Parag Khanna

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Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization by Parag Khanna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 9 dash line, additive manufacturing, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, amateurs talk tactics, professionals talk logistics, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anthropocene, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, Basel III, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, borderless world, Boycotts of Israel, Branko Milanovic, BRICs, British Empire, business intelligence, call centre, capital controls, Carl Icahn, charter city, circular economy, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, complexity theory, continuation of politics by other means, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, data is the new oil, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deglobalization, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Detroit bankruptcy, digital capitalism, digital divide, digital map, disruptive innovation, diversification, Doha Development Round, driverless car, Easter island, edge city, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy security, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, failed state, Fairphone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, Ferguson, Missouri, financial innovation, financial repression, fixed income, forward guidance, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, global value chain, global village, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Hernando de Soto, high net worth, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, ice-free Arctic, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, industrial cluster, industrial robot, informal economy, Infrastructure as a Service, interest rate swap, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Just-in-time delivery, Kevin Kelly, Khyber Pass, Kibera, Kickstarter, LNG terminal, low cost airline, low earth orbit, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, mass affluent, mass immigration, megacity, Mercator projection, Metcalfe’s law, microcredit, middle-income trap, mittelstand, Monroe Doctrine, Multics, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, openstreetmap, out of africa, Panamax, Parag Khanna, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, Planet Labs, plutocrats, post-oil, post-Panamax, precautionary principle, private military company, purchasing power parity, quantum entanglement, Quicken Loans, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolling blackouts, Ronald Coase, Scramble for Africa, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spice trade, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech worker, TED Talk, telepresence, the built environment, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, young professional, zero day

Its takeaway is that infrastructure is destiny: Follow the supply lines outlined in this book to see where the future flows.” —Kevin Kelly, co-founder, Wired “Parag Khanna takes our knowledge of connectivity into virgin territory, providing an entire atlas on how old and new connections are reshaping our physical, social, and mental worlds. This is a deep and highly informative reflection on the meaning of a rapidly developing borderless world. Connectography proves why the past is no longer prologue to the future. There’s no better guide than Parag Khanna to show us all the possibilities of this new hyperconnected world.” —Mathew Burrows, director, Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council, and former counselor, U.S.

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—Sir Martin Sorrell, founder and CEO, WPP “From Lagos, Mumbai, Dubai, and Singapore to the Amazon, the Himalayas, the Arctic, and the Gobi desert steppe, Parag Khanna’s latest book provides an invaluable guide to the volatile, confusing worlds of early twenty-first-century geopolitics. A provocative remapping of contemporary capitalism based on planetary mega-infrastructures, intercontinental corridors of connectivity, and transnational supply chains rather than traditional political borders.” —Neil Brenner, director, Urban Theory Lab, Harvard University Graduate School of Design “In high style, Parag Khanna reimagines the world through the lens of globally connected supply chain networks.

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Penguin Random House LLC is not responsible for, and should not be deemed to endorse or recommend, any website other than its own or any content available on the Internet (including without limitation at any website, blog page, information page) that is not created by Penguin Random House. Copyright © 2016 by Parag Khanna All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York. RANDOM HOUSE and the HOUSE colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC. Map credits and sources are located beginning on this page. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Names: Khanna, Parag, author. Title: Connectography : mapping the future of global civilization / Parag Khanna. Description: First edition. | New York : Random House, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and Index.

How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance by Parag Khanna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Albert Einstein, Asian financial crisis, back-to-the-land, bank run, blood diamond, Bob Geldof, borderless world, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, charter city, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, congestion pricing, continuation of politics by other means, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, don't be evil, double entry bookkeeping, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, facts on the ground, failed state, financial engineering, friendly fire, global village, Global Witness, Google Earth, high net worth, high-speed rail, index fund, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, laissez-faire capitalism, Live Aid, Masdar, mass immigration, megacity, Michael Shellenberger, microcredit, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil shock, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open economy, out of africa, Parag Khanna, private military company, Productivity paradox, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, reserve currency, Salesforce, Silicon Valley, smart grid, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, sustainable-tourism, Ted Nordhaus, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The Wisdom of Crowds, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trickle-down economics, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, X Prize

Also by Parag Khanna The Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order Copyright © 2011 by Parag Khanna All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. eISBN: 978-0-679-60428-0 www.atrandom.com Jacket design: Chin-Yee Lai Jacket photograph: © Brand X/age fotostock v3.1 For Manjula and Sushil Khanna, aka Mom and Dad Contents Cover Other Books by This Author Title Page Copyright Dedication Part One THE NEW WORLD ORDER … REALLY Chapter One Mega-diplomacy Diplomacy Is Dead!

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Banker to the Poor: Micro-lending and the Battle Against World Poverty. New York: PublicAffairs, 1999. ———. Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. New York: PublicAffairs, 2007. Zielonka, Jan. Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007. About the Author PARAG KHANNA directs the Global Governance Initiative at the New America Foundation. Author of the previous international bestseller The Second World, he was picked as one of Esquire’s Most Influential People of the Twenty-first Century and featured on Wired’s Smart List. He has been a fellow at the Brookings Institution and researched at the Council on Foreign Relations.

How to Fix the Future: Staying Human in the Digital Age by Andrew Keen

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Ada Lovelace, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Andrew Keen, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, Brewster Kahle, British Empire, carbon tax, Charles Babbage, computer age, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data is the new oil, death from overwork, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Didi Chuxing, digital capitalism, digital map, digital rights, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, European colonialism, fake news, Filter Bubble, Firefox, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, gig economy, global village, income inequality, independent contractor, informal economy, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, job automation, Joi Ito, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Mitch Kapor, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Norbert Wiener, OpenAI, Parag Khanna, peer-to-peer, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, post-truth, postindustrial economy, precariat, Ralph Nader, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rutger Bregman, Salesforce, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Snapchat, social graph, software is eating the world, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, subscription business, surveillance capitalism, Susan Wojcicki, tech baron, tech billionaire, tech worker, technological determinism, technoutopianism, The Future of Employment, the High Line, the new new thing, Thomas L Friedman, Tim Cook: Apple, Travis Kalanick, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, universal basic income, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, WikiLeaks, winner-take-all economy, Y Combinator, Yogi Berra, Zipcar

The challenge of Lee Hsien Loong—who enjoys writing programming code in his spare time12—is not merely to digitize his father’s successful formula and transform analog Singapore into an E-topia. It’s also to eliminate that “shadow” hanging over his authoritarian father’s legacy—that disdain for democracy—and ensure that the world’s first smart nation is also a democratic one. Geography Is Power I am having afternoon tea with the writer Parag Khanna in Singapore’s Goodwood Park Hotel. It’s a colonial-style building, set in a lushly landscaped six-acre garden just off Scott’s Road, the downtown street named after Captain William G. Scott, a nineteenth-century Englishman who had been Singapore’s harbormaster and postmaster as well as the owner of some of the largest plantations on the island.

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I think of the messages encoded in Hans Holbein’s representation of Utopia. It occurs to me that, like the ever-changing Singapore, maps are never quite what they appear to be. “It would be like Singapore,” Khanna replies, waving his arm around the tearoom as if it were the whole island. “The geography of the future is a globally connected city.” Parag Khanna is right, of course. The vertiginous map of a hyperconnected Singapore—with its liquid inflows and outflows of networked goods, services, finance, people, and data—is, like it or not, ultimately all of our futures. But we know from Singapore’s ability to “stretch” its land that geography and the making of maps are more than just the representation of physical reality.

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On the one hand, it is full of warnings of mass surveillance, the overwhelming flood of online personal information, and the destruction of privacy. But the exhibition is also optimistic about the way in which data might enrich democracy and public participation. There are many different maps of Singapore, enough maps to satisfy even Parag Khanna, showing how the Smart Island is collecting and storing data in the cloud as well as providing more and more affordable access for its five and a half million citizens. In a section of the exhibition titled “Data for the Common Good,” there are demonstrations of local Singapore apps designed for the public benefit.

Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World by Fareed Zakaria

"there is no alternative" (TINA), 15-minute city, AlphaGo, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-fragile, Asian financial crisis, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, butterfly effect, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, car-free, carbon tax, central bank independence, clean water, cloud computing, colonial rule, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, David Graeber, Day of the Dead, deep learning, DeepMind, deglobalization, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, Edward Jenner, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, failed state, financial engineering, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, gentrification, George Floyd, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global reserve currency, global supply chain, green new deal, hiring and firing, housing crisis, imperial preference, income inequality, Indoor air pollution, invention of the wheel, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Snow's cholera map, junk bonds, lockdown, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, means of production, megacity, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, middle-income trap, Monroe Doctrine, Nate Silver, Nick Bostrom, oil shock, open borders, out of africa, Parag Khanna, Paris climate accords, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, popular capitalism, Productivity paradox, purchasing power parity, remote working, reserve currency, reshoring, restrictive zoning, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, social distancing, software is eating the world, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Suez crisis 1956, TED Talk, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, UNCLOS, universal basic income, urban planning, Washington Consensus, white flight, Works Progress Administration, zoonotic diseases

Some people like the density of city life, others prefer to live farther out in larger homes, but come and go into the city constantly for work and entertainment. This constellation of activity will vary from place to place, but everywhere, the city is the center of the solar system around it. The author Parag Khanna notes that economically, America has really turned into a collection of interlinked metro regions that he dubs, “The United City-States of America.” Big, developed cities are beginning to think of themselves as independent actors on the world stage. As major metro areas have seen their economies and populations grow, mayors have sought to exercise greater political power at the national and even international levels.

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.: Spatio-Temporal Patterns and Socio-Economic Controls,” Earth’s Future, May 18, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000511. 134 consuming less . . . electricity: “In almost every metropolitan area, carbon emissions are significantly lower for people who live in central cities than for people who live in suburbs,” in Edward Glaeser, “Green Cities, Brown Suburbs,” City Journal, Winter 2009, https://www.city-journal.org/html/green-cities-brown-suburbs-13143.html. 134 Major European and Asian cities: See Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index 2018, https://www.arcadis.com/media/1/D/5/%7B1D5AE7E2-A348–4B6E-B1D7–6D94FA7D7567%7DSustainable_Cities_Index_2018_Arcadis.pdf; and Robert Muggah and Parag Khanna, “These 10 Asian Cities Are the Most Prepared for the Future,” World Economic Forum, September 5, 2018, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/these-asian-cities-are-best-equipped-for-the-future/. 134 Many rural areas in the United States: For instance, reservations like those of the Navajo. See: Ian Lovett, Dan Frosch, and Paul Overberg, “Covid-19 Stalks Large Families in Rural America,” Wall Street Journal, June 7, 2020. 134 Many rural areas . . . in Europe: Ilya Kashnitsky and José Manuel Aburto, “The Pandemic Threatens Aged Rural Regions Most,” Center for Open Science, University of Oxford, and Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics (CPOP) at University of Southern Denmark, https://ideas.repec.org/p/osf/osfxxx/abx7s.html. 134 Staten Island suffered more than super-dense Manhattan: “Density & COVID-19 in New York City,” Citizens Housing & Planning Council, May 2020, https://chpcny.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CHPC-Density-COVID19-in-NYC.pdf. 135 just eighteen deaths: “Coronavirus Map,” New York Times, accessed July 27, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/world/coronavirus-maps.html. 135 “Private doctors have joined the fever camps”: Soutik Biswas, “How Asia’s Biggest Slum Contained the Coronavirus,” BBC, June 23, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53133843. 136 high risk from natural disasters: United Nations, The World’s Cities in 2018, 9. 136 three decades more: “A Ride Along Chicago’s Red Line: Life Expectancy Varies by 30 Years from One End to the Other,” Economist, October 10, 2019. 137 “As a society urbanizes”: Darrell Bricker and John Ibbitson, Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline (New York: Crown, 2019). 137 some 80% of the world’s megacities: United Nations, The World’s Cities in 2018, 5. 137 89% by 2050: United Nations, “World Populations Prospects 2019,” https://population.un.org/wpp/. 137 some recent slippage in population: Sabrina Tavernise and Sarah Mervosh, “America’s Biggest Cities Were Already Losing Their Allure.

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Agnes Buzyn trailed in with just 16%”: Carlton Reid, “Anne Hidalgo Reelected as Mayor of Paris Vowing to Remove Cars and Boost Bicycling and Walking,” Forbes, June 28, 2020. 139 remain car-free: Feargus O’Sullivan, “What Happens to Public Space When Everything Moves Outside,” City Lab, May 29, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020–06–29/what-happens-to-public-space-when-everything-moves-outside. 140 “United City-States of America”: Parag Khanna, “A New Map for America,” April 15, 2016, citing Joel Kotkin’s “mega-regions.” See map in the digital version: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/opinion/sunday/a-new-map-for-america.html. 140 pushed ahead with the agreement: Ivo Daalder, “Why Cities Need Their Own Foreign Policies,” Politico, May 6, 2017. 141 stay in Columbus: Alina Dizik, “New Residents Are Spending Big in Columbus,” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2019. 141 “Death and Life of Great Cities”: Drawn from the title of Jane Jacobs’s masterwork, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961). 141 “This City now doth”: William Wordsworth, “Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802.” 142 “Here is New York”: Elwyn Brooks White, Here Is New York (1949), 21. 142 “Genuine, rich diversity”: Jane Jacobs, “Can Big Plans Solve the Problem of Renewal?

The Future Is Asian by Parag Khanna

3D printing, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Basel III, bike sharing, birth tourism , blockchain, Boycotts of Israel, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, carbon footprint, cashless society, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, colonial rule, commodity super cycle, computer vision, connected car, corporate governance, CRISPR, crony capitalism, cross-border payments, currency peg, death from overwork, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Didi Chuxing, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, driverless car, dual-use technology, energy security, European colonialism, factory automation, failed state, fake news, falling living standards, family office, financial engineering, fixed income, flex fuel, gig economy, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, green transition, haute couture, haute cuisine, illegal immigration, impact investing, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, initial coin offering, Internet of things, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, light touch regulation, low cost airline, low skilled workers, Lyft, machine translation, Malacca Straits, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, megacity, megaproject, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, money market fund, Monroe Doctrine, mortgage debt, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, new economy, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, Parag Khanna, payday loans, Pearl River Delta, prediction markets, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Scramble for Africa, self-driving car, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, smart cities, SoftBank, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, synthetic biology, systems thinking, tech billionaire, tech worker, trade liberalization, trade route, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, upwardly mobile, urban planning, Vision Fund, warehouse robotics, Washington Consensus, working-age population, Yom Kippur War

He has been honored as a Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum, named one of Esquire’s “75 Most Influential People of the 21st Century,” and featured in Wired magazine’s “Smart List.” MEET THE AUTHORS, WATCH VIDEOS AND MORE AT SimonandSchuster.com Authors.SimonandSchuster.com/Parag-Khanna @simonbooks ALSO BY PARAG KHANNA The Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance Hybrid Reality: Thriving in the Emerging Human-Technology Civilization Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization Technocracy in America: Rise of the Info-State We hope you enjoyed reading this Simon & Schuster ebook

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I’m ever grateful to my parents, Sushil and Manjula Khanna, my in-laws Javed and Zarene Malik, my brother and sister-in-law Gaurav and Anu Khanna, and of course my beloved wife, Ayesha, and our kids, Zara and Zubin, with whom I’m grateful to be building our Asian future. About the Author © HART TAN Dr. Parag Khanna is the Managing Partner of FutureMap, a data-driven scenario-planning and strategic advisory firm that works with some of the world’s most innovative governments, cities, and companies. He has been a fellow at the Brookings Institution, New America, and the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, and an adviser to the US National Intelligence Council’s Global Trends 2030 program and US Special Operations Forces in Iraq and Afghanistan.

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Western, 10–11 World War I, 2, 49 World War II, 2, 11, 50–51 xenophobia, of Asians, 329 Xi Jinping, 10, 110, 111, 119, 137, 150, 161, 182, 194, 242, 249, 268, 300, 301–2, 310 Xinjiang, 59, 117, 182, 319 Yang Shihua, 182 Yangtze River, 30, 31, 42 Yellow River, 42 Yemen, 96, 106, 107, 251 yoga, 332 Yom Kippur War, 101 Yongle (Zhu Di), Ming emperor, 42–43 Yuan Dynasty, 40 Yuezhi people, 32 Zambia, 263 Zhang Weiwei, 137 Zhao Tingyang, 137 Zheng He, Chinese admiral, 42, 69 Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom), 30 Zhou Dynasty, 30, 31 Zhou Enlai, 56 Zoroastrianism, 30, 32, 36, 69, 70 ZTE, 194 Simon & Schuster 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2019 by Parag Khanna All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever. For information, address Simon & Schuster Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition February 2019 SIMON & SCHUSTER and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

The Best Business Writing 2013 by Dean Starkman

Alvin Toffler, Asperger Syndrome, bank run, Basel III, Bear Stearns, call centre, carbon tax, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, Columbine, computer vision, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crowdsourcing, Erik Brynjolfsson, eurozone crisis, Evgeny Morozov, Exxon Valdez, Eyjafjallajökull, factory automation, fixed income, fulfillment center, full employment, Future Shock, gamification, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, hiring and firing, hydraulic fracturing, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, jimmy wales, job automation, John Markoff, junk bonds, Kickstarter, late fees, London Whale, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Mahatma Gandhi, market clearing, Maui Hawaii, Menlo Park, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), Parag Khanna, Pareto efficiency, price stability, proprietary trading, Ray Kurzweil, San Francisco homelessness, Silicon Valley, Skype, sovereign wealth fund, stakhanovite, Stanford prison experiment, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, synthetic biology, tail risk, technological determinism, the payments system, too big to fail, Vanguard fund, wage slave, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Y2K, zero-sum game

The Naked and the TED The New Republic No one has mastered the art of the long takedown review quite like Evgeny Morozov. In taking on some new e-books published by the increasingly ubiquitous TED conference brand (Hybrid Reality: Thriving in the Emerging Human-Technology Civilization, by Parag Khanna and Ayesha Khanna; The Demise of Guys: Why Boys Are Struggling and What We Can Do About It, by Philip Zimbardo and Nikita Duncan; and Smile: The Astonishing Powers of a Simple Act, by Ron Gutman), Morozov argues that many of the shiny and exciting and easily digestible ideas propagated by TED are actually very dangerous.

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No, not technology itself; just much of today’s discourse about technology, of which this little e-book is a succinct and mind-numbing example. At least TED Books—the publishing outlet of the hot and overheated TED Conference, which brought this hidden gem to the wider public—did not kill any trees in the publishing process. It might seem odd that Parag Khanna would turn his attention to the world of technology. He established his reputation as a wannabe geopolitical theorist, something of a modern-day Kissinger, only wired and cool. For almost a decade he has been writing pompous and alarmist books and articles that herald a new era in international relations.

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But perhaps this is what the Hybrid Age is all about: marketing masquerading as theory, charlatans masquerading as philosophers, a New Age cult masquerading as a university, business masquerading as redemption, slogans masquerading as truths. • • • This book is not just useless piffle about technology; it is also an endorsement of some rather noxious political ideas. Those already familiar with Parag Khanna’s earlier celebrations of autocracies in Southeast Asia will not be surprised by some of the most outrageous paragraphs in his TED book. China is one of the Khannas’ role models. They have the guts to write that “a decade from now we will look back at China’s 12th Five-Year Plan as the seminal document of the early 21st century.”

Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order by Parag Khanna

Abraham Maslow, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, Bartolomé de las Casas, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, complexity theory, continuation of politics by other means, crony capitalism, death from overwork, Deng Xiaoping, different worldview, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, Edward Glaeser, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, facts on the ground, failed state, flex fuel, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, gentrification, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, haute couture, Hernando de Soto, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, invisible hand, Islamic Golden Age, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Khyber Pass, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, land reform, Londongrad, low cost airline, low skilled workers, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, meritocracy, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, oil-for-food scandal, open borders, open economy, Parag Khanna, Pax Mongolica, Pearl River Delta, pirate software, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, Potemkin village, price stability, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, reserve currency, restrictive zoning, rising living standards, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skype, South China Sea, special economic zone, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, trade route, trickle-down economics, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

But this book is not written for Americans only, for the task of adapting the United States to a world of multiple superpowers and an amorphous but deepening globalization is too important to be left to Americans alone. War may be God’s way of teaching Americans geography, but there is a new geography of power that everyone in the world must understand better. If we do not find common ground in our minds, then nothing can save us. Parag Khanna New York August 2007 INTRODUCTION: INTER-IMPERIAL RELATIONS IN THE 1990S, as bombed-out buildings in the Balkans crumbled, who managed the reconstruction of these war-torn nations? When Mexico’s currency crashed to the point of debt default, who bailed it out? When the former Soviet republics in Central Asia were flung into independence, who settled their borders and boosted their trade?

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Tauris, 1994); Burgat, Face to Face with Political Islam, 180; Amr Hamzawy, “The Key to Arab Reform: Moderate Islamists,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief no. 40, August 2005; and Judy Barsalou, “Islamists at the Ballot Box: Findings from Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, and Turkey,” United States Institute of Peace, Special Report no. 144, July 2005. 10. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Islam Can Vote, If We Let It,” New York Times, May 21, 2005. 11. Lawrence Groo and Parag Khanna, “The Regime Change We Need,” The National Interest, Winter 2006. 12. Steven A. Cook, “The Promise of Pacts,” Journal of Democracy 17, no. 1 (January 2006). 13. “The U.S. Project for Democracy in the Greater Middle East—Yes, but with Whom?” Al-Hayat, February 23, 2004. 14. Shibley Telhami, “In the Middle East, the Third Way Is a Myth,” Washington Post, February 17, 2006. 15.

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In his masterful rebuttal of Karl von Clausewitz’s famous dictum that “war is the continuation of politics by other means,” historian John Keegan argues that war is natural and cultural—nature, not nurture—preceding even the creation of polities, states, and armies. From cannibalism to conflicts among nations, strife is part of the human condition. Keegan, A History of Warfare (New York: Vintage, 1993). 81. Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy, 13. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Parag Khanna is a senior research fellow and director of the Global Governance Initiative in the American Strategy Program of the New America Foundation. He has been a fellow at the Brookings Institution, and has worked for the World Economic Forum in Geneva and the Council on Foreign Relations. During 2007 he was a senior geopolitical adviser to U.S.

To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism by Evgeny Morozov

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrew Keen, augmented reality, Automated Insights, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, Buckminster Fuller, call centre, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, citizen journalism, classic study, cloud computing, cognitive bias, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, Dava Sobel, digital divide, disintermediation, Donald Shoup, driverless car, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, frictionless, future of journalism, game design, gamification, Gary Taubes, Google Glasses, Ian Bogost, illegal immigration, income inequality, invention of the printing press, Jane Jacobs, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, license plate recognition, lifelogging, lolcat, lone genius, Louis Pasteur, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, moral panic, Narrative Science, Nelson Mandela, Nicholas Carr, packet switching, PageRank, Parag Khanna, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, pets.com, placebo effect, pre–internet, public intellectual, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Richard Thaler, Ronald Coase, Rosa Parks, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Slavoj Žižek, smart meter, social graph, social web, stakhanovite, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the medium is the message, The Nature of the Firm, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, urban decay, urban planning, urban sprawl, Vannevar Bush, warehouse robotics, WikiLeaks, work culture , Yochai Benkler

Politics is out; technocracy is in. We’ll check some online form to tell the government which potholes to fill, but we won’t discuss whether the workers fixing them need better pay or we need better roads. An even sharper antipolitical—and even antidemocratic—sentiment can be observed in the work of Parag Khanna, the geopolitics wunderkind who has recently reinvented himself as a technology visionary. In Hybrid Reality, coauthored with his wife, Khanna suggests that not just talk but even elections might need to go so that technocratic modes of governance can continue unabated. Drawing on the generativity theory of Jonathan Zittrain—Internet-centrism rears its ugly head again, lending support to crazy governance ideas—Khanna writes, in the euphemistic style of the Chinese politburo, that “a generative governance system can be designed to provide stability and positive change at the same time.”

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Drawing on the generativity theory of Jonathan Zittrain—Internet-centrism rears its ugly head again, lending support to crazy governance ideas—Khanna writes, in the euphemistic style of the Chinese politburo, that “a generative governance system can be designed to provide stability and positive change at the same time.” What does any of this mean? Well, “positive change” for Parag Khanna means that “using technology to deliberate on matters of national importance, deliver public services, and incorporate citizen feedback may ultimately be a truer form of direct participation than a system of indirect representation and infrequent elections.” Thus, he continues, “we cannot be afraid of technocracy when the alternative is the futile populism of Argentines, Hungarians, and Thais masquerading as democracy.

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(New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 48. 133 “to the extent that . . . new media”: Anthony Ha, “Sean Parker: Defeating SOPA was the ‘Nerd Spring,’” TechCrunch, March 12, 2012, http://techcrunch.com/2012/03/12/sean-parker-defeating-sopa-was-the-nerd-spring. 133 “a vegetarian trapped inside the sausage factory”: quoted in Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 327. 133 “an incumbent protection machine”: Derek Thompson, “Google’s CEO: ‘The Laws Are Written by Lobbyists,’” The Atlantic, October 1, 2010, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/10/googles-ceo-the-laws-are-written-by-lobbyists/63908. 133 “it is overdue to rethink”: Noveck, Wiki Government, 16. 133 “the digital environment offers”: ibid., 40. 133 “most of the work”: ibid., 40. 134 “a generative governance system can”: Parag Khanna and Ayesha Khanna, Hybrid Reality: Thriving in the Emerging Human-Technology Civilization, Kindle ed. (New York: TED Conferences, 2012). 134 “positive change . . . using technology”: ibid., Kindle location 730–731. 134 “we cannot be afraid of technocracy”: ibid., Kindle location 733–734. 134 “To the extent that China provides”: ibid., Kindle location 736–737. 135 “Thinking about government policy sends shivers”: David Ewing Duncan, “Why Do Our Best and Brightest End Up in Silicon Valley and Not D.C.?

The Return of Marco Polo's World: War, Strategy, and American Interests in the Twenty-First Century by Robert D. Kaplan

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Admiral Zheng, always be closing, California gold rush, collective bargaining, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, Great Leap Forward, Haight Ashbury, high-speed rail, kremlinology, load shedding, mass immigration, megacity, military-industrial complex, no-fly zone, oil-for-food scandal, one-China policy, Parag Khanna, Pax Mongolica, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, the long tail, trade route, Westphalian system, Yom Kippur War

.*36 The Chinese, with their investments in Indian Ocean ports (in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Djibouti, and Tanzania), are doing for the postmodern era what the Portuguese did for the late medieval and early modern ones, even while the map lines connecting these new and expanded ports approximate Marco Polo’s return route. The “nexus” of China, the Middle East, and Africa now accounts for more than half of world trade, writes Parag Khanna.*37 This is truly a Chinese maritime empire we are talking about. Like that of the Portuguese, it is mainly limited to the coast, and does not guarantee China pivotal influence inland. Myanmar’s political liberalization offers the example of a country reaching out to India and the United States to avoid domination by China: Geography still rules, but globalization and the communications revolution amplify the opportunities for out-of-area powers.

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Constance Garnett (1968; reprint, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 390. *3 Reinhold Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (1952; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 74. *4 Halford J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, Defense Classic Edition (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1942), 45–49. *5 Parag Khanna, Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization (New York: Random House, 2016), 14. *6 ASEAN is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. *7 Robert D. Kaplan, Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power (New York: Random House, 2010), chap. 1. *8 Laurence Bergreen, Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu (New York: Knopf, 2007), 44, 68

The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State by John Micklethwait, Adrian Wooldridge

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Asian financial crisis, assortative mating, banking crisis, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, bike sharing, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, British Empire, cashless society, central bank independence, Chelsea Manning, circulation of elites, classic study, Clayton Christensen, Corn Laws, corporate governance, credit crunch, crony capitalism, Deng Xiaoping, Detroit bankruptcy, disintermediation, Disneyland with the Death Penalty, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Etonian, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Gunnar Myrdal, income inequality, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", junk bonds, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Kodak vs Instagram, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, land reform, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, Michael Milken, minimum wage unemployment, mittelstand, mobile money, Mont Pelerin Society, Nelson Mandela, night-watchman state, Norman Macrae, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, old age dependency ratio, open economy, Parag Khanna, Peace of Westphalia, pension reform, pensions crisis, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, popular capitalism, profit maximization, public intellectual, rent control, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, road to serfdom, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, school choice, school vouchers, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, Skype, special economic zone, TED Talk, the long tail, three-martini lunch, too big to fail, total factor productivity, vertical integration, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, working-age population, zero-sum game

It could reach 75 percent in 2050: In the developing world more than one million people move to cities every five days. Some cities are veritable behemoths: Chongqing, where Bo Xilai had his power base, sits at the heart of a region of thirty million people, six times the population of Denmark and about the same as the population of Canada. Cities are also the locus of the knowledge-economy: Parag Khanna of the New America Foundation, a think tank, calculates that forty city-regions produce two-thirds of the world’s economic output and an even higher share of its innovations. Gerald Carlino of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia notes that the denser the city, the more inventive: The number of patents per head rises by an average of 20 percent to 30 percent for each doubling of the number of employed people per square kilometer.

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., 220 “Old Corruption,” 6, 49, 51, 58, 149, 185, 227, 256, 268, 269 Oldham, John, 195 Olivares, Count-Duke, 37 Olson, Mancur, 109–10, 111 Olson’s law, 111–15, 117, 124, 237 On Liberty (Mill), 55, 59, 69 Open Society and Its Enemies, The (Popper), 83 Open University, 180 opinion, freedom of, 224 Orban, Viktor, 254 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 186 Ornstein, Norman, 125–26, 227 Orwell, George, 71 Ottoman Empire, 35 Our Enemy, the State (Nock), 177 Packard, David, 105 Paine, Thomas, 21, 43–44 Pall, Niti, 206 Palme, Olof, 170, 175 Palo Alto, Calif., 105, 106 Papademos, Lucas, 259 Parag, Khanna, 218 Parliament, British, 31, 43 Party, The (McGregor), 151 Party for Freedom, Dutch, 259 patronage, 50, 52–53, 222, 237, 240 Paul, Ron, 34 payroll withholding tax, 82 Peace Corps, 216 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 38 Pearson, Karl, 68 Peel, Robert, 51, 54 pensions, 16, 267 Asian expansion of, 141–42 in Brazil, 18 in California, 113, 115, 119–20, 130 in China, 156, 183 defined-benefit vs. defined-contribution systems of, 184 as entitlements, 79, 184, 243 in Scandinavia, 171, 173, 184 spiking of, 184 as unfunded liabilities, 14, 119 People’s Action Party, Singapore, 134, 137–38 Peterson, Pete, 131 Peterson Foundation, 255 Peterson Institute for International Economics, 154 PetroChina, 152, 154, 155 Philippines, health insurance in, 141 Philippon, Thomas, 239 philosophical radicals, 48, 49, 85, 181 physician’s assistants, 204 Plato, 250, 255, 260, 264 pluralism, 211–14 police, technology and, 181–82 Political Economy (Mill), 57 political parties, declining membership in, 11, 261 politics: government bloat and, 10–11 money in, 256–58 polarization of, 11–13, 100, 124–27, 164, 255, 256 talent flight from, 127 Pomperipossa effect, 170 poor, poverty: failure of welfare state programs for, 87–89 public spending as biased against, 122–24 welfare state and, 68 Popper, Karl, 83 population: aging of, 15, 122–23, 124, 165, 174, 178, 183–84, 232, 241–42 urban shift of, 149, 218 Porter, Michael, 131 Portugal, public spending in, 99–100 Potter, Laurencina, 65–66 Potter, Richard, 65 Principles of Political Economy (Mill), 55 Pritchett, Lant, 147 private life, freedom of, 224 privatization, 8, 94, 96, 234–37 Procter & Gamble, 190 productivity, 178 Baumol’s disease and, 110 in public vs. private sectors, 18–20, 177, 285 state capitalism and, 154 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 148, 206–7 Progressive Party, 72 progressivism, 240 as self-defeating, 229–30 property rights, 40, 43, 224 Proposition 13, 91, 92, 107 Protestants, 38 public sector, 76, 89, 115, 177, 180 technology and, 180 Pudong, China, 1–5, 8 Pune, India, 218–19 Pure Food and Drug Act (U.S., 1906), 72 Putin, Vladimir, 144, 153, 253 Pythagorean theorem, 31 Qianlong, Emperor of China, 41 racism, 88 Rauch, Jonathan, 231 Reagan, Ronald, 8, 28, 88, 91–92, 97, 198 Friedman and, 86 small-government ideology of, 95 see also Thatcher-Reagan revolution reason, religion as opponent of, 48 Reform, 203 Reformation, 48–49 Reinfeldt, Fredrik, 184 religion: freedom of, 224 reason as opponent of, 48 rent control, 82 rent seeking, 239 “Report on Manufacturers” (Hamilton), 150 Republic, The (Plato), 250 Republican Party, U.S., 123, 236–37 increased taxes opposed by, 100, 255 tax rises approved by, 12 Reshef, Ariell, 239 retirement age, 184–85, 242 Reykjavik City Council, 261 Ricardo, David, 49 Richelieu, Cardinal, 37 Right, 82, 93 government bloat and, 10–11, 98 government efficiency and, 187 and growth of big government, 10, 95, 98, 228, 230–31 privatization and, 234, 236–37 welfare services opposed by, 88, 185 rights: Fourth Revolution and, 270 liberal state’s expansion of, 7, 48, 49, 51 in nation-state, 30, 43–44 of property, 40, 43, 224 protection of, as primary role of liberal state, 45 see also freedom Rights of Man, The (Paine), 44 Ripley, Amanda, 206–7 road pricing, 217 Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 10, 83, 86 Rodrik, Dani, 262 Romney, Mitt, 217 “Roofs or Ceilings” (Friedman), 82 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 72–73, 252 Roosevelt, Theodore, 71–72, 258 rotten boroughs, 51, 125, 227, 251, 257, 269 see also gerrymandering Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 44, 45 Rousseff, Dilma, 153 Royal Society, 42 Rumsfeld, Donald, 77, 253 Russia, 71 China and, 152 corruption in, 186 failure of democracy in, 253, 262 privatization in, 96 Singapore model admired by, 144 state capitalism in, 153, 154 Russian Revolution, 45 Rwanda, 144 Sacramento, Calif., 105, 106, 127 Sahni, Nikhil, 200 St.

Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom by Rebecca MacKinnon

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, business cycle, business intelligence, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, corporate social responsibility, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital Maoism, don't be evil, Eben Moglen, Evgeny Morozov, Filter Bubble, Firefox, future of journalism, Global Witness, high-speed rail, illegal immigration, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Joi Ito, Julian Assange, Mark Zuckerberg, Mikhail Gorbachev, MITM: man-in-the-middle, national security letter, online collectivism, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, pre–internet, race to the bottom, real-name policy, Richard Stallman, Ronald Reagan, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Crocker, Steven Levy, Tactical Technology Collective, technological determinism, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

., The Future of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011). 11 Other kinds of transnational organizations are also challenging the power of nation-states: One of the earliest policy analyses of the challenge posed by transnational organizations to the power of nation-states, and how the Internet had amplified the power of new actors, was by Jessica T. Matthews, “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 1 ( January/February 1997), 50–66. Parag Khanna argues that the world is entering a new phase that he calls the “new medievalism,” in which states must share power with other transnational actors. Parag Khanna, How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance (New York: Random House, 2011). 13 Communication Power: Manuel Castells, Communication Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 346–362, 431–432.

The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class by Joel Kotkin

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Admiral Zheng, Alvin Toffler, Andy Kessler, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bread and circuses, Brexit referendum, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, clean water, company town, content marketing, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, data science, deindustrialization, demographic transition, deplatforming, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, edge city, Elon Musk, European colonialism, Evgeny Morozov, financial independence, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Future Shock, gentrification, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Google bus, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, guest worker program, Hans Rosling, Herbert Marcuse, housing crisis, income inequality, informal economy, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, job polarisation, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, liberal capitalism, life extension, low skilled workers, Lyft, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, megacity, Michael Shellenberger, Nate Silver, new economy, New Urbanism, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, Occupy movement, Parag Khanna, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, post-industrial society, post-work, postindustrial economy, postnationalism / post nation state, precariat, profit motive, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, rent control, Richard Florida, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Salesforce, Sam Altman, San Francisco homelessness, Satyajit Das, sharing economy, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, smart cities, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, superstar cities, technological determinism, Ted Nordhaus, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, trade route, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, Virgin Galactic, We are the 99%, Wolfgang Streeck, women in the workforce, work culture , working-age population, Y Combinator

Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1930), vol. 2: 385. 17 James Cherowbrier, “Leading billionaire cities in Europe in 2014 and 2016, by billionaire population,” Statista, March 2017, https://www.statista.com/statistics/434709/leading-bilionaire-cities-europe/; WealthX, “The WealthX Billionaire Census 2018,” May 15, 2018, https://www.wealthx.com/report/the-wealth-x-billionaire-census-2018/; Stratfor, “Mapping the World’s Wealthiest Cities,” February 22, 2018, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/mapping-worlds-wealthiest-cities. 18 Daniel W. Drezner, “ ‘Connectography’ by Parag Khanna,” New York Times, May 1, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/books/review/connectography-by-parag-khanna.html?_r=0; Simon Curtis, “What Comes After the End of the Global City?” De Gruyter Conversations, April 17, 2018, https://blog.degruyter.com/what-comes-after-the-end-of-the-global-city/; Joseph Gyourko et al., “Superstar Cities,” National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2006, https://www.nber.org/papers/w12355. 19 Wendell Cox, “Paris, London Lead European Metropolitan Areas: Latest Data,” New Geography, July 10, 2019, http://www.newgeography.com/content/006349-paris-london-lead-european-metropolitan-areas-latest-data; Christophe Guilluy, Twilight of the Elites: Prosperity, the Periphery, and the Future of France, trans.

The Industries of the Future by Alec Ross

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, 3D printing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, AltaVista, Anne Wojcicki, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Madoff, bioinformatics, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, Brian Krebs, British Empire, business intelligence, call centre, carbon footprint, clean tech, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, connected car, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, data science, David Brooks, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, disintermediation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, distributed ledger, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fiat currency, future of work, General Motors Futurama, global supply chain, Google X / Alphabet X, Gregor Mendel, industrial robot, information security, Internet of things, invention of the printing press, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, lifelogging, litecoin, low interest rates, M-Pesa, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mobile money, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Nelson Mandela, new economy, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, open economy, Parag Khanna, paypal mafia, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, precision agriculture, pre–internet, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rubik’s Cube, Satoshi Nakamoto, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, social graph, software as a service, special economic zone, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, Travis Kalanick, underbanked, unit 8200, Vernor Vinge, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, women in the workforce, work culture , Y Combinator, young professional

Two weeks later, Shamoon: Bronk, interview; Camilla Hall and Javier Blas, “Aramco Cyber Attack Targeted Production,” Financial Times, December 10, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5f313ab6-42da-11e2-a4e4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2qP9F3kEY; Bronk and Tikk-Ringas, “Hack or Attack?” Saudi Aramco is responsible: Parag Khanna, “The Rise of Hybrid Governance,” McKinsey & Company, October 2012, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/public_sector/the_rise_of_hybrid_governance. Little did it know that its: Christopher Bronk and Eneken Tikk-Ringas, “The Cyber Attack on Saudi Aramco,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, April–May 2013, 81–96, http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2013-94b0/survival–global-politics-and-strategy-april-may-2013-b2cc/55-2-08-bronk-and-tikk-ringas-e272; Jim Garamone, “Panetta Spells Out DOD Roles in Cyberdefense,” American Forces Press Service, US Department of Defense, October 11, 2012, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?

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He has proposed that Detroit: Andreessen, “Turn Detroit into Drone Valley.” Today 54 percent of the world’s: “World’s Population Increasingly Urban with More Than Half Living in Urban Areas,” United Nations, July 10, 2014, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html; Parag Khanna, “Beyond City Limits,” Foreign Policy, August 16, 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/16/beyond_city_limits?page=0,0. Cities are incubators of growth: Andrew F. Haughwout and Robert P. Inman, “How Should Suburbs Help Their Central Cities? Growth and Welfare Enhancing Intra-metropolitan Fiscal Distributions,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2004, http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/economists/haughwout/suburbs_help_central_cities_haughwout.pdf.

The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It by Yascha Mounk

Abraham Maslow, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrew Keen, basic income, battle of ideas, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carried interest, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, centre right, classic study, clean water, cognitive bias, conceptual framework, critical race theory, David Brooks, deindustrialization, demographic transition, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, German hyperinflation, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Herbert Marcuse, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, income inequality, invention of the printing press, invention of the steam engine, investor state dispute settlement, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, land value tax, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, microaggression, mortgage tax deduction, Naomi Klein, new economy, offshore financial centre, open borders, Parag Khanna, plutocrats, post-materialism, price stability, ride hailing / ride sharing, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Rutger Bregman, secular stagnation, sharing economy, Steve Bannon, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Drezner, The Ideas Industry: How Pessimists, Partisans, and Plutocrats Are Transforming the Marketplace of Ideas (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017). 128. See “Mehrheit der Deutschen gegen neue Griechen-Milliarden,” Spiegel Online, February 2, 2012. 129. See Fareed Zakaria, The Future of Freedom (New York: Norton, 2007); and Parag Khanna, Technocracy in America (Parag Khanna, self-published, 2017). 130. See Richard Tuck, “The Left Case for Brexit,” Dissent, June 6, 2016, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/left-case-brexit; and Tuck, “Brexit: A Prize in Reach for the Left,” Policy Exchange, July 17, 2017, https://policyexchange.org.uk/pxevents/brexit-a-prize-in-reach-for-the-left/. 3.

The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism by Joyce Appleby

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, Columbian Exchange, commoditize, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, cotton gin, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, Doha Development Round, double entry bookkeeping, epigenetics, equal pay for equal work, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Firefox, fixed income, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Francisco Pizarro, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, General Magic , Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, Great Leap Forward, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, Hernando de Soto, hiring and firing, Ida Tarbell, illegal immigration, informal economy, interchangeable parts, interest rate swap, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Bogle, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, knowledge economy, land bank, land reform, Livingstone, I presume, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, PalmPilot, Parag Khanna, pneumatic tube, Ponzi scheme, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, refrigerator car, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, special economic zone, spice trade, spinning jenny, strikebreaker, Suez canal 1869, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thorstein Veblen, total factor productivity, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, two and twenty, union organizing, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, urban renewal, vertical integration, War on Poverty, working poor, Works Progress Administration, Yogi Berra, Yom Kippur War

Mark Magnier, “Bribery and Graft Taint Every Facet of Life in China,” Los Angeles Times, December 29, 2008. 30. Barry Naughton, “China: Which Way the Political Economy?,” Paper delivered at the UCLA Brenner Seminar, April 9, 2007. 31. Lin, “Lessons of China’s Transition”: 3. The opinion expressed is that of Grzegorz W. Kolodko. 32. Parag Khanna, “Waving Goodbye to Hegemony,” New York Times Magazine, January 27, 2008. 33. Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago, 2004), 46–53. 34. Ibid., 224–26, 233. 35. Pranah Bardhan, “What Makes a Miracle?: Some Myths about the rise of China and India,” Boston Review (January–February 2008); Heston and Sicular, “China and Development Economics,” 31. 36.

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Deepak Lal, Reviving the Invisible Hand: The Case for Classical Liberalism in the Twenty-first Century (Princeton, 2006), 214–19. 34. Elisabeth Rosenthal, “European Support for Bicycles Promotes Sharing of the Wheels,” New York Times, November 10, 2008. 35. Fareed Zakaria, “Is America in Decline? Why the United States Will Survive the Rise of the Rest,” Foreign Affairs, 87 (2008): 26–27; Parag Khanna, “Waving Goodbye to Hegemony,” New York Times Magazine, January 27, 2008. 36. Joseph A. Schumpter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3rd ed. (New York, 1950), 61. Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1. The Puzzle of Capitalism 2. Trading in New Directions 3. Crucial Developments in the Countryside 4.

Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World by Ian Bremmer

airport security, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, Bretton Woods, BRICs, capital controls, clean water, creative destruction, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, energy security, European colonialism, failed state, global rebalancing, global supply chain, Global Witness, income inequality, informal economy, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, no-fly zone, nuclear winter, Parag Khanna, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, smart grid, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Stuxnet, trade route, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

My gratitude to all my friends and colleagues willing to listen to my thoughts and improve upon them: Peter Apps, Matthew Bishop, Vint Cerf, Steve Clemons, Jared Cohen, Sam DiPiazza, Catherine Fieschi, Chrystia Freeland, David Fromkin, Martina Gmur, Ken Griffin, Nikolas Gvosdev, Guy Hands, Ken Hersh, Zachary Karabell, Tom Keene, Parag Khanna, Sallie Krawcheck, Dan and Eric Loeb (no relation), Steve Mann, Maziar Minovi, Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani, Nader Mousavizadeh, Martin Nagele, Mary Pang, Niko Pfund, Juan Pujadas, Gideon Rachman, Doug and Heidi Rediker, Joel Rosenthal, Marci Shore, Doug Shuman, Martin Sorrell, Larry Summers, Nick Thompson, Enzo Viscusi, Fareed Zakaria, and Bob Zoellick.

Reinventing Capitalism in the Age of Big Data by Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Thomas Ramge

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Air France Flight 447, Airbnb, Alvin Roth, Apollo 11, Atul Gawande, augmented reality, banking crisis, basic income, Bayesian statistics, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, book value, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, centralized clearinghouse, Checklist Manifesto, cloud computing, cognitive bias, cognitive load, conceptual framework, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, Didi Chuxing, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fundamental attribution error, George Akerlof, gig economy, Google Glasses, Higgs boson, information asymmetry, interchangeable parts, invention of the telegraph, inventory management, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, land reform, Large Hadron Collider, lone genius, low cost airline, low interest rates, Marc Andreessen, market bubble, market design, market fundamentalism, means of production, meta-analysis, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, multi-sided market, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, offshore financial centre, Parag Khanna, payday loans, peer-to-peer lending, Peter Thiel, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, price anchoring, price mechanism, purchasing power parity, radical decentralization, random walk, recommendation engine, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Sam Altman, scientific management, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, smart grid, smart meter, Snapchat, statistical model, Steve Jobs, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez canal 1869, tacit knowledge, technoutopianism, The Future of Employment, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, transaction costs, universal basic income, vertical integration, William Langewiesche, Y Combinator

—Philip Evans, senior adviser at The Boston Consulting Group and BCG Fellow “It’s vogue today to proclaim the ‘death of capitalism’—and yet the one truly global system is going through profound reinvention as a combination of technological forces reshape every aspect of our economic, political, and social lives. This book is an absolutely essential guide to our collective digital future and equally importantly, a sensible manifesto to shape it for everyone’s benefit.” —Parag Khanna, author of Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization and Technocracy in America: Rise of the Info-State NOTES CHAPTER 1: REINVENTING CAPITALISM the online marketplace’s twentieth-anniversary event: Marco della Cava, “EBay Turns Twenty with Sales Plan Aimed at Rivals Like Amazon,” USA Today, September 16, 2015, http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/09/16/ebay-turns-20-sales-plan-aimed-rivals-like-amazon/72317234.

Dual Transformation: How to Reposition Today's Business While Creating the Future by Scott D. Anthony, Mark W. Johnson

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, additive manufacturing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, Apollo 13, asset light, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Ben Horowitz, Big Tech, blockchain, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Carl Icahn, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, commoditize, corporate governance, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, diversified portfolio, driverless car, Internet of things, invention of hypertext, inventory management, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, late fees, Lean Startup, long term incentive plan, Lyft, M-Pesa, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Minecraft, obamacare, Parag Khanna, Paul Graham, peer-to-peer lending, pez dispenser, recommendation engine, Salesforce, self-driving car, shareholder value, side project, Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skype, software as a service, software is eating the world, Steve Jobs, subscription business, the long tail, the market place, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, transfer pricing, uber lyft, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Y Combinator, Zipcar

By the time this book hits the shelf, my family will have celebrated our seventh anniversary in Singapore. It continues to feel like a grand adventure. I’m thankful for all of the friends that have helped to keep it interesting, like Fidah Alsagoff, Bill Chang, Paul Cobban, Rachel Eng, Nick Evans, Kuen Loon Ho, Parag Khanna, Koh Boon Hwee, Tony May, Bernard Nee, Dilhan Pillay, Guillaume Sachet, Shaun Seow, Tan Ka Huat, Teo Ming Kian, Kwee Eng Thien, SC Tien, Ernest Wong, Zia Zaman, and many others. I’m also thankful that my friends at Manila Water, notably Gerry Ablaza, Ferdz dela Cruz, and Boogz Baffrey, and at Singtel, namely Tony May and Chua Sock Koong, were gracious enough to share their inspiring stories with broader audiences.

Future Crimes: Everything Is Connected, Everyone Is Vulnerable and What We Can Do About It by Marc Goodman

23andMe, 3D printing, active measures, additive manufacturing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, airport security, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, Bill Joy: nanobots, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, borderless world, Boston Dynamics, Brian Krebs, business process, butterfly effect, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, Chelsea Manning, Citizen Lab, cloud computing, Cody Wilson, cognitive dissonance, computer vision, connected car, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data acquisition, data is the new oil, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, DeepMind, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, Dogecoin, don't be evil, double helix, Downton Abbey, driverless car, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Flash crash, Free Software Foundation, future of work, game design, gamification, global pandemic, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Gordon Gekko, Hacker News, high net worth, High speed trading, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, hypertext link, illegal immigration, impulse control, industrial robot, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Harrison: Longitude, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Jony Ive, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, Kuwabatake Sanjuro: assassination market, Large Hadron Collider, Larry Ellison, Laura Poitras, Law of Accelerating Returns, Lean Startup, license plate recognition, lifelogging, litecoin, low earth orbit, M-Pesa, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mobile money, more computing power than Apollo, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, national security letter, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, obamacare, Occupy movement, Oculus Rift, off grid, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, operational security, optical character recognition, Parag Khanna, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, personalized medicine, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, printed gun, RAND corporation, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, refrigerator car, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, Ross Ulbricht, Russell Brand, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, security theater, self-driving car, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, Snapchat, social graph, SoftBank, software as a service, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, strong AI, Stuxnet, subscription business, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, tech worker, technological singularity, TED Talk, telepresence, telepresence robot, Tesla Model S, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, uranium enrichment, Virgin Galactic, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Wave and Pay, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, web application, Westphalian system, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, you are the product, zero day

Massive Anonymous ‘Million Mask March’ as It Happened,” RT, Dec. 24, 2013; “Anonymous (Group),” Wikiquote. 35 When MasterCard, Visa: Lauren Turner, “Anonymous Hackers Jailed for DDoS Attacks on Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal,” Independent, Jan. 24, 2013. 36 Anonymous is strongly against: Karol Snapbacks, “Anonymous Explaining Why They Hacked PSN/Sony,” YouTube, April 22, 2011; Quinn Norton, “Anonymous Goes After World Governments in Wake of Anti-SOPA Protests,” Wired, Jan. 25, 2012; Lisa Vaas, “Anonymous Bullies Sony and Nintendo over SOPA Support,” Naked Security, Jan. 3, 2012. 37 Anonymous views itself: Quinn Norton, “How Anonymous Picks Targets, Launches Attacks, and Takes Powerful Organizations Down,” Wired, July 3, 2012. 38 Even some of the group’s most ardent critics: “Hackers Take Down Child Pornography Sites,” BBC, Oct. 24, 2011. 39 In recognition of their growing power: Barton Gellman, “The World’s 100 Most Influential People: 2012,” Time, April 18, 2012. 40 Their burgeoning influence and capabilities: “Snowden Leaks: GCHQ ‘Attacked Anonymous’ Hackers,” BBC, Feb. 5, 2014. 41 Meanwhile, terrorist organizations too: For detailed information on terrorist and jihadist use of technology, see the United Nations Counterterrorism Implementation Task Force report Countering the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes, May 2011. 42 “do the things you”: Paul Tassi, “ISIS Uses ‘GTA 5’ in New Teen Recruitment Video,” Forbes, Sept. 20, 2014. 43 Internet reconnaissance and research: Thomas Harding, “Terrorists ‘Use Google Maps to Hit UK Troops,’ ” Telegraph Online, Jan. 13, 2007; Caroline McCarthy, “Report: JFK Terror Plotters Used Google Earth,” CNET, June 4, 2007. 44 For instance, “Ramzi Yousef”: Jack Kelley, “Terror Groups Hide Behind Web Encryption,” USA Today, Feb. 5, 2001. 45 Widely available online are documents: Gabriel Weimann, How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet, United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 116, March 2004. 46 In a striking example of how dangerous: “Search of Tsarnaev’s Phones, Computers Finds No Indication of Accomplice, Source Says,” NBC News, April 23, 2013. 47 “The trio reportedly made fraudulent”: Counter-terrorism Implementation Task Force, Countering the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes, May 2011, 18. 48 Even the infamous 2002 Bali bombing mastermind: Q&A with Tom Kellermann, “Internet Fraud Finances Terrorism,” Discovery News, Feb. 11, 2013. 49 Samudra was technologically savvy: Alan Sipress, “An Indonesian’s Prison Memoir Takes Holy War into Cyberspace,” Washington Post, Dec. 14, 2004. 50 Terrorists seem to be getting: Jeremy Scott-Joynt, “Warning Signs for the Funding of Terror,” BBC, July 20, 2005; Gordon Rayner and David Williams, “Revealed: How MI5 Let 7/7 Bombers Slip Through Their Fingers,” Daily Mail, May 1, 2007. 51 The Filipino hacking cell: Associated Press, “Filipino Police Arrest 4 Suspected AT&T Hackers,” CBS News, Nov. 27, 2011; Somini Sengupta, “Phone Hacking Tied to Terrorists,” New York Times, Nov. 26, 2011; Daily Mail Reporter, “Four Filipinos Arrested for Hacking AT&T Phone ‘to Fund Saudi Terror Group,’ ” Daily Mail, Nov. 28, 2011; Jennifer Rowland, “The LWOT: Phone Hacking Linked to Terrorist Activity,” Foreign Policy, Nov. 29, 2011. 52 Though the average Internet user: Marc Goodman and Parag Khanna, “The Power of Moore’s Law in a World of Geotechnology,” The National Interest, February 2013. 53 Though a $50,000 criminal: Siobhan Gorman, August Cole, and Yochi Dreazen, “Computer Spies Breach Fighter-Jet Project,” Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2009. 54 In May 2013: Ernesto Londono, “Pentagon: Chinese Government, Military Behind Cyberspying,” Washington Post, May 6, 2013. 55 Over the years, it has been reported: Ellen Nakashima, “Confidential Report Lists U.S.

…

Chapter 3: Moore’s Outlaws 1 According to the International Telecommunication Union: Miniwatts Marketing Group, “Internet Users in the World,” Internet World Stats, Dec. 31, 2013, http://​www.​internetworldstats.​com/. 2 Though it took nearly forty years: Miniwatts Marketing Group, “Internet Growth Statistics,” Internet World Stats, Feb. 6, 2013, http://​www.​internetworldstats.​com/. 3 The greatest growth: Miniwatts Marketing Group, “Internet Users in the World, Distribution by World Regions,” Internet World Stats, Feb. 5, 2014, http://​www.​internetworldstats.​com/. 4 And while half the world: Doug Gross, “Google Boss: Entire World Will Be Online by 2020,” CNN, April 15, 2013. 5 The concept was named: Marc Goodman and Parag Khanna, “Power of Moore’s Law in a World of Geotechnology,” National Interest, Jan./Feb. 2013. 6 Incredibly, it literally: Cliff Saran, “Apollo 11: The Computers That Put Man on the Moon,” Computer Weekly, July 13, 2009. 7 The modern smart phone: Peter Diamandis, “Abundance Is Our Future.” TED Talk, Feb. 2012. 8 As a result of mathematical repercussions: Ray Kurzweil, “The Law of Accelerating Returns,” Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence, March 7, 2001. 9 “law of accelerating returns”: Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Penguin, 2006). 10 Early criminal entrepreneurs: Evan Andrews, “6 Daring Train Robberies,” History.​com, Oct. 21, 2013. 11 Their carefully planned heist: Brett Leppard, “The Great Train Robbery: How It Happened,” Mirror, Feb. 28, 2013. 12 The incident kept the PlayStation: Keith Stuart and Charles Arthur, “PlayStation Network Hack: Why It Took Sony Seven Days to Tell the World,” Guardian, Feb. 5, 2014; “Credit Card Alert as Hackers Target 77 Million PlayStation Users,” Mail Online, Feb. 5, 2014. 13 In the end, financial analysts: J.

The Post-American World: Release 2.0 by Fareed Zakaria

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, airport security, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, conceptual framework, Credit Default Swap, currency manipulation / currency intervention, delayed gratification, Deng Xiaoping, double entry bookkeeping, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, interest rate derivative, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), knowledge economy, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, mutually assured destruction, National Debt Clock, new economy, no-fly zone, oil shock, open economy, out of africa, Parag Khanna, postindustrial economy, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South China Sea, Steven Pinker, Suez crisis 1956, The future is already here, The Great Moderation, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, three-masted sailing ship, trade route, Washington Consensus, working-age population, young professional, zero-sum game

As the Iraq war drags on and China rises, the larger story of the post–Cold War era has come into sharp relief: We are not the center of the universe. It matters less that particular countries are pro- or anti-American than that the world is increasingly non-American. We need to get over ourselves.” —Parag Khanna, Washington Post Book World “Zakaria . . . is judicious, reasonable, smooth, [and] intelligent. . . . He points out that, aside from some pockets of backwardness, the whole world has been getting much richer. . . . Even though the economic scene looks gloomier now than it did when he finished his book, Zakaria is correct to insist that many people everywhere have benefitted from the global boom.”

The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order by Bruno Macaes

active measures, Berlin Wall, Brexit referendum, British Empire, computer vision, deep learning, Deng Xiaoping, different worldview, digital map, Donald Trump, energy security, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global value chain, illegal immigration, intermodal, iterative process, land reform, liberal world order, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, megacity, middle-income trap, open borders, Parag Khanna, savings glut, scientific worldview, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, speech recognition, Suez canal 1869, The Brussels Effect, trade liberalization, trade route, Transnistria, young professional, zero-sum game, éminence grise

In 2011 Putin told participants at a conference in the White Sea port city of Arkhangelsk that Russia would be investing massively in the Arctic region in a bold bid to challenge traditional trade lanes. Perhaps different countries and cities will soon begin to compete to attract investment and people to the new trade route. Will there be a capital of the Arctic? In his Connectography, Parag Khanna suggests that Kirkenes in Norway may be the best candidate for the role, but Murmansk in Russia, just 200 kilometres to the south-east and founded in 1916, starts with considerable advantages. It is by far the largest settlement within the Arctic Circle and in 2016 its port handled more than 30 million tonnes of goods, a 50 per cent increase from 2015.

You Are What You Speak: Grammar Grouches, Language Laws, and the Politics of Identity by Robert Lane Greene

anti-communist, British Empire, centre right, discovery of DNA, European colonialism, facts on the ground, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, illegal immigration, machine translation, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Parag Khanna, Ronald Reagan, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Steven Pinker, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

And I am grateful to my boss, John Micklethwait, for the time off from The Economist during which I wrote this. Some of the material appeared in different form in the pages of that publication. Numerous friends and experts read chapters, catching errors and infelicities: Ilker Aytürk, Robert Greenberg, Prashant Keshavmurthy, Parag Khanna, Victor Mair, Prune Perromat, Don Ringe, and Ann Senghas. Stewart James-Lejárcegui gave a particularly sharp and helpful read of the whole thing. Bill Poser answered questions about China and Japan, as did Mohamed Maamouri about Arabic, and Geoff Pullum has been a lively correspondent over the years.

SUPERHUBS: How the Financial Elite and Their Networks Rule Our World by Sandra Navidi

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, assortative mating, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Bernie Sanders, Black Swan, Blythe Masters, Bretton Woods, butterfly effect, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, cognitive bias, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, conceptual framework, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, digital divide, diversification, Dunbar number, East Village, eat what you kill, Elon Musk, eurozone crisis, fake it until you make it, family office, financial engineering, financial repression, Gini coefficient, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Google bus, Gordon Gekko, haute cuisine, high net worth, hindsight bias, income inequality, index fund, intangible asset, Jaron Lanier, Jim Simons, John Meriwether, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, Kevin Roose, knowledge economy, London Whale, Long Term Capital Management, longitudinal study, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, McMansion, mittelstand, Money creation, money market fund, Myron Scholes, NetJets, Network effects, no-fly zone, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, Parag Khanna, Paul Samuelson, peer-to-peer, performance metric, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, power law, public intellectual, quantitative easing, Renaissance Technologies, rent-seeking, reserve currency, risk tolerance, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, rolodex, Satyajit Das, search costs, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, subprime mortgage crisis, systems thinking, tech billionaire, The Future of Employment, The Predators' Ball, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, too big to fail, Tyler Cowen, women in the workforce, young professional

In this personal account of rising from outsider to insider among today’s levers of global power, Sandra Navidi explains how the many high-profile names, readers will recognize in these pages, are themselves hubs and connectors, and how their relations to each other are the bonds of influence that shape the world.” —PARAG KHANNA, Senior Research Fellow in the Centre on Asia and Globalisation at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, global strategist, author, Managing Partner of Hybrid Reality, and Cofounder & CEO of Factotum “This book is unique in describing and analyzing the human behavior in the upper circles of the global financial system.

Globish: How the English Language Became the World's Language by Robert McCrum

Alistair Cooke, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, British Empire, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, colonial rule, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, Etonian, export processing zone, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ford Model T, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, invention of movable type, invention of writing, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, jimmy wales, knowledge economy, Livingstone, I presume, Martin Wolf, Naomi Klein, Norman Mailer, Parag Khanna, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, sceptred isle, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, Steven Pinker, the new new thing, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile

Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (London, 2007). —, Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century (London, 2008). Fred Kaplan, Lincoln: The Biography of a Writer (New York, 2008). Thomas Keneally, Lincoln (London, 2003). Frank Kermode, The Age of Shakespeare (London, 2004). Parag Khanna, The Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order (London, 2008). Mark Kishlansky, A Monarchy Transformed: Britain 1603–1714 (London, 1996). Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (London, 2007). James Kynge, China Shakes the World (London, 2006). Mark Leonard, What Does China Think?

Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World by Anand Giridharadas

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, activist lawyer, affirmative action, Airbnb, benefit corporation, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 747, Brexit referendum, Burning Man, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carried interest, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, David Brooks, David Heinemeier Hansson, deindustrialization, disintermediation, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, fake it until you make it, fake news, food desert, friendly fire, gentrification, global pandemic, high net worth, hiring and firing, housing crisis, Hyperloop, impact investing, income inequality, independent contractor, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Kevin Roose, Kibera, Kickstarter, land reform, Larry Ellison, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, microaggression, new economy, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, Paul Graham, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, profit maximization, public intellectual, risk tolerance, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, social distancing, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, tech baron, TechCrunch disrupt, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, the High Line, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, Travis Kalanick, trickle-down economics, Two Sigma, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Upton Sinclair, Vilfredo Pareto, Virgin Galactic, work culture , working poor, zero-sum game

Thought leaders tend, Drezner says, to “know one big thing and believe that their important idea will change the world”; they are not skeptics but “true believers”; they are optimists, telling uplifting stories; they reason inductively from their own experiences more than deductively from authority. They go easy on the powerful. Susan Sontag, William F. Buckley Jr., and Gore Vidal were public intellectuals; Thomas L. Friedman, Niall Ferguson, and Parag Khanna are thought leaders. Public intellectuals argue with each other in the pages of books and magazines; thought leaders give TED talks that leave little space for criticism or rebuttal, and emphasize hopeful solutions over systemic change. Public intellectuals pose a genuine threat to winners; thought leaders promote the winners’ values, talking up “disruption, self-empowerment, and entrepreneurial ability.”

The Raging 2020s: Companies, Countries, People - and the Fight for Our Future by Alec Ross

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air gap, air traffic controllers' union, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, benefit corporation, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, big-box store, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, clean water, collective bargaining, computer vision, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate raider, COVID-19, deep learning, Deng Xiaoping, Didi Chuxing, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, drone strike, dumpster diving, employer provided health coverage, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, general purpose technology, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, income inequality, independent contractor, information security, intangible asset, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, knowledge worker, late capitalism, low skilled workers, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, mass immigration, megacity, military-industrial complex, minimum wage unemployment, mittelstand, mortgage tax deduction, natural language processing, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, open economy, OpenAI, Parag Khanna, Paris climate accords, profit motive, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Bork, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, self-driving car, shareholder value, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, smart cities, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, sovereign wealth fund, sparse data, special economic zone, Steven Levy, stock buybacks, strikebreaker, TaskRabbit, tech bro, tech worker, transcontinental railway, transfer pricing, Travis Kalanick, trickle-down economics, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, vertical integration, working poor

This transaction—economic prosperity for political submission—is the core of the Chinese social contract. Instead of gaining the consent of the governed through the ballot box, the Chinese Communist Party did it through their wallets. “China has five thousand years of centralized political history. It’s not going to become democratic tomorrow,” said geopolitical analyst Parag Khanna. “We thought that they could liberalize, democratize once they joined the World Trade Organization and became part of the global economy—we were wrong. “The [Chinese Communist] Party has bought off the people through material welfare in exchange for political silence,” he added. Most recently, as the Chinese government encroached further into the physical and digital lives of its people, it also tightened its grip on the private sector.

They Don't Represent Us: Reclaiming Our Democracy by Lawrence Lessig

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, Aaron Swartz, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, blockchain, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, Columbine, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, data science, David Brooks, disinformation, do-ocracy, Donald Trump, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Free Software Foundation, Gabriella Coleman, illegal immigration, income inequality, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Gilmore, Joi Ito, Mark Zuckerberg, obamacare, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Parag Khanna, plutocrats, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Skype, speech recognition, Steven Levy, surveillance capitalism, Upton Sinclair, Yochai Benkler

For those who would abuse it, it becomes just another lever to be manipulated in the game of public policy making. The random (or ignorant) get deployed to help one side or harm the other. Our ignorance becomes predictable. It becomes cheap to evince. For those who would oppose democracy, it becomes just another argument for an alternative. Bestselling author Parag Khanna describes two models of governance in his 2017 book, Technocracy in America. In one, the government focuses on governing. In the other, it focuses on democracy. Not surprisingly, governments like the first, in Khanna’s account, do more to deliver the services of government than governments like the second.

Adriatic: A Concert of Civilizations at the End of the Modern Age by Robert D. Kaplan

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Anton Chekhov, Berlin Wall, British Empire, coronavirus, COVID-19, dematerialisation, disinformation, Donald Davies, Donald Trump, European colonialism, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, geopolitical risk, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, mega-rich, megacity, open borders, Parag Khanna, Pax Mongolica, South China Sea, Suez canal 1869, trade route, urban planning

BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22 Ballinger, History in Exile, pp. 129 and 144. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23 Reill, Nationalists Who Feared the Nation, pp. 1–3. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24 Ivan Krastev, After Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017), p. 11. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25 Parag Khanna, “Connectivity and Strategy: A Response to Robert D. Kaplan,” CNAS Stories, www.cnas.org, May 2017. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26 Manent, Metamorphoses of the City, pp. 3, 13, 18–19, and 319–20. Ian Buruma, “In the Capital of Europe,” New York Review of Books, April 7, 2016. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27 Mark Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea, 1815 to the Present (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), p. 49.

The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World by Niall Ferguson

Admiral Zheng, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, asset-backed security, Atahualpa, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Bear Stearns, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Black-Scholes formula, Bonfire of the Vanities, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, colonial exploitation, commoditize, Corn Laws, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deglobalization, diversification, diversified portfolio, double entry bookkeeping, Edmond Halley, Edward Glaeser, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, equity risk premium, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, Fractional reserve banking, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, Future Shock, German hyperinflation, Greenspan put, Herman Kahn, Hernando de Soto, high net worth, hindsight bias, Home mortgage interest deduction, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, information asymmetry, interest rate swap, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, iterative process, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", John Meriwether, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, labour mobility, Landlord’s Game, liberal capitalism, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market bubble, market fundamentalism, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Myron Scholes, Naomi Klein, National Debt Clock, negative equity, Nelson Mandela, Nick Bostrom, Nick Leeson, Northern Rock, Parag Khanna, pension reform, price anchoring, price stability, principal–agent problem, probability theory / Blaise Pascal / Pierre de Fermat, profit motive, quantitative hedge fund, RAND corporation, random walk, rent control, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Richard Thaler, risk free rate, Robert Shiller, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, savings glut, seigniorage, short selling, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, spice trade, stocks for the long run, structural adjustment programs, subprime mortgage crisis, tail risk, technology bubble, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, tontine, too big to fail, transaction costs, two and twenty, undersea cable, value at risk, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, Yom Kippur War

.), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Chicago, 2003), pp. 173f. 13 Clark, Farewell, chs. 13, 14. 14 David M. Rowe, ‘The Tragedy of Liberalism: How Globalization Caused the First World War’, Security Studies, 14, 3 (Spring 2005), pp. 1-41. 15 See for example Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York, 2008) and Parag Khanna, The Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order (London, 2008). 16 Jim Rogers, A Bull in China: Investing Profitably in the World’s Greatest Market (New York, 2007). 17 Robert Blake, Jardine Matheson: Traders of the Far East (London, 1999), p. 91. See also Alain Le Pichon, China Trade and Empire: Jardine, Matheson & Co. and the Origins of British Rule in Hong Kong, 1827-1843 (Oxford / New York, 2006). 18 Rothschild Archive London, RFamFD/13A/I; 13B/1; 13C/I; 13D/1; 13D/2; 13/E. 19 Henry Lowenfeld, Investment: An Exact Science (London, 1909), p. 61. 20 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919), ch. 1. 21 Maddison, World Economy, table 2-26a. 22 Lance E.

The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives by Eric Schmidt, Jared Cohen

access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, airport security, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andy Carvin, Andy Rubin, anti-communist, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, bitcoin, borderless world, call centre, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, clean water, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, Dean Kamen, disinformation, driverless car, drone strike, Elon Musk, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, false flag, fear of failure, Filter Bubble, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Hacker Conference 1984, hive mind, income inequality, information security, information trail, invention of the printing press, job automation, John Markoff, Julian Assange, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Law of Accelerating Returns, market fundamentalism, Mary Meeker, means of production, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, Parag Khanna, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, Peter Singer: altruism, power law, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Robert Bork, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social graph, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, Susan Wojcicki, The Wisdom of Crowds, upwardly mobile, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, young professional, zero day

Our gratitude to all our friends and colleagues whose ideas and thoughts we’ve benefited from: Elliott Abrams, Ruzwana Bashir, Michael Bloomberg, Richard Branson, Chris Brose, Jordan Brown, James Bryer, Mike Cline, Steve Coll, Peter Diamandis, Larry Diamond, Jack Dorsey, Mohamed El-Erian, James Fallows, Summer Felix, Richard Fontaine, Dov Fox, Tom Freston, Malcolm Gladwell, James Glassman, Jack Goldsmith, David Gordon, Sheena Greitens, Craig Hatkoff, Michael Hayden, Chris Hughes, Walter Isaacson, Dean Kamen, David Kennedy, Erik Kerr, Parag Khanna, Joseph Konzelmann, Stephen Krasner, Ray Kurzweil, Eric Lander, Jason Liebman, Claudia Mendoza, Evgeny Morozov, Dambisa Moyo, Elon Musk, Meghan O’Sullivan, Farah Pandith, Barry Pavel, Steven Pinker, Joe Polish, Alex Pollen, Jason Rakowski, Lisa Randall, Condoleezza Rice, Jane Rosenthal, Nouriel Roubini, Kori Schake, Vance Serchuk, Michael Spence, Stephen Stedman, Dan Twining, Decker Walker, Matthew Waxman, Tim Wu, Jillian York, Juan Zarate, Jonathan Zittrain and Ethan Zuckerman.

The Billionaire Raj: A Journey Through India's New Gilded Age by James Crabtree

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Asian financial crisis, behavioural economics, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Branko Milanovic, business climate, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, colonial rule, commodity super cycle, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate raider, creative destruction, crony capitalism, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, facts on the ground, failed state, fake news, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global supply chain, Gunnar Myrdal, income inequality, informal economy, Joseph Schumpeter, land bank, liberal capitalism, Mahatma Gandhi, McMansion, megacity, Meghnad Desai, middle-income trap, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, open economy, Parag Khanna, Pearl River Delta, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, post-truth, public intellectual, quantitative easing, rent-seeking, Rubik’s Cube, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, smart cities, special economic zone, spectrum auction, tech billionaire, The Great Moderation, Thomas L Friedman, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, vertical integration, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, yellow journalism, young professional

In particular, my understanding has been helped immeasurably by conversations with Reuben Abraham, Swaminathan Aiyar, Mukulika Banerjee, Jagdish Bhagwati, Sanjay Bhandarkar, Surjit Bhalla, Sidharth Bhatia, Katherine Boo, Praveen Chakravarty, Sajjid Chinoy, Gurcharan Das, Gaurav Dalmia, Gerson da Cunha, William Dalrymple, Ridham Desai, Sadanand Dhume, Amitabh Dubey, Naresh Fernandes, Anant Goenka, Harsh Goenka, Anthony Good, Ramachandra Guha, Nisid Hajari, Ishaat Hussain, Kumar Iyer, Zahir Janmohamed, Akash Kapur, Bharat Kewalramani, Jaideep Khanna, Parag Khanna, Mukul Kesavan, Manjeet Kripalani, Rajiv Lall, Brijesh Mehra, Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Saurabh Mukherjea, Anant Nath, PJ Nayak, Sanjay Nayar, Nandan Nilekani, Nitin Pai, Anuvab Pal, Deepanjana Pal, Jay Panda, Nick Paulson-Ellis, Basharat Peer, Stanley Pignal, Eswar Prasad, Naman Pugalia, Vinod Rai, Raghuram Rajan, Adam Roberts, Alan Rosling, Vijay Sankar, Amartya Sen, Neelanjan Sircar, Ruchir Sharma, Arun Shourie, Arvind Subramanian, Shashi Tharoor, Mark Tully, Siddharth Varadarajan, Gilles Vernier, and Adil Zainulbhai.

Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia by Anthony M. Townsend

1960s counterculture, 4chan, A Pattern Language, Adam Curtis, air gap, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Apple II, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Big Tech, bike sharing, Boeing 747, Burning Man, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, charter city, chief data officer, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, company town, computer age, congestion charging, congestion pricing, connected car, crack epidemic, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital map, Donald Davies, East Village, Edward Glaeser, Evgeny Morozov, food desert, game design, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, ghettoisation, global supply chain, Grace Hopper, Haight Ashbury, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jacquard loom, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, jitney, John Snow's cholera map, Joi Ito, Khan Academy, Kibera, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lewis Mumford, load shedding, lolcat, M-Pesa, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, messenger bag, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, off grid, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), openstreetmap, packet switching, PalmPilot, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, place-making, planetary scale, popular electronics, power law, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, scientific management, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, social software, social web, SpaceShipOne, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, telepresence, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, undersea cable, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, working poor, working-age population, X Prize, Y2K, zero day, Zipcar

“These city leaders are nonideological,” Palmisano posited, echoing storied New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, who famously said “There is no Democratic or Republican way of cleaning the streets.” Palmisano concluded, “They get things done. . . . Smarter city leaders think—and manage—for the long term.”58 At the very least, for the next election. Today, cities are the most pragmatic and effective level of government. In an era of gridlock at the national level, as Parag Khanna and David Skilling, who both serve as foreign policy advisors to the nation-state of Singapore, have argued in their essay “Big Ideas from Small Places,” “cities and provinces around the world are assuming a more important leadership role on global policy issues.”59 Even as they grow larger, cities maintain a sense of shared destiny that mobilizes people to work together.

A History of Future Cities by Daniel Brook

Berlin Wall, British Empire, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, carbon footprint, Celtic Tiger, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, company town, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, Edward Glaeser, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, glass ceiling, high-speed rail, indoor plumbing, joint-stock company, land reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, New Urbanism, open economy, Parag Khanna, Pearl River Delta, Potemkin village, profit motive, rent control, Shenzhen special economic zone , SimCity, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, starchitect, Suez canal 1869, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, working poor

Hines, Times Literary Supplement “Whatever the futures of these four cities hold, Brook cautions that progress and growth need more than construction projects and infrastructure.” —Daily Beast “Penetrating. . . . [Brook] sketches a portrait of a place that is not just a city, but an idea, and a dream.” —Parag Khanna, CNN “A fascinating and erudite look at where westernization ends and modernization begins. . . . [P]rofound and profoundly hopeful.” —Mark Pabst, Financialist “[An] engaging, quite original take on urban planning. . . . Wholly readable.” —Alan Moores, Seattle Times “Meticulously researched. . . .

Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media by Peter Warren Singer, Emerson T. Brooking

4chan, active measures, Airbnb, augmented reality, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, Comet Ping Pong, content marketing, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, data science, deep learning, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, false flag, Filter Bubble, global reserve currency, Google Glasses, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker News, illegal immigration, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of movable type, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, Jacob Silverman, John Gilmore, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mohammed Bouazizi, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, moral panic, new economy, offshore financial centre, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, pattern recognition, Plato's cave, post-materialism, Potemkin village, power law, pre–internet, profit motive, RAND corporation, reserve currency, sentiment analysis, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, social web, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, Upton Sinclair, Valery Gerasimov, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, yellow journalism, Yochai Benkler

utm_term=.3b666b5148d2. 263 clearest “losers”: Ibid. 263 Finland, Estonia: Reid Standish, “Russia’s Neighbors Respond to Putin’s ‘Hybrid War,’” Foreign Policy, October 12, 2017, http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/10/12/russias-neighbors-respond-to-putins-hybrid-warlatvia-estonia-lithuania-finland/. 264 single cabinet-level meeting: Haley Britzky, “Report: Trump Never Held a High-Level Meeting on Russian Interference,” Axios, December 14, 2017, https://www.axios.com/trumps-inability-to-recognize-1513298165-1d94485c-9fd2-4c84-b552-1299706176ec.html. 264 nearly $80 million: Nahal Toosi, “Tillerson Spurns $80 Million to Counter ISIS, Russian Propaganda,” Politico, August 8, 2017, https://www.politico.com/story/2017/08/02/tillerson-isis-russia-propaganda-241218. 264 cannot start early enough: Lisa Guernsey, “It’s Never Too Early to Start Teaching Kids Media Literacy,” Slate, November 8, 2017, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2017/11/in_the_age_of_fake_news_it_s_never_too_early_to_teach_kids_media_literacy. 264 at least a dozen: Michael Rosenwald, “Making Media Literacy Great Again,” Columbia Journalism Review, Fall 2017, https://www.cjr.org/special_report/media-literacy-trump-fake-news.php. 264 Calling Bullshit: “Calling Bullshit: Data Reasoning in a Digital World” (course syllabus, University of Washington, Autumn 2017), http://callingbullshit.org/syllabus.html. 265 “conscientious objector”: Thuy Ong, “Sean Parker on Facebook: ‘God Only Knows What It’s Doing to Our Children’s Brains,’” The Verge, November 9, 2017, https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16627724/sean-parker-facebook-childrens-brains-feedback-loop. 265 “our children’s brains”: Ibid. 265 Such “technocracy” views: Parag Khanna, “To Beat Populism, Blend Democracy and Technocracy, S’pore Style,” Straits Times, January 21, 2017, http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/to-beat-populism-blend-democracy-and-technocracy-spore-style. 265 the Flux movement: Mark Kaye and Nathan Spataro, “Redefining Democracy: On a Democratic System Designed for the 21st Century, and Disrupting Democracy for Good” (unpublished paper, January 2017), https://voteflux.org/pdf/Redefining%20Democracy%20-%20Kaye%20&%20Spataro%201.0.2.pdf. 266 “dangerous speech”: “Understanding Dangerous Speech,” Dangerous Speech Project, accessed March 12, 2018, https://dangerousspeech.org/faq/. 268 “The more we connect”: Chris Matyszcyk, “Facebook’s New Ads Aren’t as Friendly as They Seem,” CNET, February 16, 2015, https://www.cnet.com/news/facebooks-new-ads-arent-as-friendly-as-they-seem/. 268 like Mark Zuckerberg: Mark Zuckerberg, “I Wanted to Share Some Thoughts on Facebook and the Election,” Facebook, November 12, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271; Callum Bor-chers, “Twitter Executive on Fake News: ‘We Are Not the Arbiters of Truth,’” The Fix (blog), Washington Post, February 8, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/02/08/twitter-executive-on-fake-news-we-are-not-the-arbiters-of-truth/?

Imagining India by Nandan Nilekani

"World Economic Forum" Davos, addicted to oil, affirmative action, Airbus A320, BRICs, British Empire, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, carbon credits, carbon tax, clean water, colonial rule, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, distributed generation, electricity market, farmers can use mobile phones to check market prices, flag carrier, full employment, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, global supply chain, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, informal economy, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), joint-stock company, knowledge economy, land reform, light touch regulation, LNG terminal, load shedding, low cost airline, Mahatma Gandhi, market fragmentation, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, open economy, Parag Khanna, pension reform, Potemkin village, price mechanism, public intellectual, race to the bottom, rent control, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, Silicon Valley, smart grid, special economic zone, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, unemployed young men, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population

The Indian community has spread its roots across the world, from the eighteenth-century indentured laborers who were shipped to Southeast Asia and Europe to the immigrants to the Commonwealth through the 1950s and the engineers emigrating to the United States in the 1970s. So far and wide has the community spread that, as the writer Parag Khanna noted, “The sun never sets on the Indian diaspora.” And these Indians have been a ready conduit for the country’s soft power, in terms of our film, literature, art and music. Our attitudes toward our NRI community have changed as our economyhas globalized. Dr. Vijay Kelkar remembers how Indira Gandhi arranged a conference of senior Indian economists in 1980 to discuss the problem of “brain drain” from India—the government considered skilled Indians leaving for jobs abroad a major problem.

Aftermath: Following the Bloodshed of America's Wars in the Muslim World by Nir Rosen

Ayatollah Khomeini, failed state, glass ceiling, Google Earth, liberal capitalism, Parag Khanna, selection bias, Seymour Hersh, unemployed young men, urban sprawl, éminence grise

Ricks, author of Fiasco and The Gamble “The world would be a more dangerous place without Nir Rosen’s Aftermath. His bracing recounting of the invasion of Iraq and subsequent insurgency, and blunt dissection of the myths surrounding the surge are an essential antidote to the complacency that has set in as America exits Iraq—and which could lead to similar debacles in the future.” —Parag Khanna, author of The Second World: How Emerging Powers Are Redefining Global Competition in the Twenty-first Century “Aftermath is a masterwork, the product of a life devoted to a relentless pursuit of the knowledge and understanding of strange men who walk in nearly unimaginable paths across the far places of the world.