New Urbanism

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The New Urban Crisis: How Our Cities Are Increasing Inequality, Deepening Segregation, and Failing the Middle Class?and What We Can Do About It by Richard Florida

affirmative action, Airbnb, back-to-the-city movement, basic income, Bernie Sanders, bike sharing, blue-collar work, business climate, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, clean water, Columbine, congestion charging, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, East Village, edge city, Edward Glaeser, failed state, Ferguson, Missouri, gentrification, Gini coefficient, Google bus, high net worth, high-speed rail, income inequality, income per capita, industrial cluster, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, jitney, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, land value tax, low skilled workers, Lyft, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, mortgage tax deduction, Nate Silver, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, occupational segregation, off-the-grid, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Paul Graham, plutocrats, RAND corporation, rent control, rent-seeking, restrictive zoning, Richard Florida, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, secular stagnation, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, SimCity, sovereign wealth fund, streetcar suburb, superstar cities, tech worker, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, white flight, young professional

All three—Trump, Ford, and Brexit—reflect the deepening fault lines of class and location that define and divide us today. These political cleavages ultimately stem from the far deeper economic and geographic structures of the New Urban Crisis. They are the product of our new age of winner-take-all urbanism, in which the talented and the advantaged cluster and colonize a small, select group of superstar cities, leaving everybody and everywhere else behind. Much more than a crisis of cities, the New Urban Crisis is the central crisis of our time. This book is my attempt to grapple with the New Urban Crisis and the deep contradictions of our cities and our society writ large. In writing it, I have three primary objectives: to spell out the key dimensions of this crisis; to identify the fundamental forces that are shaping it; and to outline what we need to do to bring about a new and more inclusive urbanism that encourages innovation and wealth creation while generating good jobs, rising living standards, and a better way of life for all.

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That’s why I prefer to call them the New Urban Luddites instead of NIMBYs, which sounds more benign. The original Luddites, named after their semi-mythical leader, Ned Ludd, took hammers to the weaving machines that were taking away their livelihoods during England’s Industrial Revolution.23 Over the course of the next century, ironically, those factories would lift living standards to higher levels than the Luddites could have ever imagined. The original Luddites, at least, were poor. The New Urban Luddites aren’t exploited workers, but some of the biggest winners of winner-take-all urbanism. This New Urban Luddism is codified in the enormous and complex thicket of zoning laws and other land use regulations that restrict the supply of housing in many cities.

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My broader statistical analysis reinforces this basic pattern. The New Urban Crisis Index is positively and significantly correlated with the size and density of metros, their concentrations of high-tech industry, their shares of creative-class workers and college graduates, and their levels of economic output, income, and wages. The New Urban Crisis also closely follows America’s political divide, being positively and significantly associated with the share of votes for Clinton in 2016 and negatively associated with the share of Trump votes. Once again, we see that the New Urban Crisis is a fundamental feature of larger, denser, richer, more liberal, more educated, more high-tech, and more creative-class metro areas.2 Figure 10.1: The New Urban Crisis Index Source: Martin Prosperity Institute, based on data from the US Census and the US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The End of the Suburbs: Where the American Dream Is Moving by Leigh Gallagher

Airbnb, big-box store, bike sharing, Burning Man, call centre, car-free, Celebration, Florida, clean water, collaborative consumption, Columbine, commoditize, crack epidemic, demographic winter, East Village, edge city, Edward Glaeser, extreme commuting, Ford Model T, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, helicopter parent, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, McMansion, Menlo Park, microapartment, mortgage tax deduction, negative equity, New Urbanism, peak oil, Peter Calthorpe, Ponzi scheme, Quicken Loans, Richard Florida, Robert Shiller, Sand Hill Road, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, streetcar suburb, TED Talk, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Tony Hsieh, Tragedy of the Commons, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, walkable city, white flight, white picket fence, young professional, Zipcar

Others say they aren’t solving the problems posed by the suburbs because they build on large plots often in the middle of nowhere, which has led to the nickname “New Suburbanism” (one blogger described New Urbanism as a “pretty veil over common suburbia”). New Urbanism communities can be expensive to build and their homes expensive to buy. Getting over conventional zoning codes is often problematic and requires lots of patience, and often compromise: FHA loan rules still limit the percentage of commercial real estate in vertical apartment units, making it hard for New Urbanism developers to secure financing for the mixed-use buildings they say are a critical ingredient in their neighborhoods. Nevertheless, New Urbanism principles have been followed and copied over the years.

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During the conference’s main stage sessions, Le Corbusier, the French pioneer of modernist architecture who envisioned a high-rise city, is invoked as many times as the movement’s enemy as Jane Jacobs is as their hero. The main principles of New Urbanism have not changed much since its founding twenty years ago. New Urbanism is not a rating or rule book like, say, LEED, the third-party green building accreditation that requires structures adhere to a set of specific standards to earn its label; rather, it’s a set of basic principles and guidelines—a sort of neighborhood DNA code—for developers, planners, designers, and policy makers who wish to design neighborhoods based on traditional town planning methods. Most New Urbanism developments have certain identifying characteristics: narrower or more “modest-sized” streets, an easily identifiable town center, a Main Street lined with buildings that mix commercial and residential spaces, and a mixture of housing types throughout the rest of the neighborhood—single-family detached houses, attached town houses, and apartments—all commingled together.

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Most New Urbanism developments have certain identifying characteristics: narrower or more “modest-sized” streets, an easily identifiable town center, a Main Street lined with buildings that mix commercial and residential spaces, and a mixture of housing types throughout the rest of the neighborhood—single-family detached houses, attached town houses, and apartments—all commingled together. New Urbanism is not architecture; New Urbanists are almost agnostic to what the houses’ exteriors look like, or even to the architectural style of the neighborhood. In the same way Clarence Perry, whose neighborhood unit helped transform suburban design, had nothing to do with the design of homes in those neighborhoods, New Urbanism theories relate primarily to a community’s bones, or the design and layout of the neighborhood itself. As it was with Seaside, the goal of New Urbanism is to create neighborhoods whose design serves a social as well as a physical purpose.

Suburban Nation by Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Jeff Speck

A Pattern Language, American ideology, back-to-the-city movement, big-box store, car-free, Celebration, Florida, City Beautiful movement, congestion pricing, desegregation, edge city, Frank Gehry, gentrification, housing crisis, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, intermodal, Jane Jacobs, jitney, McMansion, megaproject, New Urbanism, operational security, Peter Calthorpe, place-making, price mechanism, profit motive, Ralph Nader, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, skinny streets, streetcar suburb, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, white flight, working poor, Works Progress Administration

The typical neotraditional house, which populates many New Urban neighborhoods, has an airy, freeflowing interior enclosed within a colonial shell. Neotraditionalism is an apt term to describe the New Urbanism, because the New Urbanism’s intention is to advocate what works best: what pattern of development is the most environmentally sensitive, socially responsible, and economically sustainable. As is often the case, what seems to work best is a historic model—the traditional neighborhood—adapted as necessary to serve the needs of modern man. The commonsense nature of the New Urbanism bodes well for its future. The fact that it was not invented, but selected and adapted from existing models, dramatically distinguishes it from the concepts of total replacement that preceded it.

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It took many years and many failures for planners and architects to reach this point, but so many new inventions have fared so badly that designers have been forced to put some faith in human experience. Further experience will no doubt modify the precepts and techniques of the New Urbanism, but that is as it should be. THE CHARTER OF THE NEW URBANISM INTRODUCTION The Congress for the New Urbanism views divestment in central cities, the spread of placeless sprawl, increasing separation by race and income, environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and wilderness, and the erosion of society’s built heritage as one interrelated community-building challenge.

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New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Steuteville, Robert. The New Urbanism and Traditional Neighborhood Development: Comprehensive Report and Best Practices Guide. Ithaca, N.Y: New Urban Press, 1999. Surface Transportation Policy Project. “Campaign Connection.” Surface Transportation Policy Project Progress IX.2 (May 1999): 8. ————. Tea-21 User’s Guide: Making the Most of the New Transportation Bill. Report, 1998. Swift, Peter. “Residential Street Typology and Injury Accident Frequency.” Report by Swift Associates, 1997. Tu, Charles, and Mark Eppli. Valuing the New Urbanism: The Case of Kentlands. Report by the George Washington University Department of Finance, 1997.

Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design by Matthew Carmona, Tim Heath, Steve Tiesdell, Taner Oc

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", A Pattern Language, Arthur Eddington, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, big-box store, Broken windows theory, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, carbon footprint, cellular automata, City Beautiful movement, Community Supported Agriculture, complexity theory, deindustrialization, disinformation, Donald Trump, drive until you qualify, East Village, edge city, food miles, Frank Gehry, Future Shock, game design, garden city movement, gentrification, global supply chain, Guggenheim Bilbao, income inequality, invisible hand, iterative process, Jane Jacobs, land bank, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, longitudinal study, Masdar, Maslow's hierarchy, megaproject, megastructure, New Urbanism, peak oil, Peter Calthorpe, place-making, post-oil, precautionary principle, principal–agent problem, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, Richard Florida, Seaside, Florida, starchitect, streetcar suburb, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, telepresence, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, the market place, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transit-oriented development, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, zero-sum game

As Kelbaugh (2008a: 112) notes, the differing clientele explains some of the contrasting tendencies, with New Urbanists typically working for land developers, especially on suburban greenfield projects, and also on less well-known urban redevelopment projects, sponsored by government agencies or public/private partnerships; Everyday Urbanists typically working for non-profit and community groups with limited resources and political power; and Post-Urbanist projects typically resulting from prestigious competitions, commissioned ‘… by wealthy and powerful institutions, corporations and patrons who seek high profile, iconic buildings.’ New Urbanism New Urbanism characterises a set of ideas that appeared primarily in the USA during the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s. The movement was formalised by the creation of the Congress for New Urbanism (CNU) (see Chapter 1), publication of the Charter for New Urbanism (www.cnu.org) styled on CIAM’s Charter of Athens (1933), subsequent annual conferences and a slew of publications. According to their Charter (CNU 1998), New Urbanists are ‘…. committed to re-establishing the relationship between the art of building and the making of community, through citizen based participatory planning and design.’

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A plea for place in the public realm, Architectural Review, No 1101 (November) 31–41 Buchanan, P (1988b) Facing up to facades, Architects Journal, 188(50) 21–56 Building Design Partnership (2002) Urban Design for Retail Environments, British Council of Shopping Centres, London Building for Life (2008) Evaluating housing principles step by step, http://www.buildingforlife.org/ Building Research Establishment (BRE) (1999) An Assessment of the Police's Secured by Design Project, BRE, Watford Building Research Establishment (BRE) (1990) BRE Digest 350: Climate and Site Development, BRE, Watford Burton, E & Mitchell, L (2006) Inclusive Urban Design: Streets for Life, Architectural Pre Baird, G (2008) The New Urbanism and public space, in Haas, T (2008) (editor), New Urbanism and Beyond: Designing Cities for the Future, Rizzoli International, New York, 120–123 Biddulph, M; Franklin, B & Tait, M (2003) From concept to completion: A critical analysis of the urban village, Town Planning Review, 74(2), 165–193 Brain, D (2008) Beyond the neighbourhood: New Urbanism as civic renewal, in Haas, T (2008) (editor), New Urbanism and Beyond: Designing Cities for the Future, Rizzoli International, New York, 249–254 Butina Watson, G & Bentley, I (2007) Identity by Design, Architectural Press, Oxford C CABE (2009) Hallmarks of a Sustainable City, CABE, London CABE Space (2008) Public Space Lessons: Designing and Planning Play, CABE, London CABE (2008) Inclusion by Design: Equality, Diversity and the Built Environment CABE, London CABE Space (2007) Living with Risk: Promoting Better Public Space Design, CABE, London CABE (2006) The Principles of Inclusive Design (They Include You) CABE, London CABE (2005) Design Coding: Testing Its in Use in England, CABE, London CABE (2004a) Creating Successful Masterplans: A Guide for Clients, CABE, London CABE (2004b) Local Authority Design Champions, CABE, London CABE (2003a) Protecting Design Quality in Planning, CABE, London CABE (2003b) The Councillor's Guide to Urban Design, CABE, London CABE (2002) Paving the Way: How we can achieve clean, safe and attractive streets CABE, London (commissioned by CABE and ODPM, produced by Alan Baxter & Associates in association with EDAW) Calthorpe, P (2005) New Urbanism: Principles or style?

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, The Guardian, Saturday January 13, p 27 Sudjic, D (1993) The 100 Mile City, Flamingo, London Syms, P (2002) Land, Development & Design, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford T Tahrani, S & Moreau, G (2008), Integration of immersive walking to analyse urban daylighting ambiences, Journal of Urban Design, 13(1), 99–124 Talen, E (2009a) Bad parenting, in Krieger, A & Saunders, W S (2009) (editors) Urban Design, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 183–185 Talen, E (2009b) Design by the rules: The historical underpinnings of form-based codes Journal of the American Planning Association, 75(2), 144–160 Talen, E (2009c) Urban Design Reclaimed: Tools, Techniques, and Strategies for Planners, American Planning Association, Washington DC Talen, E (2008a) The Design of Diversity: Exploring Socially Mixed Neighbourhoods, Architectural Press, Oxford Talen, E (2008b) The unbearable lightness of New Urbanism’, in Haas, T (2008), New Urbanism and Beyond: Designing Cities for the Future, Rizzoli International, New York, 77–79 Talen E (2005) New Urbanism and American Planning, Routledge, London Talen, E (2002) Help for planning: The transect strategy Journal of Urban Design, 7(3), 293–312 Talen, E (2000) The problem with community in planning, Journal of Planning Literature, 15(2), 171–183 Talen, E (1999) Sense of community and neighbourhood form: An assessment of the social doctrine of New Urbanism, Urban Studies, 36(8) 1361–1379 Taylor, A F; Wiley, A; Kuo, F E & Sullivan, W C (1998) Growing up in the inner city – Green spaces as places to grow, Environment and Behaviour, 30(1), 2–27 Taylor, D & Filmer-Sankey, W (2003) DB32 and the design of good urban streets, Municipal Engineer, 151, 111–116 Taylor, D (2002) Highway Rules’, Urban Design Quarterly, 81, 27–29 Terence O'Rourke plc (1998) Planning for Passive Solar Design, BRECSU, Watford Thiel, P (1961) A sequence-experience notation for architectural and urban space, Town Planning Review, 32, 33–52 Thorne, R & Filmer-Sankey, W (2003) ‘Transportation’ in Thomas, R (2003) (editor) Sustainable Urban Design – An Environmental Approach, Spon Press, London, 25–32 Thwaites, K; Porta, S; Romice, O; & Greaves, M (2007) (editors) Urban Sustainability Through Environmental Design: Approaches to Time-People-Place Responsive Urban Spaces, Routledge, London Tibbalds, F (1992) Making People Friendly Towns: Improving the Public Environment in Towns and Cities, Longman, Harlow Tibbalds, F (1988a) Ten commandments of urban design, The Planner, 74(12), 1 Tibbalds, F (1988b) Mind the Gap!’

Road to ruin: an introduction to sprawl and how to cure it by Dom Nozzi

Boeing 747, business climate, car-free, congestion pricing, Donald Shoup, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, New Urbanism, Parkinson's law, place-making, Ray Oldenburg, restrictive zoning, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, skinny streets, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, transit-oriented development, urban decay, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, zero-sum game

Homogenized, banal “icon architecture“ (also known as “cookie cutter” or “franchise” architecture), which immediately conveys a corporate image to the passerby—McDonald’s golden arches, Kentucky Fried Chicken’s red-and-white stripes—diminishes a city’s unique identity and creates what Jim Kunstler calls the “geography of nowhere.”37 A WOLF IN SHEEP’S CLOTHING We should be on guard not to allow projects touted as New Urbanist that deliver New Urbanism‘s principles only in a skin-deep way, such as those that perpetuate car dependence, or that fail to provide a mix of housing affordability, even if the houses have front porches or other forms of window dressing. NEW URBANISM AND THE POOR I am always astounded when people attack New Urbanism as elitist and not in the best interests of poor people. It seems as obvious to me that an auto-dominated community is as detrimental to poor people as it seems obvious that community designrecommended by New Urbanism reduces the need for car travel and is beneficial. New Urbanism seems to be the best chance to reduce car dependency through urban design, which is an important reason why I am so enthusiastic about it.

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The most effective, desirable strategy is to establish context-sensitive community regulations that transition from walkable to auto-oriented to rural and wildlife preserve (a concept New Urbanists call a “transect“ system). For the walkable portion of the community, the leading design paradigm today is the New Urbanism. New Urbanism is a set of development practices that creates more people-oriented communities—attractive, efficient, sociable, and pedestrian friendly—at the same time that it significantly reduces car dependence. According to Duany, a leader in this design strategy: “Since its founding in 1992, New Urbanism has been the antithesis of sprawl, because it designs communities that are balanced in function; creates inclusive housing; supports home-based business; spa-tially defines the public realm; facilitates pedestrian accessibility; minimizes use of the car; supports transit; and builds on infill [in-town] as well as greenfield [newly developed] sites.”1ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL: THE TRANSECT SYSTEM You can choose any color you want, Henry Ford notably told early car buyers, as long as it is black.

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I would resign myself, along with everyone else, to increasingly unlivable communities, more time trapped in my car on the road, more frustration and isolation, more inescapable congestion, until the economic and social and emotional costs of being car dependent became unbearable for a critical mass of people. Twenty more years? Fifty? But there is hope. An important subcategory of smart growth is the “New Urbanism,” a strategy of community and neighborhood design that uses timeless, traditional development principles at the same time it incorporates contemporary technology and values; the pedestrian, not the car, is the design imperative (see chapters 9 and 10). As Marvin Harris pointed out in Cultural Materialism (1979), it is not ideas that determine our behavior and values, but the environmental and economic conditions we must cope with each day.

Retrofitting Suburbia, Updated Edition: Urban Design Solutions for Redesigning Suburbs by Ellen Dunham-Jones, June Williamson

accelerated depreciation, banking crisis, big-box store, bike sharing, call centre, carbon footprint, Donald Shoup, edge city, gentrification, global village, index fund, iterative process, Jane Jacobs, knowledge worker, land bank, Lewis Mumford, McMansion, megaproject, megastructure, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, peak oil, Peter Calthorpe, place-making, postindustrial economy, Ray Oldenburg, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Savings and loan crisis, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, skinny streets, streetcar suburb, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Victor Gruen, white flight, working poor, young professional, zero-sum game

Retrofits are responding to significant demographic and behavioral changes in suburban areas and are the first tantalizing steps in the larger project of retrofitting the systems of sprawl itself. INTRODUCTION We intend this book to inform architects, urban designers, planners, developers, public officials, and citizens interested in helping suburbs and metropolitan regions, both aging and booming, to grow in healthy ways. In keeping with the principles of both new urbanism and smart growth, we see these retrofits as an enormous opportunity to direct new growth into existing areas, both the by-passed first-ring suburbs and the bustling outlying nodes. The cases we describe provide vivid examples of attractive, viable alternatives to business-as-usual sprawl.1 We believe these alternatives promise to make both the existing locations and the larger region more sustainable.

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• Suburban form is predominantly funded by short-term investors interested in volume, such as publicly traded real estate investment trusts (REITs) and large home builders, while urban form is more likely to be funded with a combination of short- and longer-term investment vehicles as well as a variety of public-private partnerships. A stand-alone office tower on an arterial road in Southfield, Michigan. A new, urban mixed-use building, developed by the Buckingham Companies, on a main street in the Indianapolis suburb of Carmel. Credit: Courtesy of the Buckingham Companies. The suburban retrofits we have chosen to document started out as single-use, stand-alone, private, disconnected, short-term investments on sites characterized by a preponderance of “underperforming asphalt.”

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Students Sahnur Bostan, Fred Godbolt, Kristen Halloran, and Renee Hartley provided valuable assistance with graphics and background research. Ellen’s earlier students at UVA and MIT offered more inspiration than they know, including Ben Chung, Christine McGrath, Andrew Miller, and Wendy Redfield. Many of the designers, developers, and planners who contributed to projects featured in this book are members of the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU). We acknowledge the crucial role that the Congress has played in recent decades in forcing the hand of “business as usual” suburban developers, and in empowering designers and planners to believe that the rules of the game can be radically changed. CNU’s seminal publications, Greyfields into Goldfields and Malls into Mainstreets were important precursors to this book.

The Option of Urbanism: Investing in a New American Dream by Christopher B. Leinberger

addicted to oil, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, asset allocation, big-box store, centre right, commoditize, credit crunch, David Brooks, desegregation, Donald Shoup, Donald Trump, drive until you qualify, edge city, Ford Model T, full employment, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, McMansion, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, New Urbanism, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, postindustrial economy, RAND corporation, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, reserve currency, Richard Florida, Savings and loan crisis, Seaside, Florida, the built environment, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, value engineering, walkable city, white flight

Its best-known, iconic projects, such as Seaside, Florida; Kentlands, Maryland; and Stapleton, Colorado,7 are second-home or bedroom communities (neighborhood-serving) that may or may not become regional-serving someday. “TND” as a term tends to be interchangeable with “New Urbanism” and focuses on neighborhoodserving places. New Urbanism and TNDs have played pivotal roles in the rebirth of neighborhood-serving places in suburban greenfields. Use of this type of development has demonstrated that walkable neighborhood demand can be built from scratch. Andres Duany, one of the founders of the Congress of the New Urbanism and a leading thinker and architect, has justified New Urbanism suburban development by saying that most future development will go to the suburban greenfield sites, so they might as well be walkable.

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Many readers familiar with recent trends in the built environment will notice that I have not used some terms common over the past fifteen years, such as “transit-oriented development,” “New Urbanism,” and “traditional neighborhood development” (TND). The description “transit-oriented development” can and does apply to most regional-serving, walkable urban places. (It is possible, but not ideal, to be nontransit-served and still create 118 | THE OPTION OF URBANISM walkable urbanism, as some of the examples below demonstrate). Transitoriented development can occur in any density that supports transit. In general, New Urbanism has played out on the ground as neighborhood-serving walkable urbanism. Its best-known, iconic projects, such as Seaside, Florida; Kentlands, Maryland; and Stapleton, Colorado,7 are second-home or bedroom communities (neighborhood-serving) that may or may not become regional-serving someday.

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HT384.U5L45 2008 307.760973—dc22 2007026186 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Search terms: urban, suburban, sprawl, auto-dependent, real estate product development types, transportation, Futurama, affordable housing, inclusionary zoning, impact fees, New Urbanism, transit-oriented development, American Dream, S&L crisis, walkable urbanism, drivable sub-urbanism, global warming, carbon load, obesity, asthma, favored quarter, metropolitan, regionalism, urbanization, population growth, REIT For Helen, Lisa, and Tom Also for Bob, Gadi, Joe, Pat, and Robert C ONTENTS Preface | ix INTRODUCTION 1 FUTU RAMA | AND THE 1 2 0 TH- C E N T U RY AMERICAN DREAM | 12 2 TH E R I S E 3 T H E S TA N D A R D R E A L E S TAT E OF D R I VA B L E S U B - U R B I A | P R O D U C T TY P E S : W H Y E V E R Y P L A C E LO O K S L I K E EV E RY PL AC E EL S E 4 CONSEQUENCES OF D R I VA B L E SUB - URBAN GROW TH 5 63 TH E M A R K E T R E D I S C OV E R S WA L K A B L E U R B A N I S M 6 | | 86 D E F I N I N G WA L K A B L E U R B A N I S M : WH Y M O R E IS BETTER | 113 vii | 45 31 viii | CONTENTS 7 UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES WA L K A B L E U R B A N I S M 8 ACH I EVI NG LEVELING THE THE | OF 13 8 NEX T AMERICAN DREAM : P L AY I N G F I E L D AND I M P L E M E N T I N G WA L K A B L E U R B A N I S M N OT ES INDEX | | 177 2 01 | 15 0 P REFACE When I was a young child my mother took me to Center City, Philadelphia from our inner-suburban home to visit my father in his office and to go shopping.

The Human City: Urbanism for the Rest of Us by Joel Kotkin

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alvin Toffler, autonomous vehicles, birth tourism , blue-collar work, British Empire, carbon footprint, Celebration, Florida, citizen journalism, colonial rule, crony capitalism, deindustrialization, demographic winter, Deng Xiaoping, Downton Abbey, edge city, Edward Glaeser, financial engineering, financial independence, Frank Gehry, gentrification, Gini coefficient, Google bus, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, intentional community, Jane Jacobs, labor-force participation, land reform, Lewis Mumford, life extension, market bubble, mass immigration, McMansion, megacity, megaproject, microapartment, new economy, New Urbanism, Own Your Own Home, peak oil, pensions crisis, Peter Calthorpe, post-industrial society, RAND corporation, Richard Florida, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Seaside, Florida, self-driving car, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, starchitect, Stewart Brand, streetcar suburb, Ted Nelson, the built environment, trade route, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce, young professional

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“The Demographic Future,” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66805/nicholas-eberstadt/the-demographic-future. ——— (2015, February 21). “The Global Flight From the Family,” Wall Street Journal, http://www.wsj.com/articles/nicholas-eberstadt-the-global-flight-from-the-family-1424476179. EDSALL, Thomas B. (2013, October 22). “Bill de Blasio and the New Urban Populism,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/opinion/edsall-bill-de-blasio-and-the-new-urban-populism.html. EFRATI, Amir. (2006, June 2). “The Suburbs Under Siege,” Wall Street Journal, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114921327859169468. EHRLICH, Paul. (1968). The Population Bomb, New York: Ballantine Books. EISCHEN, Kyle. (2000, March 19).

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See also Everyday life Lifestyle centers, 177 Liotta, Peter, 53 Lithuania, 138 Liu, Eveleen, 166 Living well, 5, 6 Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, 176 Locational preferences, 38 Logan, John, 39 London aging population in, 130 as “connected” city, 85 dispersion from, 28–29 educational gap in, 166 foreign-born population of, 97 foreign housing investments in, 100, 101 as global city, 87–89, 97, 274n8 global influence of, 82 growth of, 51 homogenization of, 106 housing prices in, 41 as new consumer city, 37 in 19th century, 28 objection to densification in, 13, 199 population of, 51, 52, 115, 155 post-familialism in, 117–118 slums in, 58 suburbs of, 143, 155 as wealthy city, 52 working classes in, 27 Longman, Phillip, 137 Los Angeles black children living in, 156 commuting time in, 68 as “connected” city, 85 environmental wastefulness of, 11 as federation of communities, 176 foreign-born population of, 98 foreign housing investments in, 101 global influence of, 82 growth of, 176 and housing bubble, 134, 152 income spent on rent in, 174 inequality in, 95–96 as luxury-oriented city, 40 migration to, 173 as “necessary” city, 83 opposition to increased density in, 13 pollution in, 196 population of, 52 post-familialism in, 128 suburban inequality around, 159 as wealthy city, 52 Louv, Richard, 192 Luanda, 54 Lutz, Wolfgang, 130, 136, 195 “Luxurious extinction,” 144–145 Luxury-oriented cities, 39–40, 43–44 Lynd, Robert, 151 M Macau, 183 Madison, 9 Madrid, 154–155 Mahmoudi, Dillon, 42 Making Smart Growth work (Porter), 165 Malaysia, 85, 90 Malthusian urbanism, 192–194 Manchester, 27, 115 Manhattan asset-backed wealth in, 96 children living in, 15, 16 and densification proposal, 13 high-density development in, 146–147 inequality in, 97 information economy in, 38 as Le Corbusier’s inspiration, 7 move to Brooklyn from, 177 neighborhoods of, 142 single households in, 117, 139 Manila, 55, 63–64, 66, 69 Marin County, California, 178 Markham (Canada), 158 Marriage, 129–130, 180 Martelle, Scott, 32 Marx, Karl, 25, 51 Master-planned communities, 30–31, 176–177 Maya, 167 Megacities, 6, 49–78 alternatives to, 72–74 ancient, 56–58 colonial legacy in, 60–61 density decline in, 14 dispersion in, 155 early industrial cities, 58–59 health conditions in, 65–67 and humanization of urbanization, 74–76 infrastructure problems in, 67–70 in late 19th century Europe, 59–60 life expectancy in, 65 limits of density in, 76–78 negative conditions in, 61–65 and prosperity, 54–56 quality of life in, 65–67 rise of, 50–54 slums in, 69–72 Mehta, Suketu, 55, 56, 68 Melaka, Malaysia, 81 Melbourne, 98, 158–159 Merkel, Angela, 138 Metropolitan areas, 263n5, 269n5, 274n8 Mexico, 53, 73, 139 Mexico City appeal of, 22 colonialism in, 60 commuting time in, 68 employment in, 64 as megacity, 51 middle class in, 63 organic growth of, 73 pattern of building in, 55–56 share of national GDP, 55 tech employment in, 185 urbanization in, 53 water system in, 68–69 Miami, 97–98, 100, 134, 152 Michigan, 188 Micro-units/micro-apartments, 12, 132–133 Middle class, 64 detached housing of, 160 encouraging growth of, 194 forces undermining, 93–97 global cities and, 92–97 homeownership and, 153 in Mexico City, 63 move to periphery by, 116 and shift to suburbs, 150 smart growth vs. interests of, 44 Middle East, 98, 100, 138 Migration, 62–63, 76, 77, 85, 99, 136–139 Milan, 115, 137, 154 Milch, Michael, 111 Mildner, Gerard, 11 Millennials, 170–176, 179–180, 189 Mills, Edwin, 59–60 Milton Keynes, 149, 163, 197 Minneapolis, 156–157 Miskel, James, 53 Mississauga (Canada), 158 Modarres, Ali, 2, 62, 64–65 Modi, Narendra, 76 Molotch, Harvey, 39 Montreal, 117 Moral order, 22 More developed world, 280n58 Mori, Minoru, 70 Morocco, 139 Morrill, Richard, 159 Morrison, Herbert, 148 Moscow, 33, 34, 52, 82, 194–195 Multigenerational households, 182–183 Multiracial suburbs, 156–159 Mumbai, 49–50 colonial influence in, 87 colonialism in, 60 employment in, 64 housing conditions in, 69–70 infrastructure lack in, 68, 69 life expectancy in, 65 living conditions in, 62, 64, 75 population of, 54, 170 tech employment in, 185 Mumford, Lewis, 2 on ancient Rome, 57 on civic identity, 21 on Radburn, 30 on small units, 200–201 on suburbia, 160 on technical prowess, 200 Munich, 118 Murray, Charles, 131 Myanmar, 124 N Nagoya, 52, 153, 176 Nantucket, 188 Naperville, Illinois, 177 Napoleon III, 8, 29, 59 Nature, connecting with, 46, 191–192 Navi Mumbai, 185 Nazis, 35 “Necessary” cities, 83–84 Nelson, Ted, 141 Netherlands attitude toward immigrants in, 98 dispersion of economic activities in, 185 focus on family in, 113–114 immigrants to, 98 producer cities in, 25–26 New consumer cities, 36–42 New Deal, 30, 150, 176 New Jersey, 178 New Orleans, 32, 107, 144–145 News Corp, 130 New social environment, 132 New Urbanism, 7, 151, 161, 164 New urban paradigm, 19, 42–43. See also Human city New York City black children living in, 156 childlessness in, 117 children in, 15–16 commuting time in, 68 as consumer city, 89 cost of space in, 111–112 diverse society of, 86 educational gap in, 166 environmental wastefulness of, 11 family households in, 144 financial jobs in, 186 foreign-born population of, 98 foreign housing investments in, 100–102 as global city, 84, 87–89, 107, 274n8 global influence of, 82 growth of, 51 Gunther on, 93 homogenization of, 106 housing bubble in, 134 and impact of life stages, 165 income spent on rent in, 174 inequality in, 40, 95–97 Le Corbusier on density of, 7 as megacity, 51 micro-units in, 12, 132–133 middle class in, 92 migration to, 173 as new consumer city, 37–38 in 19th century, 28 objection to densification in, 199 opposition to development priorities in, 13 population of, 52, 115 post-familialism in, 128 reinvention of city center in, 31 safety of, 166–167 subsidized housing in, 12 as transactional city, 32 as wealthy city, 52 Ng Sai-leung, 101 Nicolaides, Becky, 146 Nijman, Jan, 64 Nisbet, Robert, 125 Norquist, John, 161 North Africa, 138 North America birth rates in, 15 glamour zones in, 81 infrastructure of, 67 living conditions in industrial cities in, 28 middle class move to periphery, 116 renovation of cities in, 60 Singaporean immigrants from, 99 North Hempstead, New York, 177 Norway, 118 O Oakland, 156 Obudho, Robert, 76 Obudho, Rose, 76 Ogden, Utah, 126 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 29, 46, 176 Ong, Andrew, 131 Orange, California, 177 Orange County, 46, 185 Organic growth, 73, 199–200 Orwell, George, 146 Osaka, 51, 196 Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, 52, 153 Owen, David, 10 Ozment, Steven, 114 P Pakistan, 126 Panama, 53 Pant, Vatsala, 70 Paris appeal of, 22 dispersion in, 28–29, 154, 155 foreign-born population of, 97 global influence of, 82 homogenization of, 106 housing prices in, 41 as imperial city, 24 of Napoleon III, 29 in 19th century, 28 population of, 52, 155 post-familialism in, 118 renovation of, 59, 116 suburbs of, 143, 159 traffic in, 187 as wealthy city, 52 Park, Robert, 21 Parks, 46 Patavinus, Titus Livius (Livy), 23 Pearce, Fred, 122–123 Pearce, Nick, 172 Pelton, Joseph, 187–188 Perth, 159 Peru, 53 “Peter Pan” effect, 131 Peter the Great, 23 Petrograd, 33 Pfeiffer, Deirdre, 157 Philadelphia, 149 Phoenix, 152, 287n140 Piiparinen, Richey, 173 Pilot, Frederick, 188 Pittsburgh, 173, 196 Planet of Cities (Angel), 14 Planned communities, 30–31, 176–177 Please Look After Mom (Shin), 123 Plutonomy, 39–40 Polycentricity, 9 Population, estimating, 270n18 The Population Bomb (Ehrlich), 194 Population centres, 269n5 Population growth among seniors, 181 as cause of sprawl, 2 in cities, 51 (See also individual cities) density as natural contraceptive against, 9–10 in developing countries, 50 at end of 19th century, 115 slowdown of, 194–196 in suburbs, 154 Porter, Douglas, 165 Portland, 42, 134, 157, 173, 184 Post-familialism, 116–140 and aging population, 122–125 and changing sexual mores, 128–130 cultural influence of, 130–132 and dissolution of family ties, 134–136 eastern Asian, 119–122 emergence of, 116–117 European, 117–119 housing affordability in, 133–134 Japanese, 121–122 need for migrants to, 136–139 new value system in, 125–126 and restoration of familialism, 139–140 Seoul, 120–121 and urban form, 132–133 “urban tribes” in, 127–128 Poverty children living in, 32 in core cities, 159 in developing world, 169–170 growing concentration of, 42 in India, 65 in industrial cities, 27 in London, 94 and modern megacities, 61–62 in New York city, 97 in suburbs, 159–160 in Tokyo, 95 Prague, 162 Producer cities, 25–26 Productivity agricultural, 73, 115, 193, 194 of large cities, 8 Prosperity, density and, 54–56 Providence, 12 Provo, 9, 126 Public spaces, 163 Public transit, 187 Pulte, 183 Pune, India, 74 Purpose of cities, 2, 5–18 affordability and density, 11–12 and childlessness, 15–16 core cities, 17 cult of density, 6–8 economic, 8–9 environmental advantages, 9–11 and human scale, 12–14 and life stages, 16–18 and trend toward dispersion, 14–15 Putin, Vladimir, 139 Putnam, Robert, 135 Q Quality of life, 65–67 R Race, 42, 156–160 Radburn, New Jersey, 30 Rajaratnam, S., 104 Raleigh, 9, 46 Raleigh-Durham, 185 The Randstad, 81 Raymond, André, 60 Redefining cities, 2 Rees, Philip, 158 Religion in ancient cities, 21–22 in Dutch cities, 26 and familialism, 113, 114 in imperial cities, 23 spread by Chinese, 85 and trend toward secularism, 125–126 Renn, Aaron, 22, 186 Rents, 174 Reston, Virginia, 177 Retro-urbanism, 7 on climate change, 189–190 on cost of city living, 11–12 on decline of suburbia, 152 on economic purpose of cities, 8–9 on environmental advantages, 9–11 and impact of life stages, 165 as moral imperative, 10 on suburbanism, 162, 163 Richardson, Harry, 187 Richmond, 186 Richmond Hill (Canada), 158 Riedl, Marc, 65–66 Rio de Janeiro, 53, 73 Riverside, Illinois, 176 Riverside-San Bernardino, 159 Rogers, Richard, 148 Romania, 138 Rome, 22, 187 Rome, ancient, 23–24, 56–57, 85, 113 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 150 Rosenfeld, Michael, 128 Rotterdam, 154 Rural economies, 50 Rurbanization, 76 Russia, 55, 98, 139, 194–195 Rust Belt cities, 173 Rybczynski, Witold, 41 S Sa’at, Alfian, 99 Sacramento, 159 Sacred space, 21–23 Safety, 166–167 Saint Petersburg, 23, 33, 59 Salt Lake City, 126, 186 San Antonio, 152 San Diego, 152 San Francisco childlessness in, 117 children in, 16 decreased diversity in, 42 family households in, 144 financial jobs in, 186 as global city, 84 high-tech-related businesses in, 8 housing market in, 101–102 income spent on rent in, 174 loss of racial/ethnic diversity in, 157 as luxury-oriented city, 40 micro-apartments in, 132–133 post-familialism in, 128 racial income inequality in, 156–157 reinvention of city center in, 31 same-sex couple households in, 179 scenery of, 38 suburban inequality around, 159 as transactional city, 32 San Francisco Bay Area, 274n16 construction costs in, 11–12 foreign housing investments in, 101 global influence of, 81–83 housing bubble in, 134 as “necessary” region, 83–84 Sanitation, 68–69, 116 San Mateo County, 8 Santa Clara, California, 184 Santa Monica, 166 São Paulo, 13, 68, 69, 73 Sassen, Saskia, 80 Saunders, Pete, 41–42 Scandinavia, 136 Schama, Simon, 27 Schill, Mark, 96–97 Scruton, Roger, 146 Seaside, Florida, 161 Seattle children in, 16 decreased diversity in, 42 density of, 183 housing bubble in, 134 loss of racial/ethnic diversity in, 157 micro-apartments in, 132–133 micro-units in, 12 as “necessary” city, 84 scenery of, 38 Secularism, 125 Segregation, 156 Self, Will, 13 Sellers, Charles, 148 Sellers, Christopher, 191 Seneca, 109 Seoul colonialism in, 60 cultural district in, 107 fertility rate in, 16 growth of, 51, 176 and immigration, 87 as political power center, 25 post-familialism in, 119–121 traffic in, 187 Seoul-Incheon, 52 Sexual mores, 128–130 Shanghai, 25, 87 dispersion in, 155 foreign housing investments in, 100 as global city, 90–92 housing prices in, 175 and immigration, 87 micro-apartments in, 132–133 population of, 74 post-familialism in, 119–120 Sharma, R.

Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time by Jeff Speck

A Pattern Language, active transport: walking or cycling, benefit corporation, bike sharing, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, congestion charging, congestion pricing, David Brooks, Donald Shoup, edge city, Edward Glaeser, Enrique Peñalosa, food miles, Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Bilbao, if you build it, they will come, Induced demand, intermodal, invisible hand, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, meta-analysis, New Urbanism, parking minimums, peak oil, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Florida, skinny streets, smart cities, starchitect, Stewart Brand, tech worker, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, transit-oriented development, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, white flight, white picket fence, young professional, zero-sum game, Zipcar

Firmin DeBrabander, “What If Green Products Make Us Pollute More?” 6. Ibid. 7. Michael Mehaffy, “The Urban Dimensions of Climate Change.” 8. David Owen, Green Metropolis, 48, 104. 9. A Convenient Remedy, Congress for the New Urbanism video. 10. Witold Rybczynski, Makeshift Metropolis, 189. 11. The study was prepared by Jonathan Rose Associates, March 2011. 12. New Urban Network, “Study: Transit Outperforms Green Buildings.” 13. Kaid Benfield, “EPA Region 7: We Were Just Kidding About That Sustainability Stuff.” 14. Ibid. 15. Dom Nozzi, http://domz60.wordpress.com/quotes/. 16. Owen, 19, 23. 17.

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Surface Transportation Policy Project Progress VII: 2 (March 1998): 5, 7. Kuang, Cliff. “Infographic of the Day: How Bikes Can Solve Our Biggest Problems.” Co.Design, 2011. fastcodesign.com/1665634/infographic-of-the-day-how-bikes-can-solve-our-biggest-problems. Langdon, Philip. “Parking: A Poison Posing as a Cure.” New Urban News, April/May 2005. _____. “Young People Learning They Don’t Need to Own a Car.” New Urban News, December 2009. Lehrer, Jonah. “A Physicist Solves the City.” The New York Times Magazine, December 17, 2010. Leinberger, Christopher B. “Federal Restructuring of Fannie and Freddie Ignores Underlying Cause of Crisis.” Urban Land, February 1, 2011. _____.

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LECTURES AND CONFERENCES Brooks, David. Lecture. Aspen Institute, March 18, 2011. Frank, Lawrence. Lecture to the 18th Congress for the New Urbanism, Atlanta, Georgia, May 20, 2010. Gladwell, Malcolm. Remarks. Downtown Partnership of Baltimore Annual Meeting, November 17, 2010. Hales, Charles. Presentation at Rail-Volution, October 18, 2011. Livingstone, Ken. Winner commentary by Mayor of London. World Technology Winners and Finalists, World Technology Network, 2004. Parolec, Daniel. Presentation to the Congress for the New Urbanism, June 2, 2011. Ronkin, Michael. “Road Diets.” PowerPoint presentation, New Partners for Smart Growth, February 10, 2007.

Makeshift Metropolis: Ideas About Cities by Witold Rybczynski

benefit corporation, big-box store, carbon footprint, Celebration, Florida, City Beautiful movement, classic study, company town, cross-subsidies, David Brooks, death of newspapers, deindustrialization, edge city, Edward Glaeser, fixed income, Frank Gehry, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, global village, Guggenheim Bilbao, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, megaproject, megastructure, New Urbanism, Peter Eisenman, Seaside, Florida, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional

In the 1980s, the planning ideas of Raymond Unwin and John Nolen resurfaced as what came to be called New Urbanism. New Urbanism started in the 1980s with Seaside, not a garden suburb but a tiny resort village on the Florida Panhandle. Seaside had an influence far beyond its small size. American home buyers were attracted by the picturesque, traditional architecture; developers, who generally paid little attention to design, took note of the financial success. The chief lessons of New Urbanism were that home buyers value planning and design and will accept higher densities when these are associated with a sense of community. The garden suburb returns as New Urbanism in a planned community in Orlando, Florida.

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Gans, “City Planning and Urban Realities,” Commentary 33 (1962): 173. 17. Ibid., 172. 18. Ibid. 19. Jacobs, Death and Life, 391. 20. Vincent Scully, “The Architecture of Community,” in The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community, ed. Peter Katz (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), 221. 21. Martin Meyerson et al., The Face of the Metropolis (New York: Random House, 1968), 23. 22. Andrejs Skaburskis, “New Urbanism and Sprawl: A Toronto Case Study,” Journal of Planning Education and Research 25 (2006): 233. Chapter 6: Arcades and Malls, Big Boxes and Lifestyle Centers 1. Nicolas Brazier, Histoire des petits théâtres de Paris (Paris: Allardin, 1838),105. 2.

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Monumental groups of government buildings appeared in state capitals in Colorado, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania. In an early—though more successful—version of what would later be called “urban renewal,” downtown beautification schemes were undertaken in Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Philadelphia. A host of new urban college campuses—Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Rice in Houston, Southern Methodist in Dallas, California Institute of Technology in Los Angeles, the University of Colorado in Boulder, and the Army War College in Washington, D.C.—were planned along City Beautiful lines. Monumental train stations were built in New York, Philadelphia, Kansas City, Dallas, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.

Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places by Sharon Zukin

1960s counterculture, big-box store, blue-collar work, classic study, corporate social responsibility, crack epidemic, creative destruction, David Brooks, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, Frank Gehry, gentrification, Guggenheim Bilbao, Haight Ashbury, Jane Jacobs, late capitalism, mass immigration, messenger bag, new economy, New Urbanism, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, rent control, rent stabilization, Richard Florida, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, subprime mortgage crisis, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, white flight, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional

I define my identity in terms of the same subjective kind of authenticity that Jane Jacobs admires, while seeing that it displaces the poor by constructing the habitus, latte by latte, of the new urban middle class. This self-awareness doesn’t deny that tastes reinforce social distinctions. I like traditional, small food shops with moderate prices, but I don’t shop at dollar stores or bodegas. Yet the means of consumption on which the new urban middle class depends are destroying the city of the working class. Our pursuit of authenticity—our accumulation of this kind of cultural capital—fuels rising real estate values; our rhetoric of authenticity implicitly endorses the new, post-Jacobs rhetoric of upscale growth.

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During the past thirty years, though, media images of cities and neighborhoods have forged an increasingly important connection between capital, state, and the new urban middle class, between the interests of investors, officials, and consumers. The sociologist Leslie Sklair calls culture the “glue” that connects state power and financial capital; it’s clear that media images and consumer tastes anchor today’s technology of power in our individual yearnings, persuading us that consuming the authentic city has everything to do with aesthetics and nothing to do with power.11 The new urban middle class has led the way to a form of consumption that is both motivational and aspirational and feeds into the political and economic motors of urban change.

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The fertile urban terroir of cultural creation is being destroyed by the conspicuous displays of wealth and power typical of private developers and public officials who build for the rich and hope benefits will trickle down to the poor, by the promotions of the media who translate neighborhood identity into a brand, and by the tastes of new urban middle classes who are initially attracted to this identity but ultimately destroy it. These forces of redevelopment have smoothed the uneven layers of grit and glamour, swept away traces of contentious history, cast doubt on the idea that poor people have a right to live and work here too—all that had made the city authentic.

Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia by Anthony M. Townsend

1960s counterculture, 4chan, A Pattern Language, Adam Curtis, air gap, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Apple II, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Big Tech, bike sharing, Boeing 747, Burning Man, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, charter city, chief data officer, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, company town, computer age, congestion charging, congestion pricing, connected car, crack epidemic, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital map, Donald Davies, East Village, Edward Glaeser, Evgeny Morozov, food desert, game design, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, ghettoisation, global supply chain, Grace Hopper, Haight Ashbury, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jacquard loom, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, jitney, John Snow's cholera map, Joi Ito, Khan Academy, Kibera, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lewis Mumford, load shedding, lolcat, M-Pesa, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, messenger bag, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, off grid, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), openstreetmap, packet switching, PalmPilot, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, place-making, planetary scale, popular electronics, power law, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, scientific management, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, social software, social web, SpaceShipOne, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, telepresence, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, undersea cable, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, working poor, working-age population, X Prize, Y2K, zero day, Zipcar

“Technology is not part of our mission,” explained Chris Osgood, a veteran civil servant who previously worked for New York City’s Department of Parks and Recreation and who, as Jacob’s cochair, made up the other half of the Office of New Urban Mechanics. “It is to connect people and government better.” Consider Boston’s approach to the snow problem, as compared to Chicago or New York. Just as those cities were opening up their snowplow maps in January 2012, New Urban Mechanics launched “Adopt-A-Hydrant,” a Web app that allowed neighborhood volunteers to claim local fireplugs as their own winter wards. On top of responding to over five thousand fires each year, the Boston Fire Department is responsible for shoveling out over thirteen thousand hydrants after every major snowstorm.

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As Jacob explained to me later, in August 2012 he had taken on a new role advising his peers in several other American cities on how to replicate the success of the Office of New Urban Mechanics. Philadelphia, the first to come knocking “actually called and asked ‘Can we just franchise what you guys do?’ ” Jacob proudly said.53 He was also working to help spread to other cities some of the projects kick-started in Boston. One such tool, Community PlanIt, was an online game designed by Eric Gordon, a visual and media arts professor at Emerson College, to enhance the value of community meetings. When we spoke, Community PlanIt had been successfully rolled out in two of Boston’s suburbs as well as Detroit. Although it was poised to go viral, can New Urban Mechanics survive a change of leadership at home in Boston?

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It wasn’t helping much, and by the summer of 2011, the Boston Globe turned the screws on Mayor Menino, running a series of scathing articles bashing the entire school assignment scheme.19 Schools were central to Menino’s quality of life focus, and he made it clear to schools officials that something had to be done to address the problem quickly—“they got a very clear message from parents and the mayor,” according to Jacob.20 The Office of New Urban Mechanics stepped in, tasking one of its Code for America fellows to build a better tool for assessing school options. The result, a web app called Discover BPS, allowed parents to browse and sort a map of eligible schools that took into account all of the nagging and complex details of school selection, like a sibling’s current school assignment. Discover BPS was a big win for both Code for America and the Office of New Urban Mechanics’ approach to innovation. The entire project, built by one fellow with assistance from two others, took less than four months from start to finish—an almost instant response, compared to the traditional way cities buy software.

How to Kill a City: The Real Story of Gentrification by Peter Moskowitz

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, affirmative action, Airbnb, back-to-the-city movement, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Blue Bottle Coffee, British Empire, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Detroit bankruptcy, do well by doing good, drive until you qualify, East Village, Edward Glaeser, fixed-gear, gentrification, Golden Gate Park, housing crisis, housing justice, income inequality, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, land bank, late capitalism, messenger bag, mortgage tax deduction, Naomi Klein, new economy, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, private military company, profit motive, public intellectual, Quicken Loans, RAND corporation, rent control, rent gap, rent stabilization, restrictive zoning, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, school choice, Silicon Valley, starchitect, subprime mortgage crisis, tech worker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban renewal, white flight, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional

“the reach of global capital”: Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996), 100. a New York Times investigation found that 50 percent: Julie Satow, “Pied-à-Neighborhood,” New York Times, October 24, 2014. They came to New York to be artists, activists, authors: For more on consumption explanations of gentrification, including a discussion of sociologist Daniel Bell and economist Richard Florida, see Lees, Slater, and Wyly, Gentrification, ch. 3; for more on production explanations, see ch. 2. “As part of the experience of postwar suburbanization”: Smith, New Urban Frontier, xxiii–xiv.

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Bushwick Daily, June 26, 2014. “Having produced a scarcity of capital”: Smith, New Urban Frontier, 23. By funding the construction of roads outside cities: John Hansan, “WPA: The Works Progress Administration,” Social Welfare History Project, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013, socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/great-depression/wpa-the-works-progress-administration. Between 1977 and 1984, there were 130 such conversions: Lees, Slater, and Wyly, Gentrification, 29. “gentrification is a back-to-the-city movement”: Smith, New Urban Frontier, 70. “Though the majority of residents may never contemplate”: Quoted in Jason Hackworth, The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007), 15.

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technology, talent, and tolerance: For a good summary of Florida’s “technology, talent, and tolerance” approach to economic development, see Hazel Borys, “Richard Florida on Technology, Talent, and Tolerance,” Place Makers, November 18, 2013. The original edition sold 300,000 copies: Andres Viglucci, “Miami Now Winter Home to ‘Creative-Class’ Thinker Richard Florida,” Miami Herald, August 19, 2012. The Congress for New Urbanism held its 2016 conference: 24th Annual Congress for the New Urbanism, June 8–11, 2016, Detroit, Michigan, www.cnu.org/cnu24/schedule. “One problematic consequence [of the rise of the creative class]”: Florida, Rise of the Creative Class, 193, 227. “We need to be clear that ultimately, we can’t stop the decline”: Richard Florida, “How the Crash Will Reshape America,” The Atlantic, March 2009.

Planet of Slums by Mike Davis

barriers to entry, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Brownian motion, centre right, clean water, company town, conceptual framework, crony capitalism, declining real wages, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, edge city, European colonialism, failed state, gentrification, Gini coefficient, Hernando de Soto, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, jitney, jobless men, Kibera, labor-force participation, land reform, land tenure, Lewis Mumford, liberation theology, low-wage service sector, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, megacity, microcredit, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, Pearl River Delta, Ponzi scheme, RAND corporation, rent control, structural adjustment programs, surplus humans, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, working poor

Shanghai, whose growth was frozen for decades by Maoist policies of deliberate underurbanization, could have as many as 27 million residents in its huge estuarial metro-region. Mumbai (Bombay), meanwhile, is projected to attain a population of 33 million, although no one knows whether such gigantic concentrations of poverty are biologically or ecologically sustainable.10 The exploding cities of the developing world are also weaving extraordinary new urban networks, corridors, and hierarchies. In the Americas, geographers already talk about a leviathan known as the Rio/Sao Paulo Extended Metropolitan Region (RSPER) which includes the medium-sized cities on the 500-kilometer-long transport axis between Brazil's two largest metropolises, as well as the important industrial area dominated by Campinas; with a current population of 37 million, this embryonic megalopolis is already larger than TokyoYokohama.11 Likewise, the giant amoeba of Mexico City, already having consumed Toluca, is extending pseudopods that will eventually incorporate much of central Mexico, including the cities of Cuernavaca, Puebla, Cuautla, Pachuca, and Queretaro, into a single megalopolis with a mid-twenty-first-century population of approximately 50 million — about 40 percent of the national total.12 Even more surprising is the vast West African conurbation rapidly coalescing along the Gulf of Guinea with Lagos (23 million people by 9 UN-HABITAT Urban Indicators Database (2002). 10 Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia 1998 Yearbook, p. 63. 11 Hamilton Tolosa, "The Rio/Sao Paulo Extended Metropolitan Region: A Quest for Global Integration," The Annals of "Regonal Science 31:2 (September 2003), pp. 480, 485. 12 Gustavo Garza, "Global Economy, Metropolitan Dynamics and Urban Policies in Mexico," Cities 16:3 (1999), p. 154. 2015 according to one estimate) as its fulcrum.

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continuous urban corridor stretching from Japan/North Korea to West Java."17 As it takes shape over the next century, this great dragon-lice sprawl of cities will constitute the physical and demographic culmination of millennia of urban evolution. The ascendency of coastal East Asia, in turn, will surely promote a Tokyo—Shanghai "world city" dipole to equality with the New York—London axis in the control of global flows of capital and information. The price of this new urban order, however, will be increasing inequality within and between cities of different sizes and econo ic specializations. Chinese experts, indeed, are currently debating whether the ancient income-and-development chasm between city and count yside is now being replaced by an equally fundamental gap between small, particularly inland cities and the giant coastal metropolises.18 However, the smaller cities are precisely where most of Asia will soon live.

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Before the Second World War, most poor urban Latin Americans lived in inner-city rental housing, but in the late 1940s import-substitution industrialization spurred a dramatic wave of squatter invasion on the outskirts of Mexico City and other Latin American cities. In response to the burgeoning of shantytowns, authorities in several countries, ardently supported by the urban middle classes, launched massive crackdowns on informal settlement. Since many of the new urban immigrants were indigenistas or descendants of slaves, there was often a racial dimension to this "war on squatting." The postwar dictator of Venezuela, Marcos Perez Jimenez, was a particularly notorious enemy of informal housing. According to three UCLA authors: "[His] government's solution to the fem'wwas the bulldozer.

The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City by Alan Ehrenhalt

anti-communist, back-to-the-city movement, big-box store, British Empire, crack epidemic, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Edward Glaeser, Frank Gehry, gentrification, haute cuisine, Honoré de Balzac, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Jane Jacobs, land bank, Lewis Mumford, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, McMansion, megaproject, messenger bag, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, Peter Calthorpe, postindustrial economy, Richard Florida, streetcar suburb, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, walkable city, white flight, working poor, young professional

Finally, we have learned from both the Financial District and Bushwick (as we did from Sheffield) that the relative importance of travel time compared to other commodities is increasing as the years go by. To repeat the succinct aphorism of the Bushwick real estate broker, “These days, convenience trumps aesthetics.” This is likely to become even more important as a new urban generation emerges. It is an idea we will continue to pursue in the remaining chapters of the book. CHAPTER FOUR THE NEW SUBURBIA IT MAY SEEM FAR-FETCHED to compare the Hispanic construction workers of modern suburban Atlanta to the peasants from southern France who built Baron Haussmann’s Parisian boulevards.

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The suburban retrofits are, despite the number of examples that multiply every year, in only the earliest stages. But if urbanized suburbia is going to be the answer for this generation, or even a large part of it, density—somewhere—is the only real choice. DENSITY HAS BEEN, in many ways, the principal theme of New Urbanism, the movement that is now two decades old and has had a profound if not quite revolutionary impact on the shape of cities all over the Western world. In 1990, the New Urbanists were a small, close-knit coterie of architects and planners with a simple and heretical message: The automobile, and four decades of building homes, streets, and suburbs for the automobile’s convenience, had drained American places of the community and intimacy that human beings naturally desire.

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Recapturing the attractiveness and livability of the traditional American city would require an effort to convince millions of suburbanites and a rising millennial generation that density was nothing to be afraid of. It was the way to live a life of sociability that placed walking at the center of the urban experience. Many public officials and planning professionals were first introduced to the principles of New Urbanism through the vehicle of lectures and slide shows documenting the ugliness of suburban sprawl and the intelligence of urban design as practiced in many places in the preautomobile era. Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Peter Calthorpe, and a handful of coconspirators carried these slides to countless audiences all over the country in the early and mid-1990s.

City on the Verge by Mark Pendergrast

big-box store, bike sharing, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, cotton gin, crowdsourcing, desegregation, edge city, Edward Glaeser, food desert, gentrification, global village, high-speed rail, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, independent contractor, Jane Jacobs, jitney, land bank, Lewis Mumford, liberation theology, mass incarceration, McMansion, megaproject, New Urbanism, openstreetmap, power law, Richard Florida, streetcar suburb, subprime mortgage crisis, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, transatlantic slave trade, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois, walkable city, white flight, young professional

Atlanta winters are mild; springtime explodes with daffodils, azaleas, and dogwoods; and the autumn is long and mellow. Atlanta offers diversity in all senses of the word. It is a troubled, dynamic, appealing, contradictory city, and the BeltLine project has the potential to envelope it with a livable new urbanism where people can walk and bike, enjoy parks, and get around on streetcars (or bus rapid transit) and rapid transit. The BeltLine will link to new urban farms whose fresh food can contribute to better health, along with an active lifestyle. As an Atlanta native with a profound personal involvement with the city, I now live far away in northern Vermont. Yet I have continued to monitor the problems and progress of my birthplace through the years as I have returned to visit family and friends, as well as to research two other Atlanta-related books (For God, Country, and Coca-Cola and Inside the Outbreaks).

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Unless Atlanta can reposition itself—no longer perceived as a congested, sprawling, auto-dependent area—it risks slowly dissolving into an amorphous urban shell, leaving isolated communities powerless to attract business, fix infrastructure, solve huge health problems, or resolve racial prejudice and income inequity. Atlanta is not alone in its attempts to adjust to new urban realities. In the era of the automobile, American cities evolved into places that inadvertently made lives more harried and less healthy. Inner cities decayed. People sat in cars rather than biking or walking. Junk food was cheaper and easier to find than fresh fruit and vegetables. The “edge cities” surrounding the urban core, accessible only by automobile, leeched life and business from traditional downtowns.

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They share the trail and the city with people of all shades and ethnicities—African Americans, whites, Hispanics, Koreans, Bosnians, Somalis, gays, straights, pensioners, children. They ride past some of the wealthiest as well as some of the poorest city neighborhoods, though all property near the BeltLine has gone up in value, as more people move into the corridor. Despite many unanticipated setbacks, Atlanta is already realizing this vision straight out of the “new urbanism” playbook.* The NuGrape building, headquarters for the soda pop company from 1937 through 1971, has indeed been converted into high-ceilinged lofts, and residents really do sit out on the former loading dock on summer nights. The Historic Fourth Ward Park, with its nearby skateboard area, was finished in 2011, and the massive old Sears warehouse on Ponce de Leon Avenue is now the Ponce City Market, a combined retail, residential, and commercial space.

The Retreat of Western Liberalism by Edward Luce

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, affirmative action, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, business cycle, call centre, carried interest, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, cognitive dissonance, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, computer age, corporate raider, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, European colonialism, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, gentrification, George Santayana, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, imperial preference, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, knowledge economy, lateral thinking, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, meritocracy, microaggression, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, more computing power than Apollo, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, offshore financial centre, one-China policy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, precariat, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, reshoring, Richard Florida, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Skype, Snapchat, software is eating the world, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, superstar cities, telepresence, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, unpaid internship, Washington Consensus, We are the 99%, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, white flight, World Values Survey, Yogi Berra

Longworth’s cogent ‘On Global Cities’, Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 21 May 2005, <https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/publication/global-cities>. 45 Findings are throughout Richard Florida’s The New Urban Crisis. 46 Melkorka Licea, ‘“Poor door” tenants of luxury tower reveal the financial apartheid within’, New York Post, 17 January 2016, <http://nypost.com/2016/01/17/poor-door-tenants-reveal-luxury-towers-financial-apartheid/>. 47 Milanovic, Global Inequality. 48 Florida, The New Urban Crisis, p. 41. 49 Ibid, p. 38. 50 Cowen, The Complacent Class, p. 7. 51 Florida, The New Urban Crisis, p. 216. 52 Martin Ford, Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (Basic Books, New York, 2015 (ebook)). 53 Ibid. 54 Ibid. 55 Lawrence Mishel, ‘Entry-level workers’ wages fell in lost decade’, Economic Policy Institute report, 7 March 2012, <http://www.epi.org/publication/ib327-young-workers-wages/>. 56 Baldwin, The Great Convergence. 57 William J.

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Until recently, he believed they would be the engine rooms of the new economy, embracing the diversity necessary to attract talent. That has certainly happened. Gay pride parades seem to get larger every year. A thousand multicultural flowers are blooming. Yet in squeezing out income diversity, the new urban economies are also shutting off the scope for serendipity. The West’s global cities are like tropical islands surrounded by oceans of resentment. Florida’s latest book is called The New Urban Crisis. Rather than being shaped by those who live there full-time, the characters of our biggest cities are increasingly driven by the global super-rich as a place to park their money. Many of the creative classes are being edged out.

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The number of unoccupied apartments in New York rose by almost three-quarters at the turn of the century to thirty-four thousand in 2011.49 London has witnessed similar growth. The new residents then lock in their gains by restricting land use, which keeps values high. Richard Florida calls them the ‘new urban Luddites’, who exploit an ‘enormous and complex thicket of zoning laws and other land use regulations’ to keep the others out. Tyler Cowen has coined a new acronym to replace Nimbys (Not in My Backyard): Bananas (Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything).50 Such risk aversion breeds its own failure.

City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age by P. D. Smith

active transport: walking or cycling, Albert Einstein, Andrew Keen, Anthropocene, augmented reality, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Broken windows theory, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business cycle, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, congestion charging, congestion pricing, cosmological principle, crack epidemic, double entry bookkeeping, Dr. Strangelove, edge city, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, en.wikipedia.org, Enrique Peñalosa, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, global village, haute cuisine, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Kibera, Kickstarter, Kowloon Walled City, Lewis Mumford, Masdar, megacity, megastructure, multicultural london english, mutually assured destruction, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, peak oil, pneumatic tube, RFID, smart cities, starchitect, telepresence, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, the High Line, Thomas Malthus, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, walkable city, white flight, white picket fence, young professional

One of three new municipal cemeteries created outside Paris in 1803, Père-Lachaise lay to the east of the city, at Mont-Louis, and was built on the estate of François d’Aix de La Chaise, who had been King Louis XIV’s confessor. The French described it as an ‘anglo-chinois’ garden cemetery, for, like many of the new urban parks that would soon grace European and American cities, it was inspired by the naturalism of both Chinese imperial parks and English landscape gardens. Its tree-lined walks and picturesque views impressed everyone, including an American visitor in the 1830s who observed that ‘it is impossible to visit this vast sanctuary of the dead, where the rose and the cypress encircle each tomb, and the arborvitae and eglantine shade the marble obelisk, without feeling a solemn yet sweet and soothing emotion steal over the senses’.67 In time, the hill in Père-Lachaise became a famous vantage point from which to view the city.

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Some sixty thousand people a year went to New York City’s Green-Wood Cemetery (1838) and enjoyed a scenic tour among its monuments and the views across Upper New York Bay.71 Guidebooks directed people to the most scenic routes and inspiring vistas. Cemeteries had become part of a new ‘national culture’, one created by ‘the new urban citizens of America’.72 Among their winding, leafy paths, people forgot the habitual cares and troubles of the city and their thoughts turned to more profound matters, such as the meaning of life and human mortality. In the twentieth century, the memorial park became the preferred burial ground for an increasingly suburban nation.

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In Paris, for example, it has been estimated that 10 per cent of the city’s residents are ‘urban nomads’, part-time city dwellers who come for the cultural events that only a big city can support – opera, theatre, art exhibitions as well as international sporting events and conferences.28 Cities have changed significantly over the last century and downtown is not the place it used to be. People no longer commute en masse to the downtown, and neither do they do their shopping exclusively there. Thanks to new transport and communication technologies, cities have become amorphous structures, with new urban centres emerging on the peripheries amidst the ubiquitous suburban sprawl. ‘In its present incarnation,’ writes Deyan Sudjic, ‘the old centre is just another piece on the board, a counter that has perhaps the same weight as the airport, or the medical centre, or the museum complex. They all swim in a soup of shopping malls, hypermarkets and warehouses, drive-in restaurants and anonymous industrial sheds, beltways and motorway boxes.’29 This is the age of the Edge City and ‘the hundred-mile city’, where the old distinctions between urban and suburban are being demolished and the central city is being eclipsed by the new, expanding ‘exopolis’.30 But downtown has not disappeared as some predicted.

Mysteries of the Mall: And Other Essays by Witold Rybczynski

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", additive manufacturing, airport security, Buckminster Fuller, City Beautiful movement, classic study, edge city, Frank Gehry, gentrification, Guggenheim Bilbao, Herman Kahn, Jane Jacobs, kremlinology, Lewis Mumford, Marshall McLuhan, megaproject, new economy, New Urbanism, Oklahoma City bombing, out of africa, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Eisenman, rent control, Silicon Valley, the High Line, urban renewal, young professional

Create avenues linking two large neighborhood squares. Replace the two large schools with several smaller elementary schools. The carefully crafted project of the winning team is representative of a current approach to urban design that has been termed neo-traditional but whose adherents prefer to call it New Urbanism. New Urbanism represents a turning away from the principles that have characterized American urban design since the 1950s and a rediscovery of the virtues of traditional, gridded streets scaled to the pedestrian and of cities that integrate a diversity of urban uses—commercial and industrial as well as residential—rather than being zoned according to single functions.

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So far, the accomplishments of architects and planners like Peter Calthorpe, Daniel Solomon, and Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk have been predominantly suburban and aimed at an upper-middle-class clientele, but the commercial successes of New Urbanism are evidence of its broad appeal to consumers and developers alike. It seems appropriate that such a mainstream, pragmatic approach should be applied to the remedial design of public housing. An appealing feature of New Urbanism is architectural design whose flavor is regional rather than international. In Nelson, Faulkner, and Carcoana’s proposal, moreover, the traditional design approach means that public and private housing are indistinguishable.

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They are near recreational amenities like lakes and mountains. They have strong local economies and have lower unemployment, poverty, and crime rates than the national average. But Raleigh-Durham, Rochester, and Provo-Orem are not merely examples of successful small cities. They are also examples of a new urban trend: the rise of what might be called the college city. The college town is an American institution. Throughout the nineteenth century, it was common practice to locate private colleges in small towns like Amherst in Massachusetts, Middlebury in Vermont, and Claremont in California. The idea was that bucolic surroundings would provide the appropriate atmosphere for the pursuit of learning and (not incidentally) remove students from the distractions and temptations of the big city.

Aerotropolis by John D. Kasarda, Greg Lindsay

3D printing, air freight, airline deregulation, airport security, Akira Okazaki, Alvin Toffler, An Inconvenient Truth, Asian financial crisis, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, big-box store, blood diamond, Boeing 747, book value, borderless world, Boris Johnson, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, carbon footprint, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, Charles Lindbergh, Clayton Christensen, clean tech, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, company town, conceptual framework, credit crunch, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, digital map, disruptive innovation, Dr. Strangelove, Dutch auction, Easter island, edge city, Edward Glaeser, Eyjafjallajökull, failed state, financial engineering, flag carrier, flying shuttle, food miles, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frank Gehry, fudge factor, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, Future Shock, General Motors Futurama, gentleman farmer, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, global supply chain, global village, gravity well, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, hive mind, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, inflight wifi, intangible asset, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, invention of the telephone, inventory management, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jevons paradox, Joan Didion, Kangaroo Route, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, kremlinology, land bank, Lewis Mumford, low cost airline, Marchetti’s constant, Marshall McLuhan, Masdar, mass immigration, McMansion, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Network effects, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), peak oil, Pearl River Delta, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Thiel, pets.com, pink-collar, planned obsolescence, pre–internet, RFID, Richard Florida, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, savings glut, Seaside, Florida, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spice trade, spinning jenny, starchitect, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Suez canal 1869, sunk-cost fallacy, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, tech worker, telepresence, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, thinkpad, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Tony Hsieh, trade route, transcontinental railway, transit-oriented development, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, walkable city, warehouse robotics, white flight, white picket fence, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

We got to talking about what made this place tick and, by extension, how one would go about building it anew someplace else. It was something he’d thought about before briefing visting members of Parliament on how they might go about rehabbing Heathrow. “ ‘New Urbanism’ is a funny term, because it’s really the old urbanism,” he said. “Peter [Calthorpe] would tell you you can have New Urbanism anywhere.” And so would Gleason’s boss, Jon Ratner. The youngest member of the Ratner clan is arguably its most radical. Having started work at Stapleton in his twenties, he’d since risen to the post of director of sustainability, in charge of the firm’s triple bottom line: “people, planet, and profit.”

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Kasarda believes he holds the blueprints to a fix that is beautiful, efficient, and ultimately sustainable—a far cry from the hideous, haphaz-ard, and polluted messes most cities have inherited. He has made it his mission to imbue Airworld’s geography of nowhere with a sense of place. There is no better place to start building this New Urbanism than in Denver, whose hub is the cleanest slate. What will these cities look like, and where should we look for a model? The answer, I discovered, would be Stapleton’s redemption. Would You Be Mine, Could You Be Mine, Won’t You Be My Neighbor? The deal struck to shutter Stapleton and erect its successor depended on a decade of city, county, and state approvals, followed by voter referendums, bond issues, cost overruns, and a voracious robotic baggage system craving Samsonites.

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Over time, Reunion will connect people through lasting friendships and, in the process, create a place where each resident will pursue happiness in his or her own way. Which makes Reunion something entirely new, a community specifically created for the pursuit of happiness.” Which turned out to be the problem. The accompanying manifesto touts four precepts. The first and most important is the “New Suburbanism,” a deliberate echo (and subversion) of the New Urbanism first practiced by the architects Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. They built cities you could walk in— neighborhoods with schools and shops, parks and offices, homes and apartments all mixed together and connected by leafy streets and boulevards instead of access roads and parking lots.

Multicultural Cities: Toronto, New York, and Los Angeles by Mohammed Abdul Qadeer

affirmative action, business cycle, call centre, David Brooks, deindustrialization, desegregation, edge city, en.wikipedia.org, Frank Gehry, game design, gentrification, ghettoisation, global village, immigration reform, industrial cluster, Jane Jacobs, knowledge economy, market bubble, McMansion, megaproject, new economy, New Urbanism, place-making, Richard Florida, risk tolerance, Silicon Valley, Skype, telemarketer, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the scientific method, urban planning, urban renewal, working-age population, young professional

Jennifer Hochschild and John Mollenkopf, “Understanding Immigrant Political Incorporation through Comparison,” in Bringing Outsiders In, 303–4. This paragraph draws on John Mollenkopf and Raphael Sonenshein, “The New Urban Politics of Integration,” in Bringing Outsiders In, 75–7. Ibid., 91. John Mollenkopf and Raphael Sonenshein, “New York and Los Angeles: Government and Political Influence,” in New York and Los Angeles, ed. David Halle and Andrew Beveridge (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 145, table 5.5. Ibid. Mollenkopf and Sonenshein, “The New Urban Politics of Integration,” in Bringing Outsiders In, 75. Patricia Pessar and Pamela Graham, “Dominicans: Transnational Identities and Local Politics,” in New Immigrants in New York, ed.

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Nancy Foster (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 264. Mollenkopf and Sonenshein, “The New Urban Politics of Integration,” in Bringing Outsiders In, 76. Ibid. While isolated examples of Black councillors elected in Los Angeles can be traced back to 1915, a consistent pattern of Blacks elected councillors started after 1965. John H. Laslett, “Historical Perspectives: Immigration and the Rise of a Distinctive Urban Region, 1900–1970,” in Ethnic Los Angeles, ed. Roger Waldinger and Mehdi Bozorgmehr (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996), 68. Mollenkopf and Sonenshein, “The New Urban Politics of Integration,” in Bringing Outsiders In, 75.

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The technological, economic, and social changes of the late twentieth century have made the urban structure malleable. Cities have spread out, suburbs have grown into veritable cities, shopping malls have realigned the commercial order, and the electronic revolution has drastically diminished the resistance of distance. These changes have realigned the urban structure and given rise to new urban theories. The Los Angeles school of urbanism projects Los Angeles as the model of a post-modern city, lacking a strong centre. It views the city to be cellular in structure, divided into autonomous places by function, culture, and location. It envisages the growth impulse to work from the outside to the central core, reversing the conventional view.

City: Urbanism and Its End by Douglas W. Rae

agricultural Revolution, barriers to entry, business climate, City Beautiful movement, classic study, complexity theory, creative destruction, desegregation, edge city, Ford Model T, gentrification, ghettoisation, Glass-Steagall Act, Gunnar Myrdal, income per capita, informal economy, information asymmetry, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, manufacturing employment, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, open immigration, Peter Calthorpe, plutocrats, public intellectual, Saturday Night Live, streetcar suburb, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the market place, urban planning, urban renewal, vertical integration, War on Poverty, white flight, Works Progress Administration

This dramatic assertion of City Hall’s authority met with summary rejection in court, and the strike precipitated the loss of the city’s major remaining industrial base. I carry a few major strands of economic and social and political change right up to the present in order to show what is meant by urbanism’s ending. The third and last resonance of the term “urbanism” attaches to the vibrant recent movement that announced itself as the New Urbanism. Centering especially on the Miami design studio of Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, this movement seeks to recapture the look, feel, and function of a more humane era. New Urbanist design encourages front porches, carefully rendered sidewalks, and scores of other details that evoke what this movement means by “urxviii P R E F A C E banism.”

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And, too often, the end of urbanism has undermined that experience by promoting social homogeneity within municipalities, leading to the evolution of regional hierarchies in which “purified communities” (Richard Sennett’s term) bring likes together, 30 C R E AT I V E D E S T R U C T I O N safe from contact with persons different from themselves.71 In such regional hierarchies, or ladders, the bottom rung more often than not lies in the formerly working-class neighborhoods of central cities, where opportunity is scarce, danger is commonplace, and democracy in any plausible sense seems out of reach. The notion of urbanism provides a useful perspective for critical study of such hierarchies. Third, the New Urbanism school of design is among the most important movements afoot in our current debate on the future of American city life.72 This movement harks back to design patterns from what I am calling the urbanist era (in truth, that is, the old urbanism), and does so for reasons having everything to do with the desire to recapture urbanism’s power to order and govern social space humanely and well.

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New Urbanist designs encourage public interaction, engagement, and grounded living through features such as open porches, which look very like features found in abundance in houses from about 1910. But design alone is apt not to suffice in isolation from other features. The extent to which the New Urbanism’s design strategy can be integrated with cultural, economic, and governmental requirements for success in real city neighborhoods remains largely for the future to decide. In pressing toward that future, urbanism becomes an idea around which a fresh vision may be formed. The old urbanism—the city of steam and manure—cannot be recaptured, and it would not suit our needs if it could be.

Hollow City by Rebecca Solnit, Susan Schwartzenberg

blue-collar work, Brownian motion, dematerialisation, gentrification, Golden Gate Park, Haight Ashbury, housing crisis, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, Loma Prieta earthquake, low skilled workers, new economy, New Urbanism, Peoples Temple, pets.com, rent control, San Francisco homelessness, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, wage slave

For more on the LHotel struggle, see James Sobredo, "From Manila Bay to Daly City: Filipinos San Francisco," End March my brother David Solnit, a co-organizer of the tours, on the Reshaping San FranCD-ROM produced by Chris Carlsson and mentioned in Lucy Lippard's On the Beaten Track. cisco in Francisco, 13. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City 32. Brian Godfrey, Neighborhoods in Transition: The Making of San Francisco's Ethnic and Nonconformist Communities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988;, 177-78 18. Randy 19. Godfrey 20. San Francisco Bay Guardian, "Neighborhood issue 21 . Shilts, quoted in Godfrey, ibid., 121. ibid., 121. Profile: The Mission/Lofts and "The Economic Cleansing of San Francisco," October Neil Smith,Tfte New Urban Frontier, 32-33 7, 1998, 20. Lattes" in the special HOLLOW 176 CITY A Real Estate History 1.

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This is part of is the what makes an urbanity worth celebrating, this braiding together of disparate lives, but the new gentri- Eviction Defense Network poster, Mission District, 1999, fication threatens to yank out some of the strands ing urbanism itself Perhaps the function like suburbs as those them over. In the new urbanism will altogether, diminish- result in old cities that who were suburbia's blandly privileged take postwar years, the white middle class fled cities, which created the crises of abandonment, scarce city revenue, and depression that defined urban trouble through the 1970s, but the poor and the bohe- mian who stuck those to cities often made something lively there anyway; now who once fled have come back and created an unanticipated crisis of wealth for those raised on the urban crisis of poverty.

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Car-based suburbia has version of Utopia since the Second the gentrification of cities, been all central disci- take up ques- a particularly nowheresville World War, but the spread of chains, the ability of administrators to control increas- SAN FRANCISCO, CAPITAL OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY and public ingly subtle details of public space urban places small towns, but country This is is location. ist t is happening a story about love in San Francisco and is remote to the afford those hotel cities and money. Or The new economy is as economy can what new New Urbanism in which a day, village it suddenly lands being cities love, we took city lost. across the money and economy as a tourthe campesinos in; rooms and drinks, and San Franciscans can't afford for granted vanish becomes more and more evident. People speak constantly, obsessively, of is about different fi"om the old San Franciscans' love for their mourn what Much has been function like suburbs.

The Metropolitan Revolution: The Rise of Post-Urban America by Jon C. Teaford

anti-communist, back-to-the-city movement, big-box store, conceptual framework, desegregation, Detroit bankruptcy, East Village, edge city, estate planning, gentrification, Golden Gate Park, Gunnar Myrdal, Haight Ashbury, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Jane Jacobs, Joan Didion, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, plutocrats, Potemkin village, rent control, restrictive zoning, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, young professional

In his opinion, Oregonians were having “to find new ways of doing things: of making a living without destroying land, building real towns and city neighborhoods instead of tract housing pods and commercial strip smarm, [and] eliminating unnecessary car trips and commutes.”33 The Portland experience was also welcome news to an emerging planning movement known as the New Urbanism. Led by architects Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, New Urbanism was the planning arm of the antisprawl crusade, dedicated to creating traditional-style neighborhoods with smaller lots, narrower streets, front porches, and corner groceries. Density and walkability were to replace the sprawl and automobile dependence of the edgeless city. Basically, New Urbanists sought to recreate the neighborhoods of the pre-1945 era before Levittown, Southdale Center, McDonalds, and the interstate highway system had corrupted American life. In their manifesto on New Urbanism, Duany and Plater-Zyberk urged their followers to remember the refrain: “No more housing subdivisions!

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The chief developer of festival marketplaces was James Rouse, the creator of the new town of Columbia, Maryland. “There’s a yearning for life at the heart of the city—a yearning for active places with personality and human scale,” Rouse contended.41 And through his festival marketplaces, he sought to give Americans a new urban heart and infuse the core with an upbeat personality. FIGURE 5.1 Ghirardelli Square enlivened the nighttime scene in central San Francisco. (San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library) The most notable of the festival marketplaces, and the one every city wanted to replicate, was Boston’s Faneuil Hall Marketplace.

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William McCord, John Howard, Bernard Friedberg, and Edwin Harwood, Life Styles in the Black Ghetto (New York: Norton, 1969), p. 60. For accounts of the Watts riots, see also Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), and David O. Sears and John B. McConahay, The Politics of Violence: The New Urban Blacks and the Watts Riot (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973). 58. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam, 1968), p. 39. 59. Hippler, Hunter’s Point, p. 206. 60. Report of Commission on Civil Disorders, p. 40. 61. Ibid., pp. 69, 164. 62. Sidney Fine, Violence in the Model City: The Cavanagh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989), p. 160. 63.

The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class by Joel Kotkin

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Admiral Zheng, Alvin Toffler, Andy Kessler, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bread and circuses, Brexit referendum, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, clean water, company town, content marketing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, data science, deindustrialization, demographic transition, deplatforming, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, edge city, Elon Musk, European colonialism, Evgeny Morozov, financial independence, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Future Shock, gentrification, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Google bus, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, guest worker program, Hans Rosling, Herbert Marcuse, housing crisis, income inequality, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, job polarisation, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, liberal capitalism, life extension, low skilled workers, Lyft, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, megacity, Michael Shellenberger, Nate Silver, new economy, New Urbanism, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, Occupy movement, Parag Khanna, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, post-industrial society, post-work, postindustrial economy, postnationalism / post nation state, precariat, profit motive, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, rent control, Richard Florida, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Salesforce, Sam Altman, San Francisco homelessness, Satyajit Das, sharing economy, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, smart cities, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, superstar cities, technological determinism, Ted Nordhaus, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, trade route, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, Virgin Galactic, We are the 99%, Wolfgang Streeck, women in the workforce, work culture , working-age population, Y Combinator

Decades ago, the National Urban Coalition noted that urban revitalization programs generally produced some overall economic benefit for cities, but at the cost of “the deprivation, frustration and anger of those who are becoming the new urban serfs.”56 Today, big cities continue to draw the wealthy and the well-educated, with impoverished residents pushed to the margins, and little in between.57 The result is “rising inequality, deepening economic segregation, and increasingly unaffordable housing,” which Richard Florida describes as a “new urban crisis.”58 Some of those living in the cities outside the “glamour zone” feel trapped—victims of an urban system that doesn’t provide opportunity for them.

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utm_source=Mic+Check&utm_campaign=2b200dd408-Thursday_July_167_15_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_51f2320b33-2b200dd408-285306781. 53 Katy Murphy, “The California Dream is tough to afford if you’re under 40,” Mercury News, February 21, 2018, https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/18/the-california-dream-is-tough-to-afford-if-youre-under-40/; Joel Kotkin and Wendell Cox, “Fading Promise: Millennial Prospects in the Golden State,” Center for Demographics and Policy, May 5, 2017, http://centerforcaliforniarealestate.org/publications/Kotkin-Fading-Dream-printable.pdf. 54 Center for Opportunity Urbanism, Beyond Gentrification. 55 John Aidan Byrne, “The Exodus of New York City’s endangered middle class,” New York Post, December 22, 2018, https://nypost.com/2018/12/22/the-exodus-of-new-york-citys-endangered-middle-class/; Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage, 1962), 282. 56 National Urban Coalition, Displacement: City Neighborhoods in Transition, Washington, D.C., 1978. 57 Kristian Behrens and Frederic Robert-Nicoud, “Urbanization Makes the World More Unequal,” VoxEU, July 24, 2014, https://voxeu.org/article/inequality-big-cities. 58 Richard Florida, “Mapping the New Urban Crisis,” City Lab, April 13, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2017/04/new-urban-crisis-index/521037/; Patrick Sharkey, “Rich Neighborhood, Poor Neighborhood: How Segregation Threatens Social Mobility,” Brookings, December 5, 2013, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2013/12/05/rich-neighborhood-poor-neighborhood-how-segregation-threatens-social-mobility/. 59 Helen Raleigh, “Gentrification Provokes a Cofee Clash in Denver’s Five Points,” Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/gentrification-provokes-a-coffee-clash-in-denvers-five-points-1513983831; Cameron McWhirter, “Atlanta’s Growing Pains Are Getting Worse,” Wall Street Journal, August 31, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/atlantas-growing-pains-are-getting-worse-1535707800; Richard Campanella, “Gentrification and Its Discontents: Notes From New Orleans,” New Geography, February 28, 2013, http://www.newgeography.com/content/003526-gentrification-and-its-discontents-notes-new-orleans; “Google abandons Berlin base after two years of resistance,” Guardian, October 24, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/24/google-abandons-berlin-base-after-two-years-of-resistance; Chantal Braganza, “Why opponents of gentrification have taken to the streets of Hamilton,” TVO, April 5, 2018, https://tvo.org/article/current-afairs/why-opponents-of-gentrification-have-taken-to-the-streets-of-hamilton; David Streitfeld, “Protesters Block Google Buses in San Francisco, Citing ‘Techsploitation,’” New York Times, May 31, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/us/google-bus-protest.html?

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Fifteen cities together hold roughly 11 percent of the planet’s total wealth.17 These “superstar cities” are becoming more bifurcated, with oligarchs and the upper clerisy living in the gentrified urban core, surrounded by propertyless and often impoverished masses on the periphery.18 The elite urban cores constitute only a small percentage of the metropolitan area both in the United States and in Europe. In France, over 60 percent of the population live in the increasingly neglected periphery—the suburbs, provincial cities and small towns, and rural areas.19 The new urban paradigm is what Michael Bloomberg, the former mayor of New York, famously labeled a “luxury city,” built around the preferences of his ultra-rich compadres.20 But within the dominant cities are clear divisions by class, education, and sometimes race. The wealthy live in safe, gentrified areas, while the poor and minority populations are mostly consigned to neglected peripheral neighborhoods.

Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design by Charles Montgomery

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, Abraham Maslow, accelerated depreciation, agricultural Revolution, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Apollo 11, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Boeing 747, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, carbon credits, carbon footprint, centre right, City Beautiful movement, clean water, congestion charging, correlation does not imply causation, data science, Donald Shoup, East Village, edge city, energy security, Enrique Peñalosa, experimental subject, food desert, Frank Gehry, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Google Earth, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, income inequality, income per capita, Induced demand, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, license plate recognition, McMansion, means of production, megacity, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, mortgage tax deduction, New Urbanism, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, power law, rent control, restrictive zoning, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, science of happiness, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, starchitect, streetcar suburb, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, wage slave, white flight, World Values Survey, zero-sum game, Zipcar

They called their movement the Congress for the New Urbanism—the name a cheeky reference and reaction to the CIAM—Congrès Internationaux d’architecture moderne—the fraternity formed by Le Corbusier and other European modernists in 1928. The New Urbanists were determined to undo the modernists’ work. They wrote a manifesto calling for compact, mixed-use, mixed-income neighborhoods of walkable street networks, with transit and attractive public spaces, all framed by buildings that responded to the local culture and climate. The Congress for the New Urbanism has now grown into a powerful movement with thousands of members.

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I will call it the dispersed city, for the characteristic that defines almost every aspect of it. While the world’s architectural critics and so-called thought leaders tend to focus their attention on iconic structures and rare designs, the journey to the happy city must begin out here, in the landscape of the infinitely repeated form, on the plains of dispersal. For every new urban plaza, starchitect-designed tower, or sleek new light-rail network, there are a hundred thousand cul-de-sacs out in the dispersed city. This is the environment that, more than any other, defines how Americans and millions of people in wealthy cities across the globe move, live, work, play, and perceive the world, and how millions more will live if cities return to the trajectory they were on before the crash.

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The region came to exhibit a classic case of what transportation analysts call induced traffic, a phenomenon in which new highway lanes invariably clog up with hundreds of thousands of cars driven by new drivers on their way to new neighborhoods fed by new road capacity, a tendency that creates entirely new traffic jams faster than the time it takes to finish paying off a new car.* The average time it takes for new urban highway capacity to fill up with new demand? Five to six years. Now, although it has bloated to twelve lanes in many sections, Atlanta’s Perimeter still grinds to a standstill during peak hours.* The driver who once prayed for congestion-easing highway lanes and got them is still stuck in traffic.

Order Without Design: How Markets Shape Cities by Alain Bertaud

autonomous vehicles, call centre, colonial rule, congestion charging, congestion pricing, creative destruction, cross-subsidies, Deng Xiaoping, discounted cash flows, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, extreme commuting, garden city movement, gentrification, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Jane Jacobs, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, land tenure, manufacturing employment, market design, market fragmentation, megacity, microapartment, new economy, New Urbanism, openstreetmap, Pearl River Delta, price mechanism, rent control, Right to Buy, Ronald Coase, self-driving car, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, the built environment, trade route, transaction costs, transit-oriented development, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban sprawl, zero-sum game

But given the historical famines that plagued South and East Asia as recently as the twentieth century,20 it is quite understandable that a possible decrease in agricultural land raises concern. The Chinese government, alarmed by the fast pace of urban expansion, has set urban land development quotas that severely restrict the conversion of agricultural land into urban land. The National Plan on New Urbanization (2014–2020), published by the Government of China to guide urbanization until 2020, prescribes a minimum density of 100 people per hectare for every new urban settlement in order to preserve agricultural land. In addition, the use of costly conversion quotas is required for any urban expansion requiring the loss of cultivated land. Many observers of rapid urbanization in Asia are alarmed by the fact that cities’ land coverage expands at a faster pace than the urban population.

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The main objective of this book is to improve operational urban planning, as practiced in municipal planning departments, by applying urban economists’ knowledge (and models) to the design and planning of regulations and infrastructure. Urban economists understand the functioning of markets, while planners are often baffled by them. Unfortunately, the very valuable knowledge that has accumulated in urban economics literature has not had much impact on operational urban planning. My aim is not to develop a new urban theory but to introduce already existing urban economics knowledge into urban planning practices. Urban Planning versus Urban Economics Urban planning is a craft learned through practice. Planners must make rapid decisions that have an immediate impact on the ground. The width of streets, the minimum size of land parcels, and the heights of buildings are usually based on planners’ decisions.

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Once jobs have dispersed into a pattern similar to the dispersed model or composite model, it is unlikely that they will eventually concentrate again in a dense, central CBD. This path dependency16 rule, common to all evolving shapes, is a reality that should seriously limit the freedom of planners to dream up new urban forms. Planners should take into account the path dependency of city shapes when designing new transport systems, as we will see in chapter 5 on mobility. None of the three models discussed above are immutable. Future urban labor markets, for instance, might not require as many face-to-face interactions among employees, customers, and suppliers as they have in the past.

The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism by David Harvey

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, bank run, banking crisis, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, call centre, capital controls, cotton gin, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, equal pay for equal work, European colonialism, failed state, financial innovation, Frank Gehry, full employment, gentrification, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Guggenheim Bilbao, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, indoor plumbing, interest rate swap, invention of the steam engine, Jane Jacobs, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Just-in-time delivery, land reform, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, market bubble, means of production, megacity, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Money creation, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Myron Scholes, new economy, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, place-making, Ponzi scheme, precariat, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special drawing rights, special economic zone, statistical arbitrage, structural adjustment programs, subprime mortgage crisis, technological determinism, the built environment, the market place, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Timothy McVeigh, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, white flight, women in the workforce

But he also needed new financial institutions and debt instruments (the Crédit Mobilier and Immobilier). He helped resolve the capital surplus disposal problem in effect by setting up a Keynesian-style system of debt-financed infrastructural urban improvements. All of this entailed the co-evolution of a new urban way of life and a new kind of urban persona. Paris became ‘the city of light’, the great centre of consumption, tourism and pleasure. The cafés, the department stores (also brilliantly described in another Zola novel, The Ladies’ Paradise (1883)), the fashion industry, the grand expositions, the opera and the spectacle of court life all played their part in creating new profit opportunities through consumerism.

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And it is not only in the advanced capitalist countries where this style of urbanisation can be found – you will find it in Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo and Mumbai as well as in almost every Asian city you can think of. Even the incoherent, bland and monotonous suburban tract development that continues to dominate in many parts of the world now gets its antidote through a ‘new urbanism’ movement that touts the sale of community (supposedly intimate and secure as well as often gated) and a supposedly ‘sustainable’ boutique lifestyle as a developer product to fulfil urban dreams. The impacts on political subjectivity have been huge. This is a world in which the neoliberal ethic of intense possessive individualism and financial opportunism has become the template for human personality socialisation.

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The darker side of surplus absorption through urban transformation entails, however, repeated bouts of urban restructuring through ‘creative destruction’. This highlights the significance of crises as moments of urban restructuring. It has a class dimension since it is usually the poor, the underprivileged and those marginalised from political power that suffer primarily from this process. Violence is often required to make the new urban geography out of the wreckage of the old. Haussmann tore through the old Parisian slums, using powers of expropriation for supposedly public benefit, doing so in the name of civic improvement, environmental restoration and urban renovation. He deliberately engineered the removal of much of the working class and other unruly elements, along with insalubrious industries, from Paris’s city centre, where they constituted a threat to public order, public health and, of course, political power.

Cape Town After Apartheid: Crime and Governance in the Divided City by Tony Roshan Samara

conceptual framework, deglobalization, gentrification, ghettoisation, global village, illegal immigration, late capitalism, moral panic, neoliberal agenda, New Urbanism, structural adjustment programs, unemployed young men, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Washington Consensus, working poor

Neoliberal urban governance is the result of bundling these related security and development agendas into a coherent governance ideology and related set of practices in which so-called free markets provide guiding principles and reference points for ordering urban life. The situation in Cape Town mirrors that in other prominent cities in South Africa and beyond. In these cities, distinct interests have converged to produce a somewhat new urban reality in which pursuit of “world city” status establishes the basic constraints and possibilities for urban development.7 Cities in many countries have been cut loose from receding social welfare states—where one existed at all—and have been left to make their own way, so to speak, in the global economy as part of a neoliberal growth strategy pioneered in North America in the 1970s, marked by a sharpening of intercity competition for resources.

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For those youth who do come into conflict with the law, either because they have committed a crime or because they are falsely arrested, the criminal justice system only exposes them to another round of trauma before they are released. The context in which so many children are brought into contact with the criminal justice system, or simply confronted with the force of urban security structures, is no longer racial apartheid, but a form of security governance that is rooted in a new urban politics, in which the transgressive presence of black youth remains central. In the next section we look at how neoliberal governance through urban revitalization of the city’s core contributes to this criminalization of black youth. Securing the Core: Street Children and Moral Panic in the Central Business District The city government of Cape Town has openly endorsed a market-driven approach to economic growth since at least the mid-1990s, over the objections of many urban residents and community organizations, and this commitment exercises a profound influence on urban governance.

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We can therefore expect to see continual increases in public and private resources being channeled into forms of social control to fill the gaps left by ill-conceived renewal strategies and contain the poor within the peripheries of developed urban cores. By evoking the emotional issue of crime, a very real problem for Cape Town, an urban renewal agenda that serves a very narrow slice of the city’s population can introduce this new urban segregation under the guise of development. The response to street children in the CBD constitutes a moral panic that rearticulates race and class tensions in terms of threats to order and mobilizes resources (emotional, organizational, and financial) to confront these threats. That public and private security forces become central to the city’s response is far from surprising given that even under the best of circumstances, insufficient time has passed to overcome patterns that are more than a century old.

Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism by Stephen Graham

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", addicted to oil, airport security, Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, anti-communist, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, call centre, carbon footprint, clean tech, clean water, congestion charging, creative destruction, credit crunch, DARPA: Urban Challenge, defense in depth, deindustrialization, digital map, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, driverless car, edge city, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, failed state, Food sovereignty, gentrification, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Global Witness, Google Earth, illegal immigration, income inequality, knowledge economy, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, loose coupling, machine readable, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, McMansion, megacity, military-industrial complex, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, one-state solution, pattern recognition, peak oil, planetary scale, post-Fordism, private military company, Project for a New American Century, RAND corporation, RFID, Richard Florida, Scramble for Africa, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, SimCity, smart transportation, surplus humans, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Washington Consensus, white flight, white picket fence

, Journal for the Arts, Sciences, and Technology 3: 2, 2005, 12–17. 82 Deborah Cowen, ‘National Soldiers and the War on Cities’, Theory and Event 10: 2, 2007, 1. 83 See, for example, Siobhan Gorman, ‘Satellite-Surveillance Program to Begin Despite Privacy Concerns’, Wall Street Journal, 1 October 2008. 84 Max Manwaring, Street Gangs: The New Urban Insurgency, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2005 available at www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army mil. 85 David Murakami Wood and Jonathan Coaffee, ‘Security Is Coming Home: Rethinking Scale and Constructing Resilience in the Global Urban Response to Terrorist Risk, International Relations 20:4, 2006, 503. 86 Eyal Weizman, ‘Lethal theory’, LOG Magazine, April 2005, 53. 87 Jeremy Packer, ‘Becoming Bombs: Mobilizing Mobility in the War of Terror’, Cultural Studies 20: 4–5, 2006, 378. 88 The US Posse Comitas act, for example, which explicitly forbade the domestic deployment of US troops within the US mainland.

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Maybe they cling to religion there.’54 Such a discourse camouflages the way in which the Republican Party has long been dominated by a cabal of billionaires, CEOs, and corporate and military lobbyists who have successfully shaped policy to subsidize their class interests while dramatically undermining services and subsidies for America’s working and lower-middle classes. VOICES OF THE CITY (JOURNAL) A flick through the pages of the United States’ leading ‘new urban right’ magazine the City Journal, published by the Manhattan Institute, intellectual architects of both George W. Bush’s neoconservatism and Giuliani’s right-wing ‘counter-revolution’ in 1990s New York, is telling.55 Celebrations of positive economic, cultural, political or social aspects of metropolitan mixing are absent here.

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Eyal Weizman, for instance, has shown how certain Israeli generals have appropriated the radical, post-structuralist writings of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze to fashion new military doctrine for taking and controlling the labyrinthine spaces of Palestinian refugee camps.102 Here, writes Weizman, ‘contemporary urban warfare plays itself out within a constructed, real or imaginary architecture, and through the destruction, construction, reorganization, and subversion of space’.103 By breaking through the linked walls of entire towns and thus creating paths, the Israeli military seeks to ‘create operational “space as if it had no borders”, neutralizing the advantages accorded by urban terrain to opponents of occupation’.104 Many of the new urban-warfare techniques used by state militaries – which Goonewardena and Kipfer label ‘colonization without occupation – are imitations of techniques of urban resistance used against state militaries in earlier centuries. ‘This non-linear, poly-nucleated and anti-hierarchical strategy of combat in urban areas’, they point out, ‘in fact plagiarises the tactics of the defenders of the Paris Commune, Stalingrad and the Kasbahs of Algiers, Jenin and Nablus’.105 Techniques of urban militarism and urbicidal violence serve to discipline or displace dissent and resistance.

Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution by David Harvey

Alan Greenspan, Bretton Woods, business cycle, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, creative destruction, David Graeber, deindustrialization, financial innovation, Garrett Hardin, gentrification, Guggenheim Bilbao, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, housing crisis, illegal immigration, indoor plumbing, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market bubble, market fundamentalism, means of production, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Murray Bookchin, New Urbanism, Ponzi scheme, precariat, profit maximization, race to the bottom, radical decentralization, Robert Shiller, Savings and loan crisis, special economic zone, the built environment, the High Line, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, urban planning, We are the 99%, William Langewiesche, Works Progress Administration

What he did in effect was to help resolve the capital surplus disposal problem by setting up a Keynesian system of debt-financed infrastructural urban improvements. The system worked very well for some fifteen years, and it entailed not only a transformation of urban infrastructures but the construction of a whole new urban way of life and the construction of a new kind of urban persona. Paris became "the city of light;' the great center of con­ sumption, tourism and pleasure-the cafes, the department stores, the fashion industry, the grand expositions all changed the urban way of life in ways that could absorb vast surpluses through crass consumerism (which offended traditionalists and excluded workers alike).

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Shopping malls, multiplexes, and box stores proliferate (the production of each has become big business), as do fast-fo o d and artisanal market places, boutique cultures and, as Sharon Zukin slyly notes, "pacification by cap­ puccino." Even the incoherent, bland, and monotonous suburban tract development that continues to dominate in many areas, now gets its anti­ dote in a "new urbanism" movement that touts the sale of community and a boutique lifestyle as a developer product to fulfill urban dreams. This is a world in which the neoliberal ethic of intense p ossessive indi­ vidualism can become the template for human personality so cialization. Th e impact is increasing individualistic isolation, anxiety, and neurosis in the midst of one of the gre atest so cial achievements (at least judging by its enormous scale and all-embracing character) ever constructed in human history for the realization of our hearts' desire.

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It has entailed rep e ated bouts of urban restructuring through "creative destruction." Th is nearly always has a class dimension, since it is usually the poor, the underprivileged, and those m arginalized from political power that suffer first and foremost from this pro cess. Violence is required to achieve the new urban world on the wreckage of the old. H aussmann tore thro ugh the old Parisian impoverished quar­ ters, using powe rs of expropriation for supposedly public benefit, and did so in the name of civic improvement, environmental restoration , and urban renovation. He deliberately engineered the removal of much of the working class and other unruly elements, along with insalubrio us indus­ tries, from Paris's city center, where they constituted a threat to public order, public h ealth and, of co urse, political p ower.

Life Inc.: How the World Became a Corporation and How to Take It Back by Douglas Rushkoff

Abraham Maslow, Adam Curtis, addicted to oil, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Amazon Mechanical Turk, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-globalists, AOL-Time Warner, banks create money, Bear Stearns, benefit corporation, big-box store, Bretton Woods, car-free, Charles Lindbergh, colonial exploitation, Community Supported Agriculture, complexity theory, computer age, congestion pricing, corporate governance, credit crunch, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, death of newspapers, digital divide, don't be evil, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, easy for humans, difficult for computers, financial innovation, Firefox, full employment, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Glass-Steagall Act, global village, Google Earth, greed is good, Herbert Marcuse, Howard Rheingold, income per capita, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, John Nash: game theory, joint-stock company, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, loss aversion, market bubble, market design, Marshall McLuhan, Milgram experiment, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, multilevel marketing, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, negative equity, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, peak oil, peer-to-peer, place-making, placebo effect, planned obsolescence, Ponzi scheme, price mechanism, price stability, principal–agent problem, private military company, profit maximization, profit motive, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, public intellectual, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, RFID, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, short selling, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social software, Steve Jobs, Telecommunications Act of 1996, telemarketer, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, trade route, trickle-down economics, union organizing, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, vertical integration, Victor Gruen, white flight, working poor, Works Progress Administration, Y2K, young professional, zero-sum game

You can’t just open part of a town when that town is supposed to seem like a preexisting “destination,” whose charm and attraction is based on its vibrancy and cohesiveness. The whole place needed to be activated at the same moment—every store leased, and as many apartments as possible rented in advance. Only then could the ribbon be cut, and Birkdale set into motion. Dunning is the first to admit that he bent the rules of New Urban-ism to fit the realities of his development situation. “Strict New Urbanism is dogmatically sustainable and ecologically friendly development. But there are market forces, developer mind-sets, retail mind-sets, and economic realities that don’t always merge easily with what we’d really like to happen,” he says. While Dunning first conceived Birkdale as a real residential community with a few small shops, its financiers required a level of funding that only big anchor stores could provide.

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Towns like Birkdale—and there are a few dozen now in full swing—refocus people on how they’re living instead of just where they’re getting, and create destinations off the highway where the most jaded automotive suburbanites can get a taste of what it’s like to walk around outside with other people. Isn’t reconnecting to a fake town better than not connecting at all? Although the New Urbanism aesthete will deride the people of Birkdale for responding to the cues embedded in its absolutely planned and artificial re-creation of small-town life, where does such orthodoxy get us? Is Birkdale just a cynical application of watered-down New Urbanism to make the Gap look and feel more like a local business? Or does it help transform the otherwise alienating landscape of the suburbs into a healthier, more potentially social setting?

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By the 1200s, technological developments such as water mills and windmills as well as increased travel and commerce led to the resurgence of towns and cities outside the lord’s direct control. Towns became centers for the manufacturing, exchange, and circulation of goods, and provided a stark contrast to the to-each-his-own way of life in the manors and villages. In their new urban setting serfs found legal freedom, opportunities for work, and a place to start afresh. Citizens of cities became known as “burghers,” a term that spread throughout medieval Western Europe and provided the basis for the later word “bourgeoisie.” It was only a matter of time before the burghers would grow wealthier and potentially even more powerful than the aristocracy.

When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor by William Julius Wilson

affirmative action, business cycle, citizen journalism, classic study, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, declining real wages, deindustrialization, deliberate practice, desegregation, Donald Trump, edge city, ending welfare as we know it, fixed income, full employment, George Gilder, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, Gunnar Myrdal, income inequality, informal economy, jobless men, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, new economy, New Urbanism, pink-collar, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, school choice, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban renewal, War on Poverty, work culture , working poor, working-age population, Works Progress Administration

The Library of Congress has cataloged the Knopf edition as follows: Wilson, William J., [date] When work disappears : the world of the new urban poor / William Julius Wilson.—first ed. p. cm. 1. Urban poor—United States. 2. Afro-Americans—Employment. 3. Inner cities—United States. 1. Title HV4045.W553 1996 362.′0973′091732—dc20 96–11803 eISBN: 978-0-307-79469-7 Random House Web address: http://www.randomhouse.com/ v3.1 To Beverly CONTENTS Cover About the Author Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION PART I THE NEW URBAN POVERTY CHAPTER 1 From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos CHAPTER 2 Societal Changes and Vulnerable Neighborhoods CHAPTER 3 Ghetto-Related Behavior and the Structure of Opportunity CHAPTER 4 The Fading Inner-City Family CHAPTER 5 The Meaning and Significance of Race: Employers and Inner-City Workers PART 2 THE SOCIAL POLICY CHALLENGE CHAPTER 6 The American Belief System Concerning Poverty and Welfare CHAPTER 7 Racial Antagonisms and Race-Based Social Policy CHAPTER 8 A Broader Vision: Social Policy Options in Cross-National Perspective APPENDIXES A.

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The respondents from the households in the high-poverty neighborhoods included 383 mothers and 614 youths. Those from the households in the working- and middle-class neighborhoods were represented by 163 mothers and 273 youths. I have integrated the data from these three studies with census-type information and relevant findings from the research of other scholars. PART I THE NEW URBAN POVERTY CHAPTER 1 From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos An elderly woman who has lived in one inner-city neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago for more than forty years reflected: I’ve been here since March 21, 1953. When I moved in, the neighborhood was intact. It was intact with homes, beautiful homes, mini mansions, with stores, laundromats, with cleaners, with Chinese [cleaners].

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The most fundamental difference between today’s inner-city neighborhoods and those studied by Drake and Cayton is the much higher levels of joblessness. Indeed, there is a new poverty in our nation’s metropolises that has consequences for a range of issues relating to the quality of life in urban areas, including race relations. By “the new urban poverty,” I mean poor, segregated neighborhoods in which a substantial majority of individual adults are either unemployed or have dropped out of the labor force altogether. For example, in 1990 only one in three adults ages 16 and over in the twelve Chicago community areas with ghetto poverty rates held a job in a typical week of the year.

Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto by Stewart Brand

"World Economic Forum" Davos, agricultural Revolution, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, back-to-the-land, biofilm, borderless world, Buckminster Fuller, business process, carbon credits, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, conceptual framework, Danny Hillis, dark matter, decarbonisation, demographic dividend, demographic transition, digital divide, Easter island, Elon Musk, Exxon Valdez, failed state, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, glass ceiling, Google Earth, Hans Rosling, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, informal economy, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invention of the steam engine, Jane Jacobs, jimmy wales, Kevin Kelly, Kibera, land tenure, lateral thinking, Lewis Mumford, low earth orbit, M-Pesa, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, megaproject, microbiome, military-industrial complex, New Urbanism, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, out of africa, Paul Graham, peak oil, Peter Calthorpe, precautionary principle, Recombinant DNA, rewilding, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart grid, stem cell, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, We are as Gods, wealth creators, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, William Langewiesche, working-age population, Y2K

Everyone in the forty-nine houseboats on the dock passed each other on foot daily, trundling to and from the parking lot on shore. Everyone knew each other’s faces and voices and cats. It was a community, Calthorpe decided, because it was walkable. Building on that insight, Calthorpe became one of the founders of New Urbanism, along with Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and others. In 1985 he introduced the concept of walkability in “Cities Redefined,” an article in the Whole Earth Review. Since then, New Urbanism has become the dominant force in city planning, promoting high density, mixed use, walkability, mass transit, eclectic design, and regionalism. It drew one of its major ideas from a squatter community.

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For the young person in an Indian village, the call of Mumbai isn’t just about money. It’s also about freedom. By 2004 I knew something important was up with the rampant urbanization of the developing world, but I couldn’t find much in the way of ground truth about it until the publication of Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World, by journalist Robert Neuwirth. His research strategy was to learn the relevant language and then live for months as a slum resident—in Rocinha (one of seven hundred favelas in Rio de Janeiro), in Kibera (a squatter city of 1 million outside Nairobi), in the Sanjay Gandhi Nagar neighborhood of Mumbai, and in Sultanbeyli, a now fully developed squatter city of 300,000 with a seven-story city hall, outside Istanbul.

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Chances are you’ve come across Sausalito waterfront creativity in the writings of Annie Lamott, Alan Watts, Paul Hawken, or Green architect Sim Van Der Ryn; in the cartoons of Shel Silverstein or Phil Frank; in Otis Redding’s “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”; in the Antenna Theater- produced Audio Tours that guide you around the world’s museums and historic sites; in the biological paintings of Isabella Kirkland; and in any town or city reshaped by what is called New Urbanism. That last item is my example. • In 1983, architect Peter Calthorpe gave up on San Francisco, where he had tried and failed to organize neighborhood communities, and moved to a houseboat on the end of South Forty Dock, where I live. He found he was in a place that had the densest housing in California, where no one locked their doors—where most of the doors didn’t even have locks.

Smart Cities, Digital Nations by Caspar Herzberg

Asian financial crisis, barriers to entry, business climate, business cycle, business process, carbon footprint, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, corporate social responsibility, Dean Kamen, demographic dividend, Edward Glaeser, Edward Snowden, Hacker News, high-speed rail, hive mind, Internet of things, knowledge economy, Masdar, megacity, New Urbanism, operational security, packet switching, QR code, remote working, RFID, rising living standards, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, smart meter, social software, special economic zone, Stephen Hawking, telepresence, too big to fail, trade route, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, women in the workforce, working poor, X Prize

The “urbanization” of our planet is well documented, as people are increasingly drawn from rural areas to cities seeking better opportunities and quality of life. By 2050, about two-thirds of the world’s population will live in or near urban centers.1 If we don’t get our cities right, we’re in big trouble. But there’s good news. Urban centers are incredible test beds for the Internet of Everything, the increasing connections between all of us, and digitization. Some of our most promising innovation is being fueled by cities working to create a better future for their citizens. We’re early in the journey, but there is a lot of progress being made.

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It does not deliver services efficiently, nor does it utilize modern technology in ways that can both reduce operating costs and improve living standards. And yet, unchecked consumption is still a key principle for growth: more people, requiring more space, more goods, more services. The deck is stacked against cities that cannot adapt to the new global reality. Thanks to technological innovation, however, a new urban dynamism is in progress. Modern master plans for cities that recycle more, monitor usage better, and provide cleaner, more efficient living standards are on the drawing board—and some have been implemented. Brand-new cities, attuned to current needs, are taking shape, utilizing digital technology that revolutionizes how cities operate and provide for their citizens.

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Business modeling must incorporate methods to adjust forecasts that may well prove too optimistic. This means the smart and connected city concept, however much it may signify the future, must be championed and defended. The architects must weigh a diverse and extensive set of variables when creating a new blueprint. Investors, residents, and administrators of these new urban landscapes will need to be convinced of the technology’s necessity through many business quarters to come. THE SMART AND CONNECTED CITY JOURNEY The first chapters of this book are chronological. They re-create the great promise and excitement generated when Saudi Arabia took its first bold steps toward building new economic cities out of the desert in 2006–2008.

The Nation City: Why Mayors Are Now Running the World by Rahm Emanuel

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Big Tech, bike sharing, blockchain, carbon footprint, clean water, data science, deindustrialization, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, Enrique Peñalosa, Filter Bubble, food desert, gentrification, high-speed rail, income inequality, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, Lyft, megacity, military-industrial complex, new economy, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, payday loans, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Silicon Valley, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, transcontinental railway, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban planning, War on Poverty, white flight, working poor

The University of Chicago has built some student housing there, and we’ve built some mixed-income housing across the street. The population is up. Crime is down. Public and private investments have worked in concert and boosted each other. This is how you form the solid building blocks that create a neighborhood and a community. These three neighborhoods are examples of the “new urban policy,” as opposed to the standalone housing of yesterday. Let me take a moment to talk a little more about these neighborhoods. In our cities, they are as vital as the business centers, and should be treated as such. I knew that, during my tenure, I had to figure out a way to make the neighborhoods grow and prosper along with the great growth of our business centers.

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Trust me, no developer wants to go in front of the Planning Commission with zero minority participation in their projects. Every mayor in one way or another has faced the criticism of a tale of two cities. I don’t buy that dichotomy. Cities today are a tale of two investments: For years one part received investment; one part was disinvested in. The neighborhood opportunity fund, the new urban policy, a food desert strategy, and modernized mass transit are all part of a one city one future agenda. No great city has a hollowed-out core. On the other hand, no great city has decaying neighborhoods. Turning one part of a city against another assures the whole city loses. What Washington Park, Woodlawn, and Bronzeville all have in common is that coordinated investments in housing, transportation, schools, libraries, and recreational facilities have spurred investments in new grocery stores, coffee shops, restaurants, and community art centers—a sustainable economic model that moves beyond urban policy as merely housing policy.

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Our urban waterways, and all the industry and commerce and transportation they supported, were the original drivers in the creation of our world’s great cities. We have now returned to those waterways, reimagining and reinventing them. They have formed a bridge from the industrial age to our present age and once again given our cities life and vitality. Our new urban waterfronts are the cornerstones of the revival and resurgence of the city. They help make our cities better places to live, work, and play. Mikkelsen transformed Copenhagen with the overhaul of the city’s former industrial waterfront. Hidalgo has given the Seine back to Parisians. Oslo has a 5.5-mile Harbour Promenade, which links the city to its fjord and is responsible for two brand-new neighborhoods as well as scores of new restaurants and shops.

Stacy Mitchell by Big-Box Swindle The True Cost of Mega-Retailers, the Fight for America's Independent Businesses (2006)

accelerated depreciation, big-box store, business climate, business cycle, clean water, collective bargaining, corporate personhood, drop ship, European colonialism, Haight Ashbury, income inequality, independent contractor, inventory management, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, low skilled workers, Maui Hawaii, Menlo Park, new economy, New Urbanism, price discrimination, race to the bottom, Ray Oldenburg, RFID, Ronald Reagan, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, the long tail, union organizing, urban planning, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

(Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 1999); Seth Harry, Seth Harry & Associates, interview, Mar. 29, 2005. 17. Harry interview; Congress for the New Urbanism, Council Report VI on Retail, published by The Town Paper and the Knight Program in Community Building, Feb. 2004; New Urban Post VIII: A Compilation of Online Discussions about the New Urbanism, published by the Knight Program in Community Building, Feb. 2004. 18. Harry interview; Council Report VI on Retail; New Urban Post VIII. 19. Harry interview; Richard Knitter, interview, Mar. 31, 2005; Robert Strauss, “Wal-Mart Zeros In on a South Jersey Township,” New York Times, Mar. 20, 2005. 20.

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Expect major mall owners to step up their courting of discounters and big boxes. They need fallbacks if anchors go under. That could set oƒ a turbulent round of retailer musical chairs.”37 Colossal in both their physical and psychological impact, dead malls have attracted the most attention. A 2001 study by the Congress for the New Urbanism and PricewaterhouseCoopers conservatively estimated that 140 malls are either dead or nearly so, and an additional 250 are vulnerable to collapse. This represents one in five malls. The researchers found that another 570 malls have annual sales of between $200 and $250 per square foot, enough to remain viable, at least for now, but far below the revenue of bigbox retailers like Wal-Mart and Home Depot, which generate about $400 per square foot.

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The CLIC trade show—the acronym stands for Connecting and Linking Independents with Commercial Developments—also featured workshops for merchants on such topics as business planning, lease negotiations, and marketing.41 Neil Takemoto is working to catalyze similar confluences of investors, developers, city o‰cials, and local entrepreneurs in other cities. The director of CoolTown Studios and cofounder of the National Town Builders Association, a trade group of new urbanism developers, Takemoto points with frustration to the many heavily subsidized downtown redevelopment projects, such as Louisville’s Fourth Street Live and Kansas City’s Power & Light District, that are filled with chains. He believes the returns, both to cities and developers, would be greater if these projects featured unique, local businesses, because they would increase the value of nearby housing and attract “creative economy” enterprises.

Ground Control: Fear and Happiness in the Twenty First Century City by Anna Minton

"there is no alternative" (TINA), Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Broken windows theory, call centre, crack epidemic, credit crunch, deindustrialization, East Village, energy security, Evgeny Morozov, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, ghettoisation, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, housing crisis, illegal immigration, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Kickstarter, moral panic, new economy, New Urbanism, race to the bottom, rent control, Richard Florida, Right to Buy, Silicon Valley, Steven Pinker, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Spirit Level, trickle-down economics, University of East Anglia, urban decay, urban renewal, white flight, white picket fence, World Values Survey, young professional

Report on international conference on CCTV, Sheffield University, where Professor Clive Norris presented research findings. 12. Koster, Olinka, ‘I Dropped a Morsel of My Daughter’s Sausage Roll and the Litter Police Fined Me £75’, Daily Mail, 25/4/08 13. Smith, Neil, ‘Which New Urbanism? New York City and the Revanchist 1990s’, in R. Beauregard & S. Body-Gendrot, eds, The Urban Moment: Cosmopolitan Essays on the Late-20th-Century City, Sage, 1999 14. Lambert, Bruce. ‘Ex-Outreach Workers Say They Assaulted Homeless’ 15. Smith, ‘Which New Urbanism?’ 16. Mitchell, Don & Staeheli, Lynn A., ‘Clean and Safe? Property Redevelopment, Public Space, and Homelessness in Downtown San Diego’, in Neil Smith & Setha Low, eds, The Politics of Public Space, Routledge, 17.

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Knopf, 1977, republished Penguin Books, 2002 Shearing, Clifford & Johnston, Les, Governing Security: Explorations in Policing and Justice, Routledge, 2003 Sinclair, Iain, London Orbital, Granta, 2002 Smith, Neil & Low, Setha, eds, The Politics of Public Space, Routledge, 2005 Smith, Neil, ‘Which New Urbanism? New York City and the Revanchist 1990s’, in R. Beauregard & S. Body-Gendrot, eds, The Urban Moment: Cosmopolitan Essays on the Late-20th Century City, Sage, 1999 Smith, Neil, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City, Routledge, 1996 Sorkin, Michael, ed., Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space, Hill & Wang, 1992 Steel, Carolyn, Hungry City, Chatto & Windus, 2008 Titmuss, Richard, Problems of Social Policy, HMSO, 1950 Wain, Neil, with Burney, Elizabeth, The ASBO: Wrong Turning, Dead End, Howard League for Penal Reform, 2007 Wilkinson, Richard, The Impact of Inequality: How to Make Sick Societies Healthier, Routledge, 2005 Zukin, Sharon, The Cultures of Cities, Blackwell Publishing, 1995 REPORTS Ball, Kirstie & Wood, David Murakami, eds, ‘A Report on the Surveillance Society: For the Information Commissioner’, Surveillance Studies Network, 2006 Crawford, Adam & Lister, Stuart, The Use and Impact of Dispersal Orders: Sticking Plasters and Wake-Up Calls, University of Leeds, published for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Policy Press, 2007 Department for Communities and Local Government, Housing Market Renewal, National Audit Office, 2007 Department for Transport, Manual for Streets, 2007 Design Guide for Residential Areas, Essex County Council, 1973 Duffy, Bobby, Wake, Rhonda, Burrows, Tamara & Bremner, Pamela, Closing the Gaps: Crime and Public Perceptions, Ipsos MORI, 2007 Eades, Chris, Grimshaw, Roger, Silvestri, Arianna & Solomon, Enver, ‘Knife Crime’: A Review of Evidence and Policy, Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, second edition, 2008 Hills, John, Ends and Means: The Future Roles of Social Housing in England, Economic and Social Research Council, Research Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, CASE report 34, 2007 Holland, Caroline, Clark, Andrew, Katz, Jeanne & Peace, Sheila, Social Interactions in Urban Public Places, Open University, published for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Policy Press, 2007 Hough, Mike, Millie, Andrew, Jacobson, Jessica & McDonald, Eraina, Anti-Social Behaviour Strategies: Finding a Balance, Policy Press, 2005 Labour Party, A Quiet Life: Tough Action on Criminal Neighbours, 1995 LDDC Monograph, ‘Attracting Investment, Creating Value’, Establishing a Property Market, 1998 Minton, Anna & Jones, Sarah, Generation Squalor: Shelter’s National Investigation into the Housing Crisis, Shelter, 2005 Minton, Anna, Building Balanced Communities: The US and UK Compared, Royal Insitution of Chartered Surveyors, 2002 Minton, Anna, Mind the Gap: Tackling Social Polarization through Balanced Communities, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 2004 Minton, Anna, Northern Soul, Demos & Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 2003 Minton, Anna, What Kind of World are We Building?

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., ‘The Broken Windows Myth’, New York Times, 11/9/01 39. ‘Allegations against Police Rise’, BBC News Online, 25/9/08 40. Harcourt & Ludwig, ‘Broken Windows’ 41. Collins & Cattermole, Anti-Social Behaviour 42. Duffy, et al., Closing the Gaps 43. Harcourt, Illusion of Order 44. Smith, Neil, ‘Which New Urbanism? New York City and the Revanchist 1990s’, in R. Beauregard & S. Body-Gendrot, eds, The Urban Moment: Cosmopolitan Essays on the Late-20th Century City, Sage, 1999 45. Etzioni, A., ‘Common Values’, New Statesman and Society, 12/5/95. Cited in Sarah Hale, ‘Communitarian Influence? Amitai Etzioni and the Making of New Labour’, unpublished paper, 2005 46.

One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility by Zack Furness, Zachary Mooradian Furness

active transport: walking or cycling, affirmative action, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, An Inconvenient Truth, back-to-the-land, bike sharing, Build a better mousetrap, Burning Man, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, conceptual framework, critique of consumerism, DIY culture, dumpster diving, Enrique Peñalosa, European colonialism, feminist movement, fixed-gear, food desert, Ford Model T, General Motors Futurama, ghettoisation, Golden Gate Park, independent contractor, interchangeable parts, intermodal, Internet Archive, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, means of production, messenger bag, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, peak oil, place-making, post scarcity, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, safety bicycle, Silicon Valley, sustainable-tourism, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas L Friedman, Thorstein Veblen, urban planning, vertical integration, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, work culture , working poor, Yom Kippur War

Miriam van Bree, a member of the Dutch Cyclists Union (Fietsersbond), underscores this point in an interview from 2005: “Everyone thinks the netherlands is a cycling paradise, but if we didn’t put bikes on the agenda they’d be forgotten. it’s natural to cycle, but it’s not natural to make policy.”53 The provo sought to reverse this trend in the midst of its progression by politicizing both the automobile and the entire ideological framework it felt they symbolized. Former situationist architect and amsterdam native Constant nieuwenhuys (known simply as Constant) greatly influenced the provo’s proto- situationist critique of urbanism; Henri lefebvre even referred to him as one of the primary instigators of the youth movement.54 in his essay “new Urbanism,” published in Provo (no. 9), Constant argues that the use of urban space as a conduit for automobiles destroys the possibilities for authentic, non-consumer spaces: Traffic’s wholesale invasion of social space has led, almost imperceptibly, to violation of the most fundamental human rights. The traffic code has degraded the individual who proceeds by the only natural means of locomotion to the rank of “pedestrian,” and has curtailed his freedom of movement to such an extent that it now amounts to less than that of a vehicle.

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This is an implicit acknowledgement that high-speed traffic is king of the road.55 Constant’s position is significant not only because he challenged the automobile as a usurper of social/material space but also because he revived and recontextualized the situationist critique in the struggle for sustainable transportation. The potentially practical applications of Schimmelpenninck’s bicycle plan and Constant’s “new Urbanism” paradigm were nonetheless ruthlessly attacked by the situationists, who saw the provo as an ineffectual youth uprising lacking a revolutionary program: “There is a modern revolution, and one of its bases could be the provos—but only without their leaders and ideology. if they want to change the world, they must get rid of these who are content to paint it white.”56 Despite the situationists’ scathing criticism— which they conveniently reserved for everyone except themselves—the provo effectively politicized the bicycle as a symbol of resistance against car culture, situating the White Bicycle plan within a radical critique of capitalism, public space, and environmental pollution. at a pragmatic level, the provo simultaneously pioneered the first public-use bicycle program in amsterdam, a model since replicated in European cities like Copenhagen (Denmark), Milan (italy), Helsinki (Finland), and rennes (France). in the United States, activists and bike enthusiasts similarly embraced the provo philosophy by constructing yellow bikes, pink bikes, checkered bikes, and green bikes out of salvaged materials, leaving them on the streets for anyone to use.57 While these programs have been largely unsuccessful due to bike theft and vandalism, their appearance in cities like portland, Minneapolis–St. paul (Minnesota), Boulder (Colorado), Olympia (Washington), austin (Texas), and princeton (new Jersey) inspired a new generation of cyclists and simultaneously introduced americans to the very idea of public bike-sharing programs that have the potential to become a vibrant part of the urban transportation schema in the United States.58 Ecotactiques and Anti-automobile Shows The provo demonstrated how bicycles could be symbolically and pragmatically incorporated into public protests as well as a sustained critique of car culture. in doing so, it pointed to the bicycle as a utopian mode of transportation, one ideally suited for a more egalitarian and ecologically sustainable society.

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roelof Wittink, “planning for Cycling Supports road Safety,” in Sustainable Transport: Planning for Walking and Cycling in Urban Environments, ed. rodney Tolley (Cambridge, UK: Woodhead, 2003), 175. Dara Colwell, “riding to the rescue,” Village Voice, august 29, 2005. Kristin ross and Henri lefebvre, “lefebvre on the Situationists: an interview,” October 79 (1997): 71. Constant nieuwenhuys, “nieuw Urbanisme,” translated as “new Urbanism,” in BAMN, 2–6 (originally published in Provokatie, no. 9 [1966]). Situationist international with students at the University of Strasbourg, “On the poverty of Student life,” in Situationist International Anthology, ed. Ken Knabb (Berkeley, Ca: Bureau of public Secrets, 1981), 328 (originally published in paris in 1966).

The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History by Greg Woolf

agricultural Revolution, Anthropocene, capital controls, classic study, Columbian Exchange, demographic transition, Dunbar number, Easter island, endogenous growth, Eratosthenes, European colonialism, global village, invention of agriculture, invention of writing, joint-stock company, mass immigration, megacity, New Urbanism, out of africa, Scramble for Africa, social intelligence, social web, the strength of weak ties, trade route, urban planning, urban sprawl, zoonotic diseases

These temples were not just eye-catching; they were also at the centre of the economy.7 One alabaster vase, a metre in height, is decorated with a series of reliefs that seem to show animals and grain and perhaps beer being brought in tribute to the god. Rare traces of statuary survive too, showing that the Sumerians had begun to create monumental art. We know a little of what this new urban world looked like from the images carved into cylinder seals (see Figure 5). Carved in hard stones like carnelian, they are beautiful objects and survive in their hundreds. The seals were cylindrical so that they could be rolled across a clay surface to authenticate or authorize a document. The number of seals show the importance that writing—another new invention of the Uruk period—had in organizing society.

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First, many early urban traditions collapsed after just a few hundred years: How could this happen if urbanism was so obviously an advance? Second, many of the neighbours of the world’s first urban civilizations resisted their allure very successfully: urbanism was obviously not that contagious. Third, even when new urban cultures did emerge on the fringe of older ones (like Nubia beside Egypt, or the Maya close by Mexico), they often seem very unfaithful copies. I suggest that it does not make much sense to draw a sharp distinction between primary and secondary urban civilizations. We have been inventing urbanism over and over again for thousands of years, and almost every invention is in some sense a new original, and most are also unfaithful copies.

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., Angkor in Cambodia between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. The expansion of Europe over the last five centuries spread some urban models—all those plazas and cathedrals in the Americas, all those Victorian town halls in India, South Africa, and Australia—but local forms were never extinguished. New urban experiments and new variations on urban themes continue today. What does this complicated history of urbanism tell us about ourselves? That as a species we have an aptitude or even an inclination to build big urban nests? That in the special conditions of the current interglacial, the Holocene, when almost all of us live in societies sustained by farming, that aptitude has been expressed many times?

Streetfight: Handbook for an Urban Revolution by Janette Sadik-Khan

autonomous vehicles, bike sharing, Boris Johnson, business cycle, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, clean water, congestion charging, congestion pricing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, crowdsourcing, digital map, Donald Shoup, edge city, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, Enrique Peñalosa, fixed-gear, gentrification, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, Induced demand, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, Loma Prieta earthquake, Lyft, megaproject, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, place-making, self-driving car, sharing economy, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, transportation-network company, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, white flight, Works Progress Administration, Zipcar

Enabled by successions of mayors and governors and fueled by billions of federal dollars in Works Progress Administration and Interstate Highway funds, Moses amassed as many as twelve directorships and leadership positions over vital public works agencies, from the New York City Parkway Authority to the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority to the state parks. The federal government created massive public works programs to build new urban roads and housing to replace the “slum” infrastructure of the nineteenth century. Moses was first in line to provide these “urban renewal” projects. The almost incomprehensible list of projects that he moved from planning to implementation from 1918 to his departure from government in 1968 included seventeen parkways and fourteen expressways that ringed and connected the city, and aesthetic and engineering marvels like the Verrazano-Narrows, Bronx-Whitestone, and Triborough bridges.

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Jacobs understood that the neighborhoods and the streets of a city contain the seeds for renewal, and it is local residents who will ultimately lead the way. But after decades of lifelessness and danger, it’s obvious that cities will not succeed in transforming themselves through market forces, consensus, or by waiting for infrastructure to crumble before taking action. Retrofitting our cities for the new urban age and achieving Jane Jacobs’s vision today will require Moses-like vision and action for building the next generation of city roads, ones that will accommodate pedestrians, bikes, and buses safely and not just single-occupancy vehicles with their diminishing returns for our streets. Cities must adopt a more inclusive and humane approach to reshaping the urban realm and rebuilding it quickly to human scale, driven by a robust community process, but committed to delivering projects and not paralyzing them.

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New York City’s forty miles of protected paths installed by 2014 led to dramatic decreases in traffic injuries by all street users, not just bike riders. In the absence of guidance, some cities have found new inspiration in Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach, produced in 2010 by the Congress for the New Urbanism and the Institute of Transportation Engineers. The guide was a huge step forward simply by including real-world examples of street design principles that cities have implemented and by representing people in the guide’s designs and their perspective of the street. And as more cities have experimented with innovative and bold street treatments, the heads of their transportation agencies have for the first time created their own playbook, incorporating designs that are now being perfected in cities across the continent.

Data and the City by Rob Kitchin,Tracey P. Lauriault,Gavin McArdle

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, algorithmic management, bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, Bretton Woods, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, Claude Shannon: information theory, clean water, cloud computing, complexity theory, conceptual framework, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, create, read, update, delete, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, dematerialisation, digital divide, digital map, digital rights, distributed ledger, Evgeny Morozov, fault tolerance, fiat currency, Filter Bubble, floating exchange rates, folksonomy, functional programming, global value chain, Google Earth, Hacker News, hive mind, information security, Internet of things, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, lifelogging, linked data, loose coupling, machine readable, new economy, New Urbanism, Nicholas Carr, nowcasting, open economy, openstreetmap, OSI model, packet switching, pattern recognition, performance metric, place-making, power law, quantum entanglement, RAND corporation, RFID, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, semantic web, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, smart contracts, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, software studies, statistical model, tacit knowledge, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, technological solutionism, text mining, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, the market place, the medium is the message, the scientific method, Toyota Production System, urban planning, urban sprawl, web application

Townsend, A. (2008) ‘Foreword’, in M. Foth (ed.), Handbook of Research on Urban Informatics: The Practice and Promise of the Real-Time City. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, pp. xxiii–xxvii. Townsend, A. (2015a) ‘Cities of data: Examining the new urban science’, Public Culture 27(2): 201–212. Townsend, A. (2015b) Making Sense of the New Urban Science. Rudin Center and Data & Society Research Institute, New York, available from: www.citiesofdata.org/wp-content/ uploads/2015/04/Making-Sense-of-the-New-Science-of-Cities-FINAL-2015.7.7.pdf [accessed 24 November 2016]. Waal, M. de (2014) The City as Interface.

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Kogler 46 Leadership and Place Edited by Chris Collinge, John Gibney and Chris Mabey 45 Migration in the 21st Century Rights, outcomes, and policy Kim Korinek and Thomas Maloney 44 The Futures of the City Region Edited by Michael Neuman and Angela Hull 43 The Impacts of Automotive Plant Closures A tale of two cities Edited by Andrew Beer and Holli Evans 42 Manufacturing in the New Urban Economy Willem van Winden, Leo van den Berg, Luis de Carvalho and Erwin van Tuijl 41 Globalizing Regional Development in East Asia Production networks, clusters, and entrepreneurship Edited by Henry Wai-chung Yeung 40 China and Europe The implications of the rise of China as a global economic power for Europe Edited by Klaus Kunzmann, Willy A Schmid and Martina Koll-Schretzenmayr 39 Business Networks in Clusters and Industrial Districts The governance of the global value chain Edited by Fiorenza Belussi and Alessia Sammarra 38 Whither Regional Studies?

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Kitchin Urban big data, city operating systems, urban informatics and urban science analytics provide the basis for a new logic of urban control and governance – data-driven urbanism – that enables real-time monitoring and steering of urban systems and the creation of what has widely been termed smart cities. The notion of a smart city can be traced back to experiments with urban cybernetics in the 1970s (Flood 2011; Townsend 2013), the development of new forms of city managerialism and urban entrepreneurship, including smart growth and new urbanism, in the 1980s and 1990s (Hollands 2008; Wolfram 2012; Söderström et al. 2014; Vanolo 2014), and the fusing of ICT and urban infrastructure and development of initial forms of networked urbanism from the late 1980s onwards (Graham and Marvin 2001; Kitchin and Dodge 2011). As presently understood, a smart city is one that strategically uses networked infrastructure and associated big data and data analytics to produce a: •• •• •• •• •• •• smart economy by fostering entrepreneurship, innovation, productivity, competitiveness, and producing new forms of economic development such as the app economy, sharing economy and open data economy; smart government by enabling new forms of e-government, new modes of operational governance, improved models and simulations to guide future development, evidence-informed decision-making, better service delivery, and making government more transparent, participatory and accountable; smart mobility by creating intelligent transport systems, efficient interoperable multi-modal public transport, smart parking and sharing services related to taxis and bikes; smart environments by promoting sustainability and resilience and the development of green energy; smart living by improving quality of life, increasing safety and security and reducing risk; smart people by creating a more informed citizenry and fostering creativity, inclusivity, empowerment and participation (Giffinger et al. 2007; Cohen 2012).

Vanishing New York by Jeremiah Moss

activist lawyer, back-to-the-city movement, Bernie Sanders, big-box store, Black Lives Matter, Bonfire of the Vanities, bread and circuses, Broken windows theory, complexity theory, creative destruction, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, East Village, food desert, gentrification, global pandemic, housing crisis, illegal immigration, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, junk bonds, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, Mason jar, McMansion, means of production, megaproject, military-industrial complex, mirror neurons, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, place-making, plutocrats, Potemkin village, RAND corporation, rent control, rent stabilization, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Skype, starchitect, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, The Spirit Level, trickle-down economics, urban decay, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, white flight, young professional

“Gentrification Generalized: From Local Anomaly to Urban ‘Regeneration’ as Global Urban Strategy.” In Melissa S. Fisher et al., Frontiers of Capital: Ethnographic Reflections on the New Economy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. ———. “New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy.” Antipode 34, no. 3 (2002). ———. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. Soffer, Jonathan. Ed Koch and the Rebuilding of New York. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. Solnit, Rebecca. Hollow City: The Siege of San Francisco and the Crisis of American Urbanism.

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When the New York Times Magazine published their 1979 story “The New Elite and an Urban Renaissance,” they celebrated gentrification’s arrival in Manhattan with splashy photographs of boutiques and bistros, tins of paté at Zabar’s, and expensive sports cars on (gasp!) the gritty Upper West Side’s Columbus Avenue. Who were the new urban settlers enjoying all these luxuries? With an average age of thirty-five and annual incomes over $20,000, “[t]he young gentry,” said the Times, had fled the suburbs to “gladly endure the urban indignities their parents ran away from. This new breed of professionals is willing to put up with smaller apartments, dirty streets, and crime in order to live in chic neighborhoods.”

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Alan Ehrenhalt calls this demographic shift the “great inversion,” as the affluent flood into urban centers and the poor are pushed to the suburbs. As a result, he writes, “we need to adjust our perceptions of cities, suburbs, and urban mobility.” I’m not ready to make that adjustment. I’m not ready to give up on the city. Even Andrés Duany, the father of New Urbanism, sees a problem here. He complained to The Atlantic in 2010 that suburban young people are “destroying the city,” coming in like locusts with a “destructive monoculture.” These people “love cities desperately,” he said. “And they’re loving them to death.” I’ll ask again: What, exactly, is being loved?

The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros Are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy by Bruce Katz, Jennifer Bradley

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, benefit corporation, British Empire, business climate, carbon footprint, clean tech, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, company town, congestion pricing, data science, deindustrialization, demographic transition, desegregation, Donald Shoup, double entry bookkeeping, edge city, Edward Glaeser, financial engineering, global supply chain, immigration reform, income inequality, industrial cluster, intermodal, Jane Jacobs, jitney, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, lone genius, longitudinal study, Mark Zuckerberg, Masdar, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, place-making, postindustrial economy, purchasing power parity, Quicken Loans, race to the bottom, Richard Florida, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, tech worker, TechCrunch disrupt, TED Talk, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the market place, The Spirit Level, Tony Hsieh, too big to fail, trade route, transit-oriented development, urban planning, white flight, Yochai Benkler

As has happened many times throughout American history, many of the greatest innovations have come at times of great challenge, and this moment, on the heels of a string of economic troubles, is no exception. The financial crisis and the Great Recession proved that we could no longer apply old solutions to new urban problems, nor could cities exclusively rely on the action of the federal government. Rather, local governments and civil society as well as business leaders and urban planners have come together to chart their own course to spark job creation and catalyze long-term economic growth. 00-2151-2 fm.indd 8 5/21/13 10:10 AM FOREWORD ix In The Metropolitan Revolution, Bruce Katz and Jennifer Bradley describe, in good detail, many examples of how this economic, social, and political transformation is playing out across the United States.

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By 2025, McKinsey & Company estimates, 1 billion more people will have entered the global “consuming class,” meaning that they will have enough income to be consumers of global goods. The bulk of these consumers will live in cities outside of the United States and Europe. McKinsey estimates that of these 1 billion new urban consumers, 600 million will live in 440 cities in emerging markets, markets that will be responsible for half of global GDP growth between 2010 and 2025.45 That growth will contribute to an already large market for goods that exists outside the United States; according to the U.S. International Trade Administration, 70 percent of the world’s purchasing power is located outside the United States.46 Places that innovate will be able to take advantage of rising global demand for new kinds of products and services.

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They have the potential, with smart land use and catalytic policies, to be multidimensional in purpose, expanding transportation choices and mobility, to be sure, but also galvanizing new destinations along their routes, including new residential areas, retail clusters, and economic districts. Across the United States, fledgling innovation districts are beginning to take hold in this new urban geography of innovation. In Houston, a new light-rail system connects the strong central business district (with its phalanx of energy company headquarters) with the Museum District, the Houston Medical Campus, and the University of Houston. In Cleveland, the new Euclid Corridor Bus Rapid Transit system connects the traditional downtown with University Circle (with Case Western, Cleveland Clinic, and key cultural institutions).

Cities: The First 6,000 Years by Monica L. Smith

Anthropocene, bread and circuses, classic study, clean water, diversified portfolio, failed state, financial innovation, gentrification, hiring and firing, invention of writing, Jane Jacobs, New Urbanism, payday loans, place-making, Ponzi scheme, SimCity, South China Sea, telemarketer, the built environment, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, the strength of weak ties, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, wikimedia commons

How many times have you been in a new city, and on the first day someone asks you for directions? Within a short time, you have already become more expert than someone else in a way that you could never be in a small town or a dispersed village where people can be hard to find and perhaps a bit reluctant to give information to a stranger. In being able to carry on in your new urban surroundings, you’re just the same as the leader of a long-ago merchant caravan entering Byzantine Constantinople or the shepherd bringing a flock into market in ancient Babylon. Like them, when you enter the city, you first seek out something familiar: the marketplace, a crossroads, an eatery. While you are there, you are able to look around you, to get a sense of your surroundings, to see what others are doing and how they are dressed, to ascertain where they are coming from and where you are going next.

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And once they made their sense of place permanent, the people who lived at Brak in some respects locked themselves into new social and economic patterns, becoming much busier than they had ever been in the countryside. Their activities included not only new forms of entrepreneurship and new strategies of living close to strangers in neighborhoods but also staggering new projects of religious architecture right in the city. Among the most startling of the new urban religious edifices was the Eye Temple, which Mallowan started excavating in 1937. It’s named the Eye Temple because of all the . . . eyes. Digging deep in the temple’s long-buried rubble, Mallowan uncovered thousands of little carved figurines staring up at him from the dirt, with oversized, eerie eyes on an otherwise abstract geometric body.

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The idea of having to take responsibility for the built environment, rather than just carrying on in the same idiosyncratic way as villagers, or trusting that a place of habitation would just clean itself once the crowds were gone, was probably an unexpected surprise for those initial urban dwellers. After all, they were already busy doing more work in cities than they ever had in the countryside as they engaged in new entrepreneurial activities of manufacturing, navigated new urban spaces of intensive architecture, and made contacts in dispersed spaces of work, residence, and leisure. From Rome and Xi’an to Tikal and Cuzco, ancient people actively shaped their growing urban environments through the building of structures and the creation of public spaces like plazas and ports.

Big Capital: Who Is London For? by Anna Minton

"there is no alternative" (TINA), Airbnb, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, collateralized debt obligation, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Frank Gehry, gentrification, high net worth, high-speed rail, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Kickstarter, land bank, land value tax, market design, new economy, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, payday loans, post-truth, quantitative easing, rent control, rent gap, Right to Buy, Russell Brand, sovereign wealth fund, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, urban renewal, working poor

It is based on widespread democratic participation and the reinvigoration of a culture of local politics that includes rather than excludes local people and communities.fn1 In the US, Right to the City is also the name of an influential campaign movement which emerged in 2007 as a response to gentrification, aiming to halt the displacement from communities of people on lower incomes. Now a global movement, the concept was included for the first time in the UN’s New Urban Agenda, agreed in Quito, Ecuador, in 2016, which enshrined the ‘right to the city’ vision in the legislation, political declarations and charters of national and local governments. As such it represented a very significant victory for civil society groups battling against gentrification, repossessions, the privatization of public space and the criminalization of homelessness.fn2 Today, the right to the city is an intellectual idea, campaign slogan, political ideal and legislative mechanism which can help to answer the question posed by this book: who is the city for?

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While this is welcome, given the scale of the crisis it feels more like rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic than providing real alternatives, a reality perhaps reflected by the comments from the mayor’s housing adviser, James Murray, that ‘this is a marathon, not a sprint’.5 Only a paradigm shift in British housing policy will be able to address the housing crisis and the failure to provide homes Londoners can afford, which is such an important part of Right to the City’s agenda. The planning system is not equipped to deal with the severity of the situation, with Section 106 failing to build anything like the number of affordable homes needed since it was introduced more than twenty-five years ago. The inclusion of the right to the city as part of the UN’s New Urban Agenda is important to the UK as the housing crisis is now so serious that new legislative solutions and levers are needed. We must re-examine the operation of property and land markets and their interaction with taxation and the planning system and the marketization of the benefits system. Devolution of powers at local authority and city and regional level should also have a far greater role to play than they do at present.

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Perraudin, Frances, ‘Government criticised for holding housing bill debate lasting until 2 am’, Guardian, 6 January 2016 36. Topple, Steve, ‘The Housing and Planning Bill reveals how little Tory MPs think of the public’, Independent, 13 January 2016 3. DEMOLITIONS 1. Lees, Loretta, ‘The urban injustices of New Labour’s “new urban renewal”: the case of the Aylesbury Estate in London’, Antipode, 2013 2. ‘Faulty Towers: Understanding the Impact of Overseas Corruption on the London Property Market’, Transparency International UK, March 2017 3. ‘Knock It Down or Do It Up? The Challenge of Estate Regeneration’, London Assembly Housing Committee, February 2015.

Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life by David Sim

A Pattern Language, active transport: walking or cycling, anti-fragile, autonomous vehicles, car-free, carbon footprint, Jane Jacobs, megaproject, megastructure, New Urbanism, place-making, smart cities, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the market place, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban renewal, walkable city

Recognizing that mixed-use development was key in attracting people to move into higher-density areas, the developer invested strategically in ground-floor spaces for non-residential uses. Buildings with active frontages were deliberately placed along a busy route with heavy motorized traffic. The developer coached new businesses in the development, cultivating professionalism and helping with interior decoration and marketing. The new urban blocks of Nya Hovås display classic layering, with business premises on the ground floor, facing the busy main street, and apartments on the floors above. Special apartments on the top floor make for a distinctive and varied roofscape, which adds character to the new neighborhood and makes a local landmark for passing traffic.

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Although some of the inspiration may have come from Barcelona, throughout the inner suburbs of Melbourne a new architecture is appearing, an urban vernacular, totally unique and belonging to its place. This kind of development model is relevant for many other parts of the world, demonstrating that high density is possible without high rise, and that increased density can offer better quality of life for more people. Melbourne’s new urban vernacular architecture The “Linear Barcelona” Model Existing situation with low-density streets served by quality public transport. In the short to medium terms, streets can be upgraded with trees, bike lanes, and furniture, and the first new buildings can be constructed alongside the old.

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These two spaces complement each other, and their inherent differences create options for residents who can choose where they want to spend time and when. 02.-04. A significant behavior is residents leaving their doors open and their personal effects spilling out onto the street, demonstrating a culture of spending more time outdoors, as well as a level of trust we would associate with an old, rural village and not a relatively new, urban development. A Green Neighborhood At Bo01, the plan included a so-called green-space factor, which address the benefits of elements supporting biodiversity. In the same way as every plot had a different building architect, each also had a different landscape architect, ensuring a variety of solutions.

Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work by Nick Srnicek, Alex Williams

3D printing, additive manufacturing, air freight, algorithmic trading, anti-work, antiwork, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, basic income, battle of ideas, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, capitalist realism, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, centre right, collective bargaining, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, David Graeber, decarbonisation, deep learning, deindustrialization, deskilling, Doha Development Round, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Ferguson, Missouri, financial independence, food miles, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, future of work, gender pay gap, general purpose technology, housing crisis, housing justice, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, intermodal, Internet Archive, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, late capitalism, liberation theology, Live Aid, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, market design, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, mass incarceration, means of production, megaproject, minimum wage unemployment, Modern Monetary Theory, Mont Pelerin Society, Murray Bookchin, neoliberal agenda, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, Overton Window, patent troll, pattern recognition, Paul Samuelson, Philip Mirowski, post scarcity, post-Fordism, post-work, postnationalism / post nation state, precariat, precautionary principle, price stability, profit motive, public intellectual, quantitative easing, reshoring, Richard Florida, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, Slavoj Žižek, social web, stakhanovite, Steve Jobs, surplus humans, synthetic biology, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, the long tail, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, wages for housework, warehouse automation, We are all Keynesians now, We are the 99%, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population

Spurred on, first by colonialism and then by structural adjustment policies, the peasantry in many developing countries has been forced off their lands via global competition, rapid industrialisation and rampaging climate change. Like the earlier European experience of industrialisation, dispossessed rural workers have migrated to urban areas to find jobs. And in Europe, too, this process sometimes led to slum-dwelling and destitution for the new urban proletariat.98 But this is where the similarities end, as in Europe the transition involved creating sufficient numbers of jobs, the emergence of a strong industrial working class, and the eventual provision of housing for migrants.99 Under conditions of postcolonial development, this narrative has been broken.

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And in Europe, too, this process sometimes led to slum-dwelling and destitution for the new urban proletariat.98 But this is where the similarities end, as in Europe the transition involved creating sufficient numbers of jobs, the emergence of a strong industrial working class, and the eventual provision of housing for migrants.99 Under conditions of postcolonial development, this narrative has been broken. Rather than a scarcity of labour, recent industrialisation has occurred in the context of a large and global labour force.100 The result has been little development of anything resembling a traditional working class, continually weak job prospects and a lack of adequate housing.101 New urban migrants have been left in a permanent state of transition between peasantry and proletarianisation, and sometimes in seasonal circulation between rural existence and urban poverty.102 Slums and other improvised housing therefore represent a dual expulsion from the land and from the formal economy.103 This surplus humanity, having been deprived of its traditional means of subsistence yet left without employment, has been forced to create its own non-capitalist subsistence economies.

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ILO, World Employment and Social Outlook: The Changing Nature of Jobs (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2015), p. 18. 33.For example, black males in the United States were particularly affected by the automation and outsourcing of manufacturing. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), pp. 29–31. 34.Michael McIntyre, ‘Race, Surplus Population, and the Marxist Theory of Imperialism’, Antipode 43:5 (2011), p. 1500–2. 35.These draw broadly upon the divisions Marx drew between the floating/reserve army, latent and stagnant, but are here offered as an updating of his historical example. 36.Gary Fields, Working Hard, Working Poor: A Global Journey (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 46. 37.This is what Kalyan Sanyal describes as ‘need economies’.

World Cities and Nation States by Greg Clark, Tim Moonen

active transport: walking or cycling, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, business climate, clean tech, congestion charging, corporate governance, Crossrail, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, driverless car, financial independence, financial intermediation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, gentrification, global supply chain, global value chain, high net worth, high-speed rail, housing crisis, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, low skilled workers, managed futures, megacity, megaproject, new economy, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, open economy, Pearl River Delta, rent control, Richard Florida, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, smart cities, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, stem cell, supply-chain management, tacit knowledge, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transaction costs, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, War on Poverty, zero-sum game

In many parts of the world, governance at the city level is showing it can innovate much more quickly than national governments, and these innovations are being shared and adapted by agile networks of global cities. But the message of this book is that global cities and nation states share a mutual interest in inventing solutions to the problems of our new urban century, and giving cities the tools to implement them at scale. Nation states therefore still have a pivotal role to play. There are a number of areas – national defense, international trade and the social safety net – where national governments must continue to set the rules and provide a stable environment.

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The success of central government’s interventions in India’s urban areas will have global repercussions. India’s urban population growth will account for a fifth of the global total up to 2030. How its cities handle this growth will affect international human development indicators and shape perceptions of urbanisa­ tion’s benefits and potential. It is therefore crucial that India’s new urban agenda is coherently articulated by a wider national policy that features mechanisms for implementation by the states (Nair, 2015; Bonislawski, 2016). Ongoing challenges where Mumbai needs help from national government Mumbai’s most urgent or difficult challenges are not immediately solvable at the national level alone.

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If this approach is pursued, the State will need to act judiciously to avoid mistakes that famously Moscow 169 took place in the 1995 loan‐for‐shares scandal (Buckley, 2016; Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, 2016a, 2016b). The national system of cities: Moscow and Russia Russia reached a high threshold of urbanisation at the end of the Soviet era, at 73%, and this figure has stayed roughly the same for the following 25 years. Although new urban settlements have been established, a low birth rate has also prevented the share of urban residents from rising much further. The most visible development in the system of cities in the post‐Communist era is the way Moscow has come to play an even more dominant role in the Russian system, at a cost of considerable financial distortions and disparities in less‐developed regions.

The Origins of the Urban Crisis by Sugrue, Thomas J.

affirmative action, business climate, classic study, collective bargaining, correlation coefficient, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, deindustrialization, desegregation, Detroit bankruptcy, Ford paid five dollars a day, gentrification, George Gilder, ghettoisation, Gunnar Myrdal, hiring and firing, housing crisis, income inequality, indoor plumbing, informal economy, invisible hand, job automation, jobless men, Joseph Schumpeter, labor-force participation, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, mass incarceration, military-industrial complex, New Urbanism, oil shock, pink-collar, postindustrial economy, Quicken Loans, rent control, restrictive zoning, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, side project, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, technological determinism, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, War on Poverty, white flight, working-age population, Works Progress Administration

Cleveland (viciously dubbed “the Mistake by the Lake” by urban detractors) put its hopes on waterfront attractions like nightclubs and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Even bleak Camden, New Jersey, has lured tourists to its postindustrial waterfront by building a state-of-the-art aquarium and children’s park. Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, and Washington, D.C.—among others—provided lavish subsidies for new urban stadiums and sports arenas. Even if, in nearly every case, their costs outweighed their benefits, stadium builders and many fans celebrated the intimacy, postmodern style, and symbolism of their new coliseums.15 Skeptics of showy downtown redevelopment schemes have promoted community-based economic development as an alternative.

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For a comparison of levels of segregation in Detroit and other major American cities in 1940, 1950, and 1960, see Karl E. Taeuber and Alma F. Taeuber, Negroes in Cities: Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Change (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1965), 39–41. On economic restructuring and job loss, see John D. Kasarda, “Urban Change and Minority Opportunities,” in The New Urban Reality, ed. Paul E. Peterson (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1985), 43–47, esp. Tables 1 and 2. According to Kasarda, the most marked difference between Detroit’s labor market and that of other major cities was the decline in employment in Detroit’s service sector, mainly after 1967 (45).

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William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); Kasarda, “Urban Change and Minority Opportunities,” and “Urban Industrial Transition and the Underclass,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 501 (1989): 26–47, and other articles by Kasarda. For authors who emphasize race, see Massey and Denton, American Apartheid; Gary Orfield, “Ghettoization and Its Alternatives,” in Peterson, The New Urban Reality, 161–96, and “Separate Societies: Have the Kerner Warnings Come True?” in Quiet Riots: Race and Poverty in the United States, ed. Fred R. Harris and Roger Wilkins (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); Susan Fainstein and Norman Fainstein, “The Underclass/Mismatch Hypothesis as an Explanation for Black Economic Deprivation,” Politics and Society 15 (1986–87): 403–51. 6.

Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers by Stephen Graham

1960s counterculture, Anthropocene, Bandra-Worli Sea Link, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, Buckminster Fuller, Buy land – they’re not making it any more, Chelsea Manning, commodity super cycle, creative destruction, Crossrail, deindustrialization, digital capitalism, digital divide, digital map, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, Edward Glaeser, Edward Snowden, Elisha Otis, energy security, Frank Gehry, gentrification, ghettoisation, Google Earth, Gunnar Myrdal, high net worth, housing crisis, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, late capitalism, Leo Hollis, Lewis Mumford, low earth orbit, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, megaproject, megastructure, military-industrial complex, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, nuclear winter, oil shale / tar sands, planetary scale, plutocrats, post-industrial society, Project Plowshare, rent control, Richard Florida, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, security theater, Skype, South China Sea, space junk, Strategic Defense Initiative, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, trickle-down economics, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, white flight, WikiLeaks, William Langewiesche

Their hyperfunctional connectivity over a plane vertically separated above or below the traditional street, she argues, works to ‘create an extreme form of stratification in a context better suited for mixture, the integration of people from all different races and classes.’21 Poor urban minorities, Terranova writes, have often been relegated to residualised and exteriorised street levels ‘where retail has tended to languish and reserving the walkway system for white-collar workers.’ Conversely, the world within the interior complexes is, at best, private/public space organised overwhelmingly around the imperatives of consumption. The move from outside to inside is a passage between worlds. ‘Step from the wind and cold on the street outside into the new urban realm’, invites architecture critic Trevor Boddy. ‘As the glass doors firmly close, the mental realm changes. We are inside, contained, separate, part of the system, a consumer, a pursuer, a cruiser.’22 There is certainly strong evidence that interior cities in North America often ‘accommod[ate] those activities (and people) that can be commercially exploited, expelling the rest.’23 In many cities, the raised up (or subterranean) system has become the dominant means for pedestrians to move around the downtown area.

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The cycle here is as old as urbanisation itself, although the scale of the processes involved has multiplied massively in the last two centuries. Fire, disaster, war, replanning, obsolescence, ruination or simply the desire for improvement leads to the demolition or destruction of buildings or infrastructure, or simply to their absorption into a higher level of ground, aided by gravity. New urban soils are gradually created from ‘trash, construction debris, coal ash, dredged sediments, petrochemical contamination, green lawns, decomposing bodies, and rock ballast.’6 Such accretions, in turn, are flattened to create a new, raised, surface level, which then becomes the building surface and the new ‘ground’ level.

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By this date, a body of material weighing 200 times as much as the Empire State Building – that’s 9 kg for very person on Earth – will be dumped on the fringes of coastal cities, largely in China, Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa, to be dismantled and processed by hand, by armies of poor labourers, often in appalling conditions. Once the valuable metals and parts are removed the rest will sediment itself into new urban ground.19 The ‘Archaeosphere’ The science of geology has evolved to study the stratigraphic accumulation of rocks and materials through ‘natural’ processes. Archaeology, by contrast, developed to understand the evolution of human societies through their preserved material legacies in the ground.

Strong Towns: A Bottom-Up Revolution to Rebuild American Prosperity by Charles L. Marohn, Jr.

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, A Pattern Language, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, anti-fragile, bank run, big-box store, Black Swan, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, cognitive dissonance, complexity theory, corporate governance, Detroit bankruptcy, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, Ferguson, Missouri, gentrification, global reserve currency, high-speed rail, housing crisis, index fund, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, low interest rates, low skilled workers, mass immigration, megaproject, Modern Monetary Theory, mortgage debt, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, pensions crisis, Ponzi scheme, quantitative easing, reserve currency, restrictive zoning, Savings and loan crisis, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, trickle-down economics, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, urban renewal, walkable city, white flight, women in the workforce, yield curve, zero-sum game

To harmonize competing interests in a successful human habitat, our response to these stresses needs to emerge from within, not be imposed from the outside. Notes 1 https://www.peakprosperity.com/ 2 James Howard Kunstler, The Long Emergency (New York: Grove/Atlantic, 2005). 3 Steve Mouzon, The Original Green: Unlocking the Mystery of True Sustainability (New Urban Guild Foundation, 2010). 4 https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2014/8/25/stroad-nation.html. 5 Alan Ehrenhalt, The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City (New York: Vintage Books, 2012). 6 https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-changing-geography-of-us- poverty/. 7 Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan (New York: Random House, 2007). 8 Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Antifragile (New York: Random House, 2012). 9 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/opinion/05friedman.html. 7 Productive Places A few blocks from my home there is a restaurant with several historic photos hanging on the wall.

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Over time, particularly as my work with Strong Towns progressed and I found myself interacting with lots of people outside of my moral matrix, I eventually stopped clinging to culturally defined political labels and allowed my own beliefs to wander. In 2015, I was invited to speak on a panel titled “Bipartisan Placemaking: Reaching Conservatives” at the Congress for the New Urbanism in Dallas. I thought about my remarks and came up with this formulation that fits most closely with my view of the world: At the national level, I tend to be libertarian. Let’s do a few things and do them very competently. At the state level, I tend to be a Minnesota version of conservative Republican.

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., 121–122 Chicken problem, 195 Cities, 37–62 abandonment of, 109–110 accounting for infrastructure by, 70–71 budgeting and growth in, 50–57 contracting of, 154 Detroit, Michigan, 60–62 development of Pompeii, Italy, 5–10 economic stability of modern, 104–106 engineer's view of, 11 experimental development pattern in, 126–127 filling gaps in, 160–163 and illusion of wealth, 57–60 incremental growth in founding of, 15–20 as infinite game, 38–41 and infrastructure, 44–50 maintenance required for infrastructure in, 115 modern development of, 12 revenues and expenses, 41–44 traditional vs. modern development of, 1–3 Cities and the Wealth of a Nation (Jacobs), 101–102 City Council of Santa Ana, ix, x City engineer, 177t City halls, 43–44 City planner, 177t Class: and neighborhoods, 21–22 and re-urbanization, 116 Clinton, Bill, 209 Clinton, Hillary, 63 Cognitive Architecture (Sussman and Hollander), 8 Cognitive discounting, 65 Collaboration, between government officials and citizens, 195–197 Commers, Jon, 45 Common infrastructure, 130 Community living, 199–218 differing opinions in, 206–212 and extended family, 200–201 as infinite game, 39–40 meaning in, 212–218 in neighborhoods, 202–203 in Pompeii, Italy, 6–7 walking in, 203–206 Complex, adaptive systems: human habitats as, 3–4 and incremental growth, 168 incremental growth of, 15–16, 18–19 rational decision making with, 120–123 Complex buildings, 20–23 Complicated buildings, 20–23 Complicated systems, 11–14 Confirmation bias, 69, 74, 183–186 Conflicts, dealing with, 206–212 Congress for the New Urbanism, 210 Congressional Budget Office (CBO), 78–80 Constraints: and economic stability, 93–96 and gold standard, 90 growth as, 100 prudent, for investments, 164–168 removal of, in modern world, 59–60, 96 Construction costs, 136–137 Consumption, 215–216 Costa Rica, 126–127 The Crash Course (Martenson), 108 Critical systems, 182–183 Cross-generational civic collaboration, 187 D Dallas, Texas, 159 Darwin, Charles, 8 The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Jacobs), 8 Debt: and cash flow, 98 for federal government, 186 for government, 96–100 for local government, 113–114 for place-oriented government, 186–192 for projects with quality-of-life benefits, 187 for state government, 113–114 Debt to income ratio, 97 Decision making: rational, see Rational decision making subsidiarity in, 195–198 Default, on municipal debt, 191 Deneen, Patrick, 211 Density, as urban planning metric, 128–129 Depression economics, 86–89 Detroit, Michigan, 60–62 land values in, 24 renewal of urban, 117–119 Development projects: cash flow over life cycle of, 52–57, 53f, 55f, 56f decisions about failing, 115–120 Diamond, Jared, 58, 59, 84 Dig Deep, 211 Donjek, 45 Downtown, productivity of, 134–140, 139t, 143–144 Duany, Andres, 195 Duggan, Mike, 119 Duncanville, Texas, 160 E Economic development department, 178t Economics: and benefits of infrastructure spending, 72–73 in depressions, 86–89 Economic stability, 83–106 and auto-oriented development, 29–30 and constraints, 93–96 creating, 85–86 and depression economics, 86–89 and focus on growth, 100–102 following World War II, 89–91 and government debt, 96–100 growth vs. wealth, 102–104 of modern cities, 104–106 and post-war boom, 91–93 risk management strategies for, 83–85 Edges, 7–8 Edges of city: center vs., 28 city infrastructure necessary for, 115 productivity of, 134–138, 143–144 Efficiency, designing for, 174–176 Ehrenhalt, Alan, 116 Empire State Building (New York, New York), 129 Employment, in productive places, 133 England, 83 Expenses, and revenues, 41–44 Extended family, 200–201 F Failure, slow, 110–115 Failure to Act (ASCE report), 65–67 Family, extended, 200–201 Fannie Mae, 92 Farmers, risk management strategies of, 83–84 Federal Funds Rate, 97 Federal government: debt for, 186 impact of infrastructure on, 79 Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 89, 92 Federal Reserve, 99 Feedback, in local governments, 173–174 Ferguson, Missouri, 93, 114 FHA (Federal Housing Administration), 89 Financial status, local government's understanding of, 190–191 Finished states, neighborhoods built to, 21–23 “First ring” suburbs, 94 Form-based codes, 193–194 Fragile systems, 4 Franchises, productivity of, 133–134 Freddie Mac, 92 Future, predicting needs for, 19–20, 120–121 G Gaps, in cities, 160–163 Garcia, Anthony, 158 Gas tax, 75 Gawron, Stephen, 161 Gehl, Jan, 8 “General Theory of Walkability,” 206 Gentrification, of urban neighborhoods, 117 Goals, of individuals vs. communities, 40–41 Goland, Carol, 84 Gold reserves, 94 Gold standard, as basis for trade, 90 Government debt, 96–100 Government policies, prioritizing traffic, 29 Great Depression, 87–89, 191 The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City (Ehrenhalt), 116 Great Society, 93 Growth: economic stability and focus on, 100–102 in municipalities, 50–57 as objective of local governments, 176 wealth vs., 102–104 H Haidt, Jonathan, 208, 209, 215 Hardship, response to, 172–174 Hasidic Judaism, 213–214, 217 Hemingway, Ernest, 4 Henwood, Doug, 79 Hierarchies, in local government, 174–176 Highland neighborhood (Shreveport, Louisiana), 220 Highland Park (Shreveport, Louisiana), 220 High land values, 27–30 High Point, North Carolina, 161 Highway bypass corridor, 134–138 Hollander, Justin B., 8, 9 Homeless shelters, xi Homes, changing, 20 Hoover, Herbert, 87 Horizontal expansion, in California, 197 Housing: in California, 197–198 post-war changes in, 92 preference for single-family, 144–145 Housing authority, 178t How to Live in a World We Don't Understand (Taleb), 59 Human habitats, 1–14 as complex, adaptive systems, 3–4 in North America, 1–3 spooky wisdom in, 5–10 as systems that are complicated, 11–14 Hunter-gatherer existence, 58 Hurricane Katrina, 102–103 Hurricane Rita, 102–103 I Illusion of Wealth: and constant maintenance, 152 human response to, 57–60 Illusion of Wealth phase of development, 143 Improvement to Land (I/L) Ratio, 25, 25f, 117 Improvement value, 23–25, 25f Incentives, to fix problems, 113 Income taxes, 72 Incremental changes, implementing, 122–123, 156–157 Incremental growth, 15–35 and complex, adaptive systems, 168 complex vs. complicated buildings in, 20–23 constraints on, 164 and founding of cities, 15–20 good and bad development in, 34–35 and high land values, 27–30 and neighborhood renewal, 23–27 private and public investment in, 30–34 in traditional habitat development, 2 Infill projects, 160 Infrastructure, 63–81 accounting for, 70–71 and American Society of Civil Engineers, 65–67 calculating returns on investment for, 67–69 Congressional Budget Office on, 78–80 development of, 30–34 as investment, 41–42 in modern development, 32 and municipalities, 44–50 perception of need for more, 63–65 ratio of private to public investment in, 129–130 real return on investment, 74–78 secondary effects of, 72–74 Infrastructure Cult: development of, 65–67 paper returns calculated by, 69 Insolvency, 187–192 Interstate highway system, 92 Investment(s), 147–170 barbell investment approach, 148–150 capital, 171–172 conventional vs. strong towns thinking about, 185–186, 186t in filling gaps in cities, 160–163 impact of regulations on, 194 infrastructure as, 41–42 little bets, 150–160 low-risk investments with steady returns, 150–155 prudent constraints for, 164–168 public and private, 30–34, 31f, 32f returns on, see Return on investment in Suburban Retrofit, 168–169 Italy, walking in, 203–204 J Jacobs, Jane, 8, 101–102 Japan, 76 Jimmy's Pizza, 161–162 Job creation, 49, 72–73 Johnson, Neil, 12, 13 Junger, Sebastian, 216–217 K Keynes, John Maynard, 88 Keynesian economic policies, 88 Krugman, Paul, 63, 78 Kunstler, James, 110–111 L Lafayette, Louisiana, 101, 141–144, 151 Landau, Moshe, 213–214, 217 Land value: in declining suburbs, 113 and interstate highway project, 92 and neighborhood renewal, 23–25, 25f in neighborhoods with different types of properties, 165–167, 165f, 166f and suburban development, 27–30 Learning, from previous local investments, 187 Legacy programs, 173 Lifestyle choices, 202, 205–206 “Lifestyle enclaves,” 208 Little bets, 16–18, 150–160 Local economy: as basis for national economy, 101–102 national vs., 103 Local government: changes in, to maintain economic stability, 105–106 debt taken on by, 113–114 funded by state government, 95 impact of infrastructure on, 79–80 profit run by, 37–38, 147 relationship of state and, 198 Long declines, 110–115 “Long emergency,” 110–111 Long Recession of the 1870s, 77 Los Angeles, California, xi Lovable places, 10 Low-risk investments, with steady returns, 150–155 Lydon, Mike, 158 M Maintenance: ability to keep up with, 109 cash-flow debt to cover, 188–192, 188f–190f of development projects, 52–57 of infrastructure, 46–49 need for constant, 151–154 in place-oriented government, 180–183 required for single-family homes, 112 Maintenance department, 179t Manhattan, New York, 24 Martenson, Chris, 108 Meaning, life of, 212–218 Middle class, 92, 93, 144–145 Milan, Italy, 164 Mills Fleet Farm, 134–137 Minicozzi, Joseph, 138–140, 161 “Minnesota Miracle,” 95 Mixed-use neighborhoods, 163, 169 Modern city development: as high-risk investments, 149 as lead by pubic investment, 34–35 productive places in, 131–134 Modern Monetary Theory, 99 Mortgages, during Great Depression, 88–89 Mouzon, Steve, 10, 113 Muskegon, Michigan, 161 N National Association of Home Builders, 136 National economy, local vs., 103 Natural disasters, 102–103 Neighborhoods: abandonment of, 109–110 built to finished states, 21–23 changing in post-war era, 92–93 community living in, 202–203 decline of, 113 gentrification of urban, 117 mixed-use, 163, 169 renewal of, and incremental growth, 23–27 responses to improvements in, 158 structured around religions, 214 in transition sections of Detroit, 118 Neighbors, being involved with, 202–203 New Deal economics, 87–88 New Orleans, Louisiana, 102, 182 Nixon, Richard, 94 Noncritical systems, 182 O Oak Cliff neighborhood (Dallas, Texas), 159 Obama, Barack, 63 Obesity, among Pacific Islanders, 58–59 Options Real Estate, 160 Orange County, California, xi–xii Order, chaos vs., 121–122 The Original Green (Mouzon), 10, 113 Oroville dam (California), 182 Oswego, New York, 152 Oswego Renaissance Association, 152 P Pacific Islanders, 58–59, 183–185 Paper returns on investment, 67–69 Paradox of Avarice, 104 Paradox of Thrift, 88, 104 Pareidolia, 8–9, 9f Parks department, 178t Party analogy, 34–35 A Pattern Language (Alexander), 8 Pension funds, 56–57, 70, 98 Pequot Lakes, Minnesota, 44–46 Perception, of need for more infrastructure, 63–65 Personal preferences, 144–145 Peru, 84 Place-oriented government, 171–198 and confirmation bias, 183–186 designed for efficiency, 174–176 focus on broad wealth creation by, 176–180 maintenance as priority for, 180–183 and regulations, 192–194 response to hardship by, 172–174 subsidiarity in, 195–198 understanding of debt by, 186–192 Political differences, 207 Pompeii, Italy, 5–10 Post-war boom: and economic stability, 91–93 modern city development established in, 12 Power, subsidiarity principle and, 196–198 Prayer of Saint Francis, 218 Prioritization, of maintenance, 180–183 Private development, 40 Private investment: private to public investment ratio, 129–130 public and, 30–34, 31f, 32f Private sector (businesses): response to economic hardship in, 172–173 small, see Small businesses Problem solving, 13–14 Productive places, 125–146 downtown vs. edge of town, 134–138 in past, 125–127 and personal preferences, 144–145 productivity calculations for, 128–130 return on investment, 141–144 traditional vs. modern development in, 131–134 value per acre, 138–141 Productivity, calculations of, 128–130 Project teams, 179–180 Property taxes, 49 Property value, 23–25, 25f Public health, and walking neighborhoods, 205 Public investment: private and, 30–34, 31f, 32f private to public investment ratio, 129–130 returns required for, 147 Public safety department, 179t Q Quality-of-life benefits, 187 Quantitative Easing, 99 R Railroad companies, 77 Rational decision making, 107–123 about failing development systems, 115–120 about long declines, 110–115 within complex, adaptive system, 120–123 and lack of single solution, 107–110 Real return on investment, 74–78 Redevelopment, financial productivity after, 131–134, 139–140, 139t Redundant systems, 182 ReForm Shreveport, 219, 220 Regulations: from place-oriented government, 192–194 and subsidiarity principle, 195–198 Repealing regulations, 192–193 Republican Party, 209 Request for proposal (RFP), 50 Residents, learning concerns of, 156–157 Resources: assumption of abundance of, 12–14 wasted, in modern development, 19 Retreats, strategic, 108–109 Return on investment, 141–144 calculating, for infrastructure, 67–69 for capital projects, 171–172 in cities, 44 and debt taken on by local governments, 187 low-risk investments with steady, 150–155 paper, 67–69 real, 74–78 social, 78–79 Revenues, and expenses, 41–44 RFP (request for proposal), 50 The Righteous Mind (Haidt), 208 Risk management strategies, 83–85 Roaring Twenties, 87 Roberts, Jason, 159 Roosevelt, Franklin, 87, 88 Rotary International, 203 S St.

Celebrating the Third Place: Inspiring Stories About the Great Good Places at the Heart of Our Communities by Ray Oldenburg

Celebration, Florida, gentrification, Jane Jacobs, land bank, market design, New Urbanism, place-making, Ray Oldenburg, Seaside, Florida, the built environment, The Great Good Place, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, walkable city

As the public sphere became more inhospitable and enervating to get around in, the private sphere improved. Homes are better equipped, more comfortable, and more entertaining than ever before. This domestic retreat presents a challenge to Traditional Town Planning or the New Urbanism, which purports to restore community and public life by offering a proven alternative to the anti-community tract housing that spread like a plague after World War II. The New Urbanism incorporates principles of architecture and layout similar to those developed in the 1920s when we knew how to build communities and proceeded accordingly. But is the architectural remedy sufficient? In a recent feature in Preservation Magazine, Alan Ehrenhalt focuses on a public square well located and designed to attract the townspeople—but it doesn’t.2 His account reminded me of an automobile trip I took a few years ago, during which I made stops at the Clock Tower Square in Marion, Illinois, “The Hill” in St.

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Never without a sense of who he is and where he is headed, Vic sums up his philosophy in the face of the pressures put upon his business by the trends in retailing and in the book business: “Our culture has been changed significantly by the automobile, allowing people to live far from their communities; and to a lesser extent by zoning laws and building codes that have emptied our downtowns of residents. Apartments above storefronts are now mostly empty because of elevators and other code requirements. Recently, we have seen a reversal of these trends in what has been labeled the New Urbanism movement. I applaud these changes. I’m more interested in preserving Traverse City as a viable living space where people interact with neighbors and friends than in worrying about what happens in the book business.” Vic Herman claims that the third place aspects of Horizon Books are somehow accidental.

Once the American Dream: Inner-Ring Suburbs of the Metropolitan United States by Bernadette Hanlon

big-box store, classic study, company town, correlation coefficient, deindustrialization, desegregation, edge city, feminist movement, gentrification, housing crisis, illegal immigration, informal economy, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, McMansion, New Urbanism, Silicon Valley, statistical model, streetcar suburb, The Chicago School, transit-oriented development, urban sprawl, white flight, working-age population, zero-sum game

A recent report by William Frey, Jill Wilson, Alan Berube, and Audrey Singer (2004) determines that it is difficult to compare census data based on the older definitions to census data based on the newer definitions. Therefore, to ensure a change-over-time analysis, it is necessary to pick between these older and newer definitions. I choose the older definitions. 4 For information on more recent census definitions, see U.S. Office of Budget and Management 2003. References Abbott, Carl. 1987. The new urban America: Growth and politics in Sunbelt cities. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ———. 1997. The Portland region: Where city and suburbs talk to each other and agree often. Housing Policy Debate 8 (1): 11–51. Adams, James Truslow. 1931. The Epic of America. Boston: Little Brown.

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London: Routledge. Klots, Sarah. 2005. Personal communication. May 15, Baltimore, Maryland. Knox, Paul. 2005. Vulgaria: The reenchantment of suburbia. Opolis 1 (2): 33–46. ———. 2008. Metroburbia USA. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Kotkin, Joel. 2001. Older suburbs: Crabgrass slums or new urban frontier? Policy Study 285. Los Angeles: Reason Public Policy Institute. Kramer, John. 1972. North American suburbs: Politics, diversity, and change. Berkeley: Glendessary Press. Krone, Emily. 2008. Poverty in the suburbs. [Chicago] Daily Herald, April 16. Available at http://www.dailyherald.com/story/?

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Ed. Louis H. Masotti and Jeffrey K. Hadden, 29–50. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Smart Growth America. 2003. Introduction to smart growth. Washington, DC: Smart Growth America. Available at http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/howtotalk. html. Accessed February 25, 2009. Smith, Neil. 1996. The new urban frontier: Gentrification and the revanchist city. London: Routledge. Smith, Neil, Patrick Caris, and Elvin Wyly. 2001. The “Camden syndrome” and the menace of suburban decline: Residential disinvestment and its discontents in Camden County, New Jersey. Urban Affairs Review 36 (4): 497–531. Squires, Gregory D. 2002.

Saving America's Cities: Ed Logue and the Struggle to Renew Urban America in the Suburban Age by Lizabeth Cohen

activist lawyer, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, benefit corporation, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, charter city, deindustrialization, desegregation, Edward Glaeser, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, ghettoisation, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, hiring and firing, housing crisis, income inequality, indoor plumbing, Jane Jacobs, land reform, Lewis Mumford, megastructure, new economy, New Urbanism, Peter Eisenman, postindustrial economy, race to the bottom, rent control, Robert Gordon, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, subprime mortgage crisis, tech worker, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Victor Gruen, Vilfredo Pareto, walkable city, War on Poverty, white flight, white picket fence, young professional

Newsweek in 1972, with tongue in cheek, anointed him “one of the most impressive movers and shakers of subsidized construction since the time of King Tut.”7 Logue got his start in the field at the age of thirty-three, when New Haven’s just-elected reform Democratic mayor, Richard Lee, appointed him to lead the city’s major new urban renewal effort. Like many other midsize, old industrial cities, New Haven had been declining since the 1920s, a situation only worsened by the Great Depression. Although war production had given its increasingly obsolete nineteenth-century-era industries a temporary boost, when World War II ended, the postwar future looked bleak.

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Logue’s last major job, from 1978 to 1985, brought him to the destitute South Bronx in a more modest position as the president of the nonprofit South Bronx Development Organization, loosely affiliated with New York City’s municipal government. The shrunken scale of Logue’s South Bronx stage not only resulted from his personal fate in the aftermath of the UDC debacle but also reflected the dwindling role of government—particularly at the federal level—in urban development. In the South Bronx, Logue was forced to operate within a new urban policy regime, allying closely with small-scale community development corporations (CDCs) and squeezing what he could out of the private sector and an emerging new partner on the redevelopment scene, nonprofit organizations like the Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC), which liaised between private contributors and city builders on the ground.

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He would soon learn, however, that having friends in high and low places and a comprehensive blueprint on paper was not sufficient to achieve his ambitions. Although Logue frequently spouted a commitment to “planning with people,” the kind of cooperative process that he imagined rarely occurred. Instead, the result was more often a combative negotiation between renewer and renewed. Rarely was any side fully satisfied, but the new urban environment created in Boston long bore the visual imprint of intense contestation followed by compromise. PUBLIC BUILDING TO SPUR PRIVATE SPENDING Talk of creating Government Center had been in the air for decades, and early conceptual plans had even been drawn up under Mayor Hynes. But when Logue began investigating Boston as a consultant in March 1960, commitments were not yet firm and the city’s preferred site of Scollay Square was still functioning as a dense, scruffy red-light district that spread over sixty prime downtown acres.

If Mayors Ruled the World: Dysfunctional Nations, Rising Cities by Benjamin R. Barber

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Aaron Swartz, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, American Legislative Exchange Council, Berlin Wall, bike sharing, borderless world, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, British Empire, car-free, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, Celebration, Florida, classic study, clean water, congestion pricing, corporate governance, Crossrail, crowdsourcing, David Brooks, desegregation, Detroit bankruptcy, digital divide, digital Maoism, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, edge city, Edward Glaeser, Edward Snowden, Etonian, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, Filter Bubble, gentrification, George Gilder, ghettoisation, global pandemic, global village, Hernando de Soto, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, income inequality, informal economy, information retrieval, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, Lewis Mumford, London Interbank Offered Rate, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Masdar, megacity, microcredit, Mikhail Gorbachev, mortgage debt, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Nicholas Carr, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, obamacare, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Peace of Westphalia, Pearl River Delta, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, plutocrats, Prenzlauer Berg, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RFID, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart meter, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, technological determinism, technological solutionism, TED Talk, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The future is already here, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tobin tax, Tony Hsieh, trade route, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, unpaid internship, urban sprawl, Virgin Galactic, War on Poverty, zero-sum game

Brave new frontiers indeed, blurring private and public; an example is The Smart Cities Council, a self-styled for-profit with paying partners to whom it promises “business success” through advocacy and action by acting as “an advisor and market accelerator for jobs and revenue.”13 The partnership of tech firms and cities on which the new urban “smart” is predicated is quite real but needs to be scrutinized as well as celebrated. Real change is taking place. Digital technology is minimally making cities more efficient, communicative, sustainable, and livable, qualifying them as smart. But it aspires to do more than just that. According to former San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom or Nigel Jacobs, cochair of the Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics in Boston, far from being just about efficiency, ITC (information and communication technology) can be “a gateway drug for civic engagement.”14 Elaine Weidman, the vice president for sustainable and corporate responsibility at Ericsson Broadband, agrees: “When combined with different types of social media, [technology] is creating radically new ways of engagement.

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In Boswell’s London Journal, the young scribe reported in 1763 on how in London he had “discovered that we may be in some degree whatever character we choose.”7 In the same era in Paris, in his Rameau’s Nephew, the philosophe Diderot depicted a character so plastic as to become a literary sensation. Yet Diderot was doing little more than parodying an anomic and scattered new urban man: Nothing is more unlike him than himself. Sometimes he is thin and haggard, like an invalid in the final stages of consumption. You could count his teeth through his cheeks. . . . The next month, he’s sleek and plump, as if he had been eating steadily at a banker’s table or had been shut up inside a Bernadine convent.

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Similar complaints have been made about odd/even license plate plans that bar autos from downtown on odd and even days. The wealthy simply have two cars, one with an odd plate, one with an even. 55. Judith N. Shklar, On Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion, London: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 100–101. 56. See William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor, New York: Random House, 1997, and The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 57. Michael Cooper, “Few Cities Have Regained Jobs They Lost,” New York Times, Wednesday, January 18, 2012. 58. Report from the National Employment Law Project, New York Times, August 31, 2012, cited in an article by Catherine Rampell, “Majority of New Jobs Pay Low Wages, Study Finds,” August 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/business/majority-of-new-jobs-pay-low-wages-study-finds.html?

China's Superbank by Henry Sanderson, Michael Forsythe

"World Economic Forum" Davos, addicted to oil, Asian financial crisis, Bretton Woods, BRICs, Carmen Reinhart, Credit Default Swap, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Dutch auction, failed state, financial innovation, financial repression, fixed income, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, invisible hand, joint-stock company, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, land bank, London Interbank Offered Rate, low interest rates, megacity, new economy, New Urbanism, price mechanism, race to the bottom, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Solyndra, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, special economic zone, too big to fail, urban renewal, urban sprawl, work culture

At night, he settles down in his makeshift, tarpaulin-covered home that he shares with his wife, two children, and stooped mother. The only light in the surrounding darkness is the gleaming work site across the road for the new sports complex. He has bigger dreams. Once he finishes the house, he hopes to rent part of it out to earn money to help pay the medical insurance that comes with being a new urban citizen. “After we were moved everyone had to depend on themselves to make money,” Li said nearby, drinking a hot, fiery liquor one hot and humid summer night, as fireworks celebrating a marriage lit up the sky in this city in the middle of Mao Zedong’s home province of Hunan. “Without land we had to find our own work.”

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That gave it an advantage in funding long-term infrastructure projects that might not generate a return on investment for many years. The bank was simply “the best match” for LGFVs, Gao wrote. And after the chaos of the early 1990s, the central government needed and began to take control of China’s economy. The new urban focus in China in the late 1990s unleashed a wave of state capital boosted by growing Chinese savings. The money stayed inside the system; this time there was no money from foreign investors or foreign banks. CDB, as a policy bank, could not take people’s deposits directly. So the cycle went something like this: the country’s commercial banks used people’s savings to buy bonds sold by CDB on the nation’s bond market where they, the banks, were the main investors.

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Within a month of the document’s publication for the stimulus, 18 provinces had proposed projects with a total budget of 25 trillion yuan, over 80 percent of annual GDP.22 The vast majority of the money did not go toward health and education or to households but to infrastructure projects and railways. Nationwide, fixed-asset investment grew 28.8 percent year on year in the first quarter of 2009. In particular, new urban construction projects nationwide rose 87.7 percent year on year, after declining 4.4 percent a year earlier. In two years, 2009 and 2010, China increased its total government debt at the same speed that America did in the five years before the housing market bust in 2007.23 By the end of 2010, local governments were strapped with 10.7 trillion yuan of debt, according to a national audit released in the summer of 2011, nearly a third of the country’s GDP, and analysts were predicting nonperforming loan (NPL) rates at banks of over 10 percent or more for the major state-owned lenders, levels not seen since the days of the state-led bad loan binge in the late 1990s, when NPLs hit 25 percent in 1997.24 Of that total 10.7 trillion, almost half was debts borrowed for new projects since 2009.

Green Philosophy: How to Think Seriously About the Planet by Roger Scruton

An Inconvenient Truth, barriers to entry, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, corporate social responsibility, demand response, Easter island, edge city, endowment effect, energy security, Exxon Valdez, failed state, food miles, garden city movement, Garrett Hardin, ghettoisation, happiness index / gross national happiness, Herbert Marcuse, hobby farmer, Howard Zinn, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, market friction, Martin Wolf, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, precautionary principle, rent-seeking, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Sam Peltzman, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, tacit knowledge, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the market place, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, University of East Anglia, urban planning, urban sprawl, Vilfredo Pareto, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

To that question the answer, according to Léon Krier (who in this agrees with Kunstler) is no. We must follow another design for building, which is also another design for living. We should replace the ‘downtown plus suburbs’ idea with that of the polycentric settlement. If people move out, then let it be to new urban centres, with their own public spaces, public buildings, places of work and leisure: let the new settlements grow, as Poundbury has grown next to Dorchester, not as suburbs but as towns. For then they will recapture the true goal of settlement, which is the human community in a place that is ‘ours’, rather than individual plots scattered over a place that is no one’s.

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In reaction to the wilderness culture there has arisen an agrarian culture represented by writers like Wendell Berry and Allen Carlson, and by associations like the National Family Farm Coalition and the Food Family Farming Foundation.341 In reaction to the devastation of the cities there has arisen the New Urbanism movement I discussed earlier, itself anticipated by the seminal Country Club House development of J. C. Nichols in Kansas City. In 1912, shortly after the skyscraper idiom had established itself, Nichols gave a pivotal speech to the National Association of Realtors, of which he was president, advocating low-rise buildings with connected façades, walkable streets, classical details, mouldings, cornices and decorated skylines.

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Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier, New York, 1991; Paul Barker, The Freedoms of Suburbia, London, 2009. See also Paul Krugman, The Self-Organizing Economy, Cambridge, MA, 1998, on edge cities as issuing from the dialectic of centripetal and centrifugal forces. Howard Kunstler’s response to Bruegmann is well worth reading, and appears in Salmagundi, 152, Fall 2006. 275 The Congress for New Urbanism is an American voluntary association, whose current president is John Norquist, and which is beginning to recruit a following among architects, planners and schools of architecture across the country. For the intellectual reaction against modernist architecture and planning see Christopher Alexander, The Nature of Order, Berkeley, 2002, and Nikos Salingaros, A Theory of Architecture, Solingen, 2006.

From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia by Pankaj Mishra

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, classic study, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, Deng Xiaoping, European colonialism, financial innovation, Great Leap Forward, invention of the telegraph, joint-stock company, Khartoum Gordon, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Monroe Doctrine, New Urbanism, plutocrats, profit motive, Scramble for Africa, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the scientific method, upwardly mobile, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, young professional

The overall population of Muslim countries increased dramatically in the second half of the twentieth century, forcing many people out of rural areas into crowded cities and towns; the proportion of Muslims living in urban areas rose exponentially between 1950 and 1990. Exposed to the new communications media, the conspicuous consumption of the elites and rampant inequality, many Muslims embraced Islam with a new fervour. Mosques and madrasas sprang up across the new urban landscape. Cheap books and magazines made Islamic piety more widely available and popular Muslim journalists and preachers (few of whom had received the traditional education of the ulema) began to offer a new do-it-yourself Islam to people uprooted from traditional social structures. The pluralization of Islamic authority, of which al-Afghani and Abduh and many other members of the lay Muslim intelligentsia had been the harbingers, was never so accelerated as it was in the last half of the twentieth century.

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In countries like Turkey and Egypt, where top-down reforms were imposed by despots, modernization became synonymous with the removal of Islam from the centre of public life, the devalidation of Islamic education and law, and the marginalization of Islamic scholars. As al-Afghani had observed during his travels in the Muslim world, the imperatives of modernization and economic growth imposed by Western powers had radically disrupted the old cohesion of Islamic societies by producing new classes and redistributing power among them. New urban elites emerged from modern educational institutions and bureaucracies, and they tended to have little time for traditional sources of authority. Many of them enriched themselves at the expense of the rural poor. A reservoir of discontent built up, especially among the people most marginalized by this process, such as the clergy, small-town merchants, provincial officials and men from semi-rural backgrounds – the kind of people who hung around al-Afghani.

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‘We will have not only a powerful army but also a powerful air force and a powerful navy,’ Mao promised in 1949. ‘Ours will,’ he warned, ‘no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation.’ In less than six decades, history seems to have fulfilled Mao’s hopes. There still exists a great and restless Chinese mass in the countryside, cruelly shut out from the new urban prosperity to which their labour and taxes have contributed so much. Social unrest, environmental decay, corruption and other ills feed on China’s new affluence. Yet China, the biggest exporter and the largest holder of foreign-exchange reserves in the world, increasingly drives the global economy, boosting GDP rates across the world with its hunger for resources and markets.

The Rise of the Network Society by Manuel Castells

air traffic controllers' union, Alan Greenspan, Apple II, Asian financial crisis, barriers to entry, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bob Noyce, borderless world, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, classic study, complexity theory, computer age, Computer Lib, computerized trading, content marketing, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, declining real wages, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, deskilling, digital capitalism, digital divide, disintermediation, double helix, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, edge city, experimental subject, export processing zone, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial deregulation, financial independence, floating exchange rates, future of work, gentrification, global village, Gunnar Myrdal, Hacker Ethic, hiring and firing, Howard Rheingold, illegal immigration, income inequality, independent contractor, Induced demand, industrial robot, informal economy, information retrieval, intermodal, invention of the steam engine, invention of the telephone, inventory management, Ivan Sutherland, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, job-hopping, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kanban, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, Leonard Kleinrock, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, megacity, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, moral panic, new economy, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, oil shock, open economy, packet switching, Pearl River Delta, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, popular capitalism, popular electronics, post-Fordism, post-industrial society, Post-Keynesian economics, postindustrial economy, prediction markets, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Recombinant DNA, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Robert Solow, seminal paper, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, social software, South China Sea, South of Market, San Francisco, special economic zone, spinning jenny, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Strategic Defense Initiative, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, Ted Nelson, the built environment, the medium is the message, the new new thing, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, transaction costs, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, work culture , zero-sum game

On the other hand, the emphasis on interactivity between places breaks up spatial patterns of behavior into a fluid network of exchanges that underlies the emergence of a new kind of space, the space of flows. On both counts, I must tighten the analysis and raise it to a more theoretical level. The Transformation of Urban Form: the Informational City The Information Age is ushering in a new urban form, the informational city. Yet, as the industrial city was not a worldwide replica of Manchester, the emerging informational city will not copy Silicon Valley, let alone Los Angeles. On the other hand, as in the industrial era, in spite of the extraordinary diversity of cultural and physical contexts there are some fundamental common features in the transcultural development of the informational city.

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America’s last suburban frontier The image of a homogeneous, endless suburban/ex-urban sprawl as the city of the future is belied even by its unwilling model, Los Angeles, whose contradictory complexity is revealed by Mike Davis’s marvelous City of Quartz.60 Yet it does evoke a powerful trend in the relentless waves of suburban development in the American metropolis, West and South as well as North and East, toward the end of the millennium. Joel Garreau has captured the similarities of this spatial model across America in his journalistic account of the rise of Edge City, as the core of the new urbanization process. He empirically defines Edge City by the combination of five criteria: Edge City is any place that: (a) Has five million square feet or more of leasable office space – the work place of the Information Age… (b) Has 600,000 square feet or more of leasable retail space… (c) Has more jobs than bedrooms (d) Is perceived by the population as one place… (e) Was nothing like ‘city’ as recently as thirty years ago.61 He reports the mushrooming of such places around Boston, New Jersey, Detroit, Atlanta, Phoenix, Texas, southern California, San Francisco Bay area, and Washington, DC.

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He remarks that these ex-urban constellations are: tied together not by locomotives and subways, but by freeways, jetways, and rooftop satellite dishes thirty feet across. Their characteristic monument is not a horse-mounted hero, but the atria reaching for the sun and shielding trees perpetually in leaf at the core of corporate headquarters, fitness centers, and shopping plazas. These new urban areas are marked not by the penthouses of the old urban rich or the tenements of the old urban poor. Instead, their landmark structure is the celebrated single-family detached dwelling, the suburban home with grass all around that made America the best housed civilization the world has ever known.62 Naturally, where Garreau sees the relentless frontier spirit of American culture, always creating new forms of life and space, James Howard Kunstler sees the regrettable domination of the “geography of nowhere,” 63 thus reigniting a decades-long debate between partisans and detractors of America’s sharp spatial departure from its European ancestry.

Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier by Edward L. Glaeser

affirmative action, Andrei Shleifer, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, British Empire, Broken windows theory, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Celebration, Florida, classic study, clean water, company town, congestion charging, congestion pricing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, declining real wages, desegregation, different worldview, diversified portfolio, Edward Glaeser, Elisha Otis, endowment effect, European colonialism, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial innovation, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, global village, Guggenheim Bilbao, haute cuisine, high-speed rail, Home mortgage interest deduction, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, job-hopping, John Snow's cholera map, junk bonds, Lewis Mumford, machine readable, Mahatma Gandhi, McMansion, megacity, megaproject, Michael Milken, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, New Urbanism, place-making, Ponzi scheme, Potemkin village, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rent control, RFID, Richard Florida, Rosa Parks, school vouchers, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Steven Pinker, streetcar suburb, strikebreaker, Thales and the olive presses, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the new new thing, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, Works Progress Administration, young professional

Royal Institute of British Architects. 214 “a monstrous carbuncle on the face”: Ibid. 214 “Why has everything got to be vertical”: Ibid. 214 “a giant glass stump”: Ibid. 214 but the prince won, sort of: “Victoriana vs. Mies in London,” New York Times, May 3, 1984, p. C18. 214 “an early Victorian market town”: Worsley, “A Model Village Grows Up Gracefully.” 214 forces behind the New Urbanist movement: Watson et al., Learning from Poundbury, 8. 214 New Urbanism “stand[s] for . . . our built legacy”: Charter of the New Urbanism, www.cnu.org/charter. 214 more conservationist than the New Urbanist communities of America: Compare the Web site of Poundbury, www.duchyofcornwall.org/designanddevelopment_poundbury_livinginpoundbury.htm, with its note that “It is intended to be a sustainable development” and that it is “designed to maintain the quality of the environment” and its photographs of green space, with the Web site of Celebration, Florida, www.celebration.fl.us/towninfo.html, with its emphasis on its “strong sense of self ” and photographs of people at play. 215 In Celebration, 91 percent of people who leave their homes to work take cars: U.S.

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In his agricultural estates in Cornwall, the prince is building his vision of an ideal English town, which has been described as looking like “an early Victorian market town, as if architecture stopped in 1830.” His royal patronage has given a great boost to Leon Krier, Poundbury’s planner, who is also one of the intellectual forces behind the New Urbanist movement. The New Urbanism “stand[s] for the restoration of existing urban centers and towns within coherent metropolitan regions, the reconfiguration of sprawling suburbs into communities of real neighborhoods and diverse districts, the conservation of natural environments, and the preservation of our built legacy.” Poundbury is considerably more conservationist than the New Urbanist communities of America, such as Seaside, Florida; Kentlands, Maryland; Breakaway, North Carolina; and the Disney Corporation’s town of Celebration, Florida.

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Bradley Milwaukee Minneapolis Missouri Mitchell, George Phydias Mittal, Lakshmi Mobutu Sese Seko Mohammed, Sheikh Monkkonen, Eric Montreal Moses, Robert Moving to Opportunity Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Mumbai building restrictions in crime in Dharavi neighborhood of disease in traffic congestion in transportation network in Mumford, Lewis murder Murthy, Narayana museums music Mysore Nagasaki Napoléon I, Emperor Napoléon III, Emperor Nashville National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) National Labor Relations Act (1935) Native Son (Wright) neighborhood preservation, see preservation Netherlands Nevins, Allan New Brighton New Deal New Orleans Hurricane Katrina in poor in New Urbanism New York City African Americans in age statistics in Bloomberg as mayor of building construction in Central Park commuting in crime in death rates in decline of entrepreneurs in environmental footprint of fair-housing law in Fifth Avenue Commission in finance in founding of garment and fashion industries in garment worker strike in Giuliani as mayor of globalization and Greenwich Village Harlem Children’s Zone in Harlem Renaissance in health in Hell’s Kitchen housing in immigrants in industries in Koch as mayor of Lindsay as mayor of Lower East Side marital statistics in Midtown Manhattan Penn Station in poor in population explosion in port of preservation in Promise Academy in public transportation in publishing industry in rebirth of restaurants in reverse commuting and rise of September 11 attack on social connections in sprawl in streets in subways in suicides in Tammany Hall in taxes in theater in transit and income zones in travel between Boston and Upper East Side wages in Washington Square water supply for zoning regulations in New York Panorama New York Philharmonic New York State energy consumption in parkway system of New York Times NIMBYism Nimitz, Chester 9/11 attacks Norberg, Karen Obama, Barack Oklahoma City Old Vic Theatre Company Olivier, Laurence Olmsted, Frederick Law Otis, Elisha O’Toole, Peter Otto, Nikolaus Owen, David Paris building regulations in bus transit in Eiffel Tower in housing in La Défense in Montparnasse Tower in paving of planning of police force formed in restaurants in schools in sewage system in transit and income zones in parks Pascal, Blaise patent citations Patni Computers Pedro II, Emperor Penn Station Pennsylvania Railroad Pericles Perlman, Philip Philadelphia Main Line in transit and income zones in water supply in Philip Augustus Phoenix Phukan, Ruban Pinker, Steven Pirelli, Giovanni Battista Pittsburgh plague Plato police policies, see public policies politics ethnic power and social groups and Ponti, Gio populations: loss of new building and wages and Potemkin villages Poulsen, Valdemar Poundbury poverty rural suburban poverty, urban African Americans and and attraction of poor to cities education and in favelas and helping people vs. places in megacities path to prosperity from public policies’ magnification of in Rio slums and ghettos transportation and Prada, Miuccia preservation in New York City printing press prisons Procopius productivity education and geographic proximity and impact of peers on skills and wages and Promise Academy property rights prosperity and wealth education and environmentalism and path from urban poverty to urbanization and Protestantism public policies building restrictions consumer cities and education and environmental; see also environmentalism helping people vs. places immigration and industrial land-use regulations level playing field in national NIMBYism and poverty magnified by preservation, see preservation suburban living encouraged by urban poverty and zoning ordinances, see zoning ordinances public spaces publishing: in New York printing technology and Pulitzer, Joseph quality of life Quigley, John Raffles, Thomas Stamford rail travel Ramsay, Gordon Rand, Ayn Ranieri, Lewis Raytheon recession Reformation Renaissance restaurants Richardson, Ralph Richmond right-to-work states Rio de Janeiro favelas in transportation in riots River Rouge plant Riverside roads asphalt paving for highways New York City streets traffic congestion and, see traffic congestion Robson Square Rochester (Minnesota) Rochester (New York) Rockefeller, Nelson Rogers, Richard Roman Empire Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Whole Earth: The Many Lives of Stewart Brand by John Markoff

A Pattern Language, air freight, Anthropocene, Apple II, back-to-the-land, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bernie Madoff, Beryl Markham, Big Tech, Bill Atkinson, Biosphere 2, Brewster Kahle, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, butterfly effect, Claude Shannon: information theory, cloud computing, complexity theory, computer age, Computer Lib, computer vision, Danny Hillis, decarbonisation, demographic transition, disinformation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, El Camino Real, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, feminist movement, Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, Filter Bubble, game design, gentrification, global village, Golden Gate Park, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, Haight Ashbury, Herman Kahn, housing crisis, Howard Rheingold, HyperCard, intentional community, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lao Tzu, Lewis Mumford, Loma Prieta earthquake, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, microdosing, Mitch Kapor, Morris worm, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, North Sea oil, off grid, off-the-grid, paypal mafia, Peter Calthorpe, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Stallman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, South of Market, San Francisco, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Hackers Conference, Thorstein Veblen, traveling salesman, Turing test, upwardly mobile, Vernor Vinge, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, young professional

One example was Peter Calthorpe, a precocious Palo Alto sixteen-year-old who built geodesic domes in high school with Lloyd Kahn, later the editor of the Shelter section of the Whole Earth Catalog, who went on to live in a commune and produce light shows for several years. He studied architecture and became an urban planner internationally known for the concept of New Urbanism, walkable communities, while he lived as Brand’s neighbor on a houseboat in Sausalito a decade later. Until then, at rock shows put on in places like the Matrix, the audience had remained in their seats as they watched the performers. Now Kesey and the Pranksters were tearing down the walls.

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They purchased the Mirene for just $8,000 and then spent the next two years and $180,000 converting her into a houseboat berthed at the South 40 Dock. A decade later they would put the boat back in dry dock and add a new engine as part of making the boat seaworthy again. The South 40 Dock became the best example of what Brand’s friend and neighbor Peter Calthorpe would describe as the “new urbanism.” Calthorpe was inspired in part by living in the houseboat community to realize that “walkability”—the notion that all of the resources a resident might need, from shopping to work and entertainment, were within easy walking distance—was the key to creating a livable community. That insight would be at the heart of Brand’s break with the back-to-the-land movement.

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Soon after How Buildings Learn was published, Jacobs wrote to journalist Katherine Fulton, then completing a profile of Brand for the Los Angeles Times Magazine: The reason I used the word “awed” back in the beginning of this letter is that I so much marveled at Stewart Brand’s originality of thought, his common sense raised to the point of wisdom, and his enormous and always specific knowledge that when I closed the book I knew I was reading a classic and probably a work of genius.[13] Genius or not, Brand soon learned that, unlike in the technology world, there were few hefty speakers’ fees available from architects, who proved to be a generally miserly group. Perhaps because unlike in his previous book, he was not extolling the profession but indicting it. Indeed, How Buildings Learn found a much more receptive audience among urban planners than architects. It appeared just a year after the formation of the Congress for the New Urbanism, founded by a group of progressive urban planners, including Brand’s friend Peter Calthorpe. The book sparked a discussion that led to the idea of what are described as “form-based codes” in the planning world—the idea that rather than designing planning codes for land use, regulations should focus on the relationship between facades and scale and public space to create more livable communities.

Social Class in the 21st Century by Mike Savage

Bullingdon Club, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Clapham omnibus, Corn Laws, deindustrialization, deskilling, Downton Abbey, emotional labour, financial independence, gender pay gap, gentrification, Gini coefficient, income inequality, liberal capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, meritocracy, moral panic, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, old-boy network, precariat, psychological pricing, Sloane Ranger, The Spirit Level, the strength of weak ties, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, very high income, winner-take-all economy, young professional

However, just as we have argued that the fundamental class boundaries lie at the top of the social hierarchy, so the power of this regional divide has now broken down. It has been replaced by two other dynamics: firstly, the power of highly segregated urban cores as elite zones. The process of intense elite segregation can be detected in all major British cities – and that new urban investment has generated more powerful manifestations of this. Secondly the dominance of central London is now paramount and overwhelms that of the north–south divide. These two shifts generate a more powerful urban–rural division than used to be the case. Cities (especially London, but the process extends to other cities) are the centres of accumulation.

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Figure 8.5 Percentage Shares of the Elite within Just One Quartile of Postal Sectors in 10 Major Built-up Areas in Britain Source: GBCS data Class and inequality are central to how we conceive of and construct our cities. Class has an interactive relationship with space because those with greater economic capital have greater choice about where. They possess freedoms which the housing market does not extend to those of lesser means. The elite class also have the power to transform and colonize new urban spaces both physically and socially, through processes of top-end ‘gentrification’.13 Mapping where those in the elite live in a detailed way is instructive because it opens up the different forms of ‘elective belonging’ that people hold – the emotional, economic and other reasons that bind them to particular places.14 The Manchester elite exemplifies this geography well, because this is the most segregated in class terms according to GBCS data of British cities.

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These overlap, but imperfectly, showing that the wider identities of places cannot be read from their economic capital and prosperity alone. A powerful urban–rural divide, as much as a regional one between north and south, is marked in terms of the way urban centres operate as foci of cultural capital (especially emerging cultural capital) and social capital. And marking out these new urban spaces, we see the power of the elite as having a profound geographical imprint, as this is fundamentally an urban class. The old aristocratic class with roots in the land, at the apex of the class structure, has given way to a more fundamentally urbanized class – though one quite possibly with second homes tucked away in areas of repose.

Rethinking the Economics of Land and Housing by Josh Ryan-Collins, Toby Lloyd, Laurie Macfarlane

agricultural Revolution, asset-backed security, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, basic income, book value, Bretton Woods, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, credit crunch, debt deflation, deindustrialization, falling living standards, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, foreign exchange controls, full employment, garden city movement, George Akerlof, ghettoisation, Gini coefficient, Hernando de Soto, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, information asymmetry, knowledge worker, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, land bank, land reform, land tenure, land value tax, Landlord’s Game, low interest rates, low skilled workers, market bubble, market clearing, Martin Wolf, means of production, Minsky moment, Money creation, money market fund, mortgage debt, negative equity, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, Pareto efficiency, place-making, Post-Keynesian economics, price stability, profit maximization, quantitative easing, rent control, rent-seeking, Richard Florida, Right to Buy, rising living standards, risk tolerance, Robert Solow, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, shareholder value, subprime mortgage crisis, the built environment, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, universal basic income, urban planning, urban sprawl, working poor, working-age population

This was seen as a defeat of mercantilist economic thought and a triumph for classical economists such as David Ricardo. It was also evidence of the declining political power of the landowners, as the power of industry and cities rose. The two great political reform acts of 1832 and 1867 further shifted the balance of power in parliament in favour of new urban middle and even working classes. By the end of the nineteenth century, as land was slipping out of mainstream economic thinking (see Chapter 3), the political power of the landowning class was diminishing too (Linklater, 2013). Housing supply and tenure The rapid increase in urban populations created a huge demand for accommodation in Britain’s major cities, most of which were not prepared for this increase in population.

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Large houses were turned into flats and tenements, and multiple families were crowded into already crammed houses by often unscrupulous landlords who saw an opportunity for quick profit. During this time those who ran the dominant industries in the city often wielded significant power, and much of the housing needs of the new urban workers were met by factory owners who built accommodation near their factories. This housing was cheap and often low quality; there were few building regulations during this time and those that did exist were frequently ignored. Neither older cities like London nor new ones like Manchester had sufficient infrastructure to support such high density urban populations well, and life under these conditions was often harsh.

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Leases were often sold for the lifetime of the tenant, giving an appearance of permanence, but landlords were clearly able to extract a high degree of economic rent: the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes (1885) found that almost half of working class households were paying 25–50% of their income on rent alone (Samy, 2015). In part, this was due to the lack of transport, which required industrial workers to live near to the factories that employed them. In the new, urban and industrial economy that had been created, the problem of rent was still alive and well. But now it found its strongest expression in the housing market, rather than in the agricultural fields that Ricardo had originally used to explain his theory. 4.3 1900–1970: world wars and the golden age of capitalism By the dawn of the twentieth century there was an increasing awareness among social and political elites that the social problems of industrial, urban Britain were rooted in the economic and physical organisation of land and property, triggering interest in how these problems could be overcome at a more systemic level (Simpson et al., 1992).

The Making of a World City: London 1991 to 2021 by Greg Clark

Basel III, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, British Empire, business climate, business cycle, capital controls, carbon footprint, congestion charging, corporate governance, cross-subsidies, Crossrail, deindustrialization, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, East Village, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, financial intermediation, gentrification, global value chain, haute cuisine, high-speed rail, housing crisis, industrial cluster, intangible asset, job polarisation, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, labour market flexibility, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Masdar, mass immigration, megacity, megaproject, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, open immigration, Pearl River Delta, place-making, rent control, Robert Gordon, Silicon Valley, smart cities, sovereign wealth fund, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban renewal, working poor

The draft London Plan explained that London’s ‘urban renaissance’ would consist of “making the city a place where people want to live, rather than a place from which they want to escape” (Mayor of London, 2002a). 72 The evolution of London, 1991 to 2015 Such a consensus around urban development would have appeared almost unthinkable during the political antagonism of the late 1980s. Sir Terry Farrell, a prominent architect in London’s new ‘urban renaissance’, has indicated that: “The biggest change of the last 20 years is the move from an era of confrontation over the status of industry and white collar employment, to a phase where by 2010 white collar industries are seen as the saviour of industrial areas.” (Personal communication, 24 January 2012) The broad acceptance that renewal could best be achieved through the recasting of the inner city for knowledge and creative sectors ultimately translated into new investment directives.

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Shortly afterwards, Land Securities noted that urban community development now required “innovation, commitment, and partnership with stakeholders”, and Countryside Properties sought recognition “as an innovative, responsible developer . . . 76 The evolution of London, 1991 to 2015 [who] encourage local people to participate in the development process and in the management of community facilities to help promote social inclusion” (Imrie, 2009: 97). These sentiments reflected a step change in the vision and practices of London’s property industry. Since 2007, the specifically environmental elements of sustainability have gained credence as part of a new urbanism which depends on principles of highdensity, urban work–live villages and pedestrian and cycle spaces. The sustainability ambition is fuelled by ongoing investment in London’s transport system, notably the TfL Business Plan, which seeks among other things to reduce car dependency in mid-suburban boroughs and reduce carbon emissions associated with mobility.

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Begun in 2001 and completed in 2007, the £800 million redevelopment was designed by Sir Norman Foster, later modified by Alistair Lansley, and aimed to achieve a modern testament to the original Victorian ‘train shed’ structure. The wider King’s Cross redevelopment encapsulates the predominant policy to rely on property development firms to produce new urban land markets with the appeal to attract global investors. In this case, the Argent group has had the responsibility of overcoming local political complexity and boldly recapitalising local land markets. The result has been “the biggest change to the northern edge of the Euston Road since the advent of the railways” (Littlefield, 2012).

Green Metropolis: Why Living Smaller, Living Closer, and Driving Less Are Thekeys to Sustainability by David Owen

A Pattern Language, active transport: walking or cycling, big-box store, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, congestion charging, congestion pricing, delayed gratification, distributed generation, drive until you qualify, East Village, Easter island, electricity market, food miles, Ford Model T, garden city movement, hydrogen economy, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, linear programming, McMansion, megaproject, Michael Shellenberger, military-industrial complex, Murano, Venice glass, Negawatt, New Urbanism, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, PalmPilot, peak oil, placebo effect, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, Ted Nordhaus, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas L Friedman, unemployed young men, urban planning, urban sprawl, walkable city, zero-sum game

But as easy as it is to don a green hat up in Vermont, the beast that is New York City has the tendency to tear that noble lid off and throw it into a puddle of mud. Upon arriving in the big city I struggled to reconcile the environmentally concerned mind-set that comes so effortlessly in a place like Vermont with my new urban lifestyle. Of course sustainable living is easier in a Vermont township, where local produce is plentiful and every backyard is equipped with a compost bin.”12 But this is exactly wrong. “Sustainable living” is actually much harder in small, far-flung places than it is in dense cities. Jervey cites New Yorkers’ “overactive dependence” on fresh water as an example of their supposed wastefulness, and he marvels that the city’s total use “amounts to well over one billion gallons per day.”13 A billion is a big number, to be sure, but New York City’s population is more than thirteen times that of the entire state of Vermont, so the city’s total consumption figures in any category will appear overwhelming in any direct comparison.

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Los Angeles is at or near the top of almost everyone’s list of the examples of automobile-dependent development, but L.A. is actually quite dense, as American cities go, with an average concentration, inside the city limits, of just over 8,200 people per square mile, or nearly 13 people per acre. This is fairly close to Zupan and Pushkarev’s critical transit threshold of seven dwellings per acre—and it exceeds the density of many developments that have been promoted as examples of New Urbanism, or Smart Growth—yet only a microscopic percentage of Angelenos travel to work in anything but a car, and, largely because of the separation of uses mandated by local zoning regulations, there are very few parts of the city where transit, bicycling, or walking are feasible as regular means of getting around, no matter what the price of gasoline.

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Ryan Chin, a Ph.D. candidate and the project’s coordinator, said, “The idea is to have the vehicle work in unison with its urban surroundings, taking advantage of existing infrastructure, such as subway and bus lines. Ultimately we see this as an effective way to merge mass transit with individualized mobility, creating a new urban transportation ecosystem.”52 But the City Car, as described by its inventors, is a good idea only if you believe that not being able to find a parking space is an environmental problem, and that dense urban areas have something to gain from getting pedestrians off their feet and into cars. Residents of dense urban cores largely get by without individual vehicles now; what would be gained by turning those people into drivers of high-tech golf carts?

Municipal Dreams: The Rise and Fall of Council Housing by John Boughton

British Empire, deindustrialization, full employment, garden city movement, gentrification, ghettoisation, housing crisis, Jane Jacobs, Jeremy Corbyn, laissez-faire capitalism, Leo Hollis, manufacturing employment, negative equity, Neil Kinnock, neoliberal agenda, new economy, New Urbanism, profit motive, rent control, Right to Buy, rising living standards, Russell Brand, starchitect, systems thinking, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the market place, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, young professional

The Hulme Tenant Participation Project – an autonomous body funded by City Challenge and the Housing Corporation – was formed to provide at least a semblance of the tenant input which remained, in principle, a significant element of the government’s strategy. Those Byzantine structures did somehow combine to carry out one of the country’s most radical regeneration transformations. In Hulme, ‘new realism’ met the ‘new urbanism’ – the latter an attempt to ‘create a new neighbourhood with the “feel” of a more traditional urban community’.8 The Hulme Crescents went, finally demolished in 1994. What replaced them was a pretty conventional streetscape of red-brick semi-detached homes, terraces and functional low-rise flats: ‘Barratt rabbit hutches’ in Owen Hatherley’s words.9 Beyond this, there lay the commitment, shared by the local council and government, to mixed tenure.

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It was an estate with problems, those common to many: ‘high levels of deprivation’ among residents and the design flaws held typical of such designs of the era – ‘poorly defined public and private space … lack of natural surveillance on public routes’ and so on.41 And back in 2002 the council, then in Labour-Liberal Democrat hands, promised residents (about 700 secure council tenants and 140 leaseholders then) ‘the phased redevelopment’ of the estate with ‘modern homes for all existing residents, set in a new urban environment’.42 West Hendon needed work; the council claimed an £11.5 million price tag for bringing the estate up to the Decent Homes Standard. Three-quarters of those balloted – accepting the like-for-like pledge of new homes offered – were happy to offer an ‘in principle’ endorsement. Outline planning permission was granted by the council, now in Conservative control, to the Metropolitan Housing Trust in 2004; a development partnership with Barratt Homes was formed in 2006.

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Research has shown, however, that the commonly deployed trope of three workless generations is very largely an urban myth. 2Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Sustainable Communities: People, Places and Prosperity, 2005, 65. 3Madanipour, Cars and Allen quoted in Dave Adamson, The Impact of Devolution: Area-Based Regeneration Policies in the UK (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, January 2010), 9, jrf.org.uk, accessed 14 March 2017. 4Adamson, The Impact of Devolution: Area-Based Regeneration Policies in the UK, 9–10. 5‘Report of the Social Exclusion Unit: A New Commitment to Neighbourhood Renewal National Strategy Action Plan’, Cabinet Office, January 2001, 8, neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk, accessed 14 March 2017. 6Aylesbury Tenants and Leaseholders First website, aylesburytenantsfirst.org.uk, accessed 14 March 2017. 7Christopher Beanland, ‘Channel 4’s Aylesbury Estate Ident Gets a Revamp – Starring the Residents’, Guardian, 14 March 2014, theguardian.com, accessed 15 March 2017. 8Loretta Lees, ‘The Urban Injustices of New Labour’s “New Urban Renewal”: The Case of the Aylesbury Estate in London’, Antipode, vol. 46, no. 4, 2014, 923–4. 9Southwark Council, Aylesbury Area Action Plan, January 2010, 179. 10David Blackman, ‘ “Where Did it All Go Wrong?” in Regeneration’, Inside Housing, 22 February 2002, insidehousing.co.uk, accessed 15 March 2017. 11Southwark Council, Southwark Affordable Rent Product Study July 2015, 5–6, and London’s Poverty Profile: Southwark, londonspovertyprofile.org.uk, accessed 17 March 2017. 12Colin Marrs, ‘Javid Rejects Aylesbury Estate CPO as Breach of Human Rights’, Architects’ Journal, 19 September 2016, architectsjournal.co.uk, accessed 8 June 2017. 13Heygate was Home, ‘Broken Promises’, heygatewashome.org, accessed 8 June 2017. 14Jon Kirk, ‘Welcome to the Aylesbury Estate – Once So Grim its Residents Dubbed it a Hell-Hole’, The People, 24 June 2007. 15Cited in Karl Murray, ‘Understanding the Impact of the Economic Down Turn on BAME Communities: A Case Study of the Aylesbury Estate in the London Borough of Southwark’, Black Training and Enterprise Group, June 2012, 11, bteg.co.uk, accessed 22 March 2017. 16Murray, ‘Understanding the Impact of the Economic Down Turn on BAME Communities: A Case Study of the Aylesbury Estate’, 12. 17Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, ‘The New Deal for Communities Experience: A Final Assessment’ (Department of Communities and Local Government, March 2010), 6, extra.shu.ac.uk, accessed 23 March 2017. 18Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, ‘The New Deal for Communities Experience: A Final Assessment’, 40. 19See Paul Watt, ‘Housing Stock Transfers, Regeneration and State-Led Gentrification in London’, Urban Policy and Research, vol. 27, no. 3, 2009. 20Gene Robertson, ‘Labour’s Legacy’, Inside Housing, 7 May 2010, insidehousing.co.uk, accessed 24 March 2017. 21London Borough of Tower Hamlets, Housing Evidence Base, June 2016, 86, towerhamlets.gov.uk, accessed 27 March 2017. 22Jennifer Maureen Lowe, ‘Social Justice and Localities: The Allocation of Council Housing in Tower Hamlets’, PhD thesis, Queen Mary College, University of London, March 2004, 150–2. 23Tower Hamlets Fairness Commission, ‘Who Lives in Tower Hamlets?

The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis by Jeremy Rifkin

Abraham Maslow, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, animal electricity, back-to-the-land, British Empire, carbon footprint, classic study, collaborative economy, death of newspapers, delayed gratification, distributed generation, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, feminist movement, Ford Model T, global village, Great Leap Forward, hedonic treadmill, hydrogen economy, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lewis Mumford, Mahatma Gandhi, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, mirror neurons, Nelson Mandela, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, off grid, off-the-grid, out of africa, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, Recombinant DNA, scientific management, scientific worldview, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, social intelligence, supply-chain management, surplus humans, systems thinking, the medium is the message, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, working poor, World Values Survey

Adams of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, in their landmark paper on the subject, published in the journal Science more than a half-century ago, concluded that[p]robably there is no historical event of this magnitude for which a single explanation is adequate, but that growing soil salinity played an important part in the breakup of Sumerian civilization seems beyond question.71 It should be noted that increasing salinity of soil led to massive crop failures and a similar entropy crisis in the Indus Valley 4,000 years ago.72 Likewise, archaeologists have found evidence of soil salinity leading to catastrophic crop failure and the abandonment of territory in the ancient Mayan hydraulic civilization in Central America.73 In point of fact, salinization of soil and entropic buildup have been a precipitating factor in the weakening and collapse of complex hydraulic civilizations throughout history, reaffirming the inescapable relationship between increasing energy throughput and a rising entropy debt.74 ALL OF THE GREAT axial movements stressed the importance of the Golden Rule. But it was in Rome that the full impact of the new dictum came to the fore with the rise of a new urban religious sect that would be known as Christianity. The early Christian eschatology represented both the final flowering of the empathic surge of ancient theological times and the bridge to the modern era of humanism and the secularization of empathic consciousness. SEVEN COSMOPOLITAN ROME AND THE RISE OF URBAN CHRISTIANITY THE ROMAN EMPIRE represents the “high watermark” for ancient hydraulic civilizations.

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The Romans, by contrast, offered a political and judicial universalism, but their civic gods were too cold and distant to address the angst of an increasingly individualized Roman population in search of personal identification within a larger cosmic story. Neither the Jews nor the cult of the Roman pantheon of gods could provide the new urban population of Rome the very personal spiritual succor they so desperately craved. Rome was ready for the Christian story. Erich Kahler eloquently sums up the historic significance of the rise of Christianity in Rome in the first three centuries of the AD era. The fundamental innovation of this whole epoch is that the individual stands forth, the lonely private individual, with all his ancestral, tribal bonds broken off, the earthly individual standing on his own feet, under the vast sky of universality.

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., in his book The Making of the Modern Mind, notes that the reverse flow back from the countryside to the newly emerging towns, with their own unique “vows and obligations,” was to have a profound impact on the whole future course of history. He writes:The rise of the urban civilization, first primarily commercial and later more and more industrial, was the outstanding social force in the later Middle Ages; from it can be traced practically everything that, beginning with the renaissance . . . created modern times.1 The new urban civilization brought with it an empathic surge that would take European consciousness to new heights. The late medieval empathic surge began with a technological revolution in agriculture and a novel harnessing of biological and inanimate energy. The introduction of the horse into agriculture greatly increased agricultural productivity.

Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi by Steve Inskeep

battle of ideas, British Empire, call centre, creative destruction, Edward Glaeser, European colonialism, illegal immigration, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, Khyber Pass, Kibera, knowledge economy, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, McMansion, megacity, new economy, New Urbanism, urban planning, urban renewal

Many of the new public housing projects in America destroyed intricate communities to make room for buildings designed on an inhuman scale. Still other plans were swiftly defeated by the relentless pressure of human nature. In Tokyo, which was flattened during World War II, planners saw a chance to erase the ancient and convoluted street grid and build what one scholar called “an entirely new urban form,” with a series of dense downtowns “nestled against a background of green space, green corridors and broad tree-lined boulevards.” It didn’t happen. American bombs destroyed buildings, but didn’t destroy the claims of property owners, who resisted giving up their land. It was quicker and easier to build along the old streets.

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Ayub Lays Foundation of Korangi Satellite Town,” Times of Karachi, December 6, 1958, 1, 5. 88 “rely on their wits to thrive”: Jean Gottmann, Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1961), 46. 88 “migration and employment growth... thereby drawing more migrants”: Peter Morrison, “Migration from Distressed Areas: Its Meaning for Regional Policy” (New York: Ford Foundation, 1973), 17–18. 88 four million people in 1950 to 6.5 million in 1960: United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision Population Database, http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2. 88 “furnaces, sliding doors, mechanical saws”: Jane Jacobs, The Economy of Cities (New York: Random House, 1969), 152. 88 “an entirely new urban form”... “broad tree-lined boulevards”: Andrei Sorensen, The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty-first Century (New York: Routledge, 2002), 162. 89 Constantinos Doxiadis caught the midnight flight: Doxiadis’s diary, December 15, 1958. 89 Ford had been assisting with planning and development: Doxiadis’s diary, December 15, 1958; also “Design for Pakistan: A Report on Assistance to the Pakistan Planning Commission by the Ford Foundation and Harvard University” (New York: Ford Foundation, February 1965). 89 Doxiadis snapped photos of arid land: Doxiadis’s diary, December 17, 1958. 89 The philosopher Plato spoke to him: Constantinos Doxiadis, Between Dystopia and Utopia (Hartford, CT: Trinity College Press, 1966), x–xi. 90 They worked everywhere from Baghdad to Rio de Janeiro: Doxiadis Associates archive, archive .doxiadis.org; also Between Dystopia and Utopia. 90 “helped resettle 10 million humans in 15 countries”: Time, November 4, 1966. 90 “Several aspects of the problem begin to worry me,”...

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New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Nasr, Vali. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006. ———. The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama’at-I Islami of Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. Neuwirth, Robert. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World. New York: Routledge, 2006. Orangi Pilot Project–Research and Training Institute. Katchi Abadis of Karachi, vol. III. Karachi: OPP-RTI, 2009. Owen, David. Green Metropolis: Why Living Smaller, Living Closer, and Driving Less are Keys to Sustainability. New York: Riverhead, 2009. Raman, T.

Migrant City: A New History of London by Panikos Panayi

Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, British Empire, Brixton riot, call centre, Charles Babbage, classic study, discovery of the americas, en.wikipedia.org, financial intermediation, gentrification, ghettoisation, gig economy, glass ceiling, haute cuisine, immigration reform, income inequality, Londongrad, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, multicultural london english, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, post-war consensus, public intellectual, Shamima Begum, transatlantic slave trade, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois, white flight

This is not to deny a continuity of migrant settlement in these big British cities, especially Liverpool, which witnessed black settlement because of its role in the slave trade.187 Clearly London is different because it has always acted as the main area of settlement for most migrant groups who have made their way to Britain. No break exists in this history. This is essentially due to the centrality of London in the economic, political and cultural history of Britain. While the Industrial Revolution gave birth to new urban centres, important medieval and early modern towns such as York, Norwich or Bristol did not experience significant growth. London, on the other hand, expanded at the same time as the great industrial cities mushroomed during the nineteenth century.188 In terms of the continuity of migration, London would also appear fairly unique when making global comparisons.

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Social and Generational Change in Interwar British Jewry (Basingstoke, 2017), pp. 149–204. Religion receives more attention in Chapter 8 below. 82. Lynn H. Lees, ‘Patterns of Lower-Class Life: Irish Slum Communities in Nineteenth-Century London’, in Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds, Nineteenth-Century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History (London, 1969), pp. 359–85; ‘The London Irish’, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 170 (1901), pp. 124–34; John A. Jackson, ‘The Irish in East London’, East London Papers, vol. 6 (1963), pp. 105–19. 83. Panayi, German Immigrants, pp. 94–8. 84. Count E. Armfelt, ‘German London’, in George R.

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Lynn Hollen Lees, Exiles of Erin: Irish Immigrants in Victorian London (Manchester, 1979), pp. 94–5. 57. John A. Jackson, ‘The Irish in East London’, East London Papers, vol. 6 (1963), pp. 108–9. 58. Lynn Hollen Lees, ‘Patterns of Lower-Class Life: Irish Slum Communities in Nineteenth-Century London’, in Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds, Nineteenth-Century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History (London, 1969), pp. 368–9. 59. Charles Manby Smith, Curiosities of London Life, or, Phases, Physiological and Social, of the Great Metropolis (London, 1853), pp. 135–8. 60. Gerard Leavey, Sati Sembhi and Gill Livingston, ‘Older Irish Migrants Living in London: Identity, Loss and Return’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 30 (2004), pp. 767–9. 61.

Age of Context: Mobile, Sensors, Data and the Future of Privacy by Robert Scoble, Shel Israel

Albert Einstein, Apple II, augmented reality, call centre, Chelsea Manning, cloud computing, connected car, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Edward Thorp, Elon Musk, factory automation, Filter Bubble, G4S, gamification, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Internet of things, job automation, John Markoff, Kickstarter, lifelogging, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mars Rover, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, New Urbanism, PageRank, pattern recognition, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Metcalfe, Salesforce, Saturday Night Live, self-driving car, sensor fusion, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart grid, social graph, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Tesla Model S, Tim Cook: Apple, TSMC, ubercab, urban planning, Zipcar

These New Urbanists reverse a trend followed by each generation since the end of World War II. For more than 60 years, people migrated out of cities, into suburbs. Today, instead of opting for freestanding single-family homes surrounded by lawns, fences and chirping birds, this emerging generation is massively opting for less pastoral—and more stimulating—urban settings. New Urbanism is changing American demographic trends. Multiple reports, including those from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Brookings Institution, see multiyear trends where cities are growing younger and more affluent, while suburbs are shrinking, aging and experiencing increases in poverty. New Urbanists lead contextual lives in cities being planned, designed and rebuilt with contextual technologies.

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New Urbanists are active proponents of safer streets, reduced pollution, transparent government and neighborhood activism. They are using contextual technologies as power tools for change. Their shopping—even when local—is becoming mobile device-centric. They are encouraging and adopting new services that allow local merchants to deliver goods to urban doors. New Urbanism is not only taking hold in such cultural centers as New York and San Francisco, but also in previously forsaken places like Pittsburgh, Detroit and Youngstown, Ohio, which is reporting a significant growth in young adults, spawned in part by a tech center that employs more than 300 people, mostly recent college grads.

Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West by William Cronon

active transport: walking or cycling, book value, British Empire, business cycle, City Beautiful movement, classic study, conceptual framework, credit crunch, gentleman farmer, it's over 9,000, Lewis Mumford, machine readable, New Urbanism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, refrigerator car, Robert Gordon, short selling, The Chicago School, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, transaction costs, transcontinental railway, traveling salesman, Upton Sinclair, vertical integration, zero-sum game

“The time is rapidly approaching,” wrote the Northwestern Lumberman in 1889, “when the city demand will be much more important than that in the rural districts.”209 Cities, and especially Chicago, had become the centers for great concentrations of wealth, and the wealthy were likely to spend huge sums on mansions and other expensive structures for which white pine was hardly needed. How fortunate, then, that just as the northern forests were disappearing, “hardwoods have come in and pine has been in a great measure ruled out”—a wood unworthy of the new urban elite.210 Demand for cheaper lumber would continue to come from people building the growing numbers of working-class houses in the city, as well as the prosperous farmers living in the immediate vicinity of Chicago, so lumber dealers could look forward to ongoing business from those markets as well.211 And what of the ravaged pinelands to the north?

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Ebner, “ ‘In the Suburbes of Toun’: Chicago’s North Shore to 1871,” Chicago History 11, no. 2 (Summer 1982): 66–77; the special suburban theme issue of Chicago History 13, no. 2 (Summer 1984); and Ann Durkin Keating, Building Chicago: Suburban Developers & the Creation of a Divided Metropolis (1988). The best one-volume synthesis of American suburban history nationwide is Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (1985); on the aesthetics and ideology of the romantic suburb, see David Schuyler, The New Urban Landscape: The Redefinition of City Form in Nineteenth-Century America (1986); and James L. Machor, Pastoral Cities: Urban Ideals and the Symbolic Landscape of America (1987); see also Henry C. Binford, The First Suburbs: Residential Communities on the Boston Periphery, 1815–1860 (1985); Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (1987).

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Bullough, “ ‘It Is Better to Be a Country Boy’: The Lure of the Country in Urban Education in the Gilded Age,” Historian 35 (1973): 183–95; Thomas Bender, Toward an Urban Vision: Ideas and Institutions in Nineteenth Century America (1975); Adrienne Siegel, The Image of the American City in Popular Literature, 1820–1870 (1981); David E. Shi, The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Thinking in American Culture (1985);Schuyler, New Urban Landscape; and Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier. For a useful perspective on this tradition in relation to Chicago, see Carl S. Smith, Chicago and the American Literary Imagination, 1880–1920 (1984). 85.“Don’t Leave the Farm,” Bulletin of the Executive Committee of the State Grange of Wisconsin 4, no. 8 (Aug. 1878): n.p. 86.R.A.C.

Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires by Douglas Rushkoff

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andrew Keen, AOL-Time Warner, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, behavioural economics, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, bitcoin, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, Burning Man, buy low sell high, Californian Ideology, carbon credits, carbon footprint, circular economy, clean water, cognitive dissonance, Colonization of Mars, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, CRISPR, data science, David Graeber, DeepMind, degrowth, Demis Hassabis, deplatforming, digital capitalism, digital map, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, European colonialism, Evgeny Morozov, Extinction Rebellion, Fairphone, fake news, Filter Bubble, game design, gamification, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, Google bus, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Haight Ashbury, hockey-stick growth, Howard Rheingold, if you build it, they will come, impact investing, income inequality, independent contractor, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, job automation, John Nash: game theory, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Schumpeter, Just-in-time delivery, liberal capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, megaproject, meme stock, mental accounting, Michael Milken, microplastics / micro fibres, military-industrial complex, Minecraft, mirror neurons, move fast and break things, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Oculus Rift, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), operational security, Patri Friedman, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, Plato's cave, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, QAnon, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Sam Altman, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, SimCity, Singularitarianism, Skinner box, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, surveillance capitalism, tech billionaire, tech bro, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, the medium is the message, theory of mind, TikTok, Torches of Freedom, Tragedy of the Commons, universal basic income, urban renewal, warehouse robotics, We are as Gods, WeWork, Whole Earth Catalog, work culture , working poor

She hated Robert Moses’s overarching plans for New York not because they were mandated by the government but because they were overarching plans—and, more specifically, because they called for “slum clearance” and “urban renewal” that did not respect rights and interests of the people already living in a neighborhood. The new urbanists recast the communitarian Jacobs as a libertarian, and her appreciation for bottom-up natural urban development as an endorsement of the free market. Entirely omitting her call for slow, natural growth of urban districts, new urbanism now amounts to little more than a euphemism for totally planned shopping malls with apartments over the stores. Our digitally inflected world-builders take this a step further, leveraging their billions not just to lobby the government for the legal claim to the future, but to serve as evidence of their own competence.

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., “Panic at Prodigy,” October 3, 2019, https:// globalpropertyinc .com /2019 /10 /03 /panic -at -prodigy /. 118   “game of life” : “Akasha—The Game of Life,” https:// www .playakasha .com, accessed August 10, 2021. 119   “exponential technologies … moonshots” : Singularity University, “An Exponential Primer,” https:// su .org /concepts /, accessed August 10, 2021. 119   “entrepreneurial leaders … planetary scale” : Singularity University, “Singularity University,” https:// su .org /, accessed August 10, 2021. 120   MacArthur Foundation : MacArthur Foundation, “100 & Change,” https:// www .macfound .org /programs /100change /. 122   She hated Robert Moses’s : Jane Jacobs, Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics (New York: Random House, 1992). 123   new urbanism now amounts to : Rushkoff, Life Inc.: How Corporatism Conquered the World, and How We Can Take It Back (New York: Random House, 2009), 74–83. 124   Rutt has applied : Jim Rutt, “A Journey to Game B,” Medium , January 14, 2020, https:// medium .com /@memetic007 /a -journey -to -gameb -4fb13772bcf3. 125   President Eisenhower : Center for the Study of Digital Life, http:// digitallife .center /, accessed August 10, 2021. 125   “Yet in holding scientific” : Dwight D.

A History of British Motorways by G. Charlesworth

New Urbanism, North Sea oil, restrictive zoning, the built environment, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, urban planning, urban renewal

The report of the Committee was published in 1972'2 and the reports prepared by the project team and consultants in 1973'9. In their report the Committee emphasised that by their terms of reference they were concerned with major new urban roads and were not confined solely to urban motorways. The Committee considered that a new approach to urban road planning was needed and that planning of major new urban roads should form an integral part of planning the urban area as a whole. This was not a new idea but the Committee put emphasis on the need to include indirect costs in assessing projects and on the importance of taking fully into account the views and values of people affected by road schemes.

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The Buchanan Repore in 1963 stated" ... the ability to command the comprehensive development or redevelopment of large areas is extremely important to the successful handling of motor traffic". These views were restated in 1972 by the Urban Motorways Committee l2 who said "We regard it as essential that the planning of new urban roads should form an integral part of planning the urban area as a whole; and that the indirect costs and benefits of building urban roads should be looked at with the same care as the direct cost and movement benefits ... ». These various statements were made before the reform of local government took place in 1974 (in Greater London in 1965), that is at a time when statutory responsibility for town planning was spread among a large number of authorities.

Arguing With Zombies: Economics, Politics, and the Fight for a Better Future by Paul Krugman

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, antiwork, Asian financial crisis, bank run, banking crisis, basic income, behavioural economics, benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, bitcoin, blockchain, bond market vigilante , Bonfire of the Vanities, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, centre right, Climategate, cognitive dissonance, cryptocurrency, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, different worldview, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, employer provided health coverage, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fiat currency, financial deregulation, financial innovation, financial repression, frictionless, frictionless market, fudge factor, full employment, green new deal, Growth in a Time of Debt, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, index fund, indoor plumbing, invisible hand, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, job automation, John Snow's cholera map, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, large denomination, liquidity trap, London Whale, low interest rates, market bubble, market clearing, market fundamentalism, means of production, Modern Monetary Theory, New Urbanism, obamacare, oil shock, open borders, Paul Samuelson, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, post-truth, price stability, public intellectual, quantitative easing, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, secular stagnation, Seymour Hersh, stock buybacks, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, the map is not the territory, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, transaction costs, universal basic income, very high income, We are all Keynesians now, working-age population

.), lean and efficient system of, 40, 41–43 Victorian Era, virtues of, 286 Vishny, Robert, 146 Voltaire, on the best of all possible worlds, 135 Voting Rights Act, 300 wage gap, 286 wage-price spiral, 126, 127 wage stagnation, 92, 168, 288, 289 Wallace, George, 310 Wall Street Journal, The, 271, 273, 279–80 Warren, Elizabeth, 210, 211–12, 238–40, 309 Washington Post, The, 303 wealth distribution: historical estimates of, 270 and income inequality, 274–75, 282, 284 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 132 wealthy: and capital gains, 273 concentration of, 238, 349 conservatives, 149 cutting taxes on, 4, 7, 20, 30, 51, 69, 196, 199, 200, 201, 215–17, 218–20, 221–23, 224, 227, 229, 236–37, 308, 309, 351, 355, 370, 371 donors to Republican Party, 370 exploding incomes of, 92, 283 health coverage for, 36, 39 idolizing of, 94 incentive effects on, 235 and income distribution, 265–66, 266, 267, 269–70, 273; see also income inequality income from assets, 221, 233 income from earnings, 349 increasing taxes on, 66, 211–12, 220, 238–40, 307, 309, 310, 324, 380 as Masters of the Universe, 270 and monopoly power, 236 optimal tax rates on, 235–37, 236 “stealth politics” of, 240 tax avoidance vs. evasion by, 349–50 as too rich, 274–75 and Trumpism, 343 Weigel, Dave, 28 welfare, 126 West Virginia, Republican Party in, 359 What’s the Matter with Kansas? (Frank), 302 When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (Wilson), 286–87 “Where Did the Productivity Growth Go?” (Dew-Becker and Gordon), 283 Whitaker, Matthew, 333 white nationalism, 343, 346, 360 “Why Not the Worst?” (Krugman), 343–44, 350 wildfire, growing risks of, 332 Will, George, 381 Wilson, William Julius, 292 When Work Disappears; The World of the New Urban Poor, 286–87 wing-nut welfare, 303 Wisconsin, Republican Party in, 369 Wolfe, Tom, Bonfire of the Vanities, 262, 270 Wolff, Edward, 270 working class: anti-worker bias in politics, 290, 318, 351–53 falling incomes of, 96, 244 family values of, 286 and health care, 352 and income inequality, 259–60, 272, 273 and “skills gap,” 167–68 stagnating wages of, 92, 168, 288, 289 tax increases on, 20, 221–23 and trade war, 372 and unions, 218, 289–90, 317 work opportunities available to, 286–87, 292 World Trade Organization (WTO), 247, 252 World War I, war debts from, 254 World War II: postwar economic growth, 219, 234 postwar trading system, 244, 250 wage controls in, 270 Wren-Lewis, Simon, 5, 385–86 “WSJ calculation,” 280 Yellen, Janet, 97 Yunus, Muhammad, 388 Zandi, Mark, 113 “zero lower bound” interest rates, 142–43, 153 zombie ideas: on climate change, 4 cutting taxes on the rich, 4, 215–17 eating people’s brains, 3–4 and health care, 216 on impossibility of universal health coverage, 4 invasion of, 259 in movement conservatism, 8 and racism, 4 Zucman, Gabriel, 238–39, 349 ALSO BY PAUL KRUGMAN End This Depression Now!

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Murray also tells us that working-class marriages, when they do happen, have become less happy; strange to say, money problems will do that. One more thought: The real winner in this controversy is the distinguished sociologist William Julius Wilson. Back in 1996, the same year Ms. Himmelfarb was lamenting our moral collapse, Mr. Wilson published When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor, in which he argued that much of the social disruption among African-Americans popularly attributed to collapsing values was actually caused by a lack of blue-collar jobs in urban areas. If he was right, you would expect something similar to happen if another social group—say, working-class whites—experienced a comparable loss of economic opportunity.

The Future Is Faster Than You Think: How Converging Technologies Are Transforming Business, Industries, and Our Lives by Peter H. Diamandis, Steven Kotler

Ada Lovelace, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, blood diamond, Boston Dynamics, Burning Man, call centre, cashless society, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, Colonization of Mars, computer vision, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, digital twin, disruptive innovation, Donald Shoup, driverless car, Easter island, Edward Glaeser, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, experimental economics, fake news, food miles, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, game design, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, gig economy, gigafactory, Google X / Alphabet X, gravity well, hive mind, housing crisis, Hyperloop, impact investing, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, informal economy, initial coin offering, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of the telegraph, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, late fees, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, lifelogging, loss aversion, Lyft, M-Pesa, Mary Lou Jepsen, Masayoshi Son, mass immigration, megacity, meta-analysis, microbiome, microdosing, mobile money, multiplanetary species, Narrative Science, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, Oculus Rift, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), out of africa, packet switching, peer-to-peer lending, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, planned obsolescence, QR code, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Richard Feynman, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, robo advisor, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart contracts, smart grid, Snapchat, SoftBank, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, supercomputer in your pocket, supply-chain management, tech billionaire, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, urban planning, Vision Fund, VTOL, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, X Prize

The rest of the world wasn’t far behind: Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (Verso, 2006). “hyper-city,” a locale with a population above 20 million: Ibid, p. 5. By 2050: UN Population Division, World Urbanization. professor Richard Florida: Richard Florida, The New Urban Crisis (Basic Books, 2017). See also: Richard Florida, “The Roots of the New Urban Crisis,” Citylab, April 9, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/equity/2017/04/the-roots-of-the-new-urban-crisis/521028/. In 2016, the Brookings Institute: Jesus Leal Trijullo and Joseph Parilla, “Redefining Global Cities: The Seven Types of Global Metro Economies,” Global Cities Initiative, 2016. See: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/metro_20160928_gcitypes.pdf.

Paved Paradise: How Parking Explains the World by Henry Grabar

A Pattern Language, Adam Neumann (WeWork), Airbnb, Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, availability heuristic, big-box store, bike sharing, Blue Bottle Coffee, car-free, congestion pricing, coronavirus, COVID-19, digital map, Donald Shoup, edge city, Ferguson, Missouri, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Google Earth, income inequality, indoor plumbing, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, Lyft, mandatory minimum, market clearing, megastructure, New Urbanism, parking minimums, power law, remote working, rent control, restrictive zoning, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Seaside, Florida, side hustle, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, SimCity, social distancing, Stop de Kindermoord, streetcar suburb, text mining, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, TikTok, traffic fines, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, walkable city, WeWork, white flight, Yogi Berra, young professional

That lost decade worked to drivers’ advantage: cleared land could provide much-needed parking lots. In Buffalo, a chamber of commerce staff member observed that so many buildings had been demolished it looked like the city was paving the way not for cars to park but for airplanes to land. Many architects believed they were planting the seeds of new urban growth. John Follett, for example, a partner at John Graham & Co. who worked on Portland’s Lloyd Center mall (eight thousand parking spaces), saw the fields of asphalt as a Gruenesque opportunity. “Since the shopping centers of today will eventually become urban centers, the acres we now devote to automobile parking should be supplanted by multilevel structures, so that the land thus freed can be occupied by future buildings.”

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Carter was not the first person to think critically about the role of neighborhood churches in big cities. Tim Keller, a prominent advocate for urban ministry in New York, argued churches were not keeping up with the way young people wanted to live. Eric Jacobsen, a pastor in Tacoma, Washington, had developed a theory of an “embedded church” that was rooted in the concepts of New Urbanism, the school of antisprawl architecture. An embedded church, Jacobsen said, should be in a neighborhood with homes and businesses. It should have a direct connection to the street. It should deemphasize the parking lot. Those visions meshed with Carter’s own. It was with Berry on his mind that he stumbled upon a faded storefront church on Roosevelt Road.

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Preservationists who wished to see old buildings find second life and antipreservationists who wanted to see new buildings everywhere. Free marketeers who wanted dynamic parking pricing, and good-government advocates who wanted revenue for public improvements. The “yes in my backyard” (YIMBY) prohousing activists. The small-city restorationists of the Strong Towns movement. Architects who subscribed to the Congress for New Urbanism, the movement for traditional town building founded by Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Andres Duany, who with Jeff Speck called parking minimums the “single greatest killer of urbanism in the United States today.” Chrissy Mancini Nichols was working for the Chicago Metropolitan Planning Council, a regional think tank, when parking started getting in the way.

Mobility: A New Urban Design and Transport Planning Philosophy for a Sustainable Future by John Whitelegg

active transport: walking or cycling, Berlin Wall, British Empire, car-free, carbon tax, conceptual framework, congestion charging, congestion pricing, corporate social responsibility, Crossrail, decarbonisation, Donald Shoup, energy transition, eurozone crisis, glass ceiling, high-speed rail, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), megacity, meta-analysis, negative emissions, New Urbanism, peak oil, post-industrial society, price elasticity of demand, price mechanism, Right to Buy, smart cities, telepresence, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Spirit Level, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban sprawl

Just as stories about life in the 1950s reveal the emptiness and sham of stories around the wonderful things that flow from higher mobility so the same stories tell us that there are many examples of sustainable cities and child friendly cities and they did exist and we did destroy them. If we really do want to restore this kind of world with all its benefits we can only do so if we redefine our love affair with mobility, redefine it as an historical blip, show how lower mobility produces magnified benefits and embed 21st century “new” urban thinking in a strong low mobility context. That is the objective of this book. During the development of these ideas in the next 14 chapters it will be important to keep uppermost in our minds the very clear implication of “low mobility”. Low mobility is a decoupling concept. This book argues that we must decouple mobility from its association with progress, happiness and quality of life.

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This will not “sit well” with the world view of most of us in 2015 but the point of this book is to demonstrate that a low mobility world has a great deal to offer and its opposite is a logical impossibility. We cannot accommodate an annual average percentage increase in distance travelled for all 7 billion of us so we may as well start explaining, designing and delivering a low mobility alternative. It could not be clearer that most governmental statements in the UK about new urban design or so-called “active” transport (this means walking and cycling) are meaningless unless we engineer this paradigm shift from high mobility to low mobility. Such a paradigm shift also involves a shift in language. The phrase “low mobility” whilst accurately describing a world characterized by fewer kilometres travelled per person per annum fails to convey the richness of a world characterised by many more destinations opportunities within a much smaller physical area and a world where enormous amounts of time and money (and pollution) are not devoted to the business of accessing distant places.

The World in 2050: Four Forces Shaping Civilization's Northern Future by Laurence C. Smith

Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, BRICs, business cycle, clean water, climate change refugee, Climategate, colonial rule, data science, deglobalization, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Easter island, electricity market, energy security, flex fuel, G4S, global supply chain, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, guest worker program, Hans Island, hydrogen economy, ice-free Arctic, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invisible hand, land tenure, Martin Wolf, Medieval Warm Period, megacity, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, New Urbanism, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, purchasing power parity, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, side project, Silicon Valley, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, standardized shipping container, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, trade liberalization, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, urban planning, Washington Consensus, Y2K

This is partly because of the described growth of urban economies, and partly because demand for farm labor falls as agriculture commercializes, mechanizes, and becomes export-oriented. Worldwide employment in agriculture is falling fast and in 2006, for the first time ever, it was surpassed by employment in the services sector.46 And because every new urban resident is also a new urban consumer, the cycle is self-reinforcing. More urbanites buy more electronics, services, and imported processed food, prepared and served to them by others. More entry-level jobs for new migrants are created. More managerial posts are needed. Ladders rise and the urban economy grows .47 This urban shift is driving major demographic changes around the globe.

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Under the conservative ground rules of our thought experiment, it’s hard to envision how so many problems can be eliminated overnight. By 2050 I imagine much of sub-Saharan Africa—the cradle of our species—to be a dilapidated, crowded, and dangerous place. Shifting Economic Power Not only is the geography of the world’s urban population shifting, so also is its wealth. The economic impact of nearly two billion new urban consumers in Asia has not gone unexamined by economists. Unlike the situation in Africa, there is every indication that the rising Asian cities will be modern, globalized, and prosperous. In a thoughtful, forward-looking assessment the U.S. National Intelligence Council writes:65 The international system—as constructed following the Second World War—will be almost unrecognizable by 2025. . . .

The Big Roads: The Untold Story of the Engineers, Visionaries, and Trailblazers Who Created the American Superhighways by Earl Swift

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, big-box store, blue-collar work, congestion pricing, Donner party, edge city, Ford Model T, General Motors Futurama, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, new economy, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, plutocrats, pneumatic tube, Ralph Nader, side project, smart transportation, Southern State Parkway, streetcar suburb, traveling salesman, Unsafe at Any Speed, urban planning, urban renewal, Victor Gruen

Interregional Highways included no maps of routes through cities, and no description of them beyond a catalog of possibilities, because the problems of extending four- and six-lane highways through dense settlement were simply too complicated and too local to generalize—besides which, it was a decision best made by the states and municipal authorities. " How near they should come to the center of the area, how they should pass it or pass through it, and by what courses they should approach it, are matters for particular planning consideration in each city," the committee decided, though it observed that surface streets carrying the heaviest traffic loads generally " pass through or very close to the existing central business areas." Fairbank again did most, if not all, of the writing, and this time his passages on urban expressways included a cautionary note. However they were located, the new urban highways would do more than simply carry traffic; they would be " a powerful influence in shaping the city," the report predicted, and " should be located so as to promote a desirable development or at least to support a natural development rather than to retard or to distort the evolution of the city

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Or in the second installment, when he castigated highway engineers for behaving "as if motor transportation existed in a social vacuum" and "building more roads, bridges, and tunnels so that more motorcars may travel more quickly to more remote destinations in more chaotic communities, from which more roads will be built so that more motorists may escape from these newly soiled and clotted environments." "Our transportation experts are only expert whittlers," he wrote, "and the proof of it is that their end product is not a new urban form but a scattered mass of human shavings. Instead of curing congestion, they widen chaos." Or in the series' third part, where he pointed out that the "fancy cures that the experts have offered for New York's congestion are based on the innocent notion that the problem can be solved by increasing the capacity of the existing traffic routes, multiplying the number of ways of getting in and out of town, or providing more parking space for cars," when the reality was that the city screamed for redesign and the dispersal of its crowd-generating employers, stores, and public amenities.

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"In the utopia that highway engineers have been busily bulldozing into existence, no precinct of the city and no part of the surrounding countryside are to remain inaccessible to automobile traffic on a large scale," he wrote. "As a formula for defacing the natural landscape and ruining what is left of our great cities, nothing could be more effective." *** The most surprising critic of the new urban highways was the man who'd spurred their financing. It's hard to imagine how Dwight Eisenhower could have been unaware that the interstate system was designed to venture into cities, what with all the fuss in San Francisco, the controversies unfolding in Baltimore and other towns, and newspaper chatter on the paths of proposed freeways just blocks from the White House—not to mention that he'd signed the 1956 act and presumably read something about it beforehand.

Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago by Eric Klinenberg

carbon footprint, citizen journalism, classic study, deindustrialization, digital rights, fixed income, gentrification, ghettoisation, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, longitudinal study, loose coupling, mass immigration, megacity, New Urbanism, Oklahoma City bombing, postindustrial economy, smart grid, smart meter, social distancing, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, urban renewal, War on Poverty

For Chicago, with its famously divided segments, its infamous segregation, and its stark inequality, is not only the quintessential American city of extremes. It is also the city in and through which scholars founded and developed the American approach to urban studies, creating an agenda for investigation in the urban environment that shaped much of twentieth-century urban social science. Although in recent decades scholars associated with the new urban sociology have levied compelling criticisms of the Chicago school’s “urban ideology”—most notably its failure to call attention to the political and economic production of inequality and domination in the city—the Chicago techniques for exploring the social fabric of the city offer rich possibilities for discovery.

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Velkoff, Victoria, and Valerie Lawson. 1998. International brief: Gender and aging: caregiving. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Venkatesh, Sudhir. 2001. Chicago’s pragmatic planners: American sociology and the myth of community. Social Science History 25, no. 2:276–317. Wacquant, Loïc 1994. The new urban color line: The state and fate of the ghetto in PostFordist America. In Social theory and the politics of identity, edited by Craig Calhoun. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. . 1996. The rise of advanced marginality: Notes on its nature and implications. Acta Sociologica 39:121–39. . 1997a. For an analytic of racial domination.

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Television: Technology and Cultural Form. London: Fontana. Reprint, Middleton, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. . 1996. When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Alfred Knopf. Wirth, Louis, and Eleanor Bernert. 1949. Local community fact book of Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wolf, Jacquelyn, Naomi Breslau, Amasa Ford, Henry Ziegler, and Anna Ward. 1983. Distance and contacts: Interactions of black urban elderly adults with family and friends.

The Great Reset: How the Post-Crash Economy Will Change the Way We Live and Work by Richard Florida

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, banking crisis, big-box store, bike sharing, blue-collar work, business cycle, car-free, carbon footprint, collapse of Lehman Brothers, company town, congestion charging, congestion pricing, creative destruction, deskilling, edge city, Edward Glaeser, falling living standards, financial engineering, financial innovation, Ford paid five dollars a day, high net worth, high-speed rail, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, indoor plumbing, interchangeable parts, invention of the telephone, Jane Jacobs, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, McMansion, megaproject, Menlo Park, Nate Silver, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, oil shock, Own Your Own Home, pattern recognition, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, post-industrial society, postindustrial economy, reserve currency, Richard Florida, Robert Shiller, scientific management, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, social intelligence, sovereign wealth fund, starchitect, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, total factor productivity, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, white flight, young professional, Zipcar

If your job was in a factory or in some retail concern in the city, “work” was now a place to go to, a separate world outside the home. Cities became more differentiated into areas for working, living, and shopping. Driving this evolution was the rise of the factory as the center of economic life. “The main elements in this new urban complex,” wrote the fabled urbanist Lewis Mumford, “were the factory, the railroad and the slum…. The factory became the nucleus of this new organism. Everything else was subordinate to it.”10 Early factories were concentrated in and around the core of the city. But as the scale of production grew larger, some moved to the outskirts of towns where larger plots of land could be assembled.

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Don’t expect the federal government or anyone else to save your city or bring back your industries. “It is that the old world will inevitably disappear, and that creating a new one is up to you, not someone else.” One response to the problems of rusted-out industrial cities such as Detroit has been a new urban reclamation effort called “shrinking cities.”19 The idea, perhaps inspired by Pittsburgh, has caught on in smaller cities in the American Midwest, such as Youngstown, Ohio, and Flint, Michigan, and their European counterparts. The basic notion is that older industrial cities need not grow to improve.

How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance by Parag Khanna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Albert Einstein, Asian financial crisis, back-to-the-land, bank run, blood diamond, Bob Geldof, borderless world, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, charter city, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, congestion pricing, continuation of politics by other means, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, don't be evil, double entry bookkeeping, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, facts on the ground, failed state, financial engineering, friendly fire, global village, Global Witness, Google Earth, high net worth, high-speed rail, index fund, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, laissez-faire capitalism, Live Aid, Masdar, mass immigration, megacity, Michael Shellenberger, microcredit, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil shock, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open economy, out of africa, Parag Khanna, private military company, Productivity paradox, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, reserve currency, Salesforce, Silicon Valley, smart grid, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, sustainable-tourism, Ted Nordhaus, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The Wisdom of Crowds, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trickle-down economics, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, X Prize

Port cities and entrepôts such as Dubai act like twenty-first-century Venice: They are “free zones” where products are efficiently re-exported without the hassles of government red tape. Such mega-cities as Rio, Istanbul, Cairo, Mumbai, Nairobi, and Manila are the leading urban centers of their countries and regions, yet each teems with hundreds of thousands of new urban squatters each year. The migrant underclass lives not in chaos and “shadow economies” but often in functional, self-organizing ecosystems, the typical physical stratification of medieval cities. Whether rich or poor, cities, more than nations, are the building blocks of global activity today. Our world is more a network of villages than it is one global village.

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.: Lynne Rienner, 2007. Mueller, John. The Remnants of War. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004. Munzele Maimbo, Samuel, and Dilip Ratha, eds. Remittances: Development Impact and Future Prospects. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2005. Neuwirth, Robert. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World. New York: Routledge, 2006. Newman, Edward, Ramesh Thakur, and John Tirman. Multilateralism Under Challenge? Power, International Order, and Structural Change. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2006. Nicolson, Harold. Diplomacy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1939. ———. The Evolution of Diplomatic Method.

Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture by Justin McGuirk

A Pattern Language, agricultural Revolution, dark matter, Day of the Dead, digital divide, Donald Trump, Enrique Peñalosa, extreme commuting, facts on the ground, gentrification, Guggenheim Bilbao, Hernando de Soto, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income per capita, informal economy, it's over 9,000, Jane Jacobs, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, Leo Hollis, mass immigration, megaproject, microcredit, Milgram experiment, neoliberal agenda, New Urbanism, off-the-grid, place-making, Silicon Valley, starchitect, technoutopianism, unorthodox policies, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, value engineering, Washington Consensus

This exchange of ideas between Brazil and Colombia, along with the unexpected use of cable car systems in the slums of Caracas, Medellín and now Rio, and the experimental housing methods introduced in Chile and Argentina, are all evidence of a continent-wide programme of reform. They also amount to a new urban repertoire. If there is one area where the Latin American experience contains a global lesson, however, it is in its attitude to the informal city. What do we mean by ‘informal’? The short answer is slums. The slums are not defined as informal because they have no form, but because they exist outside the legal and economic protocols that shape the formal city.

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Merwill’s own bedroom is tiny, with just a single bed on which he, his girlfriend and their son sleep. His parents are in another room, his sister and her daughter are in another, and his brother and his girlfriend are in another. ‘This is normal for 23,’ he says. Merwill, who is thirty-one and works for Avila TV, a new ‘urban’ station that frequently airs programmes about life in the barrios, grew up around drugs and violence. There used to be twenty-five other kids in this block of his age, but most of them were killed. Getting into music saved him, he says. 23 is famous for its music. Several renowned salsa musicians live here.

Age of the City: Why Our Future Will Be Won or Lost Together by Ian Goldin, Tom Lee-Devlin

15-minute city, 1960s counterculture, agricultural Revolution, Alvin Toffler, Anthropocene, anti-globalists, Berlin Wall, Bonfire of the Vanities, Brixton riot, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, charter city, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, clean water, cloud computing, congestion charging, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, data science, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, Edward Glaeser, Edward Jenner, Enrique Peñalosa, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, financial independence, future of work, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, germ theory of disease, global pandemic, global supply chain, global village, Haight Ashbury, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, household responsibility system, housing crisis, Howard Rheingold, income per capita, Induced demand, industrial robot, informal economy, invention of the printing press, invention of the wheel, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Perry Barlow, John Snow's cholera map, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, labour mobility, Lewis Mumford, lockdown, Louis Pasteur, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, megacity, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, open borders, open economy, Pearl River Delta, race to the bottom, Ray Oldenburg, remote working, rent control, Republic of Letters, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, rising living standards, Salesforce, Shenzhen special economic zone , smart cities, smart meter, Snow Crash, social distancing, special economic zone, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, superstar cities, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, trade route, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban decay, urban planning, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, white flight, working poor, working-age population, zero-sum game, zoonotic diseases

Cities through most of history did not expand beyond easy walking distance.6 London did not grow beyond the original ‘square mile’ until the seventeenth century. And while the physical extent of the city was curtailed by a lack of modern transportation, its population density was curtailed by the elevated risk of infectious disease that came with crowding. The result was that new urban areas were formed once existing ones had outgrown their manageable scale. Early in the development of Ancient Greece, for example, the Delphic oracle would regularly order the dispersal of cities that grew to an unwieldy scale, giving shape to the patchwork of city-states that defined that civilization.7 The early settlers of New England followed a similar model.8 Throughout history, many argued that cities were an unnatural state for humanity, a culmination of our exile from the Garden of Eden.

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., 1845, The Condition of the Working Class in England (reprint by Perlego, 2005, accessed online at Perlego.com). 8 Clossick, ‘The Industrial City’, in Knox (ed.), Atlas of Cities, p. 78. 9 Sinclair, U., 1906, The Jungle (reprint by Open Road Media, 2015, accessed online at Perlego.com). 10 Clossick, ‘The Industrial City’, in Knox (ed.), Atlas of Cities. 11 Florida, R., 2017, The New Urban Crisis (Basic Civitas Books). 12 The Dearborn Independent, 1922, Ford Ideals (Dearborn Publishing Company). 13 Huber, M., 2013, Lifeblood: Oil, Freedom, and the Forces of Capital (University of Minnesota Press), p. 73. 14 Morphet, J., 2013, ‘A city-state?’, in Bell, S. and Paskins, J. (eds), Imagining the Future City: London 2062 (Ubiquity Press). 15 de Vise, P., 1976, ‘The suburbanization of jobs and minority employment’, Economic Geography, Vol. 52, No. 4. 16 Hobbs, F. and Stoops, N., 2002, ‘Demographic trends in the 20th century’, US Census Bureau (census.gov). 17 Cited in Wilkerson, I., 2016, ‘The long-lasting legacy of the Great Migration’, Smithsonian Magazine. 18 Wilson, W., 1987, The Truly Disadvantaged (University of Chicago Press). 19 Rajan, R., 2019, The Third Pillar (William Collins). 20 Hannah-Jones, N., 2019, ‘It was never about busing’, New York Times. 21 Clark, W., ‘School desegregation and white flight: a re-examination and case study’, Social Science Research, Vol. 16, No. 3. 22 Rhodes, J. and Brown, L., 2019, ‘The rise and fall of the “inner city”: race, space, and urban policy in postwar England’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 45, No. 17. 23 Ehrenhalt, A., 2013, The Great Inversion (Vintage). 24 Edlund, L., et al., ‘Gentrification and the rising returns to skill’, NBER working paper. 25 Authors’ calculations based on Zillow data and US Census population weightings. 26 Autor, D., et al., 2017, ‘Gentrification and the amenity value of crime reductions’, NBER working paper. 27 Gropius, W., 1969, ‘Principles of Bauhaus production’, in Wingler, H.

Straphanger by Taras Grescoe

active transport: walking or cycling, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airport security, Albert Einstein, big-box store, bike sharing, Boeing 747, Boris Johnson, British Empire, call centre, car-free, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, City Beautiful movement, classic study, company town, congestion charging, congestion pricing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, correlation does not imply causation, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Donald Shoup, East Village, edge city, Enrique Peñalosa, extreme commuting, financial deregulation, fixed-gear, Frank Gehry, gentrification, glass ceiling, Golden Gate Park, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, indoor plumbing, intermodal, invisible hand, it's over 9,000, Jane Jacobs, Japanese asset price bubble, jitney, Joan Didion, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, laissez-faire capitalism, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, McMansion, megacity, megaproject, messenger bag, mortgage tax deduction, Network effects, New Urbanism, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, Own Your Own Home, parking minimums, peak oil, pension reform, Peter Calthorpe, Ponzi scheme, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, sensible shoes, Silicon Valley, Skype, streetcar suburb, subprime mortgage crisis, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, transit-oriented development, union organizing, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, white flight, working poor, young professional, Zipcar

By diminishing public space, the automobile has made once great cities terrible places to live. This book also tells the story of some very good ideas. Around the world, energetic and idealistic people are working hard to reclaim neighborhoods once left for dead. The movement goes under a variety of names: transit-oriented development, smart growth, new urbanism. In the wrong mouths, these are just buzzwords; in the wrong hands, they can serve as the justification for boondoggles as bad as any hastily thrown-up boomburg. But the advocates of livable cities and walkable small towns may be on to something—by investing in development that includes well-conceived transit, we can create more sustainable and, crucially, more civil communities.

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Guttfreund, Owen D. 20th-Century Sprawl: Highways and the Reshaping of the American Landscape. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Ladd, Brian. Autophobia: Love and Hate in the Automobile Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Lewyn, Michael. “Debunking Cato: Why Portland Works Better than the Analysis of Its Chief Neo-Libertarian Critic.” Congress for the New Urbanism, http://www.cnu.org/node/1533. McNichol, Dan. The Roads that Built America: The Incredible Story of the U.S. Interstate System. New York: Sterling, 2006. Mirk, Sarah. “The Dead Freeways Society: The Strange History of Portland’s Unbuilt Roads.” Portland Mercury, September 24, 2009. Montgomery, Charles.

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“Portland Improvement.” http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?a=148065 &c=44077, 1943. Palahniuk, Chuck. Fugitives & Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon. New York: Crown Journeys, 2003. Ozawa, Connie, ed. The Portland Edge. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004. Pobodnik, Bruce. “Assessing the Social and Environmental Achievements of New Urbanism: Evidence from Portland, Oregon.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, 2009. Schrank, David, et al. “2010 Urban Mobility Report.” Texas Transportation Institute, http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility_report_2010.pdf. Seltzer, Ethan. “It’s Not an Experiment: Regional Planning at Metro, 1990 to Present,” in The Portland Edge, ed.

The End of Work by Jeremy Rifkin

banking crisis, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, blue-collar work, cashless society, Charles Babbage, collective bargaining, compensation consultant, computer age, deskilling, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, employer provided health coverage, Erik Brynjolfsson, full employment, future of work, general-purpose programming language, George Gilder, global village, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, informal economy, interchangeable parts, invention of the telegraph, Jacques de Vaucanson, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Kaizen: continuous improvement, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, land reform, low interest rates, low skilled workers, means of production, military-industrial complex, new economy, New Urbanism, Paul Samuelson, pink-collar, pneumatic tube, post-Fordism, post-industrial society, Productivity paradox, prudent man rule, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Silicon Valley, speech recognition, strikebreaker, technoutopianism, Thorstein Veblen, Toyota Production System, trade route, trickle-down economics, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, Works Progress Administration

Scores of downtown areas made the transition from "centers of production and distribution of material goods to centers of administration, information exchange and higher order service provision."24 The emerging knowledge-based industries have meant increased jobs for highskilled white collar and service workers. For large numbers of AfricanAmericans, however, the new urban renaissance has only served to accentuate the ever widening employment and income gap between highly educated whites and poor unskilled blacks. The only Significant rise in employment among black Americans in the past twenty-five years has been in the public sector: more than 55 percent of the net increase in employment for blacks in the 1960s and 1970S occurred there. 25 Many black professionals found jobs in the federal programs spawned by the Great Society initiatives of President Lyndon Johnson.

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Millions of unskilled workers and their families became part of what social historians now call an underclass-a permanently unemployed part of the population whose unskilled labor is no longer required and who live hand-to-mouth, generation-to-generation, as wards of the state. A second smaller group of black middle-class professionals have been put on the public payroll to administer the many publicassistance programs designed to assist this new urban underclass. The system represents a kind of "welfare colonialism" say authors Michael Brown and Steven Erie, "where blacks were called upon to administer their own state of dependence."28 It is possible that the country might have taken greater notice of the impact that automation was having on black America in the 1960s and 1970s, had not a significant number of Mrican-Americans been absorbed into public-sector jobs.

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Boggs, James, "The Negro and Cybernation," in Lauda, Donald P., Advancing Technology: Its Impact on Society (Dubuque: W. G Brown Company, 1971) p. 154. 23. Wilson, Declining SignifICance of Race, pp. 111-112. 24. Kasarda, John D., "Urban Change and Minority Opportunities," in Peterson, Paul E., ed., The New Urban Reality (Washington D.G: The Brookings Instutition, 1985), p. 33· 25. Brown, Michael, and Erie, Steven, "Blacks and the Legacy of the Great Society," Public Policy, vol. 29, #3, Summer 1981, p. 305. 26. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of the Population, 1960 and 1970, Subject Reports, Occupational Characteristics, in Wilson, William Julius, Declining Significance of Race, p. 103. 27.

The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community by Ray Oldenburg

bread and circuses, citizen journalism, cognitive bias, feminist movement, fixed income, global village, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Lewis Mumford, New Journalism, New Urbanism, place-making, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ray Oldenburg, Seaside, Florida, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, wage slave, young professional

Cramer ’s “Funkytowns” covers many more towns and cities and, as one reviewer suggested, it should be placed in the glove compartments of all rental cars. Philip Langdon’s A Better Place to Live is a painstaking examination of how to “retrofit” American suburbs and when we come to the necessary matter of rewriting the building and zoning codes, this book should be one of the primers. Peter Katz’s The New Urbanism details and illustrates two dozen developments and redevelopments. It represents our architects’ best attempts at recreating community. A closing essay (an Afterword) by Vince Scully deserves careful attention. Recently appearing and already in its second printing is Richard Sexton’s Parallel Utopias which looks deeply into the thinking behind, and execution of, two notable attempts at creating community today.

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In their kind and number, there has been a marked decline in gathering places near enough to people’s homes to afford the easy access and familiar faces necessary to a vital informal public life. The course of urban development in America is pushing the individual toward that line separating proud independence from pitiable isolation, for it affords insufficient opportunity and encouragement to voluntary human contact. Daily life amid the new urban sprawl is like a grammar school without its recess periods, like incurring the aches and pains of a softball game without the fun of getting together for a few beers afterward. Both the joys of relaxing with people and the social solidarity that results from it are disappearing for want of settings that make them possible.

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The simplicity of its requirements has made the third place a hardy perennial, capable of sprouting in a variety of forms in most urban cultures. It does not thrive universally, however. The third place is seldom found in America’s newer urban environments. Whether one looks where urban renewal has changed the older city or in the wake of the new urban sprawl, the Great Good Gathering Places are not to be found. That the third place so rarely and feebly takes root in the new “built environment” gives cause to wonder about the suitability of this habitat for healthful human habitation. We are, after all, social animals. We are an associating species whose nature is to share space just as we share experiences; few hermits are produced in any human culture.

The Rent Is Too Damn High: What to Do About It, and Why It Matters More Than You Think by Matthew Yglesias

Edward Glaeser, falling living standards, gentrification, Home mortgage interest deduction, income inequality, industrial robot, Jane Jacobs, land reform, mortgage tax deduction, New Urbanism, pets.com, rent control, rent-seeking, restrictive zoning, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, San Francisco homelessness, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, statistical model, transcontinental railway, transit-oriented development, urban sprawl, white picket fence

According to Shiller, this tendency makes the land speculation issue a red herring in terms of house prices: “There will be a natural process of finding ways to build homes on less land, or less expensive land. This can be achieved either through building higher-density housing, such as more and taller apartment buildings or infill development in urban centers, or founding new urban areas.” Indeed, the United States still has plenty of empty space. So one could always respond to complaints about the rent being too high by suggesting that you move or build elsewhere. The rent may be too damn high in Santa Monica and Seattle, but it’s a good deal cheaper in Sioux Falls. Different pieces of land have different characteristics.

The New Class Conflict by Joel Kotkin

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alvin Toffler, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, back-to-the-city movement, Bob Noyce, Boston Dynamics, California gold rush, Californian Ideology, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, classic study, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, crony capitalism, David Graeber, degrowth, deindustrialization, do what you love, don't be evil, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, energy security, falling living standards, future of work, Future Shock, Gini coefficient, Google bus, Herman Kahn, housing crisis, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, labor-force participation, Larry Ellison, Lewis Mumford, low interest rates, low-wage service sector, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, mass affluent, McJob, McMansion, medical bankruptcy, microapartment, Nate Silver, National Debt Clock, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, obamacare, offshore financial centre, Paul Buchheit, payday loans, Peter Calthorpe, plutocrats, post-industrial society, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, rent control, rent-seeking, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Richard Florida, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Solyndra, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, tech worker, techlash, technoutopianism, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas L Friedman, Tony Fadell, too big to fail, transcontinental railway, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, Virgin Galactic, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, working poor, young professional

University of British Columbia’s Jamie Peck has described the current fashion of focusing on hipsters and the affluent as a “biscotti and circuses” approach that exacerbates poverty and inequality in urban centers.40 “To put it in political speak,” notes urban thinker Aaron Renn, “the creative class doesn’t have much in the way of coattails.” The new urbanism is a new, and equally ineffective, form of “trickle-down economics.” Even Florida, the guru of the “creative class,” admits that the benefits of the urban strategies he advocates “flow disproportionately to more highly-skilled knowledge, professional, and creative workers.” Yet many cities, including some unlikely cultural centers such as Detroit or Cleveland, have adopted the idea that sponsoring artists and “hip” urbanism are the keys to civic success.41 It seems clear that the current recipe for urban growth is destined to preserve and expand inequality, largely ignoring the needs of the lower and working classes.

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James Howard Kunstler, “The Ghastly Tragedy of the Suburbs,” TED2004 Conference, February 2004, http://www.ted.com/talks/james_howard_kunstler_dissects_suburbia; Leslee Goodman, “The Decline and Fall of the Suburban Empire,” interview with James Howard Kunstler, The Sun (magazine), October 2009, issue 406. 81. Irvin Dawid, “New Urbanism Examined by Time Magazine, Andrés Duany,” Planetizen, December 24, 2007, http://www.planetizen.com/node/29063; Brian Stone, “Land Use as Climate Change Mitigation,” Environmental Science and Technology, November 12, 2009; Ronald D. Utt, “The Oberstar Transportation Plan: A Costly Exercise in Lifestyle Modification,” Heritage Foundation Web Memo, November 10, 2009. 82.

Palaces for the People: How Social Infrastructure Can Help Fight Inequality, Polarization, and the Decline of Civic Life by Eric Klinenberg

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, assortative mating, basic income, Big Tech, big-box store, bike sharing, Black Lives Matter, Broken windows theory, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, classic study, clean water, deindustrialization, desegregation, digital divide, Donald Trump, East Village, fake news, Filter Bubble, food desert, gentrification, ghettoisation, helicopter parent, income inequality, informal economy, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, late fees, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, megaproject, Menlo Park, New Urbanism, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Peter Thiel, public intellectual, Ray Oldenburg, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, smart grid, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Great Good Place, the High Line, universal basic income, urban planning, young professional

Immersion in their private worlds, writes the Berkeley sociologist Claude Fischer, probably goes hand in hand with alienation from public life. Moral suasion has failed to increase our level of engagement in local institutions, where democracy takes root. But cultural values, and exhortations to change them, are not the only influences on our everyday social routines. As proponents of the New Urbanism movement have demonstrated, people with the same interest in social connection, community building, and civic participation have varying opportunities to achieve those things depending on the conditions in the places where they spend time. The social and physical environment shapes our behavior in ways we’ve failed to recognize; it helps make us who we are and determines how we live

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But the most notable improvements in academic achievement are concentrated in schools that have doubled down on the places where face-to-face interaction between teachers and students happens regularly. Small, intimate settings where people get to know one another well are not only ideal places for young people to develop skills for civic engagement and community building but also ideal places to learn. * * * In the 1980s, when American political leaders had grown anxious about a new “urban underclass” and local governments throughout the country deployed armed security guards to monitor high school campuses, public schools—particularly those in poor areas—had ceased to be ideal places for anything. With metal detectors at the gates and pass cards restricting the circulation of students, educational institutions had come to resemble prisons.

Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline by Darrell Bricker, John Ibbitson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, BRICs, British Empire, Columbian Exchange, commoditize, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, gender pay gap, gentrification, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, global reserve currency, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Hans Rosling, Hernando de Soto, illegal immigration, income inequality, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Snow's cholera map, Kibera, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, New Urbanism, nuclear winter, off grid, offshore financial centre, out of africa, Potemkin village, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, urban planning, working-age population, young professional, zero-sum game

frsc=dg%7Ca 278  World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014). https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf 279 Ibid. 280 Ibid. 281 Howard French, “How Africa’s New Urban Centers Are Shifting Its Old Colonial Boundaries,” Atlantic, 1 July 2013. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/07/how-africas-new-urban-centers-are-shifting-its-old-colonial-boundaries/277425 282  World Population Prospects, 2017 Revision (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division, 2017). https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp 283 “China vs.

The Future of Capitalism: Facing the New Anxieties by Paul Collier

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", accounting loophole / creative accounting, Airbnb, An Inconvenient Truth, assortative mating, bank run, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Bob Geldof, bonus culture, business cycle, call centre, central bank independence, centre right, commodity super cycle, computerized trading, corporate governance, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, delayed gratification, deskilling, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, fake news, financial deregulation, full employment, George Akerlof, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, greed is good, income inequality, industrial cluster, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Jean Tirole, Jeremy Corbyn, job satisfaction, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, late capitalism, loss aversion, Mark Zuckerberg, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, negative equity, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, out of africa, Peace of Westphalia, principal–agent problem, race to the bottom, rent control, rent-seeking, rising living standards, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, sovereign wealth fund, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, too big to fail, trade liberalization, urban planning, web of trust, zero-sum game

Despite their high estimate of their moral self-worth, this proposal for an ethically just and economically efficient tax is likely to be greeted with self-righteous outrage. But recall, since we are taxing economic rents, the predictable arguments about disincentives and desert are self-serving: prepare for an avalanche of ‘motivated reasoning’. Taxation is not only analytically warranted: it is a fitting response to the new urban arrogance. REGENERATING PROVINCIAL CITIES: ‘SHACKLED TO A CORPSE’? How can cities like Sheffield, Detroit and Stoke be revived? The purpose of taxing the metropolis is not to finance welfare benefits for the inhabitants of these places, but to meet the costs of restoring them as clusters of productive work.

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Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, pp. 657–76. Towers, A., Williams, M. N., Hill, S. R., Philipp, M. C., and Flett, R. (2016), ‘What makes the most intense regrets? Comparing the effects of several theoretical predictors of regret intensity’. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, p. 1941. Venables, A. J. (2018a), ‘Gainers and losers in the new urban world’. In E. Glaeser, K. Kourtit and P. Nijkamp (eds.), Urban Empires. Abingdon: Routledge. Venables, A. J. (2018b), ‘Globalisation and urban polarisation’, Review of International Economics (in press). Wilson, T. D. (2011), Redirect: Changing the Stories We Live By. London: Hachette UK. Wolf, A. (2013), The XX Factor: How the Rise of Working Women has Created a Far Less Equal World.

City 2.0: The Habitat of the Future and How to Get There by Ted Books

active transport: walking or cycling, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, big-box store, carbon footprint, clean tech, cognitive load, collaborative consumption, crowdsourcing, demand response, food desert, high-speed rail, housing crisis, Induced demand, Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, jitney, Kibera, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, McMansion, megacity, New Urbanism, openstreetmap, ride hailing / ride sharing, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart grid, TED Talk, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, walkable city, Zipcar

The American health crisis is predicted to be the single greatest drag on the nation’s economy in the decades ahead. We’ve watched for years as our investments in medicine have principally made medicine more expensive. It’s time to invest in walking. * * * Notes 1. L. Frank, keynote (18th national conference of the Congress for the New Urbanism, Atlanta, May 2010). 2. J. Gehl, Cities for People (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2010), 111. 3. N. Peirce, “Biking and Walking, Our Secret Weapon?,” Citiwire.net, July 16, 2009. 4. T. Gotschi and K. Mills, Active Transportation for America (Washington, D.C.: Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, 2008), 44. 5.

The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism by Jeremy Rifkin

3D printing, active measures, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, benefit corporation, big-box store, bike sharing, bioinformatics, bitcoin, business logic, business process, Chris Urmson, circular economy, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, commons-based peer production, Community Supported Agriculture, Computer Numeric Control, computer vision, crowdsourcing, demographic transition, distributed generation, DIY culture, driverless car, Eben Moglen, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Free Software Foundation, Garrett Hardin, general purpose technology, global supply chain, global village, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, industrial robot, informal economy, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, John Elkington, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, longitudinal study, low interest rates, machine translation, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, Michael Milken, mirror neurons, natural language processing, new economy, New Urbanism, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, phenotype, planetary scale, price discrimination, profit motive, QR code, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, rewilding, RFID, Richard Stallman, risk/return, Robert Solow, Rochdale Principles, Ronald Coase, scientific management, search inside the book, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social web, software as a service, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, the built environment, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, urban planning, vertical integration, warehouse automation, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, WikiLeaks, working poor, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game, Zipcar

The takeaway lesson is that a democratic form of self-management and governance designed to pool and share “commons” resources proved to be a resilient economic model for surviving a despotic feudal system that kept people locked in bondage. The great Enclosure Movements across Europe that led to the downfall of feudal society, the rise of the modern market economy, and eventually the capitalist system, put an end to rural commons but not the sharing spirit that animated them. Peasant farmers took their lessons learned to the new urban landscapes where they faced an equally imposing foe in the form of factory overlords of the industrial revolution. Urban workers and an emerging middle class, like their peasant serf forbearers, pooled their common resources—this time in the form of wages and labor skills—and created new kinds of self-governing Commons.

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This period saw the flowering of what historians call the Northern Renaissance—an awakening of the arts, literature, scientific experimentation, and exploration of new worlds. By the late medieval era, more than a thousand towns had sprung up across Europe, each bustling with economic activity. Aside from providing granaries, lodging, and shops, these urban centers became the gathering place for craftsmen of all stripes and shades. These new urban jurisdictions were often called free cities, as they were deemed independent of the reach of local lords. For example, it was customary practice that if a serf were to escape the feudal commons and take refuge in a nearby town for a year and a day, he would be deemed free, having safely left one jurisdiction and taken up residence in another.21 The craftsmen in the new towns organized themselves into guilds by trade—metalworkers, weavers and dyers, armorers, masons, broiders and glaziers, scriveners, hatters, and upholsterers—in order to establish quality standards for their goods, set fixed prices for their products, and determine how much to produce.

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Private property exchanged in the market economy was henceforth “taken for granted as the fundamentals upon which social organization was to be based, and about which no further argument was admissible.”7 Max Weber was even more harsh, arguing that the replacement of spiritual values with economic ones in the changeover from a Christian-centered universe to a materialist one represented “the disenchantment of the world.”8 In fairness, it should be noted that despite the terrible toll in human suffering brought on by the enclosure of the commons and the letting loose of millions of peasants from their ancestral land to make their own way in a new urban world not yet ready to absorb their labor, the shift to a market economy did eventually improve the lot of the average person in ways that would be unfathomable to families living on the feudal commons. The shift from a purely market-exchange economy in the late medieval era to a capitalist economy by the mid-nineteenth century posed serious problems in regard to the notion of property.

The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics by Mark Lilla

affirmative action, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Donald Trump, ending welfare as we know it, Gordon Gekko, It's morning again in America, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, new economy, New Urbanism, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes, Silicon Valley, Social Justice Warrior

They lived in actual or de facto gated communities where they never learned to take a stroll and meet people, and where the sight of a lone child walking to school would bring concerned calls to the police, who would scold the parents for taking such a risk. Eventually the kids went to college, often far away, and after graduation joined the new urban class of independent twenty- and thirtysomethings with no responsibilities to anyone but themselves. They visited their parents and siblings on rushed visits over the holidays; otherwise they just kept in contact online. Until they finally got married, moved to the suburbs, and the whole cycle began again.

The London Problem: What Britain Gets Wrong About Its Capital City by Jack Brown

Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, coronavirus, COVID-19, Crossrail, deindustrialization, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, Etonian, gentrification, gig economy, Gordon Gekko, knowledge economy, lockdown, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, post-war consensus, quantitative easing, remote working, Richard Florida, sceptred isle, superstar cities, working-age population, zero-sum game

Moore, ‘London as a separate city-state? The capital needs to check its privilege’, Guardian, 25/6/16. 56.H. Pidd, ‘Don’t sneer at northerners for voting for Brexit – there are sound reasons’, Guardian, 9/12/16. 57.G. Clark & T. Moonen, World Cities and Nation States, op. cit., p.41. 58.Ibid. 59.R. Florida, The New Urban Crisis: Gentrification, Housing Bubbles, Growing Inequality, and What We Can Do About It (London: Oneworld, 2017), p.19. 60.G. Clark & T. Moonen, World Cities and Nation States, op. cit., p.15. 61.G. Rachman, ‘Urban-rural splits have become the great global divider’, Financial Times, 30/7/18; and D.

Two Nations, Indivisible: A History of Inequality in America: A History of Inequality in America by Jamie Bronstein

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, basic income, Bernie Sanders, big-box store, Black Lives Matter, blue-collar work, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, clean water, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, Community Supported Agriculture, corporate personhood, crony capitalism, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, ending welfare as we know it, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, income inequality, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, labor-force participation, land reform, land tenure, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, mandatory minimum, mass incarceration, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, moral panic, mortgage debt, New Urbanism, non-tariff barriers, obamacare, occupational segregation, Occupy movement, oil shock, plutocrats, price discrimination, race to the bottom, rent control, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Sam Peltzman, scientific management, Scientific racism, Simon Kuznets, single-payer health, Strategic Defense Initiative, strikebreaker, the long tail, too big to fail, trade route, transcontinental railway, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, trickle-down economics, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban renewal, vertical integration, W. E. B. Du Bois, wage slave, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration

The development of canals and railroads meant that shipping goods inland from the Eastern seaboard ports, which had been almost impossible in the eighteenth century, now took less than a week.6 Americans could communicate with unprecedented ease due to the development of the telegraph and the steam-powered printing press.7 The rate of growth of gross domestic product per capita doubled from 0.5 percent per year to almost 1 percent per year. At the same time, the concentration of populations in new urban areas presented problems of crowding, disease, lack of clean water, and lack of sanitation.8 The demand for, and possibility of producing, ever more cotton with slave labor led to the physical expansion of the United States. It also led to the increasing significance of the United States in the share of the world’s cotton production.

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There would still be a vast, silent, and automatic system directed against men and women of color,” he wrote.33 Not everyone agreed that the causes of African American poverty were environmental rather than internal. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s report The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965) sparked a debate about the social pathologies of the new “urban underclass.” The report, which at least in part blamed female-led families, single mothers, and welfare dependency for black urban poverty, produced an uproar because it was viewed as both patronizing and incorrect. Moynihan hoped that following his prescriptions would lead to a greater focus on providing jobs for African American men and increase the number of families with two parents, but his ideas were lost in the controversy over affixing blame.34 WAR ON POVERTY The discourse on inequality in the 1960s coincided with, and encouraged, major government efforts to counter its effects.

Emergence by Steven Johnson

A Pattern Language, agricultural Revolution, AOL-Time Warner, Brewster Kahle, British Empire, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, Danny Hillis, Douglas Hofstadter, edge city, epigenetics, game design, garden city movement, Gödel, Escher, Bach, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, hypertext link, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Kevin Kelly, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, Menlo Park, mirror neurons, Mitch Kapor, Murano, Venice glass, Naomi Klein, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, pez dispenser, phenotype, Potemkin village, power law, price mechanism, profit motive, Ray Kurzweil, SimCity, slashdot, social intelligence, Socratic dialogue, stakhanovite, Steven Pinker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, Turing machine, Turing test, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush

Here and only here, does one find such organized collective aggression by a specialized military force as one finds first in the ancient cities.” Mumford, 1961, 46. This constitutes one: Information about the history of Manchester from Marcus, 5–6. “From this foul”: Quoted in Marcus, 15. “Considering this new urban area on its lowest physical terms, without reference to its social facilities or its culture, it is plain that never before in recorded history had such vast masses of people lived in such a savagely deteriorated environment, ugly in form, debased in content. The galley slaves of the Orient, the wretched prisoners in the Athenian silver mines, the depressed proletariat in the insulae of Rome—these classes had known, no doubt, a comparable foulness; but never before had human blight so universally been accepted as normal: normal and inevitable.”

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New York: Vintage, 1986. Karsai, Istvan, and John W. Wenzel. “Productivity, individual-level and colony-level flexibility, and organization of work as consequences of colony size.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (1998): 8665–69. Katz, Peter. The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community. New York, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Kauffman, Stuart. At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Kelly, Kevin. Out of Control. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994.

Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone by Eric Klinenberg

big-box store, carbon footprint, classic study, David Brooks, deindustrialization, deskilling, employer provided health coverage, equal pay for equal work, estate planning, fear of failure, financial independence, fixed income, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, longitudinal study, mass incarceration, New Urbanism, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rent control, Richard Florida, San Francisco homelessness, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Skype, speech recognition, women in the workforce, work culture , working poor, young professional

Some questions are sociological: Does living alone mean something different now that we’re hyperconnected, through cell phones, social media, and the like? Has the fast growth of living alone among young adults led them to prioritize their personal development and avoid participating in communities and groups? Or has it paved the way for new “urban tribes” to replace the traditional families that, as so many of us know from experience, often break apart? Do the social networks formed by contemporary solo dwellers survive when participants marry, move, grow old, or become ill? If not, what happens to those who stay on their own? Some questions are political: Will the growing ranks of people who live alone develop a collective identity and, as some prominent strategists believe, establish themselves as a lobbying group or voting bloc?

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The single girl “has a better sex life than most of her married friends,” Brown claimed (albeit without providing any evidence). “She need never be bored with one man per lifetime. Her choice of partners is endless and they seek her.”22 The private apartment, writes the literature scholar Sharon Marcus, became a powerful symbol of the new urban culture during the 1960s because it “offered the single girl an eroticized arena in which to exercise her creativity and promote her own creative comforts.”23 But few single women expected to maintain this arena for long. Brown, after all, proposed living alone not as a means to subverting marriage but rather as a means to improving it.

The Fields Beneath: The History of One London Village by Gillian Tindall

gentleman farmer, gentrification, ghettoisation, it's over 9,000, Jane Jacobs, means of production, New Urbanism, profit motive, Right to Buy, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas Davenport, urban sprawl

They had come there, and had changed it from a basically traditional city ringed with semi-rural suburbs into a vast metropolis stretching for mile after unchanging mile, a phenomenon then unique in the world. Only in the twentieth century have other countries emulated it. It seemed as if the creation of this new urban habitat, once started, could not be stopped, however much people might lament the loss of the landscapes of their youth. And people did lament. Typical of many was the florid complaint of one Edwin Roffe, who grew up among leaves and streams such as Crosby depicted, but in middle age found himself in a different world: Bricks!

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Some people thought they were Maoists and others that, on the contrary, they were not all that different in their basic attitudes from the Mission Hall clergymen of a hundred years ago. But nearly everyone was pleased when, in 1974, they succeeded in opening a riding stable, allotments and a miniature ‘farm’ (goats, chickens, a donkey, a calf) on a segment of railway land with old stabling and stock sheds. It was an inspired idea. As a symbol of the new urban peasantry, as a focus for the idea of the village that lurks disguised in city streets and as a means of creating a sense of the revival of the lost past, it could not be bettered. Look, it seemed to be saying, the fields are not only sleeping underneath: they are here, exposed once again, with people working in them, tending animals, learning about real things, doing things instead of gazing into shop windows and television sets.

The Ghost Map: A Street, an Epidemic and the Hidden Power of Urban Networks. by Steven Johnson

call centre, clean water, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, Dean Kamen, digital map, double helix, edge city, Ford Model T, germ theory of disease, global pandemic, Google Earth, independent contractor, Jane Jacobs, John Nash: game theory, John Snow's cholera map, lone genius, Louis Pasteur, mass immigration, megacity, mutually assured destruction, New Urbanism, nuclear winter, pattern recognition, peak oil, side project, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, the scientific method, trade route, unbiased observer, working poor