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Find link is a tool written by Edward Betts.Longer titles found: Calpain-1 (view), Calpain-1 catalytic subunit (view), Calpain-2 (view), Calpain-2 catalytic subunit (view), Calpain-3 (view), Calpain-6 (view), Calpain-8 (view), Calpain-9 (view), Calpain small subunit 1 (view), Calpainopathy (view)
searching for Calpain 100 found (172 total)
alternate case: calpain
Schistosomiasis vaccine
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Paramyosin has been proposed as a vaccine candidate. At present Sm-p80 (calpain) is the sole schistosome vaccine candidate that has been tested for itsYAF2 (461 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
facilitates proteolytic cleavage of YY1 by the calcium- activated protease, m-calpain, suggesting a mechanism by which this protein antagonizes the negativeGrancalcin (645 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
belongs to the penta-EF-hand subfamily of proteins which includes sorcin, calpain, and ALG-2. Grancalcin localization is dependent upon calcium and magnesiumTitin (4,671 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
including: Z line region: telethonin and alpha-actinin I band region: calpain-3 and obscurin M line region: myosin-binding protein C, calmodulin 1, CAPN3Delta-sarcoglycan (1,302 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Brosius MA, Thompson TG, Beckmann JS, Kunkel LM, Spencer MJ (October 2003). "Calpain 3 cleaves filamin C and regulates its ability to interact with gamma- andBCCIP (984 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
N-terminal half shares moderate homology with regions of calmodulin and M-calpain, suggesting that it may also bind calcium. Functional studies indicatePeflin (623 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
belongs to the penta-EF hand (PEF) protein family, which includes the calpain small subunit (CAPNS1; MIM 114170), sorcin (SRI; MIM 182520), grancalcinAurintricarboxylic acid (522 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
prevents down-regulation of Ca2+-impermeable GluR2 receptors and inhibits calpain, a Ca2+-activated protease that is activated during apoptosis. It is usedMohammad Zahid Ashraf (1,050 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
during these studies, he discovered the role played by novel regulator “Calpain” in pathogenesis of thrombosis. He has published a number of articles;Anna Huttenlocher (1,072 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
involving intracellular proteolysis by the calcium-dependent protease calpain. Her laboratory was also the first to document reverse migration of neutrophilsPTPN5 (2,299 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors couple preferentially to excitotoxicity via calpain-mediated cleavage of STEP". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (29): 9330–43SPTAN1 (2,717 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"c-Src binds alpha II spectrin's Src homology 3 (SH3) domain and blocks calpain susceptibility by phosphorylating Tyr1176". The Journal of Biological ChemistryPars compacta (975 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"Parkin Cleaves Intracellular -Synuclein Inclusions via the Activation of Calpain". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (43): 41890–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306017200ITPR2 (965 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"Selective down-regulation of IP(3)receptor subtypes by caspases and calpain during TNF alpha -induced apoptosis of human T-lymphoma cells". Cell CalciumFrizzled-7 (795 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
membrane is regulated by cell density and the Ca(2+) -dependent protease calpain-1". Exp. Cell Res. 313 (16): 3526–41. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.07.012.TRPM (814 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
regulates cell adhesion by controlling the calcium-dependent protease calpain". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (16): 11260–11270. doi:10.1074/jbc.M512885200. PMC 3225339TNNT2 (4,857 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
In cardiac muscle under stress conditions, cardiac TnT is cleaved by calpain I, restrictively removing the entire N-terminal variable region. This proteolytic1,2-Naphthoquinone (265 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"Naphthoquinone-Induced Cataract in Mice: Possible Involvement of Ca2+ Release and Calpain Activation". Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 17 (4): 383–392SNTB2 (1,011 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Zawalich W, Solimena M (2001). "Dephosphorylation of β2-syntrophin and Ca2+/µ-calpain-mediated cleavage of ICA512 upon stimulation of insulin secretion". EMBOCX614 (691 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptors Induces Calpain-Mediated PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 Protein Degradation and AMPA Receptor Down-RegulationSPTBN1 (997 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
1016/S0969-2126(98)00141-5. PMID 9817844. Löfvenberg L, Backman L (1999). "Calpain-induced proteolysis of beta-spectrins". FEBS Lett. 443 (2): 89–92. doi:10Glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase 2 (436 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
PMC 4200515. PMID 25255805. Selvakumar P, Sharma RK (2007). "Role of calpain and caspase system in the regulation of N-myristoyltransferase in humanPSEN2 (1,100 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Obata K (May 1998). "The presenilin 2 loop domain interacts with the mu-calpain C-terminal region". Int. J. Mol. Med. 1 (5): 797–9. doi:10.3892/ijmm.1Aloxistatin (808 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
death in spinal cord injury (SCI) requires de novo protein synthesis. Calpain inhibitor E-64-d provides neuroprotection in SCI lesion and penumbra".Waguli (345 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
H. A. (2008). Effect of two dietary concentrate levels on tenderness, calpain, and calpastatin activities, and cacass merit in Waguli and Brahman steersPTP4A1 (1,015 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
(2002). "Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulates Alpha II Spectrin Cleavage by Calpain". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (10): 3527–36. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.10.3527-3536.2002Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 (759 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
x. PMID 12091465. S2CID 22855247. Baliova M, Betz H, Jursky F (2004). "Calpain-mediated proteolytic cleavage of the neuronal glycine transporter, GlyT2"FHL2 (5,030 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) imposing AR activity with as yet unknown mechanisms. Calpain cleavage of cytoskeletal protein filamin which is increased in prostateSH3BGR (391 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
SJ, Wang HY, Chen LY (2003). "Screening the proteins that interact with calpain in a human heart cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid system". HypertensNecroptosis (1,667 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
induction of reactive oxygen species by JNK, sphingosine production, and calpain activation by calcium release. Necroptosis has been implicated in the pathologyMID1 (2,218 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
far indicate that MID1 promotes α4 mono-ubiquitination, leading to its calpain-dependent cleavage that in turn causes PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) polyubiquitinationProtein tyrosine phosphatase (2,309 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
MD, Xu J, Zhang LY, Milnerwood AJ, Lombroso PJ, Raymond LA (Sep 2020). "Calpain and STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) activation contributeNMDA receptor (12,051 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Chishti A, Bi X, Baudry M (November 2013). "Distinct roles for μ-calpain and m-calpain in synaptic NMDAR-mediated neuroprotection and extrasynaptic NMDAR-mediatedCRYBA4 (775 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
(1993). "Sequence analysis of lens beta-crystallins suggests involvement of calpain in cataract formation". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (3): 1937–40. doi:10HSP90B1 (1,487 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Ca(2+)-binding and antiapoptotic properties is a novel proteolytic target of calpain during etoposide-induced apoptosis". The Journal of Biological ChemistrySLIT3 (546 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Wang HY, Chen LY (July 2002). "Screening the proteins that interact with calpain in a human heart cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid system". HypertensionEF hand (2,077 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
For proteins with odd numbers of EF-hands, such as the penta-EF-hand calpain, EF-hand motifs were coupled through homo- or hetero-dimerization. TheChelerythrine (1,388 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Pérez-Navarro, Esther (April 2017). "Chelerythrine promotes Ca2+-dependent calpain activation in neuronal cells in a PKC-independent manner". Biochimica etHousekeeping gene (4,612 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Folding of glycoproteins within endoplasmic reticulum CAPN1 Calpain subunit CAPN7 CAPNS1 Calpain protease subunit NACA Nascent polypeptide associated complexACP1 (1,657 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
2002). "Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates alpha II spectrin cleavage by calpain". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (10): 3527–3536. doi:10.1128/MCB.22PTPRN (2,025 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Solimena M (August 2001). "Dephosphorylation of beta2-syntrophin and Ca2+/mu-calpain-mediated cleavage of ICA512 upon stimulation of insulin secretion". TheProtease inhibitor (biology) (1,811 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
I78 family includes Aspergillus elastase inhibitor. Aprotinin Bestatin Calpain inhibitor I and II Chymostatin E-64 Leupeptin (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-argininal)FLNC (gene) (2,371 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
Brosius MA, Thompson TG, Beckmann JS, Kunkel LM, Spencer MJ (October 2003). "Calpain 3 cleaves filamin C and regulates its ability to interact with gamma- andSGCG (1,820 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Brosius MA, Thompson TG, Beckmann JS, Kunkel LM, Spencer MJ (October 2003). "Calpain 3 cleaves filamin C and regulates its ability to interact with gamma- andCREG1 (635 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
SJ, Wang HY, Chen LY (2003). "Screening the proteins that interact with calpain in a human heart cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid system". HypertensAndrás Perczel (716 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
preferences of calpastatin, the intrinsically unstructured protein inhibitor of calpain” (co-author, 2008) ”Hyperfine-Shifted (13)C Resonance Assignments in anTINAGL1 (643 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
SJ, Wang HY, Chen LY (2003). "Screening the proteins that interact with calpain in a human heart cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid system". HypertensCyaA (714 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the cell’s membrane results in an influx of calcium ions that leads to a calpain-mediated cleavage of talin. The CyaA–CR3 complex relocates into lipid raftsCell migration (3,208 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
stress on the old focal adhesion sites could result in the calcium-induced calpain activation, and consequently the detachment of focal adhesions which completesChromosome 15 (3,031 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
C15orf54: encoding protein Chromosome 15 Open Reading Frame 54 CAPN3: Calpain 3 (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A) CELF6: encoding protein CugbpProstaglandin EP1 receptor (2,365 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
human extravillous trophoblast: the role of intracellular calcium and calpain". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (8): 4736–46Yanbian cattle (391 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
production qualities. Jin, Xin (2011). "Association of Polymorphisms in the Calpain I Gene with Meat Quality Traits in Yanbian Yellow Cattle of China" (PDF)Yanbian cattle (391 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
production qualities. Jin, Xin (2011). "Association of Polymorphisms in the Calpain I Gene with Meat Quality Traits in Yanbian Yellow Cattle of China" (PDF)My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic season 5 (2,621 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Calpain (January 19, 2015). "PonyCon 2015 To Premiere New Season 5 Trailer With MLP Directors!". Equestria Daily. Retrieved January 20, 2015. CalpainJPH2 (932 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
signal and a DNA binding domain. During (heart) disease, stress-activated calpain converts the full length JPH2 into fragments. The N-terminal fragment (includingTMBIM4 (1,028 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
adhesion and migration via the stimulation of store-operated Ca2+ entry and calpain 2". J Cell Biol. 202 (4): 699–713. doi:10.1083/jcb.201301016. ISSN 0021-9525RAB11FIP1 (981 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
McCaffrey MW (2005). "Rab coupling protein is selectively degraded by calpain in a Ca2+-dependent manner". Biochem. J. 389 (Pt 1): 223–31. doi:10.1042/BJ20042116GC376 (624 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Townsend JA, Hu Y, Szeto T, et al. (January 2020). "Boceprevir, GC-376, and calpain inhibitors II, XII inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication by targeting theCDK5R2 (632 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
doi:10.1074/jbc.M010002200. PMID 11320080. Patzke H, Tsai LH (March 2002). "Calpain-mediated cleavage of the cyclin-dependent kinase-5 activator p39 to p29"ECHS1 (1,259 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
SJ, Wang HY, Chen LY (2003). "Screening the proteins that interact with calpain in a human heart cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid system". HypertensDysferlin (3,492 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Remoortere A, Bushby K, Frants RR, den Dunnen JT, van der Maarel SM (2008). "Calpain 3 is a modulator of the dysferlin protein complex in skeletal muscle".NNK (1,484 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
uncontrolled cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. NNK activates µ en m-calpain kinase which induce lung metastasis via the ERK1/2 pathway. This pathwayADD3 (792 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
platelets: activation-induced phosphorylation by PKC and proteolysis by calpain". Blood. 99 (7): 2418–26. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.7.2418. PMID 11895774.ANKRD1 (4,290 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
also shown that CARP is N-terminally, post-translationally cleaved by calpain-3 in skeletal muscle, suggesting alternate bioactive forms of CARP existSDD-AGE (709 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Nguyen HP; Hübener-Schmid J (2017). "A combinatorial approach to identify calpain cleavage sites in the Machado-Joseph disease protein ataxin-3". Brain.Cytoskeleton (5,121 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
S2CID 85080734. Huh GY, Glantz SB, Je S, Morrow JS, Kim JH (December 2001). "Calpain proteolysis of alpha II-spectrin in the normal adult human brain". NeuroscienceChloride potassium symporter 5 (3,138 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Ca2+ influx. This process involves rapid dephosphorylation on Ser940 and calpain protease cleavage of KCC2, leading to enhanced membrane diffusion and endocytosisIntegrin (3,930 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
PMID 15802494. Media related to Integrins at Wikimedia Commons Talin substrate for calpain – PMAP The Proteolysis Map animation. Integrins at the U.S. National LibraryProtein arginine methyltransferase 5 (1,408 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
SJ, Wang HY, et al. (2003). "Screening the proteins that interact with calpain in a human heart cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid system". HypertensNFE2L1 (3,657 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Wang HY, Chen LY (Jul 2002). "Screening the proteins that interact with calpain in a human heart cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid system". HypertensionPhotoactivated peptide (953 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Abell, A.D.; et al. (2007). "Investigation into the P3 binding domain of m-calpain using photoswitchable diazo- and triazene-dipeptide aldehydes: new anticataractSubstantia nigra (5,063 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
cleaves intracellular alpha-synuclein inclusions via the activation of calpain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (43): 41890–9. doi:10.1074/jbcPodosome (2,169 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Y; Carragher, NO; Thrasher, AJ; Jones, GE (Jun 1, 2006). "Inhibition of calpain stabilises podosomes and impairs dendritic cell motility". Journal of CellBcl-2 (4,646 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Spiess E, Salvesen GS, Machleidt W (July 2002). "Ionomycin-activated calpain triggers apoptosis. A probable role for Bcl-2 family members". The JournalPlatelet (8,489 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Ashraf MZ (February 2014). "Altered expression of platelet proteins and calpain activity mediate hypoxia-induced prothrombotic phenotype". Blood. 123 (8):POLD1 (7,977 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
presence of DNA damage. POLD4/p12 can also be degraded by the protease µ-calpain, that is involved in calcium-triggered apoptosis. POLD1/p125 has a NoDSAPOL2 (1,350 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"Hepatitis C virus enters liver cells using the CD81 receptor complex proteins calpain-5 and CBLB". PLOS Pathogens. 14 (7): 55–67. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007111Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (5,356 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
that are anchored to cell membranes), can be cleaved by calcium-activated calpain to p25 and p29. This will result in a migration of the proteins from theMy Little Pony: Equestria Girls (film) (3,962 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
Archived from the original on August 17, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013. Calpain (September 29, 2015). "Ratings For The 'Friendship Games' Are In". EquestriaGalectin-9 (2,159 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Hirashima M (April 2003). "Galectin-9 induces apoptosis through the calcium-calpain-caspase-1 pathway". Journal of Immunology. 170 (7): 3631–6. doi:10.4049/jimmunolMyocilin (2,124 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the intracellular proteolytic cleavage of myocilin and identification of calpain II as a myocilin-processing protease". The Journal of Biological ChemistryCholinergic neuron (2,446 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
inhibit the truncation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (triggered by activated calpain), which is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer'sMy Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film) (7,080 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
Sparkle". September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017 – via Facebook. Calpain (September 20, 2017). "America's Got Talent Special MLP Movie Sneak Peak"MAPK14 (5,259 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
PMID 15808838. Aggeli IK, Beis I, Gaitanaki C (Jul 2008). "Oxidative stress and calpain inhibition induce alpha B-crystallin phosphorylation via p38 MAPK and calciumGalectin-4 (1,609 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Once binding to this epitope, gal-4 promotes apoptosis of T cells in calpain-dependent manner and reduces the secretion of cytokines including IL-6NF-κB (9,815 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Simpkins JW, Barger SW (March 2007). "Glutamate receptor activation evokes calpain-mediated degradation of Sp3 and Sp4, the prominent Sp-family transcriptionRajendra Kumar Sharma (1,438 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
weight calmodulin-binding protein: 20 years onwards-a potential therapeutic calpain inhibitor". Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 26 (4): 321–30. doi:10TLN2 (2,337 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
elongating spermatids. Talin is also post-translationally modified via calpain 2-mediated cleavage, which may target it for ubiquitin-proteasome-mediatedRTX toxin (2,540 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
membrane and opens a transient path for influx of Ca2+ ions that activate calpain. This enables repositioning of the CyaA toxin within the cell membraneNektarios Tavernarakis (4,093 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Syntichaki P, Xu K, Driscoll M, Tavernarakis N (2002). "Specific aspartyl and calpain proteases are required for neurodegeneration in C. elegans". Nature. 419Neuroproteomics (2,577 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
acidic environment triggered by glutamate. These cysteine proteases include calpain, caspase, and cathepsin. These three proteins are examples of detectableMy Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom (16,081 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Evolution Of Twilight Sparkle". HuffPost TV Canada. Retrieved March 9, 2015. Calpain. "Kiki Memorial and Art Gathering". Equestria Daily. Retrieved FebruaryNotexin (2,314 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
activates Ca2+-dependent proteinases, calpains, and the endogenous Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2. The calpains degrade the cytoskeletal components ofBacterial effector protein (3,130 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Sperandio, Brice; Sansonetti, Philippe; Arbibe, Laurence (March 2012). "Calpain Activation by the Shigella flexneri Effector VirA Regulates Key Steps inC2orf72 (979 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"Hepatitis C virus enters liver cells using the CD81 receptor complex proteins calpain-5 and CBLB". PLOS Pathogens. 14 (7): e1007111. doi:10.1371/journal.ppatLightwave Electronics Corporation (1,522 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
probing of integrated circuits." Farr, C.; Berger, S. (2010). "Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry". Journal of VisualizedCadherin–catenin complex in learning and memory (2,558 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
PMID 9628899. Abe, K; Takeichi M (2007). "NMDA-Receptor Activation Induces Calpain-Mediated β-Catenin Cleavages for Triggering Gene Expression". Neuron. 53SARM1 (5,231 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
(December 2020). "Cisplatin induced neurotoxicity is mediated by Sarm1 and calpain activation". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21889. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021889CDrug abuse retinopathy (2,934 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"Sustained elevation of intracellular cGMP causes oxidative stress triggering calpain-mediated apoptosis in photoreceptor degeneration". Current Eye ResearchANKRD2 (2,824 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
two days following fatiguing jumping exercises. Levels of CARP, MLP and calpain-2 mRNA levels were also enhanced, suggesting that these molecules may be