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Active Measures by Thomas Rid

1960s counterculture, 4chan, active measures, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, call centre, Charlie Hebdo massacre, Chelsea Manning, continuation of politics by other means, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, East Village, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, facts on the ground, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, guest worker program, information security, Internet Archive, Jacob Appelbaum, John Markoff, Julian Assange, kremlinology, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, operational security, peer-to-peer, Prenzlauer Berg, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, technoutopianism, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, zero day

Ignoring the rich and disturbing lessons of industrial-scale Cold War disinformation campaigns risks repeating mid-century errors that are already weakening liberal democracy in the digital age. Recognizing an active measure can be difficult. Disinformation, when done well, is hard to spot, especially when it first becomes public. It will therefore be helpful to clarify what an active measure is, and what it is not. First, and most important, active measures are not spontaneous lies by politicians, but the methodical output of large bureaucracies. Disinformation was, and in many ways continues to be, the domain of intelligence agencies—professionally run, continually improved, and usually employed against foreign adversaries. Second, all active measures contain an element of disinformation: content may be forged, sourcing doctored, the method of acquisition covert; influence agents and cutouts may pretend to be something they are not, and online accounts involved in the surfacing or amplification of an operation may be inauthentic.

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., area.1 At the same time, with help from partner agencies, the KGB’s disinformation specialists impersonated a then-fierce Islamic terrorist organization, al-Jihad, and threatened French and Israeli delegations with physical attacks, according to a declassified memo.2 Disinformation operators regularly referred to Lenin’s writings. By early 1985, active measures had also reached peak bureaucratic performance. Soviet active measures then had an annual budget between $3 billion and $4 billion—an estimate that CIA analysts called “conservative.”3 Service A was making a concerted effort to refine and distribute the philosophy of active measures throughout the Eastern bloc intelligence establishment. The context for this push was probably an attempt by the leadership of Service A to upgrade active measures for the second time, after more than two decades, from a “service” into a full-blown “directorate,” on a level with the First Chief Directorate.

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HVA, Abteilung VII, “Leiterinformation zu aktuellen Aspekten der Entwicklung der Friedensbewegung in der BRD und Westberlin” November 1, 1982, BStU, ZA, ZAIG 6274, Bl. 6–12, p. 8, quoted in Knabe, Die unterwanderte Republik, p. 258. 20. Nuclear Freeze   1.  J. L. Tierney, “Soviet Active Measures Relating to the U.S. Peace Movement,” FBI (Washington, DC, March 9, 1983), p. 5, https://archive.org/details/1983-FBI-active-measures-peace-movement.   2.  Ibid., p. 4 (initially classified as secret).   3.  Alan Wolfe, “I Was a Cold War Pawn,” The Nation, January 22, 1983, pp. 1, 79–83.   4.  Tierney, “Soviet Active Measures Relating to the U.S. Peace Movement,” p. 7.   5.  Wolfe, “I Was a Cold War Pawn,” p. 82.   6.  Tierney, “Soviet Active Measures Relating to the U.S. Peace Movement,” p. 9.   7.  Ibid., p. 12.   8.  

Messing With the Enemy: Surviving in a Social Media World of Hackers, Terrorists, Russians, and Fake News by Clint Watts

4chan, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bellingcat, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Cambridge Analytica, Chelsea Manning, Climatic Research Unit, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, Filter Bubble, global pandemic, Google Earth, Hacker News, illegal immigration, information security, Internet of things, Jacob Silverman, Julian Assange, loss aversion, Mark Zuckerberg, Mikhail Gorbachev, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, operational security, pre–internet, Russian election interference, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, Steve Bannon, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, Turing test, University of East Anglia, Valery Gerasimov, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, zero day

Exposure of Soviet operatives conducting active measures in the United States persistently jeopardized Kremlin foreign policy. Finally, American nationalism during the Cold War sustained a population averse to anything Soviet, resistant to Communist messaging and deeply suspicious of foreign influence. Stand-alone initiatives like Operation Infektion achieved remarkable tactical success, but strategically, active measures required too much time and money. They also required less resistance to cement themselves among targeted Western populations and to generate grassroots support. Active measures could and would work; the timing just wasn’t right—until the advent of the internet

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Government standoffs at the Bundy ranch, in Oregon, Jade Helm 15, and abortion protests all were showcased to fuel contempt among competing American factions. Traditional lines of active measures attack were all there on social media: political, social, financial, and calamitous. We considered writing up our analysis of the active measures renaissance, but we kept arriving at the same question: Why? In the fall of 2015, we didn’t think Americans would understand Russia’s active measures. Even if they did understand what was happening, I didn’t think they would care. The same could be said for the U.S. government. In the early summer of 2014, I provided a snapshot of the Russian social media campaign with regard to Syria as I closed a briefing on the Islamic State’s rise.

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* * * Perestroika and glasnost—economic liberalization and opening up of information—crumbled the Soviet Union, but two decades later they opened the way for Russian active measures far more successful than those of their forefathers. The closed Soviet economy provided no method for openly and legally incentivizing accomplices. KGB agents instead had to recruit operatives and issue payments in the conduct of active measures. Today, Russia’s active measures economically influence America. The Kremlin doesn’t need to pay the Trump team and its envoys when mutually beneficial business arrangements have naturally brought the two camps together.

The Wires of War: Technology and the Global Struggle for Power by Jacob Helberg

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air gap, Airbnb, algorithmic management, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bike sharing, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, cable laying ship, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, cloud computing, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, crisis actor, data is the new oil, data science, decentralized internet, deep learning, deepfake, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deplatforming, digital nomad, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, fail fast, fake news, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, geopolitical risk, glass ceiling, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google bus, Google Chrome, GPT-3, green new deal, information security, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, knowledge economy, Larry Ellison, lockdown, Loma Prieta earthquake, low earth orbit, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, one-China policy, open economy, OpenAI, Parler "social media", Peter Thiel, QAnon, QR code, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, reshoring, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, Salesforce, Sam Altman, satellite internet, self-driving car, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart grid, SoftBank, Solyndra, South China Sea, SpaceX Starlink, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, Susan Wojcicki, tech worker, techlash, technoutopianism, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, TSMC, Twitter Arab Spring, uber lyft, undersea cable, Unsafe at Any Speed, Valery Gerasimov, vertical integration, Wargames Reagan, Westphalian system, white picket fence, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, zero-sum game

The KGB veteran also employed what Russians had long termed aktivniye meropriyatiya—“active measures”55—exercising influence, as Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze put it, through “the force of politics” as well as “the politics of force.”56 It was only natural that Putin would turn to such tactics. Thomas Rid, a professor at Johns Hopkins University, notes that Putin’s post in Dresden “had been opened specifically to run active measures against West Germany at a time when active measures were at their most cunning.”57 Foreshadowing their 2016 efforts against the United States, Moscow’s Cold War active measures campaigns sought to create wedges in the Western world.

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During the 1984 election, KGB agents tried to prevent Reagan’s reelection.58 Notoriously, the Soviet Operation Denver propagated the lie that the U.S. government had cooked up the AIDS virus at Maryland’s Fort Detrick59 (an eerie forerunner to China’s more recent claim that the Pentagon had created COVID at the same installation).60 By 1985, CIA analysts conservatively estimated that the USSR was spending $3 to $4 billion a year on active measures around the globe,61 culminating in an estimated 10,000 disinformation operations throughout the Cold War.62 Soviet disinformation campaigns were often effective, but there were limits. The former FBI agent and national security analyst Clint Watts notes, “Soviet propaganda outlets took many years or even decades to grow their audiences,” costing time and money Moscow didn’t have. “Active measures could and would work,” Watts says. “The timing just wasn’t right—until the advent of the internet.”63 As David Sanger of the New York Times puts it, “Stalin would have loved Twitter.”64 At first, the Russian government was slow to realize the disruptive power of the Internet.

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., 79. 41 Chris Bowlby, “Vladimir Putin’s formative German years,” BBC, March 27, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32066222. 42 Ibid. 43 Ibid. 44 Evan Osnos, David Remnick, and Joshua Yaffa, “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War,” New Yorker, February 24, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/06/trump-putin-and-the-new-cold-war. 45 Henry Foy, “ ‘We need to talk about Igor’: the rise of Russia’s most powerful oligarch,” Financial Times, March 1, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/dc7d48f8-1c13-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6; Guy Chazan, “A Trusted Ally of Putin, Miller Vaults From Obscurity to Gazprom’s Helm,” Wall Street Journal, June 1, 2001, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB991339427925984520. 46 Joshua Yaffa, “Putin’s Shadow Cabinet and the Bridge to Crimea,” New Yorker, May 22, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/29/putins-shadow-cabinet-and-the-bridge-to-crimea. 47 “Duo get life for Anna Politkovskaya murder,” BBC, June 9, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27760498. 48 Osnos, Remnick, and Yaffa, “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War.” 49 “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead,” BBC, February 28, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31669061. 50 Matthew Kaminski, “Notable & Quotable: The Man Vladimir Putin Fears Most,” Wall Street Journal, July 18, 2013, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323309404578614210222799482. 51 Andrey Kozenko, “Navalny poisoning: Kremlin critic recalls near-death Novichok torment,” BBC, October 7, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434082. 52 “Putin: Soviet collapse a ‘genuine tragedy,’ ” NBC News, April 25, 2005, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7632057/ns/world_news/t/putin-soviet-collapse-genuine-tragedy/#.XrwLDBNKihd. 53 Paul Lewis, “CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS; RUSSIA A BARRIER TO NATO AIR STRIKE,” New York Times, February 9, 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/09/world/conflict-in-the-balkans-russia-a-barrier-to-nato-air-strike.html. 54 “What is NATO?,” NATO, https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html. 55 Osnos, Remnick, and Yaffa, “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War.” 56 “Soviet Active Measures in the ‘Post-Cold War’ Era 1988–1991,” Intellit, http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/exec_sum.htm. 57 Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020), 330. 58 Osnos, Remnick, and Yaffa, “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War.” 59 Douglas Selvage and Christopher Nehring, “Operation ‘Denver’: KGB and Stasi Disinformation regarding AIDS,” Sources and Methods, July 22, 2019, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/operation-denver-kgb-and-stasi-disinformation-regarding-aids. 60 David Brennan, “Chinese State Media Pushes Conspiracy Theory That Coronavirus Escaped From Maryland Military Base,” Newsweek, May 12, 2020, https://www.newsweek.com/chinese-state-media-pushes-conspiracy-theory-coronavirus-escaped-maryland-military-base-1503345. 61 Rid, Active Measures, 313. 62 Thomas Rid, “Disinformation: A Primer in Russian Active Measures and Influence Campaigns,” Senate Committee on Intelligence, March 30, 2017, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-trid-033017.pdf. 63 Clint Watts, Messing with the Enemy: Surviving in a Social Media World of Hackers, Terrorists, Russians, and Fake News (New York: HarperCollins, 2018), e-book, 141. 64 David Sanger, The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age (New York: Penguin Random House, 2018), 157. 65 Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan, The Red Web: The Struggle Between Russia’s Digital Dictators and the New Online Revolutionaries (New York: Perseus, 2015), 54. 66 Carlin, Dawn of the Code War, e-book, 192–193. 67 Joshua Davis, “Hackers Take Down the Most Wired Country in Europe,” Wired, August 21, 2007, https://www.wired.com/2007/08/ff-estonia/; Christian Lowe, “Kremlin loyalist says launched Estonia cyber-attack,” Reuters, March 13, 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-estonia-cyberspace/kremlin-loyalist-says-launched-estonia-cyber-attack-idUSTRE52B4D820090313. 68 Osnos, Remnick, and Yaffa, “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War.” 69 Sanger, The Perfect Weapon, 20. 70 Ibid. 71 “Tiananmen Square: What happened in the protests of 1989?

Spies, Lies, and Algorithms by Amy B. Zegart

2021 United States Capitol attack, 4chan, active measures, air gap, airport security, Apollo 13, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Bletchley Park, Chelsea Manning, classic study, cloud computing, cognitive bias, commoditize, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, failed state, feminist movement, framing effect, fundamental attribution error, Gene Kranz, global pandemic, global supply chain, Google Earth, index card, information asymmetry, information security, Internet of things, job automation, John Markoff, lockdown, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, Nate Silver, Network effects, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, operational security, Parler "social media", post-truth, power law, principal–agent problem, QAnon, RAND corporation, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Russian election interference, Saturday Night Live, selection bias, seminal paper, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, synthetic biology, uber lyft, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, zero day, zero-sum game

Allbright, “Russian Facebook Page Organized.” 7. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaigns,” 46–47. 8. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Hearing on Social Media Influence; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaigns”; Robert S. Mueller III, “Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election,” Vol. 1, March 2019, https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf. 9. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaigns,” 22–62; United States v. Internet Research Agency et al., indictment, Case 1:18-cr-00032-DLF (D.D.C.

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See also Intelligence Community Assessment, “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections,” January 2017; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaigns”; MacFarquhar, “Inside the Russian Troll Factory.” 16. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaigns,” 45–48. 17. Colin Stretch, testimony before U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Hearing on Social Media Influence, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-cstretch-110117.pdf. 18. Intelligence Community Assessment, “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions”; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 Election,” Vol. 4: Review of the Intelligence Community Assessment, 116th Cong., 1st sess., https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume4.pdf.

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Amy Zegart, “The tools of espionage are going mainstream,” Atlantic, November 27, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/deception-russia-election-meddling-technology-national-security/546644/. 107. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaigns,” Vol. 2, 12. 108. Christopher M. Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive & the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 244–45. 109. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaigns,” Vol. 2, 15–20. 110. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian Active Measures Campaign,” Vol. 2. 111. RT is described in Intelligence Community Assessment, “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions,” as Russia’s “principal international propaganda outlet” (13). 112.

The New Rules of War: Victory in the Age of Durable Disorder by Sean McFate

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, Boeing 747, Brexit referendum, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, computer vision, corporate governance, corporate raider, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, double helix, drone strike, escalation ladder, European colonialism, failed state, fake news, false flag, hive mind, index fund, invisible hand, John Markoff, joint-stock company, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, nuclear taboo, offshore financial centre, pattern recognition, Peace of Westphalia, plutocrats, private military company, profit motive, RAND corporation, ransomware, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Stuxnet, Suez crisis 1956, technoutopianism, vertical integration, Washington Consensus, Westphalian system, yellow journalism, Yom Kippur War, zero day, zero-sum game

The Kremlin funds RT’s $400 million annual budget to warp the truth for Russia’s strategic interests. Its spies even have a name for this kind of subversion—“active measures”—and it’s an example of how shadow wars are fought by weaponizing information. One reason why RT is effective is that it blends legitimate experts and journalists with crackpots, offering a plausible version of events that is nested within a larger global disinformation campaign. Think of RT as strategic storytelling. The “Troll Factory” is another component of Russia’s active measures against the West, revealing the true power of cyberwarfare. It’s not sabotage, like Stuxnet—it’s disinformation.

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To accomplish this, the West must develop its own active measures to gain information dominance. Myth-busting alone is insufficient. Setting the record straight is not enough to dispel the spin of Russia, China, and terrorists. Strategic influence is not the genteel art of debate. Instead, it is aggressive and devious, and it has to be. In poker, there is an adage: If you can’t spot the chump at the table, then you’re the chump. Too often, the West is the chump. It must overcome its aversion to knowledge manipulation and figure out how to fire nonlethal weapons. The mantra of active measures should be “To inform is to influence.”

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Believers in conventional war are blind to this, because these conflicts do not look like regular wars, and this blindness leaves us dangerously exposed. If we are to win, we must expand our strategic thinking to encompass wars without states. Redefining War Experts no longer know what war is. Buzzwords have replaced ideas, as authorities bicker over hybrid warfare, nonlinear war, active measures, and conflict in the “gray zone.” There is no consensus about what these terms mean, other than that they refer to aspects of unconventional war. However, even this is dubious. As mentioned earlier, there is no such thing as conventional versus unconventional war—there is just war. “Conventional war” is a distinct type of warfare, just as “guerilla warfare” and “psychological warfare” are unique.

Can It Happen Here?: Authoritarianism in America by Cass R. Sunstein

active measures, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airline deregulation, anti-communist, anti-globalists, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, cognitive load, David Brooks, disinformation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science, failed state, fake news, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Garrett Hardin, ghettoisation, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Isaac Newton, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, Long Term Capital Management, microaggression, Nate Silver, Network effects, New Journalism, night-watchman state, nudge theory, obamacare, Paris climate accords, post-truth, Potemkin village, random walk, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, Steve Bannon, TED Talk, the scientific method, Tragedy of the Commons, Tyler Cowen, War on Poverty, WikiLeaks, World Values Survey

One possible source of our relative complacency now is that Russia’s attempts to meddle in our democracy proved largely unsuccessful during the Cold War. Back then, the short- and long-term aims of Soviet influence and disinformation operations—so-called active measures—were simple: discrediting, and weakening, countries with opposing political agendas. In 1982, just months before succeeding Leonid Brezhnev as leader of the Soviet Union, KGB chairman Yuri Andropov told Soviet foreign intelligence officers abroad to more directly incorporate these “active measures” into their standard work. As the officially designated “Main Adversary,” the United States was the top target, and the KGB followed up Andropov’s order by designating an ambitious priority for the stepped-up operations: preventing the 1984 reelection of Ronald Reagan.

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Fake KGB documents spread word of a (nonexistent) CIA plot to give nuclear weapons to apartheid South Africa, for example, while Russia was also the source of a forged US embassy memorandum that led to erroneous press reports about a US plot to assassinate a Nigerian presidential candidate. A review of Soviet operations for 1982 and 1983 conducted by the KGB’s chief foreign operations arm noted that “the range of questions dealt with by means of active measures has been continually widening.”3 These types of activities were, of course, not unique to Moscow; the CIA’s own media interventions and manipulations during the Cold War have been well documented.4 Ultimately, the Soviets’ “active measures” did not penetrate American public consciousness in a material way in the 1984 election. Ronald Reagan handily defeated Walter Mondale, taking forty-nine states and 525 of the 538 electoral college votes.

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Reagan’s victory was obviously overdetermined, but, even had the US presidential election been close, the Soviet Union faced huge obstacles during the Cold War in influencing the American electorate—or voters in other democracies—with its propaganda and disinformation. Indeed, as historian Christopher Andrew and former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin observed in their definitive account of KGB activities in the West, Reagan’s landslide “was striking evidence of the limitations of Soviet active measures within the United States.”5 While it is not easy to quantify the impact of active measures, there is no question that foreign powers like Russia and China, or non-state actors like ISIS, today have a much greater ability to use “fake news” or “alternative facts” to influence a democratic electorate than they did during the Cold War. What exactly has changed in the three decades since the Soviet Union tried to thwart Reagan’s reelection, making foreign propaganda far more likely to penetrate in the United States and other democracies?

Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy by Eric O'Neill

active measures, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, computer age, cryptocurrency, deep learning, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Edward Snowden, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, fear of failure, full text search, index card, information security, Internet of things, Kickstarter, messenger bag, Mikhail Gorbachev, operational security, PalmPilot, ransomware, rent control, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Skype, thinkpad, Timothy McVeigh, web application, white picket fence, WikiLeaks, young professional

At the same time, they were pioneering desinformatsiya practices that spread disinformation and disruption in order to shape American political decisions. These active-measure (aktivinyye meropriatia) disinformation campaigns included media manipulation; use of front organizations (like the US affiliate of the World Peace Council, a secret Soviet affiliate) to sway public opinion; kidnappings; and provision of funds, training, and support to terrorist organizations, to name a few. In 1980, the CIA estimated that the Soviets spent a conservative $3 billion per year pursuing active measures. In his February 6, 1980, congressional testimony, John McMahon, the CIA deputy director for operations, stated that the Soviets’ active-measures network was “second to none in comparison to the major world powers in its size and effectiveness.”

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Another seeded foreign newspapers with articles—purportedly written by American scientists—claiming that AIDS was the result of the Pentagon’s experiments to develop biological weapons. During the 1984 Summer Olympics in Moscow, KGB spies in Washington, DC, sent fake letters from the KKK threatening athletes from African countries, an active measure many believe was a response to President Jimmy Carter’s boycott of the 1980 Moscow Games. Yet for all its successes abroad, the Soviet Union was suffering from serious internal tensions. In the late 1980s, massive independence protests swept across the Caucasus and the Baltic states, and soon the USSR’s constituent republics began to secede.

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In Washington, DC, the rezident was an official member of the ambassador’s staff who had the covert job of spymaster. He operated out of the Soviet embassy, and all espionage lines reported to him. Degtyar’s Line PR collected information about political, economic, and military strategic intelligence and conducted active measures. Other lines pursued different tasks. Line X sought to acquire American technology and implement technical spying. Line KR gave the FBI the biggest headache. KR intelligence officers were the ones who recruited American spies. The mere existence of the letter would inform the KGB that the FBI had uncovered Degtyar.

Reset by Ronald J. Deibert

23andMe, active measures, air gap, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Anthropocene, augmented reality, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Bellingcat, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, blood diamond, Brexit referendum, Buckminster Fuller, business intelligence, Cal Newport, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, cashless society, Citizen Lab, clean water, cloud computing, computer vision, confounding variable, contact tracing, contact tracing app, content marketing, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data is the new oil, decarbonisation, deep learning, deepfake, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, fake news, Future Shock, game design, gig economy, global pandemic, global supply chain, global village, Google Hangouts, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, income inequality, information retrieval, information security, Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, license plate recognition, lockdown, longitudinal study, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, megastructure, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, move fast and break things, Naomi Klein, natural language processing, New Journalism, NSO Group, off-the-grid, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, post-truth, proprietary trading, QAnon, ransomware, Robert Mercer, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, single source of truth, Skype, Snapchat, social distancing, sorting algorithm, source of truth, sovereign wealth fund, sparse data, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, techlash, technological solutionism, the long tail, the medium is the message, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, TikTok, TSMC, undersea cable, unit 8200, Vannevar Bush, WikiLeaks, zero day, zero-sum game

Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/10/this-is-not-propaganda-peter-pomerantsev-review; Pomerantsev, P. (2019). This is not propaganda: Adventures in the war against reality. Hachette UK. “Professional, organized lying”: Rid, T. (2020). Active measures: The secret history of disinformation and political warfare. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Rid combines his detailed historical analysis with some interesting observations about how democracies are particularly susceptible to active measures. “Disinformation operations, in essence, erode the very foundation of open societies—not only for the victim but also for the perpetrator. When vast, secretive bureaucracies engage in systematic deception, at large scale and over a long time, they will optimize their own organizational culture for this purpose, and undermine the legitimacy of public administration at home.

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When vast, secretive bureaucracies engage in systematic deception, at large scale and over a long time, they will optimize their own organizational culture for this purpose, and undermine the legitimacy of public administration at home. A society’s approach to active measures is a litmus test for its republican institutions. For liberal democracies in particular, disinformation represents a double threat: being at the receiving end of active measures will undermine democratic institutions—and giving in to the temptation to design and deploy them will have the same result. It is impossible to excel at disinformation and at democracy at the same time.” (p. 11) “Third-generation” techniques: Deibert, R., & Rohozinski, R. (2010).

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Petersburg–based Internet Research Agency: For more on the IRA, see Chen, A. (2015, June 2). The agency. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html; See also Rid. Active measures. IRA accounts purporting to belong to Black activists: Way, L. A., & Casey, A. (2018). Russia has been meddling in foreign elections for decades. Has it made a difference? Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkeycage/wp/2018/01/05/russia-has-been-meddling-in-foreign-elections-for-decades-has-it-made-adifference/; Rid. Active measures; Bail, C. A., Guay, B., Maloney, E., Combs, A., Hillygus, D. S., Merhout, F., … & Volfovsky, A. (2020). Assessing the Russian Internet Research Agency’s impact on the political attitudes and behaviors of American Twitter users in late 2017.

We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News by Eliot Higgins

4chan, active measures, Andy Carvin, anti-communist, anti-globalists, barriers to entry, belling the cat, Bellingcat, bitcoin, blockchain, citizen journalism, Columbine, coronavirus, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deepfake, disinformation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, fake news, false flag, gamification, George Floyd, Google Earth, hive mind, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, off-the-grid, OpenAI, pattern recognition, post-truth, rolodex, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Skype, Tactical Technology Collective, the scientific method, WikiLeaks

Even the Russian word ‘dezinformatsiya’ was meant to deceive, coined by Stalin to sound like a French term, implying that capitalist countries had created this underhanded tactic. Soviet governments deemed ‘active measures’ – including assassination, forgery and propaganda – an arm of foreign policy.19, 20 Active measures diminished with the fall of communism, but those who had been raised in the system were not giving up so fast. Putin entered the KGB in 1975 and served at least sixteen years. In 1991, having reached the rank of lieutenant colonel, he became deputy mayor of St Petersburg, then director of the FSB. By 1999, he was the acting president21 of Russia, and active measures became a central feature of government policy again. In the age of the internet, information meddling had never been easier.

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As you will have read, everything that I have achieved has been a group effort and I am hugely grateful to the many people – too numerous to name – in the open-source community and the Bellingcat Investigation Team who transformed a hobby into a truly global endeavour. And finally to my wife, Nuray: thank you for being the catalyst and companion on this journey. Index ABC News here al-Abdallah, Hadi here ‘active measures’ here Adams, Ray here Addounia TV here Adra here Afghanistan here Agnes, Mother here, here Al Aan here Al Dabaa here Al-Arabiya here Al-Hamza Brigade here Al-Jazeera here, here Al-Jīnah mosque here Al-Qaeda here, here, here Al-Saiqa Brigade here Aleppo here, here, here, here Aleppo University here Alexeyevka here Allen, Timmi here, here, here, here alt-right and alt-left here, here Amanpour, Christiane here Amnesty International here, here, here, here, here ANNA news agency here Anti-Communist Action here anti-Semitism here, here, here, here, here Antonova, Natalia here, here Apushka here ARD here Ardern, Jacinda here Arias, Fernando here Armed Conflict & Event Data Project here artificial intelligence (AI) here, here Aryan Liberty Net here al-Assad, Bashar here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and chemical attacks here, here, here, here, here, here and disinformation here, here Assange, Julian here Associated Press here, here, here, here Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab here, here Australian Financial Review here Averyanov, Andrey here Balkan conflict here Baltic states here Baltimore riots here Bambuser here, here, here Ban Ki-moon here Bank of America here Bataclan concert hall here Batbo here Battle of the Camel here Bazzell, Michael here BBC here, here, here, here, here, here, here Beam, Louis here Beeley, Vanessa here Bellingcat crowdfunding here, here, here ethics here funding here, here motto here, here name and mission here payments for closed sources here personality types here risks here spirit of collaboration here staffing here, here supervisory board here training programme here transparency principle here, here Bellingcat Anti-Equality Monitoring Group here Bellingcat Online Investigation Toolkit here BellingChat here Benetech here Benghazi here Benjamin, Carl (‘Sargon of Akkad’) here Bhatti, Tariq here Biggers, Chris here Bikov, V.

Near and Distant Neighbors: A New History of Soviet Intelligence by Jonathan Haslam

active measures, Albert Einstein, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, Bolshevik threat, Bretton Woods, British Empire, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, falling living standards, false flag, John von Neumann, lateral thinking, military-industrial complex, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Strategic Defense Initiative, Valery Gerasimov, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, éminence grise

Moreover, his son-in-law, working for an aerospace company in Britain, was threatened with dismissal on the grounds that he had placed the firm in jeopardy—until, that is, the leader of the Socialist Party, Bettino Craxi, intervened.30 Later Bohnsack reported that the HVA in Berlin was asked to circulate disinformation on behalf of the Bulgarians. Among other active measures, they “sent messages signed by Turkish terrorists.”31 When the Bild Zeitung sent a reporter and a historian to interview Antonov at his apartment in Sofia, they were greeted by his wife and two men, one of whom introduced himself as Marin Petkov, president of the Association of Ex–Intelligence Officials. Bohnsack later identified Petkov as having headed active measures in the Bulgarian secret service.32 On May 28, 1983, two Bulgarians, “Jordan” Ormankov and “Stefan” Petkov, arrived in Italy, claiming to be magistrates.

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Pride Before the Fall Conclusion: Out from the Shadows Appendix 1: Soviet Foreign Intelligence Organisations Appendix 2: Operatives Who Betrayed the Régime, Including Defectors Notes Bibliography Index A Note About the Author Also by Jonathan Haslam Copyright Guide Cover Table of Contents Intelligence is for us sacred, a matter of ideals. —Stalin Fear has large eyes. —Russian proverb RUSSIAN INTELLIGENCE IDIOM (SOVIET PERIOD) Agenturíst: operative responsible for running agents Aktívnaya razvédka/aktívka (active intelligence): terrorism and sabotage Aktívnye meropriyátiya (active measures): black propaganda, dirty tricks, etc. Boevýe shífry: working ciphers Bol’shói Dom (literally, the “Big House”): Comintern; later the Lubyanka Chertvyórtyi: the Fourth Directorate of the Staff/General Staff, later GRU Dezá (dezinformátsiya): disinformation Enkavedíst: employee of the NKVD (GUGB), state security Ente-eróvsev: scientific and technical intelligence operative Gámma: ciphering sequence/one-time pad Gebíst: state security operative Geberóvskii: state security operative Gereúshnik: GRU operative Kagebíst/kagebéshnik: KGB operative Kirpích (literally, “brick”): watchman on delegations abroad Komitétchik (literally, “committee man”): KGB operative Kontóra (literally, “office”): KGB First Main Directorate at Yasenevo Krokíst: counterintelligence operative, state security (OGPU) Krýsha (literally, “roof”): cover Lástochnik (swallow): female operative employed for seduction Lesá (the woods): KGB school, later the First Main Directorate at Yasenevo Lózung: a crib for breaking open a cipher Marshrútnyi agént: employee of state security handling communications Nevidímyi front (invisible front): secret intelligence Óboroten (literally, “shapeshifter”): turncoat/traitor Omsóvets: operative in Comintern’s department for international communications Opér: abbreviation for either Operatívnyi sotrúdnik/ofitsér or Operabótnik Operabótnik: KGB operative Operatívnyi sotrúdnik/ofitsér: GRU operative Opertékhnik: a technical operative Operupolnomóchennyi: one responsible for a particular operation Osobísty: GRU officers Osóbye meropriyátiya (special measures): assassination and other tasks approved only by the Politburo Osóbye zadáchi (special tasks): assassination and other tasks approved only by the Politburo Osvedomítel’: information operative Pe-eróvets: political intelligence operative Podkrýshnik: operative under deep cover Razvédupr’ (Razvedyvatel ’noe upravlenie): a generic term for military intelligence Rezident: chief of a secret intelligence station Rezidentura: secret intelligence station Sapogí (boots): KGB term for GRU counterparts S”em (literally, “removal”): seizure of a traitor Shifrográmma: ciphered telegram Svád’ba (literally, “wedding”): seizure of a traitor Tsereúshnik: CIA officer Verbóvshchik: operative specialising in recruitment Vorón (“raven”): male operative employed for seduction Zagrantóchka: overseas post PREFACE The role of secret intelligence in the history of international relations has long been a neglected one.

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The fact that he had survived even the ill-fated Yagoda and the hated Yezhov did not help.5 Striking continuities persisted, even following the spring cleaning after Stalin’s death. On September 3, 1953, for example, proposals put forward by First Deputy Minister of the MVD Sergei Kruglov and by Panyushkin, “to recognise the value of engaging in acts of terrorism”—a term later euphemistically changed to aktivka, or “active measures”—were turned into a decree providing for the organisation of a twelfth (special) department within the MVD’s foreign directorate.6 These were plans carried over from Beria by the head of the MVD’s First Directorate, Pyotr Fyodotov, and his deputy, Oleg Gribanov.7 Yet the men of the greatest experience most capable of leading the campaign, Pavel Sudoplatov and Naum Eitingon, remained incarcerated under special interrogation for having been closely associated with Beria.

Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America by Peter Dale Scott, Jonathan Marshall

active measures, air freight, anti-communist, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Mikhail Gorbachev, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, trade route, union organizing

Embassy in Costa Rica.”44 It is clear from an FBI teletype released belatedly by the Select Committees that Terrell had been interviewed by them about “alleged . . . smuggling o f weapons and narcotics”4s FBI Agent Kevin Currier confirmed that he had questioned Garcia about “ narcotics trafficking with the Cubans.”46 FBI Executive Assistant Director Oliver Revell also testified later that the investigation focused on “allegations o f drug smuggling and gun smuggling and so forth.”47 In short, the Iran-Contra committees misled the U.S. public by tacitly backing the administration’s denials that there was a drug investigation in Miami. One man who perceived that the Miami investigation did involve narcotics allegations was Oliver North. In a memo he drafted for the president about Terrell (whom he called “ an active participant in the disinform ation/active measures campaign” against the Contras), he also described Terrell as “a cooperating witness in a neutrality investigation concerning alleged activities o f the Civilian Military Assistance (CMA) group—involving weapons and narcotics smuggling, plotting the assassination o f . . . Tambs, and bombing his embassy.”48 The Administration Moves to Silence the Terrell Story By this time the Corvo investigation, mired in conspiratorial subplots, had attracted the hostile interest o f North and Poindexter at the NSC 134 / Exposure and Cover-Up and o f Attorney General Meese and his deputy Lowell Jensen at the Justice Department.

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Asked by House Iran-Contra committee counsel 138 / Exposure and Cover-Up “why they felt it was being so slow,‫ ״‬Revell gave as the first reason, “ It seems to me there was a civil suit‫— ״‬the Christie Institute suit.76 On June 3, North asked the FBI to have its Intelligence Division investigate the Christie Institute, along with other aspects o f what he and the FBI called a “Nicaraguan Active Measures Program‫ ״‬directed against North. In the words o f the Iran-Contra report, North “complained that the FBI . . . had not investigated Daniel Sheehan o f the Christie Institute . . . [and] had not examined allegations made by Senator Kerry against North.‫ ״‬Specifically North complained that the FBI had not learned from Daniel Sheehan o f the Christie Institute “ the source [i.e., Terrell] o f the allegations he provided against North,‫ ״‬and had not obtained “ the information presently at the Department o f Justice [which would include the rewritten Feldman memo] involving Senator Kerry’s allegations.”77 In June 1986 North apparently tried, and failed, to have the FBI’s Intelligence Division investigate both the Christie suit and the Kerry investigation.

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., Terrell] o f the allegations he provided against North,‫ ״‬and had not obtained “ the information presently at the Department o f Justice [which would include the rewritten Feldman memo] involving Senator Kerry’s allegations.”77 In June 1986 North apparently tried, and failed, to have the FBI’s Intelligence Division investigate both the Christie suit and the Kerry investigation. The FBI had already concluded that “there is a definite association between the dates o f the Congressional votes on Contra aide [sic] to the Nicaraguan rebels and the ‘active measures’ being directed against Lieutenant Colonel North,” but trying to stay out o f a sensitive political fight between the White House and Congress, they declined to pursue the matter.78 (One month later North succeeded in using counterterrorism powers to invoke a different part o f the FBI to the same end.)

Brief Peeks Beyond: Critical Essays on Metaphysics, Neuroscience, Free Will, Skepticism and Culture by Bernardo Kastrup

active measures, cellular automata, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, conceptual framework, dark matter, Higgs boson, Isaac Newton, phenotype, placebo effect, quantum entanglement, retail therapy, scientific worldview, sugar pill, systems thinking, the scientific method

More specifically, if I look at measurements of another person’s brain activity taken when the person is thinking about something, I gain a second-person perspective of the person’s thoughts. Notice that both first-and second-person perspectives are direct experiences: I have the direct experience of seeing brain activity measurements. It’s just that certain direct experiences in an alter are induced by other direct experiences outside the alter, so they end up corre-sponding to each other information-wise. The brain activity measurements I directly see correspond, information-wise, to the other person’s direct experience of her thoughts. Even the inanimate objects I perceive around me correspond to mental processes directly experienced by mind-at-large.

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• Tagliazucchi interprets the variability of brain activity during rest as analogous to actual brain activity when the subject is engaged in performing a task. The variability may show how often spontaneously occurring neural processes engage and disengage, thus providing a measure of ‘something going on’ in the brain while the subject is at rest.113 As such, variability could be looked upon as a kind of ‘meta-activity’ measurement that may correlate better with the qualitative changes in subjective experience reported by the subjects. • Actual brain activity has not been found to increase anywhere in the brain. After having seen an earlier draft of this essay, the researchers requested that I do not quote their email messages to me; a request I find disappointing but which I am honoring.

The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age by David E. Sanger

active measures, air gap, autonomous vehicles, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Bletchley Park, British Empire, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, computer age, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, fake news, Google Chrome, Google Earth, information security, Jacob Appelbaum, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Laura Poitras, Mark Zuckerberg, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mutually assured destruction, off-the-grid, RAND corporation, ransomware, Sand Hill Road, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, Twitter Arab Spring, undersea cable, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, Valery Gerasimov, WikiLeaks, zero day

The United States did not exactly have clean hands: Two informative sources on this history are Evan Osnos, David Remnick, and Joshua Yaffa, “Trump, Putin, and the New Cold War,” New Yorker, March 6, 2017, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/06/trump-putin-and-the-new-cold-war; and Calder Walton, “ ‘Active Measures’: A History of Russian Interference in US Elections,” Prospect, December 23, 2016, www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/science-and-technology/active-measures-a-history-of-russian-interference-in-us-elections. Putin’s moral equivalence: As Jackson Diehl of the Washington Post would later suggest of the 2016 US election: “Putin developed an obsession with ‘color revolutions,’ which he is convinced are neither spontaneous nor locally organized, but orchestrated by the United States…Putin is trying to deliver to the American political elite what he believes is a dose of its own medicine.

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Though she was one of the State Department’s top diplomats, she also briefly wondered about her job, until a few days later when she attended a state dinner at the White House and, seeing President Obama, repeated her apology directly to him. When he smiled and said, in a low voice, “Fuck ’em,” a clear reference to the Russians, she knew she was OK. * * * — The broadcast of the Nuland-Pyatt phone call marked a turning point for Russian “active measures.” The public release of the recording was just the start. As the year wore on Russia kept pouring non-uniformed troops into parts of Ukraine, and accompanying the surge with what Gen. Philip Breedlove, the NATO commander, called “the most amazing information warfare blitzkrieg we have ever seen in the history of information warfare.”

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For Putin, who looked at social media’s role in fomenting rebellion in the Middle East and organizing opposition to Russia in Ukraine, the notion of calling into question just who was on the other end of a Tweet or Facebook post—of making revolutionaries think twice before reaching for their smartphones to organize—would be a delightful by-product. It gave him two ways to undermine his adversaries for the price of one. It may be years, if ever, before there is any clear understanding of how large a role Putin himself played in developing and executing “active measures” for the Internet age. He is not known as a user of social media himself. But he had a KGB alumnus’s appreciation of its power. As start-ups go, the Internet Research Agency (called Glavset by the Russians) rose pretty fast. By sometime in 2013, it was getting its foothold in Saint Petersburg and began hiring.

The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America by Timothy Snyder

active measures, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, American ideology, anti-globalists, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Brexit referendum, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, crony capitalism, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, fake news, gentrification, hiring and firing, income inequality, Jeremy Corbyn, John Markoff, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, New Journalism, obamacare, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pill mill, Robert Mercer, sexual politics, Steve Bannon, Transnistria, W. E. B. Du Bois, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

* * * — The Soviet secret police—known over time as the Cheka, the GPU, the NKVD, the KGB, and then in Russia as the FSB—excelled in a special sort of operation known as “active measures.” Intelligence is about seeing and understanding. Counterintelligence is about making that difficult for others. Active measures, such as the operation on behalf of the fictional character “Donald Trump, successful businessman,” are about inducing the enemy to direct his own strengths against his own weaknesses. America was crushed by Russia in the cyberwar of 2016 because the relationship between technology and life had changed in a way that gave an advantage to the Russian practitioners of active measures. The cold war, by the 1970s and 1980s, was a technological competition for the visible consumption of attractive goods in the real world.

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Flynn spread the idea that Hillary Clinton was a sponsor of pedophilia. He was also taken in by the story, enthusiastically spread by Russia, that Democratic leaders took part in Satanic rituals. He used his own Twitter account to spread that story, and thus, like a number of other American conspiracy theorists, became a participant in Russian active measures directed against the United States. In the fog of mental confusion that surrounded Flynn, it was easy to overlook his peculiar connections to Russia. Flynn was permitted to see the headquarters of Russian military intelligence, which he visited in 2013. When invited to a seminar on intelligence at Cambridge in 2014, he befriended a Russian woman, signing his emails to her “General Misha”—a Russian diminutive meaning “Mike.”

Four Battlegrounds by Paul Scharre

2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, active measures, activist lawyer, AI winter, AlphaGo, amateurs talk tactics, professionals talk logistics, artificial general intelligence, ASML, augmented reality, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 737 MAX, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, business continuity plan, business process, carbon footprint, chief data officer, Citizen Lab, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, DALL-E, data is not the new oil, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, digital rights, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, dual-use technology, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, fake news, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of journalism, future of work, game design, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, geopolitical risk, George Floyd, global supply chain, GPT-3, Great Leap Forward, hive mind, hustle culture, ImageNet competition, immigration reform, income per capita, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, large language model, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, military-industrial complex, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, natural language processing, new economy, Nick Bostrom, one-China policy, Open Library, OpenAI, PalmPilot, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, phenotype, post-truth, purchasing power parity, QAnon, QR code, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, recommendation engine, reshoring, ride hailing / ride sharing, robotic process automation, Rodney Brooks, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, side project, Silicon Valley, slashdot, smart cities, smart meter, Snapchat, social software, sorting algorithm, South China Sea, sparse data, speech recognition, Steve Bannon, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, tech worker, techlash, telemarketer, The Brussels Effect, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, TikTok, trade route, TSMC

bill_id=201720180SB1001; Thomas Sprankling, “California Enacts Nation’s First Anti-Bot Law,” WilmerHale, October 3, 2018, https://www.wilmerhale.com/en/insights/client-alerts/20181003-california-enacts-nations-first-anti-bot-law. 122misuses of AI-generated audio and video: Bobby Chesney and Danielle Citron, “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security,” California Law Review 107, no. 1753 (2019), https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15J. 122“active measures”: Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, April 21, 2020), https://www.amazon.com/Active-Measures-History-Disinformation-Political/dp/0374287260. 122dezinformatsiya: Merriam-Webster, s.v. “disinformation,” n.d., https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disinformation; Aristedes Mahairas and Mikhail Dvilyanski, “Disinformation – Дезинформация (Dezinformatsiya),” Cyber Defense Review 3, no. 3 (Fall 2018): 21–28, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26554993. 122bioengineered virus created by the U.S. military: Adam Taylor, “Before ‘Fake News,’ There Was Soviet ‘Disinformation,’” Washington Post, November 26, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/11/26/before-fake-news-there-was-soviet-disinformation/. 122Russia used fake online personas: Extremist Content and Russian Disinformation Online: Working with Tech to Find Solutions: Hearing of the Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 115th Cong. (2017) (statement of Clint Watts, Robert A.

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Security researchers nevertheless began to worry about myriad misuses of AI-generated audio and video, from increasingly realistic robocalls to fake videos that could be used to influence an election. AI-generated media wasn’t just a risk for fueling greater online harassment or spam; it could potentially be a weapon of statecraft to spread lies and undermine democracies. During the Cold War, the Soviet KGB undertook “active measures” to spread disinformation, or dezinformatsiya in Russian, such as the rumor that the AIDS epidemic was due to a bioengineered virus created by the U.S. military. Social media was a new front in the information war, and modern-day Russia was pioneering new ways of using social media to undermine democracies.

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Fox fellow, Foreign Policy Research Institute), https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/10-31-17%20Watts%20Testimony.pdf; Extremist Content and Russian Disinformation Online: Working with Tech to Find Solutions: Hearing of the Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 115th Cong (2017) (replies of Clint Watts, Robert A. Fox fellow, Foreign Policy Research Institute, to questions by Sen. Dianne Feinstein), https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Watts%20Responses%20to%20QFRs.pdf; Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference, in the 2016 U.S. Election: Volume 2: Russia’s Use of Social Media With Additional Views, S. Report 116-XX (2019), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume2.pdf. 122slew of influence operations across Europe to undermine democratic processes: Disinformation and ‘Fake News’: Final Report (8th report of Session 2017–19, UK House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, February 18, 2019), https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/1791.pdf; Russia, Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament, HC 632 (UK Parliament report) (July 21, 2020), https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/intelligence-and-security-committee-s-russia-report/9c665c08033cab70/full.pdf; United States of America v.

The Eureka Factor by John Kounios

active measures, Albert Einstein, Bluma Zeigarnik, call centre, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, classic study, deliberate practice, en.wikipedia.org, Everything should be made as simple as possible, Flynn Effect, functional fixedness, Google Hangouts, impulse control, invention of the telephone, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, meta-analysis, Necker cube, pattern recognition, Silicon Valley, Skype, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, theory of mind, US Airways Flight 1549, Wall-E, William of Occam

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Kounios, John. The eureka factor: aha moments, creative insight, and the brain / John Kounios and Mark Beeman. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4000-6854-8 eBook ISBN 978-0-679-64529-0 1. Insight. 2. Intuition. 3. Thought and thinking—Physiological aspects. 4. Higher nervous activity—Measurement. 5. Cognition—Physiological aspects. I. Beeman, Mark. II. Title. QP395.K65 2015 612.82332—dc23 2014022220 www.atrandom.com Illustrations on 2.1, 2.2, 4.1-4.3, 6.1, 7.2, and 10.2 are by Sharon O’Brien, and illustrations on 3.5 and 12.1 are by Casey Hampton. Book design by Casey Hampton v3.1 PREFACE “Eureka!”

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THE IDLING BRAIN * * * Our first neuroimaging study, which we described in Chapter 5, produced a finding that took us a while to understand. Recall that at the moment of insight there is a burst of EEG gamma waves in the right hemisphere. About a second before that, there is a burst of EEG alpha-wave activity measured on the right side of the back of the head (see figure 7.1). When neurons fire at the slower alpha frequency, they aren’t actively processing information. A useful analogy is that of idling your car by shifting the transmission into park. The car is working, but it isn’t going anywhere. Alpha is a neuron’s park.

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It’s not that they can’t focus when they need to. In fact, for relatively short periods, they can focus at least as well as other people, perhaps better. But this isn’t their natural state, so it’s a bit harder for them to sustain it. Our brain wave findings illustrate this principle. Figure 11.1 shows a map of EEG brain wave activity measured at the back of the head. It shows a major difference between our Insightfuls and Analysts. These electrodes (shown as dark dots) lie over the visual cortex, which is in the back of the brain. As shown by the white oval on the map, we detected more visual cortex activity for Insightfuls compared with the Analysts.

Kleptopia: How Dirty Money Is Conquering the World by Tom Burgis

active measures, Anton Chekhov, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, collapse of Lehman Brothers, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, disinformation, do-ocracy, Donald Trump, energy security, Etonian, failed state, fake news, Gordon Gekko, high net worth, Honoré de Balzac, illegal immigration, invisible hand, Julian Assange, liberal capitalism, light touch regulation, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Skype, sovereign wealth fund, trade route, WikiLeaks

In his interview, he had claimed that McCormick had informed him that John Lough had been hired on the recommendation of Bob Dudley, a falsehood that could implicate the top BP man in Russia in the espionage narrative. Novosyolov accurately explained some insignificant aspects of Lough and Zaslavskiy’s work, but he also furnished the FSB’s investigators with several false details that could assist them as they conjured up a spy ring. Their case was taking shape like the best of the KGB’s ‘active measures’ from the Cold War: take a few threads of truth, stitch in the necessary fictions and weave it all together to form the lie you require. Ilya Zaslavskiy and his brother faced between five and twenty years in prison. Because they held their nerve and refused to confess, the best that a kangaroo court could concoct was a conviction for a failed attempt at industrial espionage.

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Some of the documents were clearly genuine; others were harder to authenticate. They showed that Nazarbayev was determined to bring the oligarchs to heel, as Putin had in Russia, to make the state itself the oligarch-in-chief, harnessing its powers to his private ambitions. Against any oligarch who failed to submit to this new order, Nazarbayev’s servants would use ‘active measures’, just as the Soviets had. They would turn the protections the exiles sought in the West against them by passing to Western law enforcement agencies evidence of the improper origins of the recalcitrant tycoons’ fortunes. Nazarbayev had reason to be disquieted. In his world, there were only two elements to power: money and, when that was insufficient, fear.

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., 410n National Security Council (NSC) (USA), 17, 285 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 106; and loyalty, 10–12, 67–9, 111–15, 116, 123–5, 127, 172–3, 303; and the Trio, 10–14, 94, 123–5, 127, 132, 158–9, 198, 210–12, 245, 294, 300; crushing of opposition, 12, 67–9, 111–15, 116, 127, 160–1, 166; secret bank accounts in West, 14, 112, 155–6, 160, 161, 226; designs on BTA, 61, 62, 64, 67–9, 110, 116; expropriation of BTA, 62–3, 64–6, 69, 103–5, 116–17, 144, 190–1, 205, 235; and Astana’s architecture, 63, 330; and oil industry, 78, 143–50, 156–7, 369n; assets in Britain, 107, 362n; ‘active measures’ against oligarchs, 115; use of British courts, 116–17, 159–60, 190–1, 192, 196, 237, 238, 246–8, 255–6, 296–7, 394n; Sasha as enforcer for, 123–5, 198, 235, 245; Zhanaozen massacre (December 2011), 140–53, 154–5, 163, 165–8, 195, 292, 297–8, 369–70n; mansion at Kendirli, 142; visit to Zhanaozen (December 2011), 148–9, 167; Tony Blair as consultant, 154–5, 161, 163, 165, 166, 372n; Cambridge speech (July 2012), 154–5, 163–6, 168–9, 372–3n; ‘Kazakhgate’ in USA, 156–7, 160; and propaganda, 161, 196, 256, 264; Aitken’s biography of, 162, 372n; and Third Way, 163, 372n; and ENRC buyout/delisting, 210, 211–12; use of US courts, 238, 244–9, 324, 395–6n; Kazaword material, 256–7, 258, 259–60, 264–5, 292; and Fraenkel’s Dual State, 268; Ablyazov’s opposition from France, 295–6; steps down from presidency (March 2019), 295, 409n; and Nicolas Sarkozy, 305–6 Nazi Germany, 26, 32; as Fraenkel’s Dual State, 37–8 Nemtsov, Boris, 34, 233–5, 236, 237, 321, 347n, 390–1n Netanyahu, Benjamin, 337 New Labour, 14, 163, 187, 372n New York: Russian mobsters in, 75–6, 77–87, 356–7n; Italian crime families, 76–7, 78–9, 83–4, 314, 338, 356–7n; Italian-Russian fuel scams, 77–9, 179, 201, 356n; criminal infiltration of Wall Street, 83–4; Bayrock Group, 84–5, 110, 126–7, 199–200, 314, 315, 357n, 362n, 366–7n; real estate market, 84–5, 87, 110, 126–7, 199–200, 314, 315; pursuit of Ablyazov in courts, 244–9, 324, 395–6n Nice (France), 205–6, 246–7, 252, 255 Nigeria, 273, 400n North Korea, 322 Northern Rock, 8, 29, 59 Novikova, Anastasiya, 113–14 Novosyolov, Sergei, 22, 342–3n, 345n Nurgaliyev, Nurlibek, 146, 147, 369n Nurkadilov, Zamanbek, 111 Obama, Barack, 274, 275, 321, 400n Obiang, Teodorin, 201 Occupy London camp, 136, 137, 369n Och, Daniel, 54, 56 ‘offshore’ system, 155, 176–7, 225–6, 240–1, 294, 387n; Swiss bankers establish, 26–7; size of, 27, 346n; and Nigel Wilkins, 28–9, 186–8, 215, 216–17, 271–2; ownership of commercial property, 29, 347n; and Fat Larry’s fuel stations, 77; and hedge funds’ money, 186–7 Ogay, Eduard, 157, 371n oil industry: Caspian Sea reserves, 10, 140–2, 156; TNK-BP joint venture, 16–23, 182, 285, 303, 342–5n; Yukos, 34, 35–6, 38–43, 64, 65; OzenMunaiGaz (OMG) labour strike, 140–53, 154–5, 163, 165–8, 195, 292, 297–8, 369–70n; American kickbacks to Nazarbayev, 156–7, 226; Mobil’s purchase of Tengiz field, 156–7; and dirty money, 201, 273, 320, 330, 338, 417n; and Equatorial Guinea, 201; and ‘Petro’ kleptocrats, 338; Chechen oil, 391n oligarchs: infiltration of City of London, 12–15, 16, 121–2, 128–31, 367n; TNK-BP joint venture, 16–23, 182, 285, 303, 342–5n; Yukos expropriation, 34, 35–6, 38–43, 64, 65; Khodorkovsky prosecution, 35–6, 38–9, 40–3, 64, 65; birth of in Yeltsin era, 35, 347n; Putin brings to heel, 35, 38–43, 65, 115; emergence of new crop loyal to Putin, 42–3; Nazarbayev’s ‘active measures’ against, 115; in Wilkins’ red boxes, 138, 330; in Ukraine, 224, 225, 289 see also the Trio and entries for individuals Olisa, Ken, 13, 210, 367n Omar, Mullah, 82 Opec, 338 Orange Revolution (2004–5), 224–5, 330 Osborne, George, 170, 187, 209, 241, 373n, 386n, 394–5n OzenMunaiGaz (OMG), 140–53, 154–5, 163, 165–8, 195, 292, 297–8, 369–70n Pacolli, Behgjet, 11–12, 330, 342n Panama, 28, 202, 315, 384–5n, 414n Panama Papers, 328, 403n, 419n Paris, 190–2; Ablyazov’s extradition case, 251–2, 255, 257–8, 260–70, 291, 297, 398–9n Parker, Judge Katharine H., 386n, 395n, 396n, 409–10n, 418n Patriot Act, US, 200 Pavlov, Alexandr (Ablyazov’s bodyguard), 191, 195, 263, 268, 291, 383n, 399n Persico, Danny, 83, 357n Petelin, Dimi, 109, 203, 205 Petelin, Gennady, 109, 205, 245, 386n Petropavlovsk (gold mining company), 394n Petrushova, Irina, 160–1, 371n Philippines, 50, 337, 350–1n Pinochet, Augusto, 50, 262, 351n, 398n platinum, 49, 56, 277, 351–2n Pluzhnikov, Igor, 330–1, 332 political power, privatisation of: and Russian capitalism, 9–12, 24, 35, 39–40, 95–6, 98–9, 100–2, 154–69, 370–3n; role of money, 24, 48, 54–7, 61–2, 73, 120, 137–9, 162–3, 183, 224–7, 296–7; and Yeltsin, 39–40, 100–2; in Mugabe’s Zimbabwe, 48, 52–4, 55–7, 73, 185–6, 277, 306–7, 336; in the Congo, 51–3, 56, 276, 277, 279, 280, 284, 306, 307–8, 413n; and City/hedge fund finance, 54–7, 120, 121, 137–9, 185–6, 280–1, 404–5n; the Trio in Africa, 73, 135, 173, 174, 275–87, 306, 308–9; Nazarbayev regime, 111–16, 154–69, 210–13, 236, 237–8, 291–8, 370–3n; use of Western courts, 116–17, 159–60, 190–1, 192, 196, 237, 238, 246–8, 255–6, 296–7, 394n; and consultancy work, 162–3, 211–12, 372n; ‘presumption of regularity’ concept, 195–6, 322; Ukraine as frontier/membrane, 221–2, 224–7, 316–17; Nemtsov’s stand against, 234–5, 236–7; enormous success of perpetrators, 275; truth as secondary, 295; and emergence of Trump, 312–16; end of Cold War as trigger, 314–16; by Trump administration, 316–24, 418–19n; global alliance of kleptocrats, 319–22, 324, 336, 416–17n, 423n; and selective justice, 327–9; and Panama Papers, 328; Soares de Oliveira’s use of term, 373n see also entries for individual kleptocrats and countries Portland (PR consultancy), 117, 196, 253, 383n Potanin, Vladimir, 35 precious stones, 9–10, 49 Presti, Karim, 353–4n, 353n Prince, Erik, 106, 274, 400n Private Eye, 136, 342n, 352n, 354n Proceeds of Crime Act (2002), 71 Prokhorov, Vadim, 390n, 391n Prosper, Pierre, 307, 413n prostitutes, use of, 15, 122 pump-and-dump schemes, 75, 81, 82, 83, 85–6, 204, 313 Putin, Vladimir, 342n; and Peter Sahlas, 33, 34; takes power (2000), 34; and Semyon Mogilevich, 184, 382n; and VEB, 225–6; golden presidential toilet, 233, 237, 390–1n Putin regime: arrest of Mogilevich (2008), 15–16, 182–3, 381n; as gangster state, 16, 182–4; FSB as central cog, 18–23; and Litvinenko murder, 18, 20–1, 344n, 382n; Khodorkovsky prosecution, 34, 35–6, 38–9, 40–3, 64, 65; and ‘the utility of legitimacy’, 38–9; and gas supply to Europe, 181–2, 222, 224, 289, 381n; conquest of eastern Ukraine (2014), 221, 233, 237, 311, 388n; economic base in eastern Ukraine, 225–7, 316; annexation of Crimea (2015), 242 PwC, 13, 65, 231, 342n Qatar, 330 Raffe, Victoria, 386n Raiffeisen (Austrian bank), 181, 182 Rakishev, Kenes, 235–6, 237, 238, 244, 324, 392n, 393n, 418n Rappo, Patrick, 173–4 Ratzel, Max-Peter, 365n Rautenbach, Billy, 350n; background of, 48–9; and the Crocodile, 49, 51, 53, 306–7; and Congolese mining rights, 51–3, 56, 280–3; at Elephant Hills (July 2000), 52–3, 306, 308, 351n; deal funding Mugabe’s 2008 election violence, 56–7, 73, 277, 336, 351–2n; resolves legal problems in South Africa, 72–3, 355n; and ENRC in Africa, 73, 276–8, 284, 285, 406n; sanctioned as Mugabe crony, 277, 278, 401n; sanctions on lifted, 306–7; as prosperous white farmer in Zimbabwe, 306 Raytheon (military contractor), 318 real estate: and money laundering, 76, 200–1, 202–5, 236, 245–7, 305, 314–16, 324–5, 384–5n, 384n, 392–3n; Bayrock Group, 84–5, 110, 126–7, 199–200, 314, 315, 357n, 362n, 366–7n; and Felix Sater, 84–5, 87, 110, 126, 199–200, 203–5, 313–14, 315, 324–5, 385–6n, 414–15n; and Iliyas Khrapunov, 199–200, 203–5, 245, 246–7, 314, 324, 385–6n; and peso scams, 202, 315, 384n; and Grenfell survivors in Kensington, 289, 408n; Sater and Trump, 313–14, 315, 324–5, 414–15n reality television, 312–13, 314 Red October steel mill (Ukraine), 223–4 Reed Smith (City lawyers), 257–8, 397n, 398n, 410n Reuben brothers, 132–3, 159, 175, 368n, 376n Rich, Marc, 51–2 Rights and Accountability in Development (Raid), 352n, 401–2n Risk Analysis (private intelligence agency), 29, 332–3, 346n Ritual Service (undertakers), 379n RJI Capital, 259, 362n, 398n Robertson, Patrick, 261–5, 294, 398n, 399n Rome, 191–4, 195–7, 198, 251, 252–5, 291–2, 397n Rosneft (Russian state oil company), 43 RosUkrEnergo, 181–2, 226, 331, 374–5n, 381n Rothschild, 13 Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), 62, 117, 177, 365n Rozenbaum, Vadim, 361n Rubio Holdings, 403n Rudny (Kazakh iron mine), 94–5, 128–31, 133–5 Russia (post-Soviet): Peter Sahlas in, 33–4, 69; Yeltsin’s reforms, 33–5, 100, 102, 361n; civil legal code for post-communist era, 33, 34, 36; and Fraenkel’s Dual State, 38–9; corruption under Yeltsin, 100–2, 330, 361n, 420n; ‘aluminium wars’, 132; Moscow police and Seva, 177–8, 180; conquest of eastern Ukraine (2014), 221, 233, 237, 311, 388n; Nemtsov murder (2015), 233–5, 237, 321, 390–1n; annexation of Crimea (2015), 242; demands Ablyazov’s extradition, 255, 265; Trump’s connections to, 303, 310, 311, 315, 325–6, 414–15n; interference in US election (2016), 310, 311; global alliance of kleptocrats, 319; interference in British politics, 337; as Ur of Kleptopia, 337 see also capitalism, Russian; Putin regime Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 100–2, 174, 361n Rwanda, 51, 328 Rybolovlev, Dmitry, 315 Sahlas, Peter, 347n, 354n; background of, 30–1; and Russian legal system, 30, 33, 34, 36, 38–9, 40, 42, 43; in Czechoslovakia (1990), 31–2; in Soviet Union (1991), 32–3; moves to Russia (1996), 33–4; and Fraenkel’s Dual State, 36, 38–9, 348n; and Yukos defence team, 36, 38–43, 64, 65, 190; and BTA case, 64–6, 69, 103–5, 160, 190–1; Tower 42 meeting with Ablyazov, 65–9, 103, 116, 255, 260; and role of psychology in history, 103; life in Paris, 190–2; and Ablyazov kidnapping, 192–7, 251, 252–5, 263, 291–2; ‘presumption of regularity’ concept, 195–6, 322; and Ablyazov extradition case, 251–2, 255, 257–8, 260–70, 291, 297; and Kazaword material, 256–7, 258, 259–60, 264–5; threats and abuse from Patrick Robertson, 260–5, 294, 398n; ‘The Dual State Takes Hold in Russia: A Challenge for the West’, 349n Sam Pa (Chinese businessman), 336 Sants, Hector, 342n Sapir, Tamir, 314 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 266, 305–6 Sarsenbayev, Altynbek, 111, 113 Sater, Felix, 355–6n, 366–7n; background of, 74–5; pump-and-dump fraud, 74, 75, 81, 82, 84, 85–7, 204; sentencing hearing before Judge Glasser (October 2009), 74, 75, 82–7, 355n, 357n; as US intelligence agent in Russia, 81–2; as FBI informant, 82–4, 86, 87, 199, 249, 313; New York Times reveals criminal record, 84–5, 199–200, 357n; and real estate, 84–5, 87, 110, 126, 199–200, 313–14, 315, 324–5, 414–15n; real estate project with Iliyas, 110, 198, 199–200, 203–5, 245, 246–7, 314, 324, 385–6n; and Ablyazov kidnapping, 198, 253, 383n; turns against Iliyas and Ablyazov, 204–5, 238, 244–9, 324, 395–6n; pursuit of Ablyazov in US courts, 244–9, 324, 395–6n; and Donald J.

The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth by Jonathan Rauch

2021 United States Capitol attack, 4chan, active measures, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Ayatollah Khomeini, Black Lives Matter, centre right, classic study, Climategate, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, critical race theory, deplatforming, disinformation, disintermediation, Donald Trump, experimental subject, facts on the ground, fake news, Filter Bubble, framing effect, hive mind, illegal immigration, information asymmetry, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, jimmy wales, Jon Ronson, Louis Pasteur, market bubble, meta-analysis, microaggression, mirror neurons, Peace of Westphalia, peer-to-peer, post-truth, profit motive, QAnon, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, Russian election interference, social software, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tragedy of the Commons, yellow journalism, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

“The entire toolbox of advertising technologies can be packaged together into coordinated campaigns that utilize both human and machine intelligence to optimize marketing,” wrote the authors of a report for the New America Foundation in 2018. “All the tools of behavioral data collection available for the purpose of targeting communications into highly responsive audiences … are applied to the task of political disinformation.”16 Gradually, researchers developed a picture of what troll epistemology was really all about. In Active Measures, his history of disinformation wars, the historian Thomas Rid summed it up: At-scale disinformation campaigns are attacks against a liberal epistemic order, or a political system that places its trust in essential custodians of factual authority. These institutions—law enforcement and the criminal justice system, public administration, empirical science, investigative journalism, democratically controlled intelligence agencies—prize facts over feelings, evidence over emotion, observations over opinion.

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These institutions—law enforcement and the criminal justice system, public administration, empirical science, investigative journalism, democratically controlled intelligence agencies—prize facts over feelings, evidence over emotion, observations over opinion. They embody an open epistemic order, which enables an open and liberal political order; one cannot exist without the other.… Active measures [a Russian term for disinformation] erode that order. But they do so slowly, subtly, like ice melting. This slowness makes disinformation that much more insidious, because when the authority of evidence is eroded, emotions fill the gap.… The stakes are enormous—for disinformation corrodes the foundation of liberal democracy, our ability to assess facts on their merits and to self-correct accordingly.17 The study of propaganda and disinformation has a long and distinguished history, which I will not attempt to rehearse here.

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See Carly Nyst and Nick Monaco, “State-Sponsored Trolling: How Governments Are Deploying Disinformation as Part of Broader Digital Harassment Campaigns,” Institute for the Future, 2018. 16. Dipayan Ghosh and Ben Scott, “#DigitalDeceit: The Technologies Behind Precision Propaganda on the Internet,” New America Foundation, January 2018. 17. Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020). 18. Claire Allbright, “A Russian Facebook Page Organized a Protest in Texas. A Different Russian Page Launched the Counterprotest,” Texas Tribune, November 1, 2017. 19. Michael Lewis, “Has Anyone Seen the President?

Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media by Peter Warren Singer, Emerson T. Brooking

4chan, active measures, Airbnb, augmented reality, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bellingcat, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, Comet Ping Pong, content marketing, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, data science, deep learning, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, false flag, Filter Bubble, global reserve currency, Google Glasses, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker News, illegal immigration, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of movable type, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, Jacob Silverman, John Gilmore, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mohammed Bouazizi, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, moral panic, new economy, offshore financial centre, packet switching, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, pattern recognition, Plato's cave, post-materialism, Potemkin village, power law, pre–internet, profit motive, RAND corporation, reserve currency, sentiment analysis, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Snapchat, social web, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, Upton Sinclair, Valery Gerasimov, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, yellow journalism, Yochai Benkler

“First you had to be a redneck from Kentucky, then you had to be some white guy from Minnesota who worked all his life, paid taxes and now lives in poverty; and in 15 minutes you have to write something in the slang of [African] Americans from New York.” Baskayev waxed philosophic about his role in American politics. “It was real postmodernism. Postmodernism, Dadaism and Sur[realism].” Yet, far from being postmodern, sockpuppets actually followed the example of classic Cold War “active measures” by targeting the extremes of both sides of American politics during the 2016 election. The fake accounts posed as everything from right-leaning Tea Party activists to “Blacktivist,” who urged those on the left to “choose peace and vote for Jill Stein. Trust me, it’s not a wasted vote.” A purported African American organizer, Blacktivist, was actually one of those Russian hipsters sitting in St.

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Their inoculation efforts include citizen education programs, public tracking and notices of foreign disinformation campaigns, election protections and forced transparency of political campaign activities, and legal action to limit the effect of poisonous super-spreaders. In many ways, such holistic responses to information threats have an American pedigree. One of the most useful efforts to foil Soviet operations during the Cold War was a comprehensive U.S. government effort called the Active Measures Working Group. It brought together people working in various government agencies—from spies to diplomats to broadcasters to educators—to collaborate on identifying and pushing back against KGB-planted false stories designed to fracture socie-ties and undermine support for democracy. There is no such equivalent today.

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r=UK&IR=T. 102 “report acts”: “Planning Outline for the Construction of a Social Credit System.” 102 you can lose access: Nguyen, “China Might Use Data.” 102 online matchmaking service: Celia Hatton, “China ‘Social Credit’: Beijing Sets Up Huge System,” BBC News, October 26, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-34592186. 102 Thailand: Michael de Waal-Montgomery, “Thailand Reportedly Close to Introducing Its Own China-Style Internet Firewall,” VentureBeat, September 23, 2015, https://venturebeat.com/2015/09/23/thailand-reportedly-close-to-introducing-its-own-china-style-internet-firewall/. 102 Vietnam: Ian Timberlake, “Vietnam Steps Up China-Style Internet Censorship,” Sydney Morning Herald, July 1, 2010, http://www.smh.com.au/technology/vietnam-steps-up-chinastyle-internet-censorship-20100701-zpg0.html. 102 Zimbabwe: Elin Box, “Zimbabwe to Implement China-Style Internet Censorship Regime,” Global Marketing News (blog), Webcertain, April 11, 2016, http://blog.webcertain.com/zimbabwe-internet-censorship-like-china/11/04/2016/. 102 Cuba: Mauricio Claver-Carone, “When Helping ‘the Cuban People’ Means Bankrolling the Castros,” Wall Street Journal, June 23, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB11021741326745413664304581020103630034440. 102 Putin has even gone: Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan, “Putin Brings China’s Great Firewall to Russia in Cybersecurity Pact,” The Guardian, November 29, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/29/putin-china-internet-great-firewall-russia-cybersecurity-pact. 103 “It was difficult”: Katie Davies, “Revealed: Confessions of a Kremlin Troll,” Moscow Times, April 18, 2017, https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/revealed-confessions-of-a-kremlin-troll-57754. 103 more than 200 blog posts: Ibid. 103 One story (possibly apocryphal): Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak, Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism (WND Books, 2013), loc. 284, Kindle. 103 more than 10,000: Thomas Rid, “Disinformation: A Primer in Russian Active Measures and Influence Campaigns,” testimony before the Senate Committee on Intelligence, March 30, 2017, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-trid-033017.pdf. 104 Operation INFEKTION: Thomas Boghardt, “Operation INFEKTION: Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign,” Studies in Intelligence 53, no. 4 (2009). 104 Indian newspaper Patriot: Ibid. 104 “well-known American scientist”: David Robert Grimes, “Russian Fake News Is Not New: Soviet AIDS Propaganda Cost Countless Lives,” The Guardian, June 14, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2017/jun/14/russian-fake-news-is-not-new-soviet-aids-propaganda-cost-countless-lives. 104 Lyndon LaRouche movement: Boghardt, “Operation INFEKTION.” 104 “Everyone shall have”: Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. 29.4. 105 “spoke in grave”: “1984 in 2014,” The Economist, March 29, 2014, https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21599829-new-propaganda-war-underpins-kremlins-clash-west-1984-2014. 105 A pop star garbed: Christine Friar, “Russia’s Using Pop Music on YouTube to Ridicule Millennial Protesters,” The Daily Dot, May 19, 2017, https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/russia-youtube-propoganda-pop-music/?

The Hacker and the State: Cyber Attacks and the New Normal of Geopolitics by Ben Buchanan

active measures, air gap, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, borderless world, Brian Krebs, British Empire, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, Citizen Lab, credit crunch, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, fake news, family office, Hacker News, hive mind, information security, Internet Archive, Jacob Appelbaum, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, kremlinology, Laura Poitras, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Nate Silver, operational security, post-truth, profit motive, RAND corporation, ransomware, risk tolerance, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, subscription business, technoutopianism, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, Wargames Reagan, WikiLeaks, zero day

For a discussion of turnout in various demographic groups, see Bernard L. Fraga, Sean McElwee, Jesse Rhodes, and Brian Schaffner, “Why Did Trump Win? More Whites—and Fewer Blacks—Actually Voted,” Washington Post Monkey Cage Blog, May 8, 2017. 84. For the definitive history of Soviet active measures, see Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2020). 85. Mueller, “Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election,” 42. 86. The phrase “de facto instrument of Russian intelligence” originates with Scott Shane, a New York Times reporter who reflected after the election on how the Russians had managed to “hack journalism.”

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Viktor Borisovich Netyksho, Boris Alekseyevich Antonov, Dmitriy Sergeyevich Badin, Ivan Sergeyevich Yermakov, Aleksey Viktorovich Lukashev, Sergey Aleksandrovich Morgachev, Nikolay Yuryevich Kozachek, Pavel Vyacheslavovich Yershov, Artem Andreyevich Malyshev, Aleksandor Vladimirovich Osadchuk, Aleksey Aleksandrovich Potemkin, and Anatoliy Sergeyevich Kovalev, US District Court, District of Columbia, indictment filed July 13, 2018, 8. 14. Lipton, Sanger, and Shane, “The Perfect Weapon.” 15. For the seminal analysis of this activity, see Thomas Rid, “Disinformation: A Primer in Russian Active Measures and Influence Campaigns,” Hearing before Select Committee on Intelligence, US Senate, March 30, 2017, 4. 16. Thomas Rid, “How Russia Pulled Off the Biggest Election Hack in U.S. History,” Esquire, October 20, 2016. 17. United States of America v. Viktor Borisovich Netyksho et al., 7. 18.

The Secret World: A History of Intelligence by Christopher Andrew

Able Archer 83, active measures, Admiral Zheng, airport security, anti-communist, Atahualpa, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Chelsea Manning, classic study, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, Fellow of the Royal Society, Francisco Pizarro, Google Earth, information security, invention of movable type, invention of the telegraph, Julian Assange, Khyber Pass, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Murano, Venice glass, RAND corporation, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Skype, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the market place, trade route, two and twenty, union organizing, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, WikiLeaks, éminence grise

Kennedy.61* If the CIA had been involved in killing its own President, it was reasonable to conclude that there were no limits to which the Agency would not go to subvert foreign regimes and assassinate other statesmen who had incurred its displeasure. KGB ‘active measures’ (influence operations) successfully promoted the belief that the methods which the CIA had used to attempt to kill Castro and destabilize his regime were being employed against ‘progressive’ governments around the world. One Soviet active-measure operation in the Middle East in 1975 named forty-five leading statesmen who had, allegedly, been the victims of successful or unsuccessful Agency assassination attempts over the past decade.

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., 295, 435, 680, 688 Kennedy, Captain Malcolm, 635–6 Kent, Sherman, 1, 9, 10, 745* Kent, Tyler, 592 Kenya, 719–20, 735 Keppel, Alice, 433 Kerensky, Alexander, 504, 549, 552–3 Kernochan, Frederic, 605 Kerrigan, John, 265 Keynes, John Maynard, 517 KGB ‘active measures’ in Third World, 8, 688, 689–91 agents in Cold War USA, 684–7, 709, 711 Bakatin as last chairman of, 704–5 Cheka as forerunner, 7, 110–11 Cold War penetration of embassies in Moscow, 674–5 covert actions during Cold War, 8, 680–82, 688, 689–91 covert activity as ‘active measures’, 2 cryptanalysis during Cold War, 674 First Chief (Foreign Intelligence) Directorate (FCD), 689, 692, 693–4, 698, 712–13, 714 Gordievsky as agent of SIS, 696, 713–14 and ‘ideological subversion’, 4, 100, 105, 107–8, 130†, 698–700, 751 ignorance of Western society, 697–8 illegals, 593–4, 622, 626, 665, 666, 673, 681–2, 699, 714–15, 751 as immune from domestic criticism in 1970s, 687 informers, 107–8, 698–9 and Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories, 688 and Mitrokhin (FCD) archive, 712–13, 714–15, 747‡, 750–51 network of informers, 107–8 officers as more influential than diplomats, 689–90 subversion in India, 64, 690 Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, 87, 88 Khalid ibn al-Walid, 93–4, 95 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, 718, 729, 758 Khan, Dr A.

…

George Tenet, director of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) at the beginning of the twenty-first century, summed up the Agency’s main mission in three words: ‘We steal secrets.’3 During the Cold War, Allen Dulles, the longest-serving CIA director, wrote that, over the centuries, intelligence organizations had also shown themselves ‘an ideal vehicle for conspiracy’.4 From earliest times, intelligence has often involved covert operations intended to influence the course of events by methods ranging from deception to assassination – ‘active measures’, as the twentieth-century KGB called them. Deception involving a bogus defector played a key role in the Athenian victory at the naval Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, at a critical moment during the invasion of Greece by the Persian Empire. For the next two and a half millennia, however, the Salamis deception attracted only a tiny fraction of the interest aroused by the fictional deception of the Trojan Horse, which first featured in Homer’s Odyssey and later, in greater detail, in the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil.5 Even in the twenty-first century, public understanding of intelligence operations is frequently coloured – if not confused – by spy fiction.

This Is Not Propaganda: Adventures in the War Against Reality by Peter Pomerantsev

4chan, active measures, anti-communist, Bellingcat, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, citizen journalism, data science, Day of the Dead, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, Etonian, European colonialism, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, illegal immigration, mass immigration, mega-rich, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, post-truth, side hustle, Skype, South China Sea

Radio Moscow’s usual style was so stiff it made the BBC feel informal. It would reel off statistics from Communist Party plenums about the supposed success of the Soviet Economy, the Onward March of Socialism across the world; state that the Objective, Scientific Progress of History was still inevitable … Even when it peddled what the KGB called ‘active measures’ – disinformation campaigns that claimed, for instance, that the US had invented AIDS as a weapon – it would do so with a Soviet seriousness, including interviews with fake scientists providing fake evidence, but all determined to keep up a facade of factuality. In 1983 BBC Monitoring noticed something most unusual: a presenter on Radio Moscow’s English Service began to call Soviet soldiers who had invaded Afghanistan ‘occupiers’ rather than the official ‘limited contingent’ of ‘internationalist warriors’ bringing help to the ‘fraternal people of Afghanistan’.17 What the presenter, a previously unassuming man called Vladimir Danchev, was doing was unheard of.

…

In Russia, Kremlin-controlled media heads and stars insist that broadcasters such as the BBC can’t be trusted as they all have hidden agendas,3 that ‘objectivity is a myth that is proposed and imposed on us’.4 It’s a far cry from Radio Moscow, with its commitment to upholding scientific, Marxist truth. And you can see the difference in the content. When, in the 1980s, Radio Moscow broadcast ‘active measures’ claiming that the CIA had invented AIDS as a weapon against Africa, the lies were carefully curated over many years. They involved scientists in East Germany who had supposedly found the evidence. An effort was made to make the elaborate lie look real. Today the Russian media and officials push similar stories, claiming that American factories were pumping out the Zika virus in East Ukraine to poison ethnic Russians, that the US is harvesting Russian DNA to create gene weapons,5 that the US is encircling Russia with secret biological warfare labs.

Mini Farming: Self-Sufficiency on 1/4 Acre by Brett L. Markham

active measures, classic study, clean water, Columbine, coronavirus, fixed income, Mason jar, place-making

Passive prevention is the application of good farming practices: well-composted and appropriately amended healthy soil, adequate sunshine, proper watering, crop rotation, and sufficient airflow. In essence, this simply means to give plants growing conditions that are as close to optimal as possible. This will make them healthier and thus less susceptible to diseases and less attractive to pests. Active prevention uses active measures to prevent diseases or repel insect pests. Examples include applying repellent garlic or hot pepper sprays on plants to deter pests, installing physical barriers, putting out traps, or spraying the plants periodically with a fungus preventative. Sometimes, for certain types of pests, poisons that are usually used as a reactive measure may be required as active prevention.

…

Because these reactive measures use substances with greater potential to harm people or the environment, I don’t recommend their application unless the farmer is certain that a likelihood exists that failure to apply them will result in an unacceptable level of crop loss. Another tip to make active measures most effective is to take a cue from doctors treating HIV and tuberculosis: Never treat an insect or disease problem with only one active agent at a time. Using only one active agent increases the odds of survivors living to convey immunity to that agent in the next generation. When you mix two or more active agents, you increase the odds of success while decreasing the odds of creating resistant organisms.

The End of the Cold War: 1985-1991 by Robert Service

Able Archer 83, active measures, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Great Leap Forward, Kickstarter, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Neil Kinnock, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, precautionary principle, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Silicon Valley, Strategic Defense Initiative, The Chicago School, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier

Soviet military analysts denied that Warsaw Pact forces had numerical superiority over NATO.28 The Committee of Soviet Scientists for Peace Against the Nuclear Threat took the same line – Roald Sagdeev and Andrei Kokoshin warned that the idea of a ‘limited nuclear war’ was a dangerous nonsense.29 The American political establishment accepted such tracts as unavoidable in a free society, and everyone in Washington recognized that it was impossible to insist upon publishing pro-Reagan booklets in Moscow. The Reagan administration did, however, take exception to the Kremlin’s continuing campaigns of disinformation. ‘Soviet active measures’ were spreading downright lies about America’s foreign policy. Republican Congressman Dan Lungren was emphatic that this activity had to stop if the Soviet leaders truly hoped for a rapprochement with America. The Party Secretariat and KGB made use of a range of outlets, including the Western peace movement, to undermine NATO’s purposes.30 CIA Director Casey pointed out that international friendship societies and various other ‘front organizations’ were favourite means for disseminating the contents of Politburo policies.

…

Weinberger (interview), HIGFC (HIA), box 3, folder 4, p. 40. 8. P. Robinson in his interview with G. P. Shultz, 10 June 2002, p. 5: Peter Robinson Papers (HIA), box 21. 9. Author’s interview with Charles Hill, 22 July 2011. 10. Ibid. 11. C. Weinberger, Report to Defense Department, 25 November 1983, pp. 1–4: RRPL, John Lenczowsky Files, box 1, Active Measures. 12. E. Teller to R. Reagan, 23 July 1983: Jim Mann Papers (HIA), box 55. 13. W. D. Suit to G. H. Bush, 5 March 1981, pp. 1–2: William J. Casey Papers (HIA), box 566, folder 10. 14. US Embassy (Islamabad) to Secretary of State, 4 October 1983: ISLAMA 17012: Digital National Security Archive. 15.

…

Memorandum on ‘hostile aspirations and anti-Soviet actions of the Lithuanian reactionary emigration against the Lithuanian SSR’, 15 April 1985: Lithuanian SSR KGB (HIA), K-1/3/784, p. 4; P. Goble and A. Worobij to National Security Council, ‘USSR: The Counterpropaganda Apparatus in the Ukraine’ 12 October 1983, pp. 1–2: RRPL, John Lenczowsky Files, box 1, Active Measures. See also A. A. Snyder, Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War: An Insider’s Account, pp. 26–7. 7. USPS booklet (1985), pp. 17–18: Center for International Civil Society (HIA), box 88, folder 1. 8. USSR KGB to Comrade Zvezdenkov, 7 January 1983: Lithuanian SSR KGB (HIA), K-1/3/775. 9.

The Light That Failed: A Reckoning by Ivan Krastev, Stephen Holmes

active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, anti-globalists, bank run, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, Brexit referendum, corporate governance, David Brooks, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, illegal immigration, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, kremlinology, liberal world order, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Armstrong, nuclear winter, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open borders, post-truth, postnationalism / post nation state, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, shared worldview, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, the market place, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Twitter Arab Spring, WikiLeaks

As Andrew Wilson puts it, ‘Post-Soviet political technologists’ would see ‘themselves as political meta-programmers, system designers, decision-makers and controllers all in one, applying whatever technology they can to the construction of politics as a whole’.33 Their role in Russian politics recalled that of Gosplan apparatchiks in the Soviet economy: they were the ideologues and icons of Russia’s managed democracy. They operated in a world of ‘clones’ and ‘doubles’; of ‘administrative resources,’ ‘active measures,’ and ‘kompromat’ (compromising information); of parties that stand in elections but have no staff or membership or office . . . of well-paid insiders that stand as the regime’s most vociferous opponents; and of scarecrow nationalists and fake coups.34 Political technologists were, and to a limited extent still are, uncompromising enemies of electoral surprises, genuine party pluralism, political transparency and the freedom of well-informed citizens to participate in the choice of their rulers.

…

Whether Russian interference in Western elections has had a significant influence on outcomes is debatable. But the West now shares Russia’s post-Cold War fears of polarization, ungovernability and disintegration. In this case, too, the imitator–imitated relationship, as understood immediately after the communist collapse, seems to have been brutally reversed. Putin’s Mirror is an ‘active measure’. It is designed less to reflect accurately than to dishearten morally. The principal purpose of the Kremlin’s meddling in American elections is to reveal that competitive elections in the West – shaped by the manipulative power of money, disfigured by growing political polarization and emptied of meaning by a lack of genuine political alternatives – resemble Kremlin-engineered elections more than Westerners would like to think.

Next Stop Execution: The Autobiography of Oleg Gordievsky by Oleg Gordievsky

active measures, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Etonian, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Kinnock, Ronald Reagan, Strategic Defense Initiative, union organizing, urban sprawl, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, working poor

I might, for example, cultivate the head of an organization opposed to the European Common Market, because the policy of the Kremlin and the KGB was to split Europe and prevent its consolidation. This kind of manoeuvring could be quite stimulating and yet, perhaps because I was older and more experienced, I saw how ineffective the bulk of KGB work was. Most of it was what we called ‘active measures’, and amounted to no more than attempts at manipulating public opinion through speeches, newspaper articles and brochures. There was practically no real intelligence work, in the form of recruiting agents: although we continued to hunt for contacts, the Danes proved exceptionally resistant to our overtures.

…

His career went off to a flying start when he recruited, as agent, the bearded left-wing Danish photographer Jacob Holdt, who had worked in the United States and specialized in taking pictures of slums and drug-addicts, presenting them as the true face of America. Holdt’s work had already appeared in exhibitions and in books, but Gribin cultivated him assiduously. He then had the nerve to inform the Centre that all Holdt’s photographs derived from active measures of the KGB, which had been carrying on its normal task of running down America. The Centre swallowed this, and gave Gribin high credit. Thereafter he withdrew from operational work, and concentrated exclusively on administration, taking infinite pains to please his bosses in Moscow. He studied their habits and preferences minutely, and, whenever he went home on leave, took them presents of things that they particularly coveted, something optical for one, something electronic for another, books for a third, medicine for a fourth, pornographic videos for a fifth.

…

(Until then, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office had believed that policy was set by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.) I provided much information about Soviet policy towards numerous other nations and geographical areas, not least the Arctic, the Antarctic, and the world’s oceans. My revelations about the KGB’s ‘active measures’ — attempts to manipulate Western public opinion — helped Britain and the United States to make sound judgements. Through my activities, the British government and MI5 received confirmation that their policy towards Soviet espionage in Britain was proving effective. Their new policy of setting a ‘diplomatic ceiling’, and fixing a limited number of ‘slots’ for Soviet diplomats, critically weakened the KGB in Britain.

This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends: The Cyberweapons Arms Race by Nicole Perlroth

4chan, active measures, activist lawyer, air gap, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, barriers to entry, Benchmark Capital, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blood diamond, Boeing 737 MAX, Brexit referendum, Brian Krebs, Citizen Lab, cloud computing, commoditize, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, dark matter, David Vincenzetti, defense in depth, digital rights, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, drone strike, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, end-to-end encryption, failed state, fake news, false flag, Ferguson, Missouri, Firefox, gender pay gap, George Floyd, global pandemic, global supply chain, Hacker News, index card, information security, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jacob Appelbaum, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Ken Thompson, Kevin Roose, Laura Poitras, lockdown, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, Menlo Park, MITM: man-in-the-middle, moral hazard, Morris worm, move fast and break things, mutually assured destruction, natural language processing, NSO Group, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, open borders, operational security, Parler "social media", pirate software, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, ransomware, Reflections on Trusting Trust, rolodex, Rubik’s Cube, Russian election interference, Sand Hill Road, Seymour Hersh, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, South China Sea, Steve Ballmer, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, TED Talk, the long tail, the scientific method, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, undersea cable, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, web application, WikiLeaks, zero day, Zimmermann PGP

And when thousands of Americans took to the streets to protest the murders of African Americans at the hands of police, I watched those same Russian accounts retweet Americans, including the president, who dismissed the Black Lives Matter movement as a Trojan horse for violent left-wing radicals. With each new campaign, it got harder to pinpoint where exactly American-made disinformation ended and Russia’s active measures began. We had become Putin’s “useful idiots.” And so long as Americans were tangled up in our own infighting, Putin could maneuver the world unchecked. “The mantra of Russian active measures is this: ‘Win through force of politics rather than the politics of force,’ ” is how Clint Watts, a former FBI agent who specializes in Russian disinformation, explained it to me. “What that means is go into your adversary and tie them up in politics to the point where they are in such disarray that you are free to do what you will.”

…

For our coverage of EternalBlue, the NSA exploit that was leaked and formed a critical role in North Korea’s WannaCry attacks and shortly thereafter Russia’s NotPetya attacks, see Perlroth and Sanger, “Hackers Hit Dozens of Countries Exploiting Stolen NSA Tool,” May 12, 2017; Perlroth, “A Cyberattack ‘the World Isn’t Ready For,’ ” New York Times, June 22, 2017; and Perlroth and Scott Shane, “In Baltimore and Beyond, a Stolen NSA Tool Wreaks Havoc,” New York Times, May 25, 2019. This chapter relied heavily on the Senate Committee on Intelligence’s “Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election.” I recommend every American read the Senate report and the Mueller Report in their entirety. See www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume2.pdf and Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III, Volumes I and II, “Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election,” March 2019.

The Design and Engineering of Curiosity: How the Mars Rover Performs Its Job by Emily Lakdawalla

3D printing, active measures, centre right, data acquisition, Kuiper Belt, Mars Rover, Maui Hawaii, Teledyne

Examples include ChemCam observations, CheMin analyses, and driving or arm motion. There were nearly 500 DAN active experiments performed over the course of the mission up to sol 1417. DAN has operated throughout the mission with no significant gaps in coverage; nearly every rover stop is documented with a DAN active measurement. DAN active measurements have fed back into tactical planning. DAN measurements of abundant thermal neutrons on sol 991, combined with unusual ChemCam measurements of rocks in the same area, led to the drilling of the high-silica target Buckskin below Marias pass on sol 1060. DAN had the opportunity to experiment on silica-rich materials at the Greenhorn and Lubango sites on sols 1144 and 1329. 8.3.4 Anomalies The three-year expected lifetime of DAN’s neutron generator ran out at the end of 2014, but DAN continues to operate normally.

The Defence of the Realm by Christopher Andrew

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, Boeing 747, British Empire, classic study, Clive Stafford Smith, collective bargaining, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, Desert Island Discs, disinformation, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, G4S, glass ceiling, illegal immigration, information security, job satisfaction, large denomination, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Kinnock, North Sea oil, operational security, post-work, Red Clydeside, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, Torches of Freedom, traveling salesman, union organizing, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, Winter of Discontent, work culture

Freeman was concerned by news that budget cutbacks, imposed by the Treasury, might put the SLO’s post at risk. Freeman was himself one of the targets of KGB active measures in India aimed at discrediting US and British policy. Before the 1967 Indian elections a bogus letter from Freeman forged by the KGB, claiming that the CIA was secretly giving vast sums to right-wing parties and politicians, appeared in the press. On this occasion, however, Service A (the KGB active measures department) slipped up. The latter wrongly identified Mr Freeman as Sir John Freeman. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Mitrokhin Archive II, pp. 317–18. 32 Rimington, Open Secret, pp. 66–7. 33 Louis and Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Decolonisation’. 34 In some posts SLOs/DSOs answered to the heads of SIME and SIFE. 35 A rare exception to the goodwill usually engendered by Sillitoe’s imperial tours was a bad-tempered clash in 1948 with the head of the Malayan Security Service from which he eventually emerged victorious.

…

Oleg Kalugin, who became head of counter-intelligence in KGB foreign intelligence (and its youngest general) in 1973, remembers India as ‘a model of KGB infiltration of a Third World government’. India under Nehru’s daughter and successor, Indira Gandhi, was probably also the arena for more KGB ‘active measures’ than anywhere else in the world.30 Successive SLOs’ close relations with the DIB made their inside information on Indian politics and government policy of increasing value to the British high commission at a time when the Soviet Union, through KGB as well as overt channels, was attempting to establish a special relationship with India.

…

Thereafter the Centre issued instructions that, given Jones’s lack of access to confidential information, he was to be contacted only at six-monthly intervals.25 Unlike Jack Jones, the veteran KGB agent Bob Edwards MP was almost unknown outside Westminster and the ranks of the hard left. He remained, however, an enthusiastic participant in Soviet ‘active measures’ (influence operations). Though there is no evidence that these had any significant impact, the KGB rated him highly and awarded him the Order of the People’s Friendship, the third-highest Soviet decoration, in 1980.26 The medal remained in his file at the Centre but on one occasion was taken by his case officer, Leonid Zaitsev, to show him at a meeting in Brussels.

The Choice Factory: 25 Behavioural Biases That Influence What We Buy by Richard Shotton

active measures, behavioural economics, call centre, cashless society, cognitive dissonance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, David Brooks, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science, Firefox, framing effect, fundamental attribution error, Goodhart's law, Google Chrome, Kickstarter, loss aversion, nudge unit, Ocado, placebo effect, price anchoring, principal–agent problem, Ralph Waldo Emerson, replication crisis, Richard Feynman, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Rory Sutherland, TED Talk, Veblen good, When a measure becomes a target, World Values Survey

But most relevantly for our profession, in digital advertising. Online measurement is delivering tails not rats The key lesson from Hanoi is that setting a naive target encourages behaviour that superficially meets that goal rather than the underlying objective. The targets set on most online activity measure short-term effects: immediate sales, visits, views. These short-term approaches are popular as they’re easy to measure. However, ease and effectiveness are different. After all, we know that the bulk of advertising’s effect is long-term. Unfortunately, as it’s hard to measure long-term impacts the tendency is to ignore them.

Economic Dignity by Gene Sperling

active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, antiwork, autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, basic income, behavioural economics, benefit corporation, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Cass Sunstein, collective bargaining, company town, corporate governance, cotton gin, David Brooks, desegregation, Detroit bankruptcy, disinformation, Donald Trump, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, driverless car, Elon Musk, employer provided health coverage, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ferguson, Missouri, fulfillment center, full employment, gender pay gap, ghettoisation, gig economy, Gini coefficient, green new deal, guest worker program, Gunnar Myrdal, housing crisis, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, independent contractor, invisible hand, job automation, job satisfaction, labor-force participation, late fees, liberal world order, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, mental accounting, meta-analysis, minimum wage unemployment, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open immigration, payday loans, Phillips curve, price discrimination, profit motive, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, speech recognition, stock buybacks, subprime mortgage crisis, tech worker, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Toyota Production System, traffic fines, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, universal basic income, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, warehouse robotics, working poor, young professional, zero-sum game

Several business leaders told me there was no way their firms used screening that would hurt the unemployed, but within hours they called me to say that they were wrong and wanted to be involved with fixing it. Many didn’t realize that employment status was a negative screening criterion or that other criteria—like a sudden drop in credit scores—would de facto penalize the long-term unemployed. About three hundred businesses—including twenty Fortune 50 companies—signed a pledge to take active measures not to weed out the long-term unemployed during their hiring processes. Yet many major companies never signed up. And in the negotiations on the pledge, to my great frustration, we were not able to include an explicit ban on the use of credit scores. I found this maddening, as it could not be more clear that screening workers for falls in credit scores during a major recession was like refusing an emergency flood loan to homeowners because their house was wet.

…

“Fact Sheet: President Obama’s Plan to Help Responsible Homeowners and Heal the Housing Market,” White House Office of the Press Secretary, February 1, 2012, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/01/fact-sheet-president-obama-s-plan-help-responsible-homeowners-and-heal-h. 32. Referring to the “spending on active measures to help unemployed and at-risk workers, per unemployed person, as a share of per-capita economic output, 2015.” Andrew Van Dam, “Is It Great to Be a Worker in the U.S.? Not Compared with the Rest of the Developed World,” Washington Post, July 4, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world. 33.

Waging a Good War: A Military History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968 by Thomas E. Ricks

2021 United States Capitol attack, active measures, amateurs talk tactics, professionals talk logistics, Black Lives Matter, classic study, colonial rule, COVID-19, critical race theory, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, Donald Trump, Ferguson, Missouri, full employment, George Floyd, Howard Zinn, Kickstarter, Mahatma Gandhi, mass incarceration, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, union organizing, W. E. B. Du Bois, wikimedia commons

Soon the FBI had a tape recording of King supposedly participating in an alleged sex party at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. “This will destroy the burrhead,” FBI director Hoover reportedly exclaimed. But the agency’s effort would go well beyond the passive collection of information. The FBI took wide-ranging active measures to undercut King and the SCLC. The agency urged the Internal Revenue Service to develop a tax fraud case against King. Hoover expressed disappointment when the tax office reported back that it had not detected any violations. When the FBI learned that Nelson Rockefeller was contemplating donating $250,000 to the SCLC, it asked a former agent to try to dissuade him.

…

“neutralizing King as an effective Negro leader”: David Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From “Solo” to Memphis (W. W. Norton, 1981), 102–103. This section of the chapter was influenced heavily by Garrow’s impressive work. “This will destroy the burrhead”: Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., 106. See also Branch, Pillar of Fire, 207. The FBI took wide-ranging active measures: The examples in this paragraph are from Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., 114, 132, 179, 121, 183. “the most notorious liar”: Quoted in Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., 121. See also “Federal Bureau of Investigation,” The King Encyclopedia, Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University.

Fancy Bear Goes Phishing: The Dark History of the Information Age, in Five Extraordinary Hacks by Scott J. Shapiro

3D printing, 4chan, active measures, address space layout randomization, air gap, Airbnb, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, availability heuristic, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, borderless world, Brian Krebs, business logic, call centre, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, cellular automata, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, Compatible Time-Sharing System, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, cyber-physical system, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Debian, Dennis Ritchie, disinformation, Donald Trump, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, dumpster diving, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, evil maid attack, facts on the ground, false flag, feminist movement, Gabriella Coleman, gig economy, Hacker News, independent contractor, information security, Internet Archive, Internet of things, invisible hand, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Ken Thompson, Larry Ellison, Laura Poitras, Linda problem, loss aversion, macro virus, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Minecraft, Morris worm, Multics, PalmPilot, Paul Graham, pirate software, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, ransomware, Reflections on Trusting Trust, Richard Stallman, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, security theater, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, Silicon Valley, Skype, SoftBank, SQL injection, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stuxnet, supply-chain attack, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, tech worker, technological solutionism, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the new new thing, the payments system, Turing machine, Turing test, Unsafe at Any Speed, vertical integration, Von Neumann architecture, Wargames Reagan, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, Wayback Machine, web application, WikiLeaks, winner-take-all economy, young professional, zero day, éminence grise

Professor Thomas Rid: Thomas Rid, @RidT, “.@pwnallthethings Remarkably the same C2 IP,” Twitter, July 8, 2016, https://twitter.com/ridt/status/751325844002529280. In addition to being a participant in the story, Professor Rid has written a terrific account of the hacks from which I have learned a great deal. Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020), 377–96. Germany’s intelligence service: BBC News, “Russia ‘Was Behind German Parliament Hack,’” May 13, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36284447. same security certificates: Thomas Rid, @RidT, “.

…

Putin’s name: The Intelligence Community Assessment, later posted on January 6, 2017, did name Putin: “We assess Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election”: Intelligence Community Assessment, “Assessing Russian Activities,” ii. Trump’s political advisers: Stephen Bannon testified before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that Trump’s debate preparation team first heard of the tape about an hour prior to its public release. See Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, vol. 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities, 249, citing Bannon testimony before the Select Committee on November 19, 2018, 206. Roger Stone instructed: Select Committee on Intelligence, 249–50. “wanted to see the Podesta emails”: Select Committee on Intelligence, 249.

The Network Imperative: How to Survive and Grow in the Age of Digital Business Models by Barry Libert, Megan Beck

active measures, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, asset allocation, asset light, autonomous vehicles, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, business intelligence, call centre, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, commoditize, crowdsourcing, data science, disintermediation, diversification, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, future of work, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, independent contractor, Infrastructure as a Service, intangible asset, Internet of things, invention of writing, inventory management, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, late fees, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, Mary Meeker, Oculus Rift, pirate software, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, software as a service, software patent, Steve Jobs, subscription business, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, Wall-E, women in the workforce, Zipcar

Most organizations know very well what their physical, tangible assets are. They carefully track revenues, cash, inventory, property, plant, and equipment. In contrast, intangible assets, such as human and intellectual capital, usually get less focus. Your company probably has a portfolio of intangible assets, but it’s likely you don’t fully utilize, activate, measure, or, in some cases, even view them as assets. In this step, you will review these assets to identify the most promising place to build a new network initiative. Understanding your complete, current asset base will help you understand your organization’s focus and main capabilities, as well as identify gaps and opportunities.

Designing Web APIs: Building APIs That Developers Love by Brenda Jin, Saurabh Sahni, Amir Shevat

active measures, Amazon Web Services, augmented reality, Big Tech, blockchain, business logic, business process, cognitive load, continuous integration, create, read, update, delete, exponential backoff, Google Hangouts, if you build it, they will come, Lyft, machine readable, MITM: man-in-the-middle, premature optimization, pull request, Salesforce, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, software as a service, the market place, uber lyft, web application, WebSocket

After a design sprint (a structured activity in which the team brainstorms and prototypes solutions), you can measure whether the partner has actually implemented the sprint’s recommendation, thus improving or extending their API usage. Some activities are more difficult to track, but it is critical to try to measure each of the activities and to evaluate whether they’ve moved the needle. Table 8-5 lists a few examples of key performance indicators (KPIs) and how you can connect them to activities. Table 8-5. Developer activities measurement report Measurement KPI Current Goal Developer awareness Proficiency Website entry Token created 10,000 5,000 Activity Expected impact 100,000 Speak at SXSW 5,000 new developers 10,000 Run a technical 5,000 new webcast tokens Actual 7,000 3,000 You can be creative with your activities and explore many ways to affect your KPIs, but we recommend keeping them consistent so that you can track your impact over time. 160 | Chapter 8: Building a Developer Ecosystem Strategy Pro Tip Building a thriving ecosystem is like gardening.

97 Things Every Programmer Should Know by Kevlin Henney

A Pattern Language, active measures, Apollo 11, business intelligence, business logic, commoditize, continuous integration, crowdsourcing, database schema, deliberate practice, domain-specific language, don't repeat yourself, Donald Knuth, fixed income, functional programming, general-purpose programming language, Grace Hopper, index card, inventory management, job satisfaction, level 1 cache, loose coupling, machine readable, Silicon Valley, sorting algorithm, The Wisdom of Crowds

Version-related comments and commented-out code try to address questions of versioning and history. These questions have already been answered (far more effectively) by version control tools. A prevalence of noisy comments and incorrect comments in a codebase encourages programmers to ignore all comments, either by skipping past them or by taking active measures to hide them. Programmers are resourceful and will route around anything perceived to be damage: folding comments up; switching coloring scheme so that comments and the background are the same color; scripting to filter out comments. To save a codebase from such misapplications of programmer ingenuity, and to reduce the risk of overlooking any comments of genuine value, comments should be treated as though they were code.

There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century by Fiona Hill

2021 United States Capitol attack, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, algorithmic bias, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, blue-collar work, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, business climate, call centre, collective bargaining, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, crony capitalism, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, deindustrialization, desegregation, digital divide, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial independence, first-past-the-post, food desert, gender pay gap, gentrification, George Floyd, glass ceiling, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, illegal immigration, imposter syndrome, income inequality, indoor plumbing, industrial cluster, industrial research laboratory, informal economy, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, lockdown, low skilled workers, Lyft, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, meme stock, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, oil shock, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Own Your Own Home, Paris climate accords, pension reform, QAnon, ransomware, restrictive zoning, ride hailing / ride sharing, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, statistical model, Steve Bannon, The Chicago School, TikTok, transatlantic slave trade, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, University of East Anglia, urban decay, urban planning, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, Winter of Discontent, women in the workforce, working poor, Yom Kippur War, young professional

When he decided to intervene in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, he unleashed the Russian security services to use tactics abroad that they had already successfully deployed to quash Russia’s opposition and keep domestic political dissent and social protests in check. Russia’s intervention came right out of a Cold War “active measures” textbook of the kind I had studied since the 1980s. Russian operatives employed propaganda, disinformation, and deception. As later American government public and independent press reports would reveal, the Russians used a sophisticated combination of new cybertools, alongside the state-backed media, to hack the email messages of prominent American political figures, disseminate leaked documents, and amplify inflammatory news items.

…

I later learned: Entous, “What Fiona Hill Learned in the White House.” left-wing political activities: Emily Tamkin, The Influence of Soros: Politics, Power, and the Struggle for an Open Society (New York: HarperCollins, 2020). was apologetic: Entous, “What Fiona Hill Learned in the White House.” traded in disinformation: Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux,2020). “Soros conspiracy”: Hannes Grassegger, “The Unbelievable Story of the Plot Against George Soros,” BuzzFeed News, January 20, 2019, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/hnsgrassegger/george-soros-conspiracy-finkelstein-birnbaum-orban-netanyahu.

Come and Take It: The Gun Printer's Guide to Thinking Free by Cody Wilson

3D printing, 4chan, Aaron Swartz, active measures, Airbnb, airport security, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, assortative mating, bitcoin, Chelsea Manning, Cody Wilson, digital rights, disintermediation, DIY culture, Evgeny Morozov, fiat currency, Google Glasses, gun show loophole, jimmy wales, lifelogging, Mason jar, means of production, Menlo Park, Minecraft, national security letter, New Urbanism, peer-to-peer, Peter Thiel, printed gun, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Skype, Streisand effect, thinkpad, WikiLeaks, working poor

Wiki Weapon attracted a stable of soon-familiar suspects: THE SOVEREIGN CITIZEN: Your main problem right now is that you are owned by the aristocrats, your title was freely given to the gov by YOU. We can fix this. THE MYSTIC OF SPIRIT: Due to your catalytic tendency of disseminating objectives adverse to the Jurisdiction . . . of OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, you are therefore ordered to discontinue your illegal profession. Failure to do so will result in proactive, responsive, and co-active measures. THE CHASTE PROGRESSIVE: It is not too late to turn back, to return your donations, to renounce your lust for blood. THE TOLERANT LIBERAL: I hope a hammer comes down on you . . . but I’d just as soon take the hammer of a gun pointed at your heart. I toyed with them sparingly. At Jim’s I followed up on every lead.

Stuff Matters: Exploring the Marvelous Materials That Shape Our Man-Made World by Mark Miodownik

3D printing, active measures, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, California gold rush, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, liquidity trap, New Urbanism, stem cell, trade route

The researchers found that although kissing set the heart pounding, the effect did not last as long as when the participants ate chocolate. The study also showed that when the chocolate started melting, all regions of the brain received a boost far more intense and longer lasting than the brain activity measured while kissing. Although this is just a single study, it does give credibility to the hypothesis that for many the sensory experience of eating chocolate is better than kissing. This association of chocolate with extreme sensory pleasure has been energetically promoted by chocolate manufacturers, most notably, perhaps, in the long-running television adverts for Cadbury’s Flake chocolate bar.

Belt and Road: A Chinese World Order by Bruno Maçães

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active measures, Admiral Zheng, autonomous vehicles, Branko Milanovic, BRICs, cloud computing, deindustrialization, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, different worldview, Donald Trump, energy security, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global supply chain, global value chain, high-speed rail, industrial cluster, industrial robot, Internet of things, Kenneth Rogoff, land reform, liberal world order, Malacca Straits, middle-income trap, one-China policy, Pearl River Delta, public intellectual, smart cities, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, subprime mortgage crisis, trade liberalization, trade route, zero-sum game

Until recently these tensions might be regarded as little more than peripheral skirmishes, but as the Chinese and Indian economies have grown in size and global economic integration has deepened, they are now highly dependent on each other and, together, represent a critical percentage of global economic growth. Whether the two governments are able to reach a stable economic order, and which form it will take, cannot but dramatically impact the rest of the world. Their rivalry is no longer a strictly Asian affair. Calculating the global economy’s center of gravity—the average location of economic activity measured on a globe across different geographies—provides further clues to what is going on. In the three decades after 1945 this was located somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic, reflecting how Europe and North America concentrated a large majority of global economic activity. That Washington saw itself as leading a bloc encompassing the Atlantic is, from an economic point of view, what you would expect.

A World of Three Zeros: The New Economics of Zero Poverty, Zero Unemployment, and Zero Carbon Emissions by Muhammad Yunus

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", active measures, Bernie Sanders, biodiversity loss, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, clean water, conceptual framework, crony capitalism, data science, distributed generation, Donald Trump, financial engineering, financial independence, fixed income, full employment, high net worth, income inequality, Indoor air pollution, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Lean Startup, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, microcredit, new economy, Occupy movement, profit maximization, Silicon Valley, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, urban sprawl, young professional

GDP is carefully measured by government agencies and widely reported in the news media. It is often treated as a measurement of the success of a country’s economic system. Governments have even fallen as a result of perceived shortfalls in GDP growth. Yet human society is an integrated whole. It consists of much more than the economic activity measured by GDP. Its success or failure should be measured in a consolidated way, not purely on the basis of an aggregate of narrowly selected economic information about individual performance. GDP does not and cannot tell the whole story. Activities that do not require money changing hands are not counted as part of GDP—which means that, in effect, many of the things real human beings cherish most are treated as having no value.

Who's Your City?: How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life by Richard Florida

Abraham Maslow, active measures, assortative mating, back-to-the-city movement, barriers to entry, big-box store, blue-collar work, borderless world, BRICs, business climate, Celebration, Florida, correlation coefficient, creative destruction, dark matter, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, demographic transition, edge city, Edward Glaeser, epigenetics, extreme commuting, financial engineering, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, happiness index / gross national happiness, high net worth, income inequality, industrial cluster, invention of the telegraph, Jane Jacobs, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, megacity, new economy, New Urbanism, Peter Calthorpe, place-making, post-work, power law, Richard Florida, risk tolerance, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, superstar cities, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the strength of weak ties, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, urban planning, World Values Survey, young professional

The largest in terms of population is the Shanghai-Nanking-Hangzhou triangle (Shan-Nan-Han), home to more than 66 million people and $130 billion in LRP. To the north, greater Beijing houses 43 million people, generating $110 billion in LRP. To the south, the Hong-Zhen corridor encompasses about 45 million people and produces $220 billion in LRP. These three megas account for $460 billion in LRP, 43 percent of the country’s total economic activity measured as LRP. And when we add up all of China’s megaregions, they produce $735 billion in LRP, 68 percent of the country’s total. Boasting massive investment in new universities, increasing flows of global research and development, and a seemingly unlimited talent pool, these three megaregions are likely to transform quickly from their current status as the world’s factory into an emerging center for innovation and creativity.

The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World by Peter Frankopan

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active measures, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, Boris Johnson, cashless society, clean water, cryptocurrency, Deng Xiaoping, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, F. W. de Klerk, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, global supply chain, high-speed rail, illegal immigration, income inequality, invisible hand, land reform, Londongrad, low interest rates, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, Meghnad Desai, Nelson Mandela, Paris climate accords, purchasing power parity, ransomware, Rubik’s Cube, smart cities, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Bannon, trade route, trickle-down economics, UNCLOS, urban planning, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game

Fortunately,’ he said, ‘their time has passed.’30 This is part of a wider pattern of Moscow trying to present itself as a reliable and calming force, as well as an independent international arbiter.31 The presentation of Russia, Turkey and Iran as pacific and seeking to find peaceful ways to reach settlements comes as a surprise to those who have followed the annexation of Crimea, the presence of Russian troops in Ukraine, the attempted assassination of a former intelligence officer in the UK and claims by the British MP Bob Seely that Russia is using ‘active measures practised by the KGB during the Cold War’ to undermine the stability of the British political system.32 A report by the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee in the early summer of 2018 not only found that the ‘use of London as a base for the corrupt assets of Kremlin-connected individuals’ was so important that it ‘has implications for our national security’, but that ‘combating it should be a major UK foreign policy priority’.33 Turkey is hardly static either in its aims and actions.

The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes by Phillip Brown, Hugh Lauder, David Ashton

active measures, affirmative action, An Inconvenient Truth, barriers to entry, Branko Milanovic, BRICs, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, classic study, collective bargaining, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, deskilling, disruptive innovation, Dutch auction, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, future of work, glass ceiling, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, immigration reform, income inequality, industrial cluster, industrial robot, intangible asset, job automation, Jon Ronson, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, market bubble, market design, meritocracy, neoliberal agenda, new economy, Paul Samuelson, pensions crisis, post-industrial society, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, shared worldview, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, stem cell, tacit knowledge, tech worker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, trade liberalization, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, vertical integration, winner-take-all economy, working poor, zero-sum game

The state must extend its role to become a strategic economic partner if America is to stand any chance of tackling the reverse auction and improving the quality of life for American workers and their families. America and Britain have been outsmarted by other nations that understand markets cannot be left to their own devices. East Asian economies have taken active measures to govern markets in the national interest. China, in particular, has mobilized huge resources investing in roads, airports, research facilities, and energy supplies. They insisted on joint ventures between foreign and domestic companies as a way of transferring technologies and know-how in exchange for access to its huge domestic market.

The Rise of Carry: The Dangerous Consequences of Volatility Suppression and the New Financial Order of Decaying Growth and Recurring Crisis by Tim Lee, Jamie Lee, Kevin Coldiron

active measures, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, backtesting, bank run, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cryptocurrency, currency risk, debt deflation, disinformation, distributed ledger, diversification, financial engineering, financial intermediation, Flash crash, global reserve currency, implied volatility, income inequality, inflation targeting, junk bonds, labor-force participation, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, Lyft, margin call, market bubble, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, negative equity, Network effects, Ponzi scheme, proprietary trading, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, random walk, rent-seeking, reserve currency, rising living standards, risk free rate, risk/return, sharing economy, short selling, short squeeze, sovereign wealth fund, stock buybacks, tail risk, TikTok, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, yield curve

See also specific currencies alternative, 211 asset bases for, 211 availability of, 4 in carry regime, 108–113 creation of, 109 INDEX defining, 109 Divisia, 111 statistical measures of, 109 US household holdings of, 117, 117f VIX and value of, 100, 122 volatility and value of, 98–101, 122 money market funds, government guarantee for, 113 money supply, 20, 21 business cycle and, 125–126 carry crashes and, 122–123 monopoly power, 176 natural, 186 moral hazard central banks and, 195, 200 globalization of, 195–200 monetary policy and, 208 mortgage bubble, 36 movie stars, 184–186 multiple equilibria, 183 natural monopolies, 186 negative yields, 70 net claims Australia, 40, 40f currency carry trade measurement and, 41 Turkey, 43, 43f net foreign assets, 14, 16, 29 network effects, 185 New Zealand, interest rate spreads and, 60–61 New Zealand dollar, capital flows into, 62 nonbank financial sector, 137 nonmonetary assets carry bubbles and, 169 carry regime and, 112, 114, 122 Norway, sovereign wealth fund, 75 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 115 oil carry trade, 128–133, 132f oil prices, 129f, 131 oil producers, debt levels of, 130 “The Optimal Design of Ponzi Schemes in Finite Economies” (Bhattacharya), 142 optionality buying, 146 227 selling, 152, 153 volatility and, 93–95 options delta hedging, 149–151 delta of, 149 gamma of, 149–150 pricing of, 149 unhedged, 150 volatility and, 146–148 volatility bets with, 89 volatility implied by, 57 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 115 output gap, 125 Panic of 1907, 218 personal net worth, 137, 138f photosynthesis, 189 pi Economics, 27–29 Piketty, Thomas, 219 poker, 182–183 Polish zloty, 34 Ponzi schemes, 140–143 Pope, Alexander, 179 popularity, 181–182, 184 populist political movements, 1 portfolio insurance, 155 portfolio volatility, 159 power, carry as, 191–192 pricing kernel, 99 private equity leveraged buyouts, as carry trades, 78–80 productivity, 115 profit share, 82, 137, 138f, 139 proprietary trading, compensation incentives and, 77 public intellectuals, 186 put options, 34, 89 selling fully collateralized, 156n4 QE. See quantitative easing QE3, 101, 103 quantitative easing (QE), 101, 105, 127, 136, 196, 209, 219 BOJ and, 31 real economic activity, measures of, 56 real estate booms, currency carry trades contributing to, 13 228 realized volatility, 90, 164, 167–168 anti-carry regime and, 172 implied volatility relationship to, 158 recessions, carry and consequences of, 6 recipient currencies, 10–11, 13, 65 crashes in, 23 volatility in, 215 regulatory capture, 176 rent-seeking carry as, 175–177 defining, 175 reporting horizons, 70–71 reserve balances, 109–110 resource allocation, carry regime and, 114–115 return, risk and, 99 risk carry trade profit explanations and, 48 of carry trades, 3, 5 of CDOs, 36–37 currency, 12 exchange rate, 12–13 market, 99 mispricing of, 21, 35–37, 132, 134–140, 142 return and, 99 ruin, 65, 72 selling optionality and, 153 socialization of, 136 spreading, 35 risk controls, 65 risk premium, 148, 152 portfolio volatility and, 159 roll yield, 91 rubisco, 189 ruin risk, 65, 72 sawtooth patterns, 96–97, 97f shadow banks, 137 Shin, Hyun Song, 22, 80–81 short squeezes on liquidity, 165 short-term reporting horizons, 70–71 social hierarchies, 187 social networks, 187 social realities, 184 socialization of risk, 136 South Africa, 55n6 sovereign bonds, 162 equity indexes correlation to, 161 Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, 75 INDEX sovereign wealth funds, 75–76 growth of, 83 S&P 500, 53–55, 55n6, 56, 95 carry regime importance of, 86–87, 87f as carry trade, 160–162 equity risk trade correlation with, 99 gamma for, 154, 154f liquidity premiums for, 161 market corrections and, 79 mean reversion of, 154f, 155 quantitative easing and, 103 selling volatility on, 98 volatility of, as global volatility risk factor, 99 volatility selling in, 89–92 volatility trading on, 85, 86 S&P 500 front e-mini future, 159 stagflation, 217 stochastic discount factor, 99 stock buybacks, 82, 83f stock market crashes, of 1987, 155 stock markets carry and structures of, 7 emerging currency stability compared with, 55 performance of, 1 recessions and crashes in, 6 volatility bets in, 89 stocks, put options against, 34 stopped out, 94 structured finance, 135 subprime mortgages, 36 superstar effects, 186 Swiss franc, 29, 31, 33, 34 taxi licensing, 175 Thai baht, 25 Thailand, balance of payments current account deficit, 25 Theron, Charlize, 185 trading frequency, 74 tulip bulbs, 133 Turkey, 19, 20, 23, 39, 202 balance of payments, 45 carry bubble and bust, 42–46 consumer price index, 44 credit and claims data for, 43, 43f GDP growth, 45 interest rates, 12–13 INDEX Turkish lira, 11, 13, 20, 21, 23, 44, 55n6 carry crash of 2018 in, 45, 65 Twitter, 186 uncovered interest rate parity (UIP), 47, 48 United States capital flows into, 18 carry trade funding and, 17–20 current account deficit, 17 personal net worth in, 137, 138f savings rates, 18, 19 US Federal Reserve, 14, 26 balance sheet of, 101–102 carry crashes limited by, 127 carry regimes and, 107, 208 carry trades by, 103 creation of, 218 interest rates and, 14, 137, 208 liquidity swaps by, 104–105, 196–198 quantitative easing and, 101, 105 US household financial assets, 117–120, 117f–120f valuation metrics, 204 vanishing point, 116, 195, 209–210 variance, 94 VIX, 85, 95, 99 forward curve average, 92, 92f money value and, 100, 122 shorting, 96 spikes in, 98 VIX futures, 90–92 selling volatility using, 156, 158 shorting, 148, 157 VIX futures rolldown, 59, 96 VIX index, 53n5 volatility, 3 currency, 62 currency carry trade collapse signs from, 215 direct bets on, 89 equilibrium structure of premiums for, 156–160, 157f equity, 59 financial crises and spikes in, 52 in funding currencies, 215 global, 99, 101 implied, 57, 90 market making as premium for, 158–159 229 negatively priced liquidity and, 166 optionality and, 93–95 options and, 146–148 portfolio, 159 realized, 90 in recipient currencies, 215 selling, as short position, 156 selling, by receiving implied and paying realized, 148–150 selling, by receiving realized and paying realized, 151–156 short, 4 signs of carry regime ending and, 214–218 spikes in, 98 time horizons of, 152, 153f, 154, 154f value of money and, 98–101, 122 of volatility, 90 volatility carry, 86 volatility selling, 86, 96 central banks and, 101–105 in S&P 500, 89–92 volatility shock, 161 volatility-selling trades, 33–35, 57, 69 Volcker Rule, 77 Volmageddon, 98, 161 VXO index, 53, 53n5, 54, 55n6, 90n2 VXX, 92 wealth distribution, carry and, 2 wealth inequality, central bank stabilization actions and, 6 “What Explains the Persistence of Global Imbalances?”

Open: The Progressive Case for Free Trade, Immigration, and Global Capital by Kimberly Clausing

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, battle of ideas, Bernie Sanders, business climate, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, climate change refugee, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Donald Trump, fake news, floating exchange rates, full employment, gig economy, global supply chain, global value chain, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, index fund, investor state dispute settlement, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, meta-analysis, offshore financial centre, open economy, Paul Samuelson, precautionary principle, profit motive, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Tax Reform Act of 1986, tech worker, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transfer pricing, uber lyft, winner-take-all economy, working-age population, zero-sum game

This is likely for the best, since monetary policy (the actions of the central bank) can then be devoted to more useful ends, like working to counter recessions. The fact that other countries, including China and Switzerland, have managed exchange rate systems causes some observers to suggest that the US government take more active measures to deter foreign currency manipulation. To be sure, there are arguments for discouraging foreign currency manipulation. Interestingly, however, China’s latest currency interventions have actually been aimed at keeping the Chinese currency’s value higher, not lower—and have thus reduced the competitiveness of Chinese exports!

The Data Warehouse Toolkit: The Definitive Guide to Dimensional Modeling by Ralph Kimball, Margy Ross

active measures, Albert Einstein, book value, business intelligence, business process, call centre, cloud computing, data acquisition, data science, discrete time, false flag, inventory management, iterative process, job automation, knowledge worker, performance metric, platform as a service, side project, zero-sum game

In addition, you may need to adjust any semi-additive balances in subsequent fact rows. In a heavily compliant environment, it is also necessary to interface with the compliance subsystem because you are about to change history. Late arriving dimensions occur when the activity measurement (fact record) arrives at the data warehouse without its full context. In other words, the statuses of the dimensions attached to the activity measurement are ambiguous or unknown for some period of time. If you are living in the conventional batch update cycle of one or more days' latency, you can usually just wait for the dimensions to be reported. For example, the identification of the new customer may come in a separate feed delayed by several hours; you may just be able to wait until the dependency is resolved.

The Global Minotaur by Yanis Varoufakis, Paul Mason

active measures, Alan Greenspan, AOL-Time Warner, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, business climate, business cycle, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, colonial rule, corporate governance, correlation coefficient, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, debt deflation, declining real wages, deindustrialization, Easter island, endogenous growth, eurozone crisis, financial engineering, financial innovation, first-past-the-post, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, Hyman Minsky, industrial robot, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, labour market flexibility, light touch regulation, liquidity trap, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, military-industrial complex, Money creation, money market fund, mortgage debt, Myron Scholes, negative equity, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, paper trading, Paul Samuelson, planetary scale, post-oil, price stability, quantitative easing, reserve currency, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, structural adjustment programs, Suez crisis 1956, systematic trading, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, urban renewal, War on Poverty, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

Reading the 1999 Economic Report of the President, we come across the following passage: The value of all mergers and acquisitions announced in 1997 was almost $1 trillion, and activity in 1998 was over $1.6 trillion… Measured relative to the size of the economy, only the spate of trust formations at the turn of the century comes close to the level of current merger activity. Measured relative to the market value of all U.S. companies, however, the 1980s boom was roughly comparable in size. Both ‘consolidation’ waves (of the 1900s and the 1990s) had momentous consequences on Wall Street, effectively multiplying by a considerable factor the capital flows that the banks and other financial institutions were handling.

The Runaway Species: How Human Creativity Remakes the World by David Eagleman, Anthony Brandt

active measures, Ada Lovelace, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Andrew Wiles, Apollo 13, Burning Man, cloud computing, computer age, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, Dava Sobel, deep learning, delayed gratification, Donald Trump, Douglas Hofstadter, en.wikipedia.org, Frank Gehry, Gene Kranz, Google Glasses, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, informal economy, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, James Dyson, John Harrison: Longitude, John Markoff, Large Hadron Collider, lone genius, longitudinal study, Menlo Park, microbiome, Netflix Prize, new economy, New Journalism, pets.com, pneumatic tube, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Kurzweil, reversible computing, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Scaled Composites, self-driving car, Simon Singh, skeuomorphism, Solyndra, SpaceShipOne, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, TED Talk, the scientific method, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, wikimedia commons, X Prize

curid=10804159 Stadium of SC Beira-Mar at Aveiro, Portugal CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139668 Saddledome, Calgary, Alberta, Canada By abdallahh from Montréal, Canada (Calgary Saddledome Uploaded by X-Weinzar) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Brain activity measured by magnetoencephalography showing diminishing response to a repeated stimulus Courtesy of Carles Escera, BrainLab, University of Barcelona Skeuomorph of a digital bookshelf By Jonobacon Apple Watch By Justin14 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Chapter 2 An advertisement for the Casio AT-550-7 © Casio Computer Company, Ltd.

The Enablers: How the West Supports Kleptocrats and Corruption - Endangering Our Democracy by Frank Vogl

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active measures, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, bank run, Bear Stearns, Bernie Sanders, blood diamond, Brexit referendum, Carmen Reinhart, centre right, corporate governance, COVID-19, crony capitalism, cryptocurrency, Donald Trump, F. W. de Klerk, failed state, Global Witness, Greensill Capital, income inequality, information security, joint-stock company, London Interbank Offered Rate, Londongrad, low interest rates, market clearing, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, profit maximization, quantitative easing, Renaissance Technologies, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, stock buybacks, too big to fail, WikiLeaks

This quote is taken from that section. 2. National Intelligence Council, Intelligence Community Assessment, “Foreign Threats to the US Federal Elections.” Declassified by the Director of National Intelligence on March 15, 2021. 3. Report of the US Select Committee on Intelligence, August 18, 2020, titled “Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election.” Volume 5: “Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities.” The committee noted that its investigation totaled more than three years of investigative activity, more than 200 witness interviews, and more than a million pages of reviewed documents.

The Authoritarian Moment: How the Left Weaponized America's Institutions Against Dissent by Ben Shapiro

2021 United States Capitol attack, active measures, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Amazon Web Services, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, coronavirus, COVID-19, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, defund the police, delayed gratification, deplatforming, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, future of work, gender pay gap, George Floyd, global pandemic, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Herbert Marcuse, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, Jon Ronson, Kevin Roose, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, microaggression, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, obamacare, Overton Window, Parler "social media", Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Steven Pinker, Susan Wojcicki, tech bro, the scientific method, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, War on Poverty, yellow journalism

AOC Blasts Mark Zuckerberg in Testy House Hearing,” VanityFair.com, October 24, 2019, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/10/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-house-testimony-aoc. 32. Cecilia Kang, “Biden Prepares Attack on Facebook’s Speech Policies,” NYTimes.com, June 11, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/technology/biden-facebook-misinformation.html. 33. “Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 Election, Volume 2: Russia’s Use of Social Media with Additional Views,” Intelligence.senate.gov, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume2.pdf. 34. Nicholas Thompson and Issie Lapowsky, “How Russian Trolls Used Meme Warfare to Divide America,” Wired.com, December 17, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ira-propaganda-senate-report/. 35.

Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics and the Military by Neil Degrasse Tyson, Avis Lang

active measures, Admiral Zheng, airport security, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Arthur Eddington, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Carrington event, Charles Lindbergh, collapse of Lehman Brothers, Colonization of Mars, commoditize, corporate governance, cosmic microwave background, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, Dava Sobel, disinformation, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Dr. Strangelove, dual-use technology, Eddington experiment, Edward Snowden, energy security, Eratosthenes, European colonialism, fake news, Fellow of the Royal Society, Ford Model T, global value chain, Google Earth, GPS: selective availability, Great Leap Forward, Herman Kahn, Higgs boson, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, James Webb Space Telescope, Johannes Kepler, John Harrison: Longitude, Karl Jansky, Kuiper Belt, Large Hadron Collider, Late Heavy Bombardment, Laura Poitras, Lewis Mumford, lone genius, low earth orbit, mandelbrot fractal, Maui Hawaii, Mercator projection, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, operation paperclip, pattern recognition, Pierre-Simon Laplace, precision agriculture, prediction markets, profit motive, Project Plowshare, purchasing power parity, quantum entanglement, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, skunkworks, South China Sea, space junk, Stephen Hawking, Strategic Defense Initiative, subprime mortgage crisis, the long tail, time dilation, trade route, War on Poverty, wikimedia commons, zero-sum game

&view=resolutions (accessed Apr. 25, 2017). 152.Mizin, “Non-Weaponization of Outer Space,” 54–56; Tim Weiner, “Lies and Rigged ‘Star Wars’ Test Fooled the Kremlin, and Congress,” New York Times, Aug. 18, 1993; Sergei Oznobishchev, “Codes of Conduct for Outer Space,” in Outer Space, ed. Arbatov and Dvorkin, 69–77. Mizin’s assessment, shared by many, is that SDI “was really not only a grandiose new technological project to revamp the U.S. armed forces, but also a kind of active measure designed to lure the USSR into an exhausting competition that it was destined to lose” (56). For the Soviet submissions to the General Assembly, see documents A/36/192 (Aug. 20, 1981), A/38/194 (Aug. 23, 1983), and A/39/243 (Sept. 27, 1984) at “Documents by Symbol,” General Assembly of the United Nations, www.un.org/en/ga/documents/symbol.shtml (accessed Apr. 25, 2017). 153.Letter dated February 12, 2008, from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation and the Permanent Representative of China to the Conference on Disarmament, CD/1839 (incorporating Draft: Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects), UN Conference on Disarmament, Feb. 29, 2008, documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G08/604/02/PDF/G0860402.pdf.

…

Office of National Space Policy, “Planning Policy of Development and Utilization of Space and the Headquarters for Japanese Space Policy,” www.cao.go.jp/en/pmf/pmf_20.pdf; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, “JAXA History,” global.jaxa.jp/about/history/index.html; “ISAS History,” global.jaxa.jp/about/history/isas/index_e.html; “SS-520 Sounding Rockets,” ISAS, www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/sounding/ss520.shtml; “Catalogue of ISAS Missions,” ISAS, www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/catalogue.shtml; “Missions: About Our Projects,” global.jaxa.jp/projects/; “Japanese Experimental Module (KIBO),” iss.jaxa.jp/en/kiboexp/ef/ (accessed Dec. 8, 2016). 60.James Clay Moltz, Asia’s Space Race: National Motivations, Regional Rivalries, and International Risks (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 43–69; Paul Kallender, “Japan’s New Dual-Use Space Policy: The Long Road to the 21st Century,” Notes de l’Ifri: Asie.Visions 88 (Nov. 2016), www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/japan_space_policy_kallender.pdf; Maeda Sawako, “Transformation of Japanese Space Policy: From the ‘Peaceful Use of Space’ to ‘the Basic Law on Space,’ ” Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 7:44:1 (Nov. 2009), 1–7, apjjf.org/-Maeda-Sawako/3243/article.pdf; Steven Berner, “Japan’s Space Program: A Fork in the Road?” RAND, 2005, www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2005/RAND_TR184.pdf (accessed May 1, 2017). 61.For Cold War 2.0, see Evan Osnos, David Remnick, and Joshua Yaffa, “Active Measures,” New Yorker, Mar. 6, 2017, 40–55. “For nearly two decades, U.S.–Russian relations have ranged between strained and miserable,” write the authors. “Many Russian and American policy experts no longer hesitate to use phrases like ‘the second Cold War’ ” (44). For a best-selling in-depth investigation, see Michael Isikoff and David Corn, Russian Roulette: The Inside Story of Putin’s War on America and the Election of Donald Trump (New York: Twelve/Hachette, 2018). 62.For the saga of Apollo–Soyuz and the decades leading up to it, see Edward Clinton Ezell and Linda Neuman Ezell, The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (Washington, DC: NASA, 1978), history.nasa.gov/SP-4209.pdf.

The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers (Wiley Finance) by Feng Gu

active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, barriers to entry, book value, business cycle, business process, buy and hold, carbon tax, Claude Shannon: information theory, Clayton Christensen, commoditize, conceptual framework, corporate governance, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, discounted cash flows, disruptive innovation, diversified portfolio, double entry bookkeeping, Exxon Valdez, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, geopolitical risk, hydraulic fracturing, index fund, information asymmetry, intangible asset, inventory management, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, moral hazard, new economy, obamacare, quantitative easing, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, risk/return, Robert Shiller, Salesforce, shareholder value, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, The Great Moderation, value at risk

Interestingly, despite the decrease in the quantity of proved reserves during 2014, Devon reported a 31 percent increase in discounted cash flows. Obviously, this indicator is very sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions. Yet another important indicator of the potential value-creation of the company’s properties is the extent of its productive (energy extraction) activities, measured by the number of wells and rigs operating on the properties, and classified by oil and gas, as well as by geographic areas. Summarizing, the three indicators reported in the Strategic Resources top box—acreage, proved reserves, and productive activity—classified by major geographic areas and types of energy, as well as the forward-looking 188 SO, WHAT’S TO BE DONE?

Reskilling America: Learning to Labor in the Twenty-First Century by Katherine S. Newman, Hella Winston

active measures, blue-collar work, business cycle, collective bargaining, Computer Numeric Control, deindustrialization, desegregation, factory automation, high-speed rail, information security, intentional community, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, job-hopping, knowledge economy, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, performance metric, proprietary trading, reshoring, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, two tier labour market, union organizing, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, Wolfgang Streeck, working poor

Smith III, professor of educational psychology at Michigan State University, studied seventy-five hundred autoworkers in sixteen plants, including facilities that supply Japanese factories. According to the American Association of Mathematicians, he “found three kinds of mathematical domains embedded in workers’ activities: measurement, numerical and quantitative reasoning, and spatial and geometric reasoning.” Ten sites involving high-volume assembly work required only minimal mathematics; most workers repeatedly did the same small set of actions, such as bolting on components using air-pressure wrenches, with manual dexterity, eye-hand coordination, and visual acuity being very important.

The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order by Bruno Macaes

active measures, Berlin Wall, Brexit referendum, British Empire, computer vision, deep learning, Deng Xiaoping, different worldview, digital map, Donald Trump, energy security, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global value chain, illegal immigration, intermodal, iterative process, land reform, liberal world order, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, megacity, middle-income trap, open borders, Parag Khanna, savings glut, scientific worldview, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, speech recognition, Suez canal 1869, The Brussels Effect, trade liberalization, trade route, Transnistria, young professional, zero-sum game, éminence grise

It is no surprise that they will prefer to side with China, or that the United States will feel considerable pressure to take a more flexible approach, which it could regard as balanced between the rigid ideology of the Europeans and the soulless pragmatism of the Chinese. Calculating the global economy’s centre of gravity provides further clues to what is going on. This centre of gravity is simply the average location of economic activity measured on a globe across different geographies. Interestingly, in the three decades after 1945 this was located somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic, reflecting how Europe and North America concentrated a large majority of global economic activity. That Washington saw itself as leading a bloc encompassing the Atlantic is, from an economic point of view, what you would expect.

Fully Grown: Why a Stagnant Economy Is a Sign of Success by Dietrich Vollrath

active measures, additive manufacturing, American Legislative Exchange Council, barriers to entry, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, central bank independence, creative destruction, Deng Xiaoping, endogenous growth, falling living standards, hiring and firing, income inequality, intangible asset, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, labor-force participation, light touch regulation, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, old age dependency ratio, patent troll, Peter Thiel, profit maximization, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, tacit knowledge, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, total factor productivity, women in the workforce, working-age population

Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas, and Stefanie Stantcheva examined the effect of corporate and personal taxation on innovation in the United States during the twentieth century. They found that there are statistically significant effects of tax rates on the location and amount of innovative activity—measured by patenting—across states. Corporations, in particular, appear to move their innovative activity from state to state in response to tax rates. The effects are weaker when there are agglomeration effects in innovation; the clear example of this is Silicon Valley, where firms have remained in a relatively high-tax state because the benefits of being close to one another outweigh the tax costs.

Learn Algorithmic Trading by Sebastien Donadio

active measures, algorithmic trading, automated trading system, backtesting, Bayesian statistics, behavioural economics, buy and hold, buy low sell high, cryptocurrency, data science, deep learning, DevOps, en.wikipedia.org, fixed income, Flash crash, Guido van Rossum, latency arbitrage, locking in a profit, market fundamentalism, market microstructure, martingale, natural language processing, OpenAI, p-value, paper trading, performance metric, prediction markets, proprietary trading, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, random walk, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, Sharpe ratio, short selling, sorting algorithm, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, stochastic process, survivorship bias, transaction costs, type inference, WebSocket, zero-sum game

Some of these entities are government agencies and some are private research firms. Most of these are released on a schedule, known as an economic calendar. In addition, there is plenty of data available for past releases, expected releases, and actual releases. Each economic indicator captures different economic activity measures: some might affect housing prices, some show employment information, some affect grain, corn, and wheat instruments, others affect precious metals and energy commodities. For example, possibly the most well-known economic indicator, Nonfarm Payrolls in America, is a monthly indicator released by the US Department of Labor (https://www.bls.gov/ces/) that represents the number of new jobs created in all non-agricultural industries.

Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming by Stephen Laberge PHD

Abraham Maslow, active measures, Albert Einstein, classic study, heat death of the universe, Howard Rheingold, Menlo Park, tacit knowledge, the map is not the territory

Sleep is not a uniform state of passive withdrawal from the world, as scientists thought until the twentieth century. There are two distinct kinds of sleep: a quiet phase and an active phase, which are distinguished by many differences in biochemistry, physiology, psychology, and behavior. Changes in brain waves (electrical activity measured at the scalp), eye movements, and muscle tone are used to define the two states. The quiet phase fits fairly well with the commonsense view of sleep as a state of restful inactivity –– your mind does little while you breathe slowly and deeply; your metabolic rate is at a minimum, and growth hormones are released facilitating restorative processes.

Everything Is Obvious: *Once You Know the Answer by Duncan J. Watts

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active measures, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Amazon Mechanical Turk, AOL-Time Warner, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Black Swan, business cycle, butterfly effect, carbon credits, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, clockwork universe, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, collapse of Lehman Brothers, complexity theory, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, discovery of DNA, East Village, easy for humans, difficult for computers, edge city, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, framing effect, Future Shock, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Santayana, happiness index / gross national happiness, Herman Kahn, high batting average, hindsight bias, illegal immigration, industrial cluster, interest rate swap, invention of the printing press, invention of the telescope, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, lake wobegon effect, Laplace demon, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, medical malpractice, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, Network effects, oil shock, packet switching, pattern recognition, performance metric, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, planetary scale, prediction markets, pre–internet, RAND corporation, random walk, RFID, school choice, Silicon Valley, social contagion, social intelligence, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, supply-chain management, tacit knowledge, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, too big to fail, Toyota Production System, Tragedy of the Commons, ultimatum game, urban planning, Vincenzo Peruggia: Mona Lisa, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, X Prize

But if so, then you have to wonder how much influence employers can have on worker performance simply by changing financial incentives. A number of studies, in fact, have found that financial incentives can actually undermine performance. When a task is multifaceted or hard to measure, for example, workers tend to focus only on those aspects of their jobs that are actively measured, thereby overlooking other important aspects of the job—like teachers emphasizing the material that will be covered in standardized tests at the expense of overall learning. Financial rewards can also generate a “choking” effect, when the psychological pressure of the reward cancels out the increased desire to perform.

The Intelligence Trap: Revolutionise Your Thinking and Make Wiser Decisions by David Robson

active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Atul Gawande, autism spectrum disorder, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, classic study, cognitive bias, corporate governance, correlation coefficient, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, deep learning, deliberate practice, dematerialisation, Donald Trump, Dunning–Kruger effect, fake news, Flynn Effect, framing effect, fundamental attribution error, illegal immigration, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, knowledge economy, Large Hadron Collider, lone genius, meta-analysis, Nelson Mandela, obamacare, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, post-truth, price anchoring, reality distortion field, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, Steve Jobs, sunk-cost fallacy, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, the scientific method, theory of mind, traveling salesman, ultimatum game, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

Dweck found that students with the fixed mindset were less enthusiastic about the possibility of taking an English course, as they were afraid it might expose their weakness, even though it could increase their long-term chances of success.25 Besides determining how you respond to challenge and failure, your mindset also seems to influence your ability to learn from the errors you do make – a difference that shows up in the brain’s electrical activity, measured through electrodes placed on the scalp. When given negative feedback, people with the fixed mindset show a heightened response in the anterior frontal lobe – an area known to be important for social and emotional processing, with the neural activity appearing to reflect their bruised egos. Despite these strong emotions, however, they showed less activity in the temporal lobe, associated with deeper conceptual processing of the information.

Nervous States: Democracy and the Decline of Reason by William Davies

active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Amazon Web Services, Anthropocene, bank run, banking crisis, basic income, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, citizen journalism, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, Colonization of Mars, continuation of politics by other means, creative destruction, credit crunch, data science, decarbonisation, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, digital divide, discovery of penicillin, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, drone strike, Elon Musk, failed state, fake news, Filter Bubble, first-past-the-post, Frank Gehry, gig economy, government statistician, housing crisis, income inequality, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Johannes Kepler, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, loss aversion, low skilled workers, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, meta-analysis, Mont Pelerin Society, mutually assured destruction, Northern Rock, obamacare, Occupy movement, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Paris climate accords, pattern recognition, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, planetary scale, post-industrial society, post-truth, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Florida, road to serfdom, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley startup, smart cities, Social Justice Warrior, statistical model, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, the scientific method, Turing machine, Uber for X, universal basic income, University of East Anglia, Valery Gerasimov, W. E. B. Du Bois, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

From the first time a bomb was dropped out of a plane by the Italian pilot Giulio Gavotti in Libya in 1911, through the Blitz of the Second World War and the carpet-bombing of North Vietnam in 1965–8, this has always been a form of warfare that targets the mind as much as the body. For the nation being bombed, the morale of civilians is therefore a valuable source of resistance. Politicians began actively measuring and influencing public sentiment in the build-up to the Second World War, as the mood of the civilian population came to be viewed as a crucial resource in the war effort. Propaganda can be seen as the logical extension of advertising techniques into politics, much as Edward Bernays argued.

Ghost Road: Beyond the Driverless Car by Anthony M. Townsend

A Pattern Language, active measures, AI winter, algorithmic trading, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Robotics, asset-backed security, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, big-box store, bike sharing, Blitzscaling, Boston Dynamics, business process, Captain Sullenberger Hudson, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, company town, computer vision, conceptual framework, congestion charging, congestion pricing, connected car, creative destruction, crew resource management, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data is the new oil, Dean Kamen, deep learning, deepfake, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, dematerialisation, deskilling, Didi Chuxing, drive until you qualify, driverless car, drop ship, Edward Glaeser, Elaine Herzberg, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, extreme commuting, financial engineering, financial innovation, Flash crash, food desert, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, Future Shock, General Motors Futurama, gig economy, Google bus, Greyball, haute couture, helicopter parent, independent contractor, inventory management, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jevons paradox, jitney, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, Lewis Mumford, loss aversion, Lyft, Masayoshi Son, megacity, microapartment, minimum viable product, mortgage debt, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, North Sea oil, Ocado, openstreetmap, pattern recognition, Peter Calthorpe, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Ray Oldenburg, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shoshana Zuboff, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, SoftBank, software as a service, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, technological singularity, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, The Coming Technological Singularity, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, The Great Good Place, too big to fail, traffic fines, transit-oriented development, Travis Kalanick, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, urban planning, urban sprawl, US Airways Flight 1549, Vernor Vinge, vertical integration, Vision Fund, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics

But we also need to accept the urgency of the adaptation challenge at hand. That means we must exploit the cheap, flexible mobility AVs provide to expand into new towns built on new designs, rather than wait years for contentious changes in land use within existing communities to be agreed on. Third, big mobility is self-indemnifying. That is to say, it actively measures and mitigates the externalities of all that travel, revealing harms like congestion and carbon emissions, in order to influence our behavior. It elevates transparency and accountability to the same level of importance as traditional indicators of transportation system performance like frequency, on-time arrival, cost, and reliability.

Fire and Ice: The Volcanoes of the Solar System by Natalie Starkey

active measures, carbon-based life, COVID-19, Easter island, Eyjafjallajökull, global pandemic, Kickstarter, Kuiper Belt, Late Heavy Bombardment, lockdown, planetary scale, Pluto: dwarf planet, supervolcano

One of its aims is to search for tectonic activity, to see if the insides and surface of the planet are still moving. And it turns out that while Mars may be very cold and desert-like on the surface, its interior is far from dead. NASA’s InSight lander showed us that Mars is still tectonically and seismically active, measuring hundreds of marsquakes over the course of a year. It’s not quite as active as Earth, but it is much more active than the Moon. In fact, Mars’ quake activity has been likened to that experienced by portions of our own planet that are located far away from tectonic plate boundaries, in regions classed as ‘intraplate’.

The Smart Wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and Other Smart Home Devices Need a Feminist Reboot by Yolande Strengers, Jenny Kennedy

active measures, Amazon Robotics, Anthropocene, autonomous vehicles, Big Tech, Boston Dynamics, cloud computing, cognitive load, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, crowdsourcing, cyber-physical system, data science, deepfake, Donald Trump, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, feminist movement, game design, gender pay gap, Grace Hopper, hive mind, Ian Bogost, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, Masayoshi Son, Milgram experiment, Minecraft, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, pattern recognition, planned obsolescence, precautionary principle, robot derives from the Czech word robota Czech, meaning slave, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, smart grid, smart meter, social intelligence, SoftBank, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Turing test, Wall-E, Wayback Machine, women in the workforce

Scott, “Image-Based Sexual Abuse: The Extent, Nature, and Predictors of Perpetration in a Community Sample of Australian Residents,” Computers in Human Behavior 92 (March 2019): 393–402. 38. Haitao Xu, Fengyuan Xu, and Bo Chen, “Internet Protocol Cameras with No Password Protection: An Empirical Investigation,” in Passive and Active Measurement, ed. Robert Beverly, Georgios Smaragdakis, and Anja Feldmann, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10771 (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018), 47–59. 39. Kate Crawford and Vladan Joler, Anatomy of an AI System: The Amazon Echo as an Anatomical Map of Human Labor, Data and Planetary Resources (New York: AI Now Institute and Share Lab, September 7, 2018), section 7, https://anatomyof.ai. 40.

Kill Switch: The Rise of the Modern Senate and the Crippling of American Democracy by Adam Jentleson

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", active measures, activist lawyer, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, collective bargaining, cotton gin, COVID-19, desegregation, Donald Trump, global pandemic, greed is good, income inequality, invisible hand, obamacare, plutocrats, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, Ted Kaczynski, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, W. E. B. Du Bois

“It might have been an additional shield to some particular interests, and another obstacle generally to hasty and partial measures.” But then Madison proceeds to explain why “these considerations are outweighed by the inconveniences in the opposite scale.” If a minority was allowed to block a majority, he writes, then “in all cases where justice or the general good might require new laws to be passed, or active measures to be pursued, the fundamental principle of free government would be reversed. It would be no longer the majority that would rule; the power would be transferred to the minority.”29 In Federalist 10, Madison again lays out the importance of minority protections, before siding with majority rule.

Silence on the Wire: A Field Guide to Passive Reconnaissance and Indirect Attacks by Michal Zalewski

active measures, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, AltaVista, Charles Babbage, complexity theory, dark matter, data acquisition, Donald Knuth, fault tolerance, information security, MITM: man-in-the-middle, NP-complete, OSI model, Silicon Valley, speech recognition, Turing complete, Turing machine, Vannevar Bush

Although SSH is encrypted, in versions released prior to their research it is possible to measure the length of a password by carefully analyzing the size of an observed packet during login (the password is sent in a single chunk of data once entered by the user). This technique could well be successfully applied to other cryptographic protocols that do not take active measures to hide the length of a password by padding it before sending. And, no suprise, the attack can be carried out simply by observing an SNMP byte counter, rather than by directly monitoring traffic. The Unexpected Bits: Personal Data All Around Yet another reason we should not be thrilled by the prospect of a hostile party peeking at our network (regardless of whether we believe the data they can see is sensitive) is that plenty of software violates the principle of least astonishment.

The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World by Michael Marmot

active measures, active transport: walking or cycling, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Atul Gawande, Bonfire of the Vanities, Broken windows theory, cakes and ale, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Celtic Tiger, centre right, clean water, cognitive load, congestion charging, correlation does not imply causation, Doha Development Round, epigenetics, financial independence, future of work, Gini coefficient, Growth in a Time of Debt, illegal immigration, income inequality, Indoor air pollution, Kenneth Rogoff, Kibera, labour market flexibility, longitudinal study, lump of labour, Mahatma Gandhi, Mahbub ul Haq, meta-analysis, microcredit, move 37, New Urbanism, obamacare, paradox of thrift, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, RAND corporation, road to serfdom, Simon Kuznets, Socratic dialogue, structural adjustment programs, the built environment, The Spirit Level, trickle-down economics, twin studies, urban planning, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, working poor

The IMF’s remedy was that the Iceland government should assume liability for the bank’s losses (as happened in Ireland), which would have resulted in 50 per cent of the national income between 2016 and 2023 being paid to the UK and Dutch governments, holders of much of the debt.10 The President put it to the people in a referendum and 93 per cent of the population rejected the package. Why did Iceland’s health apparently not suffer as a result of their economic crisis? Here is a plausible account: First, Iceland ignored the advice of the IMF, and instead invested in social protection. This investment was coupled with active measures to get people back into work. Second, diet improved. McDonald’s pulled out of the country because of the rising costs of importation of onions and tomatoes (the most expensive ingredients in its burgers). Icelanders began cooking at home more (especially fish, boosting the income of the country’s fishing fleet).

Head, Hand, Heart: Why Intelligence Is Over-Rewarded, Manual Workers Matter, and Caregivers Deserve More Respect by David Goodhart

active measures, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, assortative mating, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, big-box store, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, Brexit referendum, British Empire, call centre, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, centre right, computer age, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, data science, David Attenborough, David Brooks, deglobalization, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, desegregation, deskilling, different worldview, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, emotional labour, Etonian, fail fast, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Flynn Effect, Frederick Winslow Taylor, future of work, gender pay gap, George Floyd, gig economy, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, income inequality, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job satisfaction, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, labour market flexibility, lockdown, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, meritocracy, new economy, Nicholas Carr, oil shock, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, pink-collar, post-industrial society, post-materialism, postindustrial economy, precariat, reshoring, Richard Florida, robotic process automation, scientific management, Scientific racism, Skype, social distancing, social intelligence, spinning jenny, Steven Pinker, superintelligent machines, TED Talk, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thorstein Veblen, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, wages for housework, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, young professional

They point to the several cognitive domains underlying the tests, such as verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, processing speed, and working memory. And researchers typically claim that tests based on these domains are among the most accurate in all of psychology. The critics, mainly outside the field of intelligence research, point to the narrowness of the activities measured by IQ and the potential circularity of the claims, arguing that IQ tests have evolved to measure a form of ability that is defined by the tests themselves. Many critics also question the degree of innateness of g and want to place much more emphasis on the plasticity of intelligence and the importance of social class and other environmental factors, including pure chance, in shaping it.

The Coming Wave: Technology, Power, and the Twenty-First Century's Greatest Dilemma by Mustafa Suleyman

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, 3D printing, active measures, Ada Lovelace, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, AI winter, air gap, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic bias, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Web Services, Anthropocene, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, ASML, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, barriers to entry, basic income, benefit corporation, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bioinformatics, Bletchley Park, Blitzscaling, Boston Dynamics, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, ChatGPT, choice architecture, circular economy, classic study, clean tech, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, coronavirus, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, creative destruction, CRISPR, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, data science, decarbonisation, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, drone strike, drop ship, dual-use technology, Easter island, Edward Snowden, effective altruism, energy transition, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ernest Rutherford, Extinction Rebellion, facts on the ground, failed state, Fairchild Semiconductor, fear of failure, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, future of work, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, global pandemic, GPT-3, GPT-4, hallucination problem, hive mind, hype cycle, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of the wheel, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John von Neumann, Joi Ito, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, lab leak, large language model, Law of Accelerating Returns, Lewis Mumford, license plate recognition, lockdown, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, meta-analysis, microcredit, move 37, Mustafa Suleyman, mutually assured destruction, new economy, Nick Bostrom, Nikolai Kondratiev, off grid, OpenAI, paperclip maximiser, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, plutocrats, precautionary principle, profit motive, prompt engineering, QAnon, quantum entanglement, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, Richard Feynman, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, satellite internet, Silicon Valley, smart cities, South China Sea, space junk, SpaceX Starlink, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Stephen Fry, Steven Levy, strong AI, synthetic biology, tacit knowledge, tail risk, techlash, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, the long tail, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas Malthus, TikTok, TSMC, Turing test, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, warehouse robotics, William MacAskill, working-age population, world market for maybe five computers, zero day

GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT Soon these videos will be fully Eric Horvitz, “On the Horizon: Interactive and Compositional Deepfakes,” ICMI ’22: Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, arxiv.org/​abs/​2209.01714. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT According to Facebook U.S. Senate, Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence: Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, vol. 5, Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities, 116th Congress, 1st sess., www.intelligence.senate.gov/​sites/​default/​files/​documents/​report_volume5.pdf; Nicholas Fandos et al., “House Intelligence Committee Releases Incendiary Russian Social Media Ads,” New York Times, Nov. 1, 2017, www.nytimes.com/​2017/​11/​01/​us/​politics/​russia-technology-facebook.html.

Green Tyranny: Exposing the Totalitarian Roots of the Climate Industrial Complex by Rupert Darwall

1960s counterculture, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Bakken shale, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, California energy crisis, carbon credits, carbon footprint, centre right, clean tech, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, disinformation, Donald Trump, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, gigafactory, Gunnar Myrdal, Herbert Marcuse, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, John Elkington, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, liberal capitalism, market design, means of production, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, mittelstand, Murray Bookchin, Neil Armstrong, nuclear winter, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, Paris climate accords, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, plutocrats, postindustrial economy, precautionary principle, pre–internet, recommendation engine, renewable energy transition, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Solyndra, Strategic Defense Initiative, subprime mortgage crisis, tech baron, tech billionaire, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, women in the workforce, young professional

“I was told the Soviet scientists knew this theory was completely ridiculous,” Tretyakov said. “There were no legitimate scientific facts to support it. But it was exactly what Andropov needed to cause terror in West.”43 Instead of publishing the fake findings in a Soviet scientific journal, Andropov decided to use the KGB’s tried and tested “covert active measures.” According to Tretyakov, KGB officers disseminated the study’s conclusions to their contacts in the peace and antinuclear movements and in environmental NGOs. One of the publications they targeted was AMBIO, which then approached Crutzen.44 Propagators of the nuclear winter thus acted as dupes in a disinformation exercise scripted by the KGB calibrated for maximum media impact, just as Andropov had intended.

Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer-And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class by Paul Pierson, Jacob S. Hacker

accounting loophole / creative accounting, active measures, affirmative action, air traffic controllers' union, Alan Greenspan, asset allocation, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Bonfire of the Vanities, business climate, business cycle, carried interest, Cass Sunstein, clean water, collective bargaining, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, David Brooks, desegregation, employer provided health coverage, financial deregulation, financial innovation, financial intermediation, fixed income, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Home mortgage interest deduction, Howard Zinn, income inequality, invisible hand, John Bogle, knowledge economy, laissez-faire capitalism, Martin Wolf, medical bankruptcy, moral hazard, Nate Silver, new economy, night-watchman state, offshore financial centre, oil shock, Paul Volcker talking about ATMs, Powell Memorandum, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Tax Reform Act of 1986, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, three-martini lunch, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, union organizing, very high income, War on Poverty, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce

In Federalist #58, he acknowledged that supermajority rules might create an “obstacle generally to hasty and partial measures,” but went on to insist that “these considerations are outweighed by the inconveniences in the opposite scale. In all cases where justice or the general good might require new laws to be passed, or active measures to be pursued, the fundamental principle of free government would be reversed. It would be no longer the majority that would rule: the power would be transferred to the minority.”8 In ways the Founders could not have anticipated, Madison’s “fundamental principle of free government” is in jeopardy.

Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams by Matthew Walker

A. Roger Ekirch, active measures, autism spectrum disorder, Boeing 747, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, clockwatching, Dmitri Mendeleev, Donald Trump, Exxon Valdez, impulse control, lifelogging, longitudinal study, medical residency, meta-analysis, microbiome, mouse model, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, Pepsi Challenge, placebo effect, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, systems thinking, the scientific method, time dilation

If there is a red-thread narrative that runs from our waking lives into our dreaming lives, it is that of emotional concerns. Counter to Freudian assumptions, Stickgold had shown that there is no censor, no veil, no disguise. Dream sources are transparent—clear enough for anyone to identify and recognize without the need for an interpreter. DO DREAMS HAVE A FUNCTION? Through a combination of brain activity measures and rigorous experimental testing, we have finally begun to develop a scientific understanding of human dreams: their form, content, and the waking source(s). There is, however, something missing here. None of the studies that I have described so far proves that dreams have any function. REM sleep, from which principal dreams emerge, certainly has many functions, as we have discussed and will continue to discuss.

1983: Reagan, Andropov, and a World on the Brink by Taylor Downing

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, Herman Kahn, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, kremlinology, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, nuclear paranoia, nuclear winter, RAND corporation, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Seymour Hersh, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, Yom Kippur War

When they met, he had no idea whether he was being given a rundown on events in Parliament or a description of the weather in Scotland. Nevertheless, after each meeting he would still put together a lively report, possibly including some gossip he had read in the newspapers, to keep the Centre happy. There were various ‘active measures’ the residency in London were engaged in. Many of these related to the mission set by the Centre to try to prevent the deployment of Pershing II and Cruise missiles in western Europe, the weapons so feared by Moscow. As Britain’s Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) was a well-established protest group, the London residency naturally showed an interest in the group’s leadership.

Bullshit Jobs: A Theory by David Graeber

1960s counterculture, active measures, antiwork, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, Black Lives Matter, Bretton Woods, Buckminster Fuller, business logic, call centre, classic study, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, data science, David Graeber, do what you love, Donald Trump, emotional labour, equal pay for equal work, full employment, functional programming, global supply chain, High speed trading, hiring and firing, imposter syndrome, independent contractor, informal economy, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, knowledge worker, moral panic, Post-Keynesian economics, post-work, precariat, Rutger Bregman, scientific management, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, single-payer health, software as a service, telemarketer, The Future of Employment, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Travis Kalanick, universal basic income, unpaid internship, wage slave, wages for housework, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional, éminence grise

I figured if I could be honest with anyone, it would be him, so after he had explained to me how the timesheet worked I asked, “So how much can I lie? How many hours is it okay to just make up?” He looked at me as if I’d just said I was a starseed from another galaxy so I quickly changed the subject and assumed the answer was “a discrete amount.” 6. Many workplaces are keenly aware of the dangers of easygoing supervisors and take active measures to head them off. Those who work counters in fast-food chains, which, of course, are in my terms generally shit jobs and not bullshit jobs, often tell me that each branch is carefully wired by closed-circuit TV to ensure that workers with nothing to do are not allowed to just sit around relaxing; if they are observed to do so by those monitoring in some central locations, their supervisor is called up and chewed out. 7.

The Human Tide: How Population Shaped the Modern World by Paul Morland

active measures, agricultural Revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, clean water, Corn Laws, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Donald Trump, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, mass immigration, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, Nelson Mandela, open immigration, Ponzi scheme, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, sceptred isle, stakhanovite, Thomas Malthus, transatlantic slave trade, women in the workforce, working-age population

On the one hand, a large population was seen as a ‘good thing’ for a country, particularly given the need to make up numbers from war losses and a fear of the ‘next round’. On the other hand, not just any numbers would do, and some people were infinitely to be preferred to others. The eugenics movement, proposing active measures to improve the ‘quality’ of the population ‘stock’, was closely associated with the birth control movement. Marie Stopes, for example, urged the forcible sterilisation of those deemed unfit for parenthood and propagation of the race. Concerns for the supposed quality of the population were particularly prevalent in the United States, where immigration restrictions rolled out after the First World War explicitly aimed to preserve the country’s ethnic mixture and were in particular focused on reducing migration from southern and eastern Europe, which had been so predominant at the turn of the century.

Warnings by Richard A. Clarke

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, active measures, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, anti-communist, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, carbon tax, cognitive bias, collateralized debt obligation, complexity theory, corporate governance, CRISPR, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, deep learning, DeepMind, discovery of penicillin, double helix, Elon Musk, failed state, financial thriller, fixed income, Flash crash, forensic accounting, friendly AI, Hacker News, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, knowledge worker, Maui Hawaii, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, money market fund, mouse model, Nate Silver, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, OpenAI, pattern recognition, personalized medicine, phenotype, Ponzi scheme, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart grid, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Stuxnet, subprime mortgage crisis, tacit knowledge, technological singularity, The Future of Employment, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, Tunguska event, uranium enrichment, Vernor Vinge, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, women in the workforce, Y2K

*HEDGING: These actions flow immediately into the next category of responses to a potential disaster: hedging. It coexists with surveillance, but is specifically focused on investing resources into getting ready for more robust mitigation or prevention responses. It’s an interim phase that consists of ongoing monitoring with preparation until the surveillance system determines that active measures must begin. In addition to knowing when to pull the trigger, in a hedging strategy the key question becomes, as Alain Enthoven asked in the title of his groundbreaking book on defense budgeting in 1971, How Much Is Enough? When determining how much is enough, governments turn to analysts who do cost-effectiveness studies, usually placing a monetary value on human lives.

Gorbachev by William Taubman

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Able Archer 83, active measures, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, card file, conceptual framework, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Donald Trump, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, haute couture, indoor plumbing, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Neil Kinnock, Potemkin village, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Saturday Night Live, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, trade liberalization, young professional

His preliminary talks with Shevardnadze went well. So he wasn’t prepared for what happened in St. Catherine’s Hall. Gorbachev greeted him warmly and spoke positively about the INF treaty, but then suddenly turned cold. He waved a State Department document, “Soviet Intelligence Activities: A Report on Active Measures and Propaganda, 1986–87,” published in October in conformity with a 1985 law. It was “shocking,” he said. It alleged that a “Mississippi Peace Cruise” Gorbachev had hailed during his 1985 summit with Reagan was “being used by the Soviets to deceive Americans.” “So it turns out,” Gorbachev continued sarcastically, that “all social movements in the USSR are agents of the KGB” and “perestroika itself is only a means to deceive the West and insidiously prepare the ground for further Soviet expansion.”

…

Gorbachev), 86 Slyunkov, Nikolai, 353 Snegurochka (The Snow Maiden) (Ostrovsky), 32, 37–38 Sobchak, Anatoly, xxiii, 245, 431, 437, 575 Social Democratic Party of Russia, 652, 677–79, 678 Social Democrats, 548 “socialist camp,” 267–68, 464–65 “socialist competition,” 107 Socialist Democracy (Shakhnazarov), 224 Social Science Institute, 639–40, 657, 665 Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union, 280 Soiuz (Union), 532, 533, 536 Sokoloniki district, 50, 68 Sokolov, Sergei, xxiii, 206, 273, 376, 394, 397 Solidarity, 170, 267–68, 465, 482 Solomentsev, Mikhail, xxiii, 176, 176, 210, 221, 232, 233, 239, 244, 318, 320, 347, 371 Solovyov, Yuri, xxiii, 433–34 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 10, 91, 185, 340, 572 Sorbonne, 478 Sotsialisticheskaya industriya, 350 Sovetskaya kultura, 309, 342, 344, 345, 347, 348, 356, 586 Sovetskaya Rossiya, 342, 347, 349–50, 586 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 116–17, 141, 186, 207, 370, 429, 430, 444, 457, 511, 523 Soviet Culture Foundation, 373, 484 “Soviet Intelligence Activities: A Report on Active Measures and Propaganda, 1986–87,” 398 Soviet Union: agricultural development of, 7, 12, 14, 17, 21, 23, 34, 35, 53, 73, 82, 85, 87, 94, 105–8, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 124, 128, 129, 132, 133, 137, 146, 158, 160, 161, 169, 173, 175, 176–78, 179, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 217, 222, 227, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 250, 253, 287, 333, 349, 371, 372, 434, 435, 451, 586, 595, 632, 695, 718n alcoholism in, 47, 89, 99, 118, 128, 169, 231–34, 245, 288, 373 apparatchiki in, 91, 93, 95, 123, 145, 223, 227, 237, 245, 341, 346, 357, 371, 431, 444, 540, 605, 648, 693 biological weapons of, 549, 557, 558, 564, 641 bureaucracy of, 72, 92, 100, 116, 128, 147, 178, 181, 216, 236, 237, 243, 252, 254, 256, 259, 266, 283, 305, 317, 352, 357, 430, 439, 462, 506, 521, 522, 560, 571, 684 centralized economy of, 27–30, 190, 198–99, 216, 219, 236–38, 310 collapse of, 1, 29, 180, 268, 378, 379, 382, 435, 436, 452, 456, 460, 464, 465, 481, 503, 506, 528, 530, 531, 543, 558, 571, 589, 618, 645–46, 658, 660–61, 668, 674, 680, 685, 690, 693, 757n–58n collectivization in, 7, 8, 12–19, 21, 22, 23, 50, 53, 55, 57, 64, 74, 87, 94, 97, 100, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 129, 133, 169, 177, 178, 217, 231, 239, 245, 250, 265, 317, 320, 338, 347, 355, 454, 467, 497, 530, 655, 695 communist party of, see Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) competition in, 57, 94, 107, 160, 199, 245, 257, 263, 308, 311, 360, 400, 404, 429, 431, 489, 505, 524 confederation of states in, 492, 493, 525, 581, 624, 627 constitution of, 47, 144, 363, 372, 455, 456, 507, 510, 579, 582, 616, 624, 631, 635, 658, 659, 660, 680 consumer goods in, 167, 168, 169, 170, 217, 232, 238, 311–12, 313, 434–35, 438, 450, 522, 569 corruption in, 94, 128, 129, 134, 135, 160, 177, 180–81, 221, 237, 244, 274, 323, 366, 447, 624, 643, 663, 689 Council of Ministers of, 130, 355, 434, 490–91, 533, 695 crime rate in, 18, 52, 56, 94, 99, 118, 181, 232–33, 246, 264, 275, 331, 394, 529, 533, 584, 610, 661 currency of (ruble), 28, 68, 81, 96, 111, 214, 232, 239, 310, 378, 393, 434, 546, 549, 575, 591, 594, 639 Defense Ministry of, 282, 572, 575, 603, 635–36 democratization in, xi, 3, 4, 92, 117, 119, 126, 127, 128, 144, 150, 153, 184, 195, 196, 212, 215, 216, 217, 224, 225, 229, 242, 245, 253, 267, 306, 307, 309, 310, 316, 327, 329, 331, 333, 337, 338, 351, 352, 354, 358, 360, 361, 368, 370, 384, 385, 390, 406, 407, 409, 416, 427, 429, 433, 444, 447, 451, 452, 462, 463, 468, 479, 483, 484, 487, 489, 490, 491, 498, 501, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 515, 519, 521, 523, 530, 534–36, 542, 548, 553, 571, 575, 576, 579, 587, 591, 604, 616, 617, 621, 624, 627, 629, 633, 640, 646, 648, 649, 652, 654, 655, 676–79, 681, 686–88, 690, 691, 693 demonstrations and protests in, 43, 52, 70, 98, 101, 123, 124, 143, 151, 228, 321, 325, 327, 346, 359, 367, 368, 379, 430, 436, 437, 441, 462, 479, 480, 486, 488, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 518, 519, 523, 532, 533, 535, 548, 561, 562, 575–78, 597, 613, 617, 657, 659, 660, 662, 678, 681, 684 deportations from, 317, 367, 451 diplomatic relations of, 41, 89, 110, 144, 197, 201, 220, 247, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 266, 280, 281, 286, 292, 304, 377, 387, 390, 392, 396, 405, 408, 414, 415, 434, 441, 480, 491, 502, 564, 589, 598, 631, 633 dissidents in, 10, 47, 53, 91, 123, 140, 143, 144, 180, 185, 196, 201, 210, 214, 250, 294, 328, 339, 340, 415, 445, 465, 487, 746n droughts in, 122, 129, 130–33, 176 Eastern bloc of, 149, 267, 386, 390, 414, 471, 483, 485, 661, 663 economy of, 1–3, 52, 91–93, 94, 100, 102, 115, 116, 120, 127, 144, 145, 147, 168, 169, 179, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 216–19, 230, 232, 233, 236–39, 244, 246, 252, 253, 254, 263, 267, 275, 282, 287, 293, 295, 306, 310–13, 319, 339, 352, 355, 360, 371, 372, 378, 383, 388, 400, 403, 428, 434, 435, 439, 448–52, 466, 467, 471, 473, 477–80, 481, 492, 497, 498, 499, 500, 503, 505, 509, 521, 522, 524, 528–30, 540, 546, 549, 550, 551, 554, 555, 557, 568, 570, 571, 575, 584, 587, 588–97, 616, 623, 624, 625, 626, 631, 632, 646, 648, 651, 652, 655, 658, 677, 678, 690, 693, 720n, 776n education in, 14, 15, 28, 31, 40, 42, 44, 52, 64, 65, 67, 73, 79, 80, 84, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 109, 118, 124, 133, 141, 145, 151, 154, 155, 167, 183, 186, 197, 220, 235, 262, 333, 388, 402, 415, 491, 584, 652, 662, 678, 680, 689 elections in, 29, 46, 121, 122, 131, 159, 170, 192, 202, 203, 210, 212, 222, 228, 245, 247–49, 272, 275, 284, 304, 308, 309, 338, 351, 353, 354, 359, 360, 361, 363, 372, 373, 384, 387, 394, 411, 419, 427–35, 441, 442, 444, 450, 465, 482, 483, 490, 496, 501, 508, 509, 513, 516, 517, 519, 530, 533, 536, 548, 556, 580, 581, 588, 624, 628, 629, 632, 642, 652, 658, 660, 661, 663, 676, 678, 679, 680, 681, 688, 691, 695 emigration from, 57, 123, 173, 180, 287, 340, 343, 377, 398, 554, 555, 606, 629, 683 environmental issues in, 50, 91, 94, 169, 239, 246, 265, 467, 497, 539, 651, 652, 687, 689 espionage and spies in, 180, 183, 201, 250, 292–93, 294, 394, 398, 400 ethnic minorities of, 10, 151, 218, 317, 343, 365, 366, 368–70, 428, 434–36, 448, 451, 452, 529, 599, 629 as “evil empire,” 170, 242, 275, 416–17, 599 expansionism of, 255, 398, 415, 541, 547, 548, 564, 685, 692 farmers and farming in, 8, 12–15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 55, 57, 74, 80, 87, 97, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, 112, 114, 116, 124, 129, 131, 132, 133, 146, 151, 154, 169, 177, 178, 184, 185, 217, 218, 239, 245, 288, 339, 347, 355, 403, 454, 511, 517, 530, 633, 655, 695 federation organization for, 3, 365, 366, 388, 436, 466, 487, 492, 500, 503, 512, 514, 522, 525, 527, 528, 533, 580, 581, 623, 624, 633, 652, 658 film industry in, 80, 247–49, 341 Five-Year Plan (1986–1990) of, 236–37, 243 flag of, 137, 365, 404, 416, 423, 500, 509, 518, 519, 551, 561, 586, 638, 645, 647, 648 foreign embassies of, 143, 151, 201, 262, 275, 280, 298, 346, 394, 399, 405–7, 445, 486, 551, 558–60, 571, 677 Foreign Ministry of, 93, 141–42, 205, 207, 253, 257, 259, 265–66, 282, 294, 345, 379, 398, 418, 470, 491, 499, 545, 564, 567, 626, 627, 631–32, 635–36, 752n foreign trade of, 23, 35, 103, 120, 194, 232, 238, 244, 246, 287, 328, 425, 429, 467, 482, 496, 497, 536, 554, 555, 570, 571, 591 freedom in, 4, 14, 92, 119, 122, 144, 178, 215, 218, 219, 245, 246, 314, 338, 343, 376, 382, 414, 422, 453, 459, 560, 580, 599, 614, 618, 646, 679, 680, 686, 688, 693 grain production of, 9, 11, 12, 15–19, 22, 32, 35, 36, 68, 110, 131, 132, 133, 157, 160, 163, 164, 169, 170, 176, 177, 238, 246, 312, 451, 503, 570, 590 harvests in, 8, 9, 18, 20, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36, 44, 57, 68, 72, 94, 106, 131, 132, 133, 137, 155, 169, 175–77, 185, 243, 280, 485 health care and hospitals in, 94, 232, 236, 246, 338, 680 history of, 2, 4, 27, 36, 41, 44, 46–48, 57, 66, 67, 80, 86, 99, 100, 121, 127, 183, 200, 216, 227, 255, 260, 263, 265, 272, 283, 291, 306, 314, 316–19, 322, 337, 338, 340–42, 345, 353, 356, 359, 360, 362, 388, 390, 392, 403, 410, 427, 449, 452, 456, 467, 481, 487, 489, 491, 496, 517, 523, 526, 544, 546, 560, 567, 596, 637, 644, 654, 659, 663, 692, 693 human rights in, 201, 259, 266, 286, 287, 398, 401, 402, 406, 414 independence movements in, 14, 30, 112, 116, 118, 185, 195, 220, 245, 265, 267, 269, 279, 352, 368, 381, 451, 452, 473, 481, 490, 493, 503, 525, 540, 541, 546, 550, 599, 625, 626–29, 630, 634, 640, 645, 658, 677, 679, 684 industrialization of, 30, 41, 86, 89, 90, 94, 107, 129, 145, 161, 169, 186, 188, 197, 227, 233, 235, 236, 237, 239, 243, 247, 296, 299, 310, 319, 345, 350, 369, 395, 431, 432, 450, 503, 518, 557, 570, 591, 659 intelligentsia of, 16, 29, 30, 41, 44, 46, 52, 90, 91, 92, 109, 115, 118, 119, 122, 128, 139, 143, 144, 149, 200, 210, 221, 223, 227, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 280, 282, 317, 319, 340, 342, 343, 352, 353, 365, 368, 371, 372, 373, 392, 396, 405, 416, 429, 438, 439, 446, 478, 511, 512, 517, 531, 536, 541, 559, 576, 577, 579, 607, 635, 637, 654, 659, 689, 713n Interior Ministry of, 369–70, 436, 516, 578 journalism in, 13, 83, 91, 92, 100, 116, 123, 131, 141, 184, 195, 247, 250, 294, 302, 309, 313, 314, 317, 319, 324, 338, 339, 346, 357, 360, 368, 373, 379, 408, 409, 410, 442, 463, 475, 479, 480, 512, 621, 627, 648–50, 655, 659, 661, 671, 677, 684 labor strikes in, 30, 119, 170, 250, 450, 464, 533, 579 laws and legal system of, 3, 41, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 60, 65, 72–74, 89, 94, 100, 141, 185, 195, 217, 223, 233, 234, 244, 245, 267, 313–14, 321, 348, 350, 352, 354, 372, 398, 431, 438, 482, 502, 508, 555, 659, 679, 696 literature of, 30, 91, 93, 127, 142, 164, 167, 171, 183, 223, 247, 317, 339, 368, 399, 416, 457, 458, 528, 534, 637 manufacturing in, 169, 281, 395, 407 market-based reforms in, xi, 3, 51, 80, 81, 88, 89, 151, 194, 214, 217, 383, 451, 454, 467, 473, 479, 497, 505, 521, 522, 523, 524–26, 533, 540, 546, 555, 569, 571, 587, 591, 624, 631, 646, 648, 678 military establishment of, 10, 20–27, 41, 50, 55, 122, 143, 147, 170, 180, 217, 222, 227, 234, 237, 241, 242, 254, 255, 256, 266, 271, 274, 275, 293, 296, 299, 321, 343, 377, 382, 383, 388, 393, 395, 397, 398, 401, 403, 411, 414, 420, 433, 442, 467, 471, 484, 488, 499, 502, 518, 525, 530, 535, 541, 542, 544, 546, 549–52, 555, 558, 563, 564, 566, 569, 570, 576, 577, 578, 586, 600, 605, 621, 635, 636, 642, 657–59, 661, 662, 763n, 767n mining strikes in, 450, 452, 464, 510, 579 museums of, 43, 49, 66, 80, 151, 166, 197, 262, 280, 335, 410, 476, 560, 654 nationalism in, 62, 91, 184, 270, 310, 325, 338, 343, 365, 366, 367, 368, 370, 373, 435, 436, 439, 444, 451, 452, 454, 462, 470, 481, 490, 500, 503, 525, 547, 555, 576, 580, 586, 599, 624, 629, 631, 640 Nazi invasion of, 7, 8, 20–27, 42, 55, 56, 149, 287, 299, 318, 387, 452, 487, 596, 640, 641, 777n newspapers and reporters in, 18, 21, 28, 36, 58, 65, 73, 100, 107, 116, 132, 149, 151, 195, 247, 264, 272, 289, 301, 309, 314, 317, 324, 337, 339, 340, 343, 344, 347, 360, 374, 401, 405, 407, 408, 410, 416, 418, 432, 440, 442, 445, 457, 460, 469, 475, 476, 520, 525, 536, 545, 548, 559, 561, 585, 586, 606, 607, 642, 671, 677 nuclear disarmament and, 256, 259, 276, 287, 292, 299, 305, 389, 391, 393, 397, 402, 411, 430, 465, 468, 469, 496, 558 nuclear energy in, 240–42, 263, 430 nuclear weapons of, 144, 170, 171, 199, 240, 241, 242, 250, 252, 256, 259, 263–66, 275, 276, 279, 286, 287, 291, 292, 295–300, 304, 305, 366, 389, 391–94, 396, 397, 401, 402, 411, 412, 415, 419, 430, 445, 465, 468, 469, 471, 472, 474, 476, 477, 496, 549, 555, 557, 558, 564, 566, 597, 609, 624, 638, 645, 647, 652, 682, 686, 688, 693 oil reserves of, 170, 238, 246, 298, 383, 434, 504 parliamentary reforms in, 184, 196, 197, 201, 206, 222, 245, 264, 427, 428, 429, 431, 432, 434, 449, 507, 508, 513–15, 528, 529–31, 533, 556, 575, 576, 578, 580, 581, 584, 586, 587, 608, 610, 613, 614, 617, 624, 627, 628, 630, 634, 637, 649, 658, 661, 667, 678, 680, 681, 688 peasantry in, 2, 7, 10–13, 16, 18, 23, 24, 34, 40, 41, 43, 44, 52, 55, 63, 74, 89, 95, 97, 105, 110, 112, 114, 129, 217, 304, 317, 318, 320, 376, 435, 494, 520, 539, 628, 689, 710n pluralism in, 58, 144, 215, 218, 321, 342, 354, 438, 479 police forces of, 18, 22, 58, 74, 81, 89, 99, 119, 140, 151, 181, 227, 357, 367, 380, 397, 407, 421, 460, 461, 495, 506, 552, 566, 576–78, 611, 619, 640, 657, 662, 677 political situation in, 2, 4, 44, 47, 53, 55, 94, 141, 162, 163, 183, 184, 185, 194, 197, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 261, 262, 263, 274, 281, 293, 309, 331, 332, 335, 336, 340, 341, 365, 366, 383, 387, 402, 405, 408, 416, 420, 428, 431, 440, 445, 452, 455, 472, 486, 502, 507, 509, 513, 518, 527, 549, 563, 568, 574, 584, 586, 637, 642, 652, 656, 657, 672, 688, 690–92 population of, 231–32, 339, 352, 500, 629, 658, 710n power struggles in, 1–4, 12, 16, 19, 35, 36, 55, 80, 88, 90, 92, 99, 100, 108, 109, 120, 127, 135, 144, 147, 157, 160, 161, 168, 169, 172, 174, 180, 196, 205, 209, 210, 216, 218, 219, 220, 229, 231, 240, 241, 245, 248, 250, 252, 255, 256, 261, 262, 263, 267, 272, 276, 305, 308, 319, 322, 339–41, 343, 344, 346, 351–54, 366, 373, 381, 382, 391, 397, 400, 409, 411, 420, 428, 432, 435, 439, 440, 446, 448, 454, 458, 465, 466, 469, 479, 482, 483, 487, 490, 502, 506–11, 512, 513, 519, 524, 526, 529–31, 533, 540, 543, 546, 548, 558, 565, 579, 581, 584–86, 597, 603, 623, 624, 635, 636, 643, 645, 648, 654, 656, 663, 671, 678, 679, 681, 684, 688, 689, 690–93 premiership of, 92, 145, 349, 353, 437, 445, 452, 511, 568, 571, 575, 617, 650, 657, 671, 676, 683 Presidium of, 36, 211, 326, 362, 430, 443 price levels in, 108, 150, 152, 168–70, 177, 232, 238, 278, 292, 311, 316, 383, 405, 434, 454, 474, 487, 524, 527, 546, 559, 591, 594, 655, 688 prime minister of, 575, 591–92, 622 prisons in, 12, 18–19, 23, 50, 92, 104, 127, 180, 201, 242, 243, 251, 294, 365, 382, 397, 482, 509, 518, 635, 640, 641 procurators and prosecutors in, 18, 41, 52, 56, 72–74, 75, 77, 81, 116, 120, 160, 639, 658, 659, 696 production levels in, 33, 96, 100, 110, 115, 170, 187, 188, 194, 200, 213, 232, 236, 238, 239, 310 productivity in, 131, 169, 175, 177, 184, 232, 243, 297, 310, 311–12, 400, 472, 496, 623 proletariat of, 18, 41, 43, 52, 143, 216, 235, 358, 365, 404, 437, 438, 511 propaganda in, 44, 46, 57, 78, 79, 79, 91, 93, 98, 107, 128, 160, 168, 183, 194, 244, 247, 249, 263, 264, 265, 279, 291, 292, 315, 343–45, 387, 388, 398, 413, 432, 467, 469, 512, 526, 578, 707n property ownership in, 12, 13, 18, 167, 194, 245, 319, 354, 438, 446, 455, 505, 537, 592, 623, 647, 663, 693 purges in, 4, 18–19, 40, 52, 54, 97, 98, 181, 219, 259, 317, 323, 326, 337, 350, 355, 371, 372, 416, 452, 621, 626 reform movement in, 1–4, 51, 53, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 116, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125, 143, 144, 145, 147, 153, 179, 180, 181, 182, 186, 188, 189, 190, 196, 215, 216–18, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230, 244–46, 248, 250, 252, 253, 257, 268, 270, 306, 307, 310–17, 330, 337, 345, 350, 352, 353, 355, 358–60, 361, 362, 366, 368, 369, 371, 379, 380, 381, 383–85, 386, 391, 393, 400, 418, 427, 433, 435, 439, 451, 458, 465, 466, 469, 471, 472–81, 482, 483, 486, 487, 494, 496, 499, 501, 503, 506, 507, 508, 516, 519–21, 522, 524, 530, 534, 535, 542, 557, 571, 583, 584, 590–92, 594, 605, 606, 617, 621, 632, 640, 646, 649, 655, 681, 686, 690, 693 republics of, 23, 55, 120, 150, 151, 170, 183, 201, 203, 231, 274, 276, 279, 282, 292, 293, 296, 298, 299, 305, 321, 337, 351, 353, 355, 357, 358, 363, 365, 377, 394, 396, 398, 409, 421, 428, 435, 543, 547, 554, 557, 566, 588, 596, 625–30, 631, 635; see also specific republics revolutionary traditions of, 12, 42, 43, 68, 82, 91, 132, 140, 143, 182, 213, 216, 218, 219, 245, 260, 266, 272, 273, 275, 278, 284, 299, 305, 306, 308, 313, 315, 317, 318, 320, 321, 326, 331, 334, 357, 365, 381, 391, 413, 427, 429, 478, 480, 492, 494, 506, 509, 517, 532, 551, 619, 679, 688, 691 separatist movements in, 338, 370, 428, 435, 451, 452, 504, 505, 508, 628 socialism in, 29, 36, 52, 55–57, 92, 99, 107, 113, 114, 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 132, 153, 168, 180, 194, 215, 218, 219, 224, 239, 243, 244, 245, 248, 255, 265–71, 272, 275, 307, 311, 315, 318, 343, 344, 350, 354, 356, 358, 365, 366, 371, 378, 380, 382, 392, 464, 481, 483, 484, 486, 500, 506, 524, 525, 527, 537, 542, 571, 580, 633, 690, 693, 284, 537 soviets (councils) in, 353, 355, 357–58, 363, 428, 696 stagnation in, 161–62, 190–91, 201–2 state-controlled television in, 115, 168, 202, 214, 225, 226, 228, 229, 239, 240, 280, 303, 316, 324, 340, 350, 351, 359, 374, 385, 398, 403, 404, 411, 418, 426, 431, 435, 442, 449, 450, 456, 460, 475, 489, 506, 519–21, 531, 538, 545, 560, 575, 578, 606, 610, 611, 614, 622, 625, 626, 637, 638, 642, 643, 645–47, 655, 663, 677 State Council of, 624–30, 642, 650, 696 state of emergency in, 533, 576, 583, 599–600, 608, 610, 611, 617, 618, 619 statistical surveys of, 112, 125, 238, 246, 321, 434, 710n as superpower, 1, 122, 294–95, 499, 568, 597, 680 Supreme Soviet of, 36, 131, 202, 203, 207, 313, 321, 333, 354, 371, 372, 427, 429, 433–35, 442, 444, 445, 451, 461, 501, 507, 511, 514, 521, 526, 529, 530, 533, 574, 583, 585, 586, 622, 623, 635, 637, 695, 696 technological development in, 91, 120, 151, 169, 177, 183, 193, 236, 263, 287, 295, 296, 384, 393, 415 territories of, 170, 190, 281, 366, 367, 369, 378, 397, 422, 428–30, 433, 500, 546, 549, 564, 578, 582 textiles industry of, 129, 145, 239, 262, 309 “thaw” period in, 91–93, 112, 126, 128, 183, 275, 346 as totalitarian state, 3, 66, 155, 216, 249, 338, 352, 366, 370, 599, 646, 648, 652, 661, 688 tractors manufactured in, 14, 17, 18, 28, 35, 98, 101, 446 trade unions in, 120, 247–49, 328, 384, 391, 410, 419, 429, 500, 544, 569, 594 unemployment in, 56, 85, 279, 357, 512, 530 U.S. relations of, 123, 170, 197, 255, 257, 259, 263, 264, 276, 278, 281–87, 290–92, 294–97, 299, 303, 304, 387, 389, 391, 393, 396–99, 402, 403, 408, 409, 410, 411–13, 414, 415, 418, 423, 457, 465, 469, 472, 474, 477, 481, 493–96, 499, 541, 546, 551, 554, 556, 557, 568, 571, 588, 596, 598, 599, 638, 686 Western relations of, 1, 2, 4, 11, 16, 27, 29, 66, 75, 91, 102, 114, 121, 122, 123, 127, 143, 144, 149–52, 160, 169–71, 187, 198, 201, 212, 233, 238, 240, 250, 253–59, 263–73, 277, 279, 280, 281, 283, 292, 293, 318, 320, 338, 341, 352, 353–55, 361, 366, 374, 379, 384–98, 400, 409, 414, 419, 420, 422, 431, 435, 442, 460, 463–69, 470, 474–78, 483, 484–98, 506, 539–53, 558, 564–71, 575, 579, 587, 589, 590–93, 596, 597, 602, 611, 617, 633, 636, 638, 640, 643, 655, 660, 680, 685, 687, 690, 691, 692, 693, 696 women in, 16, 102–3, 112–13, 114, 200, 416 working class in, 44, 72, 94, 103, 107, 124, 128, 129, 143, 146, 235, 245, 266, 313, 345, 352, 355, 384, 392, 431, 437, 438, 476, 511, 517, 518, 539, 659, 720n see also Russia Soviet Writers’ Union, 249 Spain, 223, 571, 632, 656, 657 Spaso House, 415, 416, 746n Spiegel, 657, 681, 686 Sputnik launching (1957), 91 SS-18 missiles, 295 SS-20 missiles, 391 SS-23 (“Oka”) missiles, 395 Stalin, Joseph, xxiii, 2, 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 28, 35, 36, 42–46, 51–58, 65, 67, 73, 90–98, 103, 112, 126–28, 140–46, 150, 158, 164, 168, 174, 182, 183, 190, 191, 196, 201, 207, 215–18, 245, 248–50, 254, 256, 259–66, 306, 308, 317–25, 334, 338–45, 348, 350, 352, 356, 366, 367, 372, 400, 429, 430, 438, 444, 451, 452, 487, 518, 519, 552, 602, 603, 606, 640, 641, 651, 661, 681, 689, 744n, 756n Stalingrad, 28, 43, 190 see also Volgograd Stalinism, 8, 18, 19, 28, 35, 42, 44, 47, 51, 53, 57, 58, 65, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 143, 191, 249, 317, 318, 321, 338, 348, 400, 430, 444, 661, 689 “Stalin Is Our Wartime Glory, Stalin Gives Flight to Our Youth” (Gorbachev), 56–57 “Stalinist 6” combines, 35 Stanford University, 562 Stankevich, Sergei, xxiii, 431, 437 Starkov, Vladislav, xxiii, 344, 454–55 Starodubtsev, Vasily, xxiii, 586 starosta (elder), 51–52 Starovoitova, Galina, 441, 444, 616 START treaty, 412, 419, 423, 468, 472, 597, 598 “Star Wars” (Strategic Defense Initiative) program, 170, 263, 275, 276, 278, 279, 282, 285–87, 291, 293, 295–302, 305, 388, 393, 394, 401, 403, 414 State Acceptance Commission, 237 State Commission on Economic Reform, 521–22 State Committee on Emergency Rule, 599–600, 608, 610, 611, 617, 618, 619 State Department, U.S., 281–82, 398, 400, 405 State Planning Commission, 188 State Technical School (Piatigorsk), 104 Stavropol (city), 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 33, 35, 41, 43, 73, 75, 77–82, 79, 84–87, 84, 87, 89, 90, 93–95, 97, 98, 100–112, 115–33, 135, 137, 138, 140, 142, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155–58, 160–66, 174, 177, 189, 195, 208, 215, 220, 226, 227, 233, 237, 259, 322, 335, 364, 446, 447, 449, 554, 565, 653, 661, 662, 666 Stavropol Agricultural Institute, 87, 137 Stavropol Agro-Economic Institute, 662 Stavropol Teachers College, 98–99 steel industry, 169, 239, 450, 476, 485 steppes, 11, 13, 21, 41, 55, 78, 81, 130, 163, 164, 314 Stettinius, Edward, 469 Stevenson and Baird amendments, 497 Strauss, Franz Joseph, 569 Strauss, Robert S., xxiii, 458 Strizhament (nature preserve), 81 Štrougal, Lubomír, xxiii, 379, 381 Struve, Peter, 53 Stupino (city), 74–75 Sumgait massacre (1988), 369, 370 Summers, Lawrence, 762n Sumtsova, Yulia, 32, 36–37 Suri, Jeremi, 690 Suslov, Maya, 148 Suslov, Mikhail, xxiii, 121, 133, 147, 148, 148, 173–76, 176, 197, 267, 689 Sverdlov Hall, 326 Sverdlovsk (city), 222, 322, 328, 333, 356, 361, 461, 513, 517–18 Sweden, 240 Switzerland, 419 Syria, 273 Taganka Theater, 138, 166–67, 713n Tajikistan, 74, 628 Talbott, Strobe, 636, 638 Tallinn, 228, 452 tamizdat publications, 339 Tarasenko, Sergei, xxiii, 268, 470, 499, 535, 563, 567 tariffs, 496, 497 TASS, 332, 345, 459 Tatars, 325, 367 Tbilisi (city), 436, 437, 441–43, 535 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 66 “team system,” 133 Telen, Ludmila, 680 Teltschik, Horst, xxiii, 491, 492, 545, 549, 565 Tereshchenko, Nikolai, 110 Thatcher, Denis, 197, 199, 200 Thatcher, Margaret, xxiii, 196–201, 198, 252, 253, 261, 269, 304, 387, 388, 390–92, 423, 464, 468, 475, 488, 494, 544, 558, 570, 595, 596, 671, 685, 719n “Theses” (Gorbachev), 413 “think tanks,” 639, 651–52, 654 Third World, 170, 259, 371, 400 see also specific countries Thirteenth Komsomol Congress (1958), 100 Three Sisters (Chekhov), 66 “three Yegors,” 342 Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 478, 479, 619 Tikhonov, Nikolai, xxiii, 147, 175, 176, 176, 180, 181, 191–93, 205, 210, 212, 219 Tikhoretsky Station, 43 Time, 264, 408, 517 Times (London), 476 Timiryazov Agricultural Academy, 105, 178 Titarenko, Aleksandra Petrovna, xxiii, 63, 64, 65, 71–72, 82, 85, 114 Titarenko, Yevgeny, xxiii, 65 Titarenko, Ludmila, xxiii, 65, 82, 82, 102, 146, 190, 226, 234, 280, 666, 671, 672, 675, 680 Titarenko, Maksim Andreyevich, xxiii, 63–64, 65, 71–72 Titarenko, Zhenya, 234 Tito (Josip Broz), 117 Titov, Konstantin, 678 Tizyakov, Aleksandr, xxiii, 586 Today, 476 Togliatti, Palmiro, 127, 195 Togliatti (city), 239–40 Tolstoy, Leo, 56, 184, 260, 286, 339 Tomsk (city), 74, 187, 322 Topilin, Yura, xxiii, 59, 60 totalitarianism, 3, 66, 155, 216, 249, 338, 352, 366, 370, 599, 646, 648, 652, 661, 688 tractors, 14, 17, 18, 28, 35, 98, 101, 446 treason, 1, 91, 261, 329, 348, 663 Tretyakov Gallery, 417–18 Trilateral Commission, 466 Tripoli, 292–93 Trotsky, Leon, 18, 53, 64, 117, 320, 321, 340, 343 Trowbridge, Alexander, 407 Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, xxiii, 184, 185 Trukhachev, Andrei, 156, 674, 674, 682, 682, 684, 687 Truman, David B., 183 Trump, Donald, 405, 421 Tselina (Brezhnev), 716n Tsinev, Georgy, 144 Tsvetaeva, Marina, 91 Tsvigun, Semyon, 144 Tucker, Robert C., 606 Tupolev 134 airliners, 614 Turgenev, Ivan, 165 Turin, 150, 682 Turkmenistan, 628 Turner, Ted, 665, 683 Turovskaya, Maya, 247–48 Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, xxiv, 91, 123, 317 “Two-plus-Four” talks, 548, 563 “Two Thousand Words” manifesto, 123 uchilka (“blue nose”), 85 Ukraine, xiii, 10, 13, 20, 63, 166, 188, 206, 221, 226, 237, 240, 249, 349, 369, 438, 451, 464, 520, 582, 583, 599, 605, 606, 613, 625, 628, 629, 631, 635, 637, 685, 691, 692–93 Ulyanov, Mikhail, xxiv, 309, 345–46, 361, 429 “unearned income,” 244–45 Union of Sovereign States, 579–81, 582, 608–9, 623, 624–30, 631, 638, 648 Unità, 149 United Nations (UN), 207, 271, 294, 377, 386, 414, 419–21, 423, 426, 469, 472, 567–68, 596 United Russia, 679–80, 681, 685 United States: arms control agenda of, 263–64, 412, 419, 423, 468, 472, 597, 598 capitalist system of, 56, 128, 149, 150, 183, 184, 217, 218, 262–63, 371, 382, 392, 505, 571, 656 détente policy of, 123, 170, 172, 263, 264, 275, 279, 421, 491 imperialism of, 143, 262, 263, 265, 273, 572, 606 nuclear weapons of, 144, 170, 171, 199, 240, 241, 242, 250, 252, 256, 259, 263–66, 275, 276, 279, 286, 287, 291, 292, 295–300, 304, 305, 366, 389, 391–94, 396, 397, 401, 402, 411, 412, 415, 419, 430, 445, 465, 468, 469, 471, 472, 474, 476, 477, 496, 549, 555, 557, 558, 564, 566, 597, 609, 624, 638, 645, 647, 652, 682, 686, 688, 693 peaceful coexistence policy of, 257, 263, 414 Soviet relations of, 123, 170, 197, 255, 257, 259, 263, 264, 276, 278, 281–87, 290–92, 294–97, 299, 303, 304, 387, 389, 391, 393, 396–99, 402, 403, 408, 409, 410, 411–13, 414, 415, 418, 423, 457, 465, 469, 472, 474, 477, 481, 493–96, 499, 541, 546, 551, 554, 556, 557, 568, 571, 588, 596, 598, 599, 638, 686 as superpower, 1, 122, 294–95, 499, 568, 597, 680 Unity of the People and the Contradictions of Socialism, The (Sadykov), 124–26 Upper Volta, 338 Uralmash industrial plant, 517 U.S.

Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project by Karl Fogel

active measures, AGPL, barriers to entry, Benjamin Mako Hill, collaborative editing, continuous integration, Contributor License Agreement, corporate governance, Debian, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, GnuPG, Hacker Ethic, Hacker News, intentional community, Internet Archive, iterative process, Kickstarter, natural language processing, off-by-one error, patent troll, peer-to-peer, pull request, revision control, Richard Stallman, selection bias, slashdot, software as a service, software patent, SpamAssassin, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, Wayback Machine, web application, zero-sum game

It causes only a couple of extra lines per message, in a harmless location, and it can save you a lot of time, by cutting down on the number of people who mail you—or worse, mail the list!—asking how to unsubscribe. The Great Reply-to Debate Earlier, in the section called “Avoid Private Discussions”, I stressed the importance of making sure discussions stay in public forums, and talked about how active measures are sometimes needed to prevent conversations from trailing off into private email threads; furthermore, this chapter is all about setting up project communications software to do as much of the work for people as possible. Therefore, if the mailing list management software offers a way to automatically cause discussions to stay on the list, you would think turning on that feature would be the obvious choice.

No Slack: The Financial Lives of Low-Income Americans by Michael S. Barr

active measures, asset allocation, Bayesian statistics, behavioural economics, business cycle, Cass Sunstein, cognitive load, conceptual framework, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, financial exclusion, financial innovation, Home mortgage interest deduction, income inequality, information asymmetry, it's over 9,000, labor-force participation, late fees, London Interbank Offered Rate, loss aversion, low interest rates, machine readable, market friction, mental accounting, Milgram experiment, mobile money, money market fund, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, New Urbanism, p-value, payday loans, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, search costs, subprime mortgage crisis, the payments system, transaction costs, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked

Consider, for example, two individuals with no access to credit cards: one person has a bank account and has his or her paycheck directly deposited into a savings account; the other person is unbanked and receives a paper check and cashes it. Whereas cash is not readily available to the first person, who needs to take active steps to withdraw it, cash is immediately available to the second, who 12864-11_CH11_3rdPgs.indd 250 3/23/12 11:57 AM behaviorally informed regulation 251 must take active measures to save it. The greater tendency to spend cash in the wallet compared with funds deposited in the bank (Thaler 1999) suggests that the banked person will spend less on impulse and save more easily than the person who is unbanked. Holding risk- and saving-related propensities constant, the first person is likely to end up a more active and efficient saver than the second.

Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest by Zeynep Tufekci

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, 4chan, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, algorithmic bias, AltaVista, Alvin Toffler, Andy Carvin, anti-communist, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, bread and circuses, British Empire, citizen journalism, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, context collapse, crowdsourcing, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, end-to-end encryption, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, feminist movement, Ferguson, Missouri, Filter Bubble, Future Shock, gentrification, Howard Rheingold, income inequality, index card, interchangeable parts, invention of movable type, invention of writing, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, loose coupling, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral hazard, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, pre–internet, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, real-name policy, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rosa Parks, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, Streisand effect, the strength of weak ties, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, Twitter Arab Spring, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

Jon Henley, “Russia Waging Information War against Sweden, Study Finds,” Guardian, January 11, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/11/russia-waging-information-war-in-sweden-study-finds; Martin Kragh and Sebastian Åsberg, “Russia’s Strategy for Influence through Public Diplomacy and Active Measures: The Swedish Case,” Journal of Strategic Studies (2017): 1–44. 18. Christopher Paul and Miriam Matthews, “The Russian ‘Firehose of Falsehood’ Propaganda Model: Why It Might Work and Options to Counter It,” Rand Corporation, 2016, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PE100/PE198/RAND_PE198.pdf. 19.

Adam Smith: Father of Economics by Jesse Norman

active measures, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Broken windows theory, business cycle, business process, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, centre right, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, colonial exploitation, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, electricity market, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, experimental economics, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial engineering, financial intermediation, frictionless, frictionless market, future of work, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, incomplete markets, information asymmetry, intangible asset, invention of the telescope, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jean Tirole, John Nash: game theory, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, lateral thinking, loss aversion, low interest rates, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, mirror neurons, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, moral panic, Naomi Klein, negative equity, Network effects, new economy, non-tariff barriers, Northern Rock, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, price mechanism, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, random walk, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, scientific worldview, seigniorage, Socratic dialogue, South Sea Bubble, special economic zone, speech recognition, Steven Pinker, The Chicago School, The Myth of the Rational Market, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, time value of money, transaction costs, transfer pricing, Veblen good, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, working poor, zero-sum game

It reminds us that no two markets are the same; that markets have no divine right to exist, but serve a public as well as a private function; that regulation may be required to ensure their effective and competitive operation, but that regulation itself carries potential costs; that the lobbying power of corporate interests is a serious risk both to effective markets and to legitimate government; that crony capitalism flourishes where markets are not competitive; that crony capitalism can be understood in terms of the three key ideas of economic rent-seeking, asymmetries of power and information, and agency costs; and that unless active measures are taken, there is a serious risk that it will escalate. Yet a Smithian viewpoint carries with it at least three wider implications for understanding our modern world as well. First, Smith’s economic egalitarianism anticipates recent academic work which suggests that great inequality, far from creating incentives that boost economic growth, can actively undermine it.

Construction Project Management by S. Keoki Sears

8-hour work day, active measures, air freight, independent contractor, inventory management, Parkinson's law, scientific management, supply-chain management, value engineering, zero day

It then moves on to measurement and reporting of progress. Progress reporting provides the opportunity to analyze the current status of the project. Often, this will lead to rescheduling and corrective action to bring the project back within specified time parameters. This cycle of planning and executing activities, measuring and reporting progress, revising the plan based on current status, and updating the schedule is continued repetitively throughout the project. Learning objectives for this chapter include: ❑ Recognize the role of the field supervisor in planning and executing day‐to‐day activities. 241 242 10 Project Coordination ❑ Gain an introductory understanding of the application of lean principles to improve production. ❑ Learn about progress measurements and progress reporting. ❑ Understand the importance of continually updating the plan and schedule to reflect current job status. 10.2 Schedule Information on the Job Although the project manager is responsible for the overall application and direction of the project time management system, field supervisors also play key roles in keeping the project on schedule.

AI 2041 by Kai-Fu Lee, Chen Qiufan

3D printing, Abraham Maslow, active measures, airport security, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, bitcoin, blockchain, blue-collar work, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, Charles Babbage, computer vision, contact tracing, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, DALL-E, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, digital map, digital rights, digital twin, Elon Musk, fake news, fault tolerance, future of work, Future Shock, game design, general purpose technology, global pandemic, Google Glasses, Google X / Alphabet X, GPT-3, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, hiring and firing, Hyperloop, information security, Internet of things, iterative process, job automation, language acquisition, low earth orbit, Lyft, Maslow's hierarchy, mass immigration, mirror neurons, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, mutually assured destruction, natural language processing, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, OpenAI, optical character recognition, pattern recognition, plutocrats, post scarcity, profit motive, QR code, quantitative easing, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, robotic process automation, Satoshi Nakamoto, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart contracts, smart transportation, Snapchat, social distancing, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, synthetic biology, telemarketer, Tesla Model S, The future is already here, trolley problem, Turing test, uber lyft, universal basic income, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, zero-sum game

In this story, each inhabitant wears a transdermal biosensor membrane with a matrix of under-the-skin microneedles and an electrochemical sensor that continuously measures hormone levels as partial measures of happiness. For example, serotonin is correlated with well-being and confidence, dopamine with pleasure and motivation, oxytocin with love and trust, endorphins with bliss and relaxation, and adrenaline with energy. Monitoring these features, the island’s AI was able to note the activities, measures, and environments when an inhabitant was happy, and use these happy moments to train itself to recognize happiness. Then, the AI assistant Qareen could make recommendations or suggestions for activities or choices that would lead to more happiness (achievement, growth, or connection), or less unhappiness (sadness, frustration, or anger).

Engineering Security by Peter Gutmann

active measures, address space layout randomization, air gap, algorithmic trading, Amazon Web Services, Asperger Syndrome, bank run, barriers to entry, bitcoin, Brian Krebs, business process, call centre, card file, cloud computing, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, combinatorial explosion, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Debian, domain-specific language, Donald Davies, Donald Knuth, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, Dunning–Kruger effect, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, false flag, fault tolerance, Firefox, fundamental attribution error, George Akerlof, glass ceiling, GnuPG, Google Chrome, Hacker News, information security, iterative process, Jacob Appelbaum, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, John Conway, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, lake wobegon effect, Laplace demon, linear programming, litecoin, load shedding, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Multics, Network effects, nocebo, operational security, Paradox of Choice, Parkinson's law, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, Pierre-Simon Laplace, place-making, post-materialism, QR code, quantum cryptography, race to the bottom, random walk, recommendation engine, RFID, risk tolerance, Robert Metcalfe, rolling blackouts, Ruby on Rails, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Satoshi Nakamoto, security theater, semantic web, seminal paper, Skype, slashdot, smart meter, social intelligence, speech recognition, SQL injection, statistical model, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stuxnet, sunk-cost fallacy, supply-chain attack, telemarketer, text mining, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Market for Lemons, the payments system, Therac-25, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, Wayback Machine, web application, web of trust, x509 certificate, Y2K, zero day, Zimmermann PGP

, Irfan Asrar, 13 July 2009, http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/could-sexy-space-bebirth-sms-botnet. [247] “Sexy Space Threat Comes to Mobile Phones”, George Lawton, August 2009, http://www.computer.org/portal/web/computingnow/archive/news027. [248] “EFF/iSEC’s SSL Observatory slides available”, Chris Palmer, posting to the cryptography@metzdowd.com mailing list, message-ID 20100804193654.GU45390@noncombatant.org, 4 August 2010. [249] “An Observatory for the SSLiverse”, Peter Eckersley and Jesse Burns, presentation at Defcon 18, July 2010, http://www.eff.org/files/DefconSSLiverse.pdf. [250] “Unqualified Names in the SSL Observatory”, Chris Palmer, 5 April 2011, http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/04/unqualified-names-sslobservatory. [251] “The Problem of Issuing Certs For Unqualified Names”, Dennis Fisher, 6 April 2011, https://www.threatpost.com/en_us/blogs/problem-issuingcerts-unqualified-names-040611. [252] “Wow, That’s a Lot of Packets”, Duane Wessels and Marina Fomenkov, Proceedings of the 4th Passive and Active Measurement Workshop (PAM’03), April 2003, http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2003/dnspackets/wessels-pam2003.pdf. [253] “Unqualified and Local Names and RFC 1918 Private IP Addresses”, George Macon, posting to the observatory@eff.org mailing list, message-ID 4D30FE88.3030904@gmail.com, 14 January 2011. [254] “Fully-qualified Nonsense in the SSL Observatory”, Chris Palmer, 7 April 2011, http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/04/fully-qualifiednonsense-ssl-observatory. [255] “Equifax not conforming to Mozilla CA Certificate Policy (7)”, Markus Stumpf, 10 February 2009, https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?

…

This is consistent with surveys of user attitudes which show that almost all users think that their ISP should alert them to malware infections and provide assistance in removing them [690][691], as well as related surveys showing that users expect service providers to take care of security issues in general [692] because it’s something that the service providers are in a position to do and that users shouldn’t have to bother with. This in turn follows expectations set by real-world experience where consumer protection legislation and liability issues require that vendors take active measures to safeguard consumers. The same effect has been found in surveys of smartphone users, who in the case of Android users expected Android market to “screen not just for viruses or malware, but running usability tests, […] they believed that Android was checking for copyright or patent violations, and overall expected Android to be protecting their brand” [401].

…

“It’s Not Stealing If You Need It: A Panel on the Ethics of Performing Research Using Public Data of Illicit Origin”, Serge Egelman, Joseph 798 Testing [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] Bonneau, Sonia Chiasson, David Dittrich and Stuart Schechter, Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Usable Security (USEC’12), Springer-Verlag LNCS No.7398, March 2012, p.124. “Spamming for Science: Active Measurement in Web 2.0 Abuse Research”, Andrew West, Pedram Hayati, Vidyasagar Potdar and Insup Lee, Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Usable Security (USEC’12), Springer-Verlag LNCS No.7398, March 2012, p.99. “A Conversation with Werner Vogels”, ACM Queue, Vol.4, No.4 (May 2006), p.14. “Sharing The Customer’s Pain”, Jeff Atwood, 5 December 2007, http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/archives/001013.html.

Track Changes by Matthew G. Kirschenbaum

active measures, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Apple II, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, Buckminster Fuller, Charles Babbage, commoditize, computer age, Computer Lib, corporate governance, David Brooks, dematerialisation, Donald Knuth, Douglas Hofstadter, Dynabook, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, feminist movement, forensic accounting, future of work, Future Shock, Google Earth, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Haight Ashbury, HyperCard, Jason Scott: textfiles.com, Joan Didion, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, low earth orbit, machine readable, machine translation, mail merge, Marshall McLuhan, Mother of all demos, Neal Stephenson, New Journalism, Norman Mailer, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, pink-collar, planned obsolescence, popular electronics, Project Xanadu, RAND corporation, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, social web, Stephen Fry, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, technoutopianism, Ted Nelson, TED Talk, text mining, thinkpad, Turing complete, Vannevar Bush, Whole Earth Catalog, Y2K, Year of Magical Thinking

Secretaries were “charming little nobodies,” as one consultant charmingly put it, invisible on the organizational chart (this last was indeed true, in accordance with standard management practice).27 “They lack supervision,” lamented the AMA. “And their productivity is thereby in the main beyond accurate measurement and control.”28 There is a linguistic irony here: “executive” derives from the verb “to execute” whose Latin root, exsequi, means to follow up, to carry out, and even to punish—all active measures that, as we have seen, would soon be literalized as an actual key on the word processor’s keyboard. Yet it is the secretary who “executes” on her boss’s decisions, transmuting his ideas and dictates into the tangible end-products of modern knowledge work. “The work done by the secretary is often more visible than that done by her boss,” notes one contemporary commentator, pace the AMA.

Foundation and Earth by Isaac Asimov

active measures, cognitive dissonance, Magellanic Cloud

By the time a human being—Mr. Trevize—was located who was capable of making the key decision, it was too late. Do not think, however, that I took no measure to lengthen my life span. Little by little I have reduced my activities, in order to conserve what I could for emergencies. When I could no longer rely on active measures to preserve the isolation of the Earth/moon system, I adopted passive ones. Over a period of years, the humaniform robots that have been working with me have been, one by one, called home. Their last tasks have been to remove all references to Earth in the planetary archives. And without myself and my fellow-robots in full play, Gaia will lack the essential tools to carry through the development of Galaxia in less than an inordinate period of time.”

Farewell by Sergei Kostin, Eric Raynaud

active measures, car-free, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, index card, invisible hand, kremlinology, Lao Tzu, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Ronald Reagan, Strategic Defense Initiative, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier

It is undoubtedly the good relations between the DST and its American colleagues built at that time that would play a role later in the Farewell affair. It was only at the end of the sixties and in the early seventies that the DST started in earnest to develop counterintelligence strategies against Eastern Bloc secret services. The DST, however, was not qualified to handle agents or implement active measures outside of France. It had no presence at all in Moscow, and neither did French intelligence. The office of French intelligence that existed at some point in the Russian capital (usually staffed by two or three persons) had been closed down by Alexandre de Marenches, director of the agency called the SDECE at the beginning of the seventies.

The Origins of the British by Stephen Oppenheimer

active measures, agricultural Revolution, British Empire, Eratosthenes, gravity well, Gregor Mendel, it's over 9,000, mass immigration, Neolithic agricultural revolution, out of africa, phenotype, Recombinant DNA, the scientific method, trade route

Once settled, a founding population is hard to dislodge.7 The pioneers achieved this just after 16,000 years ago, when Scandinavia and the Baltic were still covered in ice, by demonstrating, in both the archaeological and the genetic record,8 possibly the highest rate of population expansion Europe would see until modern times. Archaeological records for this Late Palaeolithic period show evidence of twice as much human activity (measured in radiocarbon dates), lasting for longer (about 3,000 years) than either the Mesolithic or the Neolithic expansion, which began respectively around 6,000 and 8,000 years later (Figure 3.2). The earliest archaeological evidence for the recolonization of north-west Europe comes from the Rhineland and southern Germany, to where Magdalenian cultures (see p. 125) had spread shortly before 16,000 years ago.

Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War by Paul Scharre

"World Economic Forum" Davos, active measures, Air France Flight 447, air gap, algorithmic trading, AlphaGo, Apollo 13, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, automated trading system, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, brain emulation, Brian Krebs, cognitive bias, computer vision, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, DevOps, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, facts on the ground, fail fast, fault tolerance, Flash crash, Freestyle chess, friendly fire, Herman Kahn, IFF: identification friend or foe, ImageNet competition, information security, Internet of things, Jeff Hawkins, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Loebner Prize, loose coupling, Mark Zuckerberg, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, move 37, mutually assured destruction, Nate Silver, Nick Bostrom, PalmPilot, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, Rodney Brooks, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, sensor fusion, South China Sea, speech recognition, Stanislav Petrov, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Wozniak, Strategic Defense Initiative, Stuxnet, superintelligent machines, Tesla Model S, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, theory of mind, Turing test, Tyler Cowen, universal basic income, Valery Gerasimov, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, William Langewiesche, Y2K, zero day

The result could be robust cyberdefenses . . . or resilient malware. At the 2015 International Conference on Cyber Conflict, Alessandro Guarino hypothesized that AI-based offensive cyberweapons could “prevent and react to countermeasures,” allowing them to persist inside networks. Such an agent would be “much more resilient and able to repel active measures deployed to counter it.” A worm that could autonomously adapt—mutating like a biological virus, but at machine speed—would be a nasty bug to kill. Walker cautioned that the tools used in the Cyber Grand Challenge would only allow a piece of software to patch its own vulnerabilities. It wouldn’t allow “the synthesis of new logic” to develop “new code that can work towards a goal.”

Come Fly With Us: NASA's Payload Specialist Program by Melvin Croft, John Youskauskas, Don Thomas

active measures, active transport: walking or cycling, Apollo 13, Berlin Wall, crewed spaceflight, Elon Musk, Gene Kranz, gravity well, Johannes Kepler, Kickstarter, low earth orbit, Neil Armstrong, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, private spaceflight, Ronald Reagan, Scaled Composites, space junk, SpaceShipOne, Strategic Defense Initiative, Virgin Galactic, X Prize, Yom Kippur War

Data were also collected prior to the mission, and this would be collated once they were back on Earth, comparing it to the data Chrétien had collected on his Russian Soyuz T-6 mission. Baudry and Al-Saud took great pride in completing their assignments to the best of their abilities. As part of the French postural experiment, Baudry carried out investigations that tested an array of activities measuring the electrical activity of muscles based on a variety of well-orchestrated body movements. Following fifteen minutes spent retrieving all the necessary equipment from out of stowage compartments in the middeck and then hooking up the biochemical electronic sensors to his body, Baudry began to conduct one phase of the experiment.

The Complete Thyroid Book by Kenneth Ain, M. Sara Rosenthal

active measures, Dr. Strangelove, follow your passion, medical residency, meta-analysis, place-making, placebo effect, post-materialism, randomized controlled trial, Recombinant DNA, upwardly mobile

This test involves the patient resting comfortably in bed, preferably 22 TEST S AN D L ABS: DIAGNOSI NG THYROI D DISE ASE TABLE 2.2 Lab Tests Used to Measure Thyroid Function Laboratory Tests Normal Range Common Units (International Units) How It’s Used (Condition) Free T4 0.9–1.6 ng/dL (12–21 pmol/L) Measures thyroid hormone available to enter cells (hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis) T3 80–180 ng/dL (1.2–2.8 nmol/L) Measures total T3 (thyrotoxicosis) Free T3 2.2–4.0 ng/L (3.4–6.1 pmol/L) Measures free (unbound) T3 (thyrotoxicosis) Reverse T3 90–350 pg/mL (140–538 pmol/L) Measures reverse T3, an inactive degradation product of T4, increased in illness (not used) TSH 0.6–4.5 µU/mL (0.6–4.5 mU/L) Most sensitive measure of thyroid status (hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, thyroid cancer care) Thyroglobulin (TG) less than 35 ng/mL (less than 35 µg/L) Measures thyroglobulin, a unique protein from thyroid cells (thyroiditis, thyroid cancer care) Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 13–30 µg/mL (13–30 mg/L) Measures TBG, a protein in blood, made in the liver, that sticks to thyroid hormone (not used) TPO antibody 0–70 IU/mL Measures TPO, an autoimmune antibody in thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s, Graves’ disease, pregnancy) Thyroglobulin antibody 0–2.2 IU/mL Measures autoimmune antibody to thyroglobulin (Hashimoto’s, thyroid cancer—check TG) Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI or TSA) Less than 130% of basal activity Measures autoimmune antibody to TSH receptor (Graves’ disease) 23 THE BASICS early in the morning, and then having a plastic hood placed over his or her head. A machine would then sample air from the hood and measure the rate that oxygen was used up, providing a rough estimate of the person’s metabolic rate.

The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism by Jeremy Rifkin

3D printing, active measures, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, benefit corporation, big-box store, bike sharing, bioinformatics, bitcoin, business logic, business process, Chris Urmson, circular economy, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, commons-based peer production, Community Supported Agriculture, Computer Numeric Control, computer vision, crowdsourcing, demographic transition, distributed generation, DIY culture, driverless car, Eben Moglen, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Free Software Foundation, Garrett Hardin, general purpose technology, global supply chain, global village, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, industrial robot, informal economy, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, John Elkington, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, longitudinal study, low interest rates, machine translation, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, Michael Milken, mirror neurons, natural language processing, new economy, New Urbanism, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, phenotype, planetary scale, price discrimination, profit motive, QR code, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, rewilding, RFID, Richard Stallman, risk/return, Robert Solow, Rochdale Principles, Ronald Coase, scientific management, search inside the book, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social web, software as a service, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, the built environment, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, urban planning, vertical integration, warehouse automation, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, WikiLeaks, working poor, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game, Zipcar

When it comes to reconciling abundance and sustainability, Gandhi’s observation, cited in chapter 6, that the “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need but not for every man’s greed” remains the gold standard.6 Gandhi had an instinctual understanding of sustainability. Today, however, we can actively measure it with sophisticated metrics. It is called ecological footprint. Sustainability is defined as the relative steady state in which the use of resources to sustain the human population does not exceed the ability of nature to recycle the waste and replenish the stock. Ecological footprint is a direct measure of the demand human activity puts on the biosphere.

Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the Surveillance State by Barton Gellman

4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Aaron Swartz, active measures, air gap, Anton Chekhov, Big Tech, bitcoin, Cass Sunstein, Citizen Lab, cloud computing, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, data science, Debian, desegregation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, end-to-end encryption, evil maid attack, financial independence, Firefox, GnuPG, Google Hangouts, housing justice, informal economy, information security, Jacob Appelbaum, job automation, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Ken Thompson, Laura Poitras, MITM: man-in-the-middle, national security letter, off-the-grid, operational security, planetary scale, private military company, ransomware, Reflections on Trusting Trust, Robert Gordon, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, seminal paper, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Skype, social graph, standardized shipping container, Steven Levy, TED Talk, telepresence, the long tail, undersea cable, Wayback Machine, web of trust, WikiLeaks, zero day, Zimmermann PGP

Alexander complained, as other officials had, that reporters were writing about things we did not understand. “It’s absurd,” he said. “They get it wrong. . . . The reporters who got this see this data and quickly run to the wrong conclusion.” But his more urgent complaint had to do with accurate disclosures. And here came the striking departure: he called for active measures to put a halt to our work. “What they’re doing will do grave harm to our country and our allies,” Alexander said. “So we gotta figure out how to fix that. . . . I think it’s wrong that newspaper reporters have all these documents, fifty thousand or whatever they have, and are selling them and giving them out as if these—you know it just doesn’t make sense.

The Blood of Heroes: The 13-Day Struggle for the Alamo--And the Sacrifice That Forged a Nation by James Donovan

active measures, colonial rule, cotton gin, El Camino Real, financial independence, Francisco Pizarro, Hernando de Soto, illegal immigration, invention of gunpowder

The colonists established in Texas have recently given the most unequivocal evidence of the extremity to which perfidy, ingratitude, and the restless spirit that animates them can go, since—forgetting what they owe to the supreme government of the nation which so generously admitted them to its bosom, gave them fertile lands to cultivate, and allowed them all the means to live in comfort and abundance—they have risen against that same government, taking up arms against it under the pretense of sustaining a system which an immense majority of Mexicans have asked to have changed, thus concealing their criminal purpose of dismembering the territory of the Republic. The statement went on to say that “the most active measures” would be taken to rectify this “crime against the whole nation. The troops destined to sustain the honor of the country and the government will perform their duty and will cover themselves with glory.” His Excellency’s dislike of Americans was made even more apparent a few months later. In Mexico City, before an audience of several foreign ambassadors, he talked at length of the United States’ involvement in Texas.

Scots and Catalans: Union and Disunion by J. H. Elliott

active measures, agricultural Revolution, banking crisis, British Empire, centre right, land tenure, mass immigration, mobile money, new economy, North Sea oil, Red Clydeside, sharing economy, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, urban renewal, work culture

It is true that in the late seventeenth century the economy of the interior saw the beginnings of Castilian recovery from its long stagnation, and it showed further signs of improvement over the course of the eighteenth. It is true, also, that the peripheral regions of the peninsula, like Catalonia itself, were displaying a new vitality, and that the government in Madrid was taking active measures to encourage agrarian, commercial and industrial development. There were important changes, too, in social attitudes, as local and regional societies – most notably the ‘Societies of Friends of the Country’ (Amigos del País) – were founded to promote improvements and economic growth. 84 Yet the government was constantly obstructed in its reforming efforts by entrenched opposition to its projects and by its inability to impose its policies on a peninsula poorly integrated in its economy and in its transportation networks, in spite of the administrative reforms initiated by Philip V.

Not Working: Where Have All the Good Jobs Gone? by David G. Blanchflower

90 percent rule, active measures, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, bank run, banking crisis, basic income, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Black Swan, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Clapham omnibus, collective bargaining, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, declining real wages, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, driverless car, estate planning, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, George Akerlof, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Growth in a Time of Debt, high-speed rail, illegal immigration, income inequality, independent contractor, indoor plumbing, inflation targeting, Jeremy Corbyn, job satisfaction, John Bercow, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, longitudinal study, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, market clearing, Martin Wolf, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, moral hazard, Nate Silver, negative equity, new economy, Northern Rock, obamacare, oil shock, open borders, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Own Your Own Home, p-value, Panamax, pension reform, Phillips curve, plutocrats, post-materialism, price stability, prisoner's dilemma, quantitative easing, rent control, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Ronald Coase, selection bias, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, trade liberalization, universal basic income, University of East Anglia, urban planning, working poor, working-age population, yield curve

Private-sector non-farm payrolls over this period have fallen by three hundred thousand with a decline of more than 60 percent of the job loss from construction, even though it accounted for only 6.5 percent of the stock at the start of the period. I then showed similar evidence for the UK, with the data presented in the appendix (table A.2). Phase 1 (August 2007–October 2007). House prices start to slow in 2007 Q2 and 2007 Q3 (columns 1, 2, and 3). Housing activity measures also slow (columns 4 and 5) from around October 2007. Phase 2 (November 2007–January 2008). Consumer confidence measures start slowing sharply also from around October 2007 (columns 6, 7, 8, and 9). The qualitative labor market measures such as the REC Demand for Staff index also start slowing from around October 2007.

Rigged: How the Media, Big Tech, and the Democrats Seized Our Elections by Mollie Hemingway

2021 United States Capitol attack, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, critical race theory, defund the police, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, fake news, George Floyd, global pandemic, illegal immigration, inventory management, lab leak, lockdown, machine readable, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, military-industrial complex, obamacare, Oculus Rift, Paris climate accords, Ponzi scheme, power law, QR code, race to the bottom, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, statistical model, tech billionaire, TikTok

Martin Chulov and Helen Pidd, “Curveball: How US Was Duped by Iraqi Fantasist Looking to Topple Saddam,” The Guardian, February 15, 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/curveball-iraqi-fantasist-cia-saddam. 52. For example, see Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate, on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference, Volume 2, Report 116-XX, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_Volume2.pdf. 53. Jason Slotkin and Mark Katkov, “Trump Says He Was Not Briefed on Russian Bounties because Intelligence ‘Not Credible,’ ” National Public Radio, June 28, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/06/28/884407572/trump-denies-briefing-on-russian-bounties-reportedly-placed-on-u-s-troops. 54.

Corporate Finance: Theory and Practice by Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Maurizio Dallocchio, Yann le Fur, Antonio Salvi

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", accelerated depreciation, accounting loophole / creative accounting, active measures, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, AOL-Time Warner, ASML, asset light, bank run, barriers to entry, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Benoit Mandelbrot, bitcoin, Black Swan, Black-Scholes formula, blockchain, book value, business climate, business cycle, buy and hold, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, carried interest, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, corporate governance, correlation coefficient, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, currency risk, delta neutral, dematerialisation, discounted cash flows, discrete time, disintermediation, diversification, diversified portfolio, Dutch auction, electricity market, equity premium, equity risk premium, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, eurozone crisis, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, Flash crash, foreign exchange controls, German hyperinflation, Glass-Steagall Act, high net worth, impact investing, implied volatility, information asymmetry, intangible asset, interest rate swap, Internet of things, inventory management, invisible hand, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, junk bonds, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, London Interbank Offered Rate, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, margin call, means of production, money market fund, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, new economy, New Journalism, Northern Rock, performance metric, Potemkin village, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, random walk, Right to Buy, risk free rate, risk/return, shareholder value, short selling, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, stocks for the long run, supply-chain management, survivorship bias, The Myth of the Rational Market, time value of money, too big to fail, transaction costs, value at risk, vertical integration, volatility arbitrage, volatility smile, yield curve, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

Earnings and sales may not grow at the same pace owing to the following factors: structural changes in production; the scissors effect (see Chapter 9); simply a cyclical effect accentuated by the company’s cost structure. This is what we will be examining in more detail in this chapter. Section 10.1 How operating leverage works Operating leverage links variation in activity (measured by sales) with changes in result (either operating profit or net income). Operating leverage depends on the level and nature of the breakeven point. 1. Definition Breakeven is the level of activity at which total revenue covers total costs. With business running at this level, earnings are thus zero.

…

Although it reached its operating breakeven point in 2015, ArcelorMittal is a long way off its financial breakeven point (-34%), which shows just how far it still has to go before it is in a healthy position again. Summary The summary of this chapter can be downloaded from www.vernimmen.com. The breakeven point is the level of business activity, measured in terms of sales, production or the quantity of goods sold, at which total revenues cover total costs. At this level of sales, a company makes zero profit. The breakeven point is not an absolute level – it depends on the length of period being considered because the distinction between fixed and variable costs can be justified only by a set of assumptions and, sooner or later, any fixed cost can be made variable.

The Enemy Within by Seumas Milne

active measures, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, collective bargaining, corporate governance, disinformation, Edward Snowden, electricity market, Etonian, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, invisible hand, Kickstarter, Leo Hollis, market fundamentalism, Mikhail Gorbachev, Naomi Klein, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, strikebreaker, union organizing, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, éminence grise

In fact, they were in no position to do any such thing. Massalovitch and Terokin were neither leaders of the official nor of the ‘independent’ Soviet miners’ unions. But they were both members of NTS. While in London, Miller took the two men round to see his old friend Brian Crozier, to brief him about what Crozier described as ‘this particular “Active Measure” ’. Before they flew back to the Soviet Union, Massalovitch and Butchenko also took the opportunity to appear on the second Cook Report programme on the Scargill Affair. Butchenko knew not a word of English, but was nevertheless shown self-consciously studying the Lightman Report. ‘I’m disgusted,’ he said of what he hadn’t read.

Exercised: The Science of Physical Activity, Rest and Health by Daniel Lieberman

A. Roger Ekirch, active measures, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, classic study, clean water, clockwatching, Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, death from overwork, Donald Trump, epigenetics, Exxon Valdez, George Santayana, hygiene hypothesis, impulse control, indoor plumbing, Kickstarter, libertarian paternalism, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, microbiome, mouse model, phenotype, placebo effect, publication bias, randomized controlled trial, Ronald Reagan, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), social distancing, Steven Pinker, twin studies, two and twenty, working poor

In terms of behavior, whether you are a fish, frog, whale, or human, sleep is a rapidly reversible state of reduced physical activity and sensory awareness, usually in a resting posture. To arouse sleeping animals requires loud noises, bright lights, or forceful pushes. Physiologically, however, sleep is more complex and varied, especially in terms of brain activity. Measures of the brain’s electrical output reveal two general phases of sleep, shown in figure 7. At first, we go through several progressive stages of “quiet” NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep. With each stage, we become increasingly unconscious, metabolism slows, body temperature falls. The brain’s electrical signals during NREM sleep are mostly characterized by slow waves with high voltages, and our eyes stay still or roll slowly behind our eyelids.

Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, Sixth Edition by Kindleberger, Charles P., Robert Z., Aliber

active measures, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Boeing 747, Bonfire of the Vanities, break the buck, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, buy and hold, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, cognitive dissonance, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, Corn Laws, corporate governance, corporate raider, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, cross-border payments, currency peg, currency risk, death of newspapers, debt deflation, Deng Xiaoping, disintermediation, diversification, diversified portfolio, edge city, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial repression, fixed income, floating exchange rates, George Akerlof, German hyperinflation, Glass-Steagall Act, Herman Kahn, Honoré de Balzac, Hyman Minsky, index fund, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Japanese asset price bubble, joint-stock company, junk bonds, large denomination, law of one price, liquidity trap, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, margin call, market bubble, Mary Meeker, Michael Milken, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, new economy, Nick Leeson, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, Ponzi scheme, price stability, railway mania, Richard Thaler, riskless arbitrage, Robert Shiller, short selling, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, special drawing rights, Suez canal 1869, telemarketer, The Chicago School, the market place, The Myth of the Rational Market, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, transaction costs, tulip mania, very high income, Washington Consensus, Y2K, Yogi Berra, Yom Kippur War

The Radcliffe Commission did not use the concept of velocity of money because it ‘could not find any reason for supposing, or any experience in monetary history indicating, that there is any limit to the velocity of circulation’.10 The commission recommended that a complex of controls of a wide range of financial institutions be developed as a substitute for the traditional control of the money supply: ‘Such a prospect would be unwelcome except as a last resort, not mainly because of its administrative burdens, but because the further growth of new financial institutions would allow the situation continually to slip out from under the grip of the authorities.’11 Economists have debated which assets should be included in ‘money’ for more than two centuries. One view is that the most appropriate definition is the one that provides the strongest correlation with changes in economic activity. Measuring economic activity is relatively unambiguous. The identification of the monetary variables that have the highest correlation with the economic activity variable might change over time and differ across countries. ‘In common parlance, bank currency means circulating bank notes – “paper money.”

Inside British Intelligence by Gordon Thomas

active measures, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, British Empire, country house hotel, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, job satisfaction, Khyber Pass, kremlinology, lateral thinking, license plate recognition, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, old-boy network, operational security, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Suez crisis 1956, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

By Way of Deception. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990. Parritt, Lt. Col. B. A. H. The Intelligencers: The Story of British Military Intelligence up to 1914. Ashford, England: Templer Press, 1971. Penkovsky, Oleg. The Penkovsky Papers. New York: Avon, 1965. Pincher, Chapman. The Secret Offensive, Active Measures: A Saga of Deception, Disinformation, Subversion, Terrorism, Sabotage, and Assassination. London, England: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985. Popplewell, Richard. Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904–1924. London: Frank Cass, 1995. Power, Thomas.

The Practice of Cloud System Administration: DevOps and SRE Practices for Web Services, Volume 2 by Thomas A. Limoncelli, Strata R. Chalup, Christina J. Hogan

active measures, Amazon Web Services, anti-pattern, barriers to entry, business process, cloud computing, commoditize, continuous integration, correlation coefficient, database schema, Debian, defense in depth, delayed gratification, DevOps, domain-specific language, en.wikipedia.org, fault tolerance, finite state, Firefox, functional programming, Google Glasses, information asymmetry, Infrastructure as a Service, intermodal, Internet of things, job automation, job satisfaction, Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, level 1 cache, load shedding, longitudinal study, loose coupling, machine readable, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, Marc Andreessen, place-making, platform as a service, premature optimization, recommendation engine, revision control, risk tolerance, Salesforce, scientific management, seminal paper, side project, Silicon Valley, software as a service, sorting algorithm, standardized shipping container, statistical model, Steven Levy, supply-chain management, systems thinking, The future is already here, Toyota Production System, vertical integration, web application, Yogi Berra

Level 4: Managed • The oncall pain is shared by the people most able to fix problems. • How often people are oncall is verified against the policy. • Postmortems are reviewed. • There is a mechanism to triage recommendations in postmortems and assure they are completed. • The SLA is actively measured. Level 5: Optimizing • Stress testing and failover testing are done frequently (quarterly or monthly). • “Game Day” exercises (intensive, system-wide tests) are done periodically. • The monitoring system alerts before outages occur (indications of “sick” systems rather than “down” systems)

Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping by Roger Faligot

active measures, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business intelligence, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, illegal immigration, index card, information security, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, new economy, offshore financial centre, Pearl River Delta, Port of Oakland, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, South China Sea, special economic zone, stem cell, union organizing, young professional, éminence grise

The Guoanbu’s 10th Bureau, headed by an expert named Liu Zhisheng, covers the scientific and technological field and thus acts as the interface with the Ministry of Science and Technology, led in the early 2000s by an automobile industry expert who is not a member of the CCP, Wan Gang. The 10th Bureau has many highly aggressive structures responsible for collecting information, patents and reports, as well as for other active measures including the recruitment of scientists, of both Chinese and non-Chinese origin. Subsidiary to the Executive Bureau headed by Li Chaocheng, MOFCOM’s Research and Investigation Departments 1 and 2 are responsible for internet research carried out by the e-documentation division—online intelligence-gathering done via artificial intelligence.

Piracy : The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates by Adrian Johns

active measures, Alan Greenspan, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, business intelligence, Charles Babbage, commoditize, Computer Lib, Corn Laws, demand response, distributed generation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Edmond Halley, Ernest Rutherford, Fellow of the Royal Society, full employment, Hacker Ethic, Howard Rheingold, industrial research laboratory, informal economy, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, John Harrison: Longitude, Lewis Mumford, Marshall McLuhan, Mont Pelerin Society, new economy, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, pirate software, radical decentralization, Republic of Letters, Richard Stallman, road to serfdom, Ronald Coase, software patent, South Sea Bubble, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, tacit knowledge, Ted Nelson, The Home Computer Revolution, the scientific method, traveling salesman, vertical integration, Whole Earth Catalog

What is at stake, in the end, is the nature of the relationship we want to uphold between creativity, communication, and commerce. And the history of piracy constitutes a centurieslong series of conflicts – extending back by some criteria to the origins of recorded civilization itself – that have shaped this relationship. Those conflicts challenged assumptions of authenticity and required active measures to secure it. They provoked reappraisals of creative authorship and its prerogatives. They demanded that customs of reception be stipulated and enforced. Above all, they forced contemporaries to articulate the properties and powers of communications technologies themselves – the printing press, the steam press, radio, television, and, now, the Internet.

The Making of Global Capitalism by Leo Panitch, Sam Gindin

accounting loophole / creative accounting, active measures, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bilateral investment treaty, book value, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, classic study, collective bargaining, continuous integration, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, dark matter, democratizing finance, Deng Xiaoping, disintermediation, ending welfare as we know it, eurozone crisis, facts on the ground, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global value chain, guest worker program, Hyman Minsky, imperial preference, income inequality, inflation targeting, interchangeable parts, interest rate swap, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land reform, late capitalism, liberal capitalism, liquidity trap, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, military-industrial complex, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Myron Scholes, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, non-tariff barriers, Northern Rock, oil shock, precariat, price stability, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, scientific management, seigniorage, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, special economic zone, stock buybacks, structural adjustment programs, subprime mortgage crisis, Tax Reform Act of 1986, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, the payments system, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transcontinental railway, trickle-down economics, union organizing, vertical integration, very high income, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, Works Progress Administration, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

The containment of Communism, whether in the Cold War in Europe or the very hot wars in East Asia, was largely about ensuring that as many of the world’s states as possible would be open to the accumulation of capital. As Bacevich has put it: “US grand strategy during the Cold War required not only containing communism but also taking active measures to open up the world politically, culturally, and, above all, economically—which is precisely what policymakers said they intended to do.”27 They made this quite clear, moreover, as is now widely accepted among historians, “well before the Soviet Union emerged as a clear and present antagonist.”28 This was not, as has often been suggested, an extension of the old Open Door policy.29 That earlier policy had been conceived as securing equal treatment for American products and businessmen within the rival capitalist imperial spheres of influence, whereas the central strategic concern of those who planned the new American empire during World War II was to do away with discrete capitalist spheres of influence altogether.

What Went Wrong: How the 1% Hijacked the American Middle Class . . . And What Other Countries Got Right by George R. Tyler

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, 8-hour work day, active measures, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, benefit corporation, Black Swan, blood diamond, blue-collar work, Bolshevik threat, bonus culture, British Empire, business cycle, business process, buy and hold, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, carried interest, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, commoditize, company town, compensation consultant, corporate governance, corporate personhood, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Brooks, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, deindustrialization, Diane Coyle, disruptive innovation, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, eurozone crisis, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, Ford Model T, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, George Akerlof, George Gilder, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, Greenspan put, hiring and firing, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, independent contractor, invisible hand, job satisfaction, John Markoff, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, lake wobegon effect, light touch regulation, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market clearing, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, minimum wage unemployment, mittelstand, Money creation, moral hazard, Myron Scholes, Naomi Klein, Northern Rock, obamacare, offshore financial centre, Paul Samuelson, Paul Volcker talking about ATMs, pension reform, performance metric, Pershing Square Capital Management, pirate software, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, precariat, price stability, profit maximization, profit motive, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, rent-seeking, reshoring, Richard Thaler, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Sand Hill Road, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, subprime mortgage crisis, The Chicago School, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, transcontinental railway, transfer pricing, trickle-down economics, tulip mania, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, women in the workforce, working poor, zero-sum game

It means corporate decisions about wages and job security go hand in hand with the urgency of upskilling, investing in R&D, turning a profit, and remaining competitive over the longer term in the most hostile and unforgiving economic marketplace in the world. Economists have explored the effect of codetermination on enterprise research investments. For example, Kornelius Kraft and Jörg Stank published research in 2004 in which they concluded that R&D activity measured by patents is modestly higher with codetermination. Their subsequent 2009 analysis in conjunction with Ralf Dewenter found activity would at worst be unaffected.82 Returning to the point drawn from the Bowles’ Castle lectures at Yale during the winter of 2009–2010, the future winners in capitalism will be firms that best operate on the frontiers of science and technology.

The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy by David Hoffman

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, crony capitalism, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, failed state, guns versus butter model, It's morning again in America, joint-stock company, Kickstarter, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, launch on warning, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, nuclear winter, Oklahoma City bombing, radical decentralization, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, standardized shipping container, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, Thomas L Friedman, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, warehouse robotics, zero-sum game

He is believed to have told them about other spies, and some of the CIA's most sophisticated technical means for spying. 26 On Casey, see Gates, p. 363. Howard slipped the FBI and fled the country. See David Wise, The Spy Who Got Away (New York: Random House, 1988), chs. 24-26. 27 Within a KGB residency, Line X referred to scientific and technical intelligence and Line PR to political, economic and military strategic intelligence and active measures. See Appendix E, "The Organization of a KGB Residency," in Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London: Allan Lane/The Penguin Press, 1999), p. 743. 28 "Affidavit in support of criminal complaint, arrest warrant, and search warrants," United States of America vs.

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics by John J. Mearsheimer

active measures, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, colonial rule, continuation of politics by other means, deindustrialization, discrete time, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, guns versus butter model, Herman Kahn, illegal immigration, long peace, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, oil shock, Pareto efficiency, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Simon Kuznets, South China Sea, Suez canal 1869, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Yom Kippur War

A close look at the cases that might seem to be prime examples of aberrant strategic behavior—the final twenty-five years of the nuclear arms race, imperial Japan, Wilhelmine Germany, and Nazi Germany—suggests otherwise. Although domestic politics played some role in all of these cases, each state had good reason to try to gain advantage over its rivals and good reason to think that it would succeed. For the most part, the cases discussed in this chapter involve great powers taking active measures to gain advantage over their opponents—exactly what offensive realism predicts. Let us now turn to the American and British cases, which seem at first glance to provide evidence of great powers ignoring opportunities to gain power. As we shall see, however, each of these cases in fact provides further support for the theory. 7 The Offshore Balancers I have reserved discussion of the American and British cases for a separate chapter because they might appear to provide the strongest evidence against my claim that great powers are dedicated to maximizing their share of world power.

Future Crimes: Everything Is Connected, Everyone Is Vulnerable and What We Can Do About It by Marc Goodman

23andMe, 3D printing, active measures, additive manufacturing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, airport security, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, Bill Joy: nanobots, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, borderless world, Boston Dynamics, Brian Krebs, business process, butterfly effect, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, Chelsea Manning, Citizen Lab, cloud computing, Cody Wilson, cognitive dissonance, computer vision, connected car, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data acquisition, data is the new oil, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, DeepMind, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, Dogecoin, don't be evil, double helix, Downton Abbey, driverless car, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Flash crash, Free Software Foundation, future of work, game design, gamification, global pandemic, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Gordon Gekko, Hacker News, high net worth, High speed trading, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, hypertext link, illegal immigration, impulse control, industrial robot, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Harrison: Longitude, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Jony Ive, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, Kuwabatake Sanjuro: assassination market, Large Hadron Collider, Larry Ellison, Laura Poitras, Law of Accelerating Returns, Lean Startup, license plate recognition, lifelogging, litecoin, low earth orbit, M-Pesa, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mobile money, more computing power than Apollo, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, national security letter, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, obamacare, Occupy movement, Oculus Rift, off grid, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, operational security, optical character recognition, Parag Khanna, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, personalized medicine, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, printed gun, RAND corporation, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, refrigerator car, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, Ross Ulbricht, Russell Brand, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, security theater, self-driving car, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, Snapchat, social graph, SoftBank, software as a service, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, strong AI, Stuxnet, subscription business, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, tech worker, technological singularity, TED Talk, telepresence, telepresence robot, Tesla Model S, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, uranium enrichment, Virgin Galactic, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Wave and Pay, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, web application, Westphalian system, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, you are the product, zero day

Closer to home, nearly fifty drones have crashed in the United States, including a 375-pound army drone that smashed into the ground next to a Pennsylvania elementary school, “just a few minutes after students went home for the day.” Robotic accidents are the exception, occurring relatively infrequently, and active measures are being taken to arm robots with collision detection and avoidance systems to prevent many of the industrialtype accidents. Nevertheless, given the expected tremendous growth in home bots, work bots, factory bots, doc bots, and war bots, the potential for harm is far from trivial—a risk that will grow significantly when robots join the IoT and can be hacked from afar by malicious actors.

The Cardinal of the Kremlin by Tom Clancy

active measures, airport security, cuban missile crisis, false flag, invisible hand, low earth orbit, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, space junk, Stephen Hawking, Strategic Defense Initiative

"What do you care?" Bisyarina replied quickly. "You're not going-" "No, we're not going to kill him." Ann wondered if that were true or not. She didn't know, but suspected that a murder was not in the cards. They'd broken one inviolable rule. That was enough for one day. * * * 22. Active Measures LEONID, whose current cover required him to say, "Call me Bob," headed for the far end of the parking lot. For an operation with virtually no planning, its most dangerous phase had gone smoothly enough. Lenny, in back, had the job of controlling the American officer they'd just kidnapped.

Facebook: The Inside Story by Steven Levy

active measures, Airbnb, Airbus A320, Amazon Mechanical Turk, AOL-Time Warner, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, augmented reality, Ben Horowitz, Benchmark Capital, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Blitzscaling, blockchain, Burning Man, business intelligence, Cambridge Analytica, cloud computing, company town, computer vision, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deep learning, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Dunbar number, East Village, Edward Snowden, El Camino Real, Elon Musk, end-to-end encryption, fake news, Firefox, Frank Gehry, Geoffrey Hinton, glass ceiling, GPS: selective availability, growth hacking, imposter syndrome, indoor plumbing, information security, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Jony Ive, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, lock screen, Lyft, machine translation, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, MITM: man-in-the-middle, move fast and break things, natural language processing, Network effects, Oculus Rift, operational security, PageRank, Paul Buchheit, paypal mafia, Peter Thiel, pets.com, post-work, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, Robert Mercer, Robert Metcalfe, rolodex, Russian election interference, Salesforce, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, sexual politics, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skeuomorphism, slashdot, Snapchat, social contagion, social graph, social software, South of Market, San Francisco, Startup school, Steve Ballmer, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, surveillance capitalism, tech billionaire, techlash, Tim Cook: Apple, Tragedy of the Commons, web application, WeWork, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Y Combinator, Y2K, you are the product

The IRA ads were only around $100,000 total, spent over the course of eight months. Goldman, though, recognizes that those figures, and the technological blind spot, in no way excused the oversight. After the revelation about the IRA, Goldman became obsessed with the subject of Russian disinformation campaigns, which were referred to by its intelligence agencies as “active measures.” “I became a bit of a Russian scholar,” he says. He read history and shared findings, such as the memoir of KGB defector Oleg Kalugin, with what had become kind of a masochistic book club of Facebook executives belatedly learning what they should have been paying attention to earlier. “The Russians have been doing this for a hundred-plus years,” he says.

Dead or Alive by Tom Clancy, Grant (CON) Blackwood

active measures, affirmative action, air freight, airport security, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Benoit Mandelbrot, defense in depth, dual-use technology, failed state, false flag, friendly fire, Google Earth, Panamax, post-Panamax, Skype, uranium enrichment, urban sprawl