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searching for Mutation rate 315 found (419 total)

alternate case: mutation rate

Population size (1,334 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

population size and mutation rate, and fixation probability of a beneficial mutation is inversely related to population size and mutation rate. LaBar and Adami

evolutionary biology and population genetics, the error threshold (or critical mutation rate) is a limit on the number of base pairs a self-replicating molecule

alleles is called background selection. This effect increases with lower mutation rate but decreases with higher recombination rate. Purifying selection can

deleterious alleles is then determined by a balance between the deleterious mutation rate and the rate at which selection purges those mutations. Mutation–selection

or "cloud" of related genotypes that exist in an environment of high mutation rate (at stationary state), where a large fraction of offspring are expected

two weeks by targeting proteins on the virus itself, but the rapid mutation rate of HIV induces antibody-resistant strains that render the treatment

proven that E. intestinalis infection can increase host cell nuclear mutation rate. Microsporidia are obligate intracellular opportunistic fungi that cause

000 locations in the human genome and they are notable for their high mutation rate and high diversity in the population. Minisatellites are prominent in

information in a lineage of organisms due to high mutation rates. The mutation rate above which error catastrophe occurs is called the error threshold.

homolog. The neo-Y, which does not recombine, shows the accelerated mutation rate that is observed on the ordinary Y of other mammals. List of endangered

in the number of alleles in a population which are maintained above mutation rate frequencies. All modern research has shown that this significant genetic

gives RNA primers for DNA synthesis to strands.[citation needed] The mutation rate of phiX174 is estimated to be 1.0 x 10−6 substitutions per base per

the ratio of the male mutation rate to the female mutation rate, Y and X are denoted as Y and X-linked sequence mutation rate, he include that the ratio

carrying at least one (additional) mutation depends heavily on the genomic mutation rate and this increases more or less linearly with the size of the genome

rate}}_{SDA+UV}-{\text{mutation rate}}_{UV}|}}} , where mutation rate S D A + U V {\displaystyle {\text{mutation rate}}_{SDA+UV}} is the mutation rate of a nucleotide

slightly deleterious, this would increase the rate of effectively neutral mutation rate in small populations, which could offset the effect of long generation

to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the genome of BRSV has a high mutation rate, which results in great antigenetic variation. Thus, BRSV can be split

research on gene orders in animals' mitochondrial genomes reveals that the mutation rate of gene orders is not a constant in some degrees. Methods for genome

findings are consistent with this hypothesis, but, depending on the mutation rate, we find either an effective population size of NA = 12,000 (95% C.I

such forces, and have slower rates of mutation than the background mutation rate. Conservation can occur in coding and non-coding nucleic acid sequences

of fixation per generation is equal to the mutation rate per replication. A relatively constant mutation rate thus produces a constant rate of change per

12,000 paternity-tested families shows that the microsatellite DNA mutation rate in both very young teenage fathers and in middle-aged fathers is elevated

of Nanobdellati is not yet considered established, due to the high mutation rate of the included phyla, which can lead to the artifact of the long branch

population size. If a population is at a constant size with constant mutation rate, the population will reach an equilibrium of gene frequencies. This

intensification of agricultural practices in industrial societies. The mutation rate has been estimated to be 9.29×10−3 to 2.74×10−3 subs/site/year. Thompson

findings are consistent with this hypothesis, but, depending on the mutation rate, we find either an effective population size of NA = 12,000 (95% C.I

findings are consistent with this hypothesis, but, depending on the mutation rate, we find either an effective population size of NA = 12,000 (95% C.I

allele frequency spectrum, including estimates of the population scaled mutation rate, θ = 2 N μ {\displaystyle \theta =2N\mu } , such as Watterson's θ W

replication. To describe the mutation rate in a quantitative way for different organisms, Drake postulated that the mutation rate (per base position and per

lower mutation rate would be selected for, which is one possible reason for the convergent evolution of the germ plasm. However, more mutation rate data

that they do not violate the model assumption of no recombination. The mutation rate ( θ {\displaystyle \theta } ) can be estimated as follows, where μ ∗

(Plecoglossus altivelis), an East Asian protacanthopterygian, control region mutation rate is not markedly lowered, but sequence differences between subspecies

bMERB domain containing 1 (or bMERB1) is a gene expressed in humans which has broad expression across the brain. This gene codes for bMERB1 domain-containing

Belarus have suggested a twofold increase in the germline minisatellite mutation rate". Some 116,000 people were evacuated from contaminated areas initially

activity by accelerating the hydrolysis of Ras-bound GTP. NF1 has a high mutation rate and mutations can alter cellular growth control, and neural development

1 4 N e u + 1 {\displaystyle F={1 \over 4N_{e}u+1}} where u is the mutation rate, and Ne is the effective population size. The effective number of alleles

Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc R Soc B. 282 (1803): 1–6. doi:10.1098/rspb

hollows to the right of these points remain, and the mutation rate is too small. If the mutation rate is sufficiently high, the disorder or variance may

mutations. Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and

SF, Wilke CO, Ofria C, and Lenski RE. Effects of population size and mutation rate on the evolution of mutational robustness Ostrowski E, Ofria C, and

Chlorella viruses (Phycodnaviridae) and poxviruses (Poxviridae). The mutation rate in poxvirus genomes has been estimated to be 0.9–1.2 x 10−6 substitutions

per gene mutation rate observed in a typical EMS mutagenesis experiment of the model organism C. elegans, corresponds to a raw mutation rate of ~7x10−6

"passenger" mutations Any genetic or epigenetic lesion increasing the mutation rate will have as a consequence an increase in the acquisition of new mutations

ranging from the dynamics and genetics of adaptation to the evolution of mutation rate, community ecology, evolutionary genomics, altruism, and epidemiology

PMC 4202315. PMID 25123113. Lynch, Michael (2010). "Evolution of the mutation rate". Trends in Genetics. 26 (8): 345–352. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2010.05.003

neutral mutations should only be influenced by the mutation rate. Therefore, the neutral mutation rate in individual organisms should match the molecular

emerging viruses are RNA viruses, likely due to the higher nucleotide mutation rate of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses. The common bent-wing bat is

to a rearrangement of the family tree. Revision of the Y-chromosome mutation rate (see below) can change the estimate of the time when he lived. The time

sufficient in mammals. This could be illustrated by the extremely low mutation rate in mice given by DEN (3 in 60,179 offspring). To overcome this problem

Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc R Soc B. 282 (1803): 1–6. doi:10.1098/rspb

2.0, studying cosmic radiation to evaluate its possible role in the mutation rate of bacteria Bacteria in heavy water, a biology experiment NEXT-HD, the

9 Mya), based on certain assumptions about the generation time and mutation rate. The extinct Bunopithecus sericus was a gibbon or gibbon-like ape. Adaptive

while mitochondrial DNA is haploid, coming only from the mother. The mutation rate for nuclear DNA is less than 0.3% while that of mitochondrial DNA is

also this mailing list discussion) "GENEALOGY-DNA-L Archives — DYS 388 Mutation Rate?". Archived from the original on 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2007-02-27. Trinucleotide

inhibitory concentration) of 41 μM.[citation needed] Due to its high mutation rate and systematic elimination of key immune system cells, HIV is a very

origin and fate. This is because a pathogens genetic diversity and mutation rate are key factors in determining if it can transmit across multiple hosts

TMEM128, also known as Transmembrane Protein 128, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM128 gene. TMEM128 has three variants, varying in 5'

\,\!S-1}{1-e^{s}}}} where ρ is the ratio of advantageous mutation rate to null mutation rate and S is the population selection 4NeS (Ne: effective population

990 bp. NSI appears to be a DNA helicase with ATPase activity. The mutation rate in the genome has been estimated to be ~1.4 x 10−4 substitutions/site/year

STR # notes DNA sequence repeat motif alleles mutation rate links DXS10011 DXS10066 DXS10066 is also known as Penta X-16. DXS10067 DXS10067 is also known

information about themselves DNA DNA or RNA Able to evolve Yes: mutation, recombination, natural selection Yes: high mutation rate, natural selection

this is due to the fact that RNA viruses have a much higher nucleotide mutation rate than DNA viruses. The common bent-wing bat can be found in the following

Ashworth A (March 2002). "Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation". EMBO Rep. 3 (3): 255–60

smaller mutation rate than nuclear DNA, making tracking lineages on the scale of tens of thousands of years much easier. Knowing the base mutation rate for

encoded by the mutA gene that is correlated to significantly increased mutation rate in cells that express the gene. The uncharged MutA tRNA possesses complementarity

mutations. This has led to a much improved estimate of the deleterious mutation rate for the genome as a whole. Anon (2014). "Professor Peter Keightley FRS"

R.; Neil, D. L.; Jeffreys, A. J. (1996-04-25). "Human minisatellite mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident". Nature. 380 (6576): 683–686. Bibcode:1996Natur

signal it used or to abort the second-stage fetus. Due to the rapid mutation rate of the missing-link signal molecule, preventing the activation of the

parvovirus is still occasionally reported. This may be related to the high mutation rate of RNA positive stranded viruses, of which canine coronavirus is one

years to successfully reproduce. In the mtDNA cytochrome b gene, a mutation rate of 0.5–0.7% per million years (if assuming an Early Miocene divergence)

coagulogen, has a mutation rate of 1.2 x 10−9 per amino acid per year as compared to its mammalian analog, fibrinogen, with a mutation rate of 8.3 x 10−9

another), which would lead to a low replication accuracy and a high mutation rate, rendering the evolutionary process chaotic. In his book Darwin's Dangerous

Hodgkinson, Alan; Eyre-Walker, Adam (4 October 2011). "Variation in the mutation rate across mammalian genomes". Nature Reviews Genetics. 12 (11): 756–766

branch to orangutan (14 my) from their last common ancestor (LCA). The mutation rate at 0.857 for a stretch of sequence. Mutation rates are given, however

Romanov family of Russian royalty). In this study, they calculated a mutation rate upwards of twenty times higher than previous results. Although the original

the virus does not actively spread among humans and has a much slower mutation rate than the other influenza viruses. Influenza viruses, like all viruses

settings for the problem's complexity class being worked on. A very small mutation rate may lead to genetic drift (which is non-ergodic in nature). A recombination

by recombinational DNA repair during meiosis (assuming the initial mutation rate is higher than optimal), since this removal allows greater survival

sometimes changing parts of its antigen epitope in the process. The mutation rate has been estimated to be ~1.38×10−7 substitutions/site/year. In the

complete genomes differ by deletions, insertions and duplications. Since mutation rate is relatively constant, roughly one half of these changes occurred in

2-fold reduction in the heat-induced contribution to the spontaneous mutation rate in male germinal tissues compared to tissues at 37 °C. If the testicles

regions with the relative rate test (which showed that rodents had a mutation rate much higher than humans) and backed up by comparing paralogous genes

produce non-functional viral proteins whereas reassortment cannot. The mutation rate of a virus is associated with the rate of genetic recombinations. Higher

distribution of certain properties of genes (e.g., genomic content, mutation rate, interaction network clustering, etc.) belonging to different categories

test, and its constituent, caffeic acid, decreases the spontaneous mutation rate in the ST cross". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 50 (3–4): 1082–90. doi:10

D. (1997). "Evidence for a selectively favourable reduction in the mutation rate of the X chromosome". Nature. 386 (6623): 388–92. Bibcode:1997Natur

error rate on the part of the virus' RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The mutation rate produces so many variants of the virus it is considered a quasispecies

of Science and described the use of this technology to measure the mutation rate of the colon cancer cell line SW4802. By sequencing the amplified DNA

STR rate ranges as of 2008 for 16 Y-STRs STR site Mutation rate (x 10−3) LB-96%CI 'rate' UB-96%CI Notes DYS19 1.5 2.4 3.5 23 of 9658 DYS385 1.4 2.1 3

other research areas include the nature and scale of recombination and mutation rate variation across genomes, the genetics of aquatic invasions, and speciation

from their chromosomes while undergoing a roughly 10-fold increase in mutation rate, possibly due to mutations in genes for DNA replication and DNA repair

heterozygotes are favored or when selection is frequency dependent. A high mutation rate caused by the lack of a proofreading mechanism appears to be a major

 vi–vii, ISBN 978-0-9816316-0-8 Dolgin, Elie (27 August 2009). "Human mutation rate revealed: Next-generation sequencing provides the most accurate estimate

Tory K, Lacoste T, Burglen L, et al. (2007). "High NPHP1 and NPHP6 mutation rate in patients with Joubert syndrome and nephronophthisis: potential epistatic

understanding the dynamics of evolutionary change due to their rapid mutation rate and fast generation time. Phylogeography is a useful tool in understanding

the rate of strand elongation was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per round of replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis

common than transversions, with CpG dinucleotides showing the highest mutation rate, presumably due to deamination.[citation needed] A personal genome sequence

can increase in frequency if the mutation rate to this phenotype is sufficiently higher than the reverse mutation rate; however, this appears to be rare

overall evolution rate of 3.18×10−3 substitutions per site per year. The mutation rate varied with position : the hypervariable region evolved faster (4.55×10−3

Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc R Soc B. 282 (1803): 1–6. doi:10.1098/rspb

sickness 6 May 2002 www.upi.com accessed 21 September 2021 SOMATIC MUTATION RATE IN TRADESCANTIA STAMEN HAIRS AT LOW RADIATION LEVELS: FINDING OF LOW

"Susceptibility of Enterobacter to Cefamandole: Evidence for a High Mutation Rate to Resistance". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 9 (6): 970–974

Lenski, and C. Adami (2001). Evolution of Digital Organisms at High Mutation Rate Leads To Survival of the Flattest. Nature 412:331-333. R.E. Lenski,

systems, to mainland of China, Indonesia and Philippines. Although mutation rate calibrations using fossil data is impossible here, many studies have

advantages and one or more DNA repair defects (causing a very high mutation rate), likely give rise to the high frequency of total genome mutations seen

and R. A. Fisher pointed out that Harrison's hypothesis required a mutation rate far higher than any previously reported." Moore, Randy; Decker, Mark

error-prone polymerases under the SOS response increases the basal mutation rate of bacteria. While mutations are often lethal to the cell, they can

present 5,940 ± 2,900 years (evolutionary mutation rate) or 1,630 ± 800 years (genealogical mutation rate) 10,800 ± 2,300 years ago or 9,300 ± 3,300

somatic cells is the primary cause of aging. A comparison of somatic mutation rate across several mammal species found that the total number of accumulated

for inaccuracy and assumptions made in the model (such as consistent mutation rate for all branches) and is used mostly as an estimation tool. Genetic

Yennawar M, et al. (June 2018). "A speed-fidelity trade-off determines the mutation rate and virulence of an RNA virus". PLOS Biology. 16 (6): e2006459. doi:10

apart from humans and the great apes. The LAVA transposon increases mutation rate, thus is supposed to have contributed to the rapid and greater change

maintaining diagnostic PCR detection assays is difficult due to the high mutation rate of this virus. In Europe, a geographical demarcation exists between

genomes, with maximum 35kb by coronavirus. RNA genomes have higher mutation rate, that is why their genome has to be small enough in order not to harbour

make effective vaccines against them. Retroviruses also have a high mutation rate even though their DNA intermediate integrates into the host genome (and

DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per

populations (fluctuation of genetic selection pressure) and generation time (mutation rate) where some genotypes are preferentially selected thanks to the individual

Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc R Soc B. 282 (1803): 20142898. doi:10.1098/rspb

error for every 200 letters (base pairs) based on the implausibly high mutation rate, probably due to the preservation of the sample. In 2012, British-American

preventing cells from replicating with mutations. Furthermore, increased mutation rate from decreased DNA repair leads to increased inactivation of other tumor

distribution of individuals in a population, effective population size, mutation rate and migration rate Predator-prey relationships – either the predator

the severity of symptoms. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of its genome

molecular clock method used here is an outdated technique. The presumed 2% mutation rate is appropriate for small short-lived Neoaves, but probably not for larger

Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B: "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers." Proc R Soc B 282:20142898, 2015. Elisabeth Hamel

environment. It had also been previously proposed that an increased mutation rate due to greater environmental mutagen exposure could have increased natural

294 <-> 51,202] years BP, and 44,700 or 38,300 years BP depending on mutation rate) Possible place of origin Southeast Asia or East Asia (Northern China)

CD; Chong JX; Malig M; et al. (November 2012). "Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population". Nat. Genet. 44 (11): 1277–81

substitutions per site per year, which is considered to be a very low mutation rate for an RNA virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire SH gene indicates

individuals while the latter measures the tendency to vary, as measured in mutation rate and mutational variance. He published the first mathematical model for

Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc R Soc B. 282 (1803): 20142898. doi:10.1098/rspb

death, which in the final trial was only 30%, as well as the increased mutation rate the drug causes, which could theoretically worsen the pandemic by driving

fungi, and viruses. There is no paralog for C12orf29 protein. The mutation rate of C12orf29 was close to that of fibrinogen alpha chain. The human's

organism is roughly equal to the inverse of mutation rate per site per replication. Therefore, a high mutation rate imposes a serious limitation on the length

protein requires degradation. C16orf90 orthologs have a relatively high mutation rate as seen in the graph to the right comparing C16orf90 with fibrinopeptides

Ashworth, A (2002). "Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation". EMBO Rep. 3 (3): 255–260

organism is roughly equal to the inverse of mutation rate per site per replication. Therefore, a high mutation rate imposes a serious limitation on the length

advised against. The rapid evolution of HIV can be attributed to its high mutation rate. During the early stages of mutation, evolution appears to be neutral

maintain compatibility with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which has a high mutation rate. Studies suggest that deleterious mtDNA mutations can drive compensatory

the medical world are attributed to its lack of information on SNP mutation rate (e.g. masses have no correspondence to mutagenesis), as well as a general

some kind of balance. So long as the proportions of each form is above mutation rate, then selection must be the cause. As early as 1930 Fisher had discussed

through a cross-species transmission, rapid evolution is expected. The mutation rate estimated from early cases of SARS-CoV-2 was of 6.54×10−4 per site per

encoding the information needed to produce the spike protein. The high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 leads to genetic differences within the S-gene and these

135-140 Ogata N, Alter HJ... Purcell RH (1991). Nucleotide sequence and mutation rate of the H strain of hepatitis C virus. Proceedings of the National Academy

influences another part of the reproductive strategy of a population, namely mutation rate. Clonal interference does not only play a role in the fixation of mutations

as a human disease which suggests a relatively recent origin. If the mutation rate is assumed to be similar to that of the herpesviruses, the divergence

mutation appearance is independent of genome size, but dependent on per-BP mutation rate. For characteristically large chemostats, a hyper-mutating strain does

DNA damage, is the primary cause of aging. A comparison of somatic mutation rate across several mammal species found that the total number of accumulated

NOP receptor gene, OPRL1, has equal evolutionary origin, but a higher mutation rate, than the other receptor genes. Although opioid receptor families share

as 60,000 years. These estimates depend heavily on knowledge of the mutation rate in this species, which is unknown, but is predicted to be one of the

Mutation rate of WDR53 in comparison to Fibrinogen and Cytochrome-C across organisms

ISSN 1424-8581. PMID 21709415. S2CID 39983260. Ichikawa, Sadao (1972). "Somatic Mutation Rate in Tradescantia Stamen Hairs at Low Radiation Levels: Finding of Low

Mutations in genes employed in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) cause a high mutation rate. In tumors, such frequent subsequent mutations often generate "non-self"

DNA. Low SMUG1 transcripts can impair DNA repair and thus increase mutation rate, enhance chromosomal instability and promote selection of more malignant

1016/j.cub.2016.01.028. PMC 4819516. PMID 26923783."Applying a point mutation rate of 0.76 × 10−9 per site per year inferred from the number of missing

with a segmented genome. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of its genome

different alleles expected in a population, based on population size, mutation rate, and whether the mutant alleles were neutral, overdominant, or deleterious

in the biological cycle of astroviruses. The human astrovirus genome mutation rate has been estimated to be 3.7×10−3 nucleotide substitutions per site

mutation rate of CCDC142 compared to benchmark proteins, Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen A, which mutate slowly and quickly respectively. Mutation rate,

divergent populations is predicted to be equal to the per-individual mutation rate, independent of population size. When the proportion of mutations that

formula: θ=4Νeμ, where Νe is the effective population size and μ is the mutation rate (substitutions per site per unit of time). Hudson et al. proposed applying

Ågren, Jon (July 2023). "Reply to: Re-evaluating evidence for adaptive mutation rate variation". Nature. 619 (7971): E57 – E60. Bibcode:2023Natur.619E..57M

throughout the entire protein. KRBA1 orthologs have a relatively high mutation rate as seen in the graph below comparing KRBA1 with fibrinopeptides, hemoglobin

Helgason A, Gulcher JR, Stefansson K, Donnelly P (May 2000). "The mutation rate in the human mtDNA control region". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66 (5): 1599–609

divergent species. This horizontal gene transfer, coupled with a high mutation rate and other means of transformation, allows microorganisms to swiftly

{\sqrt {2k}}{\sigma }}}} The equation takes into account distance (r), mutation rate (k), and the standard deviation of migration (σ). The kinship coefficient

Mutations in these genes allow the bacteria to have a higher overall mutation rate and to accumulate mutations that cause drug resistance more quickly

Of genotype I isolates, subtype IA accounts for the majority. The mutation rate in the genome has been estimated to be 1.73–9.76 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions

general possible time-reversible model, called the GTR model, has six mutation rate parameters. An even more generalized model known as the general 12-parameter

pattern. Deletion mutations in BER genes have shown to result in a higher mutation rate in a variety of organisms, implying that loss of BER could contribute

(in Icelandic). Retrieved 17 April 2025. Sigurðardóttir et al., The mutation rate in the human mtDNA control region, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66:1599-1609,

mitochondrial DNA are highly abundant and polymorphic due to rapid mutation rate. Immunoglobulin region - The immunoglobulin loci is highly polymorphic

Lucy A.; Wang, Zuyun; Guo, Zhaobiao (2013). "Historical variations in mutation rate in an epidemic pathogen, Yersinia pestis". Proceedings of the National

"Noonan syndrome-causing genes: Molecular update and an assessment of the mutation rate". International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 3 (4):

mutation rate in the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA across four Chinese Mongolian horses revealed a mutation rate of 3.69%. In comparison, the mutation rate

"Noonan syndrome-causing genes: Molecular update and an assessment of the mutation rate". International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 3 (4):

preserved independently in both for so long due to HLA alleles' high mutation rate. Tibetan people received an advantageous EGLN1 and EPAS1 gene variant

Chakraborty R, Fuerst PA. 1976. Infinite allele model with varying mutation rate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:4164-4168. Chakraborty R, Nei M. 1977

number of these genes are highly conserved among them. Birds' point mutation rate (1.9×10−3 mutations per site per Ma) is smaller than that of mammals

methods for estimating human mutation rates; the first estimates of mutation rate in humans (2 × 10−5 mutations per gene per generation for the X-linked

cause disease in humans via DNA acquired from other microorganisms. Its mutation rate is also high, and the organism continues to evolve even after infecting

Nancy E.; Moser, Hugo W. (2001). "Adrenoleukodystrophy: Incidence, new mutation rate, and results of extended family screening". Annals of Neurology. 49

Loss of capacity to repair genetic errors, leading to an increased mutation rate (genomic instability), thus accelerating all the other changes. Dramatic

Ashworth A (March 2002). "Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation". EMBO Reports. 3 (3): 255–60

is an important method of defense against microbes due to their high mutation rate. This process also plays an important role in promoting the survival

infinity, while the product of the Ne (effective population size) and the mutation rate is fixed, the mean number of different alleles in the population rapidly

DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phase T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per

close contact with poultry. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of the influenza

Their reproduction is both rapid and profuse. The combination of a high mutation rate and a horizontal gene transfer ability makes them highly adaptable,

transposition increases if the cell is subjected to stress, thus increasing the mutation rate under these conditions, which might be beneficial to the cell. Cells

and in the reservoir among the local human population. The observed mutation rate of 2.0 x 10−3 substitutions per site per year is as fast as that of

anatomically modern humans out of Africa across the world. By calibrating the mutation rate of M. tuberculosis to match this narrative, the study suggested that

Salomaa, Sisko (2002-01-01). "Nuclear Weapons Tests and Human Germline Mutation Rate". Science. 295 (5557): 1037. doi:10.1126/science.1068102. JSTOR 3076101

1093/genetics/24.4.462, PMC 1209049, PMID 17246933 Jones, D F (1936), "The Mutation Rate in Somatic Cells of Maize.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 22

favorable genetic adaptation. Other factors, like genetic recombination and mutation rate, can also determine SNP density. SNP density can be predicted by the

is used over mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA because of its faster mutation rate as well as its intraspecific variation due to a higher consistency of

in pathogenicity and allowing the virus to infect nerve tissue. The mutation rate in the virus is relatively high even for an RNA virus, with a synonymous

about 804,000 years ago, and from each other 640,000 years ago. Using a mutation rate of 1×10−9 or 0.5×10−9 per base pair (bp) per year, the Neanderthal/Denisovan

where l {\displaystyle l} is the length of the binary vector. Thus, a mutation rate of 1 {\displaystyle 1} per mutation and individual selected for mutation

in loci position. The greater the length of the MSI, the greater the mutation rate. Although most mutations of MSI are the result of frame-shift mutations

bacteria. A study of genomes isolated from medieval cases estimated the mutation rate to be 6.13 × 10−9. The authors also showed that the leprosy bacillus

that this virus was introduced to Xinjiang along the Silk Road. The mutation rate was estimated to be 3.44×10−6 substitutions per site per year (95% highest

analysis must be performed that will show that the motifs reported have a mutation rate meaningfully less than that of the surrounding nonfunctional sequence

wolf lineages occurred 1 million years ago and with an assumed wolf mutation rate, estimated that the divergence of the Indian gray wolf from the wolf/dog

Some viruses employ polymorphic code in a way that constrains the mutation rate of the virus significantly. For example, a virus can be programmed to

and cows, may have occurred. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of the influenza

Robson, J. M.; Carr, J. G. (1941). "THE EFFECT OF SEX ON THE SPONTANEOUS MUTATION RATE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER". Genetics. 41 (2–3): 255–265. Auerbach,

M; Pfeiffer, H; Neuhuber, F; Brinkmann, B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc Biol Sci. 282 (1803): 20142898. doi:10.1098/rspb

component of the viral polymerase. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of the influenza

distributed. For example, the HIV virus has 10,000 base pairs, and has a mutation rate of about 1 per 30,000 base pairs, meaning the number of mutations per

21 June 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013. Dolgin, Elie (2009). "Human mutation rate revealed". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2009.864. Retrieved 18 September

Mutation rate of C1orf52 in comparison to Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen Alpha. All organisms used for C1orf52 mutation rate are on the table. Organsims

involved in a particular growth-limiting process have an increased mutation rate. Some bacteria transfer genetic material between cells. This can occur

molecular phylogeneticists, sometimes quite harshly: Mitochondrial DNA's mutation rate in mammals varies from region to region — some parts hardly ever change

Educational Review. pp. 153–161. Crow, J. F. (1997). "The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Mbp}}} In 1991, John W. Drake proposed a general rule: that the mutation rate within a genome and its size are inversely correlated. This rule has

treat hepatitis virus infection in mice, mainly because of the high mutation rate and the variety of virus strains, as well as concerns that vaccination

Mutation rate of FAM76A relative to cytochrome C and fibrinogen. Mutation rate, m, which is the corrected percent of amino acid changes between the Homo

OCLC 3138680061. Lynch, Michael (August 2010). "Evolution of the mutation rate". Trends in Genetics. 26 (8): 345–352. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2010.05.003

expressed with different memes supporting it. This is to say that the mutation rate in memetic evolution is extremely high, and mutations are even possible

exclusion zone, in which the central conclusion was essentially that "The mutation rate in these animals is hundreds and probably thousands of times greater

Ronald; Lynch, Michael (2017-09-06). Moran, Nancy A. (ed.). "Genome-Wide Mutation Rate Response to pH Change in the Coral Reef Pathogen Vibrio shilonii AK1"

mutation should be deleterious, thereby leading to non-zero overall mutation rate, maintaining variance in fitness. Rowe and Houle's simple model defines

molecular phylogeneticists, sometimes quite harshly: Mitochondrial DNA's mutation rate in mammals varies from region to region — some parts hardly ever change

Ashworth A (March 2002). "Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation". EMBO Reports. 3 (3): 255–60

species. The MT-CO1 gene sequence is suitable for this role because its mutation rate is generally fast enough to distinguish closely related species and

to result in a population's collapse and ultimate extinction. Random mutation rate, drift, high rates of inbreeding, restricted gene flow, and regional

dog genome, it can estimate the global parameters, such as neutral mutation rate and repeat content. GSS is also an effective way to large-scale and

evolution and invasion pattern of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 in Europe: Mutation rate, and selection pressure differ between genome domains". Virology. 514:

Heslop-Harrison's controls were inadequate, and that Hughes's findings made the 6% mutation rate required by Heslop-Harrison "improbable". The first important experiments

populations to infer dates of initial separation of 40–45 kya (adjusted for a mutation rate of 0.5 × 10−9 per year; Scally 2016). Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto

Ehrenstein G., Hedgram A. (1957). Gonad temperature and spontaneous mutation-rate in man. Nature 180: 1433-1434. Heller, R.E. (1929). New evidence for

to be distinct lineages; SAT 1 and SAT 2 are unresolved clades. The mutation rate of the protein-encoding sequences of strains isolated between 1932 and

known for its lack of error correcting mechanisms, resulting in a high mutation rate. Mutations that confer a substantial selective advantage to HIV survival

DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per replication during virus T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per

Gulcher, Jeffrey R.; Stefansson, Kári; Donnelly, Peter (May 2000). "The Mutation Rate in the Human mtDNA Control Region". American Journal of Human Genetics

Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B. (2015) "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc Biol Sci 282:20142898 [1] Dechanet C, Anahory

do so results in microsatellite instability, an elevated spontaneous mutation rate (mutator phenotype), and susceptibility to HNPCC. hMSH6 combines with

M; Pfeiffer, H; Neuhuber, F; Brinkmann, B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc Biol Sci. 282 (1803): 20142898. doi:10.1098/rspb

invertebrates differ so radically in body organization, partly due to a higher mutation rate, that they became formally classified as different phyla. All of the

nearly neutral mutations, then the substitution rate is equal to the mutation rate per gamete of the mutants. The existence of a molecular clock was first

Ashworth A (March 2002). "Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation". EMBO Reports. 3 (3): 255–60

epidemics in humans, influenza A also has pandemic potential and a higher mutation rate and is therefore most significant to public health. Influenza A viruses

deletions, tandem duplications, inversions, mobile element insertions. The mutation rate is also much higher than microscopic structural variants, estimated

believed the high doses of radiation could have increased the germline mutation rate, but they would need methods to measure mutations in the children of

PMID 19500773. Nachman MW, Crowell SL (September 2000). "Estimate of the mutation rate per nucleotide in humans". Genetics. 156 (1): 297–304. doi:10.1093/genetics/156

exposure may result in excessive production of lymphocytes and increased mutation rate during an illness. Several studies have identified lower ALL rates among

Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (March 2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 282 (1803): 20142898

diversity of life. RNA virus evolution appears to be facilitated by a high mutation rate caused by the lack of a proofreading mechanism during viral genome replication

A, Dumont BL, Han L, et al. (November 2012). "Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population". Nature Genetics. 44 (11):

M; Pfeiffer, H; Neuhuber, F; Brinkmann, B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological

to have evolved in southwest Eurasia or north Africa. The estimated mutation rate is about 1.15×10−4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year.[citation needed]

Mendelian disorder, and were able to estimate the inter-generation mutation rate. The Institute for Systems Biology has used this technology to sequence

of Drosophila, the effect of temperature changes and X-rays on the mutation rate." Ellen James Patterson United States United States Chevalier Jackson

cause a reduction in the heat-induced contribution to the spontaneous mutation rate in male germinal tissue. Sperm are the smaller of the two gametes and

describes computer simulations of small populations with variations in mutation rate and other factors, and produces results that are dramatically different

Mutations in genes employed in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) cause a high mutation rate. In tumors, such frequent subsequent mutations often generate "non-self"

case of HIV, immunodominance can be unfavourable because of the high mutation rate of HIV. The immunodominant epitope can be mutated in the virus, thus

of an individual is created via crossover of parents and mutation. Mutation rate in body and brain is then determined. Specific mathematical operations

a 2012 study in Iceland of 78 children and their parents suggests a mutation rate of only 36 mutations per generation; this datum extends the separation

evolving through neutral evolutionary processes; the non-synonymous mutation rate, however, was found higher in many cases, indicating directional selection

Gene Product Mutation rate Function Mutation type Influence on cell function Clinical impact on ENKTCL-NT TP53 p53 13–62% tumor suppressor gain promotes

probability that the base is not paired. For unpaired bases a 4 X 4 mutation rate matrix is used that satisfies that the mutation flow from X to Y is

(October 14, 2016). "Genetic drift, selection and the evolution of the mutation rate". Nature Genetics. 17 (11): 704–714. doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.104. PMID 27739533

for many years because they address an infectious agent with a low mutation rate. A 2013 Ethics Alarms article recounts Savage saying that "...one of

Ashworth A (March 2002). "Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation". EMBO Reports. 3 (3): 255–260

including lowering the viral "set-point" or baseline viral load, reduce the mutation rate of the virus, and reduce the size of the viral reservoir (See section

Mutation rate of C3orf67.

<-> 37,631) ybp 35,000 (with slower average mutation rate) or 30,000 (with faster average mutation rate) years ago Coalescence age 30,365 (95% CI 22

control future pandemics. Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The H5N1 virus has mutated into

(estimated to be 1950), with a standard deviation of 107 years. The mutation rate used is based on that of family groups with known most recent common

PMID 20101240. Awadalla, Philip; et al. (2010). "Direct Measure of the De Novo Mutation Rate in Autism and Schizophrenia Cohorts". American Journal of Human Genetics

TEX9's mutation rate compared to fibrinogen, beta-globin, and cytochrome c.

altering Dam activity in bacteria results in an increased spontaneous mutation rate. Bacterial viability is compromised in dam mutants that also lack certain

HIV sequence evolution began, using a model of evolution based on the mutation rate of HIV strains and assuming that variable was the same on all branches

detail as insertion. Constant erosion of phylogenic signals and high mutation rate in animal mtDNA make recognition of such modification, especially deletion

Kivisild, T; Scozzari, R; Cruciani, F; et al. (2004). "The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence

Frota-Pessoa, O. 1961. On the number of the gene loci and the total mutation rate in man. Amer. Nat. vol. 45, p. 217–222. Martello, N., Santos, J.L.F

periodically acquire mitochondria from its host and ensure overcoming high mutation rate that would promote the accumulation of deleterious mutations in their

is to identify driver mutations: genetic changes which increase the mutation rate in the cell, leading to more rapid tumor evolution and metastasis. It

G.; Piatak, O.; Stepanova, E. I.; Skvarskaja, E. (2001). "Very high mutation rate in offspring of Chernobyl accident liquidators". Proceedings of the

Graph of the mutation rate of the human ZNF229 gene over 1400 million years as compared to the human genes, cytochrome c and the fibrinogen alpha. The

used in population genetics. Microsatellites have a high and complex mutation rate, which is their major disadvantage. AFLP Amplified fragment length polymorphism

300] years before present (YFull) 44,700 or 38,300 ybp depending on mutation rate 41,900 [95% CI 40,175-43,591] ybp Coalescence age 21,700 [95% CI 19

identify rare variants accurately using standard NGS methods with a mutation rate of (10−2 to 10−3). Errors that happen early during sample preparation

Relative mutation rate of C15orf54 (blue) compared to fibrinogen alpha (grey) and cytochrome C (orange)

37,631) years (Karmin 2022) 35,000 or 30,000 years ago depending on mutation rate Possible place of origin Southeast Asia or East Asia Ancestor NO Descendants

Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (March 2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 282 (1803): 20142898

1016/j.cub.2016.01.028. PMC 4819516. PMID 26923783."Applying a point mutation rate of 0.76 × 10−9 per site per year inferred from the number of missing

sequence and that of a modern wolf, a direct estimate of the genome-wide mutation rate in dogs / wolves could be made to calculate the time of divergence.

seemed to have little to do with cell cycle control, the low somatic mutation rate and the absence of cancer predisposition in DCC heterozygotes were fairly

C11orf98's mutation rate compared to fibrinogen and cytochrome c.

counterparts based on allele size information, the method depends on mutation rate, sometimes can likely provide biased estimate, but RST will not perform

was necessary for the survival of the tumor cells. Due to the high mutation rate, replication stalls, and overall replicative stress, tumor cells are

in two ways. N represents the effective population size and v is the mutation rate per site. By calculating the difference between these estimates, one

Graph showing the mutation rate per 100 residues of NKAPD1 gene in comparison to fibrinogen alpha and cytochrome c.

evolution rate of the mariner transposable element. A slowing mariner mutation rate helps to explain low divergence in the melanogaster species subgroup

more conserved in mammals, aves, and reptiles. FAM13B has a moderate mutation rate that is slower than Fibrinogen Alpha Chain but faster than Cytochrome

population history and genetic anthropology include pioneering work on the mutation rate and mechanisms in mitochondria and the Y chromosome;  comparing ancient

Neuhuber, Franz; Brinkmann, Bernd (2015-03-22). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological

phylogenetics). This is the equivalent to the statement that one is setting the mutation rate μ {\displaystyle \mu } to 1) and reducing the number of free parameters

Ashworth A (March 2002). "Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation". EMBO Reports. 3 (3): 255–260

KIAA1143s mutation rate compared to fibrinogen, beta-globin, and cytochrome c.

Relative mutation rate of C6orf136 (blue) compared to fibrinogen alpha (grey) and cytochrome C (orange)

paternal, is also much debated, but one key hypothesis is that the mutation rate is lower in female compared to male gametes. The conflict between mitochondrial

mutations. However, this second explanation seems unlikely, because the mutation rate in the human genome is fairly low, so selection would be relatively

2015, or 7,500 or 6,400 years ago (depending on which estimate of the mutation rate is used) according to Poznik et al. 2016. Haplogroup O-M117 or O-M133

cytochrome b are used in distinguishing closer related taxa due to their mutation rate being higher. DNA barcoding is often used in Wildlife Forensic Science

sequence resulted in a higher tolerance and thus, a higher off target mutation rate. Bulges of 2bp-5bp strikingly were more tolerant and mutation inducing

mutator gene Any mutant gene or sequence that increases the spontaneous mutation rate of one or more other genes or sequences. Mutators are often transposable

Cytochrome C divergence rates. This seems to indicate that Shisa-8's rate of mutation rate is moderate. The c22orf17 gene has been associated with brain tumors

antigens to tumor immunogenicity is expected to vary according to the mutation rate: higher in lung carcinomas arising in tobacco smokers, in melanomas

inheritance, high copy-number in the cell, lack of recombination, and high mutation rate. It is often used for phylogenetic studies as it is very uniform across

An estimation of the date of evolution of this genus based upon the mutation rate in the cytochrome b gene places the evolution of P. falciparum at 2

genome could be functional dates back to the late 1940s. The estimated mutation rate in humans suggested that if a large fraction of those mutations were

of Drosophila, the effect of temperature changes and X-rays on the mutation rate" “for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray