drug harm reduction

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Silk Road by Eileen Ormsby

4chan, bitcoin, blockchain, Brian Krebs, corporate governance, cryptocurrency, disinformation, drug harm reduction, Edward Snowden, fiat currency, Firefox, incognito mode, Julian Assange, litecoin, Mark Zuckerberg, Network effects, off-the-grid, operational security, peer-to-peer, Ponzi scheme, power law, profit motive, Right to Buy, Ross Ulbricht, Satoshi Nakamoto, stealth mode startup, Ted Nelson, trade route, Turing test, web application, WikiLeaks

Much love to you all, Dread Pirate Roberts – Dread Pirate Roberts forum post, July 2012 The Scientist Silk Road attracted the attention of not just drug users and law enforcement, but academics and researchers who were interested in what the site meant for current drug policy. Dr Monica Barratt was a research fellow at Australia’s National Drug Research Institute (NDRI) whose focus was on harm reduction. She took an evidence-based approach to drug policy and wrote her PhD thesis on drugs and the internet. Barratt had been a moderator on the Bluelight forums on the clearweb for some time before discovering and studying Silk Road. The Bluelight forums were a place where people could safely discuss drug use without the judgment of others.

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‘Assuming they’re buying from a reputable seller and it’s someone who doesn’t want to risk their rating by selling something that wasn’t what they said it was, then you’ve got a system where the seller has a really strong imperative to do the right thing by the buyer.’ She was impressed that Silk Road had an entire forum dedicated to drug safety, with advice on harm reduction and best practices. In late 2012, a global drug survey was conducted by dance and clubbing magazine Mixmag in conjunction with The Guardian; the results were published in 2013. Over 15,000 people from around the world filled in the online survey, which took at least half an hour to complete and included a wide range of questions about drug use.

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At other times, vendors would announce that they were donating a certain percentage of their sales for a day or a week to a charity. Vendor ‘FiberOptic’ stated that he/she felt like ‘it’s time to pass on a bit of the good fortune to others’ and promised to donate 30 per cent of one week’s sales to charity. Half was to be donated to Erowid, a drugs harm reduction organisation, and the other half to Sean’s Outpost, a charity that helps the homeless. FiberOptic urged others to do likewise. Two more vendors offered to donate a percentage of profits to charities of their choice. Dread Pirate Roberts chimed in with his thoughts on the efforts of his flock to raise money to make charitable donations: It warms my heart to see everyone’s generosity.

Raising Lazarus: Hope, Justice, and the Future of America’s Overdose Crisis by Beth Macy

2021 United States Capitol attack, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Bernie Sanders, big-box store, Black Lives Matter, coronavirus, COVID-19, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, defund the police, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, Easter island, fake news, Haight Ashbury, half of the world's population has never made a phone call, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, Laura Poitras, liberation theology, mandatory minimum, mass incarceration, medical malpractice, medical residency, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, NSO Group, obamacare, off grid, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Overton Window, pill mill, Ponzi scheme, QAnon, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, single-payer health, social distancing, The Chicago School, Upton Sinclair, working poor, working-age population, Y2K, zero-sum game

Super embarrassed, Prosperino took her to the bathroom, where she conked out again. It was a defining childhood moment, as well as a lesson about how easily children absorb stigma about drug use. Unpacking stigma that stems from War on Drugs propaganda is lifelong work, Prosperino explained. “I think it comes down to, people are always going to use drugs, so we have to have harm reduction. I have my own maintenance things that help me not wanna get fucked up all the time.” Before we left their house to do “distro”—shorthand for passing out needles and other harm-reduction supplies—they made an espresso and hit a vape pen. Prosperino had recently purchased an abandoned house on the lot next door to their home—for thirty dollars at public auction—with the goal of housing people who use drugs in the community.

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Without directly addressing Keefe’s arguments or Maloney’s bill, Comer called for a hearing on “the border crisis” when most of the illicit-drug volume entering the United States is carried in via legitimate ports of entry on land and water, hidden in tractor-trailers, cars, and shipping containers. The most effective speaker of the day by far was a mother from upstate New York. Alexis Pleus, fifty-one, had lost her son, Jeff, to a heroin overdose in 2014 and spent nearly every moment since agitating for accountability, fighting against tough-love/drug-war narratives, and doing gritty, on-the-ground harm-reduction work. As he did for the first SACKLER Act hearing, Mike Quinn helped Maloney’s staffers line up speakers, including Pleus. Pleus fields so many sorrowful calls from parents of the dead that she’s developed a crippling fear of the ringer on her phone, she told the committee.As Pleus continued her story, Quinn sat next to her, silently holding up photos of her son: Jeff as a baby, Jeff with his brothers, Jeff right before the catastrophic football injury that had him taking prescribed OxyContin every four hours.

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increased seven-fold: This is based on an increase from 11 IV-drug cases in 2014 to 84 cases in 2021 as of December 16, 2021; see: Department of Health and Human Resources, HIV Diagnoses by County, West Virginia, 2018–2021: https://oeps.wv.gov/hiv-aids/documents/data/WV_HIV_2018-2021.pdf; also “HIV Diagnoses by County, West Virginia, 2013–2017,” https://oeps.wv.gov/hiv-aids/documents/data/WV_HIV_2013-2017.pdf. “crucible days”: Joe Solomon, e-mail to author, March 30, 2021. got the job: Kyle Vass, “Critics say Biden’s drug czar pick at odds with push for ‘harm reduction’ policies,” The Guardian, November 5, 2021. “locked up until they’re clean”: “The Generation Lost to the Opioid Crisis,” VICE News, December 11, 2019. Pollini herself was physically threatened: Dr. Robin Pollini, author interview, April 6, 2021. blocked from receiving funds: West Virginia Public Radio reporter Kyle Vass, e-mail to author; Vass tweeted about it March 10, 2021.

San Fransicko: Why Progressives Ruin Cities by Michael Shellenberger

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, business climate, centre right, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crack epidemic, dark triade / dark tetrad, defund the police, delayed gratification, desegregation, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, gentrification, George Floyd, Golden Gate Park, green new deal, Haight Ashbury, housing crisis, Housing First, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, mandatory minimum, Marc Benioff, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microaggression, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Peoples Temple, Peter Pan Syndrome, pill mill, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, remote working, rent control, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, social distancing, South of Market, San Francisco, Steven Pinker, tech billionaire, tech bro, tech worker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, walkable city

In 2013, Portugal’s drug-induced death rate was sixty-six times less than that of the United States.59 The number of people in treatment increased by 60 percent between 1998 and 2011, with three-quarters receiving an opioid substitute like methadone or Suboxone, the brand name of buprenorphine.60 Drug use among 15- to 24-year-olds actually declined after decriminalization.61 “All drugs have been legalized,” explained Monique Tula, executive director of the Harm Reduction Coalition. “Their focus is on giving people tools, like job apprenticeships, and the means to support themselves.”62 Progressive cities and states, including California and Washington, have reformed drug laws. In 2000, California voters passed Proposition 36, a ballot initiative that changed the law so that eligible nonviolent drug offenders could be sentenced to drug treatment and probation instead of jail, prison, or probation without treatment.63 In 2014, California voters passed Proposition 47 to make three grams of hard drugs for personal use a misdemeanor instead of a felony.

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She then added, “One of the things we’ll be working on next year is pulling together a coalition to create a national harm reduction strategy.”19 In late 2020, I asked Supervisor Rafael Mandelman if San Francisco had a strategy to deal with rising overdose deaths. “Not that is clear to me,” he said.20 Today, when San Francisco, Seattle, and Los Angeles firefighters or police rescue someone from overdose with Narcan, the person is often put right back into the open drug scene, and not offered drug treatment. “The way our city is doing harm reduction does not work,” said Vicki Westbrook. “It’s not like they give you clean needles and works and talk to you about what it could look like to be clean or get your life back. Harm reduction is like life support. It keeps people alive, but it doesn’t give them their life back.”21 Tom says that while harm reduction workers gave him the equipment for using heroin, nobody once offered him drug treatment.

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See Cal-Psych as political swing state, 247–248 western frontier culture and individualism in, 257–259, 284, 286 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), 251 Cal-Psych (proposed new state agency), 267–275 drug addiction and, 270, 271 homelessness and, 270–271, 274 law enforcement and, 271–272 mental illness and, 268–270, 271 money to fund, 272 possible opposition to, 272–273 Campos, David, 189 Canada, 66, 165 capitalism Foucault and, 183 Marx and, 213–214 “Care Not Cash” ballot measure, 15, 19 caring, differing progressive and conservative interpretations of, 211, 224 Carter, Jimmy, 11, 55, 148 Carter, Rosalynn, 221 Center for Policing Equity, 169 Cheema, Boona, 12, 121, 280–281 Chicago cash payment to homeless, 18, 19 homeless in, 6, 7, 11 overdose deaths and, 43 Chicoine, Louis, 33, 37, 120, 121 Chomsky, Noam, 261 civilization and cities, generally anarchy, disorder, and loss of freedoms in, 282–285 behavioral expectations and, 262 criminal justice and, 262–263 need for citizens to speak out against decline of, 287–290 progressive discourse and degrading of, 229–235, 247 redevelopment’s benefits to dignity and society, 277–280 values and conditions in, 261–discourse and degrading of life in, 229–235, 247265 Clark, Cory, 142, 143 Clinton, Bill, 42, 47, 128 Coalition on Homelessness, in San Francisco, 4, 11, 14–15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 31, 124, 210, 212–213, 240, 242, 281 Collison, Patrick, 4, 263–265 Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 213–215 Congressional Black Caucus, 42 conservatives ceding issue of homelessness to progressives, 248–250, 258 interpretations of Moral Foundations Theory, 211–213, 215, 224, 261 mental illness and housing, 267 conservatorship, mental illness and, 109–114, 120–121, 240, 246, 268–270, 272 Content of Our Character, The (Steele), 143 contingency management, mental illness and, 114–116, 258 Cops Across (Nadelmann), 45–46 COVID-19 California prison population reductions and, xiv, 22 deaths from, compared to overdose deaths, 290 disruption caused by, 267 harm reduction and, 163–164 hotel housing without accountability, 240–241, 244 housing scarcity and, 254 reopening of public schools in San Francisco and, 237–238 social safety net funding increase and, 130–131 crime and policing good policing and crime reduction, 199–202 homicides and, 176–177, 179–182, 194–200 hostility toward police, 205–206 law and order policies in 1970s to 1990s, 186–187 police violence and racism, 163–172 property crimes and, 179, 192–194 protests and autonomous zones, 172–176, 189–192, 202–203 public belief in government’s legitimacy and, 181, 183, 197 rise and fall of crime rates, 179–182 shrinking police forces, 204–206 “swift, certain, and fair” probation programs and, 201–202 see also law enforcement; prisons Crook, Jamie, 80, 117 Culhane, Dennis, 23, 38, 135, 244 Cuomo, Chris, 174 D’Amato, Al, 45 Dark Triad, of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, 146–147, 218 Davis, Angela, 222 de Blasio, Bill, 205 Death and Life of Great American Cities, The (Jacobs), 13 Defoe, Daniel, 102 Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 182 Dix, Dorothea, 102–103 Dorsey, Jack, 4 drug addiction abstinence-contingent housing and, 36–37 Amsterdam’s combination of law enforcement and social services, 73–77, 114, 115, 265–266 and burdens put on cities, 50–51 California’s discouraging tobacco use but allowing advertising of drugs, 62–63 decriminalization and, 45–49, 53, 55, 64, 66, 69–71, 73, 150, 189, 235, 242, 249, 266, 282 disaffiliation as result of, 13–14, 59–62, 259 displacement, poverty, and racism seen as roots of, 63–67 falling drug prices and, 46 harm reduction approach to, 35–36, 45–48, 56–58, 63–71, 150, 229, 247–249, 274 homelessness and, 7–9, 12–14, 20–24, 35, 44, 76–77, 240 mandatory treatment issues, 67–69, 77–83, 213 mental illness and, 90–91, 98 overdose deaths and, 42–44, 47–54, 56, 63–71, 83, 125, 246, 266–267, 289–290 proposed Cal-Psych agency and, 270, 271 unused housing services and, 22–24 drug courts, 54, 58, 69, 271 Drug Use for Grown-Ups (Hart), 70 Durkan, Jenny, 192 Earned Income Tax Credit, 127–129 Eide, Stephen, 249, 267, 275, 280 Emile (Rousseau), 151–152 Engels, Friedrich, 213 Euphemia (hospital ship), 103 fairness, differing progressive and conservative interpretations of, 211–212, 224, 261 Feinstein, Dianne, 87, 227–229 Fewer, Sandra Lee, 189 Floyd, George, death of and reactions to, xiii, 165, 172, 173, 175, 191–192, 208 Fonda, Jane, 184 Foote, Laura, 253, 254, 256 Ford, Gerald, 11 Foucault, Michel individual responsibility as myth, 141 Jim Jones and, 226 mental illness treatment and, 105–106, 108, 113 power of language and, 229–230 radical prison movement and, 182, 184–185, 190 sexuality and, 236 Foundation Against Intolerance and Racism, 285 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 101, 217 Frankl, Viktor, 139–140, 143–144, 283, 284, 286 free will, human motivation and personal responsibility, 139–144, 155–158 freedom progressive and conservative interpretations of, 283–284 responsibility and, 286 Freud, Sigmund, 139 Friedenbach, Jennifer criticism of Safe Sleeping Sites, 242 homeless as victims and, 123–124, 125, 212, 260 impact on public policy, 260 on Newsom, 240 Proposition C and, 11, 31, 263 on shelters, 24, 27–29 see also Coalition on Homeless Fryer, Roland, 166, 168–169, 172, 197 Garcetti, Eric, 28 Garrow, Eve, 117–118 Ginsberg, Allen, 54–55 Glide Memorial Church, 19, 63, 69, 221, 227 Goffman, Erving, 106 Gong, Neil, 67–68, 113 Gowan, Teresa, 44, 134, 136, 149, 156, 159 Gramsci, Antonio, 214 Grateful Dead, 184 Haidt, Jonathan, 211, 216, 261–262, 284 Haney, Matt, 21, 81, 93, 111, 189, 242 Harm Reduction Coalition, 25, 46, 62, 64, 66, 78, 123, 212 influence on policies, 242–243 Harris, Kamala, 197, 246–247 Hart, Carl L., 70 Harvard Public Heath Review study, 169 Hawaii, 3, 201, 251 Herring, Chris, 21, 29, 31, 52, 61–62, 281 High Point, NC, 200 Hippocrates, 101 History of Sexuality (Foucault), 236 Hobbes, Thomas, 182 homeless population camping equipment given to, 18 cash payments to, 18–19 chronic increase in San Francisco’s, but decline in nation’s, 5–7, 10–11 conservatives ceding issue of homelessness to progressives, 248–250 costs to cities, 209–211, 250, 244, 245, 264 deaths rates and health issues of, 33–36 drawn to California for climate, housing, and drugs, 3–5, 8, 19–22 drug addiction and, 7–9, 12–14, 20–24, 35, 44, 76–77, 240 homelessness as choice, 131–135 homelessness blamed on poverty, trauma, and racism despite social networks and declines in all three, 123–131 “homelessness” discourse, but lack of treatment for, 135–139, 259–260 HUD definition of chronic homelessness, 6 increase in San Francisco’s, but decline nationally, 239 mental illness and, 8, 13, 33, 36, 89–90, 98–99, 109, 231–233, 240 ongoing attempts to provide housing for, 9–15 Persecutor-Victim-Rescuer “game” and, 144–150 progressive discourse about and degrading of civilized life, 229–235, 247 progressives and right to camp in public places, 17–18 progressives see as victims, 24–26 proposed Cal-Psych agency and, 270–271 shelters for, cost of alternatives to, 30–32 shelter for, need for responsible behavior at, 280–281 shelters for, opposition to, 27–32 supportive housing options for, 10–11, 13, 15, 23, 29–37, 77, 86, 241, 243, 247 unsheltered homeless in California, xv, 3–6, 8–11, 28–31, 37–38, 90, 135, 225 homeless population, failure of programs for COVID-19 and hotel housing without accountability, 240–241, 244 lack of leadership and, 244–245 liberal influences on policies, 242–244, 245 neoliberal model of outsourcing services, 243–244 Safe Sleeping Sites and, 241–242 transience of homeless, 243 Housing First cash payments to homeless and, 18–19 conservatives and, 249 dogmatism of, 30, 38 failure to address drug addiction or mental illness, 33–38, 80, 117, 144, 258, 281 housing without conditions and, 9–11, 58 influence on policies, 243, 245, 274 Newsom’s commitment to, 241 opposition to shelters, 28–32, 274, 281 progressives and, 229, 247 housing issues, in California costs, lack of availability, and opposition to building more (NIMBYism), 251–256 immigrants and citizens and move toward progressivism, 248 proposal to end tax credits for uneconomic farms and ranches, 279–280 voter support for enforcement of laws, 281–282 YIMBY movement and, 253–256, 279 How to Increase Homelessness (Roberts), 209 Hughes, Coleman, 285 Humphreys, Dr.

Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked by Adam L. Alter

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alexey Pajitnov wrote Tetris, augmented reality, barriers to entry, Bluma Zeigarnik, call centre, Cass Sunstein, cognitive dissonance, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Sedaris, death from overwork, drug harm reduction, easy for humans, difficult for computers, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, game design, gamification, Google Glasses, Great Leap Forward, Ian Bogost, IKEA effect, Inbox Zero, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Kickstarter, language acquisition, loss aversion, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Oculus Rift, Richard Thaler, Robert Durst, side project, Skype, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, telemarketer, three-martini lunch

Zietsch and others, “Genetics and Environmental Influences on Risky Sexual Behaviour and Its Relationship with Personality,” Behavioral Genetics 40, no. 1 (2010): 12–21; David Cesarini and others, “Genetic Variation in Financial Decision-making,” The Journal of Finance 65, no. 5 (October 2010): 1725–54; David Cesarini and others, “Genetic Variation in Preferences for Giving and Risk Taking,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124, no. 2 (2009): 809–42; Songfa Zhong and others, “The Heritability of Attitude Toward Economic Risk,” Twin Research and Human Genetics 12, no. 1 (2009): 103–7. he or she lived: See, for example, Tammy Saah, “The Evolutionary Origins and Significance of Drug Addiction,” Harm Reduction Journal 2, no 8 (2005), harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-2-8. The betel nut: History of addictions from: Jonathan Wynne-Jones, “Stone Age Man Took Drugs, Say Scientists,” Telegraph, October 19, 2008, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3225729/Stone-Age-man-took-drugs-say-scientists.html; Marc-Antoine Crocq, “Historical and Cultural Aspects of Man’s Relationship with Addictive Drugs,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 9, no. 4 (2007): 355–61; Tammy Saah, “The Evolutionary Origins and Significance of Drug Addiction,” Harm Reduction Journal 2, no. 8 (2005) harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-2-8; Nguyên Xuân Hiên, “Betel-Chewing in Vietnam: Its Past and Current Importance,” Anthropos 101 (2006): 499–516; Hilary Whiteman, “Nothing to Smile About: Asia’s Deadly Addiction to Betel Nuts,” CNN, November 5, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/asia/myanmar-betel-nut-cancer.

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The betel nut: History of addictions from: Jonathan Wynne-Jones, “Stone Age Man Took Drugs, Say Scientists,” Telegraph, October 19, 2008, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3225729/Stone-Age-man-took-drugs-say-scientists.html; Marc-Antoine Crocq, “Historical and Cultural Aspects of Man’s Relationship with Addictive Drugs,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 9, no. 4 (2007): 355–61; Tammy Saah, “The Evolutionary Origins and Significance of Drug Addiction,” Harm Reduction Journal 2, no. 8 (2005) harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-2-8; Nguyên Xuân Hiên, “Betel-Chewing in Vietnam: Its Past and Current Importance,” Anthropos 101 (2006): 499–516; Hilary Whiteman, “Nothing to Smile About: Asia’s Deadly Addiction to Betel Nuts,” CNN, November 5, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/asia/myanmar-betel-nut-cancer.

The End of Policing by Alex S. Vitale

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, Black Lives Matter, Broken windows theory, citizen journalism, Columbine, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, Edward Snowden, equal pay for equal work, Ferguson, Missouri, gentrification, ghettoisation, hiring and firing, Housing First, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, independent contractor, Laura Poitras, mandatory minimum, mass immigration, mass incarceration, moral panic, Occupy movement, open borders, open immigration, rent-seeking, Ronald Reagan, San Francisco homelessness, strikebreaker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, traumatic brain injury, white flight

Ultimately, we must create robust public health programs and economic development strategies to reduce demand and help people manage their drug problems in ways that reduce harm—while keeping in mind that most drug users are not addicts. We also need to look at the economic dynamics that drive the black market and the economic and social misery that drive the most harmful patterns of drug use. Harm-reduction, public-health, and legalization strategies, combined with robust economic development of poor communities could dramatically reduce the negative impact of drugs on society without relying on police, courts, and prisons. Harm Reduction One of the best-known harm-reduction strategies is needle exchanges. These programs allow IV drug users to bring in used needles and exchange them for clean ones. This has proven to be an incredibly successful strategy in reducing the transmission of disease.

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Decriminalization programs that leave open the role of police in making discretionary decisions or that otherwise tie people up with the criminal justice system still create a heavy burden on individuals and communities, primarily of color. More extensive and systematic decriminalization programs have shown more positive results. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized all drugs and dramatically shifted its enforcement practices to a harm-reduction model. The results have been mostly very favorable. Most drug use is now treated as a health problem. Doctors can prescribe drugs, personal possession is no longer a crime, and police are no longer involved in trying to stop low-level dealing. Needle exchange is available and opioid addicts are offered replacement drugs such as methadone.

The Pot Book: A Complete Guide to Cannabis by Julie Holland

benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, Burning Man, confounding variable, drug harm reduction, intentional community, longitudinal study, Mahatma Gandhi, mandatory minimum, Maui Hawaii, meta-analysis, pattern recognition, phenotype, placebo effect, profit motive, publication bias, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Stephen Hawking, traumatic brain injury, University of East Anglia, zero-sum game

Since I neither want to stop using nor want to accept and admit to the shaming identity of addict, I will not admit to myself that I am having a problem.” This way of thinking may also act as a self-fulfilling prophecy propelling the escalation of use and the loss of control it predicts. Clarify What You Think of Yourself as a Drug User You might begin working on your own harm-reduction process by spending some time trying to make explicit what you think and feel about yourself as a drug user, why you use drugs, and why you might be experiencing difficulties with your use. Think about how you are feeling about yourself for being in this predicament. Are you feeling any of the negative emotions that I mentioned above?

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Multiple California clinicians responded to the O’Shaughnessy survey (2007) with tales of patients with prior out-of-control addictions who became stabilized on small amounts of cannabis. One physician reported more than 90 percent of his patients had reduced their alcohol consumption by using cannabis. From a medical and psychiatric perspective, the substitution of cannabis for other more toxic and addictive drugs is a good example of harm reduction. A recent examination of postmortem brains of alcoholics showed alterations in endogenous cannabinoid levels in key brain areas thought to be implicated in alcoholism (Lehtonen et al. 2010). As more studies are performed, it is my belief that abnormalities in the endocannabinoid system will be found in many more patient populations.

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Founded in 2003 to provide long-term leadership and support to the progressive movement, CAP is headed by John D. Podesta and based in Washington, D.C. Common Sense for Drug Policy www.csdp.org Common Sense for Drug Policy (CSDP) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to reforming drug policy and expanding harm reduction. CSDP disseminates factual information and comments on existing laws, policies, and practices; provides advice and assistance to individuals and organizations; and facilitates coalition building. Community Consortium www.communi­tyconsortium.org The Community Consortium is an association of Bay Area HIV Health Care Providers, one of the pioneer community-based clinical trials groups, established in 1985.

I Think You'll Find It's a Bit More Complicated Than That by Ben Goldacre

Aaron Swartz, call centre, conceptual framework, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, Desert Island Discs, Dr. Strangelove, drug harm reduction, en.wikipedia.org, experimental subject, Firefox, Flynn Effect, Helicobacter pylori, jimmy wales, John Snow's cholera map, Loebner Prize, meta-analysis, moral panic, nocebo, placebo effect, publication bias, selection bias, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), seminal paper, Simon Singh, social distancing, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Fry, sugar pill, the scientific method, Turing test, two and twenty, WikiLeaks

By pursuing this line, Rolleston arrived almost accidentally at the sympathetic modern-day conception of the drug abuser, over half a century before Hartnoll et al. (1980) found evidence of serious childhood disturbance in his patients at a drug dependency clinic in University College Hospital. In many ways Rolleston was the first proponent of the guiding philosophy of most modern drug work, ‘harm reduction’, which I shall later consider in detail. The progressive attitude to drug use institutionalised in this report established the framework of public policy for the next five decades, and following 1926 the ‘British System’ prosecuted dealers and dilettantes, but permitted medical prescription of heroin to addicts after ‘every effort’ had been made for the ‘cure of the addiction’, but when the drugs could not be fully withdrawn without ‘severe distress or even risk of life’ or ‘experience showed that a certain minimum dose of the drug was necessary for the patients to lead useful and relatively normal lives … capable of work’.

Cocaine Nation: How the White Trade Took Over the World by Thomas Feiling

anti-communist, barriers to entry, Caribbean Basin Initiative, crack epidemic, deindustrialization, drug harm reduction, gentrification, illegal immigration, informal economy, inventory management, Kickstarter, land reform, Lao Tzu, mandatory minimum, moral panic, offshore financial centre, RAND corporation, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Stanford prison experiment, trade route, upwardly mobile, yellow journalism

So by what criteria should drug policy be judged, if a drug-free world is now acknowledged to be a chimera? When Gil Kerlikowske says that resources will now be focussed on tackling the players who are most dangerous to the community, he seems to be suggesting that he’s going to put his weight behind policies that reduce the harm done by drugs and the drug market. This sounds laudable, but even if the principles of harm reduction are embraced by the federal government, this only delays the day of reckoning. I have tried to show that most of the harm associated with cocaine derives from its illegality. It follows that those problems can only be solved by making it legal. Legalization would do away with the harm done by the drug market and provide a more transparent setting for reducing the harm done by the drug itself.

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Campbell, ‘Drug Trafficking Stories: Everyday Forms of Narco-Folklore on the US—Mexico Border’, p. 326. 20. Hagedorn, The Business of Drug Dealing in Milwaukee. 21. Curtis, Wendel and Spunt, We Deliver, p. 105. 22. Levitt and Venkatesh, ‘An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang’s Finances’, p. 781. 23. Noah Mamber, ‘Harm Reductive Drug Legalization’, Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, Summer 2006, p. 628. 24. Recounted by historian John C. Burnham in the Columbus Dispatch on 30 June 2006. Attendees at the program included Jerome Jaffe, Robert L. Du Pont, Dr Peter G. Bourne, Lee I. Dogoloff, Donald Ian Macdonald, Lee Brown and retired US Army General Barry R.

In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters With Addiction by Gabor Mate, Peter A. Levine

addicted to oil, Albert Einstein, Anton Chekhov, corporate governance, drug harm reduction, epigenetics, gentrification, ghettoisation, impulse control, longitudinal study, mass immigration, megaproject, meta-analysis, Naomi Klein, PalmPilot, phenotype, placebo effect, Rat Park, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), source of truth, twin studies, Yogi Berra

Poor Substitutes for Love PART VI: IMAGINING A HUMANE REALITY: BEYOND THE WAR ON DRUGS 23. Dislocation and the Social Roots of Addiction 24. Know Thine Enemy 25. A Failed War 26. Freedom of Choice and the Choice of Freedom 27. Imagining an Enlightened Social Policy on Drugs 28. A Necessary Small Step: Harm Reduction PART VII: THE ECOLOGY OF HEALING 29. The Power of Compassionate Curiosity 30. The Internal Climate 31. The Four Steps, Plus One 32. Sobriety and the External Milieu 33. A Word to Families, Friends and Caregivers 34. There Is Nothing Lost Memories and Miracles: An Epilogue Postscript APPENDICES I: Adoption and Twin Study Fallacies II: A Close Link: Attention Deficit Disorder and Addiction III: The Prevention of Addiction IV: The Twelve Steps Endnotes Acknowledgments Permissions About the Author Praise for In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts Copyright To beloved Rae, my wife and dearest friend, who has lived these pages with me for forty years through thick and thin, for better or worse, and always for the best.

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In incurable cancers we aim to prolong life, if that can be achieved without a loss of life quality, and also to control symptoms. In other words, harm reduction means making the lives of afflicted human beings more bearable, more worth living. That is also the goal of harm reduction in the context of addiction. Although hardcore drug addiction is much more than a disease, the harm reduction model is essential to its treatment. Given our lack of a systematic, evidence-based approach to addiction, in many cases it’s futile to dream of a cure. So long as society ostracizes the addict and the legal system does everything it can to heighten the drug problem, the welfare and medical systems can aim only to mitigate some of its effects.

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So long as society ostracizes the addict and the legal system does everything it can to heighten the drug problem, the welfare and medical systems can aim only to mitigate some of its effects. Sad to say, in our context harm reduction means reducing not only the harm caused by the disease of addiction, but also the harm caused by the social assault on drug addicts. We will look shortly at some harm reduction measures. First, however, we’ll dispense with two prevalent arguments against harm reduction: that it squanders resources on undeserving people who are the authors of their own misfortune and that it justifies and enables addiction. If our guiding principle is that a person who makes his own bed ought to lie in it, we should immediately dismantle much of our health care system.

Designing the Mind: The Principles of Psychitecture by Designing the Mind, Ryan A Bush

Abraham Maslow, adjacent possible, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, augmented reality, butterfly effect, carbon footprint, cognitive bias, cognitive load, correlation does not imply causation, data science, delayed gratification, deliberate practice, drug harm reduction, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, fundamental attribution error, hedonic treadmill, hindsight bias, impulse control, Kevin Kelly, Lao Tzu, lifelogging, longitudinal study, loss aversion, meta-analysis, Own Your Own Home, pattern recognition, price anchoring, randomized controlled trial, Silicon Valley, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, Walter Mischel

David Buss and Martie Haselton, “The Evolution of Jealousy,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (December 1, 2005): 506–7; author reply 508, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.09.006. Cory J. Clark et al., “Tribalism Is Human Nature,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 587–92, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419862289. Tammy Saah, “The Evolutionary Origins and Significance of Drug Addiction,” Harm Reduction Journal 2 (June 29, 2005): 8, https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-8. “Definition of ALGORITHM,” accessed November 25, 2020, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/algorithm. “The Thing We Fear More Than Death,” Psychology Today, accessed November 25, 2020, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-real-story-risk/201211/the-thing-we-fear-more-death.

Drugs Without the Hot Air by David Nutt

British Empire, double helix, drug harm reduction, en.wikipedia.org, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, moral panic, offshore financial centre, precautionary principle, randomized controlled trial, risk tolerance, Robert Gordon, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), War on Poverty

But since international prohibition, we’ve seen not only environmental destruction and huge profits handed to criminal gangs and corrupt governments, but also the invention of crack, an even more addictive and deadly form of the drug, as a direct result of the economic pressures of forcing the trade underground. Addiction is one of the greatest hazards of drug use, and harm reduction measures must always have reducing addiction as a principal aim. The international damage done by cocaine When our expert panel ranked the 20 drugs for “international damage”, it was quickly decided 9to give cocaine and crack the maximum score of 100. Although heroin wasn’t far behind, cocaine was judged as having caused more harm overall – to the people in producer countries such as Bolivia and Colombia, and in intermediary countries involved in the trade like Mexico and Guinea-Bissau.

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view=Binary 168. www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar /05/korean-girl-starved-online-game 169. www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/ sciofaddiction.pdf 170. info.cancerresearchuk.org/prod_consump/ groups/cr_common/@nre/@sta/documents/ generalcontent/crukmig_1000ast-2989.xls 171. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1119598109 172. www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/oct/ 31/race-bias-drug-arrests-claim 173. www.nytimes.com/2011/06/17/opinion/ 17carter.html 174. www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2007/feb/ 11/uk.drugsandalcohol1 175. www.ukcia.org/research/ ProjectionsOfImpactOfRiseInUse/ ProjectionsOfImpactOfRiseInUse.pdf 176. www.beckleyfoundation.org/2011/11/19/ public-letter-in-the-times-and-guardian-calling-for-a-new-approach 177. www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drug-law/ 178. www.time.com/time/world/article/ 0,8599,1887488,00.html 179. www.apa.org/science/programs/ conference/2011/harwood.ppt 180. www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35914759/ns/business-world _business/t/wachovia-settle-drug-money-laundering-case 181. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-435393/ Exclusive-Cameron-DID-smoke-cannabis.html 182. www.lawrencephillips.net/ Decision_conferencing.html Index Page numbers in bold indicate definitions. 12-step programme, 1, 2 5HT2A receptors and psychedelics, 1 acamprosate, 1 acetylcholine receptors, 1 ACMD, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 cannabis report, 1 drugs ranked, 1 expert panel for MCDA, 1 purpose, 1 ranking procedure, 1 ranking, limitations, 1 ranking, reaction to, 1 ranking, results, 1 ranking, weights, 1 sacked from, 1 website, 1 acquisitive crime, 1, 2, 3 Portugal, 1 UK statistics, 1 activate, 1 acute, 1 Adams, Tony, 1, 2 addiction, 1 alcohol, Tony Adams, 1 Amy Winehouse, 1, 2 benzodiazepines, 1 brain mechanisms, 1 curing, 1 diagnosing, 1 dynamics and, 1 gambling, 1 habits and, 1 history, 1 kinetics and, 1 memories in, 1, 2, 3 neurotransmitters and, 1 painkillers, to, avoiding, 1 Pete Doherty, 1 preventing, 1 protective factors against, 1 Ritalin and, 1 treatment difficult, 1 treatment with psychedelics, 1 treatment, Alcoholics Anonymous, 1 treatment, evaluating, 1 treatment, future, 1 treatment, pharmacological substitutes, see pharmacological substitutes treatment, Portuguese experiment, 1 treatment, psychological, 1 withdrawal and, 1 addictive personality, 1, 2 protective factors, 1 addictiveness crack, 1 routes of use, 1 smoking, 1 tolerance and, 1 withdrawal and, 1 adenosine coffee produces, 1 receptors, 1 ADHD, 1, 2, 3 Ritalin treatment for, 1 Advertising Standards Authority, 1 advice on drugs, 1 aerobatics, 1 aerosols, see solvents agonist, see also antagonist and pseudo-antagonist, see also full and partial agonists full, 1 partial, 1 agoraphobia and alcohol, 1 AIDS, see HIV/AIDS Ainsworth, Bob, and decriminalisation, 1 Al Qaeda drugs money, 1 alcohol, 1, 2 addiction, 1 addiction endorphins, 1 agoraphobia and, 1 ALDH2 enzyme, 1, 2 alternatives, 1 anxiety and, 1 availability, 1 binge drinking, 1 cirrhosis and, 1, 2 cocaethylene, 1, 2 cocaine combined with, 1 dependence treatment, 1 depressant, 1 endorphins and, 1 ethnic groups, ALDH2 and, 1 GHB treatment for, 1 harms reduction, 1 health priority, 1 inverse agonist, 1 mixing with drugs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 price, 1 PTSD, and, 1 road safety, 1 smuggling, 1 sport, drugs in, 1 treatment in Italy and Austria, 1 treatment, LSD in, 1 withdrawal, 1, 2, 3 withdrawal, benzodiazepine treatment for, 1 withdrawal, ibogaine treatment for, 1 alcohol policy, drinks industry, 1 alcoholics anxiety disorders, 1, 2 dopamine receptor, 1 Alcoholics Anonymous, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ALDH2 enzyme and alcohol, 1, 2 allergic reaction, 1 Alpert, Richard, 1 Alpha receptors, 1 alternative approach, legislation, 1 licensed drug premises, 1 licensed drug sales, 1 alternatives for farmers, 1 alternatives to War on Drugs, 1 Portuguese approach, 1 Ameisen, Olivier, 1 amines, 1 amitriptyline, 1 amphetamines, 1 child soldiers given, 1 performance enhancers, 1 stimulant, 1 war, in, 1 amputation of limbs from smoking, 1 anabolic, 1 anabolic steroids, 1, 2, 3 corticosteroids, difference, 1 effects, 1 harms, 1 harms reduction, 1 HIV/AIDS, treatment in, 1 overdose, unlikely, 1 performance enhancers, 1 sex hormones, 1 suicide and, 1 uses, 1 anabolic-androgenic steroids, 1 anadenanthera peregrina, 1 analgesic-induced headaches, 1 analogues, synthetic, 1 ancient Greece Elysian Fields, 1 mushrooms, 1 Andes, cocaine in, 1 androgenic, 1 anhedonia, 1 antagonist, 1, 2, 3 vaccines, anti-drug, 1 anthrax, 1 anti-drug vaccines, 1 anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, 1 anti-stress corticosteroids, 1 antibody for cocaine overdose, 1 antidepressants, 1 how they work, 1 tricyclic, 1 anxiety addiction and, 1 alcohol and, 1 benzodiazepines for, 1 cannabis and, 1 depressants for, 1 disorder in alcoholics, 1, 2 GABA receptors, low levels, 1 neurotransmitters and, 1 new drugs for, 1 panic attacks, 1 PTSD, in, 1 reduction in terminal illness, 1 treatment outcomes, 1 treatment, SSRIs, 1 archery, 1 ASA, 1 asphyxiation from solvents, 1 aspirin, 1 side effects, 1 aspirin, side effects, 1 Ativan, 1 atom bomb, spiritual antidote to, 1 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, see ADHD auditory effects, schizophrenia, 1 Australia, decriminalisation of drugs in, 1 ayuesca, psychedelic, 1 baby, starved by parents, 1 baclofen, 1 bagging, route of use, 1 ban, temporary order, 1 banisteriopsis caapi, 1 banks, money-laundering, 1 barbiturates, 1, 2, 3 PTSD, and, 1 suicide, 1 Barcelona, 1 battle fatigue, 1, see also PTSD BCS, see British Crime Survey benefits cannabis, 1 mephedrone, 1 psychedelics, 1 Benzedrine, 1, 2 benzodiazepines, 1, 2 addiction, 1 alcohol treatment, in, 1 benefits, 1 depressant, 1 endogenous, 1 GABA receptors, 1 harms, 1 how they work, 1 Librium, 1 overdose, safer, 1 physical dependence, 1 rebound less likely, 1 side effects, few, 1 suicide and, 1 withdrawal, 1 benzylpiperazine, 1 Bernays, Edward, 1 beta blockers in sport, 1 Betts, Leah, 1, 2 bhang, 1, 2 binge cocaine, 1 drinking, 1, 2, 3 LSD, impossible, 1 tolerance and, 1 treatment, 1 Bird, Sheila, Professor, 1 bladder, ketamine, 1 Blair, Tony, 1 blind trial, 1 Bolivia, 1, 2 coca, 1, 2 bong, 1 brain addiction mechanisms, 1 default mode, 1 brain chemicals, 1 receptors, 1 Brain Science, Addiction and Drugs programme, 1 dispense with care scenario, 1 high performance scenario, 1 neighbourhood watch scenario, 1 treated positively scenario, 1 Brake, Tom, MP, 1 Breakdown Britain, 1, 2 British Aerobatic Association, 1 British Crime Survey, 1 Brokenshire, James, 1 bromides, PTSD, and, 1 bubbles, see mephedrone buprenorphine, 1, 2 advantages, 1 blocks on-top heroin use, 1 early problems, 1 effects, 1 heroin susbstitute, 1 how it works, 1 morphine alternative, 1 opioid, 1 origin, 1 partial agonist for heroin, 1 pharmacological substitute, as, 1 bupropion, 1 burglary, 1, 2 Burrows, David, 1 butane, see also solvents, 1 Bwiti cult, 1 BZP, 1 caffeine Coca-Cola, 1 coffee, 1 stimulant, 1 withdrawal, 1, 2 calmness, drugs for, 1 Camden, 1 “Cameron approach”, 1 Cameron, David, MP, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Cameroon, 1 Campral, 1 cancer, see also terminal illness ecstasy in treating, 1 cannabis, 1, 2 ACMD report, 1 anxiety and, 1 as medicine, historical, 1 as medicine, present, 1 benefits, 1 cluster headache and, 1 decriminalisation of drugs, 1 different forms compared, 1 downgrading, 1, 2 farmers required to grow, 1 gateway to more harmful drugs, 1 harms, 1 harms, compared to prison, 1 hemp, 1 heroin instead of, 1 multiple sclerosis and, 1, 2, 3 munchies, the, 1 psychoactive ingredient, 1 re-upgraded, 1 receptors, 1, 2, 3, 4 routes of use, 1 schizophrenia, 1, 2 terminal illness, for, 1 therapeutic drug, as, 1 tinctures, 1 upgrading, 1, 2 cannabis indica, 1 Carlin, Eric, 1, 2 Carnage UK, 1 Carter, Jimmy, 1 Case for Heroin, The, 1 catechol O methyl transferase, see COMT cathinones, 1 banned, 1 naphyrone, 1 synthetic, 1 CBD, 1, 2, 3 CBT, 1, 2 Celera Genomics and genetic sequencing, 1 Celexa, 1 Centre for Social Justice, 1 Champix, 1 Champs Elysees, 1 chemicals, brain, 1 chewing, routes of use, 1 Chief Medical Officer, 1 child soldiers given amphetamines, 1 children advice to, 1 age to advise at, 1 Chinese, alcohol and, 1 cholecystokinin, 1 chronic, 1 cigarettes advertising, 1 generic packaging, 1 invention, 1 labelling, 1 wars, in, 1 Cipramil, 1 cirrhosis, 1 cirrhosis and alcohol, 1, 2 cirrhosis and khat, 1 citalopram, 1 civil liberties, 1 Clarke, Ken, 1 Class of drug, see also downgrading, see also upgrading too high, perverse consequences, 1 kinetics affect, 1 prison sentences by, 1 purpose, 1 reviewing, 1 social context and, 1, 2 classification of harms, 1, 2 climate change, 1, 2 Clinton, Bill, 1 clonidine, 1 clostridium, 1 cluster headache cannabis and, 1 psychedelics for, 1, 2 CMO, see Chief Medical Officer CNN, 1 co-ingestants, 1, 2 coca, 1 Bolivia, 1, 2 Coca-Cola and caffeine, 1 Coca-Cola and cocaine, 1 cocaethylene, 1 cocaine, see also crack, 1, 2 addiction endorphins, 1 alcohol combined with, 1 binge, 1 Coca-Cola, 1 cocaethylene, 1, 2 crack compared, 1 crop destruction, 1, 2, 3 deaths in drugs war, 1 effects, 1 environmental damage, 1 farmers, 1 freebase is crack, 1 history, 1 how it works, 1 hydrochloride, 1 insecticide, as, 1 international damage, 1 manufacturing process, 1 nose, 1 overdose mechanism, 1 overdose, antibody for, 1 political damage, 1 powder, 1 rainforests affected, 1, 2 routes of use, 1, 2 stimulant, 1 vaccine, anti-, 1 wine, see Vin Mariani Cockburn, Joslyne, 1 codeine, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 cough medicine, removed, 1 headaches induced, 1 opioid, 1 coffee adenosine, produces, 1 caffeine, 1 cognition enhancer, as, 1 effects, 1 history, 1 how it works, 1 origin, 1 coffee shop model, Netherlands, 1, 2 cognition enhancer coffee as, 1 cognition enhancers, 1 common, scenario, 1 economic divide, 1 exams, in, 1 memory and, 1 modafinil, 1 uses, 1 cognitive behavioural therapy, see CBT Colombia, 1, 2 Columbus, Christopher, 1 compensating farmers, 1 COMT dopamine and, 1 noradrenaline and, 1 pain sensitivity, 1 types, 1 consent, see, informed consent contraceptive pill, 1 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1 corruption, 1 corticosteroids anabolic steroids, difference, 1 muscle wasting with, 1 cortisol, 1 cost crime, drug-related, 1 drug habits, of, 1 War on Drugs, 1 cot death, see Sudden Infant Death Syndrome cough medicine, codeine removed, 1 Counterblast to Tobacco, 1 crack, see also cocaine, 1 addictiveness, 1 cocaine compared, 1 dopamine receptors and, 1 harms, 1 kinetics, 1 origin, 1 purity, 1 routes of use, 1 vaporisation temperature, 1 craving, 1 creativity enhanced by psychedelics, 1 CRF, 1 crime, see also acquisitive crime drug-related, cost, 1 statistics, 1 Crimean War, cigarettes in, 1 criminalisation effects, 1 of sick end disabled, 1 smoking, 1 supply reduction, 1 criteria for harms, 1, 2 crop destruction, 1 cocaine, 1 crop destruction, cocaine, 1 cultural context, see social context curing addiction, 1 cycling, 1 D-cycloserine, 1, 2 Daily Mail, the, 1, 2, 3 DALY, 1 DARE programme, 1 costs, 1 does not work, 1 data set, minimum required, 1 day with drugs, 1 day without drugs, 1 decriminalisation of drugs Ainsworth, Bob, 1 Australia, 1 cannabis, 1 legalisation differs, 1 Mowlam, Mo, 1 Portugal, 1, 2, 3 UK independence party, 1 UN Conventions and, 1 default mode of brain, 1 Delgarno, Phil, 1 demand reduction statistics, 1 War on Drugs, 1 demographic imbalance, 1 demographic shifts, 1 dependence, see physical dependence, psychological dependence depressants, 1, 2 alcohol, 1 anxiety, for, 1 benzodiazepines, 1 “downers”, 1 GHB, 1 depression psilocybin, 1 vicious cycle, 1, 2 designer drugs mephedrone, 1 problems legislating for, 1 development of new drugs, 1 impediments, 1 social implications, 1 War on Drugs hinders, 1 diabetes, 1 diabetes, dietary treatment, 1 diabetes, insulin treatment, 1 diagnosing addiction, 1 dietary treatment, diabetes, 1 DIMS, Netherlands, 1, 2 disability-adjusted life year, 1 discriminatory policing, 1 disease, infectious, War on Drugs and, 1 disease-modifying agents, 1 dispense with care scenario, 1 disrepute, law into, 1 dissuasion board, 1 diverting prescription drugs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Ritalin, 1 DMT, see also ayuesca, 1 psychedelic, 1 Doblin, Rick, 1 Doherty, Pete, 1, 2 Doll, Richard, 1, 2 Donaldson, Sir Liam, 1 Doors of Perception, The, 1 dopamine, 1 COMT and, 1 levels in withdrawal, 1 nicotine withdrawal, in, 1 receptors, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 receptors in alcoholics, 1 receptors vicious cycle, 1 receptors, crack and, 1 receptors, methamphetamine and, 1 receptors, monkey, 1 receptors, stimulants and, 1 reuptake, 1 reuptake inhibitor, Ritalin, 1 reward chemical, 1 tobacco releases, 1 transporters, 1 double-blind trial, 1 down-regulating receptors, 1, 2 downgrading ecstasy recommendation, 1, 2 cannabis, 1, 2 purpose, 1 Drake, Sir Francis, 1 drinking, routes of use, 1 drinks industry alcohol policy, 1 misleading messages, 1 driving, drugs and, 1 Drone, see mephedrone drug, 1 defined, 1 efficacy, 1 Drug Abuse Resistance Education, see DARE Drug Information and Monitoring System, see DIMS, Netherlands drug ranking, Netherlands, 1 drug tourism, 1 drug trials informed consent, 1 drug trials, informed consent, 1 drug-related factors, 1 drugs, see also performance enhancer anti-insect defence, 1 Classes, see Class of drug daily cycle, 1, 2 different forms, why, 1 evolution, 1 future developments, 1 harms related to physical form, 1 history, 1 mixing, 1 mixing with alcohol, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mixing, dangers, 1, 2, 3 mixing, speedballs, 1 neurotransmitters, mimic, 1 performance enhancing, see performance enhancers plant origin, 1 prescription, see prescription drugs profit margin, 1 psychedelic, see psychedelics reasons for taking, 1 sport, in, see sport, drugs in why people take, 1 withdrawal, 1 drugs in war, 1 amphetamines, 1 morphine, 1 prevalent, 1 recovery from, 1 unsanctioned, 1 Drummond, Colin, 1 Duncan Smith, Iain, 1 Dutch, see Netherlands Dutch courage, 1 dynamics, 1 addiction and, 1 mephedrone, 1 dynorphins, 1 dyslexia, 1 early-onset Parkinson’s, 1 Easter Parade, 1 eating overdose, increases risk of, 1 routes of use, 1, 2 economic divide and cognition enhancers, 1 economic growth low, scenario, 1 slower, scenario, 1 strong, scenario, 1 ecstasy, 1, 2 cancer, and, 1 dangers of, 1 death from, 1 downgrade recommended, 1, 2 effects, 1 empathy, first called, 1 harms, 1, 2 media reaction, 1 Parkinson’s and, 1 precautions, water, 1 properties, 1 PTSD, and, 1, 2 serotonin and, 1 withdrawal, 1 education, immediate downsides, about, 1 efficacy of a drug, 1 Egypt, 1 electron, 1 Elysian Fields, 1 Elysian fields, 1 empathogenic, 1 empathogens, 1 empathy, see ecstasy emphysema, 1 endocannabinoid system, 1, 2 endocannabinoids, 1 endogenous benzodiazepines, 1 endorphins, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 alcohol addiction, 1 alcohol and, 1 cocaine addiction, 1 heroin addiction, 1 receptor and heroin, 1 receptors, 1, 2, 3, 4 reward chemical, 1 endoscopies, 1 endozapines, 1 energisation effect, suicide, 1 enkephalins, 1 entheogenic, 1, 2, 3 environmental damage, cocaine, 1 Environmental Protection Agency, 1 enzymes, 1 ephedra, 1 ephedrine, 1 epidemic, mental-health, 1 epilepsy, 1, 2 equasy, 1 defined, 1 equine addiction syndrome, see equasy ergotamine and Salem witch trials, 1 ergotamine, LSD derived from, 1 Estimating Drug Harms: A Risky Business, 1 ether, 1 ethical issues, genetic sequencing, 1 ethnic groups, ALDH2 and alcohol, 1 Eton, David Cameron at, 1 evidence-based policy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 evolution of drugs, 1 exams, cognition enhancers in, 1 experimentation, delay to reduce harms, 1 farmers alternatives for, 1 cannabis, required to grow, 1 coca, 1 compensating, 1 Pakistan, alternatives for, 1 supporting, 1 Thailand, alternatives for, 1 unequal trade terms, 1 flumazenil, 1 flumazenil as tracer, 1 fluoxetine, 1 fly agaric mushrooms, 1 flying, drugs and, 1, 2 fMRI, 1 Foresight programme, 1 pharmaceutical industry, 1 stakeholders, 1 Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers, 1 freebase, 1 freedom to choose addiction and, 1 impact on others, 1 objective information required, 1 Freud, Sigmund, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Freudian psychoanalysis, 1 Frischer, Martin, 1 full agonist, 1 heroin, for, 1 functional MRI, 1 future drugs, 1 issues, 1 GABA glutamate, blocked by, 1 memory formation, 1 receptors, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 GABA receptors anxiety and, 1 benzodiazepines, 1 neuroimaging, 1 overdose, 1 tolerance and, 1 withdrawal and, 1 Gabon, 1 Gaedecke, Friedriche, 1 gambling addiction, 1 gangs, Vietnamese, 1 ganja, 1 gap between neurons, see synapse gateway to more harmful drugs cannabis, 1 prison, 1 GBL, 1, 2, 3, 4 generic packaging, cigarettes, 1 genetic sequencing, 1 Celera Genomics, 1 ethical issues, 1 risks, 1 Geneva International Convention on Narcotics Control, 1 genotyping, see genetic sequencing GHB, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 alcohol treatment, in, 1 dangers, 1 depressant, 1 tolerance to, 1 Gilmore, Sir Ian, 1 Gin Craze, 1, 2, 3 glue, see solvents glutamate GABA, blocks, 1 memory formation and, 1 receptors, 1 grey campaigners, 1 Guardian, the, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Gucci, profit margin, 1 Guinea Bissau, 1 Guinea-Bissau, 1 Guinea-Bissau, collapsing, 1 Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, 1 habits and addiction, 1 haemoglobin, 1 half-life, 1 hallucinations, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 schizophrenia, 1 Hargreaves, Patrick, 1 harms 16 types, 1 9 types, 1, 2 anabolic steroids, 1 cannabis, 1 classification, 1, 2 crack, 1 ecstasy, 1, 2 kinetics affect, 1 measuring, 1 measuring, political reaction, 1 measuring, purpose, 1 mephedrone, 1 others, to, 1 psychedelics, 1 related to form of drug, 1 routes of use, 1 users, to, 1 harms reduction alcohol, 1 alcohol alternatives, 1 alcohol availability, 1 alcohol binge drinking, 1 alcohol dependence, 1 alcohol price, 1 alcohol priority, 1 alcohol, road safety, 1 anabolic steroids, 1 delay experimenting, 1 smoking ban, 1 smoking restrictions, 1 War on Drugs, 1 Harrods sold cocaine and heroin, 1 Harvard, Leary Timothy at, 1 hash, skunk, compared, 1 headaches, see also cluster headache analgesic-induced, 1 codeine-induced, 1 Hearst, William Randolph, 1 hemp, 1 hepatitis, injecting, risk, 1, 2 heroin, 1, 2, 3, 4 £300/week, 1 £500/week, 1 addiction endorphins, 1 addiction, Pete Doherty, 1 buprenorphine blocks on-top use, 1 cannabis, instead of, 1 endorphin receptor targeted, 1 full agonist for, 1 methadone and withdrawal, 1 methadone blocks on-top use, 1 morphine alternative, 1 Netherlands, in, 1 opioid, 1 opium, from, 1 origin of name, 1 overdose, benzodiazepines and, 1 painkiller, as, 1 painkiller, is most effective, 1 partial agonist for, 1 pharmacological substitutes, 1 prisoners overdose on, 1 receptors affected, 1 synthesised 1874, 1 therapeutic, as, 1 treatment for, 1 treatment with heroin itself, 1 treatment, British model, 1 treatment, Switzerland, 1 withdrawal, 1 heroin susbstitute buprenorphine, 1 methadone, 1 high performance scenario, 1 history cocaine, 1 coffee, 1 drugs, 1 LSD, 1 tobacco, 1 HIV/AIDS anabolic steroids treatment, 1 injecting, risk, 1, 2, 3 reduced, Portuguese experiment, 1 Russia, 1 TurBo-HIV, 1 Hofmann, Albert, 1 Holland, see Netherlands Holmes, Sherlock, 1 Home Secretary, see also Johnson, Alan, see also Smith, Jacqui, 1, 2 horse tranquilliser, 1 horse-riding ecstasy, comparison, 1, 2 Parkinson’s and, 1 huffing, route of use, 1 Human Genome Project, 1 Human Rights Watch, 1 Huxley, Aldous, 1, 2 hydrochloride, cocaine, 1 hydrochlorides, vaporisation temperature, 1 hypertension, rebound and, 1 hyponatraemia, 1, 117 ibogaine, 1, 2 addiction treatment, in, 1 as wit hdrawal treatment, 1 psychedelic, 1 ibuprofen, 1 imipramine, 1 impotence, 1 India Kerala and opiates, 1 morphine as painkiller, 1 Indian Hemp Drugs Commission report, 1 informed consent NHS, 1 informed consent, drug trials, 1 inhaling routes of use, 1 inhaling, routes of use, 1 initial misery with SSRIs, 1 injecting dangers of, 1 hepatitis risk, 1, 2 HIV/AIDS risk, 1, 2, 3 other risks risk, 1 routes of use, 1 insecticide cocaine as, 1 mephedrone, 1 insects, drugs defend against, 1 insulin treatment, diabetes, 1 international damage from cocaine, 1 Inuit, alcohol and, 1 inverse agonist, 1 ISCD, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 foundation, 1 minimum dataset, 1 website, 1 isotope, see radioactive isotope Jackson, Toby, 1 jail, see prison Johnson, Alan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Johnson, Lyndon, 1 Just Say No, 1 Kerala opiates policy, 1 ketamine, 1, 2 bladder, 1 Class, 1 don’t mix, 1 side effects, 1 tolerance, 1 ulcerative cystitis, 1 Vietnam, in, 1 khat, 1, 2 cirrhosis and, 1 mules, 1 perverse consequences if banned, 1 stimulant, 1 kicking the habit, derivation, 1 kids, see children kinetics, 1 addiction and, 1 Class and, 1 crack, 1 harms and, 1 mephedrone, 1 routes of use, and, 1 King Charles II, 1 King James I, 1 King Philip II, 1 King, Les, 1 Kleps, Arthur, 1 knowledge nomads, 1 Koller, Karl, 1 Korea, 1 Korean couple starve baby, 1 Lansley, Andrew, 1 laudanum, 1, 2 law brought into disrepute, 1 law, patent, 1 League of Nations, 1 Leary, Timothy, 1 LSD, 1 mushrooms, magic, 1 psilocybin, 1 legal high, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 legalisation v decriminalisation, 1 legislation alternative approach, 1 designer drugs, 1 libertarians, 1, 2 Rand, Ayn, 1 liberty caps, 1 Librium alcohol withdrawal, for, 1 benzodiazepines, 1 licence to take psychedelics, 1 licensed drug premises, 1 licensed drug sales, 1 lifespan reduction, smoking, 1 lime, 1 London School of Economics, 1 LSD, 1 discovery, 1 ergotamine, derived from, 1 history, 1 psychedelic, 1 psychiatry and, 1 recreational drug, origins, 1 Saskatchewan hospital, 1 therapeutic, as, 1, 2 LSD – The Problem Solving Psychedelic, 1 LSE, 1 lung cancer Rand, Ayn, 1 smoking, causes, 1 tobacco industry response, 1 lymphocytes, 1 lysergic acid, 1 lysergic acid diethylamide, see LSD M-cat, see mephedrone magic mushrooms, see mushrooms magnetic resonance imaging, 1 Mail on Sunday, the, 1 Major, John, 1 MAPS, 1 Maria, Antonio Maria, 1 Mariani wine, see Vin Mariani Mariani, Angelo, 1, 2 Marsden, John, 1 MCDA, 1 ACMD expert panel, 1 defined, 1 MDMA, see ecstasy Measham, Fiona, 1, 2 measuring harms, see harms, measuring media, ecstasy, and, 1 Medicare, 1 Medicines Act, 1 Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, 1 memories addiction, in, 1, 2, 3 phobias and, 1 pleasure-seeking and, 1 PTSD, in, 1 stressful, benzodiazepines for, 1 memory and cognition enhancers, 1 memory formation cannabis impairs, 1 GABA, and, 1 glutamate and, 1 neurotransmitters and, 1 mental performance improvement, see cognition enhancers mental-health epidemic, 1 “meow meow”, see mephedrone mephedrone, 1, 2 banned, 1 banned, why, 1 benefits, 1 designer drugs, 1 dynamics, 1 harms, 1 insecticide, as, 1 kinetics, 1 nicknames, 1 origin, 1 plant food, 1 Scunthorpe Two, 1, 2 serotonin and, 1 stimulant, 1 suicide and, 1 mescaline, 1 Huxley, Aldous, 1 psychedelic, 1 met-met COMT type, 1 methadone, 1, 2 blocks on-top heroin use, 1 effects, 1 full agonist for heroin, 1 heroin susbstitute, 1 heroin withdrawal, avoids, 1 how it works, 1 opioid, 1 origin, 1 overdose risk with heroin, 1 pharmacological substitute, as, 1 problems, 1 withdrawal, 1 methamphetamine, 1 dopamine receptors and, 1 stimulant, 1 Mexico, 1, 2 violence in, 1 MHRA, 1 mind-manifesting, 1, 2 minimum data set required, 1 minimum data set, withdrawal and, 1 minimum dataset, 1 Minister for Crime Prevention, 1 Misuse of Drugs Act, 1, 2, 3 ACMD and, 1 cathinones ban, 1 correct operation, 1 mephedrone ban, 1 purpose, 1 suggested change, 1, 2 unfit for purpose, 1 mixing drugs or alcohol, see drugs, mixing Mixmag magazine, 1, 2 modafinil, 1, 2, 3 cognition enhancers, 1 exams, in, 1 Mogadon, 1 money-laundering, 1, 2 banks, 1 Panama, 1 monkeys, dopamine receptors, 1 Monroe, Marilyn, suicide, 1 Moore v Regents of the University of California, 1 moral issues, 1 morphine, 1, 2, 3 buprenorphine alternative for, 1 chronic pain for, 1, 2, 3 dose inadequate, Ukraine, 1 heroin alternative for, 1 not available, India, 1 opium, from, 1, 2 wars, in, 1 Mowlam, Mo, 1 MRI, 1 MS, see multiple sclerosis mules harm to, 1 imprisonment, 1 khat, 1 Mullis, Kary, 1 multi-criteria decision analysis, see MCDA Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, see MAPS multiple sclerosis cannabis and, 1, 2, 3 Sativex and, 1 munchies, the, 1 muscle tremor, 1 muscle wasting, corticosteroids, 1 muscle, drugs to increase, 1 mushrooms, 1, 2 ancient Greece, 1 effects, 1 fly agaric, 1 Netherlands, from, 1 psychedelic, 1 why banned in UK, 1 nalmefene, 1, 2 naltrexone, 1, 2 naphyrone, 1 narcostates, 1 National Addiction Centre, 1 National Health Service, see NHS National Union of Students, 1 Native American Church, 1, 2, 3 Native Americans, 1 alcohol and, 1 natural opiates, 1 needle exchange beneficial effects, 1, 2 none in Russia, 1 neighbourhood watch scenario, 1 Netherlands coffee shop model, 1, 2 little heroin use, 1 mushrooms, magic, 1 Netherlands drug ranking study, 1 neuroimaging, 1 GABA receptors, 1 neuron, 1, 2 neurotransmitters, see also endorphins, see also receptor, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 addiction and, 1 anxiety and, 1 drugs mimic, 1 memory formation and, 1 on/off switch, 1, 2, 3 new drugs, see development of new drugs New York Times, The, 1, 2 NHS, 1, 2 informed consent, 1 NIAAA website, 1 nicotiana tabacum, 1 nicotine dopamine and withdrawal, 1 schizophrenia and, 1 vaccine, anti-, 1 withdrawal, 1, 2 nicotinic acid diethylamide, 1 NIDA website, 1 Nixon, Richard, 1, 2, 3 No. 10 Downing Street Strategy Unit, 1, 2 Freedom of Information Act, 1, 2 noradrenaline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 COMT and, 1 norepinephrine, see noradrenaline North Battleford, see Saskatchewan hospital nose, cocaine, 1 Nutt, David Radio 1 interview, 2 sacked from ACMD, 1 Obama, Barack, 1, 2, 3 Observer, the, 1 oestrogen sex hormone, 1 Olympic Games, drugs in, 1 on-top use buprenorphine blocks heroin, 1 methadone blocks heroin, 1 on/off switch, neurotransmitters, 1, 2, 3 opiates, 1 natural, 1 overdose, 1 opioids, 1, 2 buprenorphine, 1 codeine, 1 heroin, 1 methadone, 1 synthetic, 1 opium heroin from, 1 morphine from, 1, 2 opium trade, 1 Orford, Jim, 1, 2, 3 overdose anabolic steroids, unlikely, 1 benzodiazepines, safer, 1 cocaine, mechanism, 1 death in Shetlands, 1 death rare in cannabis, LSD, 1 eating increases risk, 1 from chewing impossible, 1 GABA receptors, 1 heroin, benzodiazepines and, 1 low risk in heroin treatment, 1 methadone and heroin, risk, 1 opiates, harms, 1 prisoners on heroin, 1 psychedelics, impossible, 1 purity variation and, 1, 2 SSRIs, safer, 1, 2 tolerance as protection, 1 overshoot, 1 epilepsy, in, 1 oxycodone, 1 pain sensitivity and COMT, 1 painkillers, 1 addiction to, avoiding, 1 heroin, 1 heroin is most effective, 1 terminal illness, 1 under-prescribed, 1 paint, see solvents Pakistan, farmers, alternatives for, 1 palliative-care movement, 1 Panama, money-laundering, 1 panic attacks, 1 paracetamol, 1 paracetamol, side effects, 1, 2 Parkinson’s early onset, 1 ecstasy and, 1 horse-riding and, 1 smoking and, 1 paroxetine, 1 partial agonist, 1 buprenorphine, 1 heroin, for, 1 withdrawal, 1 patent law, 1 peer pressure, 1, 2 Pemberton, John, 1 pentathlon, 1 performance enhancers, see also cognition enhancers, 1 amphetamines, 1 anabolic steroids, 1 muscle/power, for, 1 personal and biological factors, 1 personal interactions, vicious cycle, 1 Peru, 1 perverse consequences Class, too high, 1 government policies, 1 international policies, 1 khat ban, 1 prohibition, 1 smoking ban, none, 1 War on Drugs, 1 Pervitin, 1, 2 PET, 1 PET camera, 1 PET scan, 1 peyote psychedelic, 1 pharmaceutical industry, 1 Foresight programme, 1 pharmacological substitutes, 1 agonists, full, 1 agonists, partial, 1 buprenorphine, 1 heroin, for, 1, 2 methadone, 1 treatment with, 1 pharmacological treatments antagonist, 1 disease-modifying agents, 1 pseudo-antagonist, 1 pharmacology, 1 phenylalanine and phenylketonuria, 1 phenylketonuria, 1, 2 phenylketonuria and phenylalanine, 1 phobias memories and, 1 treating, 1 physical dependence, benzodiazepines, 1 plant food, see mephedrone plant origin of drugs, 1 policing, discriminatory, 1 political damage from cocaine, 1 poly drug users, see also drugs, mixing, 1, 2, 3, 4 Pope Leo XIII, Vin Mariani, and, 1 Portman Group, 1, 2, 3 Portugal decriminalisation of drugs, 1, 2 Portuguese experiment addiction treatment, 1 HIV/AIDS reduced, 1 positron, 1 positron emission tomography, see PET post-traumatic stress disorder, see PTSD postsynaptic neuron, 1 power, drugs to enhance, 1 prednisolone, 1 Premier League, 1 prescription drugs, 1 diversion, see diverting prescription drugs presynaptic neuron, 1 preventing addiction, 1 Prime Minister, 1, 2, 3 prison annual cost, 1 drug free policy, 1 gateway to more harmful drugs, 1 harms, compared to cannabis, 1 heroin v cannabis, 1 reoffending rate, 1 statistics, 1 suicide in, 1 prison sentences by drug Class, 1 prisoners ex, unemployment rate, 1 overdose on heroin, 1 problem solving and psychedelics, 1 Proceeds of Crime legislation, 1 profit margin drugs, 1 Gucci, 1 prohibition, 1 perverse consequences, 1 repeal, 1 protective factors against addiction, 1 protein production, 1 Prozac, 1 pseudo-antagonist, 1 psilocybe semilanceata, 1 psilocybin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 addiction treatment, in, 1 depression, 1 Leary, Timothy, 1 psychedelics, see also LSD, 1, 2, 3 5HT2A receptors and, 1 ayuesca, 1 benefits, 1 cluster headache, for, 1, 2 creativity enhanced, 1 defined, 1 DMT, 1 harms, 1 how they work, 1 ibogaine, 1 licences for taking, 1 LSD, 1 mescaline, 1 mushrooms, 1 origin of name, 1 other, 1 other, effects, 1 overdose, impossible, 1 peyote, 1 problem solving, 1 PTSD, and, 1, 2 serotonin receptor, 1 therapeutics, as, 1 vasoconstrictor effect, 1 psychiatry and LSD, 1 psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, 1 psychonauts, 1 psychopharmacology, 1, 2 psychotria viridis, 1 PTSD, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 alcohol and, 1 barbiturates in treating, 1 bromides in treating, 1 ecstasy in treating, 1, 2 memory in, 1 psychedelics in treating, 1, 2 suicide, 1 treatment, 1 war, in, 1 purity variation and overdose, 1, 2 Purple Hearts, 1 Queen Victoria, 1 Vin Mariani, and, 1 quid, 1 Radio 4 interview, D Nutt, 1 radioactive isotope, 1 rainforests and cocaine, 1, 2 Ramsey, John, 1 Rand, Ayn, lung cancer, 1 ranking drugs, see ACMD, ranking RAVE act, 1, 2, 3 reasons for taking drugs, 1 rebound, 1 receptors, 1, 2, 3 5HT2A, in psychedelics, 1 acetylcholine, 1 adenosine, 1 Alpha, 1 brain chemicals, 1 cannabis, 1, 2 dopamine, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 dopamine, stimulants and, 1 down-regulating, 1, 2 endorphin, 1, 2, 3, 4 GABA, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 glutamate, 1 heroin and, 1 number of, 1, 2 serotonin, 1, 2, 3 targeted by drug, 1 tolerance and, 1 recreational drugs defined, 1 improved synthetic, 1 recurrence, 1 Reducing Americans’ Vulnerability to Ecstasy Act, see RAVE Act Reid, John, MP, 1 relapse, 1 rates of, 1 reducing risk of, 1 stress-induced, 1, 2 triggers, 1 reoffending rate of prisoners, 1 research new drugs, 1 War on Drugs hinders, 1 restless legs, 1 reuptake, see also SSRIs blocking, 1 dopamine, 1 dopamine, cocaine blocks, 1 ecstasy blocks, 1 serotonin, 1 serotonin, ecstasy blocks, 1 sites, 1, 2, 3 reward chemicals, 1 Reynolds, JR, Queen Victoria’s physician, 1 Ricaurte, George, 1 risks genetic sequencing, of, 1 higher for young people, 1 surgery, statistics, 1 Ritalin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 addiction and, 1 ADHD, in treating, 1 case study, 1 children and, 1 diversion, 1 dopamine reuptake inhibitor, 1 side effects, 1 rituals, 1 shamanic, 1 road traffic accidents, 1, 2, 3 Rohypnol, 1 rosewater, 1 routes of use, 1 addictiveness and, 1, 2 bagging, 1 cannabis, 1 chewing, 1 cocaine, 1, 2 crack, 1 drinking, 1 eating, 1, 2 harms, 1 huffing, 1 inhaling, 1, 2 injecting, 1 kinetics, 1 rubbing, 1 smoking, 1, 2 snorting, 1 speed of different, 1 spraying, 1 rubbing, routes of use, 1 Runciman report, 1, 2, 3 Runciman, Viscountess, 1 Russia, HIV/AIDS uncurbed, 1 safety ratio, 1 Salem witch trials, ergotamine and, 1 Sami, 1 Sandoz, 1 Sare, Jeremy, 1 Saskatchewan hospital and LSD, 1 Sativex, 1, 2, 3 multiple sclerosis and, 1 scenarios, future, 1 schizophrenia auditory effects, 1 cannabis, 1 cannabis, and, 1 hallucinations, 1 nicotine and, 1 skunk, 1 skunk, and, 1 voices, hearing, 1 Schofield, Penny, 1 school, drugs and, 1 Scunthorpe Two, 1, 2, 3 secondary smoking, 1 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, see SSRIs sentence, no effect on cannabis use, 1, 2 serotonin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ecstasy and, 1 mephedrone and, 1 receptors, 1, 2, 3 receptors, psychedelics and, 1 reuptake, 1 Seroxat, 1 sertraline, 1 set, 1 set and setting, 1 setting, 1 setting, set and, 1 sex hormones anabolic steroids, 1 oestrogen, 1 testosterone, 1, 2, 3 shamanic rituals, 1 shell shock, 1, see also PTSD shooting, see injecting, 1 shoplifting, 1 Siberia, 1 side effects benzodiazepines, 1 ketamine, 1 Ritalin, 1 SSRIs, 1 stimulants, 1 Sierra Leone, child soldiers, 1 Simpson, Tommy, 1 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1, 2, 3 Bolivia and, 1 decriminalisation and, 1 Portugal and, 1 Singleton, Nicola, 1 skin infections, 1 skunk, 1 hash, compared, 1 schizophrenia, 1, 2 sleeping pills, 1, 2 insomnia research, 1 Smith, Jacqui, MP, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Smith, Nicholas, 1, 2, 3 smoking, see also nicotine, see also tobacco, 1 addictiveness, 1 amputation of limbs from, 1 ban, 1 ban, objections, 1 ban, results, 1 benefits, 1 criminalisation, 1 harms reduction, 1, 2 labelling, 1 lifespan reduction, 1 lung cancer, causes, 1 Parkinson’s and, 1 promoted as healthy, 1, 2 restrictions, 1 routes of use, 1, 2 secondary, 1 social context, 1 withdrawal, 1, 2 smoking ban no perverse consequences, 1 smuggling alcohol, 1 tobacco, 1, 2 snorting, routes of use, 1 social context and Class of drug, 1, 2 social context of smoking, 1 social factors, 1 social implications of new drugs, 1 soldiers, see drugs in war solvents asphyxiation, 1 dangers of, 1 speed of different routes of use, 1 speed of offset, 1 speed of onset, 1 speedballs in Vietnam, 1 spice, 1 Spiegelhalter, David, 1, 2 spiritual antidote to atom bomb, 1 sport, drugs in, see also performance enhancers, 1 alcohol, 1 beta blockers, 1 calmness, for, 1 non performance-enhancing, 1 Olympic Games, 1 withdrawal, 1 spraying, routes of use, 1 SSDS, see sudden sniffing death syndrome SSRIs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 how they work, 1 miserable initially, 1 overdose, safer, 1, 2 rebound less likely, 1 side effects, few, 1 street value, none, 1 suicide and, 1, 2 suicide rate lowered, 1 withdrawal, 1 stereotypy, 1 steroids, see also anabolic steroids, corticosteroids stimulant, 1 Stevens, Alex, Professor, 1 Stewart, Hester, 1 stimulants, 1, 2, 3 amphetamine, 1 caffeine, 1 cocaine, 1 dopamine receptors and, 1 khat, 1 mephedrone, 1 methamphetamine, 1 side effects, 1 steroids, 1 tobacco, 1 “uppers”, 1 street value, SSRIs, none, 1 stress hormones, 1 substance P, 1 substitute prescribing, 1 substitutes, see pharmacological substitutes Subutex, 1 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 1 sudden sniffing death syndrome, 1 suicide anabolic steroids and, 1 barbiturates, 1 benzodiazepines and, 1 energisation effect, 1 Marilyn Monroe, 1 mephedrone contributed to, 1 prison, in, 1 PTSD, 1 SSRIs and, 1, 2 SSRIs lower rate, 1 Sun, the, 1 supply reduction, criminalisation and, 1 Surgeon General, US, 1 surgery, risk statistics, 1 Switzerland, heroin treatment, 1 synapse, 1 synthetic analogues, 1 synthetic opioids, 1 synthetic recreational drugs, 1 Taylor, Polly, Dr, 1 TB, see tuberculosis teeth, bad, 1 Temperance Movement, 1 temporary banning orders, 1 terminal illness anxiety reduction, 1 cannabis for, 1 heroin for, 1 morphine in, 1, 2, 3 painkillers, 1 painkillers not given, 1, 2, 3, 4 preparation for, with LSD, 1, 2 War on Drugs, 1 testosterone withdrawal, 1 testosterone sex hormone, 1, 2, 3 Thailand, farmers, alternatives for, 1 Thatcher, Margaret, 1 THC, 1, 2, 3, 4 content, cannabis forms, 1 therapeutic drug cannabis as, 1 heroin, as, 1 LSD as, 1 psychedelics as, 1, 2 thrombosis, 1 Times, The, and heroin, 1 tinctures, cannabis, 1 tobacco, see also smoking, 1 benefits, 1 dopamine, releases, 1 harms, 1 history, 1 ritual function, 1 routes of use, 1 smuggling, 1, 2 stimulant, 1 tobacco industry distorted evidence, 1 lung cancer, response to, 1 resistance to health measures, 1 tolerance addictiveness and, 1 bingeing and, 1 defined, 1 GABA receptors and, 1 GHB, to, 1 ketamine, 1 mechanism, 1 overdose protection, as, 1 receptors and, 1 Tour de France, 1 toxicology, 1 tracer, 1 flumazenil, 1 transporters, 1, 2 dopamine, 1 treated positively scenario, 1 treatment, see addiction treatment tricyclic antidepressants, 1 tuberculosis, 1 TurBo-HIV, 1 Turkey, 1 UK independence party, decriminalisation of drugs, 1 Ukraine, morphine dose inadequate, 1 ulcerative cystitis, ketamine-induced, 1 UN Office on Drugs and Crime, see UNODC unemployment rate, ex-prisoners, 1 unlearning and phobias, 1 UNODC, 1 upgrading cannabis, 1, 2 purpose, 1 uppers, 1 vaccines, anti-drug, 1 antagonist, 1 cocaine, 1 nicotine, 1 val-met COMT type, 1 val-val COMT type, 1 valeda, 1 Valium, 1, 2 vandalism, 1 vaporisation temperature crack, 1 hydrochlorides, 1 varenicline, 1 vasoconstriction, psychedelics, 1 veins, damaged, 1 vicious cycle depression, 1, 2 dopamine receptors, 1 personal interactions, 1 withdrawal, 1 Vietnam drug-taking prevalent, 1 ketamine used, 1 LSD and anti-war movement, 1 speedballs, 1 statistics for drugs, 1 Vietnamese gangs, 1 Vin Mariani, 1, 2, 3 Pope Leo XIII, 1 Queen Victoria, 1 visual distortions, 1, 2, 3 voices, hearing, schizophrenia, 1 Wachovia bank money-laundering investigation, 1 Wainwright, Louis, 1, 2, 3 war American Civil, 1 cigarettes in, 1 Crimean, 1 Franco-Prussian, 1 PTSD in, 1 War on Drugs, 1 aims, 1 alternatives, 1 cost, 1 crime, increases, 1 demand reduction, 1 disease, infectious, 1 diverts attention, 1 harms reduction, 1 ineffective, report on, 1 perverse consequences, 1 research, hinders, 1 terminal illness, 1 War on Poverty, 1 War on Terror, 1 war, drugs in, see drugs in war wash up, 1 water overdrinking, dangers of, 1 when taking ecstasy, 1 weed, 1 weights in ACMD ranking, 1 Wellbutrin, 1 West Africa, 1 White, Kelli, 1 WHO, 1, 2 International Classificn. of Diseases, 1 smoking statistics, 1 William of Orange, 1 Williams, Tim, 1 wine, cocaine, see Vin Mariani Winehouse, Amy, 1, 2 Winstock, Adam, 1 winter sports, 1 withdrawal, 1 addiction and, 1 addictiveness and, 1 alcohol, 1, 2, 3 alcohol, benzodiazepines for, 1 benzodiazepines, 1 caffeine, 1, 2 defined, 1 dopamine levels, 1 drugs, 1 ecstasy, 1 GABA receptors and, 1 heroin, 1 ibogaine treatment for, 1 methadone, 1 methadone avoids heroin, 1 minimum data set and, 1 nicotine, 1, 2 partial agonist, 1 physical, 1 psychological, 1 smoking, 1, 2 sport, drugs in, 1 SSRIs, 1 testosterone, 1 vicious cycle, 1 World Health Organization, see WHO Wynder, Ernst, 1 Xanax, 1 young people, risks higher for, 1 Zoloft, 1 Copyright Published by UIT Cambridge Ltd.

Drugs 2.0: The Web Revolution That's Changing How the World Gets High by Mike Power

air freight, Alexander Shulgin, banking crisis, bitcoin, blockchain, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, cloud computing, credit crunch, crowdsourcing, death of newspapers, Donald Davies, double helix, Douglas Engelbart, drug harm reduction, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, fiat currency, Firefox, Fractional reserve banking, frictionless, fulfillment center, Haight Ashbury, independent contractor, John Bercow, John Gilmore, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, Leonard Kleinrock, means of production, Menlo Park, moral panic, Mother of all demos, Network effects, nuclear paranoia, packet switching, pattern recognition, PIHKAL and TIHKAL, pre–internet, QR code, RAND corporation, Satoshi Nakamoto, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sexual politics, Skype, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, trade route, Whole Earth Catalog, Zimmermann PGP

Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs by Johann Hari

Airbnb, centre right, drug harm reduction, failed state, glass ceiling, global pandemic, illegal immigration, low interest rates, mass incarceration, McJob, moral panic, Naomi Klein, placebo effect, profit motive, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Rat Park, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, San Francisco homelessness, science of happiness, Stephen Fry, Steven Pinker, traveling salesman, vertical integration, War on Poverty

This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook by Extinction Rebellion

3D printing, autonomous vehicles, banks create money, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, clean water, Colonization of Mars, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, David Attenborough, David Graeber, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, digital capitalism, Donald Trump, driverless car, drug harm reduction, Elon Musk, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Extinction Rebellion, Fairphone, feminist movement, full employment, Gail Bradbrook, gig economy, global pandemic, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, ice-free Arctic, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, mass immigration, negative emissions, Peter Thiel, place-making, quantitative easing, Ray Kurzweil, retail therapy, rewilding, Sam Altman, smart grid, supply-chain management, tech billionaire, the scientific method, union organizing, urban sprawl, wealth creators

Dopesick: Dealers, Doctors, and the Drug Company That Addicted America by Beth Macy

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Apollo 11, centre right, crack epidemic, David Sedaris, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, fulfillment center, invisible hand, labor-force participation, mandatory minimum, mass incarceration, McMansion, medical residency, meta-analysis, obamacare, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pill mill, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, single-payer health, urban renewal, War on Poverty, working poor

Everywhere in America, it was painstaking to walk skeptics through the social, criminal, and medical benefits of helping the least of their brethren, but worth it—even if you had to get your ass kicked. * In Appalachia, harm reduction was very slowly making inroads. In Lebanon, Virginia, where anti-MAT drug-court workers had once been castigated by harm-reduction proponents, Judge Michael Moore’s hair had turned from salt-and-pepper to white in the year since I’d first interviewed him. But the top Russell County prosecutor had recently signed off on allowing the drug court’s first Vivitrol participant, a thirty-year pill addict who admitted she could not stop abusing buprenorphine.

…

., 76–78 Notaro, Nicole, 91 Nuss, Lee, 61–63, 70–72, 85, 90, 99–100 Nuss, Monique, 61 Nuss, Randy, 61–63, 71–72, 90, 99 Obama, Barack, 38, 132, 156, 157, 219, 281 O’Dell, Molly, 39 Office of National Drug Control Policy, 219 Okrent, Daniel, 74 O’Neill, Eugene, 26 Opana ER, 185, 197 Operation OxyFest, 57–58 opioid epidemic: community awareness of, 113; and criminal justice system, 138, 147–49, 156, 157, 194, 203, 207, 217, 218, 220–21, 240, 251–56, 270, 281, 283, 290, 292, 301; and economic collapse, 151–52; geographical spread of, 8–10, 15–16, 40, 43–45, 52, 57–58, 59, 60, 62, 128–29, 131, 169, 206–7, 284–85; and health care system, 16, 41, 138, 148, 151, 169, 173–74, 203, 204–6, 207, 212–19, 221–23, 233–34, 237–39, 240, 251–52, 270, 274–78, 280, 286, 292; history of, 5, 8, 9, 10–11, 16, 17–18, 23–30, 90; narrative of, 266–68; national coverage of, 57–58, 60–61, 103, 277, 278–81, 301; in rural areas, 8, 52, 60, 105, 126–27, 150–51, 221, 274, 280, 282–83; solutions for, 240, 306; in suburbs, 105, 127, 129–33, 151, 245; in urban areas, 105, 129, 151, 274, 288–89 opioid-overdose deaths: in families, 128, 273, 287; geographical spread of, 4, 9, 128–29, 150, 169, 274, 284; from OxyContin, 40, 50, 84, 282; statistics on, 4, 5, 9, 16, 45, 49, 61, 84, 145, 154, 169, 185, 200, 221, 237, 238, 245, 266, 274, 281, 284 opioid users: crimes committed by, 15, 43–44, 46, 47, 49–50, 52, 53, 58, 65, 76, 80, 90, 113, 124, 126, 127, 130, 136, 138, 200, 253, 273; distribution of opioids, 139–40; and doctor-shopping, 32, 41, 44, 46, 51, 56, 57, 62, 285, 294; and drug-seeking emergency-room tricks, 41, 148; and harm reduction, 237–39; indifference of, 106; opioid-induced hyperalgesia, 267; progression from prescriptions to heroin, 9, 127, 130, 132, 136, 138, 149, 185, 190, 197, 198, 208, 245; and prostitution, 56; statistics on, 145; susceptibility to theft, 35 opium, 21–23, 26, 59, 218, 250 Overmountain Recovery, 292–95, 301 oxycodone: and crushing of OxyContin pills, 63, 66, 86, 136; and drug diversion, 214; fentanyl sold as, 201; overdose deaths from, 49; OxyContin as reformulation of, 20, 86; prescriptions for, 29, 112, 190, 242 OxyContin: abuse-resistant version of, 129, 133, 153, 185, 190; addiction to, 17, 27, 39–40, 45, 46, 48, 64–65, 76–77, 78, 79, 84, 85, 92, 95, 106, 128, 185, 205, 263, 277; availability of, 133–34; black-box warning on, 51; classification of, 197; distribution of, 129; dosage of, 271; and drug diversion, 18–19, 35, 41–42, 44, 46, 51, 61, 76–77, 86, 88, 184, 190; FDA approval of, 20, 63; heroin use compared to, 109, 195; morphine molecule of, 8, 56, 106, 250; national response to, 57–61, 62; overdose deaths from, 40, 50, 84, 282; Purdue Pharma’s marketing of, 20–21, 27–28, 32, 33, 40, 44, 46, 47–48, 50, 52–53, 62, 64, 70–72, 75, 76, 80, 84, 219, 263; Purdue Pharma’s withdrawal of, 186; sales of, 31–32, 61, 65; side effects of, 34–35, 85–86 OxyKills.com, 61–63, 91 Pack, Robert, 259, 292–94 pain: breakthrough pain, 40–41; as fifth vital sign, 27, 28, 219, 271 pain assessment and treatment: and narcotics, 29–30; and physician monitoring programs, 267; and pill-mill doctors, 51, 56, 57, 80, 94, 139–40, 144, 205, 285, 286; and Purdue Pharma, 45–46, 47, 64, 67, 77; and racial stereotyping, 253–54; standards of, 27–28, 29, 45, 64–67, 186, 217, 218, 250–52, 266–68, 271–72 Painter, Courtney, 265 Painter, Dennis, 154–55, 172–73, 176–77, 183–84, 265 Parsons, Gary, 49–50 Peck, Gregory, 87 Pence, Mike, 239, 240 Percocet: dosage of, 38, 39; and drug diversion, 18, 147, 214; morphine molecule of, 8; OxyContin compared with, 86; prescriptions of, 32, 40, 41, 112, 132 Perez, Rikk, 120 Perkins, Chris, 104, 201–3, 205, 207 Perullo, Brandon, 113–14 Pettyjohn, Joshua, 164–65 Pfaff, John F., 259 pharmaceutical companies, 32–34, 66, 125, 134, 150, 169, 271–72, 285.

Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts by David Gerard

altcoin, Amazon Web Services, augmented reality, Bernie Madoff, bitcoin, Bitcoin Ponzi scheme, blockchain, Blythe Masters, Bretton Woods, Californian Ideology, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cryptocurrency, distributed ledger, Dogecoin, Dr. Strangelove, drug harm reduction, Dunning–Kruger effect, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Extropian, fiat currency, financial innovation, Firefox, Flash crash, Fractional reserve banking, functional programming, index fund, information security, initial coin offering, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Kickstarter, litecoin, M-Pesa, margin call, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, operational security, peer-to-peer, Peter Thiel, pets.com, Ponzi scheme, Potemkin village, prediction markets, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Ross Ulbricht, Ruby on Rails, Satoshi Nakamoto, short selling, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Singularitarianism, slashdot, smart contracts, South Sea Bubble, tulip mania, Turing complete, Turing machine, Vitalik Buterin, WikiLeaks

Why the Dutch Are Different: A Journey Into the Hidden Heart of the Netherlands: From Amsterdam to Zwarte Piet, the Acclaimed Guide to Travel in Holland by Ben Coates

Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, bike sharing, British Empire, centre right, clean water, colonial rule, company town, drug harm reduction, Easter island, failed state, financial innovation, glass ceiling, invention of the printing press, joint-stock company, Kickstarter, megacity, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, short selling, spice trade, starchitect, trade route, urban sprawl, work culture

Given that decisions to prosecute were rare, the small-scale distribution of cannabis was effectively legalised. Drug-vending ‘coffee shops’ were free to go about their business as long as they abided by guidelines prohibiting them from advertising drugs, selling to minors, selling large quantities or dealing in harder drugs. In the case of harder drugs like heroin, the emphasis was on harm reduction, with methadone and needle-exchange programmes made readily available. For the Dutch, the decision whether or not to use drugs was a personal one, and not something for governments to get involved in. The authorities’ overall approach was one of tolerance and discretion, aimed at reducing the harm caused by drug abuse rather than eliminating drug use altogether.

Britain Etc by Mark Easton

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Boris Johnson, British Empire, credit crunch, digital divide, digital rights, drug harm reduction, financial independence, garden city movement, global village, Howard Rheingold, income inequality, intangible asset, James Watt: steam engine, John Perry Barlow, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, low skilled workers, mass immigration, moral panic, Neil Armstrong, Ronald Reagan, science of happiness, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Slavoj Žižek, social software, traumatic brain injury

The Russians made possession for personal use a civil matter. The Spanish moved drugs policy from criminal justice to health. In Britain, there were calls for the expansion of pilot schemes allowing GPs to prescribe heroin once again. Billions were pumped into drug treatment programmes as police drugs officers were quietly told their principal aim was now harm reduction rather than strict law enforcement. But the politics of drugs proved almost as toxic as the narcotics themselves. In 2008, with the government deeply unpopular in the polls, ministers launched a new and ‘relentless drive’ against the drugs menace. Rejecting the advice of official experts, the Home Secretary announced the criminal sanction for possessing cannabis would be increased to a maximum of five years in prison.

The Viral Underclass: The Human Toll When Inequality and Disease Collide by Steven W. Thrasher

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, California gold rush, carbon footprint, Chelsea Manning, clean water, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, David Graeber, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, East Village, Edward Jenner, ending welfare as we know it, European colonialism, Ferguson, Missouri, food desert, gentrification, George Floyd, global pandemic, informal economy, lockdown, Louis Pasteur, mandatory minimum, mass incarceration, means of production, medical bankruptcy, moral panic, Naomi Klein, obamacare, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, peak TV, pill mill, QR code, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, San Francisco homelessness, Saturday Night Live, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, social distancing, the built environment, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, Upton Sinclair, War on Poverty, white flight, working poor

Perdue and her colleagues do distribute sterile syringes and provide people with naloxone, an opioid antagonist that can be administered to save a person’s life if they begin to overdose. But their important work also connects people to housing assistance and drug treatment programs, reflecting how research has long shown that harm reduction programs put people, as Kilkenny phrased it, “on a pathway that ends the root problem of addiction.” Though Cabell and Huntington Counties have a compound population of fewer than one hundred fifty thousand residents, when it opened its Harm Reduction Program it quickly went from seeing fifteen people a week to more than two thousand.