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searching for Thermodynamic equilibrium 152 found (392 total)

alternate case: thermodynamic equilibrium

Isolated system (894 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

internal thermodynamic equilibrium. Classical thermodynamics postulates the existence of systems in their own states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium. This

Dual segmented Langmuir probe (527 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

in a thermodynamic equilibrium, that is for particle populations possessing Maxwellian velocity distribution functions. However, a thermodynamic equilibrium

Fermi energy (1,118 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

remains well defined even in complex interacting systems, at thermodynamic equilibrium. Since the Fermi level in a metal at absolute zero is the energy

Vapour pressure of water (971 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

saturation vapor pressure is the pressure at which water vapor is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state. At pressures higher than saturation

Hohlraum (859 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

spectroscopy, the Hohlraum effect occurs when an object achieves thermodynamic equilibrium with an enclosing hohlraum. As a consequence of Kirchhoff’s law

Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics (6,097 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

variables are defined subject to the kinematical requirement of local thermodynamic equilibrium. This means that collisions between molecules are so frequent

Photostationary state (684 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

state can be very different from the composition of a mixture at thermodynamic equilibrium. As a consequence, photochemistry can be used to produce compositions

FUTBOLIN (234 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

H2O, O2, N2 and CO2. It also takes into account the Non Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (NLTE) effects on the rotational, electronic and vibrational populations

Penex (582 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(iC5) and normal hexane (nC6) to 2,2- and 2,3-dimethylbutane. The thermodynamic equilibrium is more favorable at low temperature. In the petroleum industry

Photon gas (1,560 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the chemical potential of the black-body photon gas is zero at thermodynamic equilibrium. The number of state variables needed to describe a black-body

Geometrothermodynamics (1,374 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

framework of classical equilibrium thermodynamics. The states of thermodynamic equilibrium are considered as points of an abstract equilibrium space in which

Liquid–liquid critical point (564 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

between HD and LD configurations is determined according to the thermodynamic equilibrium of the system, which is often governed by external variables such

Maximum entropy thermodynamics (3,610 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

non-equilibrium scenarios, in an approximation that assumes local thermodynamic equilibrium, with the maximum entropy approach, the Onsager reciprocal relations

Coacervate (3,645 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), leading to a dense phase in thermodynamic equilibrium with a dilute phase. The dispersed droplets of dense phase are

Mass–action ratio (658 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

B = v f − v r {\displaystyle v=k_{1}A-k_{2}B=v_{f}-v_{r}} At thermodynamic equilibrium the rate equals zero, that is 0 = k 1 A e q − k 2 B e q {\textstyle

Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction (1,512 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the proximity of the two reagents. Thus the reaction runs under thermodynamic equilibrium with the ratio of the products related to their relative stabilities

COSMO-RS (1,574 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

mixture. The resulting chemical potentials are the basis for other thermodynamic equilibrium properties such as activity coefficients, solubility, partition

Extended irreversible thermodynamics (622 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

headed by I. Prigogine, working on a simple hypothesis of local thermodynamic equilibrium, CIT assumes the existence of field laws of the diffusion type

Fusor (5,398 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

not in thermodynamic equilibrium", Ph.D. thesis at MIT, 1995. Todd H. Rider, "Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium"

Ergodic hypothesis (1,183 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

entirety of its own phase space can be sufficiently large that the thermodynamic equilibrium state exhibits some form of ergodicity breaking. A common example

Canonical (602 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

microscopic states for an open system, which is being maintained in thermodynamic equilibrium Microcanonical ensemble, a theoretical tool used to analyze an

Cosmic Evolution (book) (1,029 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

an "open, coherent, space-time structure maintained far from thermodynamic equilibrium by a flow of energy through it." Reactions to Chaisson's book

WASP-54 (585 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

on temperatures or metallicities with ARES and MOOG in local thermodynamic equilibrium Evans, D. F.; Southworth, J.; Smalley, B.; Jørgensen, U. G.; Dominik

Collision cascade (3,083 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

in 1–100 ps, so the "temperature" here does not correspond to thermodynamic equilibrium temperature. However, it has been shown that after about 3 lattice

Inertial electrostatic confinement (6,740 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

at LANL reasoned that a plasma oscillating could be at local thermodynamic equilibrium; this prompted the POPS and Penning trap machines. At this time

Dalton's law (399 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of a mixture Vapor pressure – Pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium Silberberg, Martin S. (2009). Chemistry: the molecular nature

WASP-35 (706 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

on temperatures or metallicities with ARES and MOOG in local thermodynamic equilibrium", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 572: A95, arXiv:1410.1310, Bibcode:2014A&A

Global distillation (536 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Scheringer, Hungerbühler: Do Persistent Organic Pollutants reach a thermodynamic equilibrium in the global environment? Environmental Science & Technology

Flow process (778 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

system that is initially and finally in its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium, with no flow. This is feasible also under some restrictions,

Photoelectrochemistry (1,094 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

potential of redox species lies inside semiconductor band gap. At thermodynamic equilibrium, the Fermi level of semiconductor and the formal redox potential

Mass transfer (712 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

into the preferred phase, as in liquid-liquid extraction. While thermodynamic equilibrium determines the theoretical extent of a given mass transfer operation

Thermometer (6,296 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

way: given any two bodies isolated in their separate respective thermodynamic equilibrium states, all thermometers agree as to which of the two has the

Volume viscosity (1,727 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

theory of liquids, rheology, and relativistic hydrodynamics. At thermodynamic equilibrium, the negative-one-third of the trace of the Cauchy stress tensor

Robert Graham (physicist) (336 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

the statistical mechanics of open stationary systems outside thermodynamic equilibrium, quantum fluids and quantum gases as well as quantum chaos (according

Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (2,129 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

presence of a classical potential energy field. In order to reach a thermodynamic equilibrium distribution, particles must have some sort of interaction with

Lambert W function (11,899 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the Lambert W function, also called the omega function or product logarithm, is a multivalued function, namely the branches of the converse

Solution (chemistry) (1,290 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Percentage solution (disambiguation) Solubility equilibrium – Thermodynamic equilibrium between a solid and a solution of the same compound Total dissolved

Standard enthalpy of reaction (2,445 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

thermodynamic systems, each isolated in their separate states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, can, by a thermodynamic operation, be coalesced into a single

Thermodynamic operation (1,997 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

unnatural affairs, which include transitions in the sense away from thermodynamic equilibrium. They are physically theoretically conceivable up to a point,

Electrochemical kinetics (396 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electrode overpotential, E e q {\displaystyle E_{eq}} is the thermodynamic equilibrium reduction potential and E {\displaystyle E} is the observed value

GNU Archimedes (1,157 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Retrieved 2012-05-13. E. Wigner, On the Quantum Correction for Thermodynamic Equilibrium (1932) J.M. Sellier, http://www.nano-archimedes.com "ALT Linux

Adiabatic wall (1,576 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

elements of the underlying theory. The existence of states of thermodynamic equilibrium, determinable by precisely one (called the non-deformation variable)

Adiabatic wall (1,576 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

elements of the underlying theory. The existence of states of thermodynamic equilibrium, determinable by precisely one (called the non-deformation variable)

Kinetic Monte Carlo (3,035 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

follow detailed balance, the KMC algorithm can be used to simulate thermodynamic equilibrium. However, KMC is widely used to simulate non-equilibrium processes

Bulletproof glass (1,217 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(which is necessary for it to be transparent) that moves toward thermodynamic equilibrium. An impact on polycarbonate by a projectile at temperatures below

Self-assembly of nanoparticles (6,088 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

consequence of interactions between the particles aimed at achieving a thermodynamic equilibrium and reducing the system’s free energy. The thermodynamics definition

Wojciech H. Zurek (1,018 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

can exploit thermal fluctuations. However, he showed that in thermodynamic equilibrium (the most likely state of the environment), the demon can at best

Migma (2,410 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

1995). Fundamental Limitations on Plasma Fusion Systems Not in Thermodynamic Equilibrium. Thesis (Ph.D.) -- MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and

Fred Taylor (physicist) (655 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

Lopez-Puertas, Manuel; Taylor, Fredric W. (2001). Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Atmospheres. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 978-9810245665

Surface-wave-sustained discharge (447 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

investigation and characterization of the departure from local thermodynamic equilibrium along a surface-wave-sustained discharge at atmospheric pressure"

Phosphorus mononitride (4,698 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

200 K (930 °C), showing the reaction temperatures occur far from thermodynamic equilibrium. The aforementioned methods require very high temperatures which

Conservative system (1,808 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \mu (\sigma ^{c})=0} . KMS state, a description of thermodynamic equilibrium in quantum mechanical systems; dual to modular theories for von

Martin Spiess (356 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

particular the asymmetric polarity along the pore, determines the thermodynamic equilibrium between integration of individual proteins segments into the cell

Negative probability (1,744 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

ISBN 0-471-91803-2. Wigner, E. (1932). "On the Quantum Correction for Thermodynamic Equilibrium". Physical Review. 40 (5): 749–759. Bibcode:1932PhRv...40..749W

Dynamic covalent chemistry (1,997 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

a carbon-carbon bond, they offer more reversibility and reach thermodynamic equilibrium faster than carbon bond forming dynamic covalent reactions. Ester

Large Latin American Millimeter Array (1,508 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

millimeter, sub-millimeter, and infrared regimes with non-local thermodynamic equilibrium approximation, Astrophys. J., 737, 1 (2011) Silva, A. V. et al

Köhler theory (509 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

humidity is above 100%, the droplet will grow until it is in thermodynamic equilibrium. As the droplet grows, it never encounters equilibrium, and thus

Aluminium smelting (2,744 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(difference between reversible and polarization potentials) changes the thermodynamic equilibrium and a mixture of CO and CO2 is produced. Thus the idealised overall

Atomic carbon (1,505 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

mixture of excited states in addition to the ground-state in thermodynamic equilibrium. Each state contributes differently to the reaction mechanisms

Henderson–Hasselbalch equation (1,427 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the experimental conditions covered by the calculations. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K ∗ {\displaystyle K^{*}} , K ∗ = [ H + ] [ A − ] [

Living systems (2,374 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

order is generated in a simple non-biological system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and then extending consideration to short, replicating RNA molecules

Paleoceanography (2,146 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

their δ18O when formed in warmer waters, provided they are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the seawater. When these shells precipitate, they sink and

Paleoceanography (2,146 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

their δ18O when formed in warmer waters, provided they are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the seawater. When these shells precipitate, they sink and

Boltzmann distribution (2,478 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

when the crucial assumptions are changed: When a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to both energy exchange and particle exchange, the

Sabatier reaction (2,549 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

efficiency is about 95% at 1200°C. One needs to distinguish between thermodynamic equilibrium conversion and conversion limited by kinetics in a finite reactor

Micelle (3,027 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

relaxation processes, which would drive the micelle solution towards thermodynamic equilibrium, are possible. Pioneering work on these micelles was done by Adi

Electret (1,353 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Ferroelectrics can retain the polarisation permanently because they are in thermodynamic equilibrium, and thus are used in ferroelectric capacitors. Although electrets

Edward Arthur Milne (2,016 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

effect Dirac large numbers hypothesis Milne's definition of local thermodynamic equilibrium Saha ionization equation McCrea, W. H. (1951). "Edward Arthur

Maxwell's demon (4,554 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and isolated from the rest of the Universe, will evolve to a thermodynamic equilibrium in which both bodies have approximately the same temperature.

Scale of temperature (2,412 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

uses numerous defined points, all of which are based on various thermodynamic equilibrium states of fourteen pure chemical elements and one compound (water)

Gravimetric analysis (2,986 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

76, respectively. AgCl(s) = Ag+ + Cl− We can no longer use the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (i.e. in absence of diverse ions) and we have to consider

Electric-field screening (2,262 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

In the Debye–Hückel approximation, we maintain the system in thermodynamic equilibrium, at a temperature T high enough that the fluid particles obey

QED vacuum (2,618 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

form of black-body radiation...If this soup of photons is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the walls, it can be said to have a particular temperature

Kinetic theory of gases (8,788 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

deals not only with gases in thermodynamic equilibrium, but also very importantly with gases not in thermodynamic equilibrium. This means using Kinetic Theory

Colligative properties (2,107 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

critical point. Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its solid or liquid state. The vapor pressure of a solvent

Synthetic biodegradable polymer (1,091 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

polymers have been synthesized by ring opening polymerization, a thermodynamic equilibrium exists between the forward polymerization reaction and the reverse

History of nuclear fusion (9,624 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

general models of these devices, arguing that all plasma systems at thermodynamic equilibrium were fundamentally limited. In 1995, William Nevins published

History of entropy (3,099 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy S, of a body in its own given macrostate of internal thermodynamic equilibrium. It may be written as: S = k B ln ⁡ Ω {\displaystyle S=k_{\rm

Isotopologue (1,978 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

processes. As for singly substituted isotopologues, departures from thermodynamic equilibrium in a doubly-substituted species can implicate the presence of

Johan Sandström (1,041 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

molecular and turbulent diffusion tends to relax the system toward thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., toward an isothermal state, which for a statically stable

Lawson criterion (3,278 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(1997-04-01). "Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium". Physics of Plasmas. 4 (4): 1039–1046. Bibcode:1997PhPl....4

International Temperature Scale of 1990 (1,818 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

uses numerous defined points, all of which are based on various thermodynamic equilibrium states of fourteen pure chemical elements and one compound (water)

Primordial soup (3,118 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of macroscopic order in nonliving systems maintained far from thermodynamic equilibrium. However, currently, the extent to which Darwinian principles

Henry Louis Le Chatelier (1,766 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to reduce or eliminate the disturbance so as to restabilize at thermodynamic equilibrium. Put another way, If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences

Thermoelectric effect (3,893 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electric reservoirs. For an imagined, but not actually possible, thermodynamic equilibrium, heat transfer from the hot reservoir to the cold reservoir would

Harry Swinney (1,871 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

contrast to the N^(1/2) scaling of fluctuations for systems in thermodynamic equilibrium Swinney, together with Rajarshi Roy and Kenneth Showalter, founded

Type II topoisomerase (3,943 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

have the special ability to relax DNA to a state below that of thermodynamic equilibrium, a feature unlike type IA, IB, and IIB topoisomerases. This ability

Phase-space formulation (3,600 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

S2CID 121036548. Wigner, E. (1932). "On the Quantum Correction for Thermodynamic Equilibrium". Physical Review. 40 (5): 749–759. Bibcode:1932PhRv...40..749W

The Geochemist's Workbench (1,672 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

well as in the free GWB Community Edition. GWB reads datasets of thermodynamic equilibrium constants (most commonly compiled from 0 to 300 °C along the steam

Work function (3,657 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

gold-vacuum-aluminium system. The two metals depicted here are in complete thermodynamic equilibrium. However, the vacuum electrostatic potential ϕ is not flat due

Conformational isomerism (3,846 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of conformer i in an equilibrating mixture of M conformers in thermodynamic equilibrium. On the right side, Ek (k = 1, 2, ..., M) is the energy of conformer

Wigner–Weyl transform (2,271 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Definition 13.7 Wigner, E. (1932). "On the Quantum Correction for Thermodynamic Equilibrium". Physical Review. 40 (5): 749–759. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.40.749

Epitaxy (3,600 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

however, takes place in a high supersaturation regime, away from thermodynamic equilibrium. In that case, the epitaxial growth is governed by adatom kinetics

Van 't Hoff equation (3,076 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

denotes the natural logarithm, K e q {\displaystyle K_{eq}} is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and R is the ideal gas constant. This equation is exact

Karen E. Daniels (918 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

developed a way to monitor whether granular materials reach a thermodynamic equilibrium, using plastic granules. In 2011, Daniels spent a year as an Alexander

Free electron model (3,412 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

According to the Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem, a classical system at thermodynamic equilibrium cannot have a magnetic response. The magnetic properties of matter

Minimum energy performance standard (1,590 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

For non-equilibrium forms, in a format that assumes forming thermodynamic equilibrium, with the formal entropy form, the Onsager reciprocal relations

Grain boundary (4,174 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

defined as complexion: an interfacial material or stata that is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its abutting phases, with a finite and stable thickness (that

DLVO theory (2,772 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

together by Van der Waals forces. For a colloidal system, the thermodynamic equilibrium state may be reached when the particles are in deep primary minimum

Gugiaite (1,328 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

systems at contacts between alkaline rocks and limestones. Also, thermodynamic equilibrium studies involving gugiaite have been conducted to determine the

Barton reaction (2,125 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

synthesis, the reaction is reversible and the products are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the starting material. Furthermore, nitrosyl chloride is

Clausius–Clapeyron relation (3,643 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

condensed matter and ideal gas, of a single substance, in mutual thermodynamic equilibrium, at constant temperature and pressure. Therefore,: 508 d s =

Black body (5,110 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

negligible, a small amount of matter is necessary to establish thermodynamic equilibrium of heat radiation. The fundamental bosons are the photon, the

Solubility (6,544 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

short descriptions of redirect targets Solubility equilibrium – Thermodynamic equilibrium between a solid and a solution of the same compound Van 't Hoff

Max Planck (6,598 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

accompanying conclusion that knowledge of the Entropy allows all laws of thermodynamic equilibrium states to be derived corresponds to the modern understanding of

CAPE-OPEN Interface Standard (2,058 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

ISBN 978-0-444-63429-0 Jasper van Baten, Richard Szczepanski, 2011, "A thermodynamic equilibrium reactor model as a CAPE-OPEN unit operation", Computers & Chemical

Conservation of energy (6,104 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of a particular state of the system when it is in unchanging thermodynamic equilibrium. Thus the term "heat energy" for δ Q {\displaystyle \delta Q}

Law of mass action (3,433 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Action", E.W. Lund, J. Chem. Ed., (1965), 42, 548-550. A simple explanation of the mass action law. H. Motulsky. The Thermodynamic Equilibrium Constant

Alfvén wave (4,655 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

In 2018, using spectral imaging observations, non-LTE (local thermodynamic equilibrium) inversions and magnetic field extrapolations of sunspot atmospheres

Stefan–Boltzmann law (5,480 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

applicable to all matter, provided that matter is in a state of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) so that its temperature is well-defined.: 66n, 541 (This

Geothermobarometry (3,111 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(thermodynamic) thermobarometry relies upon the attainment of thermodynamic equilibrium between mineral pairs/assemblages that vary their compositions

List of paradoxes (7,841 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

paradox: If the universe were infinitely old, it would be in thermodynamic equilibrium, which contradicts what we observe. Olbers' paradox: Why is the

Electron paramagnetic resonance (7,146 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

isolated paramagnetic centers. If the population of radicals is in thermodynamic equilibrium, its statistical distribution is described by the Boltzmann distribution:

Mori-Zwanzig formalism (1,733 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

K(t)=-(e^{iLt}(1-P)iLA,(1-P)iLA)(A,A)^{-1}} . For larger deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium, the more general form of the Mori–Zwanzig formalism is used,

Casimir effect (8,099 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

violate fundamental causality constraints and the requirement of thermodynamic equilibrium (Kramers–Kronig relations). Casimir and Casimir–Polder repulsion

Cellular automaton (7,622 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

identified these 4 classes of thermodynamical systems: (1) systems in thermodynamic equilibrium, (2) spatially/temporally uniform systems, (3) chaotic systems

Photon (11,733 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

response to ambient photons (induced or stimulated emission). In thermodynamic equilibrium, the number of atoms in state i {\displaystyle i} and those in

Quasiprobability distribution (3,333 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

ISSN 0003-4916. Wigner, E. (1932-06-01). "On the Quantum Correction For Thermodynamic Equilibrium". Physical Review. 40 (5). American Physical Society (APS): 749–759

Sun (18,111 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is

Capillary pressure (4,041 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

filled with ice continue to experience ice growth. He utilized thermodynamic equilibrium principles, a piston cylinder model for ice growth and the following

Solid state ionics (3,262 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Yakov Frenkel suggested that in an ionic crystal like AgI, in thermodynamic equilibrium, a small fraction of the cations, α, are displaced from their

Wigner quasiprobability distribution (5,299 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

theories. E. P. Wigner (1932). "On the quantum correction for thermodynamic equilibrium". Physical Review. 40 (5): 749–759. Bibcode:1932PhRv...40..749W

Clumped isotopes (3,282 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

different thermodynamic stability. For a carbonate crystal at thermodynamic equilibrium, the relative abundances of the carbonate ion isotopologues is

Langevin equation (5,214 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

freedom into the categories slow and fast. For example, local thermodynamic equilibrium in a liquid is reached within a few collision times, but it takes

Theory of the firm (7,124 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

disturbances—a crucial factor in preventing the system from reaching thermodynamic equilibrium, which ultimately signifies the demise of the structure. Experiments

Johndale Solem (3,220 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

possible information, or the minimum possible departure from thermodynamic equilibrium, along with thermodynamically free energy. He developed underlying

Correlation function (statistical mechanics) (3,958 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

\tau } , should be uncorrelated beyond what we would expect from thermodynamic equilibrium, the evolution in time of a correlation function can be viewed

Wigner distribution function (3,607 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Elsevier, 1998 Wigner, E. (1932). "On the Quantum Correction for Thermodynamic Equilibrium" (PDF). Physical Review. 40 (5): 749–759. Bibcode:1932PhRv...40

Properties of water (9,582 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

at 25 °C. See data page for values at other temperatures. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is a quotient of thermodynamic activities of all products

Cosmic microwave background spectral distortions (2,860 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

efficiently coupled by scattering processes and, therefore, are in full thermodynamic equilibrium. Energy that is injected into the medium is rapidly redistributed

Bremsstrahlung (9,429 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(1995). Fundamental limitations on plasma fusion systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium (PhD thesis). MIT. p. 25. hdl:1721.1/11412. Polarization Bremsstrahlung

Characterization of nanoparticles (5,077 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dispersion state may change based on them, especially when there is a thermodynamic equilibrium between particlulate and dissolved matter. Reference materials

Lipid raft (6,661 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

challenges of studying lipid rafts in living cells, which are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Lipid rafts are small microdomains ranging from 10 to 200 nm

Plasma polymerization (4,569 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

radicals, neutrals, and photons. Some of these species are in local thermodynamic equilibrium, while others are not. Even for simple gases like argon, this

Triboelectric effect (9,333 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

When the two metals depicted here are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other as shown (equal Fermi levels), the vacuum electrostatic potential ϕ

Methane clathrate (9,361 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Most NGH is found beneath the seafloor (95%) where it exists in thermodynamic equilibrium. The sedimentary methane hydrate reservoir probably contains 2–10

Lindhard theory (3,456 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

which is the Fermi–Dirac distribution function for electrons in thermodynamic equilibrium. However this Lindhard formula is valid also for nonequilibrium

Method of quantum characteristics (3,908 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

S2CID 121036548. Wigner, E. P. (1932). "On the quantum correction for thermodynamic equilibrium". Physical Review. 40 (5): 749–759. Bibcode:1932PhRv...40..749W

Meaning of life (18,823 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

generated in a simple physical, non-biological system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and then extending consideration to short RNA replicating molecules

Entropy of mixing (4,773 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

efficacy over a practically infinite time, in view of the nature of thermodynamic equilibrium. Even the slightest departure from ideality, as assessed over

Surface properties of transition metal oxides (4,114 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

qualitative treatment of Brønsted acid base theory is based on the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (Ka) of acid–base reactions between individual molecules

Energetically modified cement (9,779 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of system. That reverse ("relaxation") process continues to a thermodynamic equilibrium, but ultimately can never reach an ideal structure (i.e. one free

Glossary of firefighting (14,042 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

pressure (equilibrium vapor pressure): The pressure of a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases in a closed system. Vapor suppression:

Plasmalysis (1,649 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

by the fact that electrons, ions and neutral particles are in thermodynamic equilibrium. For atmospheric-pressure plasmas, the temperatures in thermal

Quantum heat engines and refrigerators (5,130 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and can be phrased as: The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero. The second

Allocation (oil and gas) (4,707 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Phase transition Measurement uncertainty Flow assurance The thermodynamic equilibrium constant Flash evaporation calculations Equation of state Ideal

Glossary of chemistry terms (18,187 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

phase. vapor pressure The pressure exerted by a vapor which is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature

List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein (6,397 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

On the Limit of Validity of the Law of Thermodynamic Equilibrium and on the Possibility of a New Determination of the Elementary Quanta

Diffusion model (14,016 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of particles in the potential well, then the distribution at thermodynamic equilibrium is the Boltzmann distribution q U ( x ) ∝ e − U ( x ) / k B T

Chemical looping reforming and gasification (4,130 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reactor. thereby synchronizing the process operation to achieve the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The CLR moving bed process applied to the methane

Cookeite (2,792 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

characteristic of low pressures simply haven't yet reached the thermodynamic equilibrium of ordered crystals, due to other factors such as deformation

Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry (30,181 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

should be enriched compared to the stochastic distribution at thermodynamic equilibrium because the reduced zero-point energy for heavy-heavy isotope