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searching for Fair coin 87 found (126 total)

alternate case: fair coin

Sign test (3,296 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

10 flips of fair coin = 0.00098 Probability of 1 heads in 10 flips of fair coin = 0.00977 Probability of 2 heads in 10 flips of fair coin = 0.04395 Probability

Information (5,067 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

For example, the information encoded in one "fair" coin flip is log2(2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is log2(4/1) = 2 bits. A 2011 Science article

E. C. Myers (210 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

fiction novel Fair Coin, and his 2014 YA hacktivist novel The Silence of Six. Myers is a graduate of the Clarion West Writers Workshop. Fair Coin (2012) Quantum

Universally measurable set (727 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

heads and tails that is an element of A {\displaystyle A} upon flipping a fair coin infinitely many times. Now it follows from the axiom of choice that there

Stochastic drift (850 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

process that counts the number of heads in a series of n {\displaystyle n} fair coin tosses has a drift rate of 1/2 per toss. This is in contrast to the random

Gambler's ruin (2,455 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In statistics, gambler's ruin is the fact that a gambler playing a game with negative expected value will eventually go broke, regardless of his betting

Penney's game (1,090 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

another sequence of heads and tails of the same length. Subsequently, a fair coin is tossed until either player A's or player B's sequence appears as a

Information theory (7,088 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower

Credibility theory (1,782 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

probability that it came from a fair coin given that the first flip was heads is the probability of selecting a fair coin times the probability of heads

Measure space (475 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\textstyle p={\frac {1}{2}},} which is for example used to model a fair coin flip. Most important classes of measure spaces are defined by the properties

Counterfactual conditional (5,446 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

excluded middle (CEM). Example: (1) If the fair coin had been flipped, it would have landed heads. (2) If the fair coin had been flipped, it would have landed

Univariate distribution (245 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

equally likely. It is the probability model for the outcomes of tossing a fair coin, rolling a fair die, etc. The univariate continuous uniform distribution

Fair random assignment (2,211 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

lottery. So in the simple example above, Alice and Batya will toss a fair coin and the winner will get the eastern room. Random assignment is mentioned

Andre Norton Award (1,106 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Greenwillow Books R. J. Anderson Ultraviolet Orchard Books 2013 E. C. Myers* Fair Coin Pyr Kelly Barnhill Iron Hearted Violet Little, Brown and Company Holly

Ergodicity (8,819 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

eventually come to have the same temperature throughout, or that flips of a fair coin may come up heads and tails half the time. A stronger concept than ergodicity

Chaitin's constant (2,362 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

their name. The probability measure on Cantor space, sometimes called the fair-coin measure, is defined so that for any binary string x the set of sequences

A Wizard's Guide to Defensive Baking (333 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella

Nebula Awards Showcase 2014 (674 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Select Species" [Best Short Story nominee, 2012] (Ken Liu) "Excerpt from Fair Coin'' [Andre Norton Award winner, 2012] (E. C. Myers) "Five Ways to Fall in

I Shall Wear Midnight (680 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella

Likelihood principle (3,091 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

θ {\displaystyle \ \theta \ } of success on each trial (if it was a fair coin each toss would have θ = 1 2 {\displaystyle \ \theta ={\tfrac

Null hypothesis (5,319 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

up in on only one side of the probability distribution. Indeed, with a fair coin the probability of this experiment outcome is 1/25 = 0.031, which would

John Edmund Kerrich (569 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

obtained was 5,067, which is 1.34 standard deviations above the mean for a "fair" coin thrown that many times). Kerrich and Christensen also performed experiments

Probability mass function (1,535 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle S} is the sample space of all outcomes of a single toss of a fair coin, and X {\displaystyle X} is the random variable defined on S {\displaystyle

Algorithmically random sequence (4,875 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

no such thing as a random sequence. For example, consider flipping a fair coin infinitely many times. Any particular sequence, be it 0000 … {\displaystyle

Statistical fluctuations (229 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

number of processes. As an example that will be familiar to all, if a fair coin is tossed many times and the number of heads and tails counted, the ratio

Classical definition of probability (1,457 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

object that the definition is circular. The probability for a "fair" coin is... A "fair" coin is defined by a probability of... The definition is very limited

Entropy (information theory) (9,711 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

on) are constant multiples of each other. For instance, in case of a fair coin toss, heads provides log2(2) = 1 bit of information, which is approximately

Algorithmic information theory (2,625 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

universal Turing machine will halt when its input is supplied by flips of a fair coin (sometimes thought of as the probability that a random computer program

Semantic security (821 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

public key. The challenge oracle selects one of the messages by flipping a fair coin (selecting a random bit b ∈ { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle b\in \{0,1\}} ),

Optional stopping theorem (1,516 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(condition (b)). Suppose that the gambler can wager up to c dollars on a fair coin flip at times 1, 2, 3, etc., winning his wager if the coin comes up heads

Robbins' problem (1,849 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

2 , . . . {\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},...} are fair coin tosses, is not fully solved. For the fair coin toss, a strategy is a binary decision: after n

Ergodic process (1,019 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

average is 1⁄2 (1⁄2 + 1) = 3⁄4; yet the long-term average is 1⁄2 for the fair coin and 1 for the two-headed coin. So the long term time-average is either

Cromwell's rule (811 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

goes to 0 and stays at 0 permanently. Susan assumes the stranger chose a fair coin (so the prior probability that the tossed coin is the unfair coin is 0)

Random walk (7,178 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

illustrated as follows. A marker is placed at zero on the number line, and a fair coin is flipped. If it lands on heads, the marker is moved one unit to the

Bayesian statistics (2,393 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

event that can only happen once, such as the result of the next flip of a fair coin. However, it would make sense to state that the proportion of heads approaches

Bretagnolle–Huber inequality (1,627 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

many coin tosses do I need to distinguish a fair coin from a biased one? Assume you have 2 coins, a fair coin (Bernoulli distributed with mean p 1 = 1 /

Two envelopes problem (8,319 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and then naming them A and B at random (for instance, by the toss of a fair coin). Instead, we start right at the beginning by putting some amount in envelope

History of probability (1,727 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

be very close to the expected value - for example, in 1000 throws of a fair coin, it is likely that there are close to 500 heads (and the larger the number

Decision theory (3,129 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

affected by previous isolated random events. For example, if flips of a fair coin give repeated tails, the coin still has the same probability (i.e., 0

Probability theory (3,614 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reverse statements are not always true. Common intuition suggests that if a fair coin is tossed many times, then roughly half of the time it will turn up heads

Magic or Madness (420 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella

Shot noise (2,942 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

particle nature of light. In a statistical experiment such as tossing a fair coin and counting the occurrences of heads and tails, the numbers of heads

Uncertainty (4,273 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is a specific probability assigned to each outcome (as when flipping a fair coin). Knightian uncertainty involves a situation that has unknown probabilities

Large deviations theory (2,558 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Large Deviations, p. 10 Consider a sequence of independent tosses of a fair coin. The possible outcomes could be heads or tails. Let us denote the possible

List of fallacies (6,863 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

independent events can affect the likelihood of another random event. If a fair coin lands on heads 10 times in a row, the belief that it is "due to the number

Richard Lipton (1,640 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

k-intervals being presented by the adversary: For a 1-interval, flip a fair coin Heads Take the interval Tails "Virtually" take the interval, but do no

De Finetti's theorem (1,603 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

2/3 probability and one showing "heads" with 9/10 probability. Flip a fair coin once to decide which biased coin to use for all flips that are recorded

The Art of Starving (666 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella

Negative probability (2,460 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the outcomes is 0 or 1 with probability 1/2 as if we simply flipped a fair coin. In Convolution quotients of nonnegative definite functions and Algebraic

St. Petersburg paradox (3,622 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Petersburg. A casino offers a game of chance for a single player in which a fair coin is tossed at each stage. The initial stake begins at 2 dollars and is

Pairwise independence (1,670 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

attributed to S. Bernstein. Suppose X and Y are two independent tosses of a fair coin, where we designate 1 for heads and 0 for tails. Let the third random

Optimal stopping (2,545 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

where E ( y i ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {E} (y_{i})} converges) You have a fair coin and are repeatedly tossing it. Each time, before it is tossed, you can

Bernoulli process (4,153 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

invariant only for the special case of p = 1 / 2 {\displaystyle p=1/2} (the "fair coin"); otherwise not. Thus, T {\displaystyle T} is a measure preserving dynamical

Hot hand (3,219 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the number following samples is small enough (e.g. less than 100 for a fair coin). According to Miller and Sanjurjo: "it is incorrect to expect a consistent

Inductive reasoning (8,326 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

appear. As for the slim prospect of getting ten out of ten heads from a fair coin—the outcome that made the coin appear biased—many may be surprised to

Pi (17,361 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

probability is to start with a random walk, generated by a sequence of (fair) coin tosses: independent random variables Xk such that Xk ∈ {−1,1} with equal

Randomized controlled trial (9,887 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

This is a commonly used and intuitive procedure, similar to "repeated fair coin-tossing." Also known as "complete" or "unrestricted" randomization, it

Central limit theorem (8,890 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the distribution of the number of heads resulting from many tosses of a fair coin. This finding was far ahead of its time, and was nearly forgotten until

Statistical hypothesis test (10,222 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

would occur under the null hypothesis. At a significance level of 0.05, a fair coin would be expected to (incorrectly) reject the null hypothesis (that it

Device-independent quantum cryptography (891 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

amplification is to generate near-perfect randomness (approximating a fair coin toss) starting from a single source of weak randomness (a coin each of

Fairyland (series) (1,255 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella

Gene expression profiling (3,999 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

row is predicted to occur about one time in a trillion attempts using a fair coin. For a type of cell, the group of genes whose combined expression pattern

Valiant (novel) (1,501 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella

Unbounded nondeterminism (2,428 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

concept is to be distinguished from the local fairness of flipping a "fair" coin, by which it is understood that it is possible for the outcome to always

Quantum relative entropy (2,405 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

example, it is not symmetric. The uncertainty discrepancy in mistaking a fair coin to be unfair is not the same as the opposite situation. As with many other

Ordered Bell number (5,057 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

factorials, allows this theory to generate a much richer set of grammars. If a fair coin (with equal probability of heads or tails) is flipped repeatedly until

Information theory and measure theory (1,754 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

variables can be negative as well as positive: Let X and Y be two independent fair coin flips, and let Z be their exclusive or. Then I ⁡ ( X ; Y ; Z ) = − 1 {\displaystyle

Ziheng Yang (2,338 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

under the star tree. A simpler case showing similar behaviours is the fair-coin paradox. The work suggests that Bayesian model selection may produce unpleasant

Regression toward the mean (5,609 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

individual trials. For example, following a run of 10 heads on a flip of a fair coin (a rare, extreme event), regression to the mean states that the next run

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (9,197 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella

Flajolet–Martin algorithm (1,235 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

corresponds to flipping k {\displaystyle k} heads and then a tail with a fair coin. Now the Flajolet–Martin algorithm for estimating the cardinality of a

Examples of Markov chains (2,485 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Suppose that one starts with $10, and one wagers $1 on an unending, fair, coin toss indefinitely, or until all of the money is lost. If X n {\displaystyle

Children of Blood and Bone (3,824 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella

Probability interpretations (4,321 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

example of the second kind is radioactive decay. In the case of tossing a fair coin, frequentists say that the probability of getting a heads is 1/2, not

Dyadic transformation (4,718 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The canonical measure on this space is the Bernoulli measure for the fair coin-toss. If there is just one bit specified in the string of arbitrary positions

Hadamard transform (4,687 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(as seen in the first two operations). This is exactly like flipping a fair coin in the standard probabilistic model of computation. However, if the Hadamard

Zero-knowledge proof (7,928 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and Victor by the following procedure. Firstly, Simon randomly flips a fair coin. If the result is "head", he picks a random value r {\displaystyle r}

Evolutionary psychology (18,426 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

random and independent of previous trials. Most people believe that if a fair coin has been flipped 9 times and Heads appears each time, that on the tenth

History of statistics (7,618 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1733. de Moivre was studying the number of heads that occurred when a 'fair' coin was tossed. In 1763 Richard Price transmitted to the Royal Society Thomas

Stochastic simulation (3,715 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

heads comes up}}\\0&{\text{if tails comes up}}\end{cases}}} For a fair coin, both realizations are equally likely. We can generate realizations of

Beta distribution (44,221 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

distribution that appears in several random-walk fundamental theorems. In a fair coin toss random walk, the probability for the time of the last visit to the

Method of conditional probabilities (3,157 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Probabilistic proof. Color each vertex black or white by flipping a fair coin. By calculation, for any edge e in E, the probability that it is cut is

Infinity Laplacian (1,258 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\mathbb {R} } is given. There are two players, in each turn they flip a fair coin, and the winner can move the token to any neighbour of the current location

Conditioning (probability) (6,865 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

is left random, the result of conditioning is also random. Example: A fair coin is tossed 10 times; the random variable X is the number of heads in these

Ergodicity economics (1,771 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

discussed in , a person participates in a simple game where they toss a fair coin. If the coin lands heads, the person gains 50% on their current wealth;

Distribution learning theory (3,674 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

from the distribution D{\displaystyle \textstyle D} given a sequence of fair coin tosses. A distribution D{\displaystyle \textstyle D} is called to have

A Snake Falls to Earth (1,688 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Own Making (2010) I Shall Wear Midnight (2011) The Freedom Maze (2012) Fair Coin (2013) Sister Mine (2014) Love Is the Drug (2015) Updraft (2016) Arabella