of Occam

Loyd, Cyclopedia of Puzzles: en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Creativity_-_An_Overview/Thinking_outside_the_box#mediaviewer/File:Eggpuzzle.jpg. 3 An early classic study of the Nine-Dot Problem is described in N. R. F. Maier, “Reasoning in Humans: I. On Direction,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 10 (1930): 115–43. An example of a recent cognitive psychology study of the Nine-Dot Problem is described in T. C. Kershaw and S. Ohlsson, “Multiple Causes of Difficulty in Insight: The Case of the Nine-Dot Problem,” Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition 30 (2004): 3–13. Here is another solution to the Nine-Dot Problem. This one uses three, rather than four, lines: 4 The classic study of the Two-String Problem was conducted by N.

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The diagram of the brain shown in figure 3.9 is reproduced from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_headBorder.jpg. 2 The study of problem solving in patients with frontal lobe damage is described in C. Reverberi et al., “Better Without (Lateral) Frontal Cortex? Insight Problems Solved by Frontal Patients,” Brain 128 (2005): 2882–90. Think Smart, Not More 1 The classic study of the cognitive foundations of expertise in chess was written by A. D. de Groot, Thought and Choice in Chess, 2nd ed. (The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1965). A recent article discusses more recent perspectives and misquotations of de Groot’s work: M. Bilalic, P. McLeod, and F. Gobet, “Expert and ‘Novice’ Problem Solving Strategies in Chess: Sixty Years of Citing de Groot (1946),” Thinking and Reasoning 14 (2008): 395–408.

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Morton and Rafto’s findings of hemispheric asymmetry are discussed in B. E. Morton and S. E. Rafto, “Behavioral Laterality Advance: Neuroanatomical Evidence for the Existence of Hemisity,” Personality and Individual Differences 49 (2010): 34–42. CHAPTER 12: CARROTS AND STICKS * * * The Paradox of Motivation 1 Glucksberg’s classic study of the effects of financial incentives on performance in solving the Candle Problem is described in S. Glucksberg, “The Influence of Strength of Drive on Functional Fixedness and Perceptual Recognition,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 63 (1962): 36–41. Figure 12.1 is taken from upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Genimage.jpg.

Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain by John Darwin

Alfred Russel Wallace, British Empire, classic study, colonial rule, Corn Laws, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, European colonialism, financial independence, friendly fire, full employment, imperial preference, Khartoum Gordon, Khyber Pass, Kowloon Walled City, land tenure, mass immigration, Nelson Mandela, open economy, plutocrats, principal–agent problem, quantitative easing, reserve currency, Right to Buy, Scientific racism, South China Sea, special economic zone, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade route, transcontinental railway, union organizing

The greatest challenge they faced, having arrived on the scene, was deciding what goal to aim for and what tactics to use. In European warfare the rules of the game were straightforward. When its army was beaten, the sovereign state would surrender and a new treaty was made. Against non-European foes, nothing could be taken for granted. In his classic study Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice, published in 1896, Colonel Charles Callwell identified three different kinds: campaigns to suppress insurrection, campaigns of conquest and annexation and campaigns ‘to wipe out an insult, to avenge a wrong or overthrow a dangerous enemy’.45 The difficulty with small wars, as Callwell admitted, was that conditions varied so much.

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Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, pp. 40–41. 34. Quoted in T. B. Macaulay, History of England (Everyman edn, London, 1906), vol. III, p. 278. 35. Speech on ‘Conciliation with America’, 22 March 1775, in Burke’s Speeches and Letters on American Affairs (Everyman edn, London, 1908), p. 105. 36. The classic study of this is P. J. Marshall, The Impeachment of Warren Hastings (Oxford, 1965). 37. Macaulay in the House of Commons, 10 July 1833. A. B. Keith (ed.), Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy 1750–1921 (Oxford, 1922), vol. 2, p. 244. 38. J. S. Mill, Representative Government (1861), ch. 18. 39.

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Rogers, The History of Georgetown County, South Carolina (Columbia, SC, 1970), p. 10. 34. This is the main theme of Merrell, American Woods. 35. See J. O. Spady, ‘Colonialism and the Discursive Precedents of “Penn’s Treaty with the Indians”’, in W. A. Pencak and D. K. Richter (eds.), Friends and Enemies in Penn’s Woods (University Park, PA, 2004), p. 21. 36. The classic study is F. Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill, NC, 1975). 37. I owe this point to Richter, Facing East, p. 41. 38. Ibid., p. 51. 39. P. C. Mancall, Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America (London, 1995), p. 14. 40. V. Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context c. 800–1830 (Cambridge, 2003), vol. 1, pp. 277–82. 41.

The Wisdom of Crowds by James Surowiecki

Alan Greenspan, AltaVista, Andrei Shleifer, Apollo 13, asset allocation, behavioural economics, Cass Sunstein, classic study, congestion pricing, coronavirus, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, experimental economics, Frederick Winslow Taylor, George Akerlof, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Howard Rheingold, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, interchangeable parts, Jeff Bezos, John Bogle, John Meriwether, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, lone genius, Long Term Capital Management, market bubble, market clearing, market design, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, new economy, offshore financial centre, Picturephone, prediction markets, profit maximization, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, tacit knowledge, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Toyota Production System, transaction costs, ultimatum game, vertical integration, world market for maybe five computers, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

Just as water buffalo will herd together in the face of a lion, football coaches, money managers, and corporate executives often find the safety of numbers alluring—as the old slogan “No one ever got fired for buying IBM” suggests. The striking thing about herding is that it takes place even among people who seem to have every incentive to think independently, like professional money managers. One classic study of herding, by David S. Scharfstein and Jeremy C. Stein, looked at the tendency of mutual-fund managers to follow the same strategies and herd into the same stocks. This is thoroughly perplexing. Money managers have jobs, after all, only because they’ve convinced investors that they can outperform the market.

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In their recent comprehensive study of what makes companies, Nitin Nohria, William Joyce, and Bruce Roberson found that in the best companies, “Employees and managers were empowered to make many more independent decisions, and urged to seek out ways to improve company operations, including their own.” The virtues of decentralization are twofold. On the one hand, the more responsibility people have for their own environments, the more engaged they will be. In one classic study, two groups of people were put in rooms to work on puzzles and do proofreading while loud, random noises recurred in the background. One group was left alone, while the other was given a button they could press to turn off the sound. The second group solved five times as many puzzles and made many fewer proofreading errors.

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They find losses more painful—by some accounts, twice as painful—as they find gains pleasurable, and so they hold on to losing stocks longer than they should, believing that as long as they haven’t sold the stock, then they haven’t suffered any losses. And, above all, investors are overconfident, which, among other things, means that individuals trade more than they should and end up costing themselves money as a result. One classic study by Brad M. Barber and Terrance Odean looked at all the stocks that sixty-six thousand individual investors bought and sold between 1991 and 1996. The average investor turned over 75 percent of his portfolio every year, which is far more than most economists would recommend, but the most aggressive traders turned over an incredible 250 percent of their portfolios every year.

The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History by Greg Woolf

agricultural Revolution, Anthropocene, capital controls, classic study, Columbian Exchange, demographic transition, Dunbar number, Easter island, endogenous growth, Eratosthenes, European colonialism, global village, invention of agriculture, invention of writing, joint-stock company, mass immigration, megacity, New Urbanism, out of africa, Scramble for Africa, social intelligence, social web, the strength of weak ties, trade route, urban planning, urban sprawl, zoonotic diseases

Intellectually curious, forever turning up new things to read and argue about, endlessly enthusiastic and enormously good fun, he is missed by many of us. This book would have been much better if I could have argued about it with him for a little longer. The text itself has been written largely in the Institute of Classical Studies in the School of Advanced Study of the University of London. Directing the ICS has been a huge privilege. At the heart of all we do there is an extraordinary library, run by the University and the Hellenic and Roman Societies in partnership, provided not just with fantastic collections but also with a marvellous specialist staff.

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., Purcell (2005b). 8.Garnsey (1988a, 1999). 9.Cherry (1990), Dawson (2011). 10.See Malone (2015) for a clear account. 11.Halstead and O’Shea (1982). 12.On maritime transport see Bass (1972), Casson (1974), André and Baslez (1993), Pomey (1997), Robinson and Wilson (2011), Harris and Iara (2011). 13.Finley (1964), Grethlein (2010). 14.Knapp (2008) is the best guide to Cyprus in prehistory. 15.For discussion of the various ways to interpret this see Knapp (1990). 16.Manning et al. (2014). 17.Cline and Harris-Cline (1998). 18.Broodbank (2000). 19.Dickinson (1994), Bennet (2007). A classic study with much still of value is Renfrew (1972). For a short synoptic account see Dickinson (2014), and for collections of recent work see Shelmerdine (2008), Cline (2010). 20.Letesson and Knappett (2017). 21.Whitelaw (2017). 22.Bevan (2010), Bevan and Wilson (2013), Whitelaw (2017). 23.Whitelaw (2000). 24.Manning (2008). 25.Chadwick (1976). 26.Kelder (2006). 27.Blake (2008). 28.Sandars (1978). 29.Michel (2008). 30.Rossel et al. (2008). 31.Edens and Kohl (1993). 32.Sherratt (1993).

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Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Briant, Pierre. 2017. Kings, Countries, Peoples: Selected Studies on the Achaemenid Empire. Translated by Amélie Kuhrt, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. Broadhead, William. 2000. “Migration and Transformation in Northern Italy in the 3rd–1st Centuries B.C.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (44): 145–166. Broadhead, William. 2007. “Colonization, Land Distribution and Veteran Settlement.” In Companion to the Roman Army, edited by Paul Erdkamp, 148–163. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Broodbank, Cyprian. 2000. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kicking Awaythe Ladder by Ha-Joon Chang

Asian financial crisis, business cycle, central bank independence, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, Corn Laws, corporate governance, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, fear of failure, income inequality, income per capita, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, land bank, land reform, liberal world order, moral hazard, open economy, purchasing power parity, rent-seeking, scientific management, short selling, Simon Kuznets, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, Washington Consensus

For example, in what was until recently the standard overview of US economic history, North mentions tariffs once, only to dismiss them as an insignificant factor in explaining US industrial development. He argues, without bothering to establish the case and by citing only one highly-biased secondary source (the classic study by F Taussig, 1892), 'while tariffs became increasingly protective in the years after the Civil War, it is doubtful if they were very influential in affecting seriously the spread of manufacturing'.54 However, a more careful and unbiased reading of the history reveals that the importance of infant industry protection in US development cannot be overemphasized.

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The Japanese government also started building telegraph infrastructure in 1869, and by 1880 all major cities were linked in this way.179 How do we evaluate the role of state-owned enterprises in industry and infrastructure in early modern Japan? Many commentators are not very positive about them, given that they were mostly-unprofitable.180 However, other scholars see more positive aspects. For example, in his classic study, Thomas Smith sums up his verdict on the role of Japanese state-owned enterprises in the early Meiji period in the following way: What did government enterprise accomplish between 1686 and 1880? Quantitatively, not much: a score or so of modern factories, a few mines, a telegraph system, less than a hundred miles of railway.

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Of course, in most cases, the manufacturers' support for free trade was a selfcentred one, rather than out of their intellectual conversion to lofty principle of free trade - while supporting the repeal of the Corn Law, the cotton manufacturers remained opposed to free export of cotton machinery right until the end of the ban (first imposed in 1774) in 1842 (Musson 1978, p. 101; see section 2.3.3.). 41. Bairoch 1993, pp. 20-1. 42. The term comes from Gallagher and Robinson 1953. 43. Kindleberger 1978, p. 196. See Semmel 1970 for a classic study of the role of economic theory in the development of British trade policy between 1750 and 1850. 44. Kindleberger 1975; Reinert 1998. In 1840, Bowring advised the member states of 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. German Zollverein to grow wheat and sell it to buy British manufactures (Landes 1998, p. 521).

Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion by Paul Bloom

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Asperger Syndrome, Atul Gawande, autism spectrum disorder, classic study, Columbine, David Brooks, Donald Trump, effective altruism, Ferguson, Missouri, Great Leap Forward, impulse control, meta-analysis, mirror neurons, Paul Erdős, period drama, Peter Singer: altruism, public intellectual, publication bias, Ralph Waldo Emerson, replication crisis, Ronald Reagan, social intelligence, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steven Pinker, theory of mind, Timothy McVeigh, Walter Mischel, Yogi Berra

But the children do not typically show signs of distress themselves. The only times that they reliably seem to get upset is when they themselves cause the suffering of another person, but here the negative response is most likely due to guilt and perhaps fear, not empathic engagement. Or consider a classic study in which pairs of six-month-olds were observed as they interacted in a playroom in the presence of their mothers. Sometimes one of the babies would become distressed, and sometimes the other baby would react by touching or gesturing toward him or her. But again, there was no evidence that the distress of one baby ever bothered another baby.

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But there’s something even better. Self-control can be seen as the purest embodiment of rationality in that it reflects the working of a brain system (embedded in the frontal lobe, the part of the brain that lies behind the forehead) that restrains our impulsive, irrational, or emotive desires. In a series of classic studies, Walter Mischel investigated whether children could refrain from eating one marshmallow now to get two later. He found that the children who waited for two marshmallows did better in school and on their SATs as adolescents and ended up with better mental health, relationship quality, and income as adults.

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Preston and Frans de Waal, “Empathy: Its Ultimate and Proximate Bases,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25 (2002): 1–71. 174 Paul Harris has reviewed Paul Harris, “The Early Emergence of Concern for Others” (unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, n.d.). “The 15-month-old, Len” Example from Judy Dunn and Carol Kendrick, Siblings: Love, Envy, and Understanding (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 115. 175 consider a classic study Dale F. Hay, Alison Nash, and Jan Pedersen, “Responses of Six-Month-Olds to the Distress of Their Peers,” Child Development (1981): 1071–75. an observation about chimpanzees Frans B. M. De Waal and Filippo Aureli, “Consolation, Reconciliation, and a Possible Cognitive Difference Between Macaques and Chimpanzees,” Reaching into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes (1996): 80–110.

Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone by Eric Klinenberg

big-box store, carbon footprint, classic study, David Brooks, deindustrialization, deskilling, employer provided health coverage, equal pay for equal work, estate planning, fear of failure, financial independence, fixed income, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, longitudinal study, mass incarceration, New Urbanism, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rent control, Richard Florida, San Francisco homelessness, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Skype, speech recognition, women in the workforce, work culture , working poor, young professional

“‘The city is like that,’” he quoted her as saying, and added his own conclusion: “Such complete anonymity could be found nowhere but in the city of today, and nowhere in the city save in the rooming-house.”13 Some city dwellers relished this anonymity, however, because it liberated them to live by their own “inner laws.” In another classic study from the University of Chicago, The Ghetto, sociologist Louis Wirth explained that in the early twentieth century a number of Jewish hotels popped up in Chicago to house Jews who wanted to escape the confines of their local community. During the same era in New York City, writes one historian, “the first full-blown generation of American moderns” moved to Greenwich Village so they could enjoy “life without a father” (to use Gertrude Stein’s phrase) and forge “a community of dissidents who prided themselves on living a life apart.”

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The data on aging in Europe come from Henry Aaron, “Longer Life Spans: Boon or Burden?” Daedalus, Winter 2006: 9–19. And see Robert William Fogel, The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 1. 3. The classic study of increased mortality among the recently widowed is C. Murray Parkes, B. Benjamin, and R. G. Fitzgerald, “Broken Heart: A Statistical Study of Increased Mortality Among Widowers,” British Medical Journal 1, no. 5646 (March 22, 1969): 740–43. 4. About 1.5 million Americans live in a nursing home on any given day, and about 3 million people reside in them over the course of a typical year.

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See Laura Carstensen, “Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socioemotional Selectivity Theory,” Psychology and Aging 7 (1982) no. 3: 331–38. 12. See Martha Albertson Fineman, The Autonomy Myth: A Theory of Dependency (New York: New Press, 2005). 13. For instance, in his classic study of urban social networks, Claude Fischer reports that “old men were the most isolated” of all social groups. Claude Fischer, To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 253. Erin Cornwell’s analysis of recent General Social Survey data reveals the same pattern. 14.

Who Rules the World? by Noam Chomsky

Able Archer 83, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, corporate governance, corporate personhood, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, liberation theology, Malacca Straits, Martin Wolf, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, one-state solution, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, precariat, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, structural adjustment programs, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, uranium enrichment, wage slave, WikiLeaks, working-age population

Accordingly, what’s surprising is to see the reactions to the release of those Justice Department memos, even by some of the most eloquent and forthright critics of Bush malfeasance: Paul Krugman, for example, writing that we used to be “a nation of moral ideals” and that never before Bush “have our leaders so utterly betrayed everything our nation stands for.”2 To say the least, that common view reflects a rather slanted version of American history. Occasionally, the conflict between “what we stand for” and “what we do” has been forthrightly addressed. One distinguished scholar who undertook the task was Hans Morgenthau, a founder of realist international relations theory. In a classic study published in 1964 in the glow of Kennedy’s Camelot, Morgenthau developed the standard view that the United States has a “transcendent purpose”: establishing peace and freedom at home and indeed everywhere, since “the arena within which the United States must defend and promote its purpose has become world-wide.”

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The resolution also has another paragraph, calling for “steps towards the goal of establishing in the Middle East a zone free from weapons of mass destruction”—obligating the United States and United Kingdom even more than others to take this initiative seriously.16 These comments naturally leave out many urgent topics, among them the horrifying descent of Syria into suicide and ominous developments in Egypt, which are sure to have a regional impact. Nonetheless, this is how some of the core issues appear, to me at least. 12 “Nothing for Other People”: Class War in the United States Norman Ware’s classic study of the industrial worker appeared ninety years ago, the first of its kind.1 It has lost none of its significance. The lessons Ware draws from his close investigation of the impact of the emerging industrial revolution on the lives of working people, and on society in general, are just as pertinent today as when he wrote, if not more so, in the light of the striking parallels between the 1920s and today.

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It is important to remember the condition of working people when Ware wrote. The powerful and influential American labor movement that arose during the nineteenth century was being subjected to brutal attack, culminating in Woodrow Wilson’s Red Scare after World War I. By the 1920s, the movement had largely been decimated; a classic study by the eminent labor historian David Montgomery is entitled The Fall of the House of Labor. The fall occurred in the 1920s. By the end of the decade, he writes, “corporate mastery of American life seemed secure.… Rationalization of business could then proceed with indispensable government support,” with government largely in the hands of the corporate sector.2 It was far from a peaceful process; American labor history is unusually violent.

You Are Here: Why We Can Find Our Way to the Moon, but Get Lost in the Mall by Colin Ellard

A Pattern Language, call centre, car-free, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, classic study, congestion pricing, Frank Gehry, global village, Google Earth, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, job satisfaction, Marshall McLuhan, McMansion, Neal Stephenson, Neil Armstrong, New Urbanism, peak oil, polynesian navigation, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Snow Crash, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the medium is the message, traveling salesman, urban planning, urban sprawl

But if the flash of light suggests that you are walking in the completely wrong direction—back toward the door rather than toward the far wall where the power switch is located—you might be prone to disbelieve your eyes, wondering if the poor light has caused some kind of illusion. WHAT’S GOOD FOR THE GOOSE MAY NOT BE GOOD FOR US In a classic study of animal navigation, Ursula von St. Paul took a group of domestic geese on a country ride in a small covered cart. The ride began at their home and proceeded through a series of complicated switchback turns along narrow lanes through varying types of terrain. For some segments of the ride, von St.

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The study of lost-person behavior in Peter Lougheed Park was conducted by David Heth of the University of Alberta and described in the paper “Characteristics of Travel by Persons Lost in Albertan Wilderness Areas,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 18 (1998), 223-235. 3. Ronald Schmidt and Dwight McCarter, Lost! A Ranger’s Journal of Search and Rescue (Graphicom: Yellow Springs, OH, 1988). 4. Many of Wehner’s classic studies are described in his paper with Martin Muller entitled “Path Integration in Desert Ants, Cataglyphis fortis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85, no. 4 (1988), 5287-5290. 5. The studies showing that ants with backpacks still estimate distance accurately are described in a chapter called “Arthropods” written by Wehner for the book Animal Homing, edited by F.

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The studies of the effects of physical proximity on communication in the two research laboratories are described by R. E. Kraut, C. Egido, and J. Galegher, “Patterns of Contact and Communication in Scientific Research Collaboration,” in Intellectual Teamwork, edited by Galegher, Kraut, and Egido (L. Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, 1990). 14. Early classic studies of the effects of proximity are described in Thomas Allen’s paper “Communications Networks in R&D Laboratories,” R&D Management 1, no. 1 (1970), 14-21. 15. The case study of the redesign of the ThoughtForm offices is found in the paper by J. Peponis et al., “Designing Space to Support Knowledge Work,” Environment and Behavior 39 (2007), 815-841.

The State and the Stork: The Population Debate and Policy Making in US History by Derek S. Hoff

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Alfred Russel Wallace, back-to-the-land, British Empire, business cycle, classic study, clean water, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, demographic transition, desegregation, Edward Glaeser, feminist movement, full employment, garden city movement, Garrett Hardin, George Gilder, Gregor Mendel, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Herman Kahn, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Jane Jacobs, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, labor-force participation, Lewis Mumford, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, New Economic Geography, new economy, old age dependency ratio, open immigration, Paul Samuelson, peak oil, pensions crisis, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, road to serfdom, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Scientific racism, secular stagnation, Simon Kuznets, The Chicago School, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Tragedy of the Commons, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois, wage slave, War on Poverty, white flight, zero-sum game

Republicans maintained that North America was sufficiently vast and underpopulated to remain agricultural for generations to come, especially if free trade allowed farmers to export crop surpluses. (Colonists believed that Native Americans lived at such an early stage of development that contact and competition with Europeans could produce only two possible outcomes: assimilation or extinction.) As historian Drew McCoy observes in his classic study of republi- foundations 19 can political economy, the essence of Jeffersonianism was the promotion of development across space rather than time; westward expansion would stall the progression through the social stages that ended in corruption and decay.16 British Americans who thought about population in geopolitical terms, though, tended to celebrate their rising numbers.

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Finally, slavery fostered efficient land use by preserving an agricultural economy, which, in classic republican terms, prevented manufacturinginduced population concentrations. A few Southerners denied that slavery put pressure on white population growth, but the majority admitted a demographic drag, and, in Malthusian terms, identified social advantages arising from it. According to a classic study of proslavery ideology, “the slaveholder concluded that slavery was the best answer to the gloomy speculation advanced under the Malthusian law.”128 In this vein, the South’s languid demographics and slow pace of life compared favorably to the rapid population growth in northern industrial cities, which pauperized workers and created a permanent class of urban wage slaves.

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Progressive intellectuals such as Walter Weyl, one of the founders of the New Republic, were captivated by the metaphor of the closing of the frontier and utilized Malthusian arguments to call for new frontiers of social democracy.80 Further, postfrontier concerns with the possible exhaustion of America’s natural resources animated the turn-of-the-century conservation movement. Yet, progressive conservation was driven not by Malthusianism but by a desire to scientifically manage natural resources in the name of economic efficiency.81 Samuel Hays notes in his classic study of the progressives that although conservationists “expressed some fear that diminishing resources would create critical shortages in the future . . . they were not Malthusian prophets of despair and gloom.”82 the birth of the modern population debate 57 In addition, even though poverty had been linked to demography since Malthus, progressives did not assume that overpopulation played much of a role in the ills of the city.

The Penguin and the Leviathan: How Cooperation Triumphs Over Self-Interest by Yochai Benkler

Abraham Maslow, Alan Greenspan, behavioural economics, business process, California gold rush, citizen journalism, classic study, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, do well by doing good, East Village, Everything should be made as simple as possible, experimental economics, experimental subject, framing effect, Garrett Hardin, informal economy, invisible hand, jimmy wales, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, laissez-faire capitalism, loss aversion, Murray Gell-Mann, Nicholas Carr, peer-to-peer, prediction markets, Richard Stallman, scientific management, Scientific racism, Silicon Valley, social contagion, Steven Pinker, telemarketer, Toyota Production System, Tragedy of the Commons, twin studies, ultimatum game, Washington Consensus, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game, Zipcar

The effects of humanization—of seeing the other person as a fellow human being—on cooperation can be observed not only in brain scans, or by asking people what they feel, but through the laboratory as well. Experiments have been conducted to see to what extent humanization motivates people to cooperate with others even when it is actually costly to them. One such classic study was done by economists Iris Bohnet and Bruno Frey. They recruited students who had never met one another and divided them into two groups. They gave the students in Group A ten dollars and told them that they could choose to take any amount of it home for themselves, and could put any portion of it into a sealed envelope, marked with a number corresponding to one of the students in Group B.

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Because it is so implausible, the question of why anyone would donate their time and energy to collaborative online projects has been the subject of much research, initially in economics, and later in other disciplines ranging from computer science and process engineering to anthropology. And the answers that show up repeatedly in surveys and other studies align perfectly with all the different intrinsic motivations we have discussed so far: community, fairness, reciprocity, adherence to norms, and so on. In one classic study, Karim Lakhani and Robert Wolf found that the most common reason (cited by 44 percent of responders) to participate in open-source development was simply the enjoyment, or the pleasure of the intellectual stimulation it provides. The second most important was building one’s skills. Another widely reported motivation was more normative—one-third of developers said that they thought “source code should be open.”

Now I Sit Me Down: From Klismos to Plastic Chair: A Natural History by Witold Rybczynski

A Pattern Language, Buckminster Fuller, classic study, company town, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, interchangeable parts, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton

The prince, attired in a dark robe and a white ghutrah, reclines on a pile of sheepskins, while his colleague, Sherif Ali, leans casually against a tent pole. The various postures cinematically underline a central point: the relaxed Bedouins are at home in this place—the desert—while the stiff English colonel is an interloper. Lawrence is somewhere in between. The world is divided into people who sit on the floor and those who sit on chairs. In a classic study of human posture around the world, the anthropologist Gordon W. Hewes identified no fewer than one hundred common sitting positions. “At least a fourth of mankind habitually takes the load off its feet by crouching in a deep squat, both at rest and at work,” he observed. Deep squatting is favored by people in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America, but sitting cross-legged on the floor is almost as common.

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Quotes from Dunnigan are based on personal conversations and are also drawn from John Dunnigan Furniture Maker (Peter Joseph Gallery, 1991), an interview with Dunnigan in Bebe Pritam Johnson and Warren Eames Johnson’s Speaking of Furniture: Conversations with 14 American Masters (Artist Book Foundation, 2013), and Dunnigan’s essay in Under Cover: Some Thoughts on Upholstered Furniture, an exhibition catalogue (Gallery NAGA, Boston, 2005). 3. Sitting Up Gordon W. Hewes’s classic study “The Anthropology of Posture” appeared in Scientific American (February 1957) and was originally published as “World Distribution of Certain Postural Habits” in American Anthropologist, vol. 2, no. 1, part 1 (April 1955). G.M.A. Richter’s authoritative The Furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans (Phaidon Press, 1966) provides much useful information.

T: The Story of Testosterone, the Hormone That Dominates and Divides Us by Carole Hooven

British Empire, classic study, correlation does not imply causation, David Brooks, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, impulse control, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, moral panic, occupational segregation, phenotype, placebo effect, stem cell, Steven Pinker, zero-sum game

One, for example, describing what he believed to be a girl (although it was really a boy) said, “She is friendly, and female infants smile more,” while another found a supposed female (actually a male) to be “more satisfied and accepting” than a male child would have been. We shouldn’t rely on “common sense” or even our own observations of children’s behavior to determine the extent to which boys and girls are different. Fortunately, there are numerous scientific studies investigating just this issue. I’ll describe one classic study in the next chapter. But the bottom line is that Griffin’s fantasy play is representative of what boys tend to engage in: heroes battling bad guys to save the universe at great risk to themselves; the destruction of objects, homes, planets, and solar systems; and any kind of dangerous battle in which the boy can emerge as the victor (today many of these kinds of themes are played out not in fantasy but in video games).

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Still, some T skeptics have found ingenious ways to avoid the inevitable conclusion. Here’s an example from Jordan-Young and Karkazis’s book Testosterone. They describe one of the cleanest, most influential studies ever conducted on testosterone and its effects on muscle in men, by the endocrinologist Shalender Bhasin and his colleagues: That classic study is the go-to citation for evidence that T builds muscle. But it’s also a great study to look at to understand some of the limitations of that claim. First, to find the effects of T on muscle, Bhasin and colleagues had to give huge doses of T, six times more than had been studied in previous research on the effect of T on muscle.

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Similarly, girls who shun dresses and prefer rougher sports and horseplay with the boys are more likely to grow up to be lesbians. This association between gender-atypical interests in childhood and later homosexuality or bisexuality has been found in diverse cultures, from the United States to the Philippines, Samoa, Guatemala, the UK, and Brazil. Here’s an example of the relevant research. In a classic study, one of the largest of its kind, Richard Green (then a psychiatrist at UCLA) and his team followed a group of boys from childhood into early adulthood to determine whether early gender-atypical behavior predicted adult homosexuality. They recruited sixty-six boys between four and eleven years old, who showed “extensive cross-gender behavior.”

Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Declines by Richard Heinberg, James Howard (frw) Kunstler

Adam Curtis, addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Asilomar, back-to-the-land, carbon tax, classic study, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, demographic transition, ending welfare as we know it, energy transition, Fractional reserve banking, greed is good, Haber-Bosch Process, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, land reform, Lewis Mumford, means of production, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, the built environment, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, urban planning

Tainter’s Axiom: Any society that continues to use critical resources unsustainably will collapse. Exception: A society can avoid collapse by finding replacement resources. Limit to the exception: In a finite world, the number of possible replacements is also finite. I have named this axiom for Joseph Tainter, author of the classic study, The Collapse of Complex Societies, which demonstrates that collapse is a frequent if not universal fate of complex societies. He argues that collapse is directly related to declining returns on efforts to support growing levels of societal complexity with energy harvested from the environment.

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Random House, 1979, pp. 56-58. 7 Zerzan’s Elements of Refusal (Left Bank Books, 1988) includes chapters on time, language, number, art, agriculture, and domestication, arguing in each instance that the costs for each of these “advances” has far outweighed its benefit. Whether one agrees or disagrees with his opinion, he must be credited with consistency. 8 Robert Adler. “Entering a dark age of innovation.” NewScientist.com news service, July 2, 2005. newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7616 (Cited June 12, 2007) Chapter 2 1 Fernand Braudel, in his classic study The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible (translated from French by Sian Reynolds, University of California Press, 1992), notes that, “Famine recurred so insistently for centuries on end that it became incorporated into man’s biological regime and built into his daily life.… France, by any standard a privileged country, is reckoned to have experienced 10 general famines during the tenth century; 26 in the eleventh; 2 in the twelfth; 4 in the fourteenth; 7 in the fifteenth; 13 in the sixteenth; 11 in the seventeenth and 16 in the eighteenth.”

Bullshit Jobs: A Theory by David Graeber

1960s counterculture, active measures, antiwork, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, Black Lives Matter, Bretton Woods, Buckminster Fuller, business logic, call centre, classic study, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, data science, David Graeber, do what you love, Donald Trump, emotional labour, equal pay for equal work, full employment, functional programming, global supply chain, High speed trading, hiring and firing, imposter syndrome, independent contractor, informal economy, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, knowledge worker, moral panic, Post-Keynesian economics, post-work, precariat, Rutger Bregman, scientific management, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, single-payer health, software as a service, telemarketer, The Future of Employment, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Travis Kalanick, universal basic income, unpaid internship, wage slave, wages for housework, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional, éminence grise

But if that’s true, and people’s social life really is often rooted in the office, then it’s all the more striking that the overwhelming majority of those in bullshit occupations claim to be so miserable. on the misery of ambiguity and forced pretense Let us return to the subject of make-believe. Obviously, a lot of jobs require make-believe. Almost all service jobs do to a certain extent. In a classic study of Delta Airlines flight attendants, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild introduced the notion of “emotional labor.” Hoschschild found air hostesses typically had to spend so much effort creating and maintaining a perky, empathetic, good-natured persona as part of their conditions of employment that they often became haunted by feelings of emptiness, depression, or confusion, unsure of who or what they really were.

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There is some debate over the relative weight, in medieval Christian theology, of the degree to which work was seen as an imitation of divine creation, and as a means of perfecting the self (see the discussion in Ehmer and Lis 2009:10–15), but both principles appear to have been present from the very beginning. 47. Classic studies include Kraus, Côté, and Keltner 2010, and Stellar, Manzo, Kraus, and Keltner 2011. 48. As a result underlings will also tend to care more about their superiors than their superiors will care about them, and this extends to almost any relation of structural inequality: men and women, rich and poor, black and white, and so on.

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I’d say one out of a hundred really get excited about work” (1972:xxxiv); but at the same time, from the same testimony, “somebody has to do this work. If my kid ever goes to college, I just want him to have a little respect” (1972:xxxv). 52. Gini and Sullivan 1987:649, 651, 654. 53. Noel Ignatiev’s How the Irish Became White (1995) is the classic study of this phenomenon. 54. The formula was later reduced to “the greatest good for the greatest number,” but Bentham’s original theory was based on hedonistic calculation and that’s what Carlyle was responding to. 55. Carlyle 1843:134. 56. Ibid. Chapter 7: What Are the Political Effects of Bullshit Jobs, and Is There Anything That Can Be Done About This Situation?

The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 by John Darwin

anti-communist, banking crisis, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, cognitive bias, colonial rule, Corn Laws, disinformation, European colonialism, floating exchange rates, full employment, imperial preference, Joseph Schumpeter, Khartoum Gordon, Kickstarter, labour mobility, land tenure, liberal capitalism, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, Mahatma Gandhi, Monroe Doctrine, new economy, New Urbanism, open economy, railway mania, reserve currency, Right to Buy, rising living standards, scientific management, Scientific racism, South China Sea, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, tacit knowledge, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transaction costs, transcontinental railway, undersea cable

Amanat, Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy 1831–96 (1997), pp. 424–5. 44. A classic study is M. Lynn, Commerce and Economic Change in West Africa: The Palm Oil Trade in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1997); see also C. Jones, ‘“Business Imperialism” in Argentina: A Theoretical Note’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 12 (1980), 440ff. 45. R. Austen, African Economic History (1987), p. 275. 46. Ibid., p. 114. 47. K. O. Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta 1830–1885 (Oxford, 1956), is the classic study. 48. J. D. Hargreaves, Prelude to the Partition of West Africa (1966), pp. 35–7. 49.

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Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-Century Bengal (Oxford, 1989). 16. S. Teng and J. K. Fairbank (eds.), China's Response to the West (Cambridge, MA, 1979), p. 152. 17. E. W. Blyden, Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race (1887), pp. 20, 65, 387. 18. See A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939 (1962). 19. The classic study is B. H. Sumner, Russia and the Balkans 1870–1880 (Oxford. 1937). 20. For this estimate, see R. W. Seton-Watson, Disraeli, Gladstone and the Eastern Question (1935), pp. 560–1. 21. See Swartz, The Politics of British Foreign Policy, p. 101. 22. G. Waterfield, Layard of Nineveh (1963), p. 442: Salisbury to Layard, April 1880. 23.

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Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions [1936] (Toronto, 1961). 10. See W. L. Morton, Manitoba: A History (Toronto, 1957). 11. See M. L. Hansen and J. B. Brebner, The Mingling of the Canadian and American Peoples (1940), vol. I, pp. 183–4. 12. See G. Stewart, The Origins of Canadian Politics (Vancouver, 1986). The classic study of Macdonald remains D. Creighton, John A. Macdonald: The Young Politician (Toronto, 1952) and D. Creighton, John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain (Toronto, 1955). 13. See R. W. Cox, ‘The Quebec General Election of 1886’ (Master's thesis, McGill University, 1948). 14. See P. Crunican, Priests and Politicians: Manitoba Schools and the Election of 1896 (Toronto, 1974), pp. 310–16. 15.

The Inner Lives of Markets: How People Shape Them—And They Shape Us by Tim Sullivan

Abraham Wald, Airbnb, airport security, Al Roth, Alvin Roth, Andrei Shleifer, attribution theory, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Brownian motion, business cycle, buy and hold, centralized clearinghouse, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, classic study, clean water, conceptual framework, congestion pricing, constrained optimization, continuous double auction, creative destruction, data science, deferred acceptance, Donald Trump, Dutch auction, Edward Glaeser, experimental subject, first-price auction, framing effect, frictionless, fundamental attribution error, George Akerlof, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Gunnar Myrdal, helicopter parent, information asymmetry, Internet of things, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, iterative process, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, late fees, linear programming, Lyft, market clearing, market design, market friction, medical residency, multi-sided market, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Occupy movement, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Peter Thiel, pets.com, pez dispenser, power law, pre–internet, price mechanism, price stability, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, proxy bid, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, school choice, school vouchers, scientific management, sealed-bid auction, second-price auction, second-price sealed-bid, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, Tacoma Narrows Bridge, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, telemarketer, The Market for Lemons, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, transaction costs, two-sided market, uber lyft, uranium enrichment, Vickrey auction, Vilfredo Pareto, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, winner-take-all economy

The Schultz model added the notion that individual productivity could differ based on whether the individuals were, say, high school dropouts or engineering PhDs. He effectively started economics toward doing for labor what Solow had done for capital. (The fuller development of human capital theory came from another Nobel Laureate Gary Becker with his classic study of why individuals invest in education or experience and the consequences of these “human capital” investments for the economy.) As obvious as this all seems—machines aren’t interchangeable, nor are human beings—these new insights represented a real step forward for the discipline of economics.

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(This desire to have the profession reflect more directly what we observe in reality has also contributed, no doubt, to the rise of empirical economics, which aims to use data to inform our view of the world. This empirical revolution has been powered in large part by the IT revolution and resultant computing power, which lets researchers put data to work on a scale that was unimaginable in Akerlof’s time.) Abstractions aside, what did Akerlof actually do? His classic study focused on the problems that arise in the car business as a result of a few lemons sitting on a used car lot, which he saw as an easy way into the general problem of a market with informed sellers and unwitting consumers. Akerlof’s model follows exactly the logic that Podolny was relying on when he predicted, if only to himself, the failure of eBay.

A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy by William Braxton Irvine

classic study, Columbine, fear of failure, hedonic treadmill, Lao Tzu

Many readers would therefore do well to get a book containing a selection of these letters. Musonius Rufus is worth reading for his practical advice on daily living. The only published translation of Musonius that I know of, though, is Cora Lutz’s “Musonius Rufus: ‘The Roman Socrates,’ ” in volume 10 of Yale Classical Studies (1947), which is difficult to buy or borrow. Readers are therefore encouraged to visit my author website (williambirvine.com) for information on how to obtain a copy of Cynthia King’s translation of Musonius’s works. (This is the translation I quote from in this book.) Readers wishing to sample Epictetus are encouraged to start with his Handbook (also known as his Manual or Encheiridion).It has the advantage of being short, easily obtainable, and philosophically accessible.

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Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. History of European Morals: From Augustus to Charlemagne. New York: George Braziller, 1955. Works Cited 299 Long, A. A. Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002. Lutz, Cora. Introduction to “Musonius Rufus: ‘The Roman Socrates.’ ” Yale Classical Studies. Vol. 10. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947. Marcus Aurelius. Meditations. Translated by Maxwell Staniforth. London: Penguin, 1964. Marrou, H. I. A History of Education in Antiquity. Translated by George Lamb. New York: New American Library, 1956. Musonius Rufus. “The Lectures.” In The Lectures and Sayings of Musonius Rufus.

The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes by Phillip Brown, Hugh Lauder, David Ashton

active measures, affirmative action, An Inconvenient Truth, barriers to entry, Branko Milanovic, BRICs, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, classic study, collective bargaining, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, deskilling, disruptive innovation, Dutch auction, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, future of work, glass ceiling, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, immigration reform, income inequality, industrial cluster, industrial robot, intangible asset, job automation, Jon Ronson, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, market bubble, market design, meritocracy, neoliberal agenda, new economy, Paul Samuelson, pensions crisis, post-industrial society, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, shared worldview, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, stem cell, tacit knowledge, tech worker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, trade liberalization, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, vertical integration, winner-take-all economy, working poor, zero-sum game

The growth of corporate bureaucracies and a burgeoning public sector accelerated the increase in white-collar employment, The False Promise 17 adding support to a model of technological evolution from a low-skill to high-skill economy. The growth of middle-class jobs was assumed to represent an ever-tighter relationship between human capital, jobs, and rewards, as it became more important to get the best minds working on the scientific and technological challenges of the age. In his classic study The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, published in the early 1970s, Daniel Bell highlighted the link between a rising meritocracy and economic efficiency. “The post-industrial society, in its initial logic, is a meritocracy. Differential status and differential income are based on technical skills and higher education.

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The Future of Knowledge Work Economic history shows that the power to both innovate and standardize has increased over time. It also shows, at least in America and Britain, a proclivity toward managerial control over employee discretion. But it is important not to emphasize control for its own sake as in Harry Braverman’s classic study of Taylorism because it should be seen as the latest attempt to boost productivity and corporate profits.39 The economic landscape is also strewn with historical examples of how highly skilled workers have found that their skills are not as unique as they assumed or have been rendered redundant by technological innovation.

Year 501 by Noam Chomsky

air traffic controllers' union, anti-communist, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, Bolshevik threat, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, Caribbean Basin Initiative, classic study, colonial rule, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, declining real wages, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, European colonialism, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Howard Zinn, invisible hand, land reform, land tenure, long peace, mass incarceration, means of production, Monroe Doctrine, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, non-tariff barriers, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, price stability, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Simon Kuznets, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, trickle-down economics, union organizing, War on Poverty, working poor

Economic rationality requires that the tools of production overcome their reluctance to see their communities and families destroyed. “It is not for the commodity to decide where it should be offered for sale, to what purpose it should be used; at what price it should be allowed to change hands, and in what manner it should be consumed or destroyed,” as Karl Polanyi commented in his classic study of the laissez-faire experiment in 19th century England, quickly terminated as it came to be understood by the business classes that their interests would be harmed by the free market, which “could not exist for any length of time without annihilating the human and natural substance of society; it would have physically destroyed man and transformed his surroundings into a wilderness.”

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The Department had previously described the “uncultivated waste” as a miracle of progress, with successful production by people living in considerable comfort, a level of education “equal to that furnished by an ordinary college in the States,” flourishing industry and commerce, an effective constitutional government, a high level of literacy, and a state of “civilization and enlightenment” comparable to anything known: “What required five hundred years for the Britons to accomplish in this direction they have accomplished in one hundred years,” the Department declared in wonder.15 Jackson ends her account in 1880 with a question: “Will the United States Government determine ‘to reduce the size of the reservation’?” It was soon to be answered, in just the way she anticipated. Again, the advanced civilization of the Indians stood in the way of civilization, properly conceived. What followed is described by Angie Debo in her classic study And Still the Waters Run. In the independent Indian Territory, land was held collectively and life was contented and prosperous. The Federal Indian Office opposed communal land tenure by ideological dogma, as well as for its practical effect: preventing takeover by white intruders. In 1883, a group of self-styled philanthropists and humanitarians began to meet to consider problems of the Indians.

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., on the role of banks in German industrial development. Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness, Landes, Unbound, for extensive discussion. 6. Bils, cited by DuBoff, Accumulation, 56. Bartel, editor, Challenge, July/August 1992. See Du Boff on the general topic. Brady, Business, on 1920s and ‘30s. A classical study of the abandonment of the free market is Polanyi, Great Transformation. For further references, see DD, ch. 1, n. 19. 7. Lazonick, Business Organization. 8. Taylor, Dollars & Sense, Nov. 1991. 9. Steven Elliott-Gower, Assistant Director, Center for East-West Trade Policy, U.of Georgia, NYT News Service, Dec., 23, 1991.

A History of the Bible: The Story of the World's Most Influential Book by John Barton

classic study, complexity theory, feminist movement, invention of the printing press, Johannes Kepler, lateral thinking, liberation theology, Republic of Letters, source of truth, the market place, trade route

Davies, Studying the Synoptic Gospels (London: SCM Press and Philadelphia: Trinity Press, 1989). This discusses selected passages and provides a structured study course. The classic study in English is B. H. Streeter, The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins, Treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship & Dates (London: Macmillan, 1924), which still provides all the standard arguments in favour of the ‘two-source’ hypothesis. The (equally classic) study questioning the existence of Q is A. M. Farrer, ‘On Dispensing with Q’, in D. E. Nineham (ed.), Studies in the Gospels in Memory of R. H. Lightfoot (Oxford: Blackwell, 1955), pp. 55–88; the argument is developed further in M.

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The Gospels themselves may already show this process at work; for example, details of the passion story may have been adjusted to match Psalm 22, such as the text, ‘they divide my clothes among themselves, and for my clothing they cast lots’ (verse 18); compare Matthew 27:35 and especially John 19:23–5. On this phenomenon see the classic study by Barnabas Lindars, New Testament Apologetic: The Doctrinal Significance of the Old Testament Quotations (London: SCM Press, 1961). 29. Justin also harmonized the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, or else drew on an already existing harmony, and there may be links between his work and the Diatessaron; see Watson, Gospel Writing, pp. 474–5. 30.

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On the definition of ‘canonicity’ as well as reflections on the formation of both canons see J. Barton, The Spirit and the Letter: Studies in the Biblical Canon (London: SPCK, 1997); the American edition (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, also 1997) is called Holy Writings, Sacred Text, but has the misleadingly restrictive subtitle The Canon in Early Christianity. A classic study, which dethroned the old idea that Jews in Palestine and the diaspora had different canons of the Hebrew Bible, is A. C. Sundberg Jr, The Old Testament of the Early Church (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964). For a discussion of the status of various books in the community at Qumran see T.

Palaces for the People: How Social Infrastructure Can Help Fight Inequality, Polarization, and the Decline of Civic Life by Eric Klinenberg

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, assortative mating, basic income, Big Tech, big-box store, bike sharing, Black Lives Matter, Broken windows theory, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, classic study, clean water, deindustrialization, desegregation, digital divide, Donald Trump, East Village, fake news, Filter Bubble, food desert, gentrification, ghettoisation, helicopter parent, income inequality, informal economy, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, late fees, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, megaproject, Menlo Park, New Urbanism, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Peter Thiel, public intellectual, Ray Oldenburg, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, smart grid, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, the High Line, universal basic income, urban planning, young professional

“Of course mixed groups are no panacea….But mixed groups have been shown to have two desirable effects. First, exposure to competing positions generally increases political tolerance….Second, mixing increases the likelihood that people will be aware of competing rationales and see that their own arguments might be met with plausible counterarguments.” Sunstein draws on classic studies and experimental research to show that, as in South Chicago during its industrial heyday, in-group attachments and prejudices against others diminish when people interact across the usual social boundaries. Democratic politics, Sunstein argues, works better when we are regularly exposed to different people and competing positions.

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“nothing but sit her black ass down”: Barbershop, story written by Mark Brown; screenplay written by Mark Brown, Don D. Scott, and Marshall Todd, directed by Tim Story, 2002. prepared to engage the world outside: Urban ethnographers have also observed the social processes visible in black barbershops in other protected spaces, including the tavern. The classic study is Elijah Anderson’s A Place on the Corner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978). Anderson writes: “Urban taverns and bars, like barbershops, carryouts, and other such establishments, with their adjacent street corners and alleys, serve as important gathering places for people of the ‘urban villages’ and ghetto areas of the city.

Dinosaurs Rediscovered by Michael J. Benton

All science is either physics or stamp collecting, Bayesian statistics, biofilm, bioinformatics, classic study, David Attenborough, Ernest Rutherford, Ford Model T, germ theory of disease, Isaac Newton, lateral thinking, North Sea oil, nuclear winter, ocean acidification

When I was seven, I was given a classic little book, Fossils, a Guide to Prehistoric Life, by Frank Rhodes, Herbert Zim, and Paul Shaffer. What excited me was that the illustrations were all in colour – unusual still in the 1960s – and that there were not only pictures of fossils, but reconstructions too. The text reflected the knowledge of the time – this is what Tyrannosaurus looked like, based on the classic studies by Professor Henry Osborn of the American Museum of Natural History, and this is how the dinosaurs died out, rather slowly, and perhaps as a result of long-term cooling climates (or maybe simply because they were too stupid to adapt to a changing world), according to the ideas of Professor Leigh Van Valen of the University of Chicago.

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These, as in modern reptiles, and indeed in trees, are light and spacious when growth is rapid (usually summer), and tight and dark when growth is slow (usually winter), when life conditions are poor. In a series of papers, Greg Erickson has explored the growth rates of many dinosaurs using observations of their growth rings. In a classic study of T. rex and its relatives, Erickson counted growth rings in bones from animals of all sizes. In one example, he counted to nineteen growth rings, and he was confident he had reached the endpoint because the outside of the bone was finished with some tightly packed bone layers, called the external fundamental system (EFS).

Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science, and Society by Cordelia Fine

"World Economic Forum" Davos, assortative mating, behavioural economics, Cass Sunstein, classic study, confounding variable, credit crunch, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, Drosophila, epigenetics, experimental economics, gender pay gap, George Akerlof, glass ceiling, helicopter parent, Jeremy Corbyn, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, phenotype, publication bias, risk tolerance, seminal paper

A reappraisal of Bateman’s classic study of intrasexual selection. Evolution, 61(11), 2457–2468. Quoted on pp. 2458 and 2457, respectively. 10. In fact, a later attempt to replicate Bateman’s study (by Patricia Gowaty and her colleagues) challenged Bateman’s assumption that there would be a quarter-share each of offspring with a maternal mutation only, paternal mutation only, a double mutation, and no mutation. Double-mutation flies, in particular, were particularly unlikely to survive. Gowaty, P. A., Kim, Y.-K., & Anderson, W. W. (2012). No evidence of sexual selection in a repetition of Bateman’s classic study of Drosophila melanogaster.

The Lies That Bind: Rethinking Identity by Kwame Anthony Appiah

affirmative action, assortative mating, Boris Johnson, British Empire, classic study, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, European colonialism, Ferguson, Missouri, four colour theorem, full employment, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, illegal immigration, Isaac Newton, longitudinal study, luminiferous ether, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, means of production, meritocracy, Parler "social media", precariat, Scramble for Africa, selection bias, Suez canal 1869, transatlantic slave trade, W. E. B. Du Bois, zero-sum game

Here is a young man talking to his college-educated interviewer: “Um, let me try to explain to you why I was so nervous at the beginning of the interview,” said a house painter. “It’s not you, you’re all right—but you see . . . um . . . whenever I’m with educated people, you now, or people who aren’t my own kind . . . um . . . I feel like I’m making a fool of myself if I just act natural, you know?”36 Sennett and Cobb’s classic study was memorably titled The Hidden Injuries of Class. Such injuries have persisted. In a best-selling 2016 account of growing up as what he himself calls a “hillbilly,” J. D. Vance reports many moments of just such anxiety as a rare white working-class student at Yale Law School.37 We’ve repeatedly seen that the significance of identities is always being contested.

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The question of when “European,” as a group identity, gained broader traction is taken up, if not entirely resolved, in Peter Burke, “Did Europe Exist Before 1700?” History of European Ideas 1 no. 1 (1980): 21–29. He notes, “If the first context in which people became aware of themselves as Europeans was that of being invaded by other cultures, the second was that of invading other cultures.” 10.G. W. F. Hegel, “On Classical Studies,” On Christianity: Early Theological Writings, trans. T. M. Knox and Richard Kroner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 324. The lecture was given in 1809. “The perfection and glory of those masterpieces,” he continued, “must be the spiritual bath, the secular baptism that first and indelibly attunes and tinctures the soul in respect of taste and knowledge.” 11.Mark R.

Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks by Keith Houston

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Boeing 747, Charles Babbage, classic study, computer age, cuban missile crisis, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, John Markoff, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Kickstarter, means of production, Multics, packet switching, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, trade route, wikimedia commons

Parkes, “Influences of the Application of Punctuation,” in Pause and Effect: Punctuation in the West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 65–96. 10.E.G. Turner and P.J. Parsons, “Introduction,” in Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World (London: University of London, Institute of Classical Studies, bulletin supplement, 1987), 1–23. 11.Brown et al, “Punctuation.” 12.M.B. Parkes, “Antiquity: Aids for Inexperienced Readers and the Prehistory of Punctuation,” in Pause and Effect: Punctuation in the West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 12. 13.Parkes, “Introduction,” 1–8; G.

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From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1968), 252–79. 4.E.Dickey, “Dionysius Thrax,” in Ancient Greek Scholarship: A Guide to Finding, Reading, and Understanding Scholia, Commentaries, Lexica, and Grammatical Treatises, from Their Beginnings to the Byzantine Period, Classical Resources Series (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 77–80; J.Alan Kemp, “The Tekhne Grammatike of Dionysius Thrax: Translated into English,” Historiographia Linguistica 13, no. 2 (1986): 343–63. 5.Dickey, “Dionysius Thrax,” 215. 6.D.J. Murphy, “Hyphens in Greek Manuscripts,” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 36, no. 3 (1995): 296–99; E.G. Turner and P.J. Parsons, “Introduction,” in Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World, Bulletin Supplement, University of London Institute of Classical Studies (University of London, 1987), 1–23. 7.Paul Saenger, “The Hyphen,” in Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1997), 69–70. 8.Paul Saenger, “Silent Reading: Its Impact on Late Medieval Script and Society,” Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies 13 (1982): 367–414. 9.Bernhard Bischoff and University of Cambridge, “Palimpsests,” in Latin Paleography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 11–12; Bernhard Bischoff and University of Cambridge, “Writing Instruments,” in Ibid., 18–29; Saenger, “The Hyphen,” 69–70. 10.D.Christian, S.Jacobsen, Associated Press, and D.Minthorn, “Editing Marks,” in Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 407. 11.Paul Saenger, “The Circle of Sedulius Scottus,” in Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1997), 109–15. 12.Murphy, “Hyphens in Greek Manuscripts,” 296–99. 13.Ibid. 14.Saenger, “Silent Reading,” 367–414. 15.N.R.

The Rise of the Network Society by Manuel Castells

air traffic controllers' union, Alan Greenspan, Apple II, Asian financial crisis, barriers to entry, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bob Noyce, borderless world, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, classic study, complexity theory, computer age, Computer Lib, computerized trading, content marketing, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, declining real wages, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, deskilling, digital capitalism, digital divide, disintermediation, double helix, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, edge city, experimental subject, export processing zone, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial deregulation, financial independence, floating exchange rates, future of work, gentrification, global village, Gunnar Myrdal, Hacker Ethic, hiring and firing, Howard Rheingold, illegal immigration, income inequality, independent contractor, Induced demand, industrial robot, informal economy, information retrieval, intermodal, invention of the steam engine, invention of the telephone, inventory management, Ivan Sutherland, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, job-hopping, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kanban, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, Leonard Kleinrock, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, megacity, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, moral panic, new economy, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, oil shock, open economy, packet switching, Pearl River Delta, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, popular capitalism, popular electronics, post-Fordism, post-industrial society, Post-Keynesian economics, postindustrial economy, prediction markets, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Recombinant DNA, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Robert Solow, seminal paper, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, social software, South China Sea, South of Market, San Francisco, special economic zone, spinning jenny, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Strategic Defense Initiative, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, Ted Nelson, the built environment, the medium is the message, the new new thing, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, transaction costs, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, work culture , zero-sum game

As for office automation, it has gone through three different phases, largely determined by available technology.55 In the first phase, characteristic of the 1960s and 1970s, mainframe computers were used for batch processing of data; centralized computing by specialists in data-processing centers formed the basis of a system characterized by the rigidity and hierarchical control of information flows; data entry operations required substantial efforts since the goal of the system was the accumulation of large amounts of information in a central memory; work was standardized, routinized, and, in essence, deskilled for the majority of clerical workers, in a process analyzed, and denounced, by Braverman in his classic study.56 The following stages of automation, however, were substantially different. The second phase, in the early 1980s, was characterized by the emphasis on the use of microcomputers by the employees in charge of the actual work process; although they were supported by centralized databases, they interacted directly in the process of generating information, although often requiring the support of computer experts.

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The social context, and particularly the relationship between capital and labor according to specific decisions by the management of firms, drastically affects the actual shape of the work process and the consequences of the change for workers. This was particularly true during the 1980s when the acceleration of technological change went hand in hand with the process of capitalist restructuring, as I have argued above. Thus, the classic study by Watanabe 62 on the impact of the introduction of robots into the automobile industry in Japan, the United States, France, and Italy, showed substantially different impacts of a similar technology in the same industry: in the United States and Italy, workers were displaced, because the main goal of introducing new technology was to reduce labor costs; in France, job loss was lower than in the two other countries because of government policies to cushion the social impacts of modernization; and in Japan, where companies were committed to life-tenured employment, employment actually increased, and productivity shot up, as a result of retraining and higher teamwork effort which increased the competitiveness of firms and took market share away from their American counterparts.

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On the other hand, there has been a spatial concentration of the upper tier of such activities in a few nodal centers of a few countries.9 This concentration follows a hierarchy between tiers of urban centers, with the higher-level functions, in terms of both power and skill, being concentrated in some major metropolitan areas.10 Saskia Sassen’s classic study of the global city has shown the joint dominance of New York, Tokyo, and London in international finance, and in most consulting and business services of international scope.11 These three centers together cover the spectrum of time zones for the purpose of financial trading, and work largely as a unit in the same system of endless transactions.

Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution by Francis Fukuyama

Albert Einstein, Asilomar, assortative mating, Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, classic study, Columbine, cotton gin, demographic transition, digital divide, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Flynn Effect, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, impulse control, life extension, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, out of africa, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, precautionary principle, presumed consent, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, Scientific racism, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sexual politics, stem cell, Steven Pinker, Stuart Kauffman, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, Turing test, twin studies

Brunner, “Abnormal Behavior Associated with a Point Mutation in the Structural Gene for Monoamine Oxidase A,” Science 262 (1993): 578–580. 44 Lois Wingerson, Unnatural Selection: The Promise and the Power of Human Gene Research (New York: Bantam Books, 1998), pp. 291–294. 45 The theory that crime is the result of a failure to learn impulse control at a certain key developmental stage is sometimes referred to as the “life course” theory of crime; it offers an explanation as to why so large a percentage of crimes are committed by recidivists. The classic study establishing the existence of criminal “life courses” is Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck, Delinquency and Nondelinquency in Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968). See also the reanalysis of the Gluecks’ data in Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub, Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993). 46 For an account of the rise and fall of crime rates in the United States and other Western countries after 1965, see Francis Fukuyama, The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order (New York: Free Press, 1999), pp. 77–87. 47 Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, Homicide (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1988). 48 For an entertaining account of this incident, see Tom Wolfe, Hooking Up (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000), pp. 92–94. 49 Wingerson (1998), pp. 294–297. 50 David Wasserman, “Science and Social Harm: Genetic Research into Crime and Violence,” Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy 15 (1995): 14–19. 51 Wade Roush, “Conflict Marks Crime Conference; Charges of Racism and Eugenics Exploded at a Controversial Meeting,” Science 269 (1995): 1808–1809. 52 Alice H.

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See also her article “Eugenic Anxieties, Social Realities, and Political Choices,” Social Research 59 (1992): 663–683. See also Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963). 4 See Henry P. David and Jochen Fleischhacker, “Abortion and Eugenics in Nazi Germany,” Population and Development Review 14 (1988): 81–112. 5 The classic study of this is Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986). 6 Gunnar Broberg and Nils Roll-Hansen, Eugenics and the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland (East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press, 1996).

Switch: How to Change Things When Change Is Hard by Chip Heath, Dan Heath

Atul Gawande, Cass Sunstein, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, corporate social responsibility, en.wikipedia.org, fundamental attribution error, impulse control, Jeff Hawkins, Libby Zion, longitudinal study, medical residency, PalmPilot, Paradox of Choice, Piper Alpha, placebo effect, publish or perish, Richard Thaler, Salesforce, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs

Let’s remember something: This “inventor” identity, which has fueled business success and employee satisfaction, was made up. None of Brasilata’s employees were born “inventors.” The identity was introduced to them, and they liked the sound of it. It seemed to be a mantle worth wearing. Being an inventor has become a source of pride and strength. 5. If cultivating an identity sounds daunting, take heart. A classic study in psychology shows that you can start with small steps. In the 1960s, two psychologists from Stanford University, Jonathan Freedman and Scott Fraser, asked a researcher to go door-to-door in an upscale neighborhood in Palo Alto, California. When home owners answered the door, the researcher announced himself as a volunteer for “Citizens for Safe Driving” and asked whether they would allow a billboard reading “Drive Carefully” to be installed on their lawns.

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But it would be inadvisable to recall the other 20 percent after the close of a $100 million acquisition. (Whoops! Those hotshot engineers refuse to leave the snow in Boulder.) Checklists provide insurance against overconfidence. And overconfidence is worth insuring against because we all have a knack for it. In one classic study, people were asked to come up with solutions for their university’s chronic parking problem. Ideas ranged from raising parking fees to creating more “Compact Only” parking spaces. After the ideas were collected, a panel of experts assessed them—eliminating wacky or impractical options—and identified a set of “best solutions.”

Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and Its Place in Western Civilization by Paul Kindstedt

agricultural Revolution, classic study, cotton gin, Kickstarter, mass immigration, New Urbanism, trade route

The image of the sacred healing snake coiled around Asklepios’s staff has become a universal symbol of medicine and healing that is often included in medical-related logos, such as that of the American Medical Association. What does all this have to do with milk coagulation and cheese making? Well, during the 1930s an archaeological team from the American School of Classical Studies at Athens led by Ferdinand Joseph de Waele systematically excavated the site of the Asklepieion at Corinth (de Waele 1933). The original sanctuary was built in the sixth century BC and then rebuilt in fourth century BC. Among the many artifacts found at the site were large flat terra-cotta basins that contained heavy spouts.

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Gomi, T. 1980. On Dairy Productivity at Ur in the Late Ur III Period. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 23(1/2):1–42. Grandjouan, C., E. Markson, and S. I. Rotroff. 1989. Hellenistic Relief Molds from the Athenian Agora. Hesperia Supplements, Vol. 23. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton. Grant, A. J. 1966. Early Lives of Charlemagne: Eginhard & the Monk of St Gall. Translated and edited by Professor A. J. Grant. Cooper Square Publishers, New York. Pp. 79–80 Grant, M. 2000. Galen on Food and Diet. Routledge, London. Granto, J., R. Inglehart, and D.

Mysteries of the Mall: And Other Essays by Witold Rybczynski

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", additive manufacturing, airport security, Buckminster Fuller, City Beautiful movement, classic study, edge city, Frank Gehry, gentrification, Guggenheim Bilbao, Herman Kahn, Jane Jacobs, kremlinology, Lewis Mumford, Marshall McLuhan, megaproject, new economy, New Urbanism, Oklahoma City bombing, out of africa, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Eisenman, rent control, Silicon Valley, the High Line, urban renewal, young professional

When Marco Velardi, the editor of Apartamento, a self-styled “everyday life interiors magazine” based in Milan and Barcelona, invited me to contribute something “to celebrate the fact we were inspired by your words five years ago when we started doing our magazine,” I couldn’t resist. PART TWO Our Urban Condition Tocqueville, Urban Critic Alexis de Tocqueville is celebrated for Democracy in America, his classic study of American civilization at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The author was only twenty-five when he visited the United States, but he had a wide-ranging intellect, a keen sense of observation, and a journalist’s knack for eliciting the opinion of others. Consequently, one can pick almost any subject—slavery, religion, education—and find that he had something interesting to say about it.

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Most musicians, critics, and concertgoers would probably include not only Vienna’s Musikvereinssaal and Boston’s Symphony Hall but also Amsterdam’s Concertgebouw and New York’s Carnegie Hall. A systematic study of these and other halls is contained in Concert and Opera Halls: How They Sound, a vastly revised and enlarged edition of the now-classic study Music, Acoustics, and Architecture (which was originally published in 1962). The author is Leo L. Beranek, a Cambridge, Massachusetts–based acoustician who is co-founder of one of the world’s leading firms of acoustical consultants—Bolt, Beranek & Newman. Beranek’s top rating is “Superior,” and it is accorded only to the Musikvereinssaal, Symphony Hall, and the Concertgebouw.

The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution by David Wootton

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, book value, British Empire, classic study, clockwork universe, Commentariolus, commoditize, conceptual framework, Dava Sobel, double entry bookkeeping, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, Ernest Rutherford, Fellow of the Royal Society, fudge factor, germ theory of disease, Google X / Alphabet X, Hans Lippershey, interchangeable parts, invention of gunpowder, invention of the steam engine, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, Jacques de Vaucanson, James Watt: steam engine, Johannes Kepler, John Harrison: Longitude, knowledge economy, Large Hadron Collider, lateral thinking, lone genius, Mercator projection, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Philip Mirowski, placebo effect, QWERTY keyboard, Republic of Letters, social intelligence, spice trade, spinning jenny, Suez canal 1869, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions

I am here arguing against a powerful tradition in recent historiography of science which insists that replication is always problematic, and that in the end what counts as successful replication is always decided by the intervention of authority.78 According to these historians, replication is a social artefact, not a natural fact. The classic study is Leviathan and the Air-pump, by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer.79 That book, which has been described as the most influential work in the history of science after Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions, presents a number of arguments which have become famous.80 It argues that Boyle, through his air-pump experiments, was a pioneer in making facts: from the previous chapter we can see that this view is mistaken, unless one focusses narrowly on the use of the word ‘fact’.

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In order to develop its industry, the bourgeoisie required a science that would investigate the properties of material bodies and the manifestations of the forces of nature.’ But Marxists were not alone in assuming that the new science was motivated by its possible practical applications: Robert K. Merton in his classic study of 1938, Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-century England, in which he emphasized the role of Puritanism in encouraging useful knowledge, followed Hessen in arguing that seventeenth-century science was indeed intended, through and through, to have practical applications, despite his own rejection of Hessen’s Marxist assumptions.6 A series of studies, however (those of Alfred Rupert Hall being particularly influential), have claimed to show that, whatever the intentions of scientists may have been, in practice, the new science had virtually no influence on technological progress.

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Berkel, Isaac Beeckman (2013), 83 and n. 42. 7. See above, p. 24. 8. More, The Immortality of the Soul (1659), preface (b7r). More had earlier welcomed Cartesianism as a ‘Fortification about Theology’ to defend it from the assaults of the atheists: McGuire & Rattansi, ‘Newton and the “Pipes of Pan”’ (1966), 131. The classic study of More and Descartes is Webster, ‘Henry More and Descartes, Some New Sources’ (1969). 9. Parker, Disputationes de Deo et providentia divina (1678), 64; and Bayle (ed.), Nouvelles (1684), Vol. 2, 753 10. Boyle, A Defence (1662), preface (*1v) = Boyle, The Works (1999), Vol. 3, 9; Boyle, Experiments and Considerations Touching Col-ours (1664), preface (A4r) = Boyle, The Works (1999), Vol. 4, 7: ‘corpuscular philosophy’.

Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy by Francis Fukuyama

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, Atahualpa, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, British Empire, centre right, classic study, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, colonial rule, conceptual framework, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cotton gin, crony capitalism, Day of the Dead, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, double entry bookkeeping, Edward Snowden, Erik Brynjolfsson, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Francisco Pizarro, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, Home mortgage interest deduction, household responsibility system, income inequality, information asymmetry, invention of the printing press, iterative process, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, labour management system, land reform, land tenure, life extension, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, means of production, Menlo Park, Mohammed Bouazizi, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, Nelson Mandela, new economy, open economy, out of africa, Peace of Westphalia, Port of Oakland, post-industrial society, post-materialism, price discrimination, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, Second Machine Age, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, stem cell, subprime mortgage crisis, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, trade route, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Vilfredo Pareto, women in the workforce, work culture , World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Good outcomes, like quality public education, are a complex mixture of inputs provided by governments (teachers, curriculum, classrooms, etc.) as well as characteristics of the population being served, including their income, social habits, and culture (that is, the degree to which learning is valued in the home). A classic study of educational outcomes in the United States was the 1966 Coleman Report, whose statistical analysis showed that quality education was much more a reflection of a student’s friends and family than of the inputs being supplied by the government.11 In any event, measuring outcomes is often difficult for the kinds of complex services offered by modern governments.

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Therefore, one cannot afford the luxury of charity, which is giving others more than their due, or even of justice, which is giving them their due … Toward those who are not of the family the reasonable attitude is suspicion.”4 According to political scientist Joseph LaPalombara, “Primary associations are still dominant; family, kinship, neighborhood, village are still the associational forms that have the greatest call on individual loyalties.”5 Another political scientist, Sidney Tarrow, in his study of peasant communism in southern Italy, writes of a culture built around “the prevalence of violence and the consciousness of death, the modest place of woman in society, and the almost occult role of corruption in economics and politics.” Building on Banfield, he asserts that “in the Mezzogiorno, individuals participate in and directly perceive modern secondary organizations, but for some reason reject them as illegitimate or corrupt.”6 His insights were given broader empirical validation in Robert Putnam’s classic study Making Democracy Work, in which he devises various empirical measures of civic engagement like newspaper readership or membership in sports clubs, and finds a striking divergence between the strong associational bonds in northern Italy and the weak or nonexistent ones in the South.7 Very similar observations have been made about the traditional Greek rural society that existed in the nineteenth century, in which, according to sociologist Apostolis Papakostas, “The only available way to organize people was through the family—a social organization which, in spite of local variations in its structure, has always played an important role in the social life of modern Greece.”8 As in southern Italy, loyalty to the family has a counterpart in distrust of strangers.

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A classic segmentary lineage—a tribe, speaking anthropologically—is a group that traces common ancestry to a progenitor who may be two, three, or more generations distant. The system is held together by a very specific set of beliefs about the power of dead ancestors and unborn descendants to affect the fortunes of the living. As described in E. E. Evans-Pritchard’s classic study of the Nuer in South Sudan, these lineages are scalable depending on how many generations back one chooses an ancestor. For most day-to-day purposes, the relevant ancestor is very proximate and the kin group correspondingly very small. Modern ethnic groups, by contrast, encompass hundreds of thousands if not millions of people.

The Greek Revolution: 1821 and the Making of Modern Europe by Mark Mazower

classic study, coronavirus, COVID-19, disinformation, Monroe Doctrine, éminence grise

Khurshid Pasha, illustration by Adam de Friedel, from The Greeks: Twenty-four Portraits of the Principal Leaders and Personages, 1832. (The Gennadius Library, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens) 12. Ali Pasha at Bucinto, 1819, illustration by Justin Cartwright, from Selections of the Costume of Albania and Greece, 1822. 13. The piazza of St Mark, Zakynthos, illustration by Joseph Cartwright, from The Ionian Islands, 1821. (The Gennadius Library, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens) 14. Philhellenes’ camp during the Greek War of Independence, 1835, painting by Carl von Heideck. (Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe (photograph: akg-images)) 15.

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(Stephen Vagliano Collection) 29. The slave market in Cairo, illustration from Robert Hay, Illustrations of Cairo, 1840. (The Gennadius Library, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens) 30. Women from the Peloponnese in a makeshift tent, c. 1828, illustration by Théodore Leblanc, from Sketches from Life Made during a Three-year Journey in Greece and the Levant, 1833–4. (The Gennadius Library, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens) 31. Greek Soldiers during the Insurrections of 1829, watercolour by Théodore Leblanc, c. 1829. (Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown Digital Repository, Brown University Library) 32.

How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World and Everything in It by Arthur Herman

British Empire, California gold rush, classic study, creative destruction, do-ocracy, Edward Jenner, financial independence, gentleman farmer, global village, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Joan Didion, joint-stock company, laissez-faire capitalism, land tenure, mass immigration, means of production, new economy, New Urbanism, North Sea oil, oil shale / tar sands, Republic of Letters, Robert Mercer, spinning jenny, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, tontine, transcontinental railway, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban renewal, vertical integration, working poor

For the Foulis brothers themselves, I relied on David Murray’s Robert and Andrew Foulis and the Glasgow Press (Glasgow, 1913), and Some Letters of Robert Foulis (Glasgow, 1917), and Richard Sher’s “Commerce, Religion, and the Enlightenment in Eighteenth Century Glasgow,” in Glasgow, Volume I: Beginnings to 1830, edited by T. M. Devine and Gordon Jackson (Manchester, 1995). The book I found most helpful for understanding the physical evolution of Glasgow was Andrew Gibb’s Glasgow: The Making of the City (London, 1983). For Edinburgh, A. J. Youngson’s classic study, The Making of Classical Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1966), is still indispensable; Charles MacKean’s Edinburgh: An Illustrated Architectural Guide (Edinburgh, 1992) is a handy street-by-street, almost house-by-house guide to the evolution of this fascinating city. On James Craig, see Kitty Croft and Andrew Fraser’s James Craig, 1744–1795 (Edinburgh, 1995).

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Todd offers another good summary of Reid’s philosophy in his introduction to The Philosophical Orators of Thomas Reid (Carbondale, 1989). I also found quite useful Peter J. Diamond’s Common Sense and Improvement: Thomas Reid as Social Theorist, which is now available in paperback, and George Davie’s classic study, The Social Significance of the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense (Dundee, 1973). Finally, my discussion of James Wilson relies on Mark David Hall, The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson 1742-1798 (Columia MO, 1997), and Shannon Stimson’s brilliant piece, “A Jury of the Country,” in the Sher and Smitten volume on Scotland and America cited above.

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The quotation about Stewart’s appeal to the English mind comes from James McCosh in his essay on Stewart in Scottish Philosophy (1875), which can be found in various reprint editions and even online (www.utm.edu/research/iep/text/mccosh/mccosh). Dugald Stewart languishes in a scholarly limbo. No such fate has befallen his gifted students who founded the Edinburgh Review. The classic study is by John Clive: Scotch Reviewers: The Edinburgh Review, 1802–1815 (London, 1957). It can be supplemented with Joanne Shattock’s Politics and Reviews: The Edinburgh Review and the Quarterly (Leicester, 1989) and Biancamaria Fontana’s Rethinking the Politics of Commercial Society: The Edinbugh Review (Cambridge, 1985).

The Musical Human: A History of Life on Earth by Michael Spitzer

Ada Lovelace, agricultural Revolution, AlphaGo, An Inconvenient Truth, Asperger Syndrome, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, bread and circuses, Brownian motion, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, classic study, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, David Attenborough, Douglas Hofstadter, East Village, Ford Model T, gamification, Gödel, Escher, Bach, hive mind, horn antenna, HyperCard, Internet of things, invention of agriculture, invention of writing, Johannes Kepler, Kickstarter, language acquisition, loose coupling, mandelbrot fractal, means of production, Menlo Park, mirror neurons, music of the spheres, out of africa, planetary scale, power law, randomized controlled trial, Snapchat, social intelligence, Steven Pinker, talking drums, technological singularity, TED Talk, theory of mind, TikTok, trade route, Turing test, Yom Kippur War

Among the Inuit of Canada, an aggrieved man has the right to challenge his opponent to a contest in which they sing taunts and gibes at each other.51 Song contests go back to the duelling shepherds in Virgil’s pastoral Eclogues.52 And the film 8-Mile, in which the rapper Eminem battles rival MCs in the clubs of Detroit, vividly shows how song contests are also the basis of hip-hop. In a classic study, the great anthropologist Alan Merriam lists a plethora of songs used by the Tutsi of Rwanda: Songs for boasting purposes, for war and greeting, songs sung when young married women meet together and reminisce about absent friends, children’s songs, songs to flatter a girl, and many more [including] boasting songs called ibirirmbo, in which two men sing in competition with each other, alternating musical phrases; they may vie either in praising one cow or in singing of the merits of one cow against another.53 Clearly, what is sauce for the cow is sauce for the gander, and the many other musics of social life: hunting, healing, war, lament, love, worship and so on.

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.), The Oxford Handbook of the Psalms (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 201–13 (p. 202). 68McKinnon, ‘On the Question of Psalmody’, p. 163. 69Joachim Braun, Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William Eerdmans Publishing, 2002), pp. 301–20. 70John Garr, Living Emblems: Ancient Symbols of Faith (Atlanta, Georgia: Golden Key Press, 2007), p. 39. 71Jacob Neusner, The Idea of History in Rabbinic Judaism (Leiden: Brill, 2004). 72McKinnon, ‘On the Question of Psalmody’, p. 191. 73Penelope Murray and Peter Wilson (eds), Music and the Muses: The Culture of “mousikē” in the Classical Athenian City (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). 74West, East Face of Helicon, pp. 16–17. 75Ibid., pp. 105–6. 76Naomi Weiss, The Music of Tragedy: Performance and Imagination in Euripidean Theater (Oakland: The University of California Press, 2018), p. 175. 77West, East Face of Helicon, p. 344. 78Peter Wilson, ‘Euripides’ Tragic Muse’, Illinois Classical Studies 24–5 (1999–2000), pp. 427–49. 79Ibid., pp. 436–7. 80Aristotle, Poetics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). 81Armand D’Angour, ‘The Musical Setting of Ancient Greek Texts’, in Tom Phillips and Armand D’Angour (eds), Music, Text, and Culture in Ancient Greece (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 47–72. 82Albert Lord, The Singer of Tales (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000). 83Georg Danek and Stefan Hagel, ‘Homer-Singen’, Wiener humanistische Blätter 37 (1995), pp. 5–20. 84West, East Face of Helicon, p. 198. 85D’Angour, ‘Musical Setting’. 86Thomas Schmitz, ‘Reading Greek Literature’, in Enmarch and Lepper (eds), Ancient Egyptian Literature, pp. 25–44 (pp. 42–3). 87Charles Rose, The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 90. 88West, East Face of Helicon, p. 163. 89Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy and other Writings, trans.

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.: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 35–8. 92Barbara Castiglioni, ‘Music, Ritual, and Self-Referentiality in the Second Stasimon of Euripides’ Helen’, Greek and Roman Studies 6 (2018), pp. 247–64 (p. 256). 93Hagel, Ancient Greek Music, p. 6. 94Eric Csapo, ‘Euripides and Tragic Theatre in the Late Fifth Century’, Illinois Classical Studies 24–5 (1999–2000), pp. 399–426. 95Ibid., p. 417. 96Timothy Moore, ‘Stinging Auloi, Aristophanes, Acharnians 860–71’, Greek and Roman Musical Studies 5 (2017), pp. 178–90 (p. 186). 97Csapo, ‘Euripides and Tragic Theatre’. 98West, East Face of Helicon, p. 192. 99Ibid., p. 284. 100Egert Pöhlmann and Martin West, Documents of Ancient Greek Music (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001), pp. 12–13. 101See the clip on https://www.youtube.com/watch?

Capital Without Borders by Brooke Harrington

Alan Greenspan, banking crisis, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, British Empire, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, classic study, complexity theory, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, diversified portfolio, emotional labour, equity risk premium, estate planning, eurozone crisis, family office, financial innovation, ghettoisation, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, high net worth, income inequality, information asymmetry, Joan Didion, job satisfaction, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Roose, liberal capitalism, mega-rich, mobile money, offshore financial centre, prudent man rule, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, Robert Shiller, South Sea Bubble, subprime mortgage crisis, the market place, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, upwardly mobile, wealth creators, web of trust, Westphalian system, Wolfgang Streeck, zero-sum game

Immersion—while not a common strategy in contemporary social science because of the high costs in time, effort, and money—is nonetheless a classic approach for studying groups that are otherwise too secretive, defensive, or marginalized to grant access to outsiders. In taking this approach, I was inspired by classic studies, such as those by William Whyte and John van Maanen.82 Van Maanen set a particularly good example, because—like me—he wanted to conduct research on an occupational group that was particularly suspicious of “left-leaning” academics. For him, the subject was police departments, and his timing made the work particularly difficult.

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Historically, the professions have been thought of as beholden to states: dependent upon government licensing to legitimate professional credentials and authority, as well as to create the markets for professional practice.1 This relationship is so strong that some social scientists define the state itself in terms of its power to shape employer-employee relations, as well as the institutions of work training and education. As a classic study explained, “The prime contingency of professionalism is the state and its policies.”2 This remains the case for many professions, such as law and medicine, which one cannot practice without a state-issued license, and then only within certain state-defined boundaries. But while other professions have traditionally depended on the state to ratify and legitimate their power, wealth management stands in a different position.

Split-Second Persuasion: The Ancient Art and New Science of Changing Minds by Kevin Dutton

availability heuristic, Bernie Madoff, call centre, Cass Sunstein, classic study, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, credit crunch, different worldview, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, equity premium, fundamental attribution error, haute couture, job satisfaction, Jon Ronson, loss aversion, Milgram experiment, Philippa Foot, placebo effect, Stephen Fry, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, theory of mind, trolley problem, ultimatum game, upwardly mobile

It’s difficult in the face of such buffoonery to countenance the possibility that there may be a serious side to all of this. Yet there is. In the law courts, for instance, the hypnotic potential of language is recognised only too well as an impish impediment to justice. This is precisely the reason why, in cross-examination, ‘leading’ questions are so vehemently overruled. 16A classic study conducted in 1974 by Elizabeth Loftus of the University of Washington and her colleague John Palmer provides clear evidence as to why this should continue to be the case. The centrepiece of the study comprised a video clip of a minor road traffic accident – a moving car making contact with a stationary one – which Loftus and Palmer played to two groups of participants.

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Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 41 (1946): 258–290. 15 In 2005, the Global Language Monitor … For a light-hearted tour of the latest politically (in)correct words and phrases see http://www.languagemonitor.com/news/top-politically-incorrect-words-of-2009; for the original ‘misguided criminals’ article see John Simpson, ‘London Bombs Need Calm Response.’ BBC Home (31st August 2005). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4671577.stm (accessed November 17th, 2005). 16 A classic study conducted in 1974 … Loftus, Elizabeth F. and Palmer, John C., ‘Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction Between Language and Memory.’ Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 13 (1974): 585–589. 17 ‘As soon as the race label is added …’ David Von Drehle, ‘Five Faces of Obama.’

The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World by Catherine Nixey

classic study, Eratosthenes, Index librorum prohibitorum, Socratic dialogue, the market place, trade route, wikimedia commons

., Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 179–96 ———, ‘Bandits in the Roman Empire’, Past & Present, no. 105 (Nov. 1984), pp. 3–52 ———, Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011) Shear, T. L., ‘The Athenian Agora: Excavations of 1971’, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 42, no. 2 (Apr–Jun 1973), pp. 121–79 Sherwin-White, A. N., ‘Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? – An Amendment’, Past & Present 27 (1964), pp. 23–7 Sienkiewicz, H., Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero (1895), tr. S. F. Conrad (New York: Hippocrene, 1992) Sizgorich, T., Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity: Militant Devotion in Christianity and Islam (Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009) Smith, W., A Smaller Latin–English Dictionary, revised J.

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.; London: Yale University Press, 1984, second, revised edition, 2003) ———, John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and reality in the late 4th century (Berkeley, Ca.; London: University of California Press, 1983) Wilson, M. R., Our Father Abraham: Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith (Grand Rapids, Mich.; Dayton, Oh.: William B. Eerdmans, 1989) Wilson, N. G., ‘The Church and Classical Studies in Byzantium’, in Antike und Abendland 16 (1970) ———, Saint Basil on the Value of Greek Literature (London: Duckworth, 1975) Wood, I. and J. Harries, eds, The Theodosian Code, Studies in the Imperial Law of Late Antiquity (London: Duckworth, 1993) Yegül, F. K., Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992) Footnotes * In Palmyra the goddess became associated with the local goddess Allat, to become ‘Athena-Allat’

The Intelligence Trap: Revolutionise Your Thinking and Make Wiser Decisions by David Robson

active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Atul Gawande, autism spectrum disorder, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, classic study, cognitive bias, corporate governance, correlation coefficient, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, deep learning, deliberate practice, dematerialisation, Donald Trump, Dunning–Kruger effect, fake news, Flynn Effect, framing effect, fundamental attribution error, illegal immigration, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, knowledge economy, Large Hadron Collider, lone genius, meta-analysis, Nelson Mandela, obamacare, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, post-truth, price anchoring, reality distortion field, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, Steve Jobs, sunk-cost fallacy, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, the scientific method, theory of mind, traveling salesman, ultimatum game, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

[He] was able to use his smartness to outsmart himself.’30 The use of system 2 ‘slow thinking’ to rationalise our beliefs even when they are wrong leads us to uncover the most important and pervasive form of the intelligence trap, with many disastrous consequences; it can explain not only the foolish ideas of people such as Conan Doyle, but also the huge divides in political opinion about issues such as gun crime and climate change. So what’s the scientific evidence? The first clues came from a series of classic studies from the 1970s and 1980s, when David Perkins of Harvard University asked students to consider a series of topical questions, such as: ‘Would a nuclear disarmament treaty reduce the likelihood of world war?’ A truly rational thinker should consider both sides of the argument, but Perkins found that more intelligent students were no more likely to consider any alternative points of view.

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Perhaps experts over-reach themselves, believing their powers are infallible? The idea would seem to fit with the descriptions of the bias blind spot that we explored in the last chapter. Until recently, however, the bulk of the scientific research suggested the opposite was true: it’s the incompetents who have an inflated view of their abilities. Consider a classic study by David Dunning at the University of Michigan and Justin Kruger at New York University. Dunning and Kruger were apparently inspired by the unfortunate case of McArthur Wheeler, who attempted to rob two banks in Pittsburgh in 1995. He committed the crimes in broad daylight, and the police arrested him just hours later.

Can Democracy Work?: A Short History of a Radical Idea, From Ancient Athens to Our World by James Miller

Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Cass Sunstein, classic study, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Graeber, disinformation, Donald Trump, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, income inequality, Joseph Schumpeter, mass incarceration, means of production, Occupy movement, Plato's cave, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Republic of Letters, Steve Bannon, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, transatlantic slave trade, union organizing, upwardly mobile, Vilfredo Pareto

The power of the demos was absolute, and it often changed its mind: it was for just this reason that critics considered democracy a uniquely unstable form of government. The citizens in assembly were perfectly free to reject previously approved laws, even to establish completely new institutions (as witness their adoption of the sweeping reforms of Cleisthenes). As M. I. Finley reminded readers in his classic study Democracy Ancient and Modern, “There were no theoretical limits to the power of the state, no activity, no sphere of human behaviour”—public or private, sacred or secular—“in which the state could not legitimately intervene provided the decision was properly taken for any reason that was held to be valid by the Assembly.

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At the same time, a new kind of political institution, unknown to the ancient Greeks, took shape, producing what Hans Kelsen called “one of real democracy’s most important elements: the political party, which brings like-minded individuals together in order to secure them actual influence in shaping public affairs.” * * * THIS WAS AN AREA where the United States led the way, with Andrew Jackson and his successors turning the Democratic Party into a machine for the mass mobilization of voters. As the British scholar James Bryce put it (in the final, 1910 edition of his classic study, The American Commonwealth): “The victories of the ballot box, no less than of the sword, must be won by the cohesion and disciplined docility of troops, and … these merits can only be secured by skillful organization and long-continued training.” Around the world, a variety of political groups of various persuasions began to emulate the American Democratic Party.

Owning the Sun by Alexander Zaitchik

"World Economic Forum" Davos, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, business cycle, classic study, colonial rule, coronavirus, corporate personhood, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, desegregation, Donald Trump, energy transition, informal economy, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, knowledge economy, lone genius, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, Menlo Park, Mont Pelerin Society, Nelson Mandela, oil shock, Philip Mirowski, placebo effect, Potemkin village, profit motive, proprietary trading, Ralph Nader, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, supercomputer in your pocket, The Chicago School, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, Whole Earth Catalog

In popular debates over the issuing of state grants and immunities, corporate charters were denounced as “mercantile monopolies” that had no place in a republic. “Such franchises and privileged grants may have made sense in monarchies as devices serving ‘to circumscribe and limit absolute power,’” observes Gordon Wood in his classic study, The Radicalism of the American Revolution. “But now that only the people ruled, these grants of corporate privileges seemed pernicious.” Early Americans may have hated all traces of the old regime, but they never followed Franklin and Jefferson’s lead when it came to patent monopolies. They used the Patent Office in such numbers that Jefferson was forced to concede the system’s role in, if not unleashing, at least bringing order to “a spring to invention beyond my comprehension.”

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In Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership (2012), Lewis Hyde revisits Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution through the skeptical contemporary eyes of Jefferson and Franklin, products of a transatlantic Enlightenment that held views of ancient lineage about knowledge as the common store of humanity, and that saw each discovery as an addition to a cumulative, multigenerational project that had no place for the idea of the “sole inventor.” These ideas dovetailed with the democratic ethos of an early American republic that rejected private claims smacking of royal privilege. The historically unique fierceness of this rejection and its origins are the subject of Gordon S. Wood’s classic study, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1991). For a critical look at how Congress and the courts have used the Progress Clause as constitutional cover for constitutionally questionable acts, from trade to foreign policy, see Jeanne C. Fromer, “The Intellectual Property Clause’s External Limitations” (2012).

After Europe by Ivan Krastev

affirmative action, bank run, Berlin Wall, Brexit referendum, central bank independence, classic study, clean water, conceptual framework, creative destruction, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, illegal immigration, job automation, mass immigration, meritocracy, moral panic, open borders, post-work, postnationalism / post nation state, public intellectual, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, The Brussels Effect, too big to fail, Wolfgang Streeck, World Values Survey, Y Combinator

Raymond Aron was right when he observed five decades ago that “with humanity on the way to unification, inequality between peoples takes on the significance that inequality between classes once had.”16 The Crisis and the Left In his reflections on the impact of the refugee crisis on Europe, Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek comments on Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s classic study On Death and Dying.17 In her book, Kübler-Ross offers the well-known scheme of the five stages of how we react upon learning that we have a terminal illness: 1. denial (“This can’t be happening, not to me.”) 2. anger (“How can this happen to me?”) 3. bargaining (“Just let me live to see my children graduate.”) 4. depression (“I’m going to die, so why bother with anything?”)

One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and the Screw by Witold Rybczynski

Charles Babbage, classic study, Ford Model T, invention of movable type, The Spirit Level, traveling salesman

GLOSSARY OF TOOLS London pattern screwdriver Scotch pattern screwdriver Undertaker’s screwdriver Gent’ fancy screwdriver Carpenter’s brace Breast auger Spiral bit auger Cooper’s adze Wooden carpenter’s brace with brass plates Try square Bevel A-level Spirit level Maul Combination case opener Plane Backsaw Skew-back handsaw Frame saw ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks, first, to David Shipley for asking the question. For help with the Greek quote, my appreciation to Prof. Ralph Rosen, chair of classical studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Robert A. Ruhloff was kind enough to send me information on wrought-iron spikes, including several interesting samples. Jamie Kendrick, Adam Barzilay, Maria Gonzalez, and Yi-Ting Liu provided capable research assistance. The Milton Historical Society supplied information on the redoubtable P.

The Shipwrecked Mind: On Political Reaction by Mark Lilla

Berlin Wall, Charlie Hebdo massacre, classic study, coherent worldview, creative destruction, George Santayana, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, Isaac Newton, liberation theology, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, urban planning, women in the workforce

Ever since Marcion, the second-century theologian who appealed to Paul’s authority for his doctrine that the Christian God was a deity wholly distinct from and superior to the Hebrews’ Yahweh, the Pauline corpus has been creatively misread. It is hard to find much in Jesus’s Sermon on the Mount to inspire such flights of fancy, but Paul’s epistles, with their powerful intimations about sin, grace, and imminent redemption, are another matter. As Monsignor Ronald Knox put it in his classic study Enthusiasm, “the mind of Paul has been misunderstood all down the centuries; there is no aberration of Christianity which does not point to him as the source of its inspiration, found as a rule, in his Epistle to the Romans.” And one can understand why. Consider these extraordinarily pregnant formulations from the Epistle: “We hold that a person is justified by faith apart from works prescribed by the law” (3:28).

Code Complete (Developer Best Practices) by Steve McConnell

Ada Lovelace, Albert Einstein, Buckminster Fuller, business logic, call centre, classic study, continuous integration, data acquisition, database schema, don't repeat yourself, Donald Knuth, fault tolerance, General Magic , global macro, Grace Hopper, haute cuisine, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, index card, inventory management, iterative process, Larry Wall, loose coupling, Menlo Park, no silver bullet, off-by-one error, Perl 6, place-making, premature optimization, revision control, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, seminal paper, slashdot, sorting algorithm, SQL injection, statistical model, Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Turing machine, web application

System testing (in the strict sense of independent testing) is done after construction to verify that construction has been done correctly. Construction is at the center of the software-development process. With a focus on construction, the individual programmer's productivity can improve enormously. A classic study by Sackman, Erikson, and Grant showed that the productivity of individual programmers varied by a factor of 10 to 20 during construction (1968). Since their study, their results have been confirmed by numerous other studies (Curtis 1981, Mills 1983, Curtis et al. 1986, Card 1987, Valett and McGarry 1989, DeMarco and Lister 1999, Boehm et al. 2000).

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The typical organization uses a test-heavy defect-removal approach and achieves only about 85 percent defectremoval efficiency. Leading organizations use a wider variety of techniques and achieve defect-removal efficiencies of 95 percent or higher (Jones 2000). The strong implication is that if project developers are striving for a higher defectdetection rate, they need to use a combination of techniques. A classic study by Glenford Myers confirmed this implication (1978b). Myers studied a group of programmers with a minimum of 7 and an average of 11 years of professional experience. Using a program with 15 known errors, he had each programmer look for errors by using one of these techniques: Execution testing against the specification Execution testing against the specification with the source code Walk-through/inspection using the specification and the source code Myers found a huge variation in the number of defects detected in the program, ranging from 1.0 to 9.0 defects found.

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First, 20% of a project's routines contribute 80% of the cost of development (Boehm 1987b). That doesn't necessarily mean that the 20% that cost the most are the same as the 20% with the most defects, but it's pretty suggestive. Second, regardless of the exact proportion of the cost contributed by highly defective routines, highly defective routines are extremely expensive. In a classic study in the 1960s, IBM performed an analysis of its OS/360 operating system and found that errors were not distributed evenly across all routines but were concentrated into a few. Those error-prone routines were found to be "the most expensive entities in programming" (Jones 1986a). They contained as many as 50 defects per 1000 lines of code, and fixing them often cost 10 times what it took to develop the whole system.

When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor by William Julius Wilson

affirmative action, business cycle, citizen journalism, classic study, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, declining real wages, deindustrialization, deliberate practice, desegregation, Donald Trump, edge city, ending welfare as we know it, fixed income, full employment, George Gilder, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, Gunnar Myrdal, income inequality, informal economy, jobless men, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, new economy, New Urbanism, pink-collar, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, school choice, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban renewal, War on Poverty, work culture , working poor, working-age population, Works Progress Administration

Since the early twentieth century, Chicago has been a laboratory for the scientific investigation of the social, economic, and historical forces that create and perpetuate economically depressed and isolated urban communities. The most distinctive phase of this research, referred to as the Chicago School of urban sociology, was completed before 1950 and was conducted by social scientists at the University of Chicago. Immediately following World War I, the Chicago School produced several classic studies, many of which were conducted under the guidance of Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess over the next three decades. These studies often combined statistical and observational analyses in making distinctive empirical and theoretical contributions to our understanding of urban processes, social problems and urban growth, and, commencing in the late 1930s, the nature of race and class subjugation in urban areas.

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But Frazier, an African-American sociologist trained at the University of Chicago, also recognized and emphasized a problem ignored in the earlier work of Park and Burgess—the important link between the black family structure and the industrial economy Frazier believed that the availability of employment opportunities in the industrial sector would largely determine the upward mobility of African-Americans and their eventual assimilation into American life. In 1945, a fundamental revision in the Chicago framework came with the publication of St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton’s classic study, Black Metropolis. Drake and Cayton first examined black progress in employment, housing, and social integration using census, survey, and archival data. Their analysis clearly revealed the existence of a color line that effectively blocked black occupational, residential, and social mobility.

A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories) by Barbara D. Metcalf, Thomas R. Metcalf

affirmative action, Berlin Wall, British Empire, classic study, colonial rule, commoditize, demand response, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, gentleman farmer, income inequality, joint-stock company, Khyber Pass, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, means of production, new economy, scientific management, Silicon Valley, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, telemarketer, trade route, upwardly mobile, urban planning

Mughal officials typically negotiated for delivery of the revenue demand with lineage heads and chieftains, homogenized in Mughal usage as zamindars (land-holders). At the bottom of this hierarchy were the peasant cultivators. Their condition under the Mughals has been a subject of controversy. In his classic study of the Mughal agrarian system, Irfan Habib concluded that the cultivating peasantry, though not owners of the land, hence unable to sell it, still possessed a hereditary right of occupancy so long as they paid the state’s revenue demand. For Habib, the result was an unceasing oppression, as their superiors sought to strip the cultivators of all surplus.

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For the Sikhs see Richard Fox, Lions of the Punjab (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). For the debates between and within communities see Kenneth W. Jones, ed., Religious Controversy in British India (Albany: State University Press of New York, 1992). For the politics of ‘swadeshi’ the classic study is Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, 1903–1908 (New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1973). For issues of gender relations see Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: the ‘Manly Englishman’ and the ‘Effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995); Barbara Daly Metcalf, Perfecting Women: Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanawi’s ‘Bhishti Zewar’ (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Rokeya Sahkhawat Hossain, Sultana’s Dreams and Selections from the Secluded Ones, ed. and trans.

Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism by David Harvey

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alvin Toffler, bitcoin, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business climate, California gold rush, call centre, central bank independence, Charles Babbage, classic study, clean water, cloud computing, collapse of Lehman Brothers, colonial rule, company town, cotton gin, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, death from overwork, deindustrialization, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, drone strike, end world poverty, falling living standards, fiat currency, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Food sovereignty, Frank Gehry, future of work, gentrification, global reserve currency, Great Leap Forward, Guggenheim Bilbao, Gunnar Myrdal, Herbert Marcuse, income inequality, informal economy, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Just-in-time delivery, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, Mahatma Gandhi, market clearing, Martin Wolf, means of production, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Money creation, Murray Bookchin, new economy, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, peak oil, phenotype, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, quantitative easing, rent-seeking, reserve currency, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, scientific management, short selling, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, wages for housework, Wall-E, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population

Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992. 8. McKinsey Global Institute, ‘The World at Work: Jobs, Pay and Skills for 3.5 Billion People’, Report of the McKinsey Global Institute, 2012. 9. Guy Debord, The Society of the Spectacle, Kalamazoo, Black & Red, 2000. 10. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave: The Classic Study of Tomorrow, New York, Bantam, 1980. 11. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Commonwealth, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2009. 12. Antonio Gramsci, The Prison Notebooks, London, NLR Books, 1971. 13. Gordon, ‘Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds’. 14.

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., Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1984 —, ‘Nature as Accumulation Strategy’, Socialist Register, 2007, pp. 19–41 Stiglitz, J., The Price of Inequality, New York, Norton, 2013 Storrs, C. (ed.), The Fiscal Military State in Eighteenth Century Europe, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2009 Thomas, P., The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony and Marxism, Chicago, Haymarket Books, 2010 Toffler, A., The Third Wave: The Classic Study of Tomorrow, New York, Bantam, 1980 Veblen, T., The Theory of the Leisure Class, New York, Oxford University Press, 2009 edition Wallerstein, I., Collins, R., Mann, M., Derluguian, G., and Calhoun, C., Does Capitalism Have a Future?, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013 Whitehead, A. N., Process and Reality, New York, Free Press, 1969 Wolff, R., Moore, B., and Marcuse, H., A Critique of Pure Tolerance: Beyond Tolerance, Tolerance and the Scientific Outlook, Repressive Tolerance, Boston, Beacon Press, 1969 Wright, M., Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism, New York, Routledge, 2006 Index Numbers in italics indicate Figures. 2001: A Space Odyssey (film) 271 A Abu Ghraib, Iraq 202 acid deposition 255, 256 advertising 50, 121, 140, 141, 187, 197, 236, 237, 275, 276 Aeschylus 291 Afghanistan 202, 290 Africa and global financial crisis 170 growth 232 indigenous population and property rights 39 labour 107, 108, 174 ‘land grabs’ 39, 58, 77, 252 population growth 230 Agamben, Giorgio 283–4 agglomeration 149, 150 economies 149 aggregate demand 20, 80, 81, 104, 173 aggregate effective demand 235 agribusiness 95, 133, 136, 206, 247, 258 agriculture ix, 39, 61, 104, 113, 117, 148, 229, 239, 257–8, 261 Alabama 148 Algerian War (1954–62) 288, 290 alienation 57, 69, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 198, 213, 214, 215, 263, 266–70, 272, 275–6, 279–80, 281, 286, 287 Allende, Salvador 201 Althusser, Louis 286 Amazon 131, 132 Americas colonisation of 229 indigenous populations 283 Amnesty International 202 anti-capitalist movements 11, 14, 65, 110, 111, 162 anti-capitalist struggle 14, 110, 145, 193, 269, 294 anti-globalisation 125 anti-terrorism xiii apartheid 169, 202, 203 Apple 84, 123, 131 apprenticeships 117 Arab Spring movement 280 Arbenz, Jacobo 201 Argentina 59, 107, 152, 160, 232 Aristotelianism 283, 289 Aristotle 1, 4, 200, 215 arms races 93 arms traffickers 54 Arrighi, Giovanni 136 Adam Smith in Beijing 142 Arthur, Brian: The Nature of Technology 89, 95–9, 101–4, 110 artificial intelligence xii, 104, 108, 120, 139, 188, 208, 295 Asia ‘land grabs’ 58 urbanisation 254 assembly lines 119 asset values and the credit system 83 defined 240 devalued 257 housing market 19, 20, 21, 58, 133 and predatory lending 133 property 76 recovery of 234 speculation 83, 101, 179 associationism 281 AT&T 131 austerity xi, 84, 177, 191, 223 Australia 152 autodidacts 183 automation xii, 103, 105, 106, 108, 138, 208, 215, 295 B Babbage, Charles 119 Bangkok riots, Thailand (1968) x Bangladesh dismantlement of old ships 250 factories 129, 174, 292 industrialisation 123 labour 108, 123, 129 protests against unsafe labour conditions 280 textile mill tragedies 249 Bank of England 45, 46 banking bonuses 164 electronic 92, 100, 277 excessive charges 84 interbank lending 233 and monopoly power 143 national banks supplant local banking in Britain and France 158 net transfers between banks 28 power of bankers 75 private banks 233 profits 54 regional banks 158 shell games 54–5 systematic banking malfeasance 54, 61 Baran, Paul and Sweezy, Paul: Monopoly Capitalism 136 Barcelona 141, 160 barrios pobres ix barter 24, 25, 29 Battersea Power Station, London 255 Battle of Algiers, The (film) 288 Bavaria, Germany 143, 150 Becker, Gary 186 Bernanke, Ben 47 Bhutan 171 billionaires xi, 165, 169, 170 biodiversity 246, 254, 255, 260 biofuels 3 biomedical engineering xii Birmingham 149 Bitcoin 36, 109 Black Panthers 291 Blade Runner (film) 271 Blankfein, Lloyd 239–40 Bohr, Niels 70 Bolivia 257, 260, 284 bondholders xii, 32, 51, 152, 158, 223, 240, 244, 245 bonuses 54, 77, 164, 178 Bourdieu, Pierre 186, 187 bourgeois morality 195 bourgeois reformism 167, 211 ‘Brady Bonds’ 240 Braudel, Fernand 193 Braverman, Harry: Labor and Monopoly Capital 119 Brazil a BRIC country 170, 228 coffee growers 257 poverty grants 107 unrest in (2013) 171, 243, 293 Brecht, Bertolt 265, 293 Bretton Woods (1944) 46 brewing trade 138 BRIC countries 10, 170, 174, 228 Britain alliance between state and London merchant capitalists 44–5 banking 158 enclosure movement 58 lends to United States (nineteenth century) 153 suppression of Mau Mau 291 surpluses of capital and labour sent to colonies 152–3 welfare state 165 see also United Kingdom British Empire 115, 174 British Museum Library, London 4 British Petroleum (BP) 61, 128 Buffett, Peter 211–12, 245, 283, 285 Buffett, Warren 211 bureaucracy 121–2, 165, 203, 251 Bush, George, Jr 201, 202 C Cabet, Étienne 183 Cabral, Amilcar 291 cadastral mapping 41 Cadbury 18 Cairo uprising (2011) 99 Calhoun, Craig 178 California 29, 196, 254 Canada 152 Cape Canaveral, Florida 196 capital abolition of monopolisable skills 119–20 aim of 92, 96–7, 232 alternatives to 36, 69, 89, 162 annihilation of space through time 138, 147, 178 capital-labour contradiction 65, 66, 68–9 and capitalism 7, 57, 68, 115, 166, 218 centralisation of 135, 142 circulation of 5, 7, 8, 53, 63, 67, 73, 74, 75, 79, 88, 99, 147, 168, 172, 177, 234, 247, 251, 276 commodity 74, 81 control over labour 102–3, 116–17, 166, 171–2, 274, 291–2 creation of 57 cultural 186 destruction of 154, 196, 233–4 and division of labour 112 economic engine of 8, 10, 97, 168, 172, 200, 253, 265, 268 evolution of 54, 151, 171, 270 exploitation by 156, 195 fictitious 32–3, 34, 76, 101, 110–11, 239–42 fixed 75–8, 155, 234 importance of uneven geographical development to 161 inequality foundational for 171–2 investment in fixed capital 75 innovations 4 legal-illegal duality 72 limitless growth of 37 new form of 4, 14 parasitic forms of 245 power of xii, 36, 47 private capital accumulation 23 privatisation of 61 process-thing duality 70–78 profitability of 184, 191–2 purpose of 92 realisation of 88, 173, 192, 212, 231, 235, 242, 268, 273 relation to nature 246–63 reproduction of 4, 47, 55, 63, 64, 88, 97, 108, 130, 146, 161, 168, 171, 172, 180, 181, 182, 189, 194, 219, 233, 252 spatiality of 99 and surplus value 63 surpluses of 151, 152, 153 temporality of 99 tension between fixed and circulating capital 75–8, 88, 89 turnover time of 73, 99, 147 and wage rates 173 capital accumulation, exponential growth of 229 capital gains 85, 179 capital accumulation 7, 8, 75, 76, 78, 102, 149, 151–5, 159, 172, 173, 179, 192, 209, 223, 228–32, 238, 241, 243, 244, 247, 273, 274, 276 basic architecture for 88 and capital’s aim 92, 96 collapse of 106 compound rate of 228–9 and the credit system 83 and democratisation 43 and demographic growth 231 and household consumerism 192 and lack of aggregate effective demand in the market 81 and the land market 59 and Marx 5 maximising 98 models of 53 in a new territories 152–3 perpetual 92, 110, 146, 162, 233, 265 private 23 promotion of 34 and the property market 50 recent problems of 10 and the state 48 capitalism ailing 58 an alternative to 36 and capital 7, 57, 68, 115, 166, 218 city landscape of 160 consumerist 197 contagious predatory lawlessness within 109 crises essential to its reproduction ix; defined 7 and demand-side management 85 and democracy 43 disaster 254–5, 255 economic engine of xiii, 7–8, 11, 110, 220, 221, 252, 279 evolution of 218 geographical landscape of 146, 159 global xi–xii, 108, 124 history of 7 ‘knowledge-based’ xii, 238 and money power 33 and a moneyless economy 36 neoliberal 266 political economy of xiv; and private property rights 41 and racialisation 8 reproduction of ix; revivified xi; vulture 162 capitalist markets 33, 53 capitalo-centric studies 10 car industry 121, 138, 148, 158, 188 carbon trading 235, 250 Caribbean migrants 115 Cartesian thinking 247 Cato Institute 143 Central America 136 central banks/bankers xi–xii, 37, 45, 46, 48, 51, 109, 142, 156, 161, 173, 233, 245 centralisation 135, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 219 Césaire, Aimé 291 CFCs (chloro-fluorocarbons) 248, 254, 256, 259 chambers of commerce 168 Chandler, Alfred 141 Chaplin, Charlie 103 Charles I, King 199 Chartism 184 Chávez, Hugo 123, 201 cheating 57, 61, 63 Cheney, Dick 289 Chicago riots (1968) x chicanery 60, 72 children 174 exploitation of 195 raising 188, 190 trading of 26 violence and abuse of 193 Chile 136, 194, 280 coup of 1973 165, 201 China air quality 250, 258 becomes dynamic centre of a global capitalism 124 a BRIC country 170, 228 capital in (after 2000) 154 class struggles 233 and competition 150, 161 consumerism 194–5, 236 decentralisation 49 dirigiste governmentality 48 dismantlement of old ships 250 dispossessions in 58 education 184, 187 factories 123, 129, 174, 182 famine in 124–5 ‘great leap forward’ 125 growth of 170, 227, 232 income inequalities 169 industrialisation 232 Keynesian demand-side and debt-financed expansion xi; labour 80, 82, 107, 108, 123, 174, 230 life expectancy 259 personal debt 194 remittances 175 special economic zones 41, 144 speculative booms and bubbles in housing markets 21 suburbanisation 253 and technology 101 toxic batteries 249–50 unstable lurches forward 10 urban and infrastructural projects 151 urbanisation 232 Chinese Communist Party 108, 142 Church, the 185, 189, 199 circular cumulative causation 150 CitiBank 61 citizenship rights 168 civil rights 202, 205 class affluent classes 205 alliances 143, 149 class analysis xiii; conflict 85, 159 domination 91, 110 plutocratic capitalist xiii; power 55, 61, 88, 89, 92, 97, 99, 110, 134, 135, 221, 279 and race 166, 291 rule 91 structure 91 class struggle 34, 54, 67, 68, 85, 99, 103, 110, 116, 120, 135, 159, 172, 175, 183, 214, 233 climate change 4, 253–6, 259 Clinton, President Bill 176 Cloud Atlas (film) 271 CNN 285 coal 3, 255 coercion x, 41–4, 53, 60–63, 79, 95, 201, 286 Cold War 153, 165 collateralised debt obligations (CDOs) 78 Collins, Suzanne: The Hunger Games 264 Colombia 280 colonialism 257 the colonised 289–90 indigenous populations 39, 40 liberation from colonial rule 202 philanthropic 208, 285 colonisation 229, 262 ‘combinatorial evolution’ 96, 102, 104, 146, 147, 248 commercialisation 262, 263, 266 commodification 24, 55, 57, 59–63, 88, 115, 140, 141, 192, 193, 235, 243, 251, 253, 260, 262, 263, 273 commodities advertising 275 asking price 31 and barter 24 commodity exchange 39, 64 compared with products 25–6 defective or dangerous 72 definition 39 devaluation of 234 exchange value 15, 25 falling costs of 117 importance of workers as buyers 80–81 international trade in 256 labour power as a commodity 62 low-value 29 mobility of 147–8 obsolescence 236 single metric of value 24 unique 140–41 use value 15, 26, 35 commodity markets 49 ‘common capital of the class’ 142, 143 common wealth created by social labour 53 private appropriation of 53, 54, 55, 61, 88, 89 reproduction of 61 use values 53 commons collective management of 50 crucial 295 enclosure of 41, 235 natural 250 privatised 250 communications 99, 147, 148, 177 communism 196 collapse of (1989) xii, 165 communist parties 136 during Cold War 165 scientific 269 socialism/communism 91, 269 comparative advantage 122 competition and alienated workers 125 avoiding 31 between capitals 172 between energy and food production 3 decentralised 145 and deflationary crisis (1930s) 136 foreign 148, 155 geopolitical 219 inter-capitalist 110 international 154, 175 interstate 110 interterritorial 219 in labour market 116 and monopoly 131–45, 146, 218 and technology 92–3 and turnover time of capital 73, 99 and wages 135 competitive advantage 73, 93, 96, 112, 161 competitive market 131, 132 competitiveness 184 complementarity principle of 70 compounding growth 37, 49, 222, 227, 228, 233, 234, 235, 243, 244 perpetual 222–45, 296 computerisation 100, 120, 222 computers 92, 100, 105, 119 hardware 92, 101 organisational forms 92, 93, 99, 101 programming 120 software 92, 99, 101, 115, 116 conscience laundering 211, 245, 284, 286 Conscious Capitalism 284 constitutional rights 58 constitutionality 60, 61 constitutions progressive 284 and social bond between human rights and private property 40 US Constitution 284 and usurpation of power 45 consumerism 89, 106, 160, 192–5, 197, 198, 236, 274–7 containerisation 138, 148, 158 contracts 71, 72, 93, 207 contradictions Aristotelian conception of 4 between money and the social labour money represents 83 between reality and appearance 4–6 between use and exchange value 83 of capital and capitalism 68 contagious intensification of 14 creative use of 3 dialectical conception of 4 differing reactions to 2–3 and general crises 14 and innovation 3 moved around rather than resolved 3–4 multiple 33, 42 resolution of 3, 4 two modes of usage 1–2 unstable 89 Controller of the Currency 120 corporations and common wealth 54 corporate management 98–9 power of 57–8, 136 and private property 39–40 ‘visible hand’ 141–2 corruption 53, 197, 266 cosmopolitanism 285 cost of living 164, 175 credit cards 67, 133, 277 credit card companies 54, 84, 278 credit financing 152 credit system 83, 92, 101, 111, 239 crises changes in mental conceptions of the world ix-x; crisis of capital 4 defined 4 essential to the reproduction of capitalism ix; general crisis ensuing from contagions 14 housing markets crisis (2007–9) 18, 20, 22 reconfiguration of physical landscapes ix; slow resolution of x; sovereign debt crisis (after 2012) 37 currency markets, turbulence of (late 1960s) x customary rights 41, 59, 198 D Davos conferences 169 DDT 259 Debord, Guy: The Society of the Spectacle 236 debt creation 236 debt encumbrancy 212 debt peonage 62, 212 decentralisation 49, 142, 143, 144, 146, 148, 219, 281, 295 Declaration of Independence (US) 284 decolonisation 282, 288, 290 decommodification 85 deindustrialisation xii, 77–8, 98, 110, 148, 153, 159, 234 DeLong, Bradford 228 demand management 81, 82, 106, 176 demand-side management 85 democracy 47, 215 bourgeois 43, 49 governance within capitalism 43 social 190 totalitarian 220, 292 democratic governance 220, 266 democratisation 43 Deng Xiaoping x depressions 49, 227 1930s x, 108, 136, 169, 227, 232, 234 Descartes, René 247 Detroit 77, 136, 138, 148, 150, 152, 155, 159, 160 devaluation 153, 155, 162 of capital 233 of commodities 234 crises 150–51, 152, 154 localised 154 regional 154 developing countries 16, 240 Dhaka, Bangladesh 77 dialectics 70 Dickens, Charles 126, 169 Bleak House 226 Dombey and Son 184 digital revolution 144 disabled, the 202 see also handicapped discrimination 7, 8, 68, 116, 297 diseases 10, 211, 246, 254, 260 disempowerment 81, 103, 116, 119, 198, 270 disinvestment 78 Disneyfication 276 dispossession accumulation by 60, 67, 68, 84, 101, 111, 133, 141, 212 and capital 54, 55, 57 economies of 162 of indigenous populations 40, 59, 207 ‘land grabs’ 58 of land rights of the Irish 40 of the marginalised 198 political economy of 58 distributional equality 172 distributional shares 164–5, 166 division of labour 24, 71, 112–30, 154, 184, 268, 270 and Adam Smith 98, 118 defined 112 ‘the detail division of labour’ 118, 121 distinctions and oppositions 113–14 evolution of 112, 120, 121, 126 and gender 114–15 increasing complexity of 124, 125, 126 industrial proletariat 114 and innovation 96 ‘new international division of labour’ 122–3 organisation of 98 proliferating 121 relation between the parts and the whole 112 social 113, 118, 121, 125 technical 113, 295 uneven geographical developments in 130 dot-com bubble (1990s) 222–3, 241 ‘double coincidence of wants and needs’ 24 drugs 32, 193, 248 cartels 54 Durkheim, Emile 122, 125 Dust Bowl (United States, 1930s) 257 dynamism 92, 104, 146, 219 dystopia 229, 232, 264 E Eagleton , Terry: Why Marx Was Right 1, 21, 200, 214–15 East Asia crisis of 1997–98 154 dirigiste governmentality 48 education 184 rise of 170 Eastern Europe 115, 230 ecological offsets 250 economic rationality 211, 250, 252, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279 economies 48 advanced capitalist 228, 236 agglomeration 149 of dispossession 162 domination of industrial cartels and finance capital 135 household 192 informal 175 knowledge-based 188 mature 227–8 regional 149 reoriented to demand-side management 85 of scale 75 solidarity 66, 180 stagnant xii ecosystems 207, 247, 248, 251–6, 258, 261, 263, 296 Ecuador 46, 152, 284 education 23, 58, 60, 67–8, 84, 110, 127–8, 129, 134, 150, 156, 168, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 223, 235, 296 efficiency 71, 92, 93, 98, 103, 117, 118, 119, 122, 126, 272, 273, 284 efficient market hypothesis 118 Egypt 107, 280, 293 Ehrlich, Paul 246 electronics 120, 121, 129, 236, 292 emerging markets 170–71, 242 employment 37 capital in command of job creation 172, 174 conditions of 128 full-time 274 opportunities for xii, 108, 168 regional crises of 151 of women 108, 114, 115, 127 see also labour enclosure movement 58 Engels, Friedrich 70 The Condition of the English Working Class in England 292 English Civil War (1642–9) 199 Enlightenment 247 Enron 133, 241 environmental damage 49, 61, 110, 111, 113, 232, 249–50, 255, 257, 258, 259, 265, 286, 293 environmental movement 249, 252 environmentalism 249, 252–3 Epicurus 283 equal rights 64 Erasmus, Desiderius 283 ethnic hatreds and discriminations 8, 165 ethnic minorities 168 ethnicisation 62 ethnicity 7, 68, 116 euro, the 15, 37, 46 Europe deindustrialisation in 234 economic development in 10 fascist parties 280 low population growth rate 230 social democratic era 18 unemployment 108 women in labour force 230 European Central Bank 37, 46, 51 European Commission 51 European Union (EU) 95, 159 exchange values commodities 15, 25, 64 dominance of 266 and housing 14–23, 43 and money 28, 35, 38 uniform and qualitatively identical 15 and use values 15, 35, 42, 44, 50, 60, 65, 88 exclusionary permanent ownership rights 39 experts 122 exploitation 49, 54, 57, 62, 68, 75, 83, 107, 108, 124, 126, 128, 129, 150, 156, 159, 166, 175, 176, 182, 185, 193, 195, 208, 246, 257 exponential growth 224, 240, 254 capacity for 230 of capital 246 of capital accumulation 223, 229 of capitalist activity 253 and capital’s ecosystem 255 in computer power 105 and environmental resources 260 in human affairs 229 and innovations in finance and banking 100 potential dangers of 222, 223 of sophisticated technologies 100 expropriation 207 externality effects 43–4 Exxon 128 F Facebook 236, 278, 279 factories ix, 123, 129, 160, 174, 182, 247, 292 Factory Act (1864) 127, 183 famine 124–5, 229, 246 Fannie Mae 50 Fanon, Frantz 287 The Wretched of the Earth 288–90, 293 fascist parties 280 favelas ix, 16, 84, 175 feminisation 115 feminists 189, 192, 283 fertilisers 255 fetishes, fetishism 4–7, 31, 36–7, 61, 103, 111, 179, 198, 243, 245, 269, 278 feudalism 41 financial markets 60, 133 financialisation 238 FIRE (finance, insurance and real estate) sections 113 fishing 59, 113, 148, 249, 250 fixity and motion 75–8, 88, 89, 146, 155 Food and Drug Administration 120 food production/supply 3, 229, 246, 248, 252 security 253, 294, 296 stamp aid 206, 292 Ford, Martin 104–8, 111, 273 foreclosure 21, 22, 24, 54, 58, 241, 268 forestry 113, 148, 257 fossil fuels 3–4 Foucault, Michel xiii, 204, 209, 280–81 Fourier, François Marie Charles 183 Fourierists 18 Fourteen Points 201 France banking 158 dirigiste governmentality under de Gaulle 48 and European Central Bank 46 fascist parties 280 Francis, Pope 293 Apostolic Exhortation 275–6 Frankfurt School 261 Freddie Mac 50 free trade 138, 157 freedom 47, 48, 142, 143, 218, 219, 220, 265, 267–270, 276, 279–82, 285, 288, 296 and centralised power 142 cultural 168 freedom and domination 199–215, 219, 268, 285 and the good life 215 and money creation 51 popular desire for 43 religious 168 and state finances 48 under the rule of capital 64 see also liberty and freedom freedom of movement 47, 296 freedom of thought 200 freedom of the press 213 French Revolution 203, 213, 284 G G7 159 G20 159 Gallup survey of work 271–2 Gandhi, Mahatma 284, 291 Gaulle, Charles de 48 gay rights 166 GDP 194, 195, 223 Gehry, Frank 141 gender discriminations 7, 8, 68, 165 gene sequences 60 General Motors xii genetic engineering xii, 101, 247 genetic materials 235, 241, 251, 261 genetically modified foods 101 genocide 8 gentrification 19, 84, 141, 276 geocentric model 5 geographical landscape building a new 151, 155 of capitalism 159 evolution of 146–7 instability of 146 soulless, rationalised 157 geopolitical struggles 8, 154 Germany and austerity 223 autobahns built 151 and European Central Bank 46 inflation during 1920s 30 wage repression 158–9 Gesell, Silvio 35 Ghana 291 global economic crisis (2007–9) 22, 23, 47, 118, 124, 132, 151, 170, 228, 232, 234, 235, 241 global financialisation x, 177–8 global warming 260 globalisation 136, 174, 176, 179, 223, 293 gold 27–31, 33, 37, 57, 227, 233, 238, 240 Golden Dawn 280 Goldman Sachs 75, 239 Google 131, 136, 195, 279 Gordon, Robert 222, 223, 230, 239, 304n2 Gore, Al 249 Gorz, André 104–5, 107, 242, 270–77, 279 government 60 democratic 48 planning 48 and social bond between human rights and private property 40 spending power 48 governmentality 43, 48, 157, 209, 280–81, 285 Gramsci, Antonio 286, 293 Greco, Thomas 48–9 Greece 160, 161, 162, 171, 235 austerity 223 degradation of the well-being of the masses xi; fascist parties 280 the power of the bondholders 51, 152 greenwashing 249 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 202, 284 Guatemala 201 Guevara, Che 291 Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao 141 guild system 117 Guinea-Bissau 291 Gulf Oil Spill (2010) 61 H Habermas, Jürgen 192 habitat 246, 249, 252, 253, 255 handicapped, the 218 see also disabled Harvey, David The Enigma of Capital 265 Rebel Cities 282 Hayek, Friedrich 42 Road to Serfdom 206 health care 23, 58, 60, 67–8, 84, 110, 134, 156, 167, 189, 190, 235, 296 hedge funds 101, 162, 239, 241, 249 managers 164, 178 Heidegger, Martin 59, 250 Heritage Foundation 143 heterotopic spaces 219 Hill, Christopher 199 Ho Chi Minh 291 holocausts 8 homelessness 58 Hong Kong 150, 160 housing 156, 296 asset values 19, 20, 21, 58 ‘built to order’ 17 construction 67 controlling externalities 19–20 exchange values 14–23, 43 gated communities ix, 160, 208, 264 high costs 84 home ownership 49–50 investing in improvements 20, 43 mortgages 19, 21, 28, 50, 67, 82 predatory practices 67, 133 production costs 17 rental markets 22 renting or leasing 18–19, 67 self-built 84 self-help 16, 160 slum ix, 16, 175 social 18, 235 speculating in exchange value 20–22 speculative builds 17, 28, 78, 82 tenement 17, 160 terraced 17 tract ix, 17, 82 use values 14–19, 21–2, 23, 67 housing markets 18, 19, 21, 22, 28, 32, 49, 58, 60, 67, 68, 77, 83, 133, 192 crisis (2007–9) 18, 20, 22, 82–3 HSBC 61 Hudson, Michael 222 human capital theory 185, 186 human evolution 229–30 human nature 97, 198, 213, 261, 262, 263 revolt of 263, 264–81 human rights 40, 200, 202 humanism 269 capitalist 212 defined 283 education 128 excesses and dark side 283 and freedom 200, 208, 210 liberal 210, 287, 289 Marxist 284, 286 religious 283 Renaissance 283 revolutionary 212, 221, 282–93 secular 283, 285–6 types of 284 Hungary: fascist parties 280 Husserl, Edmund 192 Huygens, Christiaan 70 I IBM 128 Iceland: banking 55 identity politics xiii illegal aliens (‘sans-papiers’) 156 illegality 61, 72 immigrants, housing 160 imperialism 135, 136, 143, 201, 257, 258 income bourgeois disposable 235 disparities of 164–81 levelling up of 171 redistribution to the lower classes xi; see also wages indebtedness 152, 194, 222 India billionaires in 170 a BRIC country 170, 228 call centres 139 consumerism 236 dismantlement of old ships 250 labour 107, 230 ‘land grabs’ 77 moneylenders 210 social reproduction in 194 software engineers 196 special economic zones 144 unstable lurches forward 10 indigenous populations 193, 202, 257, 283 dispossession of 40, 59, 207 and exclusionary ownership rights 39 individualism 42, 197, 214, 281 Indonesia 129, 160 industrial cartels 135 Industrial Revolution 127 industrialisation 123, 189, 229, 232 inflation 30, 36, 37, 40, 49, 136, 228, 233 inheritance 40 Inner Asia, labour in 108 innovation 132 centres of 96 and the class struggle 103 competitive 219 as a double-edged sword xii; improving the qualities of daily life 4 labour-saving 104, 106, 107, 108 logistical 147 organisational 147 political 219 product 93 technological 94–5, 105, 147, 219 as a way out of a contradiction 3 insurance companies 278 intellectual property rights xii, 41, 123, 133, 139, 187, 207, 235, 241–2, 251 interest compound 5, 222, 224, 225, 226–7 interest-rate manipulations 54 interest rates 54, 186 living off 179, 186 on loans 17 money capital 28, 32 and mortgages 19, 67 on repayment of loans to the state 32 simple 225, 227 usury 49 Internal Revenue Service income tax returns 164 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 49, 51, 100, 143, 161, 169, 186, 234, 240 internet 158, 220, 278 investment: in fixed capital 75 investment pension funds 35–6 IOUs 30 Iran 232, 289 Iranian Revolution 289 Iraq war 201, 290 Ireland dispossession of land rights 40 housing market crash (2007–9) 82–3 Istanbul 141 uprising (2013) 99, 129, 171, 243 Italy 51,161, 223, 235 ITT 136 J Jacobs, Jane 96 James, C.L.R. 291 Japan 1980s economic boom 18 capital in (1980s) 154 economic development in 10 factories 123 growth rate 227 land market crash (1990) 18 low population growth rate 230 and Marshall Plan 153 post-war recovery 161 Jewish Question 213 JPMorgan 61 Judaeo-Christian tradition 283 K Kant, Immanuel 285 Katz, Cindi 189, 195, 197 Kenya 291 Kerala, India 171 Keynes, John Maynard xi, 46, 76, 244, 266 ‘Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren’ 33–4 General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money 35 Keynesianism demand management 82, 105, 176 demand-side and debt-financed expansion xi King, Martin Luther 284, 291 knowledge xii, 26, 41, 95, 96, 100, 105, 113, 122, 123, 127, 144, 184, 188, 196, 238, 242, 295 Koch brothers 292 Kohl, Helmut x L labour agitating and fighting for more 64 alienated workers 125, 126, 128, 129, 130 artisan 117, 182–3 and automation 105 capital/labour contradiction 65, 66, 68–9, 146 collective 117 commodification of 57 contracts 71, 72 control over 74, 102–11, 119, 166, 171–2, 274, 291–2 deskilling 111, 119 discipline 65, 79 disempowering workers 81, 103, 116, 119, 270 division of see division of labour; domestic 196 education 127–8, 129, 183, 187 exploitation of 54, 57, 62, 68, 75, 83, 107, 108, 126, 128, 129, 150, 156, 166, 175, 176, 182, 185, 195 factory 122, 123, 237 fair market value 63, 64 Gallup survey 271–2 house building 17 housework 114–15, 192 huge increase in the global wage labour force 107–8 importance of workers as buyers of commodities 80–81 ‘industrial reserve army’ 79–80, 173–4 migrations of 118 non-unionised xii; power of 61–4, 71, 73, 74, 79, 81, 88, 99, 108, 118–19, 127, 173, 175, 183, 189, 207, 233, 267 privatisation of 61 in service 117 skills 116, 118–19, 123, 149, 182–3, 185, 231 social see social labour; surplus 151, 152, 173–4, 175, 195, 233 symbolic 123 and trade unions 116 trading in labour services 62–3 unalienated 66, 89 unionised xii; unpaid 189 unskilled 114, 185 women in workforce see under women; worked to exhaustion or death 61, 182 see also employment labour markets 47, 62, 64, 66–9, 71, 102, 114, 116, 118, 166 labour-saving devices 104, 106, 107, 173, 174, 277 labour power commodification of 61, 88 exploitation of 62, 175 generation of surplus value 63 mobility of 99 monetisation of 61 private property character of 64 privatisation of 61 reserves of 108 Lagos, Nigeria, social reproduction in 195 laissez-faire 118, 205, 207, 281 land commodification 260–61 concept of 76–7 division of 59 and enclosure movement 58 establishing as private property 41 exhausting its fertility 61 privatisation 59, 61 scarcity 77 urban 251 ‘land grabs’ 39, 58, 77, 252 land market 18, 59 land price 17 land registry 41 land rents 78, 85 land rights 40, 93 land-use zoning 43 landlords 54, 67, 83, 140, 179, 251, 261 Latin America ’1and grabs’ 58, 77 labour 107 reductions in social inequality 171 two ‘lost decades’ of development 234 lawyers 22, 26, 67, 82, 245 leasing 16, 17, 18 Lebed, Jonathan 195 Lee Kuan-Yew 48 Leeds 149 Lefebvre, Henri 157, 192 Critique of Everyday Life 197–8 left, the defence of jobs and skills under threat 110 and the factory worker 68 incapable of mounting opposition to the power of capital xii; remains of the radical left xii–xiii Lehman Brothers investment bank, fall of (2008) x–xi, 47, 241 ‘leisure’ industries 115 Lenin, Vladimir 135 Leninism 91 Lewis, Michael: The Big Short 20–21 LGBT groups 168, 202, 218 liberation struggle 288, 290 liberty, liberties 44, 48–51, 142, 143, 212, 276, 284, 289 and bourgeois democracy 49 and centralised power 142 and money creation 51 non-coercive individual liberty 42 popular desire for 43 and state finances 48 liberty and freedom 199–215 coercion and violence in pursuit of 201 government surveillance and cracking of encrypted codes 201–2 human rights abuses 202 popular desire for 203 rhetoric on 200–201, 202 life expectancy 250, 258, 259 light, corpuscular theory of 70 living standards xii, 63, 64, 84, 89, 134, 175, 230 loans fictitious capital 32 housing 19 interest on 17 Locke, John 40, 201, 204 logos 31 London smog of 1952 255 unrest in (2011) 243 Los Angeles 150, 292 Louis XIV, King of France 245 Lovelace, Richard 199, 200, 203 Luddites 101 M McCarthyite scourge 56 MacKinnon, Catherine: Are Women Human?

Hard Times: The Divisive Toll of the Economic Slump by Tom Clark, Anthony Heath

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, British Empire, business cycle, Carmen Reinhart, classic study, credit crunch, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, debt deflation, deindustrialization, Etonian, eurozone crisis, falling living standards, full employment, Gini coefficient, Greenspan put, growth hacking, hedonic treadmill, hiring and firing, income inequality, interest rate swap, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Kenneth Rogoff, labour market flexibility, low interest rates, low skilled workers, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mortgage debt, new economy, Northern Rock, obamacare, oil shock, plutocrats, price stability, quantitative easing, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, science of happiness, statistical model, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, unconventional monetary instruments, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, women in the workforce, working poor

Putnam's underlying analysis of the individual organisations confirms that ‘the membership records of virtually every adult organization in this sample bears the scars’ of this period.8 Other, more qualitative, analyses carried out during the Depression era underline the same conclusion. Mirra Komarovsky's classic study of 59 unemployed men and their families near New York documented how economic misfortune warped relations within the home, and then spilled over into the community and ‘reduced the social life’. People who ‘used to visit and entertain friends’ suddenly did so ‘hardly at all’. One former electrician put it particularly bluntly: ‘You don't have any friends unless you have got the dollar.’9 Few aspects of community life were untouched.

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The family provides the oldest form of economic shelter: long before anyone talked of ‘cradle to grave’ welfare states, families pooled resources and risks to nurture the young, care for the old and rescue the destitute. If hard times weaken family life, therefore, they do not merely take a direct psychological toll, but also increase economic exposure. Should we expect broke homes to become broken homes? ‘Not necessarily’ is the message from most of the research and reports from the 1930s. In her classic study of unemployed men in the American Depression, Mirra Komarovsky uncovered much desperation; but she nonetheless found that a majority of families continued to hang together, and on traditional lines, with 44 of her 59 cases reporting no change in the standing of the man within his home.44 Touring the depressed North of England in the same years, George Orwell wrote that things were ‘more normal than one really has the right to expect.

Sam Friedman and Daniel Laurison by The Class Ceiling Why it Pays to be Privileged (2019, Policy Press)

affirmative action, Ascot racecourse, Boris Johnson, Bullingdon Club, classic study, critical race theory, discrete time, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, emotional labour, equal pay for equal work, gender pay gap, gig economy, Gini coefficient, glass ceiling, Hyperloop, if you build it, they will come, imposter syndrome, income inequality, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, job satisfaction, knowledge economy, longitudinal study, Martin Parr, meritocracy, meta-analysis, microaggression, nudge theory, nudge unit, old-boy network, performance metric, psychological pricing, school choice, Skype, starchitect, The Spirit Level, the strength of weak ties, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, work culture

We begin our remarks here by explaining how our approach forges a critical link between contemporary mainstream mobility analysis and what is often called ‘the sociology of elite recruitment’ – a long and rich research tradition that has largely 188 Class ceilings: A new approach to social mobility been forgotten in recent decades.12 Studies of elite recruitment were central to sociological inquiry through much of the 20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, in particular, a number of classic studies – particularly in the UK and US – investigated social mobility in a range of elite domains such as the senior civil service, the clergy, corporate management and politics.13 The key issue at stake in this work was the degree to which processes of elite recruitment enact forms of social closure,14 or how social collectives restrict access to resources and opportunities to a limited circle of the eligible.15 This issue of closure was also seen as having particular significance in terms of elite formation.

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He eschewed the contemporary language of social mobility embraced more readily by professional service firms, feeling that architecture was now an established level-playing field. See Thaler and Sunstein (2009). The Behavioural Insights Team, also known as the Nudge Unit, is an organisation that was set up inside the Cabinet Office to apply nudge theory to UK government policy in many areas, including social mobility. Erickson’s (1996) classic study finds a similar effect in terms of the use of popular culture as a bridging tool that aids cross-class interaction and coordination in workplaces. Chapter Nine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 APPG on Social Mobility (2012). Sandberg (2015). Bourdieu (1977, p 495, 1990a). Bourdieu (1990b, p 65).

The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality From the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century by Walter Scheidel

agricultural Revolution, assortative mating, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, classic study, collective bargaining, colonial rule, Columbian Exchange, conceptual framework, confounding variable, corporate governance, cosmological principle, CRISPR, crony capitalism, dark matter, declining real wages, democratizing finance, demographic transition, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Downton Abbey, Edward Glaeser, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, fixed income, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, hiring and firing, income inequality, John Markoff, knowledge worker, land reform, land tenure, low skilled workers, means of production, mega-rich, Network effects, nuclear winter, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, race to the bottom, recommendation engine, rent control, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, Simon Kuznets, synthetic biology, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, universal basic income, very high income, working-age population, zero-sum game

Santiago-Caballero 2011 documents fairly stable inequality in the province of Guadalajara in the eighteenth-century, except for a modest dip late in this period associated with land reform (see herein, chapter 12, p. 355). For falling European real wages, see herein, chapter 10, pp. 301–302. 19 France: The classic study is Le Roy Ladurie 1966, esp. 239–259, and also 263–276 for falling real wages. Portugal: Reis, Santos Pereira, and Andrade Martins n.d., esp. 27 fig. 2, 30–32, 36–37 figs. 5–6. In 1770, inequality was lower in Porto than it had been in 1700 and also lower than in 1565 Lisbon, lower in small towns and rural areas than in 1565 but higher in large towns than it had been in both 1565 and 1700 (27 fig. 2).

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The most comprehensive data set, based on samples comprising 1.75 million households in sixteen provinces from the 1920s and 1930s, suggests that the top decile owned approximately half of all farmland. In some areas, the most affluent 10 percent or 15 percent owned not more than between a third and half of the land, a far cry from intense concentration. Indeed, in the northern village of Zhangzhuangcun, made famous by William Hinton’s classic study of land reform in the late 1940s, middling and poor peasants had already owned 70 percent of the land prior to the communist takeover.18 Yet just as in the Soviet Union, where middling farmers had been branded and exterminated as kulaks, the Chinese communist leadership was loath to let inconvenient facts get in the way of its mission.

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., Miller-Antonio, Sari, and Murphy, Joanne M. A. 2009. “Differential health among the Mycenaeans of Messenia: status, sex, and dental health at Pylos.” In Schepartz, Lynne A., Fox, Sherry C., and Bourbou, Chryssi, eds., New directions in the skeletal biology of Greece. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 155–174. Scheve, Kenneth, and Stasavage, David. 2009. “Institutions, partisanship, and inequality in the long run.” World Politics 61: 215–253. Scheve, Kenneth, and Stasavage, David. 2010. “The conscription of wealth: mass warfare and the demand for progressive taxation.” International Organization 64: 529–561.

The Making of Global Capitalism by Leo Panitch, Sam Gindin

accounting loophole / creative accounting, active measures, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bilateral investment treaty, book value, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, classic study, collective bargaining, continuous integration, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, dark matter, democratizing finance, Deng Xiaoping, disintermediation, ending welfare as we know it, eurozone crisis, facts on the ground, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global value chain, guest worker program, Hyman Minsky, imperial preference, income inequality, inflation targeting, interchangeable parts, interest rate swap, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land reform, late capitalism, liberal capitalism, liquidity trap, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, military-industrial complex, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Myron Scholes, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, non-tariff barriers, Northern Rock, oil shock, precariat, price stability, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, scientific management, seigniorage, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, special economic zone, stock buybacks, structural adjustment programs, subprime mortgage crisis, Tax Reform Act of 1986, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, the payments system, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transcontinental railway, trickle-down economics, union organizing, vertical integration, very high income, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, Works Progress Administration, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

Giovanni Arrighi, The Geometry of Imperialism, London: NLB, 1978, p. 17. 15 Our argument in this respect is thus quite different from that of Niall Ferguson, who at various points adopts something close to a historical-materialist definition of the US as a liberal empire—“one that not only underwrites the free international exchange of commodities, labor and capital but also creates and upholds the conditions without which markets cannot function”—but insists, despite much of the evidence in his own book, that in practice the US “has been a surprisingly inept empire builder.” Colossus, p. 2. 16 The classic study in this vein is William Appleman Williams, The Contours of American History, Chicago: Quadrangle, 1966. Andrew J. Bacevich embraced this interpretation in his American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of US Diplomacy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, even though it fails to register the small contribution that exports made to capital accumulation relative to the domestic economy at the time, and gives vastly disproportionate weight to the significance of US capitalist expansion in Central America at a time when California was barely yet a site of US capital accumulation.

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Hogan, “Revival and Reform: America’s Twentieth-Century Search for a New Economic Order Abroad,” Diplomatic History 8:4 (Fall 1984), p. 299. 34 For two interesting recent National Bureau of Economic Research studies that draw parallels and contrasts between the real-estate bubbles of the 1920s and early 2000s, see Eugene N. White, “Lessons from the Great American Real Estate Boom and Bust of the 1920s,” NBER Working Paper No. 15573, December 2009; and William N. Gotzmann and Frank Newman, “Securitization in the 1920s,” NBER Working Paper No. 15650, January 2010. On the stock-market bubble, the classic study remains John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash: 1929 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin), especially the 1988 edition with a new introduction, “1929 and the Crash of ’87.” 35 David Gordon, “The Global Economy,” New Left Review I/168 (March–April 1988), Table 1, p. 32. 36 See Michael A. Bernstein, The Great Depression: Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929–1939, Cambridge: CUP, 1987; and Gerard Dumenil and Dominique Levy, Capital Resurgent: Roots of the Neoliberal Revolution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004, esp.

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The NAC consisted of the secretaries of the Treasury, State and Commerce Departments and the chairmen of the Federal Reserve and Export-Import Bank. 12 On the overwhelming US influence in the constitution of the IMF, and the establishment of its loan conditionalities, see Sarah Babb, “The IMF in Sociological Perspective: A Tale of Organizational Slippage,” Studies in Comparative International Development 38: 2 (2003); Mark D. Harmon, The British Labour Government and the 1976 IMF Crisis, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997, esp. Chapter 1; and Fred Block’s classic study, The Origins of International Economic Disorder: A Study of United States International Monetary Policy from World War II to the Present, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. 13 William Y. Elliott, National Planning Association, and Woodrow Wilson Foundation, The Political Economy of American Foreign Policy: Its Concepts, Strategy, and Limits, Report of a Study Group sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation and the National Planning Association, New York: Holt & Co., 1955, p. 213. 14 A report presented to the Federal Reserve’s Board of Governors at the beginning of 1950 clearly outlined the phases through which American international economic policy passed in the early postwar years.

After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire Since 1405 by John Darwin

agricultural Revolution, Atahualpa, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Cape to Cairo, classic study, colonial rule, Columbian Exchange, cuban missile crisis, deglobalization, deindustrialization, European colonialism, failed state, Francisco Pizarro, Great Leap Forward, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, joint-stock company, Khartoum Gordon, laissez-faire capitalism, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Malacca Straits, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, oil shock, open economy, price mechanism, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Scramble for Africa, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade

Russell-Wood, A World on the Move (New York, 1992). 125. See B. Lewis, Cultures in Conflict (Oxford, 1995) for Ottoman indifference to the Americas. CHAPTER 3: THE EARLY MODERN EQUILIBRIUM 1. J.B. Brebner, The Explorers of North America (pbk edn, New York, 1955), p. 255. 2. Ibid., p. 255. 3. Ibid., p. 299. 4. The classic study is J. Baker, History of Geographical Exploration (London, 1931). 5. See J. C. Beaglehole, The Life of Captain James Cook (London, 1974). 6. See R. Law, ‘ ‘‘Here is no resisting the country’’: The Realities of Power in Afro-European Relations on the West African Slave Coast’, Itinerario 17, 2 (1994), pp. 56–64. 7.

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Dale, Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade 1600–1750 (Cambridge, 1994). 2. P. C. Perdue, China Marches West (Cambridge, Mass., 2005). 3. For the politics of the upper Nile in the mid eighteenth century, J. J. Ewald, Soldiers, Traders and Slaves: State Formation and Economic Transformation in the Greater Nile Valley 1700–1885 (Madison, 1990). 4. The classic study is P. J. van der Merwe, The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony, 1657–1842 (1938; Eng. trans. Athens, O., 1995). 5. W. P. Cumming, S. Hillier, D. B. Quinn and G. Williams, The Exploration of North America 1630–1776 (London, 1974), pp. 233–4. 6. Quoted in R. J. Bonney, ‘The Eighteenth Century II: The Struggle for Great Power Status and the End of the Old Fiscal Regime’, in R.

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Wills, ‘Maritime Asia, 1500–1800: The Interactive Emergence of European Domination’, American Historical Review98, 1 (1993), pp. 83–105, is a useful survey of more recent writing. S. F. Dale, Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade 1600–1750 (Cambridge, 1994) is a reminder of the continuing importance of overland trade. The classic study of change in the Ottoman Empire is H. A. R. Gibb and H. Bowen, Islamic Society and the West: A Study of the Impact of Western Civilisation on Moslem Culture in the Near East, vol. 1: Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century (2pts, London, 1950, 1957). The disorder that followed the fall of the Safavids in Iran is described in J.

Confronting Gun Violence in America by Thomas Gabor

classic study, Columbine, demand response, Ferguson, Missouri, income inequality, mandatory minimum, More Guns, Less Crime, RFID, Silicon Valley, traumatic brain injury, urban sprawl, work culture

He argued that: The relatively high death rate in gun robbery is the direct consequence of the fact that a loaded gun provides the assailant with the means to kill quickly at a distance and without much skill, strength, or danger of a counterattack. A passing whim or even the accidental twitch of a trigger finger is sufficient. Thus, a gun is intrinsically more dangerous than other types of weapons.12 In a classic study conducted in the late 1960s, Franklin Zimring, then a University of Chicago law professor, used an innovative methodology to isolate the impact of the weapon on the outcome of assaults. Reviewing Chicago Police data for 1967, he found that assaults with firearms were 56 Confronting Gun Violence in America five times as likely to result in the victim’s death as knife attacks.13 He anticipated that critics would attribute this finding to a greater intent to kill on the part of those attacking with guns, rather than the greater lethality of guns versus knives.

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First, there is much evidence that such a clear division has no factual basis as a large body of research shows that many citizens break a wide range of laws, from cheating on taxes to committing violent acts.13 For example, a study by the Internal Revenue Service found that, in 2001, Americans shortchanged the government by $345 billion. In that year, ten million people who were required to file tax returns did not do so.14 Surveys of the general public have shown that most people violate the law at some point. One classic study of 1700 New York City adults without a criminal record revealed that 99 %admitted to at least some lawbreaking.15 Numerous surveys of high school students show widespread lawbreaking and support the notion that humanity cannot be neatly divided into “good guys” and “bad guys.”16 Even violence is not limited to a small subpopulation of “bad guys.”

The Long Boom: A Vision for the Coming Age of Prosperity by Peter Schwartz, Peter Leyden, Joel Hyatt

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, American ideology, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, business cycle, centre right, classic study, clean water, complexity theory, computer age, crony capitalism, cross-subsidies, Danny Hillis, dark matter, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, double helix, edge city, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, George Gilder, glass ceiling, global village, Gregor Mendel, Herman Kahn, hydrogen economy, industrial cluster, informal economy, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, junk bonds, Just-in-time delivery, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, life extension, market bubble, mass immigration, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neal Stephenson, Nelson Mandela, new economy, oil shock, open borders, out of africa, Productivity paradox, QR code, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, The Hackers Conference, the scientific method, Thomas L Friedman, upwardly mobile, Washington Consensus, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce, Y2K, zero-sum game

(OECD; Frankfurt, 1998) Kevin Kelly, the executive editor of Wired, expands at length on the networking metaphor in his book The New Rules of the New Economy (New York: Viking, 1998). "Education and the Wealth of Nations," The Economist (March 29, 1997), 15, 21-23. The Third Wave; AMn Toffler, The Third Wave, The Classic Study of Tomorrow (New York: Bantam Books, 1980). 306 83 83 84 87 NOTES . like the best schools: This concept is based on a conversation Leyden had with Roberto Unger, a Harvard professor, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the summer of 1998. Unger lays it out in his book The Future of American Pmgressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform, by Roberto Unger and Cornell West (Boston: Beacon press, 1998).

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Things That Make Us Smart, Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine, by Donald A. Norman (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993). Norman has crusaded for designing our technologies to more seamlessly integrate into our world and, in doing so, has helped envision a future of ubiquitous computing. 320 Selected BiblioejRApky The Third Wave, the Classic Study of Tomorrow, by Alvin Toffler (New York: Bantam Books, 1980). So far ahead of its time in describing elements of the shift to the global networked society that it's still relevant. The Unbound Prometheus, by David S. Landes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1969). Shows the power of technology as a key driving force in long-term economic change, with a particular focus on the industrial revolution.

The Wrecking Crew: How Conservatives Rule by Thomas Frank

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, British Empire, business cycle, classic study, collective bargaining, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, David Brooks, disinformation, edge city, financial deregulation, full employment, George Gilder, guest worker program, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, invisible hand, job satisfaction, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage debt, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, new economy, P = NP, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, Ralph Nader, rent control, Richard Florida, road to serfdom, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, stem cell, stock buybacks, Strategic Defense Initiative, Telecommunications Act of 1996, the scientific method, too big to fail, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, union organizing, War on Poverty

These stories of the NAM and the House of Mirth come to us from an era when American businessmen knew where their class interests lay and acted accordingly, a conservative might sigh. But in the years after World War II, he would continue, corporations started to get soft; they started to get comfortable with big government. There was more than a little truth to this complaint. The classic study of the American corporation in the sixties, John Kenneth Galbraith’s The New Industrial State, described an organization in which shareholders had virtually no role at all and managers answered instead to government and to one another. For average citizens this arrangement made for the greatest period of mass prosperity in the nation’s history.

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: Prizewinning Washington Post Journalists Reveal How Reality Gagged the Gingrich Revolution (New York: Touchstone, 1996), p. 89. 23. Others have made the same point. For example, the reason business failed to get its way in the 1986 corporate tax rewrite, according to Showdown at Gucci Gulch, a classic study of the industry, was the fragmented approach of the corporate lobbyists. “The total firepower of these special interests was potentially fatal to any piece of legislation, yet they never managed to form an efficient ‘killer’ coalition.” Jeffrey H. Birnbaum and Alan S. Murray, Showdown at Gucci Gulch: Lawmakers, Lobbyists, and the Unlikely Triumph of Tax Reform (New York: Random House, 1987), p. 287. 24.

The Abandonment of the West by Michael Kimmage

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, City Beautiful movement, classic study, deindustrialization, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, European colonialism, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global pandemic, global supply chain, Gunnar Myrdal, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, Paris climate accords, Peace of Westphalia, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, transatlantic slave trade, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus

They were as much civic statements as aesthetic monuments, and they came to define the cities that built them: the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (1870), the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (1870), the Philadelphia Museum of Art (1876) and the Art Institute of Chicago (1879). Scholarly institutions followed suit: the Archaeological Institute of America (1879) and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (1891). The ruthlessly neoclassical American School of Architecture was founded in 1894. Meanwhile, on the American stage, Shakespeare was everywhere, his characters speaking easily in the local accent. Shakespeare’s plays taught European history to those Americans for whom a college education was inaccessible.

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Eisenhower himself studied Latin in school and had a childhood fascination with Hannibal, whose invasion of Europe Eisenhower would replicate, with amphibious landing craft instead of elephants. In his Abilene High School yearbook, Eisenhower predicted that he would become a professor of history at Yale. A graduate of West Point, Eisenhower read Clausewitz’s classic study of war three times. From 1928 to 1929, he lived in Paris, where he helped to compile a guidebook on World War I monuments. This background led to a particular interpretation of the Second World War. Fascism was a betrayal of European civilization and European liberty in Eisenhower’s view—a take on European civilization with an American tinge.

Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order by Noam Chomsky

Alan Greenspan, Bernie Sanders, Bretton Woods, classic study, declining real wages, deindustrialization, full employment, invisible hand, Jim Simons, joint-stock company, land reform, liberal capitalism, manufacturing employment, means of production, Monroe Doctrine, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, union organizing, Washington Consensus

UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 1997 (Oxford University Press, 1997); UNICEF, The Progress of Nations 1996 (UNICEF House, 1996). 2. Thomas Friedman, NYT, June 2, 1992; National Security Adviser Anthony Lake, NYT, September 26, 1993; historian David Fromkin, NYT Book Review, May 4, 1997, summarizing recent work. 3. On the general picture and its historical origins, see, inter alia, Frederic Clairmont’s classic study, The Rise and Fall of Economic Liberalism (Asia Publishing House, 1960), reprinted and updated (Penang and Goa: Third World Network, 1996); and Michel Chossudovsky, The Globalisation of Poverty (Penang: Third World Network, 1997). Clairmont was an UNCTAD economist for many years; Chossudovsky is professor of economics at the University of Ottawa. 4.

Bad Pharma: How Medicine Is Broken, and How We Can Fix It by Ben Goldacre

behavioural economics, classic study, data acquisition, framing effect, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, income per capita, meta-analysis, placebo effect, publication bias, randomized controlled trial, Ronald Reagan, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Simon Singh, sugar pill, systematic bias, WikiLeaks

From the most current systematic review, there have been twenty-nine studies looking at the impact of drug rep visits.58 Seventeen of those twenty-nine studies found that doctors who see drug reps are more likely to prescribe the promoted drug (six had mixed results, the rest show no difference, and none show a drop in prescribing). Doctors who see drug reps also tend to have higher prescribing costs, and are less likely to follow best-practice prescribing guidelines. To give a flavour of this research, one classic study took forty doctors who had requested that a drug should be added to their hospital formulary – the list of locally approved drugs – in the preceding two years.59 Eighty doctors from the same places who hadn’t applied to put a drug onto the formulary were then randomly selected, and the contact these two groups had had with the industry was compared.

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The cases which reach the public domain are only the tip of the iceberg, since there is little or no investigative work, so their exposure relies on competitors discovering and reporting a transgression, or doctors who are personally engaged in unethical behaviour reporting themselves to the authorities, which doesn’t happen often. Trips like the one described in the previous paragraph are used to influence the prescribing behaviour of doctors seeing patients like you, and spending NHS money: some with the booze, and some without, but in any case, the evidence shows that they are effective at changing behaviour. One classic study followed a group of doctors before and after an all-expenses-paid trip to a symposium in ‘a popular sunbelt vacation site’.70 Before they left, as you’d expect, the majority said they didn’t think this kind of thing would change their prescribing behaviour. After they got back, their prescription of the company’s products increased threefold.

What Technology Wants by Kevin Kelly

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Apollo 13, Boeing 747, Buckminster Fuller, c2.com, carbon-based life, Cass Sunstein, charter city, classic study, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, computer vision, cotton gin, Danny Hillis, dematerialisation, demographic transition, digital divide, double entry bookkeeping, Douglas Engelbart, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, George Gilder, gravity well, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, invention of air conditioning, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, John Conway, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, Lao Tzu, life extension, Louis Daguerre, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, meta-analysis, new economy, off grid, off-the-grid, out of africa, Paradox of Choice, performance metric, personalized medicine, phenotype, Picturephone, planetary scale, precautionary principle, quantum entanglement, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, refrigerator car, rewilding, Richard Florida, Rubik’s Cube, Silicon Valley, silicon-based life, skeuomorphism, Skype, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Stuart Kauffman, technological determinism, Ted Kaczynski, the built environment, the long tail, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, Vernor Vinge, wealth creators, Whole Earth Catalog, Y2K, yottabyte

For the past 30 years the conventional wisdom has been that once a person achieves a minimal standard of living, more money does not bring more happiness. If you live below a certain income threshold, increased money makes a difference, but after that, it doesn’t buy happiness. That was the conclusion of a now-classic study by Richard Easterlin in 1974. However, recent research from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania shows that worldwide, affluence brings increased satisfaction. Higher income earners are happier. Citizens in higher-earning countries tend to be more satisfied on average. My interpretation of this newest research—which also matches our intuitive impressions—is that what money brings is increased choices, rather than merely increased stuff (although more stuff comes with the territory).

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San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 78 objects in the entire estate: Edward Waterhouse and Henry Briggs. (1970) “A declaration of the state of the colony in Virginia.” The English experience, its record in early printed books published in facsimile, no. 276. Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. 78 now-classic study by Richard Easterlin in 1974: Richard A. Easterlin. (1996) Growth Triumphant. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 78 affluence brings increased satisfaction: David Leonhardt. (2008, April 16) “Maybe Money Does Buy Happiness After All.” New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/business/16leonhardt.html. 80 only a small percentage of humans lived in cities: United States Census Bureau. (2008) “Historical Estimates of World Population.” http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html; George Modelski. (2003) World Cities.

The Coke Machine: The Dirty Truth Behind the World's Favorite Soft Drink by Michael Blanding

"World Economic Forum" Davos, An Inconvenient Truth, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, corporate social responsibility, Exxon Valdez, Gordon Gekko, Internet Archive, laissez-faire capitalism, market design, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Pepsi Challenge, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, Ralph Nader, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, stock buybacks, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, Wayback Machine

Its standards are slightly lower on some contaminants, and it requires only weekly testing and voluntary recalls in the case of problems. And sure enough, the benzene scare over Perrier and the bromate con­ troversy in Britain are just the beginning of the problems with bottled water quality over the years. A classic study by the Natural Resources Defense Council of more than one thousand bottles of water in 1999 found that while most samples were safe, nearly a quarter tested above state 1 26 THE COKE MACHINE standards for bacterial or chemical contamination (only 4 percent violated weaker federal standards).

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Page 125 set a “low priority”: Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, “Bottled Water Regulations and the FDA,” August–September 2002. Page 125 standards are slightly lower . . . voluntary recalls: International Bottled Water As­ sociation, “Regulation of Bottled Water: An Overview.” Page 125 A classic study: Natural Resources Defense Council, “Bottled Water: Pure Drink or Pure Hype?” March 1999. Page 126 the American Medical Association found: Case Western Reserve University, “Study Finds Some Bottled Water Has More Bacteria and Less Fluoride Than Tap Water,” Science Daily, March 22, 2000. Page 126 a 2002 study by the University of Tuskegee: Abua Ikem et al., “Chemical Quality of Bottled Waters from Three Cities in Alabama,” Science of the Total Environment 285, nos. 1–3 (February 21, 2002), 165–175.

City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age by P. D. Smith

active transport: walking or cycling, Albert Einstein, Andrew Keen, Anthropocene, augmented reality, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Broken windows theory, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business cycle, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, congestion charging, congestion pricing, cosmological principle, crack epidemic, double entry bookkeeping, Dr. Strangelove, edge city, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, en.wikipedia.org, Enrique Peñalosa, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, global village, haute cuisine, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Kibera, Kickstarter, Kowloon Walled City, Lewis Mumford, Masdar, megacity, megastructure, multicultural london english, mutually assured destruction, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, peak oil, pneumatic tube, RFID, smart cities, starchitect, telepresence, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, the High Line, Thomas Malthus, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, walkable city, white flight, white picket fence, young professional

Remarkable though the Sumerian civilisation undoubtedly was, cities – with or without the help of the gods – did not rise out of the Mesopotamian landscape in a single generation. In Sumer, cities developed over two millennia, from c. 5500–3500 bc.4 But the city’s roots go deeper still. Archaeology is now revealing tantalising glimpses of the Neolithic origins of modern urbanism. Lewis Mumford, whose monumental work The City in History remains a classic study of urbanism, notes that ‘the embryonic structure of the city already existed in the village. House, shrine, cistern, public way, agora – not yet a specialised market – all first took form in the village.’5 As Neolithic people increasingly gained control over food production, creating surpluses that could support specialist craftsmen, their villages gradually grew into a new kind of community.

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After all, to spend some time as a flâneur, sitting in a city centre café, watching people pass by, is to experience theatre in its purest form. Studying faces you do not know and are never likely to see again, faces from every continent, is endlessly fascinating. There is something intrinsically theatrical about urban life, one of the themes explored by Jonathan Raban in his classic study Soft City. A city can be defined as a community in which you are likely to meet strangers. You are repeatedly thrown together with unfamiliar people and you have to make snap judgements based on superficial evidence, such as how they dress or speak, or whether their smile is trustworthy or suspicious.

Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier by Edward L. Glaeser

affirmative action, Andrei Shleifer, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, British Empire, Broken windows theory, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Celebration, Florida, classic study, clean water, company town, congestion charging, congestion pricing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, declining real wages, desegregation, different worldview, diversified portfolio, Edward Glaeser, Elisha Otis, endowment effect, European colonialism, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial innovation, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, global village, Guggenheim Bilbao, haute cuisine, high-speed rail, Home mortgage interest deduction, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, job-hopping, John Snow's cholera map, junk bonds, Lewis Mumford, machine readable, Mahatma Gandhi, McMansion, megacity, megaproject, Michael Milken, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, New Urbanism, place-making, Ponzi scheme, Potemkin village, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rent control, RFID, Richard Florida, Rosa Parks, school vouchers, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Steven Pinker, streetcar suburb, strikebreaker, Thales and the olive presses, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the new new thing, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, Works Progress Administration, young professional

This mixture of employers may not provide insurance against the global collapse of a great depression, but it sure smooths out the ordinary ups and downs of the marketplace. A one-company town like Hershey, Pennsylvania, depends on a single employer, and workers’ lives depend on whether that employer rises or falls. Not so in New York City or Rio de Janeiro, where there’s a plethora of factories in different industries. A classic study by two economists found that unemployment rates were almost 3 percent higher in the downturns of the 1970s and 1980s in places that lacked a diverse range of employers. The sheer variety of urban jobs also allows people to figure out what they can and can’t do well. For millennia, most humans toiled on farms regardless of whether or not they had any aptitude for tilling the soil.

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There is extensive research examining the impact of incarceration on crime levels, and typically when sentence lengths double, crime rates decline by somewhere between 10 and 40 percent. Steven Levitt argues that the incapacitation effect of jails is usually more important than deterrence. One classic study of his used ACLU lawsuits against overcrowding that pushed prisons to let criminals out. After the releases, crime rates rose nearby, and he estimates that as prison populations drop by 10 percent, violent crime increases by 4 percent. Using this estimate, the increase in prison population can explain almost 40 percent of the drop in violent crime during the 1990s.

Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms: Proceedings of the Agi Workshop 2006 by Ben Goertzel, Pei Wang

AI winter, artificial general intelligence, backpropagation, bioinformatics, brain emulation, classic study, combinatorial explosion, complexity theory, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, correlation coefficient, epigenetics, friendly AI, functional programming, G4S, higher-order functions, information retrieval, Isaac Newton, Jeff Hawkins, John Conway, Loebner Prize, Menlo Park, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, Occam's razor, p-value, pattern recognition, performance metric, precautionary principle, Ray Kurzweil, Rodney Brooks, semantic web, statistical model, strong AI, theory of mind, traveling salesman, Turing machine, Turing test, Von Neumann architecture, Y2K

The Novamente system has been integrated with AGI-SIM, a 3D simulation world powered by the CrystalSpace game engine used in the Crystal Cassie embodiment of the SNePs AGI system [9]. Table 1 above shows each of our proposed developmental stages, with examples drawn from our ongoing research with the Novamente system. 1.Piaget’s Approach to Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, in his classic studies of human developmental psychology [10-15], conceived of child development in four stages, each roughly identified with an age group: infantile, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal. --Infantile: In this stage a mind develops basic world-exploration driven by instinctive actions. Reward-driven reinforcement of actions learned by imitation, simple associations between words and objects, actions and images, and the basic notions of time, space, and causality are developed.

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To save space, some of the discussion in this paper will assume a basic familiarity with NAIE structures such as Atoms, Nodes, Links, ImplicationLinks and so forth, all of which are described in previous references and in other papers in this volume. 1.2. Cognitive Development in Simulated Androids Jean Piaget, in his classic studies of developmental psychology [8] conceived of child development as falling into four stages, each roughly identified with an age group: infantile, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal. While Piaget’s approach is out-of-date in some ways, recent researchers have still found it useful for structuring work in computational developmental psychology [9]; we have modified the Piagetan approach somewhat for usage in our own work (see [10]).

The End of Alchemy: Money, Banking and the Future of the Global Economy by Mervyn King

Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bitcoin, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, centre right, classic study, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, distributed generation, Doha Development Round, Edmond Halley, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, forward guidance, Fractional reserve banking, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, German hyperinflation, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, Hyman Minsky, inflation targeting, invisible hand, Japanese asset price bubble, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Meriwether, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, labour market flexibility, large denomination, lateral thinking, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market clearing, Martin Wolf, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, Nick Leeson, no-fly zone, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, Ponzi scheme, price mechanism, price stability, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Richard Thaler, rising living standards, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Satoshi Nakamoto, savings glut, secular stagnation, seigniorage, stem cell, Steve Jobs, The Great Moderation, the payments system, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, yield curve, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

It is a little-known, though not uninteresting, fact that the Wimbledon Championships are viewed in more countries than belong to the International Monetary Fund, and they are certainly more entertaining than the Annual Meetings of the IMF. Just a stone’s throw from Centre Court is the house in which Walter Bagehot wrote his classic study of central banking, Lombard Street. Setting out the doctrine of the LOLR – lend freely against good collateral at a penalty rate to banks facing a run – it became the bible for central bankers wondering how to respond to financial crises. Ben Bernanke at the Federal Reserve, and other central bank governors, often referred to Bagehot when explaining the measures they had taken to support banks during the recent crisis.35 Although the policy is widely attributed to Bagehot, it can be traced back to Henry Thornton in An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain published in 1802, in which he writes: ‘if any one bank fails, a general run upon the neighbouring ones is apt to take place, which, if not checked in the beginning by pouring into the circulation a large quantity of gold, leads to very extensive mischief’.36 And even before that, in response to the first financial crisis in the United States – the panic of 1792 – Alexander Hamilton, then US Treasury Secretary, intervened to stem the crisis and in so doing was arguably the first person to discover the benefits of a LOLR.37 He certainly was the first in a long line of US Treasury Secretaries who believed in bailouts.

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In 2008, the shock to confidence following the banking collapse led to a Keynesian downturn around the world on top of which was superimposed the adjustment to businesses and households’ earlier ‘mistake’ in assessing the sustainable level of spending. As explained above, that complicated the required policy response and led to the paradox of policy. The Great Depression in the 1930s saw violent swings of output and employment. In their classic study of the monetary history of the United States, Friedman and Schwartz argued that this was the fault of the Federal Reserve for remaining passive in the face of a sharp decline in the amount of money as banks failed and reduced lending. Out of this experience was born the view that an activist monetary and fiscal policy was essential.

The Next Shift: The Fall of Industry and the Rise of Health Care in Rust Belt America by Gabriel Winant

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, antiwork, blue-collar work, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, deindustrialization, desegregation, deskilling, emotional labour, employer provided health coverage, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ford paid five dollars a day, full employment, future of work, ghettoisation, independent contractor, invisible hand, Kitchen Debate, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, mandatory minimum, manufacturing employment, mass incarceration, MITM: man-in-the-middle, moral hazard, new economy, New Urbanism, obamacare, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pink-collar, post-industrial society, post-work, postindustrial economy, price stability, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, the built environment, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban renewal, vertical integration, War on Poverty, white flight, Wolfgang Streeck, women in the workforce, work culture , working poor

“It was hush hush, everything,” recalled daughter Linda. “Why?”64 This silence appeared in many parts of family life but shrouded sex most of all. “Working-class wives express considerably more discomfort about what they do in the marriage bed than their middle-class sisters,” wrote Lillian Rubin in her classic study, Worlds of Pain. Sex had been almost completely forbidden as a subject of discussion for many women in adolescence and, in their telling, often remained mysterious all the way up to marriage. “I never knew about that, really, even when I was married … after I was married, because a son didn’t come until two years.

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On the 1970s and labor history, see Jefferson R. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class (New York: New Press, 2010); Lane Windham, Knocking on Labor’s Door: Union Organizing in the 1970s and the Roots of the New Economic Divide (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017). For the classic study of industrial job loss, see William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Knopf, 1996). 3. Thomas K. Glennan Jr. et al., Education, Employment, and the Economy: An Examination of Work-Related Education in Greater Pittsburgh (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 1989). 4.

What Kind of Creatures Are We? (Columbia Themes in Philosophy) by Noam Chomsky

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Arthur Eddington, Brownian motion, classic study, conceptual framework, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, Great Leap Forward, Henri Poincaré, Isaac Newton, Jacques de Vaucanson, language acquisition, liberation theology, mass incarceration, means of production, phenotype, Ronald Reagan, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Turing test, wage slave

Perhaps, he thought, there might be “a most subtle spirit which pervades and lies hid in all gross bodies,” which will somehow yield a physical account of attraction and cohesion and offer some hope of rescuing an intelligible picture of the world.8 We should not lightly ignore the concerns of “the greatest and rarest genius that ever arose for the ornament and instruction of the species,” or of Galileo and Descartes, or Locke and Hume. Or of Newton’s most respected scientific contemporaries, who “unequivocally blamed [Newton] for leading science back into erroneous ways which it seemed to have definitely abandoned,” E. J. Dijksterhuis writes in the classic study of the mechanistic world picture and its collapse as a substantive doctrine. Christiaan Huygens described Newton’s principle of attraction as an “absurdity.” Gottfried Leibniz argued that Newton was reintroducing occult ideas similar to the sympathies and antipathies of the much-ridiculed scholastic science and was offering no physical explanations for phenomena of the material world.9 Newton largely agreed with his scientific contemporaries.

Future Perfect: The Case for Progress in a Networked Age by Steven Johnson

Airbus A320, airport security, algorithmic trading, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, call centre, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, Cass Sunstein, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, cognitive dissonance, credit crunch, crowdsourcing, dark matter, Dava Sobel, David Brooks, Donald Davies, Evgeny Morozov, Fairchild Semiconductor, future of journalism, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, HyperCard, Jane Jacobs, John Gruber, John Harrison: Longitude, Joi Ito, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, lone genius, Mark Zuckerberg, mega-rich, meta-analysis, Naomi Klein, Nate Silver, Occupy movement, packet switching, peer-to-peer, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, pre–internet, private spaceflight, radical decentralization, RAND corporation, risk tolerance, seminal paper, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, social graph, SpaceShipOne, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, techno-determinism, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, Tim Cook: Apple, urban planning, US Airways Flight 1549, WikiLeaks, William Langewiesche, working poor, X Prize, Yochai Benkler, your tax dollars at work

The modern system of campaign funding is an equal-opportunity offender. The peer-progressive response to this travesty is simple enough in theory. Don’t eliminate campaign financing altogether; diversify and decentralize it. A hundred years ago, during the last great crisis of political accountability, the political scientist Robert Brooks observed in his classic study of political corruption: “It is highly improbable that the question of campaign funds would ever have been raised in American politics if party contributions were habitually made by a large number of persons each giving a relatively small amount.” “A large number of persons each giving a relatively small amount.”

Designing for the Social Web by Joshua Porter

barriers to entry, classic study, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, fail fast, Howard Rheingold, late fees, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Milgram experiment, Paradox of Choice, Paul Buchheit, Ralph Waldo Emerson, recommendation engine, social bookmarking, social software, social web, Steve Jobs, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, web application, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

They tend to have impressive numbers that show successful behavior to others. Endowment Effect The Endowment Effect is the idea that people value something more when they feel a sense of ownership. We all know what this is like. From the moment we first compare our bicycles with our friends’ bikes, there’s something special about ours simply because it is ours. The classic study of the endowment effect involves economics. To test for the presence of the effect, researchers usually test whether or not people will insist upon selling an item for more than they can buy it for. This would show that they value it more because they own it. This quickly gets murky, however, because there are many shades of “ownership.”

The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis by Elaine Morgan

classic study, David Attenborough, lateral thinking, sexual politics

Traces of ‘cutaneous moisture’ were detected on the skin of the baboon.24 Also, the rhesus monkey.25 And the macaque.26 And the chimpanzee.27 I received a (doubtless subjective) impression that a large number of primate species which had remained cool and dry throughout the first half of the twentieth century had suddenly begun sweating like stevedores. There was, understandably, a tendency to concentrate on savannah-dwelling species (with the curious exception of vervet monkeys. The last we heard of them was that they do not sweat,28 but no doubt somebody will catch up with them and make them do it). In 1980 a classic study of the patas monkey was published by Sheila A. Mahoney,29 establishing that the patas monkey sweats more profusely than any primate except man and that this is very effective in controlling its temperature. For some time I clung to a last-ditch belief that it might have been apocrine sweating; all non-human primates have apocrine glands all over their bodies.

The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement by David Brooks

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, asset allocation, assortative mating, Atul Gawande, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, business process, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, classic study, clean water, cognitive load, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, disintermediation, Donald Trump, Douglas Hofstadter, Emanuel Derman, en.wikipedia.org, fake it until you make it, fear of failure, financial deregulation, financial independence, Flynn Effect, George Akerlof, Henri Poincaré, hiring and firing, impulse control, invisible hand, Jeff Hawkins, Joseph Schumpeter, labor-force participation, language acquisition, longitudinal study, loss aversion, medical residency, meta-analysis, mirror neurons, Monroe Doctrine, Paul Samuelson, power law, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, school vouchers, six sigma, social intelligence, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, the scientific method, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, Walter Mischel, young professional

Harold’s parents kept up a constant patter when he was around. In Erica’s home, the TV was more likely to be on all the time. Erica’s mom was simply too exhausted to spend much energy on childlike conversation. Scientists have done elaborate calculations to measure the difference in word flows between middle-class and lower-class households. A classic study by Betty Hart and Todd Risley of the University of Kansas found that by the time they are four, children raised in poor families have heard 32 million fewer words than children raised in professional families. On an hourly basis, professional children heard about 487 “utterances.” Children growing up in welfare homes heard about 178.

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People in more trusting cultures have wider stock market–participation rates. People in trusting cultures find it easier to organize and operate large corporations. Trust creates wealth. Erica noticed that there are different levels and types of trust in different communities, different schools, different dorms, and different universities. In his classic study The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, Edward Banfield noticed that peasants in southern Italy shared a great deal of trust with members of their own family, but were very suspicious of people outside their kinship boundaries. This made it hard for them to form community groups or to build companies that were bigger than the family unit.

One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility by Zack Furness, Zachary Mooradian Furness

active transport: walking or cycling, affirmative action, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, An Inconvenient Truth, back-to-the-land, bike sharing, Build a better mousetrap, Burning Man, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, conceptual framework, critique of consumerism, DIY culture, dumpster diving, Enrique Peñalosa, European colonialism, feminist movement, fixed-gear, food desert, Ford Model T, General Motors Futurama, ghettoisation, Golden Gate Park, independent contractor, interchangeable parts, intermodal, Internet Archive, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, means of production, messenger bag, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, peak oil, place-making, post scarcity, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, safety bicycle, Silicon Valley, sustainable-tourism, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas L Friedman, Thorstein Veblen, urban planning, vertical integration, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, work culture , working poor, Yom Kippur War

suburb.”172 Cyclists, if one follows the logic in the 1890s, create this experience with each and every turn of their cranks, thereby preserving the authenticity of the natural experience itself. in doing so, they transform the bicycle from a mere transportation device into a landscaping machine. Tourism Cyclists praised the scenic landscapes of the countryside and the “tonic influences” of fresh air and sunshine, but there was a palatable tension between their longing for nature and the grounding of the city.173 Tobin’s classic study of recreational cycling posits that bicyclists of the period were not actually anti-urban, but markedly pro-urban: they never wanted to be without the conveniences of the modern city. The areas just outside the city/suburb became an extension of the urban paradigm by way of the cyclists’ roads, road maps, travel guides, and their collective desire for personal leisure and recreation.

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One can map this disparate technical culture in the United States, at least in hindsight, by the articles and photo essays published in popular magazines like Popular Science, Mechanix Illustrated, and Modern Mechanix in the 1930s and 1940s.65 in the 1960s and 1970s, bike tinkerers played a more pronounced and pivotal role in the development of modern cycling trends and designs that one can see at work, for example, in the invention of Schwinn’s Sting-ray bicycle and its subsequent appropriation into two rather distinct techno-cultural formations: lowriding, which is a highly stylized set of practices and traditions rooted in the Chicano communities of los angeles, and BMX, which is a sport/activity pioneered by anglo youth in the beach towns and suburban sprawl of Southern California.66 Much farther north, in the woods of Marin Country, California, a slightly older group of “pot smoking peacenik misfits in flannel and denim” were similarly modifying and repurposing old Schwinn bicycles, though their designs were geared toward racing down mountains as opposed to slowly cruising city streets or jumping dirt mounds on outdoor tracks.67 With each of these innovations, bike tinkerers were engaged in a participatory technological process that effectively blurs the lines between production and consumption—a scenario not unlike the one Gene Balsley documented in his classic study of the “Hot-rod [Car] Culture.”68 Mutant bike builders toy with a similar set of technological binaries, but their interventions are actually far more radical inasmuch as they do not blur the lines between production and consumption as much as they actively erase consumption altogether: bikes are cobbled together from found, salvaged, gifted, traded, and/or scrounged (dumpstered) parts, and they are not sold when completed.

Behemoth: A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World by Joshua B. Freeman

anti-communist, British Empire, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Charles Babbage, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, Corn Laws, corporate raider, cotton gin, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, factory automation, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frederick Winslow Taylor, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, high-speed rail, household responsibility system, indoor plumbing, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, joint-stock company, knowledge worker, mass immigration, means of production, mittelstand, Naomi Klein, new economy, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Pearl River Delta, post-industrial society, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, strikebreaker, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, Vanguard fund, vertical integration, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration, zero-sum game

Rather it is like Alfred Marshall’s comment about cotton spinning and weaving, that “a large factory is only several parallel smaller factories under one roof.” At Foxconn City, that was almost literally the case, with separate buildings used to assemble similar products for different companies. Beyond some point, economies of scale in production diminish or disappear. In his classic study Scale and Scope Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., after noting that at one point close to a quarter of the world’s production of kerosene came from just three Standard Oil refineries, wrote: “Imagine the diseconomies of scale that would result from placing close to one-fourth of the world’s production of shoes, textiles or lumber into three factories or mills!

…

Chaloner (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958), 205. 44.Fitton and Wadsworth, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 240–44; Unwin, Samuel Oldknow and the Arkwrights, 178. 45.Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures, 150, 283–84, 312; Fitton, The Arkwrights, 146, 151; John Brown, A Memoir of Robert Blincoe, An Orphan Boy (1832), reprinted in James R. Simmons, Jr., ed., Factory Lives: Four Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Autobiographies (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Editions, 2007), 169; Cohen, “Managers and Machinery,” 25; Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, 174, 199; Marx, Capital, vol. 1, 422. The classic study of the change from task-oriented to time-oriented work is E. P. Thompson, “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism,” Past and Present 38 (Dec. 1967), pp. 56–97. 46.Landes, Unbound Prometheus, 43; Ellen Johnston, Autobiography (1869), reprinted in Simmons, Jr., ed., Factory Lives, 308; Aspin, First Industrial Society, 92; “knocker, n.”

The Craft: How Freemasons Made the Modern World by John Dickie

anti-communist, bank run, barriers to entry, Boris Johnson, British Empire, classic study, cuban missile crisis, General Motors Futurama, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, Isaac Newton, Jeremy Corbyn, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Mahatma Gandhi, offshore financial centre, Picturephone, Republic of Letters, Rosa Parks, South Sea Bubble, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, white flight, women in the workforce

Snoek (eds), Handbook of Freemasonry, Leiden, 2014. M.K. Schuchard, Restoring the Temple of Vision: Cabalistic Freemasonry and Stuart Culture, Leiden, 2002. On Hermeticism and the Scottish court, pp. 200–206. D. Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland’s Century, 1590–1710, Cambridge, 1988. I have drawn heavily on this classic study throughout this chapter. For the figure of 80 per cent of Schaw Lodges still being around today, see p. 216. For that of there being thirty Schaw Lodges across Scotland by 1730, see p. 213. ‘Som secret signe delivered from hand to hand’, quoted p. 143. D. Stevenson, ‘Schaw, William (1549/50–1602)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24799, consulted 21 February 2017.

…

Miller (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. III. Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1963. E.M. Veale, ‘Craftsmen and the economy of London in the 14th century’, in R. Holt and G. Rosser (eds), The Medieval Town, 1200–1540, London, 1990. F.A. Yates, The Art of Memory, London, 1966. The classic study of the art of memory and its Renaissance adaptations. The text and translation of the Regius Poem are available at http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/regius.html, consulted 3 April 2017. Chapter 4: London: At the Sign of the Goose and Gridiron J. Anderson, The constitutions of the Freemasons: Containing the history, charges, regulations, etc. of that… fraternity, London, 1723.

Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization by Scott Barry Kaufman

Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, classic study, dark triade / dark tetrad, David Brooks, desegregation, Donald Trump, fear of failure, Greta Thunberg, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, helicopter parent, imposter syndrome, impulse control, job satisfaction, longitudinal study, Maslow's hierarchy, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Nelson Mandela, overview effect, Paradox of Choice, phenotype, Ralph Waldo Emerson, randomized controlled trial, Rosa Parks, science of happiness, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social intelligence, Stephen Fry, Steven Pinker, theory of mind, traumatic brain injury

Lack of a reliable source of food gives rise to food insecurity, which tends to produce a specific cluster of negative behaviors: increased impulsivity and hyperactivity, increased irritability and aggression, increased anxiety, and a propensity to use rewarding narcotics.22 The evidence that food uncertainty begets this cluster of behaviors is striking and vast; it includes studies of induced food deprivation among insects, birds, and mammals (including humans); studies of people who are crash dieting and forced to undergo “therapeutic” starvation; and studies of people with clinical eating disorders. The cluster of behaviors results specifically from extreme hunger, not from preexisting personality differences. In one classic study, researchers noted that patients began the experiment compliant, pleasant, and optimistic but became increasingly impulsive and angry—to the point of engaging in physical abuse—during therapeutic starvation.23 In one instance, a “man asked for help after discharge because he was so angry when in traffic that he feared he would kill any aggravator by smashing his car into them.”24 Hunger increases the motivation to work or pay for food, while it decreases motivation to work or pay for any kind of non-food reward.25 The suite of behaviors associated with hunger is best viewed not as a system failure but as an adaptation, a response consisting of alternate strategies to improve the location, capture, and defense of food resources, even at the expense of achieving other goals.26 If the alternate strategies keep failing to achieve their aim, anxiety and hyperactivity may eventually give way to depression and lethargy.

…

As child development psychologists Nathan Fox and Jack Shonkoff explain, “Fears are not just passively forgotten over time; they must be actively unlearned.”63 While fear can be learned relatively early in life, and is influenced by both the frequency and emotional intensity of the event, unlearning can occur only after particular areas of the prefrontal cortex have properly matured, when they have enough power to regulate the amygdala and other subcortical brain areas associated with the anticipation of reward.64 The concept of learned helplessness addresses a related phenomenon. In their classic studies beginning in the late 1960s, psychologists Steven Maier and Martin Seligman found that, given enough repeated shocks, dogs eventually stop trying to escape from their situation even when they eventually are given the opportunity to do so.65 They just gave up, apparently believing that nothing they could do would matter.

Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea by John Micklethwait, Adrian Wooldridge

affirmative action, AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Bonfire of the Vanities, book value, borderless world, business process, Carl Icahn, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, company town, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, crony capitalism, double entry bookkeeping, Etonian, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial engineering, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, Ida Tarbell, industrial cluster, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, John Perry Barlow, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, laissez-faire capitalism, manufacturing employment, market bubble, Michael Milken, military-industrial complex, mittelstand, new economy, North Sea oil, pneumatic tube, race to the bottom, railway mania, Ronald Coase, scientific management, Silicon Valley, six sigma, South Sea Bubble, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, strikebreaker, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, transaction costs, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, tulip mania, wage slave, William Shockley: the traitorous eight

Antiglobalization protesters rioted in Seattle, Washington, and London to protest against the awesome power of multinationals, raging against companies like McDonald’s, which by the mid-1990s was serving 3 million burgers a day in one hundred countries. Raymond Vernon, the author of one of the classic studies of multinationals, Sovereignty at Bay, used his last book, In the Hurricane’s Eye (1998), to predict a gloomy future for multinationals, as people turned against them. Had they really become so powerful? Businesspeople were partly to blame for the notion. They had long dreamed, as the chairman of Dow Chemical once put it, “of buying an island owned by no nation and of establishing the world headquarters of the Dow company on the truly neutral ground of such an island, beholden to no nation or society.”

Makeshift Metropolis: Ideas About Cities by Witold Rybczynski

benefit corporation, big-box store, carbon footprint, Celebration, Florida, City Beautiful movement, classic study, company town, cross-subsidies, David Brooks, death of newspapers, deindustrialization, edge city, Edward Glaeser, fixed income, Frank Gehry, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, global village, Guggenheim Bilbao, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, megaproject, megastructure, New Urbanism, Peter Eisenman, Seaside, Florida, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000–1887, ed. John L. Thomas (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 115. 26. Robert Beevers, The Garden City Utopia: A Critical Biography of Ebenezer Howard (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), 70. 27. Unwin was greatly influenced by the Viennese city planner Camillo Sitte, author of the classic study The Art of Building Cites: City building according to artistic fundamentals, trans. Charles T. Stewart (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1991; orig. pub. in English 1945; orig. pub. 1889). See also Walter L. Creese, “An Extended Planning Progression,” introduction to Raymond Unwin, Town Planning in Practice: An Introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1994; orig. pub. 1909), xii-xiii. 28.

Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business by Neil Postman, Jeff Riggenbach Ph.

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, classic study, disinformation, global village, Index librorum prohibitorum, invention of the printing press, Lewis Mumford, Louis Daguerre, Marshall McLuhan, Mikhail Gorbachev, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, the medium is the message

If we may take advertising to be the voice of commerce, then its history tells very clearly that in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries those with products to sell took their customers to be not unlike Daniel Webster: they assumed that potential buyers were literate, rational, analytical. Indeed, the history of newspaper advertising in America may be considered, all by itself, as a metaphor of the descent of the typographic mind, beginning, as it does, with reason, and ending, as it does, with entertainment. In Frank Presbrey’s classic study The History and Development of Advertising, he discusses the decline of typography, dating its demise in the late 1860’s and early 1870’s. He refers to the period before then as the “dark ages” of typographical display.19 The dark ages to which he refers began in 1704 when the first paid advertisements appeared in an American newspaper, The Boston News-Letter.

Quantitative Trading: How to Build Your Own Algorithmic Trading Business by Ernie Chan

algorithmic trading, asset allocation, automated trading system, backtesting, Bear Stearns, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, book value, Brownian motion, business continuity plan, buy and hold, classic study, compound rate of return, Edward Thorp, Elliott wave, endowment effect, financial engineering, fixed income, general-purpose programming language, index fund, Jim Simons, John Markoff, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, p-value, paper trading, price discovery process, proprietary trading, quantitative hedge fund, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Renaissance Technologies, risk free rate, risk-adjusted returns, Sharpe ratio, short selling, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, survivorship bias, systematic trading, transaction costs

Even Renaissance Technologies Corporation, arguably the most successful quantitative hedge fund of all time, lost 8.7 percent in the first half of August, though it later recovered most of it. Not only is the magnitude of the loss astounding, but the widespread nature of it was causing great concern in the financial community. Strangest of all, few of these funds hold any mortgage-backed securities at all, ostensibly the root cause of the panic. It therefore became a classic study of financial contagion as propagated by hedge funds. This kind of contagion occurs because a large loss by one hedge fund causes it to sell off some large positions that it holds (whether or not these are the positions that cause the loss in the first place). This selling causes the prices of the securities to drop (or rise in the case of short positions).

Why Liberalism Failed by Patrick J. Deneen

classic study, David Brooks, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, income inequality, intentional community, Lewis Mumford, mortgage debt, Nicholas Carr, plutocrats, price mechanism, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, shared worldview, Steven Levy, the scientific method, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

The imposition of the liberal order is accompanied by the legitimizing myth that its form was freely chosen by unencumbered individuals; that it was the consequence of extensive state intervention is ignored by all but a few scholars. Few works have made this intervention clearer than the historian and sociologist Karl Polanyi’s classic study The Great Transformation.6 Polanyi describes how economic arrangements were separated from particular cultural and religious contexts in which those arrangements were understood to serve moral ends—and posits that these contexts limited not only actions but even prevented the understanding that economic actions could be properly undertaken to advance individual interests and priorities.

The Consolations of Philosophy by Alain de Botton

classic study, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Socratic dialogue, the market place, urban planning

Picture Acknowledgments The photographs in the book are used by permission and courtesy of the following: Aarhus Kunstmuseum: 20.2; The Advertising Archives: 10.2 (DC Comics): 22.4; AKG London: (Musée du Louvre, Paris/Erich Lessing) 12.4, 19.4 (National Research and Memorial Centre for Classical German Literature, Weimar) 22.1, 22.2 (Neue Pinakothek, Munich) 22.5, 22.7 (University Library, Jena) 22.8; Albertina, Vienna: 22.17; Archivi Alinari, Florence: 22.24; American School of Classical Studies at Athens: Agora Excavations: 4.4; The Ancient Art & Architecture Collection/© Ronald Sheridan: 13.10; The Art Archive: 12.1 (detail) 14.3, 16.1, 17.9; Associated Press: 13.7; G. Bell and Sons Ltd, from A History of French Architecture by Sir Reginald Blomfield (from the French Cours d’Architecture, 1921, J.

The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America by Andrés Reséndez

Bartolomé de las Casas, British Empire, California gold rush, classic study, Columbian Exchange, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, European colonialism, Francisco Pizarro, Jones Act, planetary scale, Right to Buy, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, War on Poverty

Stern, Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993); and William B. Taylor, Landlord and Peasant in Colonial Oaxaca (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1972). 5. For a broad comparative discussion, see Gross and de la Fuente, “Slaves, Free Blacks, and Race.” Frank Tannenbaum’s classic study Slave and Citizen was among the first to draw attention to the significant differences between the legal regimes that emerged in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies—which he believed were relatively benign and conducive to freedom—and the harsher regimes prevalent in British America. Tannenbaum, Slave and Citizen (Boston: Beacon Press, 1946).

…

Altman, The War for Mexico’s West, chap. 5; Carlos Sempat Assadourian, Zacatecas: Conquista y transformación de la frontera en el siglo XVI: Minas de plata, guerra, y evangelización (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2008), passim. 36. Sempat Assadourian, Zacatecas, 39–49; Zavala, Los esclavos indios en Nueva España, 110. 37. The classic study of Zacatecas is Peter J. Bakewell, Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546–1700 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1971), chap. 1. See also Sempat Assadourian, Zacatecas, chap. 2. 38. “Borrador de la instrucción del Príncipe don Felipe a don Luis de Velasco, virrey de Nueva España, acerca de la libertad y buen tratamiento de los naturales que trabajaban en las minas, estancias, e ingenios, 1552,” in Mariano Cuevas, ed., Documentos inéditos del siglo XVI para la historia de México (Mexico City: Porrúa, 1975), 170–175.

The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood by James Gleick

Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, bank run, bioinformatics, Bletchley Park, Brownian motion, butterfly effect, Charles Babbage, citation needed, classic study, Claude Shannon: information theory, clockwork universe, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, discovery of DNA, Donald Knuth, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, Fellow of the Royal Society, Gregor Mendel, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Henri Poincaré, Honoré de Balzac, index card, informal economy, information retrieval, invention of the printing press, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, Jaron Lanier, jimmy wales, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, Louis Daguerre, machine translation, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, microbiome, Milgram experiment, Network effects, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, PageRank, pattern recognition, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, pre–internet, quantum cryptography, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, reversible computing, Richard Feynman, Rubik’s Cube, Simon Singh, Socratic dialogue, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, stochastic process, talking drums, the High Line, The Wisdom of Crowds, transcontinental railway, Turing machine, Turing test, women in the workforce, yottabyte

., The Boole–De Morgan Correspondence 1842–1864 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 25. ♦ “NOW SOME ZS ARE NOT XS”: De Morgan to Boole, draft, not sent, ibid., 27. ♦ “IT IS SIMPLY A FACT”: quoted by Samuel Neil, “The Late George Boole, LL.D., D.C.L.” (1865), in James Gasser, ed., A Boole Anthology: Recent and Classical Studies in the Logic of George Boole (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2000), 16. ♦ “THE RESPECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE SYMBOLS 0 AND 1”: George Boole, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities (London: Walton & Maberly, 1854), 34

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Scientific American 193, no. 10 (October 1955): 70. Gardner, Martin. Hexaflexagons and Other Mathematical Diversions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959. ———. Martin Gardner’s Sixth Book of Mathematical Games from Scientific American. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1963. Gasser, James, ed. A Boole Anthology: Recent and Classical Studies in the Logic of George Boole. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 2000. Gell-Mann, Murray, and Seth Lloyd. “Information Measures, Effective Complexity, and Total Information.” Complexity 2, no. 1 (1996): 44–52. Genosko, Gary. Marshall McLuhan: Critical Evaluations in Cultural Theory. Abingdon, U.K.: Routledge, 2005.

To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism by Evgeny Morozov

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrew Keen, augmented reality, Automated Insights, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, citizen journalism, classic study, cloud computing, cognitive bias, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, Dava Sobel, digital divide, disintermediation, Donald Shoup, driverless car, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, frictionless, future of journalism, game design, gamification, Gary Taubes, Google Glasses, Ian Bogost, illegal immigration, income inequality, invention of the printing press, Jane Jacobs, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, license plate recognition, lifelogging, lolcat, lone genius, Louis Pasteur, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, moral panic, Narrative Science, Nelson Mandela, Nicholas Carr, packet switching, PageRank, Parag Khanna, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, pets.com, placebo effect, pre–internet, public intellectual, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Richard Thaler, Ronald Coase, Rosa Parks, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Slavoj Žižek, smart meter, social graph, social web, stakhanovite, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the medium is the message, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, urban decay, urban planning, urban sprawl, Vannevar Bush, warehouse robotics, WikiLeaks, work culture , Yochai Benkler

It would be a mistake for transparency enthusiasts, of which there are quite a few in geek circles, to disregard the subtle differences and indeterminacies that politics introduces into their magnificent and abstract schemes to improve the world. But it’s not just politics that suffers once transparency is recast from an instrumental value into an intrinsic one; many other institutions have experienced similar pressures. Michael Power, in his classic study on the rise of “the audit society,” points to two troubling consequences of auditing—in the context not just of corporations but of public institutions also—both of which are likely to accompany the quest for more transparency. The first, which Power dubs “decoupling,” can be filed under the “perversity” part of Albert Hirschman’s “perversity-futility-jeopardy” triad.

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Hibbing and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs about How Government Should Work (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). 83 “we should not look to new ways”: ibid., 213. 84 “the difference between a 100 percent attendance record”: ibid., 212–213. 84 “members would be doing something much more beneficial”: ibid., 213. 84 Michael Power, in his classic study: Michael Power, The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). 85 “books and auditing of accounts”: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 71. 86 “the information-processing imperative”: Julie E. Cohen, Configuring the Networked Self: Law, Code, and the Play of Everyday Practice (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 117. 86 “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”: Google, “Company Overview,” http://www.google.com/about/company. 86 “discursive shift. . . towards economics”: Tony Judt and Timothy Snyder, Thinking the Twentieth Century: Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century (London: William Heinemann, 2012), 361. 86 “Intellectuals don’t ask if something is right or wrong”: ibid., 361. 87 “The reason they do this is not necessarily”: ibid., 361. 87 for assuming that “a set of indices”: Haridimos Tsoukas, “The Tyranny of Light: The Temptations and the Paradoxes of the Information Society,” Futures 29, no. 9 (November 1997): 827–843. 87 “at its core. . . transparency theory”: Mark Fenster, “The Opacity of Transparency,” Iowa Law Review 91 (2005): 885–949. 88 “the modern government’s sprawling, often incoherent bureaucracy”: ibid., 915. 88 “any ‘message’ that government information comprises”: ibid., 922. 88 As linguist George Lakoff argued: quoted in Tsoukas, “The Tyranny of Light,” 830. 88 “To reduce something to allegedly objective information”: ibid., 830. 89 “open tends toward obfuscation”: Christopher M.

The Survival of the City: Human Flourishing in an Age of Isolation by Edward Glaeser, David Cutler

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Alvin Toffler, Andrei Shleifer, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, business cycle, buttonwood tree, call centre, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, Columbian Exchange, contact tracing, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, coronavirus, COVID-19, crack epidemic, defund the police, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, discovery of penicillin, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, Elisha Otis, Fellow of the Royal Society, flying shuttle, future of work, Future Shock, gentrification, George Floyd, germ theory of disease, global pandemic, global village, hiring and firing, Home mortgage interest deduction, Honoré de Balzac, income inequality, industrial cluster, James Hargreaves, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, job automation, jobless men, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Snow's cholera map, knowledge worker, lockdown, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, mass incarceration, Maui Hawaii, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, new economy, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, out of africa, place-making, precautionary principle, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, remote working, Richard Florida, Salesforce, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, social distancing, Socratic dialogue, spinning jenny, superstar cities, Tax Reform Act of 1986, tech baron, TED Talk, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, TikTok, trade route, union organizing, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, working poor, Works Progress Administration, zero-sum game, zoonotic diseases

A meta-analysis of prison sentencing studies (funded by Open Philanthropy, a foundation dedicated to prison reform) “calls even those mild estimates into question.” The deterrence impact of longer sentences seems only moderately beneficial at best. The case is stronger for the connection between incapacitation and crime. A classic study by economist Steven Levitt of the University of Chicago looked at the timing of American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) lawsuits about prison overcrowding. These lawsuits led to the release of prisoners, and those releases were followed by increases in crime nearby. Analysts who have followed up Levitt’s methodology estimate that a 10 percent increase in the number of prisoners released led to a 4.5 percent increase in the amount of violent crime and a 2.5 percent increase in the amount of property crime.

…

Between 2016 and 2019: Derived from New York City Police Department, “Historical New York City Crime Data.” One recent study: Helland and Tabarrok, “Does Three Strikes Deter?: A Nonparametric Estimation.” Their estimate is: Helland and Tabarrok. “calls even those mild”: Roodman, “The Impacts of Incarceration on Crime,” 5. A classic study: Levitt, “The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation.” 4.5 percent increase: Roodman, 5. COVID-19-related prison releases: Rector, “Surge in South L.A. Bloodshed Tied to Gunfire from High-Capacity Firearms, Gang Feuds.” raise the odds of rearrest: Roodman.

The Economic Weapon by Nicholas Mulder

anti-communist, Boycotts of Israel, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, deglobalization, European colonialism, falling living standards, false flag, foreign exchange controls, global pandemic, guns versus butter model, Monroe Doctrine, power law, reserve currency, rising living standards, Suez crisis 1956, transatlantic slave trade, éminence grise

The continuation of the blockade against Germany and Austria-Hungary has not escaped the attention of historians.3 Humanitarian efforts to feed Europeans in this period have also been well documented.4 Less appreciated are the distinct class politics of blockade. The economic campaign against Bolshevism was a form of counterrevolution on the cheap and at a distance. Classic studies by historians Arno Mayer and Charles Maier show how European elites regained their grip on power after the upheaval of the wartime years and the radical groundswell of the Russian Revolution.5 Material pressure against civilian populations deserves to be seen as an essential tool in this stabilization of the bourgeois social order in Europe.

…

., The Organization of American Relief in Europe, 1918–1919 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1943); Bruno Cabanes, The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 189–247; Elisabeth Piller, “German Child Distress, American Humanitarian Aid and Revisionist Politics, 1918–1924,” Journal of Contemporary History 51, no. 3 (2016): 453–486. 5. The best study of the 1919 settlement as a conservative project of stabilization remains Arno Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counter-Revolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York: Knopf, 1967); the classic study of the domestic politics and political economy of restoration is Charles S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975). 6. Georges-Henri Soutou, “1918: La fin de la première guerre mondiale?”

The Antidote: Happiness for People Who Can't Stand Positive Thinking by Oliver Burkeman

classic study, Day of the Dead, experimental subject, fear of failure, hedonic treadmill, Kibera, Lao Tzu, meta-analysis, Mikhail Gorbachev, Paradox of Choice, science of happiness, security theater, selection bias, Steve Jobs, summit fever, Supply of New York City Cabdrivers, traveling salesman, World Values Survey

‘doing the presumably sensible thing is counterproductive’: Steven Hayes, ‘Hello Darkness: Discovering Our Values by Confronting Our Fears’, Psychotherapy Networker 31 (2007): 46-52. 2: What Would Seneca Do? a speech he gave to executives of the investment bank Merrill Lynch: See Jeanne Pugh, ‘The Eternal Optimist’, St Petersburg Times, 8 June 1985. Healthy and happy people … generally have a less accurate, overly optimistic grasp: The classic study on ‘depressive realism’ is Lauren Alloy and Lyn Abramson, ‘Judgment of Contingency in Depressed and Nondepressed Students: Sadder but Wiser?’, Journal of Experimental Psychology 108 (1979): 441-85. a particularly high-achieving week at work: Heather Barry Kappes and Gabriele Oettingen, ‘Positive Fantasies about Idealized Futures Sap Energies’, Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 47 (2011): 719-29.

The Charming Quirks of Others: An Isabel Dalhousie Novel by Alexander McCall Smith

classic study, cuban missile crisis, Nelson Mandela, retail therapy

“She created a marvellous garden, which I’m afraid I’ve rather let run to seed. But one can’t do everything—or anything, sometimes.” He invited her in, leading her down a book-lined corridor into a large drawing room that faced, unusually, the rear garden. There were paintings on the walls, all of them conventional: landscapes, a study of birds in flight, a small classical study, an old framed map of the county of Midlothian. And there, above the white marble fireplace, was her Raeburn, the one that she had examined with Guy Peploe and that she thought he would be bidding for on her behalf next month. She stood still for a moment, wondering whether she was mistaken. Was it a copy?

Pity the Billionaire: The Unexpected Resurgence of the American Right by Thomas Frank

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, bank run, Bear Stearns, big-box store, bonus culture, business cycle, carbon tax, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, commoditize, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, Deng Xiaoping, false flag, financial innovation, General Magic , Glass-Steagall Act, housing crisis, invisible hand, junk bonds, Kickstarter, low interest rates, money market fund, Naomi Klein, obamacare, Overton Window, payday loans, profit maximization, profit motive, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, strikebreaker, The Chicago School, The Myth of the Rational Market, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, union organizing, Washington Consensus, white flight, Works Progress Administration

Despite the smug banker quoted in the Guardian Weekly story, ideology hasn’t ended in the Great Recession; ideology has triumphed. Intransigent Idealism “I don’t read books,” a Tea Party activist once told the historian Jill Lepore. “I read blogs.”3 The line struck a chord with me. It brought to mind a book that I had been reading of late, Part of Our Time, Murray Kempton’s classic study of “the committed and the dedicated” during the thirties—Communists and fellow travelers, mainly—whose mind-set seemed identical to the one I saw among the blog-reading rebels of the contemporary Right.4 Kempton brought the matter into sharpest focus in a biographical sketch of J. B. Matthews, a onetime radical who turned red hunter in the fifties, performing both roles with the same evangelical zeal, the same intolerance for ambiguity, the same “singular quality always to know in a flash without ever having learned.”5 “Matthews saw what he wished to see, and he had no need of books for knowledge,” Kempton writes.

Rendezvous With Rama by Arthur C. Clarke

classic study, fail fast, gravity well, hydroponic farming, Magellanic Cloud

asked the Hermian Ambassador quickly. 'What's that?’ 'It's a crackpot movement,' explained Sir Robert, with as much embarrassment as a diplomat was ever likely to show, 'which is convinced that Rama is a grave potential danger. A box that shouldn't be opened, you know.' He doubted if the Hermian did know: classical studies were not encouraged on Mercury. 'Pandora - paranoia,' snorted Conrad Taylor. 'Oh, of course, such things are conceivable, but why should any intelligent race want to play childish tricks?’ 'Well, even ruling out such unpleasantness,' Sir Robert continued, 'we still have the much more ominous possibility of an active, inhabited Rama.

The Right Side of History by Ben Shapiro

Abraham Maslow, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, classic study, Donald Trump, Filter Bubble, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, income inequality, Internet Archive, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, means of production, microaggression, Peace of Westphalia, Plato's cave, Ronald Reagan, Steven Pinker, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, W. E. B. Du Bois, white picket fence, women in the workforce

There will not be different laws at Rome and at Athens, or different laws now and in the future, but one eternal and unchangeable law will be valid for all nations and all times, and there will be one master and ruler, that is, God, over us all, for he is the author of this law, its promulgator, and its enforcing judge.22 Cicero’s elegant defense of what he termed a mixed system—a system of shared governmental responsibility, in which citizens have a share in control of their government, checked by a monarch, checked in turn by an aristocracy—was treasured by the American Founding Fathers.23 This system, Cicero thought, would ensure the prevention of tyranny and the violation of virtue. WHAT ATHENS TELLS US . . . AND WHAT IT DOESN’T Yes, classical studies are still necessary. The college students who fulminate against them are undercutting the very foundations upon which they stand—they’re ignoring reason, science, and democracy. We’ll see later in this book just how that abandonment undercuts the strength of the West. But there is no question that without Athens, the West simply would not exist as it is—and that the world would suffer greatly for that fact.

Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future by Johan Norberg

agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, availability heuristic, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, British Empire, business climate, carbon tax, classic study, clean water, continuation of politics by other means, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, demographic transition, desegregation, Donald Trump, Edward Jenner, Flynn Effect, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Island, Hans Rosling, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, income inequality, income per capita, indoor plumbing, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, Kibera, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, meta-analysis, Mikhail Gorbachev, more computing power than Apollo, moveable type in China, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, open economy, place-making, Rosa Parks, sexual politics, special economic zone, Steven Pinker, telerobotics, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transatlantic slave trade, very high income, working poor, Xiaogang Anhui farmers, zero-sum game

Many have argued against the Lipset hypothesis by pointing to examples of poor democracies, like India, and rich authoritarian states, like Singapore. But even though there are outliers, tonnes of studies and cross-sectional and time-series data from many countries and years reveal a very strong correlation between wealth and democracy. One classic study found that ‘the level of economic development, as measured by per capita income, is by far the best predictor of political regimes’.15 The most important factor is not that economic development directly results in democratization, but that when a regime changes for whatever reason – it can be the death of the dictator, popular protests or anything else – democracy is far more likely to survive in a fairly wealthy country.

Data-Ism: The Revolution Transforming Decision Making, Consumer Behavior, and Almost Everything Else by Steve Lohr

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Abraham Maslow, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, bioinformatics, business cycle, business intelligence, call centre, Carl Icahn, classic study, cloud computing, computer age, conceptual framework, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Danny Hillis, data is the new oil, data science, David Brooks, driverless car, East Village, Edward Snowden, Emanuel Derman, Erik Brynjolfsson, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, financial engineering, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Future Shock, Google Glasses, Ida Tarbell, impulse control, income inequality, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, informal economy, Internet of things, invention of writing, Johannes Kepler, John Markoff, John von Neumann, lifelogging, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, meta-analysis, money market fund, natural language processing, obamacare, pattern recognition, payday loans, personalized medicine, planned obsolescence, precision agriculture, pre–internet, Productivity paradox, RAND corporation, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Salesforce, scientific management, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, six sigma, skunkworks, speech recognition, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, The Design of Experiments, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tony Fadell, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, Von Neumann architecture, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, yottabyte

Brynjolfsson, a technology optimist, has two answers for the skeptics. First, he argues, the official statistics do not fully capture the benefits of digital innovation. And second, he says that in technology, revolutions take time. To explain, Brynjolfsson points to his own work on technology and work practices, and to the research of others including a classic study by Paul David, an economic historian at Stanford. In his 1990 paper, “The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox,” David observed that the electric motor was introduced in the early 1880s but did not generate discernible productivity gains until the 1920s.

The Politics of Pain by Fintan O'Toole

banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, classic study, colonial rule, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, Desert Island Discs, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, full employment, Jeremy Corbyn, Khartoum Gordon, Peter Thiel, Potemkin village, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Suez crisis 1956, tech billionaire

FINTAN O’TOOLE THE POLITICS OF PAIN POSTWAR ENGLAND AND THE RISE OF NATIONALISM Contents Preface: The Importance of Not Being Earnest Introduction 1.The Pleasures of Self-Pity 2.SS-GB: Life in Occupied England 3.The Triumph of the Light Brigade 4.A Pint of Beer, a Packet of Prawn Cocktail Flavour Crisps and Two Ounces of Dog Shit, Please 5.Sadopopulism 6.The Twilight of the Gods: English Dreamtime 7.The Sore Tooth and the Broken Umbrella 8.Postscript: A Special Place in Hell Notes To Bjørn Oisín and all the new Europeans The fact is that, in spite of the way we behave, we cannot any longer feel that the infliction of pain is merely funny GEORGE ORWELL, 1944 PREFACE THE IMPORTANCE OF NOT BEING EARNEST In her classic study, Watching the English, published in 2004 and updated a decade later, the social anthropologist Kate Fox wrote of her compatriots that ‘the kind of hand-on-heart, gushing earnestness and pompous, Bible-thumping solemnity favoured by almost all American politicians would never win a single vote in this country’.1 The English, she claimed, watched such American demagogues on the TV news ‘with a kind of smugly detached amusement, wondering how the cheering crowds can possibly be so credulous as to fall for this sort of nonsense . . . such shamefully earnest platitudes, in such ludicrously solemn tones?’

The Other Side of Happiness: Embracing a More Fearless Approach to Living by Brock Bastian

Abraham Maslow, classic study, cognitive dissonance, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, Donald Trump, driverless car, helicopter parent, impulse control, income inequality, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, placebo effect, retail therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Steven Pinker, sugar pill, upwardly mobile, Virgin Galactic, women in the workforce

Pain, fear, stress and even humiliation are central components of group initiation rites (think of the many hazing ceremonies conducted in American college fraternities over the years), and such negative experiences have long been incorporated into many rituals around the world, throughout history. This raises the question, what are these painful experiences achieving, and why have these kinds of rituals and group practices persisted over time? A classic study by Harold Gerard and Grover Mathewson from the University of California in 1966 demonstrated how pain may enhance the value of group membership.14 As part of the study, they invited college women to listen to a group discussion on sex. The catch was that to gain permission to hear the group discussion, the women were told either (a) they had to undergo a mild electric shock, or (b) they had to undergo a strong electric shock – and this time the experimenters really did electrocute their volunteers.

The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay by Emmanuel Saez, Gabriel Zucman

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, book value, business cycle, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, classic study, collective bargaining, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, cross-border payments, Donald Trump, financial deregulation, government statistician, income inequality, income per capita, independent contractor, informal economy, intangible asset, Jeff Bezos, labor-force participation, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shock, patent troll, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, Skype, Steve Jobs, Tax Reform Act of 1986, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transfer pricing, trickle-down economics, uber lyft, very high income, We are the 99%

The maximum tax rate was 25% from 1942 to 1964, the era of quasi-confiscatory top marginal income tax rates. 8. Oblivious to this social norm, economists could not understand why firms were paying dividends and dubbed this the “dividend puzzle” (see e.g., Black, 1976). 9. Hall (1951), p. 54. Lewellen (1968), the classic study on executive compensation from the 1960s, entirely ignores company perks, perceived as negligible. 10. A long article in Fortune in 1955 described how top executives live (Ducan-Norton, 1955). The only mention of company perks is the following statement: “A common practice is for a company president, on his way to New York in the company plane, to fill the empty seats with family and friends.

Misogynies by Joan Smith

classic study, Etonian, Norman Mailer, Robert Bork

., p. 62. 10 Richard Rolle, The Fire of Love, translated into modern English by Clifton Wolters, Penguin, 1972, p. 136. 11 The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, OUP, 1979. p. 275, No. 10. 12 Sunday Telegraph, 22 February 1987. 13 Daily Telegraph, 27 February 1987. 14 Ibid. 15 Sunday Times, 22 December 1985. 16 Ibid. 17 Independent, 12 April 1988. 18 1 Corinthians 7:10-11. 19 Genesis 2:25. 20 Genesis 3:7. 21 Genesis 3:16. 22 Genesis 3:17-19. 23 All quotations from On Female Dress (De cultu feminarum), Tertullian, Writings, Vol. 1 (from the Ante-Nicene Christian Library Series), T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1869, pp. 304-5. 24 William P. Le Saint, op. cit., p. 57. 25 Jerome, Letters, quoted in Armstrong, op. cit., p. 60. 26 Richard Rolle, op. cit., p. 175. 27 All quotations from Malleus Maleficarum: The Classic Study of Witchcraft, translated by Montague Summers, Arrow Books, 1971 (Dover, 1971). 28 Ibid., pp. 120-1. 29 Ibid., p. 121. 30 Ibid., pp. 116-7. 31 Ibid., p. 122. 32 Ibid., p. 262. 33 Ibid., pp. 263-4. 34 Ibid., pp. 267-8. 35 Ibid., p. 268. WOMEN IN TOGAS 1 R. H. Barrow, The Romans, Pelican, 1949, p. 9. 2 Ibid., pp. 130-1. 3 Ibid., p. 117. 4 Thomas Godwyn, Romance historiae anthologia recognita et aucta (‘An English Exposition of the Romane Antiquities’), printed by John Lichfield and James Short for Henry Crypps, Oxford, 1623, p. 150. 5 Quoted in Eva Cantarella, Pandora’s Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity, Johns Hopkins, 1987, p. 133. 6 Ibid., p. 130. 7 The Poems of Catullus, translated by James Michie, Panther, 1972, pp. 10-11. 8 Gilbert Highet, Poets in a Landscape, Pelican, 1959, p. 17. 9 Ibid., p. 25. 10 Ibid., p. 45. 11 Catullus, Poem, 11. 12 Highet, op. cit., p. 37. 13 Ibid., p. 46. 14 Ibid., p. 45. 15 Recorded by Quintilian; quoted in T.

Once the American Dream: Inner-Ring Suburbs of the Metropolitan United States by Bernadette Hanlon

big-box store, classic study, company town, correlation coefficient, deindustrialization, desegregation, edge city, feminist movement, gentrification, housing crisis, illegal immigration, informal economy, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, McMansion, New Urbanism, Silicon Valley, statistical model, streetcar suburb, The Chicago School, transit-oriented development, urban sprawl, white flight, working-age population, zero-sum game

Some evolved around the mid-nineteenth century, when industry first located in the outskirts of large cities (Lewis 2004). At this time, heavy industry located in fringe areas of such cities as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Detroit, Boston, Los Angeles, St. Louis, Cleveland, and others. In his classic study of streetcar suburbs, Samuel Warner (1962) notes that by Different Types of Inner-Ring Suburbs / 123 1900, the Boston metropolitan area was split between the central city and a suburban ring of industrial subcenters as well as residential homes. Old textile suburbs of Philadelphia emerged around the same time, as did the steel-manufacturing suburbs of Chicago.

The Little Black Book of Decision Making by Michael Nicholas

Abraham Maslow, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Apollo 13, call centre, classic study, clockwork universe, cognitive dissonance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Donald Trump, Frederick Winslow Taylor, hindsight bias, impulse control, James Dyson, late fees, Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, scientific management, selection bias, Stephen Hawking

It is hardly surprising, given what we know about confirmation bias, that the 14.2 million Donald Trump supporters who signed up to receive his unfiltered message via Twitter were completely disinterested in attempts by his opponents to discredit him. Such criticism would only appeal to those who already supported Hillary Clinton. Given this awareness, I hope it is starting to become obvious why “birds of a feather flock together”. Think about it: how often do you buy a newspaper or book that you disagree with? The classic study on how confirmation bias affects our interpretation of new information was done in 1979 by researchers from Stanford University.9 They exposed two groups of volunteers, one that supported capital punishment and one that opposed it, to two different studies (both were fictional, though participants didn't know this), one confirming and one disconfirming their existing beliefs about whether the death penalty deters violent crime.

One Billion Americans: The Case for Thinking Bigger by Matthew Yglesias

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airport security, assortative mating, Big Tech, Boeing 737 MAX, Boris Johnson, British Empire, business logic, carbon footprint, carbon tax, classic study, collective bargaining, Colonization of Mars, congestion charging, congestion pricing, coronavirus, COVID-19, cross-subsidies, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Diane Coyle, Donald Trump, drive until you qualify, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, gentrification, global pandemic, Greta Thunberg, high-speed rail, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Induced demand, industrial cluster, Kowloon Walled City, low interest rates, mandatory minimum, mass immigration, Mercator projection, minimum wage unemployment, moral panic, New Urbanism, open borders, open immigration, plutocrats, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, secular stagnation, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), self-driving car, Silicon Valley, social distancing, superstar cities, tech worker, the built environment, Thomas Malthus, transit-oriented development, white flight, working-age population, Yogi Berra

It wouldn’t make sense to have a city’s fire or police department close up shop for months at a time just because wearing the uniforms in the summer heat is uncomfortable. To the extent that this oddity has figured in the policy conversation, the main topic of interest has been what’s known as summer learning loss—the idea that kids actually regress in their academic competencies over the summer months. The classic study on this, done way back in 1996, found that summer vacation corresponds to a decline in achievement roughly equivalent to one month of in-school time. The decline was bigger for math than for reading because kids at all points of the income spectrum experienced math decline, whereas reading loss was seen only in low-income students.* Some more recent research has called those findings into question.

Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed by James C. Scott

agricultural Revolution, Boeing 747, business cycle, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, commoditize, company town, deskilling, facts on the ground, germ theory of disease, Great Leap Forward, informal economy, invention of writing, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Kenneth Arrow, land reform, land tenure, Lewis Mumford, Louis Pasteur, megaproject, new economy, New Urbanism, post-Fordism, Potemkin village, price mechanism, profit maximization, Recombinant DNA, road to serfdom, scientific management, Silicon Valley, stochastic process, Suez canal 1869, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the scientific method, Thorstein Veblen, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, vertical integration, working poor

He was scolded by the judge, who instructed him to "leave the old manner... whereupon he after called himself Moston, according to the name of his principal house, and left that name to his posteritie" (William Camden, Remains Concerning Britain, ed. R. D. Dunn [1605; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984], p. 122). This "administrative" last name almost certainly remained unknown to Thomas's neighbors. 52. See the classic study by Rodney Hilton, Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 (New York: Viking Press, 1977), pp. 160-64. 53. I am particularly grateful to Rosanne Ruttan, Otto van den Muijzenberg, Harold Conklin, and Charles Bryant for putting me on the track of the Philippine case.

…

Harlan, Crops and Man, p. 129, reports that a selection of barley left in the field as seed stock over a trial of sixty years produced 95 percent of the yield that plant breeders would have been able to achieve and were almost certainly hardier and more disease resistant strains of barley. 90. The classic study of the family development cycle is A. V. Chayanov, The Theory of Peasant Economy, introduction by Teodor Shanin (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986). One of the policy arguments for the stable family farm as an institution is that it is more likely than a capitalist firm to have an intergenerational interest in maintaining or improving the quality of the land and environment.

The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times by Giovanni Arrighi

anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, barriers to entry, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, business logic, business process, classic study, colonial rule, commoditize, Corn Laws, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, deindustrialization, double entry bookkeeping, European colonialism, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial independence, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, gentrification, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, income inequality, informal economy, invisible hand, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kōnosuke Matsushita, late capitalism, London Interbank Offered Rate, means of production, Meghnad Desai, military-industrial complex, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shock, Peace of Westphalia, post-Fordism, profit maximization, Project for a New American Century, RAND corporation, reserve currency, scientific management, spice trade, Strategic Defense Initiative, Suez canal 1869, the market place, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trade liberalization, trade route, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, vertical integration, Yom Kippur War

These internal feuds were mild and easily recomposed in the citystates that were winning in the competitive struggle, most notably in Venice, but they were severe and uncontainable in the case of those city-states that were losing out (most notably in Genoa). In any event, as vividly portrayed by Jacob Burckhardt (1945: 4-64) in his classic study, Renaissance Italy was one of the clearest historical instances of “war of all against all.” The ruling groups of the city-states were constantly beset by enemies, THE RISE OF CAPITAL 93 and the pursuit of profit came to be embedded more firmly than ever in the pursuit of power: There were implacable exiles, the leaders of the faction out of power, prowling just beyond reach.

…

With her also came Tangier, England’s first base in the Mediterranean” (Hill 1967: 129). 204 THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY The foundations were thus laid of that “Empire of Outposts” out of which came the “continental inland expansion” of the next two centuries (Knowles 1928: 9-15) and the incorporation in the British-centered capitalist world-economy of the continents of America, India, Australia, and Africa. In the short run, however, England’s most important gain was the takeover of the so-called triangular Atlantic trade from the Dutch, which soon became for England what Levant trade had been for Venice and Baltic trade for Holland — its “mother trade.” As Eric Williams (1964) argued in his classic study, the circuit of trade through which (1) British manufactures were exchanged for African slaves, (2) African slaves were exchanged for American tropical products, and (3) American tropical products were exchanged for British manufactures, boosted at a critical conjuncture the effective demand and the capital resources required by the take-off of the British “industrial revolution.”

Longevity: To the Limits and Beyond (Research and Perspectives in Longevity) by Jean-Marie Robine, James W. Vaupel, Bernard Jeune, Michel Allard

caloric restriction, caloric restriction, classic study, computer age, conceptual framework, confounding variable, demographic transition, Drosophila, epigenetics, life extension, longitudinal study, phenotype, stem cell, stochastic process

These same principles of stochastic cell determination found in the lateral line system of frogs may also prevail in the vertebrate brain. In mammals and other vertebrates, it is well established that many more neurons are produced during development than survive in the adult, as presented in the classical,studies of Victor Hamburger, Ronald Oppenheimer, and others in the spinal cord, in which non-innervated neurons do not survive. The cerebral cortex, furthermore, develops through the dispersal of clonally related cells by migration within a generalized proto cortical map that does not precisely specify where each neuron will reside or what its connections will be (e.g.

Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us by Robert D. Hare

classic study, delayed gratification, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, junk bonds, longitudinal study, Norman Mailer, Savings and loan crisis, sparse data, systems thinking, twin studies

In the dark we are enjoying, with a subtle consciousness, aggressive and sexual pleasure at seemingly no cost.”4 These cinematic experiences may have a beneficial effect on psychologically healthy people, reminding them of the danger and destructiveness that psychopathy carries with it. On the other hand, these experiences may also serve as powerful role models for those with poorly developed internal standards, serious psychological problems, or feelings of alienation from mainstream society. REBEL WITHOUT A CAUSE In 1944, psychoanalyst Robert Lindner wrote a classic study of criminal psychopathy, Rebel Without a Cause.5 Lindner viewed psychopathy as a plague, a terrible force whose destructive potential is greatly underestimated. He described psychopaths in terms of their relationship to society: The psychopath is a rebel, a religious disobeyer of prevailing codes and standards a rebel without a cause, an agitator without a slogan, a revolutionary without a program; in other words, his rebelliousness is aimed to achieve goals satisfactory to him alone; he is incapable of exertions for the sake of others.

Billions & Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium by Carl Sagan

addicted to oil, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, classic study, clean water, cosmic abundance, dark matter, demographic transition, Exxon Valdez, F. W. de Klerk, germ theory of disease, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invention of radio, invention of the telegraph, invention of the telephone, Isaac Newton, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, pattern recognition, planetary scale, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, stem cell, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, zero-sum game

Millet and Joseph Fielding McConkie, The Life Beyond (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1986). Chapter 3, Monday-Night Hunters Harvey Araton, "Nuggets' Abdul-Rauf Shouldn't Stand for It," The New York Times, March 14, 1996. A good anecdotal summary of professional sports and its admirers is Fans! by Michael Roberts (Washington, D.C.: New Republic Book Co., 1976). A classic study of hunter-gatherer society is The IKung San by Richard Borshay Lee (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979). Most of the hunter-gatherer customs mentioned in this book apply to the IKung and to many other nonmarginal hunter-gatherer cultures worldwide—before they were destroyed by civilization.

The Achievement Habit: Stop Wishing, Start Doing, and Take Command of Your Life by Bernard Roth

Albert Einstein, Build a better mousetrap, Burning Man, classic study, cognitive bias, correlation does not imply causation, deskilling, do what you love, fear of failure, functional fixedness, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, school choice, Silicon Valley, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, zero-sum game

You can never be sure what someone else is thinking. Second, I was sure I would resist temptation, yet when push came to shove, I easily rationalized away my principles once someone gave me an excuse to do so. It gives me a lot of compassion for friends who, at the crucial moment, choose to drive the tractor. A classic study of anxiety over how one will act under pressure is described in Stephen Crane’s Red Badge of Courage. This novel gives us a vivid psychological portrayal of a young soldier beset by the anxiety that under fire he will be overcome by fear. As the war proceeds, he exposes his cowardice and ultimately his heroism.

The Education of a Value Investor: My Transformative Quest for Wealth, Wisdom, and Enlightenment by Guy Spier

Albert Einstein, Atul Gawande, Bear Stearns, Benoit Mandelbrot, big-box store, Black Swan, book value, Checklist Manifesto, classic study, Clayton Christensen, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Exxon Valdez, Gordon Gekko, housing crisis, information asymmetry, Isaac Newton, Kenneth Arrow, Long Term Capital Management, Mahatma Gandhi, mandelbrot fractal, mirror neurons, Nelson Mandela, NetJets, pattern recognition, pre–internet, random walk, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, risk free rate, Ronald Reagan, South Sea Bubble, Steve Jobs, Stuart Kauffman, TED Talk, two and twenty, winner-take-all economy, young professional, zero-sum game

Companies, like ant species, must adopt strategies that enable them to thrive or they will be at risk of extinction. As I soon discovered, other areas of complexity research also provide helpful models for how the economic world operates. For example, the Danish theoretical physicist Per Bak coauthored a classic study of sandpiles that showed what happens when you keep dropping grains of sand in one area. The resulting pile reaches a state of “self-organized criticality”; avalanches then occur, but it’s impossible to predict either their timing or their size. This model offers intriguing insights into market crashes, which have much in common with these avalanches.

Chomsky on Mis-Education by Noam Chomsky

Alan Greenspan, American ideology, classic study, deindustrialization, deskilling, disinformation, dual-use technology, Howard Zinn, invisible hand, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, means of production, military-industrial complex, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, strikebreaker, union organizing, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus

UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 1997 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997); UNICEF, The Progress of Nations 1996 (New York: UNICEF House, 1996). 2. Thomas Friedman, New York Times (NYT), June 2, 1992; National Security Adviser Antony Lake, NYT, Sept. 26, 1993; historian David Fromkin, NYT Book Review, May 4, 1997, summarizing recent work. 3. On the general picture and its historical origins, see, inter alia, Frederic Clairmont’s classic study, The Rise and Fall of Economic Liberalism (Asia Publishing House, 1960), reprinted and updated (Penang and Goa: Third World Network, 1996); Michael Chossudovsky, The Globalization of Poverty (Penang: Third World Network, 1997). Clairmont has been an UNCTAD economist for many years; Chossudovsky is a professor of economics at the University of Ottawa. 4.

Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History by Milton Friedman

Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, classic study, currency peg, double entry bookkeeping, fiat currency, financial innovation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, full employment, German hyperinflation, income per capita, law of one price, Money creation, money market fund, oil shock, price anchoring, price stability, Savings and loan crisis, systematic bias, Tax Reform Act of 1986, transaction costs

All in all, linking together the "gold yuan" and the earlier currency, prices in Nationalist territory in April 1949—by which time power had effectively changed hands—were more than 54 million times their level in December 1946. This was an average rate of rise of nearly 90 percent a month—far above the 50 percent a month that Phillip Cagan adopted, in his now classic study of hyperinflation, as separating hyperinflation from other inflationary episodes (1956, p. 25). The hyperinflation not only helped sweep the communists into power. Once the warfare was over, the communists were able to eliminate the hyperinflation, and that unquestionably helped to cement them in power (Greenwood and Wood 1978).

What Doctors Feel: How Emotions Affect the Practice of Medicine by Danielle Ofri

affirmative action, classic study, delayed gratification, facts on the ground, job satisfaction, lateral thinking, longitudinal study, medical malpractice, medical residency, Multics, RAND corporation

Two-thirds of the doctors felt angry and depressed in the days and weeks after receiving the disciplinary complaint. One-third felt guilty and ashamed. One-third lost all joy and pleasure in the practice of medicine. The shame component lingered, sometimes for years. Doctors retained strong emotional responses long after the incident—anger, depression, cynicism, wariness toward patients. A classic study of medical error polled more than 250 medical residents who had each committed a serious medical error, the type that led to severe adverse outcomes or even death.9 Only half of the residents ever discussed the error with their attendings, and only a quarter talked with the patients and families.

Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence by Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb

Abraham Wald, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Air France Flight 447, Airbus A320, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Amazon Picking Challenge, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, basic income, Bayesian statistics, Black Swan, blockchain, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, carbon tax, Charles Babbage, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, computer age, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data acquisition, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, deskilling, disruptive innovation, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, financial engineering, fulfillment center, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, Google Glasses, high net worth, ImageNet competition, income inequality, information retrieval, inventory management, invisible hand, Jeff Hawkins, job automation, John Markoff, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Lyft, Minecraft, Mitch Kapor, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Nate Silver, new economy, Nick Bostrom, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, OpenAI, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, performance metric, profit maximization, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Solow, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Steven Levy, strong AI, The Future of Employment, the long tail, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, Tim Cook: Apple, trolley problem, Turing test, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, US Airways Flight 1549, Vernor Vinge, vertical integration, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, William Langewiesche, Y Combinator, zero-sum game

The best churn models used machine learning, and (neural net) deep learning models generally outperformed all others. What changed? First, the data and computers were finally good enough to enable machine learning to dominate. In the 1990s, it was difficult to build large enough data sets. For example, a classic study of churn prediction used 650 customers and fewer than 30 variables. By 2004, computer processing and storage had improved. In the Duke tournament, the training data set contained information on hundreds of variables for tens of thousands of customers. With these additional variables and customers, machine learning methods started to perform as well, if not better, than regression.

The Formula: How Algorithms Solve All Our Problems-And Create More by Luke Dormehl

3D printing, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, Alvin Toffler, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, augmented reality, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, call centre, Cass Sunstein, classic study, Clayton Christensen, commoditize, computer age, death of newspapers, deferred acceptance, disruptive innovation, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Filter Bubble, Flash crash, Florence Nightingale: pie chart, Ford Model T, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, fulfillment center, Google Earth, Google Glasses, High speed trading, Internet Archive, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, Kodak vs Instagram, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, machine readable, machine translation, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Paradox of Choice, pattern recognition, price discrimination, recommendation engine, Richard Thaler, Rosa Parks, scientific management, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Slavoj Žižek, social graph, speech recognition, stable marriage problem, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, technological determinism, technological solutionism, TED Talk, the long tail, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, upwardly mobile, Wall-E, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Y Combinator

“Its founders prefer to treat technology as an autonomous and fully objective force rather than spending sleepless nights worrying about inherent biases in how their systems—systems that have grown so complex that no Google engineer fully understands them—operate.”25 A narrative thread often explored in books and articles about Google is the degree to which Google’s rise has helped speed up the decline of traditional news outlets, like newspapers. In this sense, Google has displaced traditional media, even though it does not generate news stories itself. If Google’s algorithms ought to be subject to the same standards as newspapers, though, this poses some problems. In a classic study of newsroom objectivity, sociologist Gaye Tuchman observed that it was a fear of defamation that kept journalism objective. By reporting the views of others rather than relying on their own opinion, journalists were protected against allegations that they were biased in their reporting. In terms of Google’s auto-complete algorithm, it had also relied on quoting others rather than expressing opinions, since its suggested terms were based on the previous searches of thousands, or even millions, of users.

Blue Ocean Strategy, Expanded Edition: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant by W. Chan Kim, Renée A. Mauborgne

Asian financial crisis, Blue Ocean Strategy, borderless world, call centre, classic study, cloud computing, commoditize, creative destruction, disruptive innovation, endogenous growth, Ford Model T, haute couture, index fund, information asymmetry, interchangeable parts, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, machine translation, market fundamentalism, NetJets, Network effects, RAND corporation, Salesforce, Skype, telemarketer, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Vanguard fund, zero-sum game

When individuals feel recognized for their intellectual worth, they are willing to share their knowledge; in fact, they feel inspired to impress and confirm the expectation of their intellectual value, suggesting active ideas and knowledge sharing.6 Similarly, when individuals are treated with emotional recognition, they feel emotionally tied to the strategy and inspired to give their all. Indeed, in Frederick Herzberg’s classic study on motivation, recognition was found to inspire strong intrinsic motivation, causing people to go beyond the call of duty and engage in voluntary cooperation.7 Hence, to the extent that fair process judgments convey intellectual and emotional recognition, people will better apply their knowledge and expertise, as well as their voluntary efforts to cooperate for the organization’s success in executing strategy.

Art of Learning by Josh Waitzkin

classic study, fear of failure, G4S, Mahatma Gandhi, pattern recognition, South China Sea

In the two years following my first experience in Taiwan, I really buckled down in my training. I’ve described much of that work in the early chapters of Part II, but there was also another component to this preparation. Chinese martial arts tend to be very secretive, and Tai Chi Chuan is a particularly enigmatic discipline. If you read the Tai Chi Classics, study the philosophical foundation, practice the moving meditation, you will gain a sense of awareness, feel supple, and possibly be able to generate a lot of speed and power. But it is hard to translate these principles into viable martial application until you test yourself out in the ring and incrementally separate the real from the mythical.

Shorter: Work Better, Smarter, and Less Here's How by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang

8-hour work day, airport security, Albert Einstein, behavioural economics, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, Brexit referendum, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, centre right, classic study, cloud computing, colonial rule, death from overwork, disruptive innovation, Erik Brynjolfsson, future of work, game design, gig economy, Henri Poincaré, IKEA effect, iterative process, job automation, job satisfaction, job-hopping, Johannes Kepler, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Kickstarter, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, means of production, neurotypical, PalmPilot, performance metric, race to the bottom, remote work: asynchronous communication, remote working, Rutger Bregman, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, side project, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, tech worker, TED Talk, telemarketer, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, women in the workforce, work culture , young professional, zero-sum game

Iain Tate is quoted in Patrick Coffee, “W+K London Experiments with Forcing Employees Not to Overexert Themselves,” Adweek, March 25, 2016, www.adweek.com/agencyspy/wk-london-experiments-with-forcing-employees-not-to-overexert-themselves/104813, and Tate, “Working Differently at W+K London,” Medium, March 15, 2016, https://medium.com/@iaintait/thoughts-about-working-differently-at-w-k-london-802b09763ec5. On relaxation, the default mode network, and creativity, see Pang, Rest, 33–50. Four-Day Weeks Boost Long-Term Happiness and Job Satisfaction. The classic study of the Hawthorne Effect is Richard Gillespie, Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991). The Swedish study of reduced working hours and happiness is in Helena Schiller et al., “Total Workload and Recovery in Relation to Worktime Reduction: A Randomised Controlled Intervention Study with Time-Use Data,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75 (2018): 218–226, https://oem.bmj.com/content/75/3/218.

The Power of Moments: Why Certain Experiences Have Extraordinary Impact by Chip Heath, Dan Heath

Cal Newport, call centre, classic study, clean water, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, desegregation, fear of failure, Mahatma Gandhi, mental accounting, meta-analysis, peak-end rule, school choice, Sheryl Sandberg, six sigma, Steve Ballmer, TED Talk

I do this to ‘pop the cork’ and show that it’s safe.” He’s right to be concerned about people staying silent: One study found that 85% of workers felt “unable to raise an issue or concern to their bosses even though they felt the issue was important.” His solution—the confederate with the tough question—is well supported by evidence. There’s a classic study, conducted by Charlan Nemeth and Cynthia Chiles, demonstrating that one act of courage supports another. Let’s say you are a participant in the study. You are matched with three other people, and a researcher shows your group a series of 20 slides. After each one is presented, the researcher pauses to ask each of you what color the slide is.

Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking by Matthew Syed

adjacent possible, agricultural Revolution, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic bias, behavioural economics, Bletchley Park, Boeing 747, call centre, Cass Sunstein, classic study, cognitive load, computer age, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, deep learning, delayed gratification, drone strike, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, Filter Bubble, Firefox, invention of writing, James Dyson, Jeff Bezos, knowledge economy, lateral thinking, market bubble, mass immigration, microbiome, Mitch Kapor, persistent metabolic adaptation, Peter Thiel, post-truth, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stuart Kauffman, tech worker, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, traveling salesman, vertical integration

As McAfee and Brynjolfsson put it: It is exactly because incumbents are so proficient, knowledgeable and caught up in the status quo that they are unable to see what’s coming, and the unrealised potential and likely evolution of the new technology . . . Existing processes, customers and suppliers all blind incumbents to things that should be obvious, such as the possibilities of new technologies that depart greatly from the status quo.21 In fact, this can be seen experimentally. A classic study by Robert Sternberg and Peter French pitted experts and novices at the card game bridge. Unsurprisingly, the experts performed better. They were the experts, after all. But then the researchers made some structural changes to the rules. Instead of players who put out the highest card winning, this was reversed.22 This change had little effect on the performances of the novices.

Cultish: The Language of Fanaticism by Amanda Montell

barriers to entry, behavioural economics, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, classic study, cognitive dissonance, coronavirus, COVID-19, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fake news, financial independence, Girl Boss, growth hacking, hive mind, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, Keith Raniere, Kickstarter, late capitalism, lockdown, loss aversion, LuLaRoe, Lyft, multilevel marketing, off-the-grid, passive income, Peoples Temple, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Ponzi scheme, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, QAnon, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Skype, Social Justice Warrior, Stanford prison experiment, Steve Jobs, sunk-cost fallacy, tech bro, the scientific method, TikTok, uber lyft, women in the workforce, Y2K

All kinds of research points to the idea that humans are social and spiritual by design. Our behavior is driven by a desire for belonging and purpose. We’re “cultish” by nature. This fundamental human itch for connection is touching, but when steered in the wrong direction, it can also cause an otherwise judicious person to do utterly irrational things. Consider this classic study: In 1951, Swarthmore College psychologist Solomon Asch gathered together half a dozen students to conduct a simple “vision test.” Asch showed four vertical lines to the participants, all but one of whom were in on the experiment, and asked them to point to the two that were the same length. There was one obviously correct answer, which you needed zero skills other than eyesight to figure out, but Asch found that if the first five students pointed to a blatantly wrong answer, 75 percent of test subjects ignored their better judgment and agreed with the majority.

Mini Farming: Self-Sufficiency on 1/4 Acre by Brett L. Markham

active measures, classic study, clean water, Columbine, coronavirus, fixed income, Mason jar, place-making

Here in New Hampshire, there are a number of farming organizations—including one sponsored by the state—intended specifically for beginning farmers! Similar groups exist all across the country. Speaking of the Cooperative Extension Service, every state has at least one so-called land grant university. These universities were originally established under the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 with primary missions to teach agriculture, classical studies, mechanical arts, and military tactics. The Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural experiment stations at these universities to advance the state of agricultural science, and the Smith-Lever Act of 1914 established the Cooperative Extension Service to disseminate the data gained at the experiment stations.

Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism by Pippa Norris, Ronald Inglehart

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, bank run, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, Cass Sunstein, centre right, classic study, cognitive dissonance, conceptual framework, declining real wages, desegregation, digital divide, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, first-past-the-post, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, It's morning again in America, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, land reform, liberal world order, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, machine readable, mass immigration, meta-analysis, obamacare, open borders, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Paris climate accords, post-industrial society, post-materialism, precariat, purchasing power parity, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, statistical model, stem cell, Steve Bannon, War on Poverty, white flight, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, working-age population, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

The second claim is that (2) ‘The double-­ballot system and proportional representation tend to multipartyism.’41 While originally stated as a universal law, Duverger subsequently suggested that these claims were only probabilistic generalizations.42 The conditions under which this relationship holds, and its status as a law, have attracted considerable debate in the literature marked by continued reformulations of the original statement and many efforts to define precisely what is to ‘count’ as a party in order to verify these claims.43 Much of the literature, notably Lijphart’s classic study, supports Duverger’s generalization that Plurality electoral systems tend toward party dualism, while Proportional Representation is associated with multipartyism.44 Previous research compared the results of the national election for the lower house of parliament in 170 contests worldwide from 316 Party Fortunes and Electoral Rules 1995 to 2000.45 It found that the mean number of parliamentary parties (based on the simplest definition of parties as holding at least one seat) was around 5.22 under Majoritarian systems, 8.85 under Mixed systems, and 9.52 under Proportional Representation.

…

In the 2015 general election, while 8.4 percent of the Interwar generation reported voting UKIP, only 2 percent of the Millennials did so. As well as birth cohorts, Model 1 in Table 11.1 also includes a range of social background factors; none is significant except for education. This finding has been widely noted in previous studies of Brexit as well as in classic studies of authoritarianism.60 College education is consistently one of the strongest predictors of socially liberal and socially conservative values – and of support for Authoritarian-­Populist parties and Brexit 386 % Voted Leave .06 .04 .61% .55% .45% .02 .00 .28% Interwar Baby boomers Gen X Millennials Generation Figure 11.4.

Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible by William N. Goetzmann

Albert Einstein, Andrei Shleifer, asset allocation, asset-backed security, banking crisis, Benoit Mandelbrot, Black Swan, Black-Scholes formula, book value, Bretton Woods, Brownian motion, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, Cass Sunstein, classic study, collective bargaining, colonial exploitation, compound rate of return, conceptual framework, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, delayed gratification, Detroit bankruptcy, disintermediation, diversified portfolio, double entry bookkeeping, Edmond Halley, en.wikipedia.org, equity premium, equity risk premium, financial engineering, financial independence, financial innovation, financial intermediation, fixed income, frictionless, frictionless market, full employment, high net worth, income inequality, index fund, invention of the steam engine, invention of writing, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, Louis Bachelier, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, means of production, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, new economy, passive investing, Paul Lévy, Ponzi scheme, price stability, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, profit motive, public intellectual, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, random walk, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, shareholder value, short selling, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, spice trade, stochastic process, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, time value of money, tontine, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, tulip mania, wage slave

“Modeling the Survival of Athenian Owl Tetradrachms Struck in the Period from 561–42 BC from Then to the Present,” in Proceedings of the 30th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, vol. 5. St. Gallen, Switzerland: Systems Dynamics Society, pp. 4024–4043. 18. Xenophon. 1892. The Works of Xenophon, H. G. Daykins (trans.). London: Macmillan and Co., p. 331. 19. Aperghis, G. G. 1998. “A reassessment of the Laurion Mining lease records.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 42(1): 1–20. 20. Papazarkadas, N. 2012. “Poletai,” in The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04267/full. 21. Camp, John McKesson. 2007. “Excavations in the Athenian Agora: 2002–2007.” Hesperia 76(4): 627–663. CHAPTER 6 1. Van Wees, Hans. 2013.

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Andreau, Jean. 1999. Banking and Business in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Angela, Alberto. 2009. A Day in the Life of Ancient Rome. New York: Europa Editions. Aperghis, G. G. 1998. “A reassessment of the Laurion mining lease records.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 42(1): 1–20. Archibald, Zosia, John K. Davies, and Vincent Gabrielsen (eds.). 2011. The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archibald, Zosia Halina. 2013. Ancient Economies of the Northern Aegean: Fifth to First Centuries BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Complacent Class: The Self-Defeating Quest for the American Dream by Tyler Cowen

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Alvin Roth, assortative mating, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, bike sharing, Black Lives Matter, Black Swan, business climate, business cycle, circulation of elites, classic study, clean water, David Graeber, declining real wages, deindustrialization, desegregation, digital divide, Donald Trump, driverless car, drone strike, East Village, Elon Musk, Ferguson, Missouri, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, gig economy, Google Glasses, Hyman Minsky, Hyperloop, income inequality, intangible asset, Internet of things, inventory management, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, medical residency, meta-analysis, obamacare, offshore financial centre, Paradox of Choice, Paul Samuelson, Peter Thiel, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, Richard Florida, security theater, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, South China Sea, Steven Pinker, Stuxnet, The Great Moderation, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, total factor productivity, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, upwardly mobile, Vilfredo Pareto, working-age population, World Values Survey

Even if, as data suggest, the migrants on average did not end up with better jobs or higher wages than those who stayed behind, they were at least able to escape the oppressive cultures from which they came. The natural response to disquietude was to look for changes in one’s natural and physical environment.4 Even for people who didn’t move permanently during these earlier eras, there was significantly more mobility back and forth between regions. Nicholas Lemann, in his classic study of African American migration, wrote: “For a time, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it seemed as if the whole black society of Clarksdale and the Mississippi Delta had transferred itself to Chicago. Everybody was either living in Chicago, or back and forth from Chicago, or occasionally visiting Chicago.”5 This was a way to earn more money and see more of the world, but without cutting ties altogether with one’s home community.

Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong-And the New Research That's Rewriting the Story by Angela Saini

Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, classic study, demographic transition, Drosophila, feminist movement, gender pay gap, Large Hadron Collider, meta-analysis, mouse model, out of africa, place-making, scientific mainstream, Steven Pinker, the scientific method, women in the workforce

Gowaty, Patricia Adair, Rebecca Steinichen, and Wyatt W. Anderson. “Mutual Interest Between the Sexes and Reproductive Success in Drosophila pseudoobscura.” Evolution 56, no. 12 (2002): 2537–40. Gowaty, Patricia Adair, Yong-Kyu Kim, and Wyatt W. Anderson. “No Evidence of Sexual Selection in a Repetition of Bateman’s Classic Study of Drosophila melanogaster.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 29 (2012): 11740–45. Trivers, Robert L. “Sexual Selection and Resource-Accruing Abilities in Anolis garmani.” Evolution 30, no. 2 (1976): 253–69. Janicke, Tim, et al. “Darwinian Sex Roles Confirmed Across the Animal Kingdom.”

Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo by Sean B. Carroll

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Brownian motion, classic study, dark matter, Drosophila, Gregor Mendel, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Stuart Kauffman, the long tail, the scientific method

Everything in our bodies is a variation on a mammalian or primate template. Thus, I believe that the weight of genetic evidence is telling us that the evolution of primates, great apes, and humans is due to changes more in the control of genes than in the proteins the genes encode. I am not the first to reach this conclusion. In a classic study three decades ago, Mary Claire King and Allan Wilson showed that the sequences of chimp and human proteins were nearly identical and drew the conclusion that evolutionary differences were due to changes in gene regulation. A host of eminent biologists in the 1960s and 1970s—including Linus Pauling, Emile Zuckerkandl, Eric Davidson, Roy Britten, and François Jacob—also deduced the same.

The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger by Richard Wilkinson, Kate Pickett

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, basic income, Berlin Wall, classic study, clean water, Diane Coyle, epigenetics, experimental economics, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, God and Mammon, impulse control, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), knowledge economy, labor-force participation, land reform, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, mirror neurons, moral panic, Murray Bookchin, offshore financial centre, phenotype, plutocrats, profit maximization, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, statistical model, The Chicago School, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, ultimatum game, upwardly mobile, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Researchers on both sides of the Atlantic are clear that increased income inequality is responsible for increasing the segregation of rich and poor.281–283 The concentration of poor people in poor areas increases all kinds of stress, deprivation and difficulty – from increased commuting times for those who have to leave deprived communities to find work elsewhere, to increased risk of traffic accidents, worse schools, poor levels of services, exposure to gang violence, pollution and so on. Sociologist William Julius Wilson, in his classic study of inner-city poverty, refers to poor people in poor neighbourhoods as the ‘truly disadvantaged’.225 Two studies from the USA have shown that residential economic segregation increases people’s risk of dying, and one showed that more unequal cities were also more economically segregated.284–285 These processes will of course feed back into further reductions in social mobility.

The New Class Conflict by Joel Kotkin

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alvin Toffler, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, back-to-the-city movement, Bob Noyce, Boston Dynamics, California gold rush, Californian Ideology, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, classic study, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, crony capitalism, David Graeber, degrowth, deindustrialization, do what you love, don't be evil, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, energy security, falling living standards, future of work, Future Shock, Gini coefficient, Google bus, Herman Kahn, housing crisis, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, labor-force participation, Larry Ellison, Lewis Mumford, low interest rates, low-wage service sector, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, mass affluent, McJob, McMansion, medical bankruptcy, microapartment, Nate Silver, National Debt Clock, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, obamacare, offshore financial centre, Paul Buchheit, payday loans, Peter Calthorpe, plutocrats, post-industrial society, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, rent control, rent-seeking, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Richard Florida, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Solyndra, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, tech worker, techlash, technoutopianism, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas L Friedman, Tony Fadell, too big to fail, transcontinental railway, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, Virgin Galactic, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, working poor, young professional

Out of these conflicts rose a whole new set of industries dependent on the development and exploitation of science. As a prescient Winston Churchill remarked, “The new empires are those of the mind.”37 Despite the threat of thermonuclear war, the 1950s and 1960s were suffused with a spirit of technological optimism. In his classic study The Technological Society (1967), French philosopher Jacques Ellul drew a contemporary picture of the world of 2000, complete with regular shuttle service to the moon, widespread synthetic foods, and an end to both hunger and poverty.38 These assumptions, of course, have not been fulfilled even now, but the promise of such improvements—as is the case today—captivated many observers at the time.

The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work by David Frayne

anti-work, antiwork, basic income, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, Californian Ideology, call centre, capitalist realism, classic study, clockwatching, critique of consumerism, David Graeber, deindustrialization, deskilling, emotional labour, Ford Model T, future of work, Herbert Marcuse, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, McJob, means of production, moral panic, new economy, Paradox of Choice, post-work, profit motive, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, unpaid internship, work culture , working poor, young professional

This new form is characterised not by the exclusion of human qualities from the labour process, but by the enrolment and exploitation of these qualities. The problem here is not that the labour process presents no opportunities for expression and identification, but that the employer expects workers to become fully involved and invested in the job. The insights developed around this new form of alienation are indebted to C. Wright Mills’ classic study White Collar (Mills, 1956), though discussions in this area were subsequently popularised by Arlie Hochschild and her theory of ‘emotional labour’ (Hochschild, 1983). Both authors essentially posed the same question: what are the consequences when instead of being asked to leave their human qualities at home in the morning, workers are expressly asked to bring their emotions, their personalities and their individuality to work?

Cities: The First 6,000 Years by Monica L. Smith

Anthropocene, bread and circuses, classic study, clean water, diversified portfolio, failed state, financial innovation, gentrification, hiring and firing, invention of writing, Jane Jacobs, New Urbanism, payday loans, place-making, Ponzi scheme, SimCity, South China Sea, telemarketer, the built environment, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, the strength of weak ties, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, wikimedia commons

(Liège, Belgium: Université de Liège, 1999), 119–23. Among the most desired objects: Michael Fulford, “Gallo-Roman Sigillata: Fresh Approaches, Fresh Challenges, Fresh Questions,” in Seeing Red: New Economic and Social Perspectives on Terra Sigillata, ed. Michael Fulford and Emma Durham (London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London, 2013), 1–17. Feathered Serpent Pyramid: Cowgill, Ancient Teotihuacan. At Tikal, the excavation: Jones, “Marketplace at Tikal.” the same impressive stonework: McMahon, “Waste Management in Early Urban Southern Mesopotamia,” 19–39. McMahon discusses the appearance of stone orthostats in bathrooms; for the discussion of orthostats in public buildings, see Ömür Harmanşah, “Upright Stones and Building Stories: Architectural Technologies and the Poetics of Urban Space,” in Cities and the Shaping of Memory in the Ancient Near East (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

Smarter Investing by Tim Hale

Albert Einstein, asset allocation, buy and hold, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, classic study, collapse of Lehman Brothers, corporate governance, credit crunch, currency risk, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, diversification, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, equity premium, equity risk premium, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, eurozone crisis, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial independence, financial innovation, fixed income, full employment, Future Shock, implied volatility, index fund, information asymmetry, Isaac Newton, John Bogle, John Meriwether, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, managed futures, Northern Rock, passive investing, Ponzi scheme, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, random walk, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, Robert Shiller, South Sea Bubble, technology bubble, the rule of 72, time value of money, transaction costs, Vanguard fund, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Claims by active managers that they are favoured by bear markets as they can hold cash and defensive positions is not borne out in the two market crashes during the past ten years. To quote: ‘the opportunity does not translate to reality’. Investment policy outweighs investment strategy A classic study (Brinson et al., 1986) relating to actively managed US pension plans and the role of long-term policy versus short-term active management decisions concludes that: ‘Investment policy dominates investment strategy, explaining on average 93.6% of the variation in total plan returns.’ This has also become one of the most misquoted pieces of research in investment academia.

Exodus: How Migration Is Changing Our World by Paul Collier

Ayatollah Khomeini, Boris Johnson, charter city, classic study, Edward Glaeser, experimental economics, first-past-the-post, full employment, game design, George Akerlof, global village, guest worker program, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, language acquisition, mass immigration, mirror neurons, moral hazard, open borders, radical decentralization, risk/return, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transaction costs, University of East Anglia, white flight, zero-sum game

The Cultures of Migrants So mutual regard, trust, and moral outrage against those who free ride all support an equitable and cooperative society. How does this relate to migration? Migrants bring not only the human capital generated in their own societies; they also bring the moral codes of their own societies. Thus, unsurprisingly, Nigerian immigrants to other societies tend to be untrusting and opportunistic. In a classic study of differences in cultural attitudes, Ray Fisman and Edward Miguel compared the payment of parking fines by diplomats in New York.8 During the key period, diplomats had legal immunity from fines, and so the only restraint on a refusal to pay was their own ethical standards. Fisman and Miguel found that the behavior of diplomats from different countries varied enormously but was well explained by the corruption level prevailing in the country of the diplomat, as measured by standard surveys.

Outnumbered: From Facebook and Google to Fake News and Filter-Bubbles – the Algorithms That Control Our Lives by David Sumpter

affirmative action, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Bernie Sanders, Brexit referendum, Cambridge Analytica, classic study, cognitive load, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, data science, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, fake news, Filter Bubble, Geoffrey Hinton, Google Glasses, illegal immigration, James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Kenneth Arrow, Loebner Prize, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Minecraft, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Nelson Mandela, Nick Bostrom, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, p-value, post-truth, power law, prediction markets, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Mercer, selection bias, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social contagion, speech recognition, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, traveling salesman, Turing test

Ants can build nests that are over a metre high and that are dug several metres deep into the ground, they can construct a network of supply chains covering several square kilometres and some species even grow and farm their own food. But if you put ants in a bucket they become very stupid indeed. I first heard about the bucket experiment from biologist Nigel Franks at the University of Bristol. He and his colleagues were in Panama in 1989 when they came up with the idea, inspired by classic studies from the 1940s. They placed army ants in a bucket, the edges of which were coated with a material that prevented them from escaping, and filmed them from above. The ants went round and round in circles, and as they did so they got faster and faster. As they walked, they deposited a chemical pheromone, which led the ants behind them to think there must be something interesting to find further on.

Drinking in America: Our Secret History by Susan Cheever

British Empire, classic study, George Santayana, Howard Zinn, nuclear winter, off-the-grid, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Suez canal 1869, trade route, white picket fence

There are also, the CDC report says, more than a million alcohol-related emergency room visits as well as 10,000 traffic fatalities a year caused by drinking.2 Drinking is a cherished American custom—a way to celebrate and a way to grieve and a way to take the edge off. It brings people together. It makes social connection easy. It loosens inhibitions. “Alcohol has immediate and profound effects on behavior,” writes Dr. James Milam in his classic study Under the Influence. “At low doses, alcohol stimulates the brain cells, and the drinker feels happy, talkative, energetic, and euphoric. After one or two drinks, the normal drinker may experience some improvement in thought and performance.”3 This is the alcoholic sweet spot, and its looseness and clarity have been woven into the fabric of American history.

The New Geography of Jobs by Enrico Moretti

assortative mating, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, business climate, call centre, classic study, clean tech, cloud computing, corporate raider, creative destruction, desegregation, Edward Glaeser, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial innovation, gentrification, global village, hiring and firing, income inequality, industrial cluster, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, medical residency, Menlo Park, new economy, peer-to-peer lending, Peter Thiel, Productivity paradox, Recombinant DNA, Richard Florida, Sand Hill Road, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, Skype, Solyndra, special economic zone, Startup school, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, tech worker, thinkpad, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Wall-E, Y Combinator, zero-sum game

Atlanta, Georgia, has the Centers for Disease Control, research universities Emory and Georgia Tech . . . Cleveland, Ohio, was an early home to venture capital, and the Cleveland Clinic is one of the premier research hospitals in the nation. Neither city today has significant activity in biotech” (pp. 4–5). [>] In a fascinating and now classic study: Zucker, Darby, and Brewer, “Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises”; Zucker et al., “Minerva Unbound”; Zucker, Darby, and Armstrong, “Commercializing Knowledge”; Zucker and Darby, “Capturing Technological Opportunity via Japan’s Star Scientists”; Zucker, Darby, and Armstrong, “Geographically Localized Knowledge”; Zucker and Darby, “Present at the Biotechnological Revolution.” [>] The attractive nature of economic development: In more recent work, Zucker and Darby show that today the United States has just over half of the world’s biotech stars.

Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking by Cecilia Heyes

Asperger Syndrome, behavioural economics, classic study, complexity theory, epigenetics, Higgs boson, intermodal, language acquisition, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, mirror neurons, neurotypical, phenotype, social intelligence, the built environment, theory of mind, twin studies

When imitating retrieval of a toy from a box, three- and four-year-old children do not only release the latches and open the doors impeding their access to the prize. They also copy the model’s extraneous actions—such as tapping the box with a wand—and show this “overimitation” even when they are able to tell the experimenter which actions are “silly” and which are necessary (Lyons, Young, and Keil, 2007). In this classic study of overimitation, and many others, it is not clear whether children are copying relations among body parts—what is called “imitation” in this book, and in cognitive science more generally—or whether they are reproducing relations among inanimate objects (for example, between the box and the wand), which is sometimes called “emulation.”

The Twittering Machine by Richard Seymour

4chan, anti-communist, augmented reality, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Cal Newport, Californian Ideology, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, classic study, colonial rule, Comet Ping Pong, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, dark triade / dark tetrad, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, false flag, Filter Bubble, Gabriella Coleman, gamification, Google Chrome, Google Earth, hive mind, informal economy, Internet of things, invention of movable type, invention of writing, James Bridle, Jaron Lanier, Jeremy Corbyn, Jon Ronson, Jony Ive, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, knowledge economy, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, meta-analysis, Mohammed Bouazizi, moral panic, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, packet switching, patent troll, Philip Mirowski, post scarcity, post-industrial society, post-truth, RAND corporation, Rat Park, rent-seeking, replication crisis, sentiment analysis, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skinner box, smart cities, Snapchat, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple, Timothy McVeigh, Twitter Arab Spring, undersea cable, upwardly mobile, white flight, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

The professed admiration for her was therefore complicated, exploitative on the part of the media and, sometimes, tacitly dehumanizing. The randomness, misfortune and complexity of cultural wants that led to Dobyne’s celebrity is typical of the way stars are made. The anthropologist Hortense Powdermaker, in her classic study of Hollywood, noticed that the randomness of success led to a tendency towards magical thinking in the movie industry.20 Hollywood formulae were like spells, their market research like divination, executive decisions justified by pseudo-telepathic ‘instinct’. These were magical techniques in aid of compelling Lady Luck.

Busy by Tony Crabbe

airport security, Bluma Zeigarnik, British Empire, business process, classic study, cognitive dissonance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, death from overwork, fear of failure, Frederick Winslow Taylor, gamification, haute cuisine, informal economy, inventory management, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, knowledge worker, Lao Tzu, Larry Ellison, loss aversion, low cost airline, machine readable, Marc Benioff, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, Paradox of Choice, placebo effect, Richard Feynman, Rubik’s Cube, Salesforce, Saturday Night Live, science of happiness, scientific management, Shai Danziger, Stuart Kauffman, TED Talk, the long tail, Thorstein Veblen, Tim Cook: Apple

What is important though, is what happened over the coming weeks. The researchers observed how often the children chose to draw of their own free will, when no reward was involved. Those who hadn’t been rewarded spent around twice as much time drawing as those who had been rewarded.5 This is the classic study that launched a focus on intrinsic motivation: motivation that comes from the activity itself, not from rewards. Remember, the children loved drawing, but after being rewarded, they were less interested unless there was a reward. They had a reason for drawing, and it wasn’t for the fun of it. The reward turned play into work, and it stayed work.

The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number by Mario Livio

Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, Alfred Russel Wallace, Benoit Mandelbrot, Brownian motion, Buckminster Fuller, classic study, cosmological constant, Elliott wave, Eratosthenes, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Isaac Newton, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Kepler, mandelbrot fractal, music of the spheres, Nash equilibrium, power law, Ralph Nelson Elliott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, random walk, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Thales of Miletus, the scientific method

Fig. 17: Hirmer Fotoarchiv Fig. 19: Reprinted with permission from Robert Dixon, Mathographics (Mineola: Dover Publications, 1987). Figs. 22 & 23, bottom: Reprinted with permission from H. E. Huntley, The Divine Proportion (Mineola: Dover Publications, 1970). Fig. 23, top: Alison Frantz Photographic Collection, American School of Classical Studies at Athens Fig. 28: Reprinted with permission from Trudi Hammel Garland, Fascinating Fibonaccis Mystery and Magic in Numbers © 1987 by Dale Seymour Publications, an imprint of Pearson Learning, a division of Pearson Education, Inc. Figs. 31–32: Reprinted with permission from Trudi Hammel Garland, Fascinating Fibonaccis Mystery and Magic in Numbers © 1987 by Dale Seymour Publications, an imprint of Pearson Learning, a division of Pearson Education, Inc.

Suggestible You: The Curious Science of Your Brain's Ability to Deceive, Transform, and Heal by Erik Vance

classic study, fixed income, Frances Oldham Kelsey, hive mind, impulse control, Isaac Newton, meta-analysis, nocebo, personalized medicine, placebo effect, randomized controlled trial, Ronald Reagan, side project, stem cell, Steve Jobs, sugar pill, Yogi Berra

And each time you make a copy, it looks a little different—a little more blurry and faded. So eventually you have to take a permanent marker and fill in some of the edges to make it appear sharper. Simply put, a false memory is an error in one of these steps. And once that error occurs, it’s almost impossible to correct. Take, for instance, a classic study by the legendary psychologist and memory expert Ulric Neisser. The morning after the explosion of NASA’s space shuttle Challenger in 1986, Neisser took a poll of where his students were when they first heard about it. Almost three years later he ran the poll again; almost all the answers had changed in some way.

The Ages of Globalization by Jeffrey D. Sachs

Admiral Zheng, AlphaGo, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, British Empire, Cape to Cairo, circular economy, classic study, colonial rule, Columbian Exchange, Commentariolus, coronavirus, cotton gin, COVID-19, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, DeepMind, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, domestication of the camel, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, European colonialism, general purpose technology, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, greed is good, income per capita, invention of agriculture, invention of gunpowder, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, John von Neumann, joint-stock company, lockdown, Louis Pasteur, low skilled workers, mass immigration, Nikolai Kondratiev, ocean acidification, out of africa, packet switching, Pax Mongolica, precision agriculture, profit maximization, profit motive, purchasing power parity, rewilding, South China Sea, spinning jenny, Suez canal 1869, systems thinking, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, Turing machine, Turing test, urban planning, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, wikimedia commons, zoonotic diseases