Leo Hollis

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Inequality and the 1% by Danny Dorling

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, banking crisis, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, buy and hold, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, corporate governance, credit crunch, David Attenborough, David Graeber, delayed gratification, Dominic Cummings, double helix, Downton Abbey, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, family office, financial deregulation, full employment, gentrification, Gini coefficient, high net worth, housing crisis, income inequality, land value tax, Leo Hollis, Londongrad, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, lump of labour, mega-rich, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage debt, negative equity, Neil Kinnock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, precariat, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Robert Shiller, Russell Brand, TaskRabbit, TED Talk, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trickle-down economics, unpaid internship, very high income, We are the 99%, wealth creators, working poor

Perhaps higher-than-average testosterone levels help, but the UK’s men are unlikely to have a much higher than average level of that hormone; and there are artificial stimulants too. A few months before the Times told us how lucky we were to have so many extraordinarily well-paid bankers in our midst, the Sunday Times had reported that it had been bankers using cocaine who had got us into this terrible mess.32 Verso/Leo Hollis The City of London: expanding its horizon When they were later interviewed about the 2008 crash, UK bankers said they had become ‘over-confident’ and ‘took more risks’, leading to the meltdown. The biggest gamblers of all, in the US, took the most cocaine. People like Bernie Madoff, once described as a financial genius and then lampooned in the tabloids, worked from an office described as ‘the north pole’ – because it contained so much white powder.33 Cocaine is the drug of the 1 per cent and of inequality.

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The highest-paid member of the household, the steward, might be paid 27p a day; a valet half that; a lady’s maid less than half again; a kitchen maid half of her wage; and a postilion, the very lowest, received just a penny a day.93 These figures relate to 1913, the year when the top 1 per cent in the UK took more than they ever had before, or ever would thereafter (see Figure 3.6). Verso/Leo Hollis Kensington: one of the richest neighbourhoods in London There are still a few who behave with crass indifference to the feelings of others, an attitude that epitomised the British gentry in that year just before the First World War – appearing not to care, for example, how much a meal might cost in a time when many are going hungry; or requiring a servant to pack their clothes every time they are washed as if they have been newly bought and packaged.

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What keeps those who rule in power is not just a common culture, but the much wider belief that there is no alternative. The members of the international ruling class are highly dysfunctional – think Nigella Lawson and Charles Saatchi multiplied many times. What makes them so powerful is that they can rule despite constant inebriation, divorces, narcissism and neuroses. Verso/Leo Hollis A club on Pall Mall: home to the elite for two centuries Of course, members of the House of Lords with shared ‘business interests’ act together to get a corrupt healthcare bill through parliament. But when they do so, they are like drones in a beehive, they look as if they know what they are doing; but they are merely following their programming and behaving as expected.

Inheritance by Leo Hollis

British Empire, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, coronavirus, Fellow of the Royal Society, forensic accounting, high net worth, housing crisis, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jeremy Corbyn, joint-stock company, Kickstarter, land bank, Leo Hollis, lockdown, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, place-making, side hustle, social distancing, South Sea Bubble, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, urban planning

Praise for Leo Hollis ‘This wonderful book has many layers: the entwined stories of the men who stamped their names on the streets of London and, in their midst, one woman for whom a rich inheritance became an impossible cage. Leo Hollis knows the expanding city like the back of his hand, and brings a forensic eye and a deep empathy to the mystery at the heart of Mary Davies’s tragic life. Combining biography and detective story with urban panorama and a thought-provoking exploration of the nature of property, Inheritance is a consistently enthralling read.’ Helen Castor, author of Joan of Arc ‘A fascinating insight into a tragic backwater of London’s history, yet from which one of its most magnificent estates emerged…’ Simon Jenkins, author of A Short History of London ‘Hollis expertly weaves together the human tragedy and high politics behind the explosion of one of the world’s greatest cities.

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His scholarship and storytelling makes the seventeenth century seem so familiar.’ Dan Snow, author of Death or Victory: The Battle for Quebec and the Birth of Empire ‘Leo Hollis combines meticulous research with his trademark style once again in this perceptive and humane book on one of modern London’s most significant origin stories.’ Lucy Inglis, author of Georgian London: Into the Streets ‘Identifying an authentic seventeenth-century mystery, Leo Hollis uses the form of the classic detective story to deliver a fast-moving and forensic account of the birth and development of the London property market. Here is a valuable addition to the literature of the city in another period of cancerous growth.’

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Jenny Uglow on The Phoenix ‘What makes this book so fascinating, though, is not just the rich detail, but also its explanations of the emergence of the new thinking that so profoundly shaped the spirit of the age.’ Independent on The Phoenix ‘Leo Hollis’s book is as impressive a construction as St Paul’s itself… Hollis makes us see St Paul’s as if for the first time, a remarkable achievement.’ Jonathan Glancey, author of The Story of Architecture, on The Phoenix ‘This is a superlative book. Leo Hollis has that rare gift of making the incomprehensible, such as the nature of light and the complexity of national finance, comprehensible to the most lay of readers.’ Liza Picard, author of Victorian London: The Life of a City 1840–1870, on The Phoenix ‘From Westminster Abbey to an unremarkable house in Spitalfields, this ingenious study unearths the architectural history of 12 buildings to produce engrossing insights into London’s transformations.’

Cities Are Good for You: The Genius of the Metropolis by Leo Hollis

Airbnb, Alvin Toffler, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, Boris Johnson, Broken windows theory, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, cellular automata, classic study, clean water, cloud computing, complexity theory, congestion charging, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital map, Disneyland with the Death Penalty, Donald Shoup, East Village, Edward Glaeser, Elisha Otis, Enrique Peñalosa, export processing zone, Firefox, Frank Gehry, General Motors Futurama, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, Gini coefficient, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Guggenheim Bilbao, haute couture, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Leo Hollis, Lewis Mumford, Long Term Capital Management, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Masdar, mass immigration, megacity, negative equity, Neil Armstrong, new economy, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, place-making, power law, Quicken Loans, Ray Oldenburg, Richard Florida, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, spice trade, Steve Jobs, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, the High Line, The Spirit Level, the strength of weak ties, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Malthus, trade route, traveling salesman, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, white flight, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

www.citiesaregoodforyou.com @leohollis By the Same Author The Phoenix: The Men Who Made Modern London The Stones of London: A History in Twelve Buildings First published in Great Britain 2013 This electronic edition published in 2013 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Copyright © by Leo Hollis 2013 Leo Hollis has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work Images are from the author’s personal collection except where credited otherwise. Images credited ‘Creative Commons’ are used under the terms of Creative Commons All rights reserved You may not copy, distribute, transmit, reproduce or otherwise make available this publication (or any part of it) in any form, or by any means (including without limitation electronic, digital, optical, mechanical, photocopying, printing, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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The author presents a compelling case for the benefits of city living’ Port ‘A good read, popular without being condescending, for students of the modern city and the metropolises of the future’ Kirkus Reviews ‘Hollis reminds us that it is not gadgetry, nor design, that really makes a city … That’s a thought about our urban environs profound enough to keep the mental gears turning for the rest of the summer and far beyond’ NPR.org ‘Hollis has done his reading … The research he cites teems with quirky surprises’ Toronto Star ‘Combining a wealth of info on cities the world over with anecdote and experience, Hollis’s fascinating book touts the theory that our path to salvation is the city itself ’ Fabric ‘A tour de force of the 21st century metropolis … A persuasive defence of the city and, as there is no escape from it, a call to make it good for us’ Deccan Herald ‘Beautifully written and absorbing … This is an inspiring, richly illustrated, and thoroughly enjoyable read’ Good Book Guide ‘A useful counterpoint to those who would argue that the big bad city is to be escaped at all costs’ Observer Cities Are Good For You Leo Hollis To Louis and Theadora Contents Preface 1 What is a City? 2 Inside the Beehive 3 Building Between Buildings 4 A Creative Place 5 Rebooting the Community 6 Trust in the City 7 Walking in Dharavi 8 Maximum City 9 Moving Around 10 How Many Lightbulbs Does it Take to Change a City?

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Thanks also go to: Fran Tonkiss, Mike Batty, Jeremy Black, Michael Sorkin, Rahul and Matias at URBZ, Elizabeth Varley, Scott Burnham, Emer Coleman, Rick Burdett; Patrick Walsh, Claire Conville, Jake Bosanquet-Smith and Alex Christofi; Helen Garnons-Williams and Erica Jarnes; George Gibson and Jacqueline Johnson. This book is dedicated to Louis and Theadora because the city will one day belong to you and you must see it as an adventure, not a place of danger. A Note on the Author Leo Hollis was born in London in 1972. He went to school at Stonyhurst College and read History at UEA. He works in publishing and is the author of two books on the history of London: The Phoenix: The Men Who Made Modern London and The Stones of London: A History Through Twelve Buildings. He writes regularly for the New Statesman, TLS and Daily Telegraph.

The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being by William Davies

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, 1960s counterculture, Abraham Maslow, Airbnb, behavioural economics, business intelligence, business logic, corporate governance, data science, dematerialisation, experimental subject, Exxon Valdez, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Gini coefficient, income inequality, intangible asset, invisible hand, joint-stock company, Leo Hollis, lifelogging, market bubble, mental accounting, military-industrial complex, nudge unit, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Philip Mirowski, power law, profit maximization, randomized controlled trial, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, science of happiness, scientific management, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Slavoj Žižek, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, social contagion, social intelligence, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Spirit Level, theory of mind, urban planning, Vilfredo Pareto, W. E. B. Du Bois, you are the product

In early 2012, I was invited to the Tavistock Clinic by Bernadette Wren to discuss my work, which resulted in various valuable social and intellectual connections, some of which have been crucial for this book. Sebastian Kraemer was particularly helpful and insightful. I am grateful to all of the colleagues, discussants and editors who assisted me in my work over this period. I began working on this book in late 2012, after fine-tuning the proposal with Leo Hollis, my editor at Verso. My colleagues at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Methodologies, University of Warwick, were always stimulating, and offered various ways of thinking critically about measurement and quantification. During the last months of working on the manuscript, I sent chapters to individuals who I knew were each far more expert on the given chapter topics than I was.

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I’m very grateful for the invaluable feedback I received from these readers. Julian Molina provided ample research assistance at a number of stages of the book’s development, and I was lucky to have someone so enthusiastic and diligent to support me. There are numerous bits of the book which he influenced for the better. Leo Hollis had a clear vision of this book throughout, including during those periods when I did not. Working with an editor like Leo was a remarkable learning experience for me, and I’ve no doubt it helped me to become a better writer. I’d like to thank him for all the tremendous energy and confidence he invested in this book.

The Production of Money: How to Break the Power of Banks by Ann Pettifor

Alan Greenspan, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, bond market vigilante , borderless world, Bretton Woods, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, clean water, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, decarbonisation, distributed ledger, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, fiat currency, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, financial repression, fixed income, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, green new deal, Hyman Minsky, inflation targeting, interest rate derivative, invisible hand, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land bank, Leo Hollis, light touch regulation, London Interbank Offered Rate, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, mobile money, Money creation, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, offshore financial centre, Paul Samuelson, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, rent-seeking, Satyajit Das, savings glut, secular stagnation, The Chicago School, the market place, Thomas Malthus, Tobin tax, too big to fail

I owe a particular debt to Geoffrey Ingham, author of The Nature of Money (Polity Press, 2004), a book very important to me because of its clear and forensic analysis of money and the monetary system. I owe unpayable debts to my husband and best friend Jeremy Smith. He has been and remains the wind beneath my increasingly ragged wings. Finally, sincere thanks are due to Rachel Calder, my agent, and Dan Hind, my patient editor, and to Leo Hollis, my publisher at Verso. They have believed in me, and in the book, and that confidence is a gift for any author. Notes Preface 1Mohamed El-Erian in ‘The Lehman Crisis: One Year Later’, Fortune, 28 September 2009. 2Richard Dobbs, Susan Lund, Jonathan Woetzel and Mina Mutafchieva, ‘Debt and (Not Much) Deleveraging’, McKinsey Global Institute, February 2015, mckinsey.com, accessed 5 June 2016. 3New York Times editorial, ‘The Millions Who Are Just Getting By’, New York Times, 2 June 2016, nytimes.com, accessed 5 June 2016. 4Rich Miller, ‘Risky Reprise of Debt Binge Stars US Companies Not Consumers’, Bloomberg, 31 May 2016, bloomberg.com, accessed 5 June 2016. 5Emily Cadman, ‘Osborne Welcomes Right Kind of Deflation as Good News for Families’, Financial Times, 20 May 2015. 6OECD, ‘Policymakers: Act Now to Keep Promises!’

Dirty Secrets How Tax Havens Destroy the Economy by Richard Murphy

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, centre right, corporate governance, Donald Trump, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, en.wikipedia.org, Glass-Steagall Act, Global Witness, high net worth, income inequality, intangible asset, Leo Hollis, light touch regulation, moral hazard, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, race to the bottom, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transfer pricing, Washington Consensus

Clear evidence that faith in democratic processes had been restored would be the surest indication that their stranglehold on the modern nation-state had been broken. Acknowledgements My agent, Carrie Karnia, suggested I write this book. I might not have done so without her prodding me. I am glad she did; it turned out it was right to return to one of my past themes and reappraise it in the light of recent economic, tax and political developments. Leo Hollis at Verso has been keen on this project from the outset. Writing and editing a book in three months, as has happened in this case, takes some dedication from both author and editor, and Leo has been swift, decisive and right more often than I care to mention. I am grateful. This book may have been three months in the writing, but an awful lot longer in the making.

Built: The Hidden Stories Behind Our Structures by Roma Agrawal

3D printing, air gap, Anthropocene, British Empire, clean water, Crossrail, David Attenborough, Dmitri Mendeleev, Elisha Otis, Guggenheim Bilbao, Isaac Newton, John Snow's cholera map, Leo Hollis, Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the scientific method

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you: Steph Ebdon, who planted the seed of writing a book in my mind, even though I laughed and said it would never happen. I’m ecstatic that it did. Patrick Walsh, agent extraordinaire, who believed in me and my idea, taught me how to add texture to text, and supported me through every step of the process. Leo Hollis for his support, and that timely introduction to Patrick. Natalie Bellos, brilliant editor, who saw something in my proposal and guided me through its years of development. Her insights, dedication (even while on leave) and attention to detail are unparalleled. Lisa Pendreigh and Lena Hall for turning it into a real object, for getting it over the finish line.

This Is Not Normal: The Collapse of Liberal Britain by William Davies

Airbnb, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Cambridge Analytica, central bank independence, centre right, Chelsea Manning, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, credit crunch, data science, deindustrialization, disinformation, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, Edward Snowden, fake news, family office, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, ghettoisation, gig economy, global pandemic, global village, illegal immigration, Internet of things, Jeremy Corbyn, late capitalism, Leo Hollis, liberal capitalism, loadsamoney, London Interbank Offered Rate, mass immigration, moral hazard, Neil Kinnock, Northern Rock, old-boy network, post-truth, postnationalism / post nation state, precariat, prediction markets, quantitative easing, recommendation engine, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, statistical model, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, surveillance capitalism, technoutopianism, The Chicago School, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, universal basic income, W. E. B. Du Bois, web of trust, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

I’m very grateful to the various editors who commissioned the essays and played a vital role in honing them: Rosemary Bechler, Paul Myerscough and his colleagues at the LRB, Jonathan Shainin, Max Strasser and David Wolf. The vision of the essay collection was developed in conversation with my agent, Karolina Sutton at Curtis Brown. As ever, I’m very grateful for her tireless support and enthusiasm for my writing. I was delighted that this book gave me the chance to work again with Leo Hollis at Verso, who provides such calm yet sharp editorial judgement. I hope he’s pleased with how it’s turned out. The turbulent period covered by this book coincided with another joyful, exhilarating, exhausting four years of family life. Thanks to Lydia, Martha and Laurie for making it endlessly fun and surprising, and for the pride they take in my writing.

Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future by Ben Tarnoff

4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, algorithmic management, AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, blue-collar work, business logic, call centre, Charles Babbage, cloud computing, computer vision, coronavirus, COVID-19, decentralized internet, deep learning, defund the police, deindustrialization, desegregation, digital divide, disinformation, Edward Snowden, electricity market, fake news, Filter Bubble, financial intermediation, future of work, gamification, General Magic , gig economy, God and Mammon, green new deal, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Jessica Bruder, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, Leo Hollis, lockdown, lone genius, low interest rates, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, Menlo Park, natural language processing, Network effects, Nicholas Carr, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, pets.com, profit maximization, profit motive, QAnon, recommendation engine, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, side project, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, smart grid, social distancing, Steven Levy, stock buybacks, supply-chain management, surveillance capitalism, techlash, Telecommunications Act of 1996, TikTok, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, undersea cable, UUNET, vertical integration, Victor Gruen, web application, working poor, Yochai Benkler

My editor John Merrick proposed the idea for this book and edited it masterfully—I can’t imagine a better collaborator. Will Tavlin fact-checked the manuscript with great meticulousness and remained remarkably cheerful throughout. Thanks also to my parents Peter and Mathea, my in-laws Bill and Kathy, Liz Daingerfield, Victor Pickard, Leo Hollis, Tim Barker, Gabriel Winant, and Astra Taylor, all of whom contributed to the completion of this book. To Zoe, Josephine, Moira: you got the dedication but I figured I’d give you the last word as well. To say you helped me write this book feels small; you are my conditions of possibility. Notes The notes are organized by paragraph.

Private Island: Why Britain Now Belongs to Someone Else by James Meek

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Berlin Wall, business continuity plan, call centre, clean water, Deng Xiaoping, electricity market, Etonian, Ford Model T, gentrification, HESCO bastion, housing crisis, illegal immigration, land bank, Leo Hollis, Martin Wolf, medical bankruptcy, Mikhail Gorbachev, post-industrial society, pre–internet, price mechanism, Right to Buy, risk tolerance, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Skype, sovereign wealth fund, vertical integration, Washington Consensus, working poor

Right to Buy: Analysis and Evaluation of a Housing Policy, by Colin Jones and Alan Murie, was an invaluable text, as was Matt Griffith’s report We Must Fix It, available on the IPPR website (ippr.org). I am indebted to William Waugh’s John Charnley: The Man and the Hip and John Allan’s magnificent Lubetkin. I would also like to thank Chloë Penman, Matthieu Le Goff, Joseph de Weck, Marc Francis and Stewart Smyth; my agent, Natasha Fairweather; my editor at Verso, Leo Hollis; and those loyal Dundonian readers of my articles, Russell and Susan Meek.

Dreams of Leaving and Remaining by James Meek

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, bank run, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, centre right, Corn Laws, corporate governance, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, Etonian, full employment, global supply chain, illegal immigration, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Leo Hollis, low skilled workers, Martin Wolf, mega-rich, Neil Kinnock, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, obamacare, offshore financial centre, race to the bottom, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, Shenzhen special economic zone , Skype, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Stephen Hawking, working-age population

Notes and Acknowledgements I am, as ever, deeply grateful to the editor of the London Review of Books, Mary-Kay Wilmers, and to all those at the LRB who worked on the first versions of the chapters in this book: Alice Attlee, Joanna Biggs, Tom Crewe, Deborah Friedell, Ben Jackson, Tom Jones, Jean McNicol, Paul Myerscough, Joanne O’Leary, Nick Richardson, Daniel Soar and Alice Spawls. I’d also like to thank Natasha Fairweather, Leo Hollis, Matthew Marland, Mark Martin, Maya Osborne and Sarah Shin; Sophy, for her patience and encouragement; and Kay, for making his home with us. I would like to thank again all those who agreed to be interviewed for this book, and the facilitators of those interviews, particularly Oscar Webb, Paulina Pacuła – my researcher and translator in Poland – Alex Fox, Shaun Knapp, Sally Ruane and the Warren family.

Fully Automated Luxury Communism by Aaron Bastani

"Peter Beck" AND "Rocket Lab", Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boston Dynamics, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, capital controls, capitalist realism, cashless society, central bank independence, collapse of Lehman Brothers, computer age, computer vision, CRISPR, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, deep learning, dematerialisation, DIY culture, Donald Trump, double helix, driverless car, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, financial independence, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, Future Shock, G4S, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, Gregor Mendel, housing crisis, income inequality, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Jevons paradox, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kuiper Belt, land reform, Leo Hollis, liberal capitalism, low earth orbit, low interest rates, low skilled workers, M-Pesa, market fundamentalism, means of production, mobile money, more computing power than Apollo, new economy, off grid, pattern recognition, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, post scarcity, post-work, price mechanism, price stability, private spaceflight, Productivity paradox, profit motive, race to the bottom, rewilding, RFID, rising living standards, Robert Solow, scientific management, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sensor fusion, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Slavoj Žižek, SoftBank, stem cell, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, technological determinism, technoutopianism, the built environment, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transatlantic slave trade, Travis Kalanick, universal basic income, V2 rocket, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, working-age population

New Travellers 4.Full Automation: Post-Scarcity in Labour 5.Limitless Power: Post-Scarcity in Energy 6.Mining the Sky: Post-Scarcity in Resources 7.Editing Destiny: Age and Post-Scarcity in Health 8.Food without Animals: Post-Scarcity in Sustenance III. Paradise Found 9.Popular Support: Luxury Populism 10.Fundamental Principles: The Break with Neoliberalism 11.Reforging the Capitalist State 12.FALC: A New Beginning Bibliography Index Acknowledgements Special thanks are due to Leo Hollis, my editor at Verso. A congenial yet critical voice, you have made this an infinitely better book than it otherwise would have been. Thanks also to the rest of the Verso team who have assisted in making FALC a reality, at least in print. Your work is invaluable in taking radical ideas to as broad an audience as possible.

Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture by Justin McGuirk

A Pattern Language, agricultural Revolution, dark matter, Day of the Dead, digital divide, Donald Trump, Enrique Peñalosa, extreme commuting, facts on the ground, gentrification, Guggenheim Bilbao, Hernando de Soto, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income per capita, informal economy, it's over 9,000, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, Leo Hollis, mass immigration, megaproject, microcredit, Milgram experiment, neoliberal agenda, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, place-making, Silicon Valley, starchitect, technoutopianism, unorthodox policies, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, value engineering, Washington Consensus

I must also thank the photographers that I worked with at different stages of this book. It’s always a pleasure to collaborate with such talented people as Cristóbal Palma, Iwan Baan, Thelma Vilas Boas and Tomás García Puente. Thanks also goes to Tuca Vieira, Michael Hudler and Armando Salas for the images they let me use. My editor at Verso, Leo Hollis, had all the right instincts about how to shape this book, and I’m most appreciative. I also have to mention my friend Alfredo Brillembourg, who is not only in the book but was a sounding board and all-round enthusiast from early on. Finally, there are those who were instrumental in just making things happen in cities where I was a stranger.

New Dark Age: Technology and the End of the Future by James Bridle

AI winter, Airbnb, Alfred Russel Wallace, AlphaGo, Anthropocene, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Boeing 747, British Empire, Brownian motion, Buckminster Fuller, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, coastline paradox / Richardson effect, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, congestion charging, cryptocurrency, data is the new oil, disinformation, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Hofstadter, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Eyjafjallajökull, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, fear of failure, Flash crash, fulfillment center, Google Earth, Greyball, Haber-Bosch Process, Higgs boson, hive mind, income inequality, informal economy, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, ITER tokamak, James Bridle, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Kim Stanley Robinson, Large Hadron Collider, late capitalism, Laura Poitras, Leo Hollis, lone genius, machine translation, mandelbrot fractal, meta-analysis, Minecraft, mutually assured destruction, natural language processing, Network effects, oil shock, p-value, pattern recognition, peak oil, recommendation engine, road to serfdom, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, security theater, self-driving car, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, social graph, sorting algorithm, South China Sea, speech recognition, Spread Networks laid a new fibre optics cable between New York and Chicago, stem cell, Stuxnet, technoutopianism, the built environment, the scientific method, Uber for X, undersea cable, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, Vannevar Bush, warehouse robotics, WikiLeaks

Thanks to Kevin Slavin, Hito Steyerl, Susan Schuppli, Trevor Paglen, Karen Barad, Ingrid Burrington, Ben Vickers, Jay Springett, George Voss, Tobias Revell, and Kyriaki Goni for their work and our conversations. Thanks to Luca Barbeni, Honor Harger, and Katrina Sluis for their faith in my work. Thanks to Leo Hollis for asking, and everyone at Verso for seeing it through. Thanks to Gina Fass and everyone at Romantso in Athens, where most of this work was written, and to Helene Black and Yiannis Colakides at Neme in Limassol, who saw me through the last chapters. And thank you to Tom and Eleanor, Howard and Alex, and to my parents, John and Clemancy, for your unfailing support and enthusiasm.

How Did We Get Into This Mess?: Politics, Equality, Nature by George Monbiot

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, bank run, bilateral investment treaty, Branko Milanovic, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Attenborough, dematerialisation, demographic transition, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, first-past-the-post, full employment, Gini coefficient, hedonic treadmill, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, invisible hand, land bank, land reform, land value tax, Leo Hollis, market fundamentalism, meta-analysis, Mont Pelerin Society, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Northern Rock, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, old-boy network, peak oil, place-making, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, profit motive, rent-seeking, rewilding, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, urban sprawl, We are all Keynesians now, wealth creators, World Values Survey

So my great thanks go to Becky Gardiner, Katherine Butler and their wonderful teams; Adam Vaughan and James Randerson; as well as the senior editors, sub-editors and many others who have created an inviolable space for free expression, and make publication possible. Thank you too to my assistant Ketty Hughes; my agents James Macdonald Lockhart and Antony Harwood; the editor and commissioner of this book, Leo Hollis, whose idea it was; and the many friends (and opponents) with whom I have debated the issues it contains. September 2015 Notes Introduction 1Thomas Piketty, 2014, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 2Susan Jacoby, 2008, The Age of American Unreason: Dumbing Down and the Future of Democracy, Old Street Publishing, London. 3David Harvey, 2005, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford University Press, Oxford; Naomi Klein, 2007, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Penguin Books, London. 4Isaiah Berlin, 1958, Two Concepts of Liberty, published in Isaiah Berlin, 1969, Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 5Fred Block and Margaret Somers, 2014, The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s Critique, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 6Amartya Sen, 1981, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1.

Road to Nowhere: What Silicon Valley Gets Wrong About the Future of Transportation by Paris Marx

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Airbnb, An Inconvenient Truth, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bike sharing, Californian Ideology, car-free, carbon credits, carbon footprint, cashless society, clean tech, cloud computing, colonial exploitation, computer vision, congestion pricing, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, DARPA: Urban Challenge, David Graeber, deep learning, degrowth, deindustrialization, deskilling, Didi Chuxing, digital map, digital rights, Donald Shoup, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Elaine Herzberg, Elon Musk, energy transition, Evgeny Morozov, Extinction Rebellion, extractivism, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, frictionless, future of work, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, George Gilder, gig economy, gigafactory, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, green new deal, Greyball, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, independent contractor, Induced demand, intermodal, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, jitney, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, knowledge worker, late capitalism, Leo Hollis, lockdown, low interest rates, Lyft, Marc Benioff, market fundamentalism, minimum viable product, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, Murray Bookchin, new economy, oil shock, packet switching, Pacto Ecosocial del Sur, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, price mechanism, private spaceflight, quantitative easing, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Nader, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, safety bicycle, Salesforce, School Strike for Climate, self-driving car, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, smart cities, social distancing, Southern State Parkway, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Stop de Kindermoord, streetcar suburb, tech billionaire, tech worker, techlash, technological determinism, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, TikTok, transit-oriented development, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, Unsafe at Any Speed, urban planning, urban renewal, VTOL, walkable city, We are as Gods, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, WeWork, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, work culture , Yom Kippur War, young professional

That also goes for the faculty I worked with in the political science and geography departments at Memorial University of Newfoundland and the geography department at McGill University, in particular Yolande Pottie-Sherman, Russell Williams, Sarah Moser, Sarah Turner, and most of all my Master’s supervisor Kevin Manaugh. This book wouldn’t have been possible without the work of the great team at Verso on both sides of the Atlantic, and especially my editor, Leo Hollis, who was on board with the project from the start, offered invaluable advice and feedback, and helped guide me through the publishing process. It has been a great pleasure to work with him. I also want to thank those who provided advice and feedback throughout the process. Lizzie O’Shea gave me the push I needed to put together a proposal.

Municipal Dreams: The Rise and Fall of Council Housing by John Boughton

British Empire, deindustrialization, full employment, garden city movement, gentrification, ghettoisation, housing crisis, Jane Jacobs, Jeremy Corbyn, laissez-faire capitalism, Leo Hollis, manufacturing employment, negative equity, Neil Kinnock, neoliberal agenda, new economy, New Urbanism, profit motive, rent control, Right to Buy, rising living standards, Russell Brand, starchitect, systems thinking, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the market place, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, young professional

John Grindrod, a lovely man and a fine writer whose books have been a source of inspiration, very generously gave his time and expertise as I set out on the road to publication. My thanks to Nicholas Blincoe for helping me take the next step. I’m grateful to the team at Verso for making the whole process relatively painless. I’m hugely indebted, in particular, to my editor, Leo Hollis, for his belief in the book and his painstaking, constructively critical reading of earlier drafts. He’s made it a much better book. Finally, I offer my love and gratitude to my wife Michele Grant. She suggested the blog, encouraged the book and has, quite simply, been a rock in my life. As Gillian Darley once remarked, she put the ‘dreams’ into ‘municipal’.

No Such Thing as a Free Gift: The Gates Foundation and the Price of Philanthropy by Linsey McGoey

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, American Legislative Exchange Council, Bear Stearns, bitcoin, Bob Geldof, cashless society, clean water, cognitive dissonance, collapse of Lehman Brothers, colonial rule, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, crony capitalism, effective altruism, Etonian, Evgeny Morozov, financial innovation, Food sovereignty, Ford paid five dollars a day, germ theory of disease, hiring and firing, Howard Zinn, Ida Tarbell, impact investing, income inequality, income per capita, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, John Elkington, Joseph Schumpeter, Leo Hollis, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, Michael Milken, microcredit, Mitch Kapor, Mont Pelerin Society, Naomi Klein, Neil Armstrong, obamacare, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, price mechanism, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, school choice, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, Steve Jobs, strikebreaker, subprime mortgage crisis, tacit knowledge, technological solutionism, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trickle-down economics, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, wealth creators

I’m grateful to Michael Power for hosting me during a visiting stay at the London School of Economics’ Centre for the Analysis of Risk and Regulation in 2012, and to staff and colleagues at the Brocher Foundation in Geneva in 2011. Sections of Chapter 3 draw on my earlier article, ‘The Philanthropic State: Market-State Hybrids in the Philanthrocapitalist Turn’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 35, no.1 (2014), 109–25, reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis. Jon Elek found the right home in Verso, where Leo Hollis and Mark Martin offered much support and insight throughout. Additional thanks to Nick Allum, Vanessa Biller, Victoria Bovaird, Anne Cobbett, Troy Cochrane, Will Davies, Jennifer Dickie, Michael Halewood, Sophie Harman, Amy Hinterberger, Paul Hunt, Emily Jackson, Ann Kelly, Diedrah Kelly, Monika Krause, Lee-Ann Leander-Pehrson, Noortje Marres, Teri Murphy, Jennifer Palmer, Lynne Pettinger, Barbara Prainsack, Lydia Prior, Nikolas Rose, Róisín Ryan-Flood, Simon Rushton, Yasemin Soysal, Lisa Stampnitzky, Jackie Turton, Ayo Wahlberg, Robin West, Catherine Will, and Lindsay Wotherspoon.

The Clockwork Universe: Saac Newto, Royal Society, and the Birth of the Modern WorldI by Edward Dolnick

Albert Einstein, Apple Newton, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Arthur Eddington, clockwork universe, complexity theory, double helix, Eddington experiment, Edmond Halley, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Leo Hollis, lone genius, music of the spheres, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Richard Feynman, Saturday Night Live, scientific worldview, Simon Singh, Stephen Hawking, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions

xvii “Men expected the sun”: Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, p. 5. CHAPTER 1. LONDON, 1660 4 skeletally thin Robert Boyle: Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth. Shapin devotes a fascinating chapter to the riddle of “Who Was Robert Boyle?” 4 Boyle maintained three: Lisa Jardine, On a Grander Scale, p. 194. 4 “low of stature”: Leo Hollis, London Rising, p. 48. 4 a “miracle of youth”: Jardine, On a Grander Scale, p. 236, quoting John Evelyn. 5 “the most fearful”: John Maynard Keynes, “Newton, the Man,” p. 278, quoting the Cambridge mathematician William Whiston. CHAPTER 2. SATAN’S CLAWS 7 “Any cold might be”: Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London 1660–1730 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), p. 302. 7 life expectancy was only: Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 5. 7 London was so disease-ridden: A.

Why It's Still Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions by Paul Mason

anti-globalists, back-to-the-land, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, business cycle, capital controls, capitalist realism, centre right, Chekhov's gun, citizen journalism, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, disinformation, do-ocracy, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, ghettoisation, illegal immigration, informal economy, land tenure, Leo Hollis, low skilled workers, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, Mohammed Bouazizi, Naomi Klein, Network effects, New Journalism, Occupy movement, price stability, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, rising living standards, short selling, Slavoj Žižek, Stewart Brand, strikebreaker, union organizing, We are the 99%, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, Winter of Discontent, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, young professional

For now, as the situation darkens even in some democratic countries, I will just thank them anonymously as requested: the Greek and Spanish journalists who have gone massively more than the extra mile to help me get to where the action is; the numerous writers and artists around Occupy who welcomed me into their networks; numerous fellow MSM journalists who helped me out, including in Russia; two fixers in Cairo who were senior professionals displaced by the revolution, plus all the camera crews and producers I have worked with at these events. And of course my colleagues at the BBC who gave me the time and space to write this book. Andrew Kidd, my agent at Aitken Alexander, and successive Verso editors Tom Penn and Leo Hollis, together with Verso’s redoubtable activist/publicist Sarah Shin can be named in person. Everybody on my Twitter and Tumblr feeds. And a big thanks to 500 or so activists and journalists who refrained from rioting at the launch party of the book, in London’s Waterloo in January 2012, despite it being closed down by the authorities.

The City by Tony Norfield

accounting loophole / creative accounting, air traffic controllers' union, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banks create money, Basel III, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, capital controls, central bank independence, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, continuation of politics by other means, currency risk, dark matter, Edward Snowden, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, financial intermediation, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, G4S, global value chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, Irish property bubble, Leo Hollis, linked data, London Interbank Offered Rate, London Whale, Londongrad, low interest rates, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, means of production, Money creation, money market fund, mortgage debt, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, Real Time Gross Settlement, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, seigniorage, Sharpe ratio, sovereign wealth fund, Suez crisis 1956, The Great Moderation, transaction costs, transfer pricing, zero-sum game

Much of the research that culminated in this book was undertaken for a PhD course at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London University, which I completed in 2014 and during which Ben Fine was a very helpful guide. Finally, for more valuable encouragement than they might have realised, and for offering much more constructive, detailed and critical editorial advice than I had expected, I would like to thank my Verso editors in London, Rosie Warren and Leo Hollis. London September 2015 1. Britain, Finance and the World Economy This business of [being] a second-tier power – we are probably, depending on what figures you use, the fifth or sixth wealthiest nation in the world. We have the largest percentage of our GDP on exports, apart from the tiny countries around the world, we run world shipping from the UK, we are the largest European investor in south Asia, south east Asia [and] the Pacific Rim, so our money and our wealth depends on this global scene.

Radical Technologies: The Design of Everyday Life by Adam Greenfield

3D printing, Airbnb, algorithmic bias, algorithmic management, AlphaGo, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, bank run, barriers to entry, basic income, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, business intelligence, business process, Californian Ideology, call centre, cellular automata, centralized clearinghouse, centre right, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, circular economy, cloud computing, Cody Wilson, collective bargaining, combinatorial explosion, Computer Numeric Control, computer vision, Conway's Game of Life, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, David Graeber, deep learning, DeepMind, dematerialisation, digital map, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, driverless car, drone strike, Elon Musk, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, facts on the ground, fiat currency, fulfillment center, gentrification, global supply chain, global village, Goodhart's law, Google Glasses, Herman Kahn, Ian Bogost, IBM and the Holocaust, industrial robot, informal economy, information retrieval, Internet of things, Jacob Silverman, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jeff Hawkins, job automation, jobs below the API, John Conway, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, joint-stock company, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, late capitalism, Leo Hollis, license plate recognition, lifelogging, M-Pesa, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, megacity, megastructure, minimum viable product, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, natural language processing, Network effects, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, Occupy movement, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, PalmPilot, Pareto efficiency, pattern recognition, Pearl River Delta, performance metric, Peter Eisenman, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, post scarcity, post-work, printed gun, proprietary trading, RAND corporation, recommendation engine, RFID, rolodex, Rutger Bregman, Satoshi Nakamoto, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, shareholder value, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart contracts, social intelligence, sorting algorithm, special economic zone, speech recognition, stakhanovite, statistical model, stem cell, technoutopianism, Tesla Model S, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Future of Employment, Tony Fadell, transaction costs, Uber for X, undersea cable, universal basic income, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Vitalik Buterin, warehouse robotics, When a measure becomes a target, Whole Earth Review, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce

At the same time, if we sit patiently with them, we can sense in certain things around us the slightest premonitory tremble of lifeways yet to be—ways of being human unbound by the tangible and intangible shackles that so often constrained those who came before us. These are the seeds of possible futures, seeds that with effort and care might yet be grown into a wiser, more considered, more just and generous way of living together upon the Earth. Acknowledgements The very first person I need to thank here is Leo Hollis. The book you hold in your hands simply wouldn’t exist were it not for his consistent belief in me, however unjustified it may have been. You know the scene in Inception where Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Tom Hardy, as intruders in the virtual world of another man’s mind, are being besieged by the ghostly brigades of their subject’s “militarized subconscious”?

Disaster Capitalism: Making a Killing Out of Catastrophe by Antony Loewenstein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, benefit corporation, British Empire, business logic, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Chelsea Manning, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, corporate social responsibility, Corrections Corporation of America, do well by doing good, Edward Snowden, facts on the ground, failed state, falling living standards, Ferguson, Missouri, financial independence, full employment, G4S, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Leo Hollis, mandatory minimum, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, open borders, private military company, profit motive, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Satyajit Das, Scramble for Africa, Slavoj Žižek, stem cell, the medium is the message, trade liberalization, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, work culture

The following people around the world provided invaluable guidance, links, friendship, support, research, and information: Yasmine Ahmed, Maryam Alavi, Anthony Arnove, James Arvanitakis, Conor Ashleigh, Spencer Austad, Zubair Babakarkhail, Wendy Bacon, Rosanna Barbero, Heather Barr, Shane Bauer, Kaye Bernard, Yaara Bou Melhem, Reuben Brand, Neesha Bremner, Alice Brennan, Adam Brereton, Linda Briskman, Alison Broinowski, Simon Butler, Matthew Carney, Chaman, Thom Cookes, Marni Cordell, Amy Corderoy, Pamela Curr, Sharon De Silva, Peta Doherty, Helen Durham, Paul Dwyer, Katherine Fallah, Paul Farrell, Neil Fergus, Clinton Fernandes, Caroline Fleay, Luke Fletcher, Elena Fon, Benjamin Gilmour, Anand Gopal, John Grayson, Nicky Hager, Rebecca Harrigan, Ansel Herz, Matthew Hoh, Emily Howie, Liz Humphrys, Julian Huppert, Michael Grewcock, Kim Ives, Mark Jeanes, Thanasis Kampagiannis, Jeremy Kelly, Matt Kennard, Glen Klatovsky, Ioanna Kotsioni, Melissa Lahoud, Barry Lalley, Oliver Laughland, Kristian Lasslett, Rebecca Lichtenfeld, Julie Macken, Narelle Mantle, Amelia Marshall, Victoria Martin-Iverson, Nathan Matbob, Brit Mehta, Jay Mehta, Phil Miller, Emma Mlotshwa, Anastasia Moumtzaki, Paul McGeough, Sally McMillan, Omar Musa, Martyn Namorong, Thor Neureiter, Adelina Nicholls, Rachel Nicolson, Lizzie O’Shea, Mike Otterman, Selena Papps, Andre Paultre, Colin Penter, Tom Peter, Vinnie Picard, Dimitris Psarras, Maria Psara, Mustafa Qadri, Justin Randle, Jessica Reed, Warren Reed, Lee Rhiannon, Jen Robinson, Theonila Roka, Juan Carlos Riaz, Ian Rintoul, Clare Sambrook, Elina Sarantou, Susanne Schmeidl, Sterling Seagrove, Silky Shah, Azadeh Shahshahani, Bozorgmehr Sharafedin, Nick Shimmin, Tim Shorrock, Christos Sideris, Charandev Singh, Mikey Slezak, Peter Slezak, Jack Smit, Jorge Sotirios, Jeff Sparrow, Andrew Sully, Jessica Sumaryo, Helga Svendsen, Gordon Thomson, Tad Tietze, Inga Ting, Brian Toohey, Daniel Trilling, Christos Tsiolkas, Eugenia Tzirtzilaki, Damian Mac Con Uladh, Katie Beno Valencia, Corinne Vernizeau, Kath Viner, Emily Wilson and Yugan. Leo Hollis at Verso has warmly welcomed me into the Verso family. A publisher unafraid to piss off the powerful, it’s a natural fit. Thanks also to Mark Martin, copy editor Charles Peyton, and the whole Verso team. Thanks to my agents Benython Oldfield and Sharon Galant from Zeitgeist Media Group for believing in my work and understanding the importance of this material gaining a global audience.

The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy From Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography by Simon Singh

Bletchley Park, Charles Babbage, Donald Davies, friendly fire, information security, Leo Hollis, Mikhail Gorbachev, old-boy network, operational security, quantum cryptography, Ronald Reagan, Schrödinger's Cat, Simon Singh, Turing machine, unbiased observer, undersea cable, Zimmermann PGP

Patrick Walsh is an agent with a love of science, a concern for his authors and a boundless enthusiasm. He has put me in touch with the kindest and most capable publishers, most notably Fourth Estate, whose staff endure my constant stream of queries with great spirit. Last, but certainly not least, my editors, Christopher Potter, Leo Hollis and Peternelle van Arsdale, have helped me to steer a clear path through a subject that twists and turns its way across three thousand years. For that I am tremendously grateful. Further Reading The following is a list of books aimed at the general reader. I have avoided giving more detailed technical references, but several of the texts listed contain a detailed bibliography.

The Music of the Primes by Marcus Du Sautoy

Ada Lovelace, Andrew Wiles, Arthur Eddington, Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Bletchley Park, Charles Babbage, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Dava Sobel, Dmitri Mendeleev, Eddington experiment, Eratosthenes, Erdős number, Georg Cantor, German hyperinflation, global village, Henri Poincaré, Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, lateral thinking, Leo Hollis, music of the spheres, Neal Stephenson, New Journalism, P = NP, Paul Erdős, Richard Feynman, Rubik’s Cube, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, seminal paper, Simon Singh, Stephen Hawking, Turing machine, William of Occam, Wolfskehl Prize, Y2K

I am extremely glad to be able to acknowledge the debt I owe to those in publishing who made this book possible: my agent, Antony Topping at Greene & Heaton, who was there for me from the very first spark of an idea to the final publication; Judith Murray, who brought us together; my editors, Christopher Potter, Leo Hollis and Mitzi Angel at Fourth Estate, and Tim Duggan at HarperCollins; and my copy-editor, John Woodruff. I should particularly like to thank Leo, who spent so many hours bending his head round the fourth dimension. I would not have been able to write this book without the support of the Royal Society.

Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers by Stephen Graham

1960s counterculture, Anthropocene, Bandra-Worli Sea Link, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, Buckminster Fuller, Buy land – they’re not making it any more, Chelsea Manning, commodity super cycle, creative destruction, Crossrail, deindustrialization, digital capitalism, digital divide, digital map, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, Edward Glaeser, Edward Snowden, Elisha Otis, energy security, Frank Gehry, gentrification, ghettoisation, Google Earth, Gunnar Myrdal, high net worth, housing crisis, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, late capitalism, Leo Hollis, Lewis Mumford, low earth orbit, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, megaproject, megastructure, military-industrial complex, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, nuclear winter, oil shale / tar sands, planetary scale, plutocrats, post-industrial society, Project Plowshare, rent control, Richard Florida, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, security theater, Skype, South China Sea, space junk, Strategic Defense Initiative, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, trickle-down economics, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, white flight, WikiLeaks, William Langewiesche

Fourth, it is also important to stress that earlier versions of some of the essays in Vertical have already been published in journals: ‘Air’ in City 19:2/3, 2015, pp. 192–215; ‘Housing’ in City 19:5, 2015, pp. 618–45; ‘Ground’ in the International Journal of Urban and Regioanl Research, Debates and Development section (forthcoming); ‘Elevator/Lift’ in Theory, Culture and Society 31, 2014 and Malene Freudendal-Pedersen and Sven Kesselring’s forthcoming edited book Networked Urban Mobilities; and parts of ‘Bunker/Tunnel’ in Paul Dobraczyk, Carlos Lopez Galvis and Bradley L. Garrett, eds, Global Undergrounds: Exploring Cities Within (London: Reaktion, 2016). Penultimately, I owe the production and editing staff at Verso an enormous amount of gratitude. Leo Hollis, especially, kept faith in Vertical through far too many ups and downs and seemingly endless delays. Leo also put in a huge amount of work thrashing the chapter drafts into a manageable and readable form that might actually cohere into something like a book. Mark Martin organised the production side of the book superbly; Steven Hiatt was a brilliantly effective copy editor; Michael Oswell did a fabulous cover design; and Sam Smith was tireless in tracing image permissions.

Concretopia: A Journey Around the Rebuilding of Postwar Britain by John Grindrod

Apollo 11, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, garden city movement, gentrification, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, Leo Hollis, Lewis Mumford, Martin Parr, megastructure, military-industrial complex, Neil Kinnock, New Urbanism, Right to Buy, side project, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, women in the workforce, young professional

Bookseller ‘A powerful and deeply personal history of postwar Britain. Grindrod shows how prefab housing, masterplans, and tower blocks are as much part of our national story as Tudorbethan suburbs and floral clocks. It’s like eavesdropping into a conversation between John Betjeman, J.G. Ballard and Jonathan Meades.’ Leo Hollis, author of Cities are Good for You CONCRETOPIA A journey around the rebuilding of postwar Britain JOHN GRINDROD For Adam Nightingale ‘So we can build a new home for ourselves: a new Britain. No difficulties, except of our own making, stand in the way. Knowledge, enthusiasm and unbounded skill Wait for the opportunity.

London: The Autobiography by Jon E. Lewis

affirmative action, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Brixton riot, it's over 9,000, John Snow's cholera map, Leo Hollis, side project, strikebreaker, Winter of Discontent

Rye, 1865. W.B. Yeats, ‘Madame Blavatsky in Norwood’, from The Trembling of the Veil, 1922 Personal Acknowledgements All books are cooperative efforts, and this has been no exception. My thanks are due to the following: Penny Lewis-Stempel, Julian Alexander at Lucas Alexander Whitley, Leo Hollis and Jan Chamier at Constable, Kathryn Fox, Jessica Cuthbert-Smith and Steve Williamson. Index Abdication crisis 402–3 Ad Lib Club 453 Adam Ant 471–2 Agincourt, battle of 85 Agricola 1 air raids 371–4, 409–19 Albert, Prince Consort 287 d’Albret, Sir Perducas 67, 74 Aldwych 6 Alexandra, Princess 459 Alfred, King 9–10 Al-Qaeda 496 Alston, G. 266 American culture 422, 428 Amery, L.S. 407 Anarchist Club 362 Andreas Franciscus 104–5 Anglican Church 205 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 9 Annabel’s 453–5 Anne, Princess 459 anti-Semitism 396 apprentices 49, 106, 129, 133–4, 154 Archenholz, J.W. von 217 Arsenal Football Club 428 Arthur, King 4 Asser 10 au pair girls 454 Augustine, St 6 Austen, Jane 241–2 Bailey, David 454, 462 bakehouses 45 Bakerloo Line (underground railway) 327 Baldwin, Stanley 402 Ball, John 59–61, 66–71, 76 Bank of England 182, 304–6 Barrie, Ian 462–4 Bathurst, Lady 250, 252 Battle of Britain 409, 413 Bazalgette, Sir Joseph 302, 323 bear-baiting 126–7, 195 Beatles, the 453, 454, 457, 460 Bede 6–8 begging 43–4, 121 Belernof, Solomon 375–9 Bellville, Hercules 457 Belmont, Bill 381–6 Bennett, Arnold 386–7 Bennett, Tony 460 Bermondsey 368–9 Bernhardt, Sarah 341 Besant, Annie 311, 341 Bessborough, Lord 456 Bethlem Hospital 232 Bethnal Green 253, 266, 351–2, 396, 401, 415, 489–92 Betjeman, John 433–6 Biddy the Chiver 355 Big Bang 464, 489 Binny, John 258, 317–20 Birley, Mark 455 Bishop, Theresa 268 Black, Cilla 460 Black Death 50–1 Blackfriars Bridge 239 Blackheath 63–5, 85, 95 Blackshirts 396–401 Blades 457 Blake, William 235 Blandford, Marquess of 366 Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna 341 Blitz, the 409–19, 499 Bloomsbury 217, 410 Boer War 349 Boleyn, Anne 119 Bond, Thomas 343–4 Boswell, James 212–17 Boudicca 1–2, 499 Bradford, John 117–19 Bramber, Sir Nicholas 75 Brembre, Nicholas 43 Brick Lane 353–5 Brid, John 45–6 bridewells 317 Briggs, Thomas 328–30 Bright, John 335 Brill, Reginald 434 British Lying-in Hospital 231 British Museum 290 British Union of Fascists (BUF) 396–401 Brixton 484–8 Brontë, Charlotte 286–7 brothels 124–6 Brown, Eric 434 Bryant & May 311 Buckingham Palace 288–9 building booms 234, 446–7 building regulations and restrictions 33–5, 130 Bull, Deborah 493–4 bull-baiting 198 Burbage, James 131 Burgoyne, Bastard of 100–1 Burns, John 347 Bute, Lord 218–19 Buzzy’s Bistro 459 Cable Street, battle of 396–401 Cade, Jack 95 Callaghan, James 475–6 Camden, Lord 234 Camden Town 257, 405 Canterbury 8, 9, 19, 61–2 Carnaby Street 457 Carnival day 29 Carte, Richard D’Oyly 293 Casanova 188 Casson, Hugh 433–4 Catholic emancipation 222 Cecil, William 121 Central Line (underground railway) 327 Chamberlain, Neville 407–8 Chapman, George 346 Chardin, Sir John 194 Charles I, King 154–64 Charles II, King 167–9, 170, 177 Charles V, Emperor 111–12, 146–7, 151 Charles, Prince of Wales 459 Charles, Caroline 458 Charters of the City of London 19–21, 37 Chartism 272–4 Cheapside 87–90, 100 Chelsea 199 Chelsea Hospital 189 children in London 39–40, 243–4, 273–8, 308–11, 363–71, 404–6, 430–2 chimney sweeps 243–4 China Bob 354–5 Chinatown 386–7 cholera 253–6, 300 Christie’s auction room 242 Churchill, Winston 361, 388, 407–8, 420, 449–52 City of London financial sector 469, 484 City of London Lying-in Hospital 231 civil service 477 Civil War 126–7 Clapham 14, 429 Clash, the 473 class system 458 Clean Air Acts 439 clubs 203, 453–5 Cnut, King 14 Coates, Wells 434 Cobden, Richard 335 cockfighting 197–8 Cockney speech 278–9, 369 coffee-houses 202–4 Cohen, Sammy 379 coinage, minting of 9 College of Physicians 211 Collis, John Stewart 449–52 Combermere, Lord 252 communism 363 Conservative Party 475, 478 conspicuous consumption 242 Constantine, King 453 Cook, Paul 469–72 Cooper, Duff 402–3 Cornell, George 462–4 coronation ceremonial 259–60, 403 Covent Garden (theatre) 470 Coward, Noel 459 craft associations 47; see also guilds crime 45–6, 121–2, 328–30, 351–5, 462–4, 492 Cromwell, Oliver 167 Crosby, John 452–61 Cullwick, Hannah 307–8 Cummings, Ivor 429–30 Curtis, Tony 457 Daily Courant 200–1 Daily Express 429–32 Daily Mail 349–50, 357 Defoe, Daniel 188–93 de la Mare, Richard 458 Derby Day 312–16 Diana, Princess of Wales 493–4 diarists 171 Dickens, Charles 257, 298–301, 352 Dickson, Jack 462–3 Disraeli, Benjamin 272, 300 Dives, Sir Lewis 183 dock labour and dock strikes 346–8, 469 Docklands 489–92 dog’s dung 285–6 domestic servants 307–8 Donovan, Terry 454 doodlebugs 416–19 Dors, Diana 462 doss-houses 391–3 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 321–3 Downing Street 356, 476–7 dress, men’s 456–7 Druitt, Montague 346 Drury Lane 265 Dryden, John 191 Eadbald, King 8 Ealdred, Archbishop 17 Eales, Colin 440–2 earthquakes 209–10 East India Docks 346–8 East India House 304 East London Advertiser 396–401 Easter festival 30 Eden, Anthony 407 Edward the Confessor 15–16 Edward I, King 32 Edward IV, King 99–102 Edward VI, King 112–15, 146–7 Edward VIII, King 402–3 Eliot, T.S. 367 Eliott, Sir Thomas 112 Elizabeth I, Queen 119, 130, 138–41, 146–51 Elizabeth II, Queen 459, 473–4 Empire Windrush 429–32 Engels, Friedrich 261–72, 290, 331 Epsom Derby 312–19 Erskine, Thomas 225 Ethelbert, King 7 Ethelred, King 10–13 evacuation 404–6 Evelyn, John 166, 171, 175–82, 194–6 Evil May Day 106–7 executions, public 122, 206–9 Fabian, Robert 125 Fair Trade League 338–9 fancy-dress balls 288–9 ‘Fares Fair’ transport policy 380, 478 Farren, Micky 465–7 Farringdon Street 324–5 Farthing, Edward 460 feast-days 30 Festival of Britain 433–6, 439 Fielding, Sir John 186–8 fire damage 34–5, 415 First World War 358, 371–5, 410 fishmarkets 128 Fitz Stephen, William 22–32 Fitz-Robert, William 35–7 Five Members (of Parliament), attempted arrest of 154–8 flagellants 52–3 Fleet Street 296 Fleetwood, William 121–2, 131–2 flooding 38 fogs 298–300, 368, 439 football 381–5, 428, 436 Ford Motors 447 Fortnum and Mason’s 242 Foster, Henry 159–62 Foster, Norman 495 Foxe, John 117–19 Francis I, King of France 146 Fraser, Frankie 462 fraudsters 45–7 Freeman’s Oath 129–30 friars 53 Froissart, Sir John 58–76 Frost, Thomas 273–4 frosts and frost fairs 194–6 Fry, Elizabeth 245–7 Fyvel, T.R. 385 Gale, George 436–9 Galway, Ann 267 Game, Sir Phillip 397–8 gaming houses 183–4 gangs 199, 442, 432 Gardner, Stephyn 114 gas lighting 292–3, 299, 321 General Strike 388–91 George I, King 200–1 George III, King 224, 236 George IV, King 252 George V, King 383 George VI, King 420 Gerard, John 141–4 Gherkin, the 495 Gibbs, Philip 359–62, 388–90 Gilbert, W.S. 293, 390 gin drinking 211 Glancy, Jonathan 495–6 Globe Theatre 131–7 Glyn, Ralph 406–8 Goddard, Stuart 471 Godwin, George 301–2 Goldfinger (film) 460 Gordon, Lord George 222, 224 Gordon Riots 222–4 Gothic revival 209 Great Depression 393 Great Exhibition 286–7 Great Fire 175–80, 188, 415 Great Frost 194–6 Great Smog 439 Great Stink 300–2 Great War see First World War Great Western Railway 324–7 Greater London Council 380, 478, 488–9 Greenwich Hospital 189 Greenwood, Arthur 407 Greenwood, James 308–11 Greville, Charles 250–2 Grey, Sir George 273 Grey, Lady Jane 113, 116 Grey Eagle Street 377 greyhound racing 428 Grosvenor Square 465 Guards’ Chapel 419 Guildhall 2, 5, 91–3, 180 guilds 49–50 Gunpowder Plot 152–3 Guy’s Hospital 230 Halasz, Piri 452 Halfdere 9 Halifax, Lord 407 Hall, Edward 102–3 Hamley’s toy shop 242 Handel, George Friederic 200–1 Hannington, Wal 394–5 Harding, Arthur 651–5 Harold Godwinson 16 Hart, Richard 462 Hart, Ronnie 464 Harthacnut, King 14 Hatchard’s bookshop 242 hay making 199 Haymarket 321–3 Heath, Edward 475 Hengist 4 Henry, Philip 163–4 Henry I, King 19–21 Henry IV, King 80 Henry V, King 85–90, 95 Henry VI, King 95–8 Henry VII, King 102–3, 148 Henry VIII, King 107–12, 116, 119, 124, 145–8, 196 Hentzner, Paul 138–41 hep-cats 422 Heraclitus 27 Hickey, William 220–1 High Court of Chancery 299 highwaymen 185–8, 199–200 Hitler, Adolf 408–10, 415–16, 447, 450 Hoby, Sir Edward 152–3 Hodgson, Vere 416–19 Hogarth, William 211 Holborn 293 homelessness 269, 271, 492 Hornsey College of Arts and Crafts 465 hospitals 53, 66, 227–33 House of Commons 154–8, 243–4, 406–8 Howard, John 227–33 Hoxton 366 Hoyle, Fred 460 Huckerby, Martin 484–8 hunger marches 394–5 Hyde Park 394 Hyndman, Henry 338–40 Illustrated London News 328–30 infant mortality 40 International Working Men’s Association 331–5 inventory of goods 55–8 Iranian Embassy siege 479–84 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 494 Jack the Ripper 343–6 Jagger, Mick 466 James, Henry 336–8 James I, King 152 Jews in London 31–2, 362, 375–9 jiving 422–8 John, King 37 Johnson, Samuel 203, 216–17 Jones, Len 409 Jones, Steve 469 journey-to-work times 443 jousting 100 Julius Caesar 31, 135 Keating, Frank 473–4 Keith, Kenneth 456 Kelly, Mary Jane 343–4 Kenward, Betty 456, 458 King’s Cross 2, 324–5, 372, 496–8 Kingston, Sir William 108 Knolles, Sir Robert 67, 74–5 Kray, Reggie 462–4 Kray, Ronald 462–4 Lambeth Palace 151 Lambeth Walk 363–6 Landseer, Sir Edwin 288 Lansbury, George 379 Lawrence of Arabia (film) 460 Leaf, John 117–19 Lees-Milne, James 420–2 leprosy 53–4 Lewis, Louisa 213–15 libel 122 liberties of London 78 lickpennies 80 Limehouse 386, 399–400 Linder, Leslie 455–6, 459 Linnartz, Captain 371 Lister, William 72 Littler, Sir Ralph 383 Livingstone, Ken 478, 488 Lloyds 203 loans 78 Lock Hospital 232 Lollardry 84 Lombard Street 32 London and Birmingham Railway 257 London Bridge 2, 12–14, 63, 68, 76, 79, 151, 238–40, 301 London Bridge Station 367 London County Council (LCC) 348, 377, 396, 401, 478 London and Deptford Railway 256–8 London Hospital 227–8, 353 Londoners, characteristics of 24, 104–5, 123, 262, 499 Long Acre 265 Lord Mayor’s Banquet 220–1 Louis XII of France 146 Lycett-Green, Rupert 457 Lyceum Theatre 425–6 Lydon, John 469, 472 lying-in hospitals 231 Lyon, Richard 66 MacDonagh, Michael 371–4 Machyn, Henry 116–17 McInnes, Colin 453 Macky, John 202–3 McLaren, Malcolm 469, 471 Macmillan, Kenneth 460 McVitie, Jack 464 Madden, Paul 470–1 Mafeking Night 349–50 Magna Carta 37 Major, John 492 Mansion House 219, 349–50 Margaret, Princess 453, 459 Margesson, David 407–8 Marie Antoinette 225 Marquee jazz club 454 Marsh Gate Lane 308 Marshalsea prison 65 Martin, Dean 460 Martinson, Neil 487 Marx, Karl 290–1, 331–5 Mary I, Queen 116–19 match girls 308–11, 347 Mathews, Robert 447–8 Mathy, Heinrich 374 Matilda, Empress 37 Matlock, Glen 369–73 Maximilian I, Emperor 146 Maxton, James 408 Mayhew, Henry 209, 275, 278–9, 346 Mayn, John 53–4 Mayoralty of London 37, 91–3, 99–100, 129 Melbourne, Lord 260 Mellitus 7–8 Messel, Oliver 420 Methodism 204 Metropolitan Board of Works 302 Metropolitan Police 247–9 Metropolitan Railway and Metropolitan Line 323–7, 385 Middlesex Hospital 229 Mile End 68–9, 400 Mocking, Thomas 55 Mohock Club 199–200 Montagu, David 456 Monument, the 239 Moore, Henry 410 Moore, Sir Philip 477 More, Sir Thomas 108–12 Moritz, Karl Philipp 225–7 Morris, William 336–8 Morrison, Herbert 396 Moses and Son 292 Mosley, Sir Oswald 396–401 mud-larks 282–4 Müller, Franz 329–30 Murrow, Edward R. 412–15 Napoleon 296 Navy, see Royal Navy Nash, John 242 National Theatre 460 New University Club 339–40 New York 258, 350, 454 Newbury, battle of 159–62 Newgate prison 92, 209, 224, 245–7 News of the World 381–6 Newton, Sir John de 62 North London Collegiate School 404–6 North London Railway 257, 328–30 Northern Line (underground railway) 327 Northumberland, Duchess of 453 Notting Hill 440–2 O’Connor, Feargus 273 Ogilvy, Angus 459 Oh!

The Enemy Within by Seumas Milne

active measures, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, collective bargaining, corporate governance, disinformation, Edward Snowden, electricity market, Etonian, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, invisible hand, Kickstarter, Leo Hollis, market fundamentalism, Mikhail Gorbachev, Naomi Klein, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, strikebreaker, union organizing, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, éminence grise

At Macmillan, I had great enthusiasm and practical back-up from William Armstrong, Claire Evans and Jonathan Riley for the second, paperback edition. For the third edition, published in 2004, thanks to Tariq Ali, John Pilger, Jane Hindle, Tim Clark, Andrea Woodman and Gavin Everall. For this edition, thanks to Leo Hollis, Rowan Wilson, Mark Martin, Angelica Sgouros, Jennifer Tighe and Sarah Shin. They have all been very tolerant – though not half as much as Cristina, Anna Aurora and Patch, for whom a special thanks. Seumas Milne December 2013 INTRODUCTION THE SECRET WAR AGAINST THE MINERS Never underestimate the British establishment’s ruthless determination to destroy its enemies.