Rana Plaza

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We Are All Fast-Food Workers Now: The Global Uprising Against Poverty Wages by Annelise Orleck

"World Economic Forum" Davos, airport security, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, Bernie Sanders, big-box store, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, card file, clean water, collective bargaining, corporate social responsibility, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, export processing zone, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, food desert, Food sovereignty, gentrification, gig economy, global supply chain, global value chain, immigration reform, independent contractor, indoor plumbing, Jeremy Corbyn, Kickstarter, land reform, land tenure, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, McJob, means of production, new economy, payday loans, precariat, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , Skype, special economic zone, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, union organizing, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, working poor

And there was.10 CHAPTER 25 “WE ARE NOT A POCKET REVOLUTION” Bangladeshi Garment Workers Since Rana Plaza IN THE MONTHS AFTER RANA PLAZA, Bangladesh garment workers continued to push for victim compensation and a living wage. Fifty thousand workers led by Nazma Akhter shut down six hundred factories, demanding a raise from $38 to $100 per month. They had not had a raise in three years. “We are not asking for mercy,” said Akhter. “Our labor moves this economy.” They also demanded compensation for Rana Plaza and Tazreen victims, and criminal charges against their owners. In an export zone outside Dhaka, ten thousand women went rogue and vandalized factories.1 In December 2013, the government conceded, raising the minimum wage from $34 to $68 per month.

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Five months after the Rana Plaza factory collapse, the worst disaster in the history of the garment trades, a group of top-tier models were picketing and chanting: “Nautica, Nautica, you can’t hide. We can see your greedy side.” Some carried photographs of injured Bangladeshi workers. “No one should die for fashion!” they shouted. “Nautica, don’t throw workers overboard! End death traps now: Sign the Bangladesh Fire and Safety Accord.”1 Factory disasters were nothing new in Bangladesh. There had been hundreds of fires during the twenty-first century, claiming thousands of lives. But the Rana Plaza building collapse on April 24, 2013, had changed the global discussion, when 1,134 workers were killed and 2,500 more injured.

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They are endemic to twenty-first-century garment work.2 Ziff was radicalized by the Rana Plaza collapse. Afterward, she traveled to Bangladesh, met Akter, and interviewed survivors. “As the faces of the fashion industry,” Ziff said, “models are in a unique and powerful position to promote decent working conditions not only for themselves but also for the women who make the clothes that we wear.” Models picketing Fashion Week chanted: “Exploitation is not a good look.”3 The scale of the carnage after the Rana Plaza collapse struck workers, consumers, and activists worldwide, evoking horror and sparking anger.

The Golden Thread: How Fabric Changed History by Kassia St Clair

Apollo 11, barriers to entry, bitcoin, blockchain, butterfly effect, Dmitri Mendeleev, Elon Musk, flying shuttle, Francisco Pizarro, gender pay gap, ghettoisation, gravity well, Jacquard loom, James Hargreaves, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Kickstarter, Neil Armstrong, North Ronaldsay sheep, out of africa, Rana Plaza, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, spinning jenny, synthetic biology, TED Talk, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, Virgin Galactic, Works Progress Administration

And yet in 2013 it was the world’s second largest clothing exporter behind China; some five thousand factories employed 3.2 million workers, many of them women. After Rana Plaza, exports actually rose 16 per cent to 23.9 billion dollars.46 Cheap and plentiful labour – the minimum wage at the time of the accident was just thirty-seven dollars a month – makes it a popular place for large western brands to outsource production. Labels found amidst the Rana Plaza wreckage included Primark, Mango, Walmart and Benetton. Despite the presence of such large and profitable companies, redress for those affected by the disaster was slow in coming.

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., p. 151. 43‘Bangladesh Factory Collapse Death Toll Tops 800’. 44Ali Manik and Yardley, ‘Building Collapse in Bangladesh’; Devnath and Srivastava. 45Ali Manik and Yardley, ‘17 Days in Darkness’; The Editorial Board; Estrin. 46‘Rana Plaza Collapse’. 47Ali Manik and Yardley, ‘Building Collapse in Bangladesh’; The Editorial Board; Amy Kazmin, ‘How Benetton Faced up to the Aftermath of Rana Plaza’, the Financial Times, 20 April 2015 <https://www.ft.com/content/f9d84f0e-e509-11e4-8b61-00144feab7de> [accessed 4 October 2017]. 48Schlossberg; Lenzing Group; Scott Christian. 49Meyer. 50Tatiana Schlossberg.

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doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.02.0137> Plutarch, Isis and Osiris (Part 1 of 5), 5 vols (Loeb Classical Library, 1936), i <http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/moralia/isis_and_osiris*/a.html> [accessed 25 May 2017] Polo, Marco, The Travels of Marco Polo, ed. by Hugh Murray, 3rd edn (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1845) Power, Eileen, The Wool Trade in English Medieval History, Third (London: Oxford University Press, 1941) ‘Prison Labour Is a Billion-Dollar Industry, with Uncertain Returns for Inmates’, The Economist, 16 March 2017 <https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21718897-idaho-prisoners-roast-potatoes-kentucky-they-sell-cattle-prison-labour> Prude, Jonathan, ‘To Look Upon the “Lower Sort”: Runaway Ads and the Appearance of Unfree Laborers in America, 1750–1800’, The Journal of American History, 78 (1991), 124–59 <https://doi.org/10.2307/2078091> ‘Public Sentiment’, Southern Banner (Athens, Georgia, 24 August 1832), p. 1 R ‘Rana Plaza Collapse: 38 Charged with Murder over Garment Factory Disaster’, the Guardian, 18 July 2016, section World news <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/18/rana-plaza-collapse-murder-charges-garment-factory> [accessed 4 October 2017] Raszeja, V. M., ‘Dennis, Clara (Clare) (1916–1971)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography <http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dennis-clara-clare-9951> Reeves, Nicholas, ‘The Burial of Nefertiti?’

Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism by Harsha Walia

anti-communist, antiwork, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, blood diamond, borderless world, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, California gold rush, clean water, climate change refugee, collective bargaining, colonial rule, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, crack epidemic, dark matter, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, drone strike, Elon Musk, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, extractivism, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Food sovereignty, G4S, gentrification, George Floyd, global pandemic, global supply chain, Global Witness, green new deal, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, joint-stock company, land reform, late capitalism, lockdown, mandatory minimum, mass immigration, mass incarceration, means of production, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, pension reform, Rana Plaza, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Shoshana Zuboff, social distancing, special economic zone, Steve Bannon, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, surveillance capitalism, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, wages for housework, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

Chapter 3 1.Sini Saaritsa, Janne Hulkkonen, and Carry Sommers, “Rana Plaza—The Survivors’ Stories,” Fashion Revolution, October 2018, www.fashionrevolution.org/rana-plaza-the-survivors-stories/. 2.Amirul Haque Amin, “Workers of the World Unite,” National Garment Workers Federation, May 29, 2017, www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/presentation/wcms_555941.pdf. 3.War on Want, Stitched Up: Women Workers in the Bangladeshi Garment Sector, 2011, https://waronwant.org/sites/default/files/Stitched%20Up.pdf. 4.Dana Thomas, “Why Won’t We Learn from the Survivors of the Rana Plaza Disaster?,” New York Times, April 24, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/style/survivors-of-rana-plaza-disaster.html. 5.World Bank, “Export Processing Zones,” Policy and Research Series 20 (Washington, DC: World Bank, Industry Development Division of Industry and Energy Department, Trade Policy Division of Country Economics Department, 1992). 6.Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (London and New York: Verso, 2006), 158. 7.Lisa Duggan, Twilight of Equality: Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003), 3. 8.John Chalmers, “Special Report: How Textile Kings Weave a Hold on Bangladesh,” Reuters, May 2, 2013, www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-garments-special-report/special-report-how-textile-kings-weave-a-hold-on-bangladesh-idUSBRE9411CX20130502. 9.Debabrata Mondal, “Bangladesh, Global Capitalism, and the Garment Industry,” Sanhati, November 24, 2009, http://sanhati.com/excerpted/6726/. 10.Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (Toronto: Alfred A.

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CHAPTER 3 Dispossession, Deprivation, Displacement: Reframing the Global Migration Crisis Rupaly was one of thousands of workers hesitant to go to work on April 24, 2013, in the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh’s Dhaka District. Employed in a garment factory, she and other workers were uncomfortable with deep cracks in the walls of the dilapidated building. A government safety inspector had ordered an evacuation a day earlier, but the manager tried to convince employees it was safe and threatened to withhold wages from anyone who refused to work.1 A few hours later, the Rana Plaza building collapsed. Rupaly and others were miraculously rescued from the rubble of the eight-story building, amid piles of bright cloth, but 1,130 garment workers were killed.

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In 2018, as many as 3,793 Bangladeshi workers died overseas, mostly from work-related injuries.40 The same year, a series of worker actions took place against the garment industry in Bangladesh, resulting in charges against 3,000 workers and terminations of 11,600 workers in one hundred garment manufacturing units.41 Across from Rana Plaza, a memorial has been erected. In stark contrast to the edifice of greed that is every sweatshop, this monument is two calloused fists raised high, holding a hammer and sickle. Global Dispossession through Land Grabs and Climate Change The total number of migrants worldwide has reached 272 million, 3.5 percent of the world’s population, of which 70.8 million are forcibly displaced people.42 More than half of all refugees tracked by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) are from Syria, Afghanistan, and South Sudan.

Work Rules!: Insights From Inside Google That Will Transform How You Live and Lead by Laszlo Bock

Abraham Maslow, Abraham Wald, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, Atul Gawande, behavioural economics, Black Swan, book scanning, Burning Man, call centre, Cass Sunstein, Checklist Manifesto, choice architecture, citizen journalism, clean water, cognitive load, company town, correlation coefficient, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deliberate practice, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Fairchild Semiconductor, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Google Hangouts, Google X / Alphabet X, Googley, helicopter parent, immigration reform, Internet Archive, Kevin Roose, longitudinal study, Menlo Park, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, nudge unit, PageRank, Paul Buchheit, power law, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rana Plaza, random walk, Richard Thaler, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, six sigma, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, survivorship bias, Susan Wojcicki, TaskRabbit, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tony Hsieh, Turing machine, Wayback Machine, winner-take-all economy, Y2K

Ishan elaborated how this happens: “When employees trust the leadership, they become brand ambassadors and in turn cause progressive change in their families, society, and environment. The return on investment to business is automatic, with greater productivity, business growth, and inspired customers.” Contrast Brandix’s approach with the collapse of the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh on April 24, 2013. Five apparel manufacturers, a bank, and several shops filled the eight-floor building. The day before, Rana Plaza was evacuated as cracks appeared in the walls. The next day, the bank and shops told their employees to stay away. The apparel companies ordered their workers back in. More than 1,100 people lost their lives, including children who were in a company nursery in the building.13 Closer to home, the 1999 film Office Space, which deadpanned the meaningless rituals and bureaucracy of a fictional technology company, became a cult hit because it was instantly recognizable.

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“Wegmans Announces Record Number of Employee Scholarship Recipients in 2012,” Wegmans, June 7, 2012, www.wegmans.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PressReleaseDetailView?productId=742304&storeId=10052&catalogId=10002&langId=-1. 13. Sarah Butler and Saad Hammadi, “Rana Plaza factory disaster: Victims still waiting for compensation,” theguardian.com, October 23, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/23/rana-plaza-factory-disaster-compensation-bangladesh. 14. Office Space, directed by Mike Judge (1999; 20th Century Fox). 15. Richard Locke, Thomas Kochan, Monica Romis, and Fei Qin, “Beyond Corporate Codes of Conduct: Work Organization and Labour Standards at Nike’s Suppliers,” International Labour Review 146, no. 1–2 (2007): 21–40. 16.

Makers and Takers: The Rise of Finance and the Fall of American Business by Rana Foroohar

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic trading, Alvin Roth, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, bank run, Basel III, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Big Tech, bonus culture, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, buy and hold, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carl Icahn, Carmen Reinhart, carried interest, centralized clearinghouse, clean water, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, computerized trading, corporate governance, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, data science, David Graeber, deskilling, Detroit bankruptcy, diversification, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, electricity market, Emanuel Derman, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial intermediation, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, George Akerlof, gig economy, Glass-Steagall Act, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Greenspan put, guns versus butter model, High speed trading, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, Howard Rheingold, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, index fund, information asymmetry, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, Internet of things, invisible hand, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", John Bogle, John Markoff, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, London Whale, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market design, Martin Wolf, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, non-tariff barriers, offshore financial centre, oil shock, passive investing, Paul Samuelson, pensions crisis, Ponzi scheme, principal–agent problem, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Rana Plaza, RAND corporation, random walk, rent control, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Satyajit Das, Savings and loan crisis, scientific management, Second Machine Age, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, subprime mortgage crisis, technology bubble, TED Talk, The Chicago School, the new new thing, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, Tobin tax, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Vanguard fund, vertical integration, zero-sum game

The spate of disasters at BP is one example, but a more recent and even more devastating event in terms of lives lost was the 2013 disaster at the Rana Plaza garment-making complex in Bangladesh. Of the 3,500 workers who labored there to churn out cheap clothing for brands like Walmart, more than 1,100 died when a poorly constructed factory collapsed on top of them. As it turned out, the cause wasn’t just a lack of adequate safety standards in Bangladesh (though that was part of the story). The complexity that outsourcing introduces into the supply chain was also at play. In the aftermath of the collapse, Walmart claimed that it didn’t even know Rana Plaza was used to make girls’ jeans it was planning to sell.

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But the financialization of the American economy is the third major, unacknowledged factor in slower growth, and it engages with the other two in myriad destructive ways. Finance loves outsourcing, for example, since pushing labor to emerging markets reduces costs. But financiers rarely think about the risks that offshoring adds to supply chains—risks tragically evidenced in events like the 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza textile manufacturing center in Bangladesh, which killed more than a thousand garment workers who spent their days stitching T-shirts and jeans for companies like Walmart, Children’s Place, and JCPenney in buildings that weren’t up to code. Finance also loves the cost savings inherent in technology.

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In the aftermath of the collapse, Walmart claimed that it didn’t even know Rana Plaza was used to make girls’ jeans it was planning to sell. (After documents surfaced showing that its Canadian supplier had indeed ordered pants from Rana Plaza, that firm blamed a “rogue employee” for filing the order.)30 The revelations were all the more unsettling given that just eight months prior, Walmart-bound apparel had turned up in another disaster-stricken Bangladeshi factory, after a fire there had killed 120 people. In that instance, too, Walmart’s supplier had farmed its work out to even cheaper, black-market subcontractors. Walmart was left holding the bag, paying out millions in compensation while it tries desperately to repair its reputation and ward off lawsuits.

The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth Is Unattainable and the Global Economy Is in Peril by Satyajit Das

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The reasons lie in the relationship between developed and emerging economies. In April 2013, Rana Plaza, an eight-story complex of clothing factories near Dhaka in Bangladesh, collapsed, killing more than 1,100 people. It followed an earlier fire at Tazreen Fashions, another Dhaka factory, which killed more than one hundred. In 2010, a number of workers at a Foxconn electronics factory in China, a supplier to Apple, committed suicide. These incidents are only a miniscule part of the human cost of low-cost manufacturing in emerging markets. The proximate cause of the Rana Plaza collapse was clear. The original 2006 approval was for a five-story building, which was correctly designed and constructed.

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Return on investment in the garment trade has decreased from 50 to 20 percent, which is close to the cost of debt in Bangladesh. In turn, this drives further cost-reduction measures. The problems are compounded by weak government, corruption, rent-seeking, and poor administration. Bangladeshi building regulations are not enforced. Trade unions are aggressively suppressed. The owner of Rana Plaza was linked with one of Bangladesh's major political parties and allegedly used his influence to obtain approvals from the authorities, even though the building extensions did not comply with standards. The same pattern, repeated across countries and industries, relies on what Palestine-born writer Edward Said in 1978 termed Orientalism.

The Fissured Workplace by David Weil

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", accounting loophole / creative accounting, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, banking crisis, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, business cycle, business process, buy and hold, call centre, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, Clayton Christensen, clean water, collective bargaining, commoditize, company town, corporate governance, corporate raider, Corrections Corporation of America, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, employer provided health coverage, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, George Akerlof, global supply chain, global value chain, hiring and firing, income inequality, independent contractor, information asymmetry, intermodal, inventory management, Jane Jacobs, Kenneth Rogoff, law of one price, long term incentive plan, loss aversion, low skilled workers, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, Network effects, new economy, occupational segregation, Paul Samuelson, performance metric, pre–internet, price discrimination, principal–agent problem, Rana Plaza, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, Ronald Coase, seminal paper, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, statistical model, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Nature of the Firm, transaction costs, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, ultimatum game, union organizing, vertical integration, women in the workforce, yield management

Notably, the facility provided products for a number of major U.S. brands and retailers and had been covered by a workplace monitoring arrangement with Walmart, one of its major customers.48 Less than six months later, in April 2013, a multistory building in Savar, Bangladesh, collapsed, killing 1,127 people who worked in the numerous apparel manufacturing companies located in it. The Rana Plaza complex collapse was the deadliest accident in the history of the garment industry. Apparel contractors in the building produced goods destined for such global brands as Walmart, Benetton, the Children’s Place, and British retailers Bonmarché and Primark.49 Global supply chains give rise to benefits to the companies that draw upon them, the consumers who purchase goods produced through them, and the workers who are employed as part of them.

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But given their deep integration with the supply base and the essential strategic need to carefully prescribe, certify, and conduct ongoing monitoring of adherence to technical, quality, and delivery standards, it seems arbitrary to absolve those lead companies from responsibility for, at the very least, seeing that those suppliers adhere to the labor standards of their home country. The Apple/Foxconn story illustrates that lead firms can take more responsibility. The Tazreen and Rana Plaza tragedies exemplify the failure to do so. Any effort to address wage levels, health and safety, labor standards compliance, or other aspects of work must recognize that the modern workplace, as redrawn through the organizational forms discussed in Part II, looks less and less like the one enshrined in most public policies.

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The policy changes at Foxconn, in particular, including substantial pay increases and reduction in work hour policies as well as efforts to improve health and safety outcomes, are notable, as are the resources and attention Apple and HP have devoted to developing better capacities to monitor and improve labor and environmental practices in their supply bases.37 At the same time, the death of more than five hundred Bangladeshi workers in factory fires between 2006 and 2012 and the collapse of the Rana Plaza factory complex leading to more than 1,100 fatalities in 2013, all in facilities primarily serving apparel export markets points to the continuing huge challenges faced in this arena. This point is underscored by the fact that most of those who died worked in factories that were technically covered by codes of conduct or some type of international monitoring arrangement.38 A complete discussion of the impact of codes of conduct, transparency, and voluntary monitoring occurring across the boundaries of national workplace policies raises issues beyond the scope of this book and requires separate assessment.39 But several general points about recent efforts to address this particular driver of fissured workplaces can be made here.

The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World by Michael Marmot

active measures, active transport: walking or cycling, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Atul Gawande, Bonfire of the Vanities, Broken windows theory, cakes and ale, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Celtic Tiger, centre right, clean water, cognitive load, congestion charging, correlation does not imply causation, Doha Development Round, epigenetics, financial independence, future of work, Gini coefficient, Growth in a Time of Debt, illegal immigration, income inequality, Indoor air pollution, Kenneth Rogoff, Kibera, labour market flexibility, longitudinal study, lump of labour, Mahatma Gandhi, Mahbub ul Haq, meta-analysis, microcredit, move 37, New Urbanism, obamacare, paradox of thrift, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, RAND corporation, road to serfdom, Simon Kuznets, Socratic dialogue, structural adjustment programs, the built environment, The Spirit Level, trickle-down economics, twin studies, urban planning, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, working poor

Well, perhaps not literally those very garments, but ones very much like those were made in the factories where my friends and I work. Cue guilt feelings on the part of the Americans and Europeans. It is difficult not to feel that our liking for cheap clothes is somehow linked to the collapse, in April 2013, of the garment factory at the Rana Plaza complex that killed 1,100 people and injured 2,500 more. Cheap clothes in London and New York mean rotten factory conditions and low pay in Dhaka, in Bangladesh. Like it or not, we are involved. The simple version of this is that we, in high-income countries, export low pay and sweatshop working conditions to Bangladesh and Bangladesh exports affordable clothing to us – globalisation at work.

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One garment worker, a woman in her forties from a rural background, saw her daughter go to college. Three generations: rural poor, urban factory worker, college graduate. That is not to say that any of us who has bought a garment made in Bangladesh should be relaxed about the working conditions in which it was produced. The Rana Plaza incident brought much-needed attention to the question of working conditions in Bangladesh’s garment industry. There are power asymmetries at work here. If Bangladesh starts to get more organised about pay and working conditions, multinational corporations can simply shift their business elsewhere, to the detriment of Bangladesh’s economy and of the women who gladly see the work as empowering them.

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Available from: http://www.sulabhinternational.org/admin/config/media/file-system/Summary%20of%20the%20Case%20Study-Sulabh%20International-A%20Movement%20to%20Liberate%20Scavengers%20by%20Implementing%20a%20Low-Cost%2C%20Safe%20Sanitation%20System-by%20UNDP.pdf. 3Franco G. Ramazzini and workers’ health. Lancet. 1999; 354(9181): 858–61. 4Ibid. 5Eurofound. Fifth European Working Conditions Survey. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012. 6Ibid. 7Butler S. Bangladesh garment workers still vulnerable a year after Rana Plaza. The Guardian. 24 April 2014. 8International Labour Organisation. ILO Introductory Report: Global Trends and Challenges on Occupational Safety and Health. 2011. 9Marmot MG, Rose G, Shipley M, Hamilton PJS. Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1978; 32: 244–9. 10Marmot MG, Davey Smith G, Stansfeld SA, Patel C, North F, Head J, et al.

Worn: A People's History of Clothing by Sofi Thanhauser

Airbnb, back-to-the-land, big-box store, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Caribbean Basin Initiative, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, corporate social responsibility, cotton gin, COVID-19, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Dmitri Mendeleev, Donald Trump, export processing zone, facts on the ground, flying shuttle, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, Honoré de Balzac, indoor plumbing, invention of the sewing machine, invisible hand, microplastics / micro fibres, moral panic, North Ronaldsay sheep, off-the-grid, operation paperclip, out of africa, QR code, Rana Plaza, Ronald Reagan, sheep dike, smart cities, special economic zone, strikebreaker, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, union organizing, upwardly mobile, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce

In every case, the companies sourcing from the factories were major European and North American brands. Each of these brands had codes of conduct with “specific references to safety standards and expectations of compliance among their contractors.” Clearly, these codes do little to protect workers. This became spectacularly clear on April 24, 2013, at Dhaka’s Rana Plaza, a complex that produces garments for Bon Marché, Primark, Carrefour, Benetton, Inditex, JCPenney, Walmart, Store Twenty-One, C&A, The Children’s Place, DressBarn, Essenza, FTA International, Iconix Brand, and Mango among others. That morning, a government engineer warned workers gathered outside the building that visible cracks in support columns showed that the building was not safe.

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In the wake of the collapse, momentum was great enough to lead to the May 2013 Accord on Fire and Building Safety, currently signed by more than 150 global brands and retailers, by the powerful Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, and by two international union federations, IndustriALL and UNI. The accord was the product of a multiyear series of negotiations that only reached resolution in the immediate wake of the collapse in Rana Plaza. The accord rejected the voluntary Corporate Social Responsibility codes of conduct model and demanded, rather, that all signatories sign contracts that ensured joint financial responsibility between Bangladeshi manufacturers and the global brands and retailers that use them. Just like the contracts that the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union had jointly signed with jobbers and manufacturers, ensuring that the former could not shunt responsibility for worker conditions to the latter, these were legally binding obligations.

…

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Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization by Parag Khanna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 9 dash line, additive manufacturing, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, amateurs talk tactics, professionals talk logistics, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anthropocene, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, Basel III, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, borderless world, Boycotts of Israel, Branko Milanovic, BRICs, British Empire, business intelligence, call centre, capital controls, Carl Icahn, charter city, circular economy, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, complexity theory, continuation of politics by other means, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, data is the new oil, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deglobalization, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Detroit bankruptcy, digital capitalism, digital divide, digital map, disruptive innovation, diversification, Doha Development Round, driverless car, Easter island, edge city, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy security, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, failed state, Fairphone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, Ferguson, Missouri, financial innovation, financial repression, fixed income, forward guidance, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, global value chain, global village, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Hernando de Soto, high net worth, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, ice-free Arctic, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, industrial cluster, industrial robot, informal economy, Infrastructure as a Service, interest rate swap, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Just-in-time delivery, Kevin Kelly, Khyber Pass, Kibera, Kickstarter, LNG terminal, low cost airline, low earth orbit, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, mass affluent, mass immigration, megacity, Mercator projection, Metcalfe’s law, microcredit, middle-income trap, mittelstand, Monroe Doctrine, Multics, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, openstreetmap, out of africa, Panamax, Parag Khanna, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, Planet Labs, plutocrats, post-oil, post-Panamax, precautionary principle, private military company, purchasing power parity, quantum entanglement, Quicken Loans, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolling blackouts, Ronald Coase, Scramble for Africa, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spice trade, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech worker, TED Talk, telepresence, the built environment, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, young professional, zero day

For months prior, Chinese businessmen had been buying up as much Aptamil as they could from wholesale distributors and selling each carton for double the price on Taobao (the Chinese eBay) to mainland mothers concerned about the poor quality of Chinese baby formula (from which at least a dozen Chinese babies had died of poisoning). British pharmacies and grocery stores suddenly had to ration the popular baby formula. Maps 1, 24 and 25, corresponding to this chapter, appear in the map insert. On April 24, 2013, the upper floors of the Rana Plaza garment factory and apartment block in the Savar district of Dhaka, Bangladesh, collapsed and pulled down the whole building. When the search for survivors was called off one month later, 1,127 people were declared dead, making it the deadliest structural failure in history. While shoddy construction, corrupt management, poor regulation, and chaotic response are typical of the Bangladeshi manufacturing sector, the unprecedented scale of the tragedy and the factory’s customers—Primark, H&M, and Zara, among others—brought weeks of intense media scrutiny.

…

Even when e-commerce cuts out the traditional retailer or middleman, the sheer complexity of production and distribution of many high-tech products has required a near doubling of the number of transactions needed to create a finished product in the first place. Thus even as our concerns about supply chains increase, our dependence on them grows. It takes great care to trace and manage supply chains. The Rana Plaza garment factory in Dhaka was the epicenter of six layers of suppliers—clearly more than anyone realized or was actively managing. To ensure the thousands of uniforms they purchase every year are made sustainably, administrators and student delegations from United World Colleges (K–12) in Singapore travel to factories in interior Malaysia to monitor facilities’ compliance with World Responsible Accredited Production codes of conduct.

…

The Bangladesh garment factory and the jobs it creates might not have existed were it not for Western retailers, and its collapse would barely have been noticed by Western consumers were it not for their connection to those brands. Bangladesh’s new building code is being designed not by lax local authorities but by a consortium including seventy European companies whose reputations depend on avoiding a repeat of the Rana Plaza disaster. Similarly, a franchise business can be more accountable due to strict rules set forth by a powerful parent company. McDonald’s has more capacity to inspect itself, and more incentive to protect its brand, than any government can devote to monitoring it. Similarly, the West African societies where children work in cocoa fields don’t raise wages or build schools the way Nestlé can.*1 — SUPPLY CHAINS WERE ONCE thought of as spurring a race to the bottom; now it is clear they are how countries race to the top.

Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley From Building a New Global Underclass by Mary L. Gray, Siddharth Suri

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Apollo 13, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, basic income, benefit corporation, Big Tech, big-box store, bitcoin, blue-collar work, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, cloud computing, cognitive load, collaborative consumption, collective bargaining, computer vision, corporate social responsibility, cotton gin, crowdsourcing, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, deskilling, digital divide, do well by doing good, do what you love, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, employer provided health coverage, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, financial independence, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, fulfillment center, future of work, gig economy, glass ceiling, global supply chain, hiring and firing, ImageNet competition, independent contractor, industrial robot, informal economy, information asymmetry, Jeff Bezos, job automation, knowledge economy, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, machine translation, market friction, Mars Rover, natural language processing, new economy, operational security, passive income, pattern recognition, post-materialism, post-work, power law, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, recommendation engine, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Coase, scientific management, search costs, Second Machine Age, sentiment analysis, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, software as a service, speech recognition, spinning jenny, Stephen Hawking, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, The Nature of the Firm, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, two-sided market, union organizing, universal basic income, Vilfredo Pareto, Wayback Machine, women in the workforce, work culture , Works Progress Administration, Y Combinator, Yochai Benkler

It is a case of what can be done collaboratively by consumers, workers, growers, and corporate buyers to produce better outcomes for business, the consumer, and those generating value for them both through contract, seasonal jobs. Just as inspiring is the signing of Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, or the Bangladesh Accord. It followed the 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza, in Bangladesh, the deadliest textile factory accident in history. The overcapacity facility, built with shoddy materials for nonindustrial use, with three illegal shop floors haphazardly tacked on to the building, crushed 1,100 workers to death and injured another 2,500. Five days later, protesters surrounded the central London Primark store to call out the company for being one of the hundreds of name-brand clothing manufacturers that had contributed to the negligence that resulted in the building’s collapse and so many deaths.

…

Months later, through the hard work of consumer boycotts and advocacy groups, in solidarity with unions representing Bangladeshi textile and garment workers, more than 200 brands agreed to acknowledge that because they profited from the labor these workers supplied and the value they created for their companies, they themselves bore responsibility for the safety of the workers in their supply chains. Companies like Aldi Nord, Aldi Süd, Primark, Puma, and American Eagle, all of whom used Rana Plaza to stitch together consumer goods, signed on. Even though some of the largest clothes makers using the plaza, like Walmart, Gap, Target, and Macy’s, refused to sign the legally binding agreements to improve safety and conditions for workers, many of their European counterparts did sign. The Fair Food Program and the Bangladesh Accord are beacons for how to hold all of us accountable to the workers in manufacturing supply chains of the past.

Slow by Brooke McAlary

Airbnb, big-box store, clean water, imposter syndrome, Lyft, off grid, Parkinson's law, Rana Plaza, retail therapy, sharing economy, TaskRabbit, TED Talk, uber lyft

Take your purchasing power back from marketers and choose a product that will prove a good investment of time, money and resources. Buy ethically As well as quality in the product, consider what your purchase means for the quality of life of the people making it, and the impact on the environment. Ethical fashion and ethical manufacturing are blossoming sub-industries, partly spurred on by tragedies such as Bangladesh’s Rana Plaza disaster in 201, when more than 1100 garment workers making clothes for many well-known mainstream brands perished in a factory collapse. While this was an event that garnered a lot of attention simply because of the scale of the devastation, there are endless examples of similarly unsafe work conditions and unfair salaries for garment workers who bring us $5 T-shirts and jeans that cost less than a takeaway pizza.

Nine Pints: A Journey Through the Money, Medicine, and Mysteries of Blood by Rose George

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air freight, airport security, British Empire, call centre, corporate social responsibility, Edward Snowden, global pandemic, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, index card, Jeff Bezos, meta-analysis, microbiome, Nelson Mandela, obamacare, period drama, Peter Thiel, Rana Plaza, RAND corporation, Silicon Valley, Skype, social contagion, stem cell, TED Talk, time dilation

It was named HERproject (in which HER stands for Health Enables Returns) and was a program run by Business for Social Responsibility, a membership organization of 250 companies worldwide that includes Microsoft, Sony, Pepsi, and Coca-Cola.67 Dhaka was an appropriate place for a business-backed project because many BSR members have their products made in Bangladesh’s five thousand garment factories. There are three million Bangladeshis working in the garment industry, and 80 percent are women. They are difficult to reach: the garment industry is suspicious of the press because the press reports things like the Rana Plaza factory building collapse in 2013, which killed 1,129 workers.68 Under the wings of HERproject, I was given access to a factory that I wasn’t allowed to name, on a street I couldn’t identify, run by companies I wasn’t permitted to mention who produced clothing for Western brands that had to remain anonymous.

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A Life Less Throwaway: The Lost Art of Buying for Life by Tara Button

behavioural economics, circular economy, clean water, collaborative consumption, David Attenborough, delayed gratification, Downton Abbey, Fairphone, gamification, Great Leap Forward, hedonic treadmill, Internet of things, Kickstarter, life extension, lock screen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mason jar, meta-analysis, period drama, planned obsolescence, Rana Plaza, retail therapy, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, thinkpad

The building was evacuated, but despite their protests, the garment workers were forced back to work the next morning, being told that they would lose a whole month’s pay if they refused to re-enter the building. At 8.57 a.m., with everyone inside, the building collapsed and 1,129 people were killed and over 2,500 were injured. This Rana Plaza tragedy captured the world’s attention for a few days, but the misery of what many call ‘modern-day slave labour’ has continued, with those who protest over their near-starvation wages and dangerous conditions being fired, beaten or arrested. What’s the answer? It’s hard to hold this kind of story in mind when you’re browsing for something pretty to wear on holiday.

Women Talk Money: Breaking the Taboo by Rebecca Walker

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, call centre, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, export processing zone, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, financial independence, gentrification, George Floyd, global pandemic, high net worth, hockey-stick growth, hustle culture, impact investing, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, Maui Hawaii, microaggression, neurotypical, obamacare, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Rana Plaza, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, TED Talk, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, women in the workforce, working poor, Y Combinator

My success was in large part due to my whiteness: in 2018, 66 percent of advertisements, 67.5 percent of runways, and 68.6 percent of magazine covers featured white models, and those numbers reflect a vastly more inclusive casting than when I started working eighteen years ago. My success reinforced white supremacy. I was on set the day of the Rana Plaza factory collapse. Sitting in hair and makeup, with the blow-dryer going too loud to make conversation, I read the day’s headline stories. More than a thousand people lost their lives and two thousand and five hundred more were injured in the collapse of a factory that made clothes like the ones we were selling.

Work Won't Love You Back: How Devotion to Our Jobs Keeps Us Exploited, Exhausted, and Alone by Sarah Jaffe

Ada Lovelace, air traffic controllers' union, Amazon Mechanical Turk, antiwork, barriers to entry, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, big-box store, Black Lives Matter, blue-collar work, Boris Johnson, call centre, capitalist realism, Charles Babbage, collective bargaining, coronavirus, COVID-19, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, desegregation, deskilling, do what you love, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, emotional labour, feminist movement, Ferguson, Missouri, financial independence, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fulfillment center, future of work, gamification, gender pay gap, gentrification, George Floyd, gig economy, global pandemic, Grace Hopper, green new deal, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, informal economy, job automation, job satisfaction, job-hopping, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, late capitalism, lockdown, lone genius, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, means of production, mini-job, minimum wage unemployment, move fast and break things, Naomi Klein, new economy, oil shock, Peter Thiel, post-Fordism, post-work, precariat, profit motive, Rana Plaza, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, school choice, Silicon Valley, social distancing, Steve Jobs, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, tech worker, traumatic brain injury, uber lyft, union organizing, universal basic income, unpaid internship, W. E. B. Du Bois, wages for housework, War on Poverty, WeWork, women in the workforce, work culture , workplace surveillance , Works Progress Administration

Yet even Amazon, in denying the reports of hellish conditions written up by journalist Emily Guendelsberger, touts its “passionate employees, whose pride and commitment are what make the Amazon customer experience great.” 9 The global pandemic in 2020 just made the brutality of the workplace more visible. The amount of people employed in manufacturing worldwide has shrunk, but still the work is done, and more and more of it for pennies and without union protections. Women and children labor in deadly conditions in factories in places like Bangladesh, where the Rana Plaza garment factory collapse in 2013 killed 1,132 workers and injured more than 2,000 more. The day-to-day conditions of Bangladeshi garment workers—or, say, the workers who assemble iPhones at the Foxconn plant in China—range from tedious to backbreaking to deadly. Few seriously expect such workers to like their jobs, though they might face pressure to smile for the factory inspectors on the rare occasions they come around. 10 Coal miners and factory workers have been described in many an article, laden with stereotypes, as Trump’s base, layering a thick sheen of romance over what was and remains miserable work.

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate by Naomi Klein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1960s counterculture, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, big-box store, bilateral investment treaty, Blockadia, Boeing 747, British Empire, business climate, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, clean water, Climategate, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, complexity theory, crony capitalism, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, different worldview, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, Dr. Strangelove, electricity market, energy security, energy transition, equal pay for equal work, extractivism, Exxon Valdez, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, financial deregulation, food miles, Food sovereignty, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, green transition, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, ice-free Arctic, immigration reform, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jones Act, Kickstarter, Kim Stanley Robinson, land bank, light touch regulation, man camp, managed futures, market fundamentalism, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Shellenberger, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, new economy, Nixon shock, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, post-oil, precautionary principle, profit motive, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rana Plaza, remunicipalization, renewable energy transition, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, scientific management, smart grid, special economic zone, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, structural adjustment programs, Ted Kaczynski, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, the long tail, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, wages for housework, walkable city, Washington Consensus, Wayback Machine, We are all Keynesians now, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Europe Turns Back to Coal, Raising Climate Fears,” New York Times, April 23, 2008; Personal email communication with IEA Clean Coal Centre, March 19, 2014. 41. Jonathan Watts, “Foxconn offers pay rises and suicide nets as fears grow over wave of deaths,” Guardian, May 28, 2010; Shahnaz Parveen, “Rana Plaza factory collapse survivors struggle one year on,” BBC News, April 23, 2014. 42. Mark Dowie, Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 185-86; Keith Schneider, “Environment Groups Are Split on Support for Free-Trade Pact,” New York Times, September 16, 1993. 43.