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searching for Entropy (journal) 543 found (2914 total)

Information theory (7,088 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and electrical engineering. A key measure in information theory is entropy. Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random

Entropy (13,924 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used

Entropy (information theory) (9,711 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In information theory, the entropy of a random variable is the average level of "information", "surprise", or "uncertainty" inherent to the variable's

Second law of thermodynamics (15,498 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

process." The second law of thermodynamics establishes the concept of entropy as a physical property of a thermodynamic system. It predicts whether processes

Heat death of the universe (3,347 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

energy, and will therefore be unable to sustain processes that increase entropy. Heat death does not imply any particular absolute temperature; it only

Black hole thermodynamics (3,990 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

law of thermodynamics requires that black holes have entropy. If black holes carried no entropy, it would be possible to violate the second law by throwing

Maxwell's demon (4,530 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

chamber to warm up and the other to cool down. This would decrease the total entropy of the system, seemingly without applying any work, thereby violating the

Temperature (12,973 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"Statistical mechanics of colloids and Boltzmann's definition of entropy" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 74 (3): 187–190. Bibcode:2006AmJPh..74..187S. doi:10

Entropy and life (8,459 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the

Principle of maximum entropy (4,227 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy states that the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge about a system is the one with largest entropy,

Pessimism (4,139 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

maximum entropy locally on earth; "locally" on earth, that is, when compared to the heat death of the universe, taken as a whole. The term "entropy pessimism"

Standard molar entropy (788 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of pure substance at a standard state of pressure and any temperature of interest

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics (6,331 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(1972). "Thermodynamics of the gray atmosphere. IV. Entropy transfer and production". Astrophysical Journal. 174: 69–77. Bibcode:1972ApJ...174...69W. doi:10

Black hole (18,702 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Campos Delgado, Ruben (2022). "Quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy of a Reissner-Nordström

Bekenstein bound (2,103 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

after Jacob Bekenstein) is an upper limit on the thermodynamic entropy S, or Shannon entropy H, that can be contained within a given finite region of space

Entropy (energy dispersal) (2,423 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In thermodynamics, the interpretation of entropy as a measure of energy dispersal has been exercised against the background of the traditional view, introduced

Quantum information (4,542 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

information refers to both the technical definition in terms of Von Neumann entropy and the general computational term. It is an interdisciplinary field that

Thermoeconomics (956 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

evolve by energy dispersal". Entropy. 11 (4): 606–633. Bibcode:2009Entrp..11..606A. doi:10.3390/e11040606.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names:

Thermodynamics (5,711 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these

Holographic principle (3,976 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

inspired by black hole thermodynamics, which conjectures that the maximum entropy in any region scales with the radius squared, and not cubed as might be

Free entropy (1,383 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

A thermodynamic free entropy is an entropic thermodynamic potential analogous to the free energy. Also known as a Massieu, Planck, or Massieu–Planck potentials

Rényi entropy (3,447 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Rényi entropy is a quantity that generalizes various notions of entropy, including Hartley entropy, Shannon entropy, collision entropy, and min-entropy. The

Entropic force (2,595 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

an entropic force acting in a system is an emergent phenomenon resulting from the entire system's statistical tendency to increase its entropy, rather

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (13,654 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

statistician and economist. He is best known today for his 1971 book The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, in which he argued that all natural resources

Inherently funny word (1,585 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

words can be explained by whether they seem rude, and by the property of entropy: the improbability of certain letters being used together in a word. The

Cross-entropy method (1,078 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The cross-entropy (CE) method is a Monte Carlo method for importance sampling and optimization. It is applicable to both combinatorial and continuous

H-theorem (4,245 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

nearly-ideal gas of molecules. As this quantity H was meant to represent the entropy of thermodynamics, the H-theorem was an early demonstration of the power

Standard state (2,054 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

quantity in the standard state, such as change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°), or change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°). The degree symbol has become

Laws of thermodynamics (2,858 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Cross-entropy (3,122 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In information theory, the cross-entropy between two probability distributions p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q} , over the same underlying

Quantum thermodynamics (4,491 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

accounts for the entropy change before and after a change in the entire system. A dynamical viewpoint is based on local accounting for the entropy changes in

Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (3,740 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

high entropy, and thus any kind of pseudorandom number generator is insufficient. Ideally, the generation of random numbers in CSPRNGs uses entropy obtained

Mutual information (8,614 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

variable. The concept of mutual information is intimately linked to that of entropy of a random variable, a fundamental notion in information theory that quantifies

Solvation (2,349 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

depends on a competition between lattice energy and solvation, including entropy effects related to changes in the solvent structure. By an IUPAC definition

Gibbs free energy (4,546 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

H {\textstyle H} is the enthalpy of the system S {\textstyle S} is the entropy of the system T {\textstyle T} is the temperature of the system V {\textstyle

Tsallis entropy (2,563 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In physics, the Tsallis entropy is a generalization of the standard Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy. It is proportional to the expectation of the q-logarithm

History of entropy (3,042 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The concept of entropy developed in response to the observation that a certain amount of functional energy released from combustion reactions is always

Von Neumann entropy (2,865 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In physics, the von Neumann entropy, named after John von Neumann, is an extension of the concept of Gibbs entropy from classical statistical mechanics

Bousso's holographic bound (963 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

arXiv:hep-th/9806039. Bousso, Raphael (13 August 1999). "A Covariant Entropy Conjecture". Journal of High Energy Physics. 1999 (7): 004. arXiv:hep-th/9905177.

Negentropy (1,106 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

as a measure of distance to normality. The concept and phrase "negative entropy" was introduced by Erwin Schrödinger in his 1944 popular-science book What

False vacuum (4,947 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sher, Marc (1991). "The environmental impact of vacuum decay". American Journal of Physics. 59 (1): 25. Bibcode:1991AmJPh..59...25C. doi:10.1119/1.16701

Kullback–Leibler divergence (11,532 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

statistics, the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence (also called relative entropy and I-divergence), denoted D KL ( P ∥ Q ) {\displaystyle D_{\text{KL}}(P\parallel

Measure-preserving dynamical system (3,598 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

crucial role in the construction of the measure-theoretic entropy of a dynamical system. The entropy of a partition Q {\displaystyle {\mathcal {Q}}} is defined

Landauer's principle (1,618 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

ISBN 9780198570493. S2CID 9648186. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Shenker, Orly R. (June 2000). "Logic and Entropy [preprint]". PhilSci Archive. Archived

Circular uniform distribution (952 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{R}})=2N{\overline {R}}\,e^{-N{\overline {R}}^{2}}.} The differential information entropy of the uniform distribution is simply H U = − ∫ Γ 1 2 π ln ⁡ ( 1 2 π )

Irreversible process (2,528 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

capable of returning to its initial state. Because entropy is a state function, the change in entropy of the system is the same whether the process is reversible

Exergy (11,002 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theorem). Where entropy production may be calculated as the net increase in entropy of the system together with its surroundings. Entropy production is

Black hole information paradox (8,333 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Shaghoulian, E.; Tajdini, A. (2019). "Replica Wormholes and the Entropy of Hawking Radiation". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2020 (5). arXiv:1911.12333. doi:10

Irreversible process (2,528 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

capable of returning to its initial state. Because entropy is a state function, the change in entropy of the system is the same whether the process is reversible

Steam (1,552 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Additionally, thermodynamic phase diagrams for water/steam, such as a temperature-entropy diagram or a Mollier diagram shown in this article, may be useful. Steam

Q-Gaussian distribution (1,845 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Gaussian in the same way that Tsallis entropy is a generalization of standard Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy or Shannon entropy. The normal distribution is recovered

Maximum entropy probability distribution (4,530 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In statistics and information theory, a maximum entropy probability distribution has entropy that is at least as great as that of all other members of

Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory (3,687 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The mathematical expressions for thermodynamic entropy in the statistical thermodynamics formulation established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs

Password strength (6,298 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy desired for each one. Their answers vary between 29 bits of entropy needed if only online attacks are expected, and up to 96 bits of entropy needed

Hawking radiation (6,783 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Campos Delgado, Ruben (2022). "Quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy of a Reissner-Nordström

Orders of magnitude (entropy) (164 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

list shows different orders of magnitude of entropy. Orders of magnitude (data), relates to information entropy Order of magnitude (terminology) Jean-Bernard

Firewall (physics) (1,647 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

S2CID 17058654. Lubkin, Elihu (1 May 1978). "Entropy of an n‐system from its correlation with a k‐reservoir". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 19 (5): 1028–1031

Entropy (statistical thermodynamics) (2,671 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

The concept entropy was first developed by German physicist Rudolf Clausius in the mid-nineteenth century as a thermodynamic property that predicts that

Boltzmann's entropy formula (1,550 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the Boltzmann–Planck equation) is a probability equation relating the entropy S {\displaystyle S} , also written as S B {\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {B}

Quantum entanglement (12,919 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

this is that while the von Neumann entropy of the whole state is zero (as it is for any pure state), the entropy of the subsystems is greater than zero

Introduction to entropy (5,274 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In thermodynamics, entropy is a numerical quantity that shows that many physical processes can go in only one direction in time. For example, cream and

Carnot cycle (3,215 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

converted to the work done by the system. The cycle is reversible, and entropy is conserved, merely transferred between the thermal reservoirs and the

Hardware random number generator (3,204 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

physical process capable of producing entropy (in other words, the device always has access to a physical entropy source), unlike the pseudorandom number

Akaike information criterion (5,504 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Akaike called his approach an "entropy maximization principle", because the approach is founded on the concept of entropy in information theory. Indeed

Loschmidt's paradox (1,682 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of Boltzmann, which employed kinetic theory to explain the increase of entropy in an ideal gas from a non-equilibrium state, when the molecules of the

Log-normal distribution (9,480 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(sometimes called Gibrat's law). The log-normal distribution is the maximum entropy probability distribution for a random variate X—for which the mean and

Nat (unit) (390 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

sometimes also nit or nepit, is a unit of information or information entropy, based on natural logarithms and powers of e, rather than the powers of

Endoreversible thermodynamics (1,336 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Adrian (1996-02-01). "Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics of finite-size devices and finite-time processes". Journal of Applied Physics

Arithmetic coding (5,405 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Arithmetic coding (AC) is a form of entropy encoding used in lossless data compression. Normally, a string of characters is represented using a fixed

Arrow of time (3,651 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy is increased. Entropy may be one of the few processes that is not time-reversible. According to the statistical notion of increasing entropy,

Absolute zero (4,618 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero kelvin.

Hydrophobic effect (1,505 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the segregation of water and nonpolar substances, which maximizes the entropy of water and minimizes the area of contact between water and nonpolar molecules

Kolmogorov complexity (7,143 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

complexity, program-size complexity, descriptive complexity, or algorithmic entropy. It is named after Andrey Kolmogorov, who first published on the subject

Ascendency (532 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Robert J. (1976). "Ecological stability: An information theory viewpoint". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 57 (2). Elsevier BV: 355–371. Bibcode:1976JThBi

Energy (7,454 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef

Statistical mechanics (4,986 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the only distribution in which the Gibbs-Shannon entropy equals the thermodynamic entropy". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 151 (3): 034113. arXiv:1903

Information (5,087 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mental stimuli, pattern, perception, proposition, representation, and entropy. Information is often processed iteratively: Data available at one step

Extremal black hole (338 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

radiation. Their black hole entropy can be calculated in string theory. It has been suggested by Sean Carroll that the entropy of an extremal black hole

Divergence (statistics) (2,629 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

generalizations of SED. The other most important divergence is relative entropy (also called Kullback–Leibler divergence), which is central to information

Diversity index (3,311 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

_{i=1}^{R}p_{i}\ln(p_{i})\right)} which is the exponential of the Shannon entropy calculated with natural logarithms (see above). In other domains, this

RDRAND (2,586 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

on-chip hardware random number generator which has been seeded by an on-chip entropy source. It is also known as Intel Secure Key Technology, codenamed Bull

T-symmetry (4,234 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle T:t\mapsto -t.} Since the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy increases as time flows toward the future, in general, the macroscopic

Boltzmann brain (3,110 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of equilibrium: understanding cosmological evolution to lower-entropy states". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2012 (2): 024. arXiv:1108

Poisson binomial distribution (1,547 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

is no simple formula for the entropy of a Poisson binomial distribution, but the entropy is bounded above by the entropy of a binomial distribution with

Magnetic refrigeration (5,135 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Energy (and entropy) transfers from thermal entropy to magnetic entropy, measuring the disorder of the magnetic dipoles. Isomagnetic entropic transfer:

Entropy as an arrow of time (5,020 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Entropy is one of the few quantities in the physical sciences that require a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time. As one

Fisher information (7,258 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

retinal photoreceptors. Fisher information is related to relative entropy. The relative entropy, or Kullback–Leibler divergence, between two distributions p

Timeline of thermodynamics (3,239 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

saturated steam will be negative 1850 – Rudolf Clausius coined the term "entropy" (das Wärmegewicht, symbolized S) to denote heat lost or turned into waste

Ensemble learning (6,612 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

ISBN 978-3-030-20950-6. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Shoham, Haim; Permuter (2020). "Amended Cross Entropy Cost: Framework For Explicit Diversity

Uncertainty coefficient (659 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In statistics, the uncertainty coefficient, also called proficiency, entropy coefficient or Theil's U, is a measure of nominal association. It was first

Entropy monitoring (522 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Entropy monitoring is a method of assessing the effect of certain anaesthetic drugs on the brain's EEG. It was commercially developed by Datex-Ohmeda

Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics (6,097 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Energy dissipation and entropy production extremal principles are ideas developed within non-equilibrium thermodynamics that attempt to predict the likely

Cauchy distribution (6,871 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

S2CID 231728407. Vasicek, Oldrich (1976). "A Test for Normality Based on Sample Entropy". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 38 (1): 54–59. doi:10

Differential entropy (2,719 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Differential entropy (also referred to as continuous entropy) is a concept in information theory that began as an attempt by Claude Shannon to extend

Internet vigilantism (2,768 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

vigilantism, information entropy is an act intended to disrupt online services. DoS and DDoS attacks, a form of information entropy, involve a widespread

Sabayon Linux (3,580 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

cycle, its own software repository and a package management system called Entropy. Sabayon was available in both x86 and AMD64 distributions and there was

History of thermodynamics (3,809 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

to the concept of entropy formulated by the famed mathematical physicist Rudolf Clausius. In 1865, Clausius coined the term "entropy" (das Wärmegewicht

Gamma distribution (8,705 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum entropy autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2): 219–230. CiteSeerX 10

Gamma distribution (8,705 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum entropy autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2): 219–230. CiteSeerX 10

Ludwig Boltzmann (5,119 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

second law of thermodynamics. In 1877 he provided the current definition of entropy, S = k B ln ⁡ Ω {\displaystyle S=k_{\rm {B}}\ln \Omega } , where Ω is the

Principle (967 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in IBM's 360/370 Principles of Operation. Examples of principles are, entropy in a number of fields, least action in physics, those in descriptive comprehensive

Enthalpy (6,141 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

closed homogeneous system is its energy function H( S, p ) , with its entropy S[ p ] and its pressure p as natural state variables which provide a differential

Generalized inverse Gaussian distribution (1,324 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Halgreen proved that the GIG distribution is infinitely divisible. The entropy of the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution is given as[citation needed]

Maximal entropy random walk (2,491 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Maximal entropy random walk (MERW) is a popular type of biased random walk on a graph, in which transition probabilities are chosen accordingly to the

Trouton's rule (646 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(molar) entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. The entropy of vaporization

Thermodynamic free energy (4,056 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of a thermodynamic system (the others being internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc.). The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that

Maximum-entropy Markov model (989 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In statistics, a maximum-entropy Markov model (MEMM), or conditional Markov model (CMM), is a graphical model for sequence labeling that combines features

Entropy rate (735 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mathematical theory of probability, the entropy rate or source information rate is a function assigning an entropy to a stochastic process. For a strongly

On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (632 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Substances", was originally published in a relatively obscure American journal, the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, in several

Rayleigh distribution (2,177 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \operatorname {erf} (z)} is the error function. The differential entropy is given by[citation needed] H = 1 + ln ⁡ ( σ 2 ) + γ 2 {\displaystyle

Maximum-entropy random graph model (1,471 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Maximum-entropy random graph models are random graph models used to study complex networks subject to the principle of maximum entropy under a set of structural

Compressibility (1,661 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{1}{V}}\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial p}}\right)_{S},} where S is entropy. For a solid, the distinction between the two is usually negligible. Since

Fundamental thermodynamic relation (2,661 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

microscopic change in internal energy in terms of microscopic changes in entropy, and volume for a closed system in thermal equilibrium in the following

Heat (10,917 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

he came to define the entropy symbolized by S, such that, due to the supply of the amount of heat Q at temperature T the entropy of the system is increased

Micelle (3,027 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

which the unfavorable entropy contribution, from clustering the hydrophobic tails of the molecules, is overcome by a gain in entropy due to release of the

Glass transition (5,216 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

crystalline. Glass is believed to exist in a kinetically locked state, and its entropy, density, and so on, depend on the thermal history. Therefore, the glass

Chelation (2,840 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

reaction and Δ S ⊖ {\displaystyle \Delta S^{\ominus }} is the standard entropy change. Since the enthalpy should be approximately the same for the two

Clausius–Duhem inequality (1,636 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

zero. Entropy Second law of thermodynamics Truesdell, Clifford (1952), "The Mechanical foundations of elasticity and fluid dynamics", Journal of Rational

Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture (1,477 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

holography that posits a quantitative relationship between the entanglement entropy of a conformal field theory and the geometry of an associated anti-de Sitter

Cost–benefit analysis (6,860 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of maximum entropy, which states that the distribution with the best representation of current knowledge is the one with the largest entropy - defined

Frank L. Lambert (1,290 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the definition of thermodynamic entropy as "disorder" in US general chemistry texts to its replacement by viewing entropy as a measure of energy dispersal

Loop quantum gravity (16,376 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

hence, it has no entropy. It appears, then, that one can violate the second law of thermodynamics by dropping an object with nonzero entropy into a black

Information content (4,337 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of the random variable. The Shannon information is closely related to entropy, which is the expected value of the self-information of a random variable

Social entropy (195 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy is a sociological theory that evaluates social behaviours using a method based on the second law of thermodynamics. The equivalent of entropy

Gibbs paradox (5,189 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

semi-classical derivation of entropy that does not take into account the indistinguishability of particles yields an expression for entropy which is not extensive

High-entropy alloy (11,416 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are alloys that are formed by mixing equal or relatively large proportions of (usually) five or more elements. Prior to the

Joule expansion (2,650 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

thermodynamic quantities, including the resulting increase in entropy of the universe (entropy production) that results from this inherently irreversible

Rudolf Clausius (1,682 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat. Clausius

Microcanonical ensemble (3,746 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy that do not depend on ω - the volume and surface entropy described above. (Note that the surface entropy differs from the Boltzmann entropy only

Carnot heat engine (3,319 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Clausius in 1857, work that led to the fundamental thermodynamic concept of entropy. The Carnot engine is the most efficient heat engine which is theoretically

Random walk (7,178 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

same probability as maximizing uncertainty (entropy) locally. We could also do it globally – in maximal entropy random walk (MERW) we want all paths to be

Depolymerization (334 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

monomer or a mixture of monomers. This process is driven by an increase in entropy. The tendency of polymers to depolymerize is indicated by their ceiling

Entropy (order and disorder) (3,054 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In thermodynamics, entropy is often associated with the amount of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion

Adrian Bejan (2,479 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Applications". Journal of Heat Transfer. 99 (3): 374–380. doi:10.1115/1.3450705. ISSN 0022-1481. Bejan, Adrian (1979). "A Study of Entropy Generation in

Biophysics (1,649 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of the physical quantities (e.g. electric current, temperature, stress, entropy) in biological systems. Other biological sciences also perform research

Benford's law (7,277 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

2011). Entropy in Dynamical Systems. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-139-50087-6. Smorodinsky, Meir (1971). "Chapter IX. Entropy and generators

Exponential distribution (6,552 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum entropy autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2). Elsevier: 219–230

Decision tree learning (6,385 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

usual Boltzmann-Gibbs or Shannon entropy. In this sense, the Gini impurity is nothing but a variation of the usual entropy measure for decision trees. Used

Von Mises distribution (2,462 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

with a preferred orientation. The von Mises distribution is the maximum entropy distribution for circular data when the real and imaginary parts of the

Kurtosis (5,196 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Jondeau, Eric (2002-01-01). "Entropy densities with an application to autoregressive conditional skewness and kurtosis". Journal of Econometrics. 106 (1):

Molecular binding (1,405 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

be primarily entropy-driven (release of ordered solvent molecules around the isolated molecule that results in a net increase of entropy of the system)

Fluctuation theorem (3,134 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

relative probability that the entropy of a system which is currently away from thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., maximum entropy) will increase or decrease

Strong subadditivity of quantum entropy (4,679 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

information theory, strong subadditivity of quantum entropy (SSA) is the relation among the von Neumann entropies of various quantum subsystems of a larger quantum

String theory (15,352 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Juan; Strominger, Andrew; Witten, Edward (1997). "Black hole entropy in M-theory". Journal of High Energy Physics. 1997 (12): 002. arXiv:hep-th/9711053

Genetic load (1,996 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"Genetic load and long-distance dispersal in Asplenium platyneuron". Canadian Journal of Botany. 61 (6): 1809–1814. doi:10.1139/b83-190. JF Crow (1958). "Some

Van 't Hoff equation (2,893 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

equation, is especially effective in estimating the change in enthalpy and entropy of a chemical reaction. The standard pressure, P0{\displaystyle P^{0}}

Pressure–volume diagram (1,168 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

for a much more precise representation. Indicator diagram Temperature–entropy diagram Wiggers diagram Stroke volume Cyclic process Pressure–volume loop

Theil index (2,527 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

which is the maximum possible entropy of the data minus the observed entropy. It is a special case of the generalized entropy index. It can be viewed as

Entropy production (4,239 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Entropy production (or generation) is the amount of entropy which is produced during heat process to evaluate the efficiency of the process. Entropy is

Theil index (2,527 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

which is the maximum possible entropy of the data minus the observed entropy. It is a special case of the generalized entropy index. It can be viewed as

Transfer entropy (1,292 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy of X. The above definition of transfer entropy has been extended by other types of entropy measures such as Rényi entropy. Transfer entropy is

Pressure–volume diagram (1,168 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

for a much more precise representation. Indicator diagram Temperature–entropy diagram Wiggers diagram Stroke volume Cyclic process Pressure–volume loop

Density matrix (5,163 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

_{i},} is given by the von Neumann entropies of the states ρ i {\displaystyle \rho _{i}} and the Shannon entropy of the probability distribution p i

Sackur–Tetrode equation (1,075 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The Sackur–Tetrode equation is an expression for the entropy of a monatomic ideal gas. It is named for Hugo Martin Tetrode (1895–1931) and Otto Sackur

Biased random walk on a graph (998 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Bibcode:2010PLSCB...6E0889K. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000889. PMC 2924243. PMID 20808879. J.K. Ochab; Z. Burda (Jan 2013). "Maximal entropy random walk in community

Kaniadakis exponential distribution (2,382 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

probability distribution arising from the maximization of the Kaniadakis entropy under appropriate constraints. It is one example of a Kaniadakis distribution

Hartley (unit) (904 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

for "decimal digit"), is a logarithmic unit that measures information or entropy, based on base 10 logarithms and powers of 10. One hartley is the information

Onsager reciprocal relations (2,559 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in a general imperfect fluid, entropy is locally not conserved and its local evolution can be given in the form of entropy density s {\displaystyle s} as

Generalized entropy index (534 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The generalized entropy index has been proposed as a measure of income inequality in a population. It is derived from information theory as a measure

Perplexity (1,840 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

_{x}p(x)\log _{2}p(x)}=\prod _{x}p(x)^{-p(x)}} where H(p) is the entropy (in bits) of the distribution, and x ranges over the events. The base of

Depletion force (4,789 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

dispersed in a continuous phase. Depletion forces are often regarded as entropic forces, as was first explained by the established Asakura–Oosawa model

Gauss–Kuzmin distribution (545 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

ISBN 978-3-642-80352-9. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Vepstas, L. (2008), Entropy of Continued Fractions (Gauss-Kuzmin Entropy) (PDF) Weisstein, Eric W. "Gauss–Kuzmin

Shrinkage (statistics) (863 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

scoring methods". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C. 42 (2): 315–331. JSTOR 2986235. Hausser, Jean; Strimmer (2009). "Entropy Inference and

Prior probability (6,690 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mainly on the consequences of symmetries and on the principle of maximum entropy. As an example of an a priori prior, due to Jaynes (2003), consider a situation

Dynamical billiards (3,596 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

bounded, the Gibbs entropy is a constant, (in Notes) and in relativistic case the energy of particle, the Gibbs entropy, the entropy with respect to the

Hugo Tetrode (608 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

developed the Sackur–Tetrode equation, a quantum mechanical expression of the entropy of an ideal gas. Otto Sackur derived this equation independently around

Heat engine (3,885 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

comes with entropy." (heat energy Δ Q = T Δ S {\displaystyle \Delta Q=T\Delta S} ), "When the engine performs work, on the other hand, no entropy leaves the

Measurement in quantum mechanics (8,316 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Neumann entropy is S ( ρ ) = − ∑ i λ i log ⁡ λ i . {\displaystyle S(\rho )=-\sum _{i}\lambda _{i}\log \lambda _{i}.} This is the Shannon entropy of the

Shannon–Fano coding (2,769 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Kaur, Sandeep; Singh, Sukhjeet (May 2016). "Entropy Coding and Different Coding Techniques" (PDF). Journal of Network Communications and Emerging Technologies

Thermodynamic potential (4,378 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Five common thermodynamic potentials are: where T = temperature, S = entropy, p = pressure, V = volume. Ni is the number of particles of type i in the

Multinomial logistic regression (5,207 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

regression, multinomial logit (mlogit), the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) classifier, and the conditional maximum entropy model. Multinomial logistic regression is used

Atish Dabholkar (1,567 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Black Hole Entropy". JHEP. 1104 (4): 034. arXiv:1009.3226. Bibcode:2011JHEP...04..034D. doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2011)034. S2CID 53383306.{{cite journal}}: CS1

Fuzzy set (7,733 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Goguen, J.A., "L-fuzzy sets". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 18(1):145–174, 1967 Xuecheng, Liu (1992). "Entropy, distance measure and similarity

Key (cryptography) (1,496 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

being guessed, keys need to be generated randomly and contain sufficient entropy. The problem of how to safely generate random keys is difficult and has

Shannon's source coding theorem (1,881 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

identically-distributed random variable, and the operational meaning of the Shannon entropy. Named after Claude Shannon, the source coding theorem shows that, in the

Asymptotic equipartition property (3,946 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle H} is simply the entropy of a symbol) and the continuous-valued case (where H {\displaystyle H} is the differential entropy instead). The definition

Income inequality metrics (7,789 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

below, Theil-L is an income-distribution's dis-entropy per person, measured with respect to maximum entropy (which is achieved with complete equality). (In

Dopamine releasing agent (471 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

at the dopamine transporter (DAT) for dopamine releasers/substrates is entropy-driven (i.e. hydrophobic), whereas for dopamine re-uptake inhibitors it

Thermodynamic databases for pure substances (3,591 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Numerical values of these thermodynamic properties

Wrapped Cauchy distribution (2,032 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

be a (biased) estimator of γ {\displaystyle \gamma } . The information entropy of the wrapped Cauchy distribution is defined as: H = − ∫ Γ f W C ( θ ;

Image compression (1,667 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

image compression Predictive coding – used in DPCM Entropy encoding – the two most common entropy encoding techniques are arithmetic coding and Huffman

Rubber elasticity (7,400 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mathematics, chemistry and statistical physics, particularly the concept of entropy. Entropy may be thought of as a measure of the thermal energy that is stored

Wrapped normal distribution (1,707 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

e−σ2, and ln(1/Re2) will be a (biased) estimator of σ2 The information entropy of the wrapped normal distribution is defined as: H = − ∫ Γ f W N ( θ ;

Josiah Willard Gibbs (10,201 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1998, pp. 155–159 Jaynes, E. T. (1965). "Gibbs vs Boltzmann Entropies". American Journal of Physics. 33 (5): 391–8. Bibcode:1965AmJPh..33..391J. doi:10

Variation of information (1,446 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and X ∧ Y ⊆ Y {\displaystyle X\wedge Y\subseteq Y} . Let's define the entropy of a partition X {\displaystyle X} as H ( X ) = − ∑ i p i log ⁡ p i {\displaystyle

Ecological economics (9,116 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

myths". Southern Economic Journal. 41 (3): 347–381. doi:10.2307/1056148. JSTOR 1056148. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1999). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process

Relevance (1,747 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

variable e in terms of its entropy. One can then subtract the content of e that is irrelevant to h (given by its conditional entropy conditioned on h) from

Entropic gravity (3,157 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Entropic gravity, also known as emergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force—a force with macro-scale homogeneity

Tsallis distribution (449 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

probability distribution derived from the maximization of the Tsallis entropy under appropriate constraints. There are several different families of

RX J1347.5−1145 (977 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

elliptical GALEX J134730.-114509. The temperature along with the entropy maps show cool, entropic gases trailing the subcluster in a southwesterly direction

Entropic uncertainty (2,235 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Fourier analysis, the entropic uncertainty or Hirschman uncertainty is defined as the sum of the temporal and spectral Shannon entropies. It turns out that

Nucleic acid sequence (2,409 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

sequence and the RNA polymerase III terminator. In bioinformatics, a sequence entropy, also known as sequence complexity or information profile, is a numerical

Dual total correlation (1,282 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In information theory, dual total correlation, information rate, excess entropy, or binding information is one of several known non-negative generalizations

Freezing-point depression (2,360 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

potential of the solvent in the presence of a solute. This lowering is an entropy effect. The greater randomness of the solution (as compared to the pure

Complex dynamics (4,681 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"Automorphisms of surfaces: Kummer rigidity and measure of maximal entropy", Journal of the European Mathematical Society, 22 (4): 1289–1351, arXiv:1410

Potential well (1,320 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

global minimum of potential energy, as it would naturally tend to do due to entropy. Energy may be released from a potential well if sufficient energy is added

Reversible computing (2,372 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

said to be physically reversible if it results in no increase in physical entropy; it is isentropic. There is a style of circuit design ideally exhibiting

Time series (4,833 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Correlation entropy Approximate entropy Sample entropy Fourier entropyuk Wavelet entropy Dispersion entropy Fluctuation dispersion entropy Rényi entropy Higher-order

Complex dynamics (4,681 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"Automorphisms of surfaces: Kummer rigidity and measure of maximal entropy", Journal of the European Mathematical Society, 22 (4): 1289–1351, arXiv:1410

Raphael Bousso (733 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theory landscape. Bousso, Raphael (13 Aug 1999). "A Covariant Entropy Conjecture". Journal of High Energy Physics. 1999 (7): 004. arXiv:hep-th/9905177.

Conformational entropy (474 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In chemical thermodynamics, conformational entropy is the entropy associated with the number of conformations of a molecule. The concept is most commonly

Hess's law (1,400 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

spontaneous; positive ΔH values correspond to endothermic reactions. (Entropy also plays an important role in determining spontaneity, as some reactions

Thiocyanic acid (494 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Isothiocyanic acid, HNCS, is a Lewis acid whose free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes for its 1:1 association with a variety of Lewis bases in carbon

Tsallis distribution (449 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

probability distribution derived from the maximization of the Tsallis entropy under appropriate constraints. There are several different families of

Logistic regression (20,600 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

maximizes entropy (minimizes added information), and in this sense makes the fewest assumptions of the data being modeled; see § Maximum entropy. The parameters

Approximate entropy (2,616 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In statistics, an approximate entropy (ApEn) is a technique used to quantify the amount of regularity and the unpredictability of fluctuations over time-series

Solubility (6,583 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the two substances, and of thermodynamic concepts such as enthalpy and entropy. Under certain conditions, the concentration of the solute can exceed its

Tharizdun (3,005 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

roleplaying game, Tharizdun (/θəˈrɪzdən/) is the god of Eternal Darkness, Decay, Entropy, Malign Knowledge, Insanity, and Cold. He originated in the World of Greyhawk

Pipe network analysis (1,460 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

maximum entropy method of Jaynes. In this method, a continuous relative entropy function is defined over the unknown parameters. This entropy is then

Gravitational singularity (2,882 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

black holes having entropy had been avoided. However, this concept demonstrates that black holes radiate energy, which conserves entropy and solves the incompatibility

Passive transport (1,776 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

concentration to an area of low concentration because this movement increases the entropy of the overall system. The rate of passive transport depends on the permeability

Liquid (7,395 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

solids. The entropic forces are not "forces" in the mechanical sense; rather, they describe the tendency of a system to maximize its entropy at fixed energy

Heat capacity (2,773 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

g., Wallace, David (2010). "Gravity, entropy, and cosmology: in search of clarity" (preprint). British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 61 (3):

Econophysics (3,455 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

emergence-producing equilibrium based on information via Shannon information entropy produces the same equilibrium measure (Gibbs measure from statistical mechanics)

Statistical dispersion (934 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Relative mean difference, equal to twice the Gini coefficient Entropy: While the entropy of a discrete variable is location-invariant and scale-independent

Huffman coding (4,434 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

occurrence (weight) for each possible value of the source symbol. As in other entropy encoding methods, more common symbols are generally represented using fewer

Shock wave (3,954 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

distance. When a shock wave passes through matter, energy is preserved but entropy increases. This change in the matter's properties manifests itself as a

Information gain (decision tree) (3,001 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

know, information gain is the reduction in information entropy, what is entropy? Basically, entropy is the measure of impurity or uncertainty in a group

Thresholding (image processing) (1,408 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

foreground, Entropy-based methods result in algorithms that use the entropy of the foreground and background regions, the cross-entropy between the original

Bernoulli scheme (1,739 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

isomorphism theorem shows that Bernoulli shifts are isomorphic when their entropy is equal. A Bernoulli scheme is a discrete-time stochastic process where

Claude Shannon (6,007 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Technical Journal. This work focuses on the problem of how best to encode the message a sender wants to transmit. Shannon developed information entropy as a

Control volume (943 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

approach to computing hydrodynamic forces and torques on immersed bodies". Journal of Computational Physics. 347: 437–462. arXiv:1704.00239. Bibcode:2017JCoPh

Adrian Lewis (mathematician) (992 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

; Lewis, A. S. (1991). "Duality Relationships for Entropy-Like Minimization Problems". SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization. 29 (2): 325–338. doi:10

Wishart distribution (4,094 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the Fisher information of the Wishart random variable. The information entropy of the distribution has the following formula:: 693 H ⁡ [ X ] = − ln ⁡

Melting (1,235 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the enthalpy (H) and the entropy (S), known respectively as the enthalpy of fusion (or latent heat of fusion) and the entropy of fusion. Melting is therefore

Einstein refrigerator (770 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2020-01-12.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Kean, Sam (2017)

Exponential family (11,100 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

question: what is the maximum-entropy distribution consistent with given constraints on expected values? The information entropy of a probability distribution

Flory–Huggins solution theory (2,881 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

dissimilarity in molecular sizes in adapting the usual expression for the entropy of mixing. The result is an equation for the Gibbs free energy change Δ

Black hole complementarity (698 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

information and entropy pass through the horizon with nothing of interest happening. To an external observer, the information and entropy is absorbed into

Interaction information (2,417 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(2007-07-14). "Extraction of configurational entropy from molecular simulations via an expansion approximation". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 127 (2): 024107

Marina Huerta (626 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

physicist and a physics professor. She is known for her work on quantum entropy in quantum field theory. She has provided a new interpretation of the Bekenstein

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (3,053 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

to formalize the second law of thermodynamics and define the concept of entropy. Driven by purely technical concerns, such as improving the performance

Fisher information metric (4,183 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

It can also be understood to be the infinitesimal form of the relative entropy (i.e., the Kullback–Leibler divergence); specifically, it is the Hessian

Detailed balance (5,888 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Theorem. Entropy 13, no. 5, 966–1019. Mirkes, Evgeny M. (2020). "Universal Gorban's Entropies: Geometric Case Study". Entropy. 22 (3): 264. arXiv:2004

Self-assembly (4,378 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

self-assembly is entropy maximization. Though entropy is conventionally associated with disorder, under suitable conditions entropy can drive nano-scale

Humpty Dumpty (2,368 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(though not impossible) to return him to his earlier state of lower entropy, as the entropy of an isolated system never decreases. Children's literature portal

Kumaraswamy distribution (1,251 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

m 2 − m 1 2 . {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}=m_{2}-m_{1}^{2}.} The Shannon entropy (in nats) of the distribution is: H = ( 1 − 1 a ) + ( 1 − 1 b ) H b − ln

Time reversibility (1,060 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

processes can be reversible or irreversible, depending on the change in entropy during the process. Note, however, that the fundamental laws that underlie

Kaniadakis Gaussian distribution (1,489 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

generalization of the Gaussian distribution from the maximization of the Kaniadakis entropy under appropriated constraints. It is one example of a Kaniadakis κ-distribution

Maximum likelihood estimation (9,609 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

x_{i}-\mu \,)^{2}} (Note: the log-likelihood is closely related to information entropy and Fisher information.) We now compute the derivatives of this log-likelihood

Multivariate normal distribution (9,474 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

is distributed as a generalized chi-squared variable. The differential entropy of the multivariate normal distribution is h ( f ) = − ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∫ − ∞ ∞

Bit (3,088 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

is usually a nibble. In information theory, one bit is the information entropy of a random binary variable that is 0 or 1 with equal probability, or the

Weibull distribution (5,612 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

_{i}\pi _{i}\right)^{-\alpha },\alpha ^{-1}\right)} . The information entropy is given by H ( λ , k ) = γ ( 1 − 1 k ) + ln ⁡ ( λ k ) + 1 {\displaystyle

Dudley's theorem (285 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

expected upper bound and regularity properties of a Gaussian process to its entropy and covariance structure. The result was first stated and proved by V.

Quantization (signal processing) (6,357 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

approximation can allow the entropy coding design problem to be separated from the design of the quantizer itself. Modern entropy coding techniques such as

Thermochemical cycle (4,118 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the species, and is equal by definition of the entropy to the absolute temperature T times the entropy change ΔS of the reaction. Δ H = Δ G + T Δ S {\displaystyle

Quantization (signal processing) (6,357 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

approximation can allow the entropy coding design problem to be separated from the design of the quantizer itself. Modern entropy coding techniques such as

Thermochemical cycle (4,118 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the species, and is equal by definition of the entropy to the absolute temperature T times the entropy change ΔS of the reaction. Δ H = Δ G + T Δ S {\displaystyle

Pentane (1,005 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

high melting point is actually caused by neopentane's significantly lower entropy of fusion. The branched isomers are more stable (have lower heat of formation

Dynamic light scattering (4,231 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

between two different populations should be less than 1:10−5. The Maximum entropy method is an analysis method that has great developmental potential. The

Thermal depolymerization (2,453 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

chemicals or biological action. This process is associated with an increase in entropy. For most polymers thermal depolymerisation is chaotic process, giving

Info-metrics (2,104 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

or causal mechanisms. Info-metrics evolved from the classical maximum entropy formalism, which is based on the work of Shannon. Early contributions were

Spinodal (713 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Increasing temperature results in a decreasing difference between mixing entropy and mixing enthalpy, and thus the coexisting compositions come closer.

Entropy compression (1,149 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and theoretical computer science, entropy compression is an information theoretic method for proving that a random process terminates,

Information fluctuation complexity (3,433 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

information-theoretic quantity defined as the fluctuation of information about entropy. It is derivable from fluctuations in the predominance of order and chaos

Neopentane (783 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

its high melting point is due to an entropy effect resulting from higher molecular symmetry. Indeed, the entropy of fusion of neopentane is about four

Dirichlet distribution (6,539 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and the information entropy is the limit as λ {\displaystyle \lambda } goes to 1. Another related interesting measure is the entropy of a discrete categorical

Christopher Deninger (3,515 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(1997), "Deligne periods of mixed motives, K-theory and the entropy of certain Zn-actions", Journal of the American Mathematical Society, 10 (2): 259–281,

High entropy oxide (3,523 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) are complex oxides that contain five or more principal metal cations and have a single-phase crystal structure. The first HEO

Hard hexagon model (1,421 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"Hard Hexagon Entropy Constant", MathWorld Baxter, R. J.; Enting, I. G.; Tsang, S. K. (April 1980), "Hard-square lattice gas", Journal of Statistical

Residual entropy (710 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Residual entropy is the difference in entropy between a non-equilibrium state and crystal state of a substance close to absolute zero. This term is used

Endothermic process (809 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

spontaneously depends not only on the enthalpy change but also on the entropy change (∆S) and absolute temperature T. If a process is a spontaneous process

Cycles of Time (606 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Thermodynamics and its inevitable march toward a maximum entropy state of the universe. Penrose illustrates entropy in terms of information state phase space (with

Beta distribution (44,221 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(1994). "Jeffreys' prior is asymptotically least favorable under entropy risk" (PDF). Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference. 41: 37–60. doi:10

Recurrence period density entropy (672 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Recurrence period density entropy (RPDE) is a method, in the fields of dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and time series analysis, for determining

Recalescence (125 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

structure with an increase in entropy occurs. The heat responsible for the change in temperature is due to the change in entropy. When a structure transformation

Maxwell relations (3,124 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

to their thermal natural variable (temperature T {\displaystyle T} , or entropy S {\displaystyle S} ) and their mechanical natural variable (pressure P

Algorithmic information theory (2,625 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

self-delimited case) the same inequalities (except for a constant) that entropy does, as in classical information theory; randomness is incompressibility;

Equation of state (5,388 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

thermodynamic correlation based on three-parameter corresponding states". AIChE Journal (in French). 21 (3): 510–527. Bibcode:1975AIChE..21..510L. doi:10.1002/aic

Specific heat capacity (8,130 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

dimensionless entropy measured in bits. From the definition of entropy T d S = δ Q , {\displaystyle T\,{\text{d}}S=\delta Q,} the absolute entropy can be calculated

Coarse-grained modeling (2,377 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

grows. The entropy S {\displaystyle S} associated with this consideration, whether zero or not, is called coarse grained entropy or thermal entropy. A large

Gas (6,358 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

as temperature, pressure, heat capacity, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy, just to name a few. (Read: Partition function Meaning and significance)

Von Mises–Fisher distribution (4,705 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

expected value can be used to compute differential entropy and KL divergence. The differential entropy of VMF ( μ , κ ) {\displaystyle {\text{VMF}}({\boldsymbol

Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) (2,530 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

helps establish the Clausius theorem, which implies that the change in entropy S {\displaystyle S} is unique for all reversible processes: Δ S = ∫ a b

List of random number generators (1,364 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Numbers". The Computer Journal. 1 (2): 83. doi:10.1093/comjnl/1.2.83. Rotenberg, A. (1960). "A New Pseudo-Random Number Generator". Journal of the ACM. 7 (1):

Truncated normal distribution (2,244 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle a<X<b} , of course, but can still be interpreted as a maximum-entropy distribution with first and second moments as constraints, and has an additional

Chemical potential (4,177 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

infinitesimal change of internal energy U, dS the infinitesimal change of entropy S, dV is the infinitesimal change of volume V for a thermodynamic system

Microscopic scale (2,568 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Herrera-Siklody, Paula (2016-08-03). "4.7 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Bamforth, Stuart S. (1980)

Humphrey cycle (372 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

temperature increase because of the work done on the gas by the compressor. Entropy is unchanged. Static pressure and density of the gas increase. Constant-volume

Rufus Bowen (1,010 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

with axiom A systems, but the methods he used while exploring topological entropy, symbolic dynamics, ergodic theory, Markov partitions, and invariant measures

Gold universe (270 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

universe starts with a Big Bang and expands for some time, with increasing entropy and a thermodynamic arrow of time pointing in the direction of the expansion

Linear predictive coding (1,683 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Communications and Proc. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) J.P. Burg (1967). "Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis". Proceedings of

JPEG (13,321 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

marker.) Some markers are followed by entropy-coded data; the length of such a marker does not include the entropy-coded data. Note that consecutive 0xFF

Ice rules (418 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice Ih. For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes

Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (1,634 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) is a form of entropy encoding used in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standards

Laplace's demon (1,438 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

with early 19th century developments of the concepts of irreversibility, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics. In other words, Laplace's demon

Ideal gas law (4,484 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

state 1 using the equations listed. ^ a. In an isentropic process, system entropy (S) is constant. Under these conditions, p1V1γ = p2V2γ, where γ is defined

Ice-type model (2,935 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

model was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1935 to account for the residual entropy of water ice. Variants have been proposed as models of certain ferroelectric

Thermodynamic equilibrium (7,632 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

is minimized (in the absence of an applied voltage), or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions. One such potential is the Helmholtz

Mahler measure (2,143 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

[z_{1}^{\pm 1},\dots ,z_{n}^{\pm 1}]}. The topological entropy (which is equal to the measure-theoretic entropy) of this action, h(αN){\displaystyle h(\alpha _{N})}

Continuous uniform distribution (4,135 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

on the distribution's support are equally probable. It is the maximum entropy probability distribution for a random variable X {\displaystyle X} under

Nucleate boiling (1,472 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Transfer 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, 2011". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) James R. Welty; Charles E. Wicks; Robert E. Wilson;

Boltzmann distribution (2,433 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the only distribution in which the Gibbs-Shannon entropy equals the thermodynamic entropy". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 151 (3): 034113. arXiv:1903

Neptunium(IV) oxide (821 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Darrell W. Osborne (March 1953). "The Entropy and Low Temperature Heat Capacity of Neptunium Dioxide". Journal of Chemical Physics. 21 (3): 419. Bibcode:1953JChPh

Tephigram (377 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \phi } -gram" to describe the axes of temperature (T) and entropy ( ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } ) used to create the plot. Usually, temperature

Principle of maximum caliber (573 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

or maximum path entropy principle, suggested by E. T. Jaynes, can be considered as a generalization of the principle of maximum entropy. It postulates

Complexity (4,257 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

complex at all. Information entropy is also sometimes used in information theory as indicative of complexity, but entropy is also high for randomness

Neptunium(IV) oxide (821 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Darrell W. Osborne (March 1953). "The Entropy and Low Temperature Heat Capacity of Neptunium Dioxide". Journal of Chemical Physics. 21 (3): 419. Bibcode:1953JChPh

Sentence boundary disambiguation (544 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

sentence breaks are pre-marked. Solutions have been based on a maximum entropy model. The SATZ architecture uses a neural network to disambiguate sentence

Melodic expectation (2,262 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy as an analytic tool". Computer Music Journal. 32 (4): 64–78. doi:10.1162/comj.2008.32.4.64. S2CID 34832306. John L. Snyder (1990). "Entropy as

Cyclic model (1,618 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of the cyclic problem: according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, entropy can only increase. This implies that successive cycles grow longer and

Grammar-based code (589 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

codes are universal in the sense that they can achieve asymptotically the entropy rate of any stationary, ergodic source with a finite alphabet. The compression

Vladimir Korepin (1,696 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

R; Jin, B-Q; Korepin, V E (2007). "Ellipses of constant entropy in theXYspin chain". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 40 (29): 8467

Random number generator attack (2,629 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the specific case of playing mixed strategy games, use of human gameplay entropy for randomness generation was studied by Ran Halprin and Moni Naor. Just

Ecological Economics (journal) (229 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Economics. The Transdisciplinary Journal of the International Society for Ecological Economics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier on behalf

Enthalpy of vaporization (1,015 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the increased entropy of the gas phase overcomes the intermolecular forces. As a given quantity of matter always has a higher entropy in the gas phase

History of information theory (1,660 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

selected at another point." With it came the ideas of the information entropy and redundancy of a source, and its relevance through the source coding

Pressure (5,649 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

J. (1953). "The Limiting Negative Pressure of Mercury in Pyrex Glass". Journal of Applied Physics. 24 (4): 488–490. Bibcode:1953JAP....24..488B. doi:10

Spin ice (2,680 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

said interactions. Spin ices show low-temperature properties, residual entropy in particular, closely related to those of common crystalline water ice

Protein folding (8,656 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and it is opposed by conformational entropy. The process of folding often begins co-translationally, so that the N-terminus

Leftover hash lemma (632 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

length asymptotic to H ∞ ( X ) {\displaystyle H_{\infty }(X)} (the min-entropy of X) bits from a random variable X that are almost uniformly distributed

Wehrl entropy (2,291 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the Wehrl entropy, named after Alfred Wehrl, is a classical entropy of a quantum-mechanical density matrix. It is a type of quasi-entropy defined for

An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction (1,469 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

C.N.A. (1810). "Inquiries concerning the heat produced by friction". Journal de Physique. lxv. Henry, W. (1802). "A review of some experiments which

Heat capacity ratio (2,318 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1 / V {\displaystyle \rho =1/V} in these relations. Since for constant entropy, S {\displaystyle S} , we have P ∝ ρ γ {\displaystyle P\propto \rho ^{\gamma

Causal sets (5,350 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(Black hole entropy) D.P. Rideout, S. Zohren, Counting entropy in causal set quantum gravity; arXiv:gr-qc/0612074v1; (Black hole entropy) D.P. Rideout

Bootstrapping (statistics) (8,256 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

hdl:10983/25607. Vinod, HD (2006). "Maximum entropy ensembles for time series inference in economics". Journal of Asian Economics. 17 (6): 955–978. doi:10

Melting point (3,045 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

free energy (ΔG) of the material is zero, but the enthalpy (H) and the entropy (S) of the material are increasing (ΔH, ΔS > 0). Melting phenomenon happens

Catalytic resonance theory (2,530 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

occurring on surfaces that undergo variation in surface binding energy and/or entropy exhibit overall increase in reaction rate when the surface binding energy

MPEG-1 (10,720 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

scalar quantization, and variable-length codes (like Huffman codes) for entropy coding. H.261 was the first practical video coding standard, and all of

Mark Wilde (1,768 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

textbook utilizes the Renyi entropy and its variants, the hypothesis testing relative entropy, and the smooth max-relative entropy to present the capacities

Avidity (912 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

interaction. A particular important aspect relates to the phenomenon of 'avidity entropy'. Biomolecules often form heterogenous complexes or homogeneous oligomers

Christopher Locke (1,311 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Colorado. In 1997, he set up as an internet consultant under the name Entropy Web Consulting in Boulder, Colorado, practising an alternative to mass

Phase diagram (2,518 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

volume, specific enthalpy, or specific entropy. For example, single-component graphs of temperature vs. specific entropy (T vs. s) for water/steam or for a

Organism (2,020 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Francis; Longo, Giuseppe (2009). "Biological Organization and Anti-entropy". Journal of Biological Systems. 17 (01): 63–96. doi:10.1142/S0218339009002715

Septimal tritone (346 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the most consonant tritone when measured by combination tones, harmonic entropy, and period length. Depending on the temperament used, "the" tritone, defined

Cold Big Bang (286 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

argued that, rather than in an initial high entropy state, the primordial universe was in a very low entropy state near absolute zero. The mainstream version

Integrated information theory (4,144 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

noting that one test amounted to simply applying LZW compression to measure entropy rather than to indicate consciousness as proponents claimed. In 2019, the

Information diagram (494 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

relationships among Shannon's basic measures of information: entropy, joint entropy, conditional entropy and mutual information. Information diagrams are a useful

Systolic geometry (3,932 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

satisfies an optimal inequality relating the entropy and the area. It turns out that the minimal entropy of a closed surface can be related to its optimal

Seebeck coefficient (4,290 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Seebeck coefficient can be approximately understood as being given by the entropy per unit charge carried by electrical currents in the material. It may

Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution (5,683 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

derived on the ground that it maximizes the entropy of the system. A list of derivations are: Maximum entropy probability distribution in the phase space

Bispectral index (2,432 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

on Bispectral Index and spectral entropy of the electroencephalogram under sevoflurane anaesthesia". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 94 (3): 336–340.

Chi-squared distribution (6,375 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

2 k n {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}={\frac {2k}{n}}} ). The differential entropy is given by h = ∫ 0 ∞ f ( x ; k ) ln ⁡ f ( x ; k ) d x = k 2 + ln ⁡ [ 2

Inequalities in information theory (1,804 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

are 2n subsets, for which (joint) entropies can be computed. For example, when n = 2, we may consider the entropies H ( X 1 ) , {\displaystyle H(X_{1})

Spectral flatness (684 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Spectral flatness or tonality coefficient, also known as Wiener entropy, is a measure used in digital signal processing to characterize an audio spectrum

Nitride (1,294 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

between the low reactivity of nitrogen gas at low temperatures and the entropy driven formation of N2 at high temperatures. However, synthetic methods

Gouy–Stodola theorem (3,216 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

or at which exergy is destroyed, is proportional to the rate at which entropy is generated, and that the proportionality coefficient is the temperature

Arcadia (play) (5,697 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

and entropy. Fleming describes these two principles. "Entropy is the measure of the randomness or disorder of a system. The law of increase of entropy states

Conservation of energy (6,045 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S} is a small change in the entropy of the system. Temperature and entropy are variables of the state of a system. If an open system

Nernst equation (6,912 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

for an ideal gas where the change of entropy ΔS = nR ln(V2/V1) takes place. It follows from the definition of entropy and from the condition of constant

Bayesian probability (3,413 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

relative "objectivity" of the priors proposed under these methods): Maximum entropy Transformation group analysis Reference analysis Each of these methods

Lower critical solution temperature (1,790 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

associated to water molecules with loss of entropy. The mixing which occurs below 19 °C is not due to entropy but due to the enthalpy of formation of the

Noisy-channel coding theorem (2,780 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{C}{1-H_{2}(p_{b})}}.} and H 2 ( p b ) {\displaystyle H_{2}(p_{b})} is the binary entropy function H 2 ( p b ) = − [ p b log 2 ⁡ p b + ( 1 − p b ) log 2 ⁡ ( 1 −

Stochastic optimization (1,083 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Battiti, G. Tecchiolli (1994), recently reviewed in the reference book cross-entropy method by Rubinstein and Kroese (2004) random search by Anatoly Zhigljavsky

Quantum Heisenberg model (2,729 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

environment (the rest of the ground state). The entropy of the block can be considered as entanglement entropy. At zero temperature in the critical region

Protein crystallization (2,707 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

energetics of a process, ∆H, trades off with the corresponding change in entropy, ∆S. Entropy, roughly, describes the disorder of a system. Highly ordered states

Vuilleumier cycle (772 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Vuilleumier Heat Pumps". doi:10.26240/heal.ntua.18638. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) "Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities

Gas constant (1,976 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

constant. The gas constant is expressed in the same unit as are molar entropy and molar heat. From the ideal gas law PV = nRT we get: R = P V n T {\displaystyle

J R (1,144 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

message, the greater the chance for error. Entropy rears as a central preoccupation of our time." In J R, entropy manifests itself as "a malign and centrifugal

Protein crystallization (2,707 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

energetics of a process, ∆H, trades off with the corresponding change in entropy, ∆S. Entropy, roughly, describes the disorder of a system. Highly ordered states

Poisson distribution (10,959 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

so are each of those two independent random variables. It is a maximum-entropy distribution among the set of generalized binomial distributions B n (

Work (thermodynamics) (7,025 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

variables, apart from entropy, are held constant over the process, then the transferred heat must appear as increased temperature and entropy; in a uniform gravitational

Quantum Zeno effect (3,630 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sudarshan, E. C. G.; Misra, B. (1977). "The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 18 (4): 756–763. Bibcode:1977JMP....18..756M.

Chaotropic activity (425 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Chaotropicity describes the entropic disordering of lipid bilayers and other biomacromolecules which is caused by substances dissolved in water. According

Grand potential (727 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

U is the internal energy, T is the temperature of the system, S is the entropy, μ is the chemical potential, and N is the number of particles in the system

Homochirality (4,938 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

to be a form of information storage. One suggestion is that it reduces entropy barriers in the formation of large organized molecules. It has been experimentally

Jensen–Shannon divergence (2,299 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

P_{2},\ldots ,P_{n}} , and H ( P ) {\displaystyle H(P)} is the Shannon entropy for distribution P {\displaystyle P} . For the two-distribution case described

Hyperbolastic functions (6,888 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Study between Generalized Maximum Entropy and Bayes Methods to Estimate the Four Parameter Weibull Growth Model. Journal of Probability and Statistics. 2020

Jet engine performance (16,832 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

surface imperfections, p. 5-1 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijae/2022/3637181/, Analysis of Entropy Generation and Potential Inhibition in an Aeroengine

Quantum heat engines and refrigerators (5,130 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

T_{\text{d}}\rightarrow \infty } , no entropy is generated in the power bath. An energy current with no accompanying entropy production is equivalent to generating

Elliott H. Lieb (3,128 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1972 Lieb and Mary Beth Ruskai proved the strong subadditivity of quantum entropy, a theorem that is fundamental for quantum information theory. This is

Nicola Scafetta (1,303 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the University of North Texas in 2001. His doctoral thesis was titled An entropic approach to the analysis of time series. Scafetta was a research associate

Entropic value at risk (2,016 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

concept of relative entropy. Because of its connection with the VaR and the relative entropy, this risk measure is called "entropic value at risk". The

Chemical reaction (8,028 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

increasing the entropy of the system, often through the formation of gaseous or dissolved reaction products, which have higher entropy. Since the entropy term in

Gamma-ray burst progenitors (2,862 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

diagram with the creation of astronomical amounts of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. Transparency of matter to gravitational waves offers a new probe to the

International Society for Ecological Economics (453 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

presided over by Robert Costanza who was also the first editor of the journal. Subsequent presidents have been Richard Norgaard, John Proops, Charles

Circular flow of income (4,174 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

says that matter and energy move from a low entropy, useful, state towards a less useful higher entropy state. Thus, no system can continue without inputs

Ultimate fate of the universe (4,266 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Under this scenario, the universe eventually reaches a state of maximum entropy in which everything is evenly distributed and there are no energy gradients—which

Photoluminescence (3,340 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

University of Science and Technology (KAUST) have studied the photoinduced entropy (i.e. thermodynamic disorder) of InGaN/GaN p-i-n double-heterostructure

Homentropic flow (124 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

has uniform and constant entropy. It distinguishes itself from an isentropic or particle isentropic flow, where the entropy level of each fluid particle

Feature selection (6,933 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Bibcode:2003q.bio....11039K. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Akaike, H. (1985), "Prediction and entropy", in Atkinson, A. C.; Fienberg

Filters, random fields, and maximum entropy model (812 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

domain of physics and probability, the filters, random fields, and maximum entropy (FRAME) model is a Markov random field model (or a Gibbs distribution)

Barium oxide (535 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

peroxidation of BaO to BaO2 occurs at moderate temperatures but the increased entropy of the O2 molecule at high temperatures means that BaO2 decomposes to O2

Uranium diboride (208 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

that is insoluble in water. It is being explored as an ingredient in high entropy alloys, and as a method of immobilizing uranium-based radioactive waste

Hypothetical star (210 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(2017-12-23). "The hyperons in the massive neutron star PSR J0348+0432". Chinese Journal of Physics. 53 (4): 221–234. arXiv:1712.08854. doi:10.6122/CJP.20150601D

Synergy (5,766 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Irreversible Thermodynamics? Synergy Increases Free Energy by Decreasing Entropy". Qeios. doi:10.32388/2VWCJG.5. Corning PA (2003). Nature's magic : synergy

Independent component analysis (6,665 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

algorithms uses measures like Kullback-Leibler Divergence and maximum entropy. The non-Gaussianity family of ICA algorithms, motivated by the central

High-entropy-alloy nanoparticles (1,604 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

High-entropy-alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) are nanoparticles having five or more elements alloyed in a single-phase solid solution structure. HEA-NPs

Thermalisation (1,042 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

equipartition of energy and uniform temperature that maximizes the system's entropy. Thermalisation, thermal equilibrium, and temperature are therefore important

Soft matter (4,078 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

comparable with room temperature thermal energy (of order of kT), and that entropy is considered the dominant factor. At these temperatures, quantum aspects

Anderson localization (1,956 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

maximum entropy, which says that the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge is the one with largest entropy. This

Molecular recognition (1,903 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

2013). "Water networks contribute to enthalpy/entropy compensation in protein-ligand binding". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (41): 15579–15584

Big Crunch (2,870 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

going into heat death from entropy buildup. The new model avoids this with a net expansion after every cycle, stopping entropy buildup. However, there are

History of energy (1,168 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius, and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef

Beryllium fluoride (937 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Tokyo. Agarwal, M.; Chakravarty C (2007). "Waterlike Structural and Excess Entropy Anomalies in Liquid Beryllium Fluoride". J. Phys. Chem. B. 111 (46): 13294–300

Galaxy groups and clusters (1,468 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy of the gas because entropy is the quantity most directly changed by increasing or decreasing the thermal energy of intracluster gas. Entropy Fossil

Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt (277 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

form of money and debt. Soddy contends that real wealth is subject to entropy and will rot, rust, wear out, or be consumed over time, while money and

Splay tree (4,628 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

their amortized time can be faster than logarithmic, proportional to the entropy of the access pattern. For many patterns of non-random operations, also

David Wolpert (1,356 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

early work on machine learning. These include a Bayesian estimator of the entropy of a distribution based on samples of the distribution, disproving formal

Transcritical cycle (2,813 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

above 1200 deg F". doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1544.9842. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Lisheng, Pan; Bing, Li; Yuan, Yao; Weixiu, Shi;

Compressed suffix array (744 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

where H k ( T ) {\displaystyle H_{k}(T)} is the k-th order empirical entropy of the text T. The time and space to construct a compressed suffix array

Real gas (2,587 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Attractive Coefficient of the Peng-Robinson Equation of State". Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 14 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1590/S0104-66321997000100003

Lactone (2,104 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

esters and lactones are about the same, the entropy of the hydrolysis of lactones is less than the entropy of straight-chained esters. Straight-chained

Beyond Our Differences (243 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

2008 documentary film. A production of New York documentary film company Entropy Films, Beyond Our Differences has been featured at film festivals including

Brent Fultz (1,427 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and materials chemistry, and for establishing the importance of phonon entropy to the phase stability of materials. Additionally, Fultz oversaw the construction

Reinforcement learning (6,582 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

relying on gradient information. These include simulated annealing, cross-entropy search or methods of evolutionary computation. Many gradient-free methods

Recurrence quantification analysis (1,851 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

dynamical systems. Approximate entropy Marwan, N. (2008). "A Historical Review of Recurrence Plots". European Physical Journal ST. 164 (1): 3–12. arXiv:1709

Calcium hydroxide (2,016 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

behavior is that the dissolution of calcium hydroxide in water involves an entropy decrease, due to the ordering of water molecules around the doubly charged

Abiogenesis (20,685 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Katja; Van den Broeck, C. (2010). "Entropy production as correlation between system and reservoir". New Journal of Physics. 12 (1): 013013. arXiv:0908

Elon Lindenstrauss (713 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mathematics in 1995. In 1999 he finished his Ph.D., his thesis being "Entropy properties of dynamical systems", under the guidance of Prof. Benjamin

Glossary of quantum computing (5,460 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

verification, estimating correlation functions, and predicting entanglement entropy. Cloud-based quantum computing is the invocation of quantum emulators,

Exhalation (short story) (490 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

California Sunday Magazine praised it as an "inventive meditation on death". Entropy Heat death of the universe "Eclipse 2: New Science Fiction and Fantasy:

C4.5 algorithm (831 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

training data in the same way as ID3, using the concept of information entropy. The training data is a set S = s 1 , s 2 , . . . {\displaystyle S={s_{1}

Brent Fultz (1,427 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and materials chemistry, and for establishing the importance of phonon entropy to the phase stability of materials. Additionally, Fultz oversaw the construction

Wang and Landau algorithm (2,609 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

calculated entropy is to the exact entropy, which naturally depends on the value of f. To better and better approximate the exact entropy (and thus histogram's

Beyond Our Differences (243 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

2008 documentary film. A production of New York documentary film company Entropy Films, Beyond Our Differences has been featured at film festivals including

Lossless compression (4,230 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

for a particular statistical model, which is given by the information entropy, whereas Huffman compression is simpler and faster but produces poor results

Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire (990 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

remain relevant and were used by his successors to develop the concept of entropy: The "fall of heat" from a high temperature to a lower temperature is where

Coding theory (3,546 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

probability model is called entropy encoding. Various techniques used by source coding schemes try to achieve the limit of entropy of the source. C(x) ≥ H(x)

One-time pad (7,728 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

statistical randomness tests as such tests cannot measure entropy, and the number of bits of entropy must be at least equal to the number of bits in the plaintext

Economic collapse (4,127 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the two following considerations: According to his ecological view of 'entropy pessimism', matter and energy is neither created nor destroyed in man's

Canonical ensemble (2,829 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

temperature. Maximum entropy: For a given mechanical system (fixed N, V), the canonical ensemble average −⟨log P⟩ (the entropy) is the maximum possible

Leonard Susskind (2,690 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mostly unknown in the Western hemisphere) String theory of black hole entropy The principle of black hole complementarity The causal patch hypothesis

Surprisal analysis (1,332 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

technique that integrates and applies principles of thermodynamics and maximal entropy. Surprisal analysis is capable of relating the underlying microscopic properties

The Voices of Time (short story) (959 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

1960s. Its primary theme is one which was common in the New Wave, that of entropy and the breakdown of all things. The story has little or no obvious plot

Canvas fingerprinting (1,249 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Amazon's Mechanical Turk, an experimental entropy of 5.7 bits was observed. The authors of the study suggest more entropy could likely be observed in the wild

Active learning (machine learning) (2,338 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

correct output should be. Entropy Sampling: The entropy formula is used on each sample, and the sample with the highest entropy is considered to be the

Trace inequality (4,515 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Ruskai, Mary Beth (2002). "Inequalities for quantum entropy: A review with conditions for equality". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 43 (9). AIP Publishing:

Trip distribution (4,107 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

be of essentially the same form as used in statistical mechanics, the entropy maximization model. The application of these models differs in concept

Sample entropy (1,175 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sample entropy (SampEn) is a modification of approximate entropy (ApEn), used for assessing the complexity of physiological time-series signals, diagnosing

Adiabatic process (5,883 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

quantity that he called "the thermodynamic function" that later was called entropy, and at that time he wrote also of the "curve of no transmission of heat"

5-Fluorowillardiine (1,202 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The binding of 5-fluorowillardiine to the AMPA receptor is driven by entropy when its ring is uncharged. When the ring is deprotonated and has a negative

Clausius–Clapeyron relation (3,590 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the phase transition, and Δ s {\displaystyle \Delta s} is the specific entropy change of the phase transition. The Clausius–Clapeyron equation: 509 applies

Fracton (subdimensional particle) (6,180 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

entanglement entropy of a subregion of space with large linear size R {\displaystyle R} , the leading order contribution to the entropy is proportional

Raymond W. Yeung (669 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of the previously known constraints on the entropy function. He also pioneered the machine-proving of entropy inequalities. Yeung has published two textbooks

Species diversity (1,507 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

_{i=1}^{S}p_{i}\ln p_{i}\right),} which is the exponential of the Shannon entropy. q = 2 corresponds to the arithmetic mean. As q approaches infinity, the

Polymer physics (3,218 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

polymer, this is made possible by a material entropy increase from contraction that makes up for the loss of entropy from absorption of the thermal energy,

Connes embedding problem (1,037 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

several different areas of mathematics. Dan Voiculescu developing his free entropy theory found that Connes' embedding problem is related to the existence

Compressed data structure (471 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

SIAM Journal on Computing. 35 (2): 378–407. doi:10.1137/S0097539702402354. hdl:1808/18962. R. Grossi, A. Gupta, and J. S. Vitter, High-Order Entropy-Compressed

Typical set (1,997 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

whose probability is close to two raised to the negative power of the entropy of their source distribution. That this set has total probability close

Photon gas (1,560 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is the black-body

Goodness of fit (1,151 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"Empirical Likelihood Ratios Applied to Goodness-of-Fit Tests Based on Sample Entropy". Computational Statistics and Data Analysis. 54 (2): 531–545. doi:10.1016/j

Eugenio Bianchi (118 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

for the entropy of non-extremal black holes from loop quantum gravity, for all values of the Immirzi parameter. Bianchi, Eugenio (2012). "Entropy of Non-Extremal

Dimethyl sulfoxide (data page) (181 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This box: view edit Except where noted otherwise

Kadir–Brady saliency detector (3,164 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Shannon entropy is defined to quantify the complexity of a distribution p as p log ⁡ p {\displaystyle p\log p\,} . Therefore, higher entropy means p is

Image segmentation (9,060 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Entropy Based Image Segmentation Frucci, Maria; Sanniti di Baja, Gabriella (2008). "From Segmentation to Binarization of Gray-level Images". Journal of

ISO/IEC 80000 (2,062 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

decision content [Da] information content [I(x)] entropy [H] maximum entropy [H0, (Hmax)] relative entropy [Hr] redundancy [R] relative redundancy [r] joint

Brute-force attack (2,192 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

using conventional set and clear operations, which inevitably generate entropy. It has been shown that computational hardware can be designed not to encounter

Self-organization (6,741 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

elsewhere in the system (e.g. through consuming the low-entropy energy of a battery and diffusing high-entropy heat). 18th-century thinkers had sought to understand

Uncertainty principle (19,097 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

52–53, ISBN 0-691-08126-3 Hirschman, I. I. Jr. (1957), "A note on entropy", American Journal of Mathematics, 79 (1): 152–156, doi:10.2307/2372390, JSTOR 2372390

Resource recovery (3,154 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

their increase in entropy in our current linear business model. Starting with the production of waste in manufacturing, the entropy increases further

Normal distribution (22,331 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sung Y.; Bera, Anil K. (2009). "Maximum Entropy Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 150 (2): 219–230. CiteSeerX 10

NIST SP 800-90B (166 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Recommendation for the Entropy Sources Used for Random Bit Generation. The publication specifies the design principles and requirements for the entropy sources used

Splaysort (683 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Journal on Computing, 30 (1): 44–85, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.36.2713, doi:10.1137/S009753979732699X, MR 1762706. Gagie, Travis (2005), Sorting a low-entropy

Mean dimension (925 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

with finite topological entropy has zero mean dimension. For various topological dynamical systems with infinite topological entropy, the mean dimension can

Mean dimension (925 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

with finite topological entropy has zero mean dimension. For various topological dynamical systems with infinite topological entropy, the mean dimension can

John Cardy (600 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Pasquale Calabrese Entanglement entropy and conformal field theory, J. Phys. A, 42, 2009 Cardy Entanglement entropy in extended quantum systems, 2007

Solar balloon (1,573 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

magazine article "Sunstat - a balloon that rides on sunbeams (Ballooning Journal, Vol XI Num 2, March April 1978)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-04-11. "Ballon

Bioska (170 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Illinois, and Editor-in-Chief of the Thermodynamics section of the journal Entropy. BlueWavesMedia. "Selo Bioska". www.selobioska.com. Retrieved 1 February

Garth Paltridge (912 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

thermodynamic dissipation, i.e., entropy production. This suggests a governing constraint by a principle of maximum rate of entropy production. According to this

Time travel (8,559 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

statistical law, so decreasing entropy and non-increasing entropy are not impossible, just improbable. Additionally, entropy statistically increases in systems

Uncertainty principle (19,097 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

52–53, ISBN 0-691-08126-3 Hirschman, I. I. Jr. (1957), "A note on entropy", American Journal of Mathematics, 79 (1): 152–156, doi:10.2307/2372390, JSTOR 2372390

Cardy formula (625 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy of a two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT). In recent years, this formula has been especially useful in the calculation of the entropy

Decision tree (3,413 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

states the information gain is a function of the entropy of a node of the decision tree minus the entropy of a candidate split at node t of a decision tree

Data compression (7,557 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the same as considering absolute entropy (corresponding to data compression) as a special case of relative entropy (corresponding to data differencing)

Device fingerprint (3,692 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

bits of entropy. Because the technique obtains information about the user's GPU, the information entropy gained is "orthogonal" to the entropy of previous

Reuven Rubinstein (611 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

score-function method, the stochastic counterpart method, and the cross-entropy method, which have numerous applications in combinatorial optimization

Ring-opening polymerization (2,254 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

enthalpy of polymerization (SI unit: joule per kelvin); ΔSp(xy) is the entropy of polymerization (SI unit: joule); T is the absolute temperature (SI unit:

Logarithm (11,493 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

logarithmically with N. Entropy is broadly a measure of the disorder of some system. In statistical thermodynamics, the entropy S of some physical system

Enthalpy of mixing (1,696 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"Gibbs paradox of entropy of mixing: experimental facts, its rejection and the theoretical consequences" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Theoretical Chemistry

Free energy principle (6,217 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of surprise is entropy. This means that if a system acts to minimise free energy, it will implicitly place an upper bound on the entropy of the outcomes

Herman Daly (1,408 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in the original 1973 edition included: Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen on The Entropy Law and the Economic Process Preston Cloud on mineral resources Paul R

Chloromethane (data page) (167 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This box: view edit Except where noted otherwise

Second sound (1,718 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

conductivity. It is known as "second sound" because the wave motion of entropy and temperature is similar to the propagation of pressure waves in air

Baryon asymmetry (2,378 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

parameter uses the entropy density s, η s = n B − n B ¯ s {\displaystyle \eta _{s}={\frac {n_{B}-n_{\bar {B}}}{s}}} because the entropy density of the universe

Acetaldehyde (data page) (149 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This box: view edit Except where noted otherwise

Kaniadakis Weibull distribution (1,377 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

where |κ|<1{\displaystyle |\kappa |<1} is the entropic index associated with the Kaniadakis entropy, β>0{\displaystyle \beta >0} is the scale parameter

Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries (2,058 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Kirchhoff: Black body 1861–62 – Maxwell's equations 1863 – Rudolf Clausius: Entropy 1864 – James Clerk Maxwell: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field

UNIQUAC (1,995 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

coefficient because its expression for the excess Gibbs energy consists of an entropy term in addition to an enthalpy term. Earlier activity coefficient models

Living systems (2,761 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

systems, he defines space and time, matter and energy, information and entropy, levels of organization, and physical and conceptual factors, and above

Gennady Chibisov (159 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, with a thesis entitled "Entropy perturbations in cosmology". He is best known for his 1981 paper on the

Equilibrium constant (6,731 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

}} , for a reaction have been determined experimentally, the standard entropy change for the reaction is easily derived. Since Δ G = Δ H − T Δ S {\displaystyle

Combined cycle power plant (4,862 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

silicon carbide heat exchangers for high temperatures" (PDF). International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. Elsevier. Retrieved 19 October 2019. Wagar,

Cosmic neutrino background (2,354 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

most electrons and positrons annihilated, transferring their heat and entropy to photons, thus increasing the temperature of the photons. So the ratio

Silver iodide (610 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

α forms represents the melting of the silver (cation) sublattice. The entropy of fusion for α-AgI is approximately half that for sodium chloride (a typical

Pentane (data page) (225 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

"Temperature-dependent mid-IR absorption spectra of gaseous hydrocarbons". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 107 (3): 407–420.

Tetrachloroethylene (data page) (212 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standard Reference Database". National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Granular computing (5,230 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(1990), "Information synthesis based on hierarchical maximum entropy discretization", Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2

Acid dissociation constant (11,511 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

orders the solution and decreases the entropy. The contribution of an ion to the entropy is the partial molar entropy which is often negative, especially

Time (12,785 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy occurs symmetrically whether going forward or backward in time. So entropy tends to increase in either direction, and our current low-entropy

Stirling cycle (1,608 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Romanelli Alternative thermodynamic cycle for the Stirling machine, American Journal of Physics 85, 926 (2017) Organ, "The Regenerator and the Stirling Engine"

Steady-state economy (16,415 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Romanian American economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen integrated the thermodynamic concept of entropy with

First law of thermodynamics (13,973 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

156. Cropper, W. H. (1986). "Rudolf Clausius and the road to entropy". American Journal of Physics. 54 (12): 1068–1074. Bibcode:1986AmJPh..54.1068C. doi:10

Gibbs–Duhem equation (2,312 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

increase in chemical potential for this component, S {\displaystyle S} the entropy, T {\displaystyle T} the absolute temperature, V {\displaystyle V} volume

Technological evolution (790 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Kauffman, Stuart (2019). "Innovation and The Evolution of the Economic Web". Entropy. 21 (9): 864. Bibcode:2019Entrp..21..864K. doi:10.3390/e21090864. PMC 7515393

Fluid dynamics (4,140 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

between total entropy and static entropy as they are always equal by definition. As such, entropy is most commonly referred to as simply "entropy". List of

Don Page (physicist) (784 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

state and evaporates completely by a unitary process, the von Neumann entropy of the Hawking radiation initially increases and then decreases back to

Algorithmic cooling (7,131 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Algorithmic cooling is an algorithmic method for transferring heat (or entropy) from some qubits to others or outside the system and into the environment

Abell 2147 (408 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, Archive of Chandra Cluster Entropy Tables, Michigan State University, retrieved 2012-03-31. Notes on Obscure

Gaussian adaptation (3,037 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Kjellström & Taxén, 1981. Since dispersion is defined as the exponential of entropy/disorder/average information it immediately follows that the theorem is

Diethyl ether (data page) (168 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. Retrieved 15 May 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This box: view edit Except where noted otherwise

Swampland (physics) (2,499 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

physics. The entropy of charged black holes is non-zero. Since the exponential of entropy counts the number of states, the non-zero entropy of black holes

History of randomness (4,380 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

on the formal study of randomness. In the 19th century the concept of entropy was introduced in physics. The early part of the twentieth century saw

Pyridine (data page) (144 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. Retrieved 20 May 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Chua's circuit (1,361 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

computer-assisted proof of chaotic behavior (more precisely, of positive topological entropy) in Chua's circuit was published in 1997. A self-excited chaotic attractor

Robert Smithson (3,116 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

interest in entropy led him to write about a future in which "the universe will burn out into an all-encompassing sameness". His ideas on entropy also addressed

Gaussian adaptation (3,037 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Kjellström & Taxén, 1981. Since dispersion is defined as the exponential of entropy/disorder/average information it immediately follows that the theorem is

O-Xylene (data page) (214 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standard Reference Database". National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Lloyd Demetrius (1,206 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

University. He is best known for the discovery of the concept evolutionary entropy, a statistical parameter that characterizes Darwinian fitness in models

Harvey S. Leff (307 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

editor for the American Journal of Physics, and was president of the American Association of Physics Teachers. "Thermodynamic entropy: The spreading and sharing

Wavelet packet decomposition (1,256 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Wavelet Packet Transform with Tsallis Entropy and Generalized Eigenvalue Proximal Support Vector Machine (GEPSVM)". Entropy. 17 (4): 1795–1813. Bibcode:2015Entrp

Subir Sachdev (3,193 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

astrophysical black holes, and these connections have led to new insights on the entropy and radiation of black holes proposed by Stephen Hawking. Elected Foreign

Tetrahydrofuran (data page) (201 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standard Reference Database". National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Total correlation (1,437 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

genetic network inference [2]. Rothstein J (1952). Organization and entropy, Journal of Applied Physics 23, 1281–1282. Studený M & Vejnarová J (1999). The

Vapor pressure (3,070 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

between liquid molecules become less significant in comparison to the entropy of those molecules in the gas phase, increasing the vapor pressure. Thus

Michael Cates (863 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

symmetry) is absent. Such theories are characterised by non-zero steady-state entropy production. At Edinburgh, Cates was the Principal Investigator of an EPSRC

Genetic variation (3,561 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

genetic variance (which accounts for interactions between genes). 1948 - Entropy: Unlike variance, which was developed with the purpose of quantifying genetic

Relativistic heat conduction (1,144 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

~{\frac {\partial s}{\partial t}}~=~\sigma ,} where s is specific entropy and σ is entropy production. This mathematical model is inconsistent with special

Pointwise mutual information (1,657 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and analysis of chemical compounds using pointwise mutual information". Journal of Cheminformatics. 13 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13321-020-00483-y. ISSN 1758-2946

Katalin Marton (1,351 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in the mid-nineties, Marton pointed out the interest and importance of entropy inequalities in the study of the concentration phenomena. Talagrand has

Hygroscopic cycle (1,603 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

2008). "Combustion Analysis of Different Olive Residues". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 9 (4): 512–525. doi:10.3390/ijms9040512. PMC 2635694

Rolf Landauer (759 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

operation that manipulates information, such as erasing a bit of memory, entropy increases and an associated amount of energy is dissipated as heat. This

Infinite derivative gravity (2,564 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

found using the ADM 3+1 spacetime decomposition. One can show that the entropy for this theory is finite in various contexts. The effect of IDG on black

Sodium sulfate (2,848 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sodium Sulfate. Low Temperature Heat Capacity and Entropy of Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 80 (9): 2042–2044

Soliton model in neuroscience (3,686 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

increase in entropy during depolarization would release heat; entropy increase during repolarization would absorb heat. However, any such entropic contributions

Baryogenesis (3,616 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

uses the entropy density s, η s = n B − n B ¯ s {\displaystyle \eta _{s}={\frac {n_{\text{B}}-n_{\bar {\text{B}}}}{s}}} because the entropy density of

Masanori Ohya (358 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Science and Dr.Sc., he continuously worked on operator algebra, quantum entropy, quantum information theory and bio-information. He achieved results in

Forecast skill (724 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

score, among others. A number of scores associated with the concept of entropy in information theory are also being used. The term 'forecast skill' may

Q-analog (1,369 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

study of fractals and multi-fractal measures, and expressions for the entropy of chaotic dynamical systems. The relationship to fractals and dynamical

Trichloroethylene (data page) (226 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standard Reference Database". National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Isopropyl alcohol (data page) (170 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

"Vapor pressure data for isopropyl alcohol and tertiary butyl alcohol". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 50: 24–26. doi:10.1021/ja01388a004. Barr-David

Directed information (3,030 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

\prod _{i=1}^{n}P(x_{i}|x^{i-1},y^{i},z^{i})} . The causally conditioned entropy is defined as: H ( X n | | Y n ) = E [ − log ⁡ P ( X n | | Y n ) ] = ∑

Cyclohexane (data page) (218 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp. 1669–1674 Fink H.L.: The Heat Capacity and Entropy. Heats of Transition, Fusion and Vaporization and the Vapor Pressures of

Student's t-distribution (5,734 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

many Bayesian inference problems. Student's t distribution is the maximum entropy probability distribution for a random variate X for which E ⁡ { ln

Tukey lambda distribution (1,271 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

distribution. Vasicek, Oldrich (1976). "A test for normality based on sample entropy". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B. 38 (1): 54–59. Shaw, W

Kaniadakis distribution (1,670 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

related to different constraints used in the maximization of the Kaniadakis entropy, such as the κ-Exponential distribution, κ-Gaussian distribution, Kaniadakis

Grand canonical ensemble (5,368 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the only distribution in which the Gibbs-Shannon entropy equals the thermodynamic entropy". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 151 (3): 034113. arXiv:1903

Isopentane (500 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

no longer recommended. James Wei (1999), Molecular Symmetry, Rotational Entropy, and Elevated Melting Points. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., volume 38 issue 12

Chris Wallace (computer scientist) (639 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

variety of random number generators, a theory in physics and philosophy that entropy is not the arrow of time, a refrigeration system (from the 1950s, whose

Inflation (cosmology) (12,792 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

thermal equilibrium. Their models failed, however, because of the buildup of entropy over several cycles. Misner made the (ultimately incorrect) conjecture

Johann Josef Loschmidt (1,053 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"reversibility paradox". It led Boltzmann to his statistical concept of entropy as a logarithmic tally of the number of microstates corresponding to a

Theorem of corresponding states (547 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Guggenheim, E. A. (1945-07-01). "The Principle of Corresponding States". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 13 (7): 253–261. doi:10.1063/1.1724033. ISSN 0021-9606

Carbon disulfide (data page) (165 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This box: view edit Except where noted otherwise

Jeremy Rifkin (6,087 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

standards in investments. Rifkin's 1980 book, Entropy: A New World View, discusses how the physical concept of entropy applies to nuclear and solar energy, urban

Chemical oscillator (838 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

periodic reaction in homogeneous solution and its relation to catalysis". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 43 (6): 1262–1267. doi:10.1021/ja01439a007

High Efficiency Video Coding (16,482 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

only entropy encoder method that is allowed in HEVC while there are two entropy encoder methods allowed by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. CABAC and the entropy coding

ArXiv (2,527 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1038/433800a. PMID 15729314. Perelman, Grisha (November 11, 2002). "The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications". arXiv:math

Yakov Sinai (1,337 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

known as Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy, a system with zero entropy is entirely predictable, while a system with non-zero entropy has an unpredictability factor

Nitromethane (data page) (155 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Standard Reference Database". National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T4D303. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular) (2,618 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In water, formation of salt bridges or ion pairs is mostly driven by entropy, usually accompanied by unfavorable ΔH contributions on account of desolvation

Fitts's law (3,947 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Jian; Ren, Xiangshi (2011). "The Entropy of a Rapid Aimed Movement: Fitts' Index of Difficulty versus Shannon's Entropy". Human Computer Interaction: 222–239

Stability constants of complexes (7,607 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and it was also interpreted as an entropy effect. However, later studies suggested that both enthalpy and entropy factors were involved. An important

Sigma-bond metathesis (241 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Indeed, the rate of the reaction is characterized by a highly negative entropy of activation, indicating an ordered transition state. For metals unsuited