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Longer titles found: Contrastive Hebbian learning (view), Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (view), Contrastive analysis (view), Contrastive distribution (view), Contrastive focus reduplication (view), Contrastive linguistics (view), Contrastive rhetoric (view)

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alternate case: contrastive

Restricted Boltzmann machine (2,364 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

general class of Boltzmann machines, in particular the gradient-based contrastive divergence algorithm. Restricted Boltzmann machines can also be used

In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses, which are called its conjuncts. That

(the default emphasis of certain words within phrases or clauses), and contrastive stress (used to highlight an item, a word or part of a word, that is

conveys which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information. In the English sentence "Mary only insulted BILL", focus

You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this article correctly. Tai Lue (New Tai Lü: ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, Tai Tham: ᨣᩤᩴᨴᩱ᩠ᨿᩃᩨᩢ

spoken in western China in the vicinity of Jonê County. Choni has four contrastive aspirated fricatives: /sʰ/ /ɕʰ/, /ʂʰ/, /xʰ/. /r/ is phonetically a fricativized

This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

degrees of velarization, as the difference has not been found to be contrastive in any language. However, the IPA convention of doubling diacritics to

phonemes, seven contrastive nasal vowels, and as many as forty-five consonants. Amongst them are ejectives, implosives and contrastive voiceless sonorants

glottalic ejective consonants, implosives can be modified by phonation. Contrastive implosives are found in approximately 13% of the world's languages. In

into -aCC (also shared by Makassarese). The latter change has created contrastive gemination in the language, such as tabu "mosque drum" vs. tabbu "sugar

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Bukawa

lists the contrastive consonant sounds of Unua. There are 16 consonant phonemes for younger Unua speakers and an additional three contrastive velarized

standard tools in formal work on focus, playing a key role in accounts of contrastive focus, ellipsis, deaccenting, and question-answer congruence. The empirical

chroneme is an abstract phonological suprasegmental feature used to signify contrastive differences in the length of speech sounds. Both consonants and vowels

Training tasks typically fall under the classes of either contrastive, generative or both. Contrastive representation learning trains representations for associated

from Thai in that there are additional vowel heights, contrastive nasalization and no contrastive vowel length. This led to some creative uses of Thai

similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below. Vowels in native words are: There

Majhi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of Nepal and formerly in some small pockets of neighboring India.:1 The language is associated with the

in Tanzania and Namibia. The place of articulation is not known to be contrastive in any language, and typically varies from alveolar to palatal. The symbol

common for languages to contain allophonic vowel triplets that are not contrastive; for instance, Russian has one such triplet: close central rounded [ʉ]

cases, see the next section. Phonemes that are contrastive in certain environments may not be contrastive in all environments. In the environments where

instead of an o. The suffix -ka is the compositional contrastive subject marker used on nouns. Contrastive subjects either designate a kind of focus, thus

prose. Typical features of poetic diction are the use of synonyms or contrastive opposites, and the repetition of key words. As with poetry in other languages:

"open class" of words (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) or because of "contrastive" or "rhetorical" stress. In basic analysis of a poem by scansion, accents

This article contains Lanna text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tai Tham script. Kam

Aʼingae sound system. As already seen, there are contrastive prenasalized consonants as well as contrastive nasal counterparts to all monophthongs and diphthongs

formed by use of Intonation They reap the wheat ? - rising intonation Contrastive Focus Statement No, I am younger than him - Low-High-Low Problems playing

equivalents and neologisms given in the Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn entail a contrastive lexicology that is at odds with traditional practice as attested in the

Quiché. It is also one of only three Mayan languages to have developed contrastive tone (the others being Yukatek and one dialect of Tzotzil). It distinguishes

independent possessive pronouns of alienable nouns, Adang has a set of contrastive possessive pronouns. These may occur before or without alienable pronouns

as part of its register system, but they are not contrastive. The Bor dialect of Dinka has contrastive modal, breathy, faucalized, and harsh voice in its

distinctive prenasalisation in its plosives and trills. There are three contrastive trills, including the typologically rare plain bilabial trill. The vowel

something similar, yet different, that is believed to be typical of contrastive relations. The same type of relationship is shown in (2), where the first

solve this issue is to employ contrastive explanations. Several philosophers of science, such as Lipton, argue that contrastive explanations are able to detect

marginally contrastive glottal stop) are in three series, plain, aspirated, and laryngealized or glottalized. The aspirated series is contrastive only syllable-initially

z_{2}(x)} , and maximizes the mutual information between these. This contrastive InfoMax objective is a lower bound to the InfoMax objective. Infomax

three dialects, Ngiemba, Lensibun, and Ndzé Ntaa. Nzadi contains seven contrastive vowels, which can be either long or short. The table below shows all

contrastive gemination of consonants, which is generally indicated in orthography by a double letter: /nɑ́ttih/ "woman." Caddo has three contrastive vowel

respectively. All vowels are contrastive in word-initial, medial and final positions, and length is phonemically contrastive in word-initial syllables.

Gombe State Nigeria . There are nine Tangale vowels. Each occurs in a contrastive long and short form.: 22  There are up to 34 consonant phonemes in the

distinctive prenasalisation in its plosives and trills. There are three contrastive trills, including the typologically rare plain bilabial trill. The vowel

leads to a fast, layer-by-layer unsupervised training procedure, where contrastive divergence is applied to each sub-network in turn, starting from the

that the point violates a constraint. To optimize it, he proposed the contrastive divergence minimization algorithm. This algorithm is most often used

Alphabet (IPA) and authors such as Peter Ladefoged equate phonemically contrastive murmur with breathy voice in which the vocal folds are held with lower

Oklahoman. Phrases.org. Archived from the original on 2021-02-07. Chay, H., Contrastive metaphor of Korean and English revealed in 'mouth' and 'tongue' expressions

z_{2}(x)} , and maximizes the mutual information between these. This contrastive InfoMax objective is a lower bound to the InfoMax objective. Infomax

are rendered doubtful in this poem because of the frequency with which contrastive accent on pronouns is suggested by both the nature of the story and the

following, initial C is optional.) Words of the following shapes may have a contrastive high tone on the final syllable: CVCV, CVCVV. Words of the following

Hall as editor, finished the set in 2012. A sixth volume, subtitled "Contrastive Maps, Index to Entry Labels, Questionnaire, and Fieldwork Data," edited

occurring between vowel sounds /a/ and /u/. Dental and retroflex stops are contrastive in Maldivian. For example: maḍun means ‘quietly’ madun means ‘seldom’

Aspect in English and Pangasinan verbs: a contrastive analysis. (1965). Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968)

be contrastive: /ɛ̃ ~ ã/ and /õ ~ ũ/. Like its neighbour Paicî, Cèmuhî is one of the few Austronesian languages which have developed contrastive tone

in turn can produce slight antiformants. In Krim, a language without contrastive nasal vowels, vowels are nonetheless strongly nasalized after /h/. A

of triplet loss is the contrastive loss, which operates on pairs of samples (rather than triplets). Training with the contrastive loss pulls embeddings

voiceless and voiced alveolo-palatal fricatives (the voiceless being contrastive with the more common voiceless palato-alveolar fricative), which also

intimately connected to its morphology. For example, the entire range of contrastive consonants is found only at the beginning of word stems. In stem-final

Rio Branco. There is no tonal system in Djeoromitxí and accent is not contrastive. Morphophonological processes are rare. Syllable structure follows a

exclusively to write Coptic text, but Greek and Coptic letter forms are contrastive in many scholarly works, necessitating their disunification. Any specifically

differences than their standard counterparts. Most dialects feature contrastive stress and syllable-final consonant clusters. Linguists tend to focus

l’agni: une analyse contrastive des dialectes sanvi et djuablin [Linguistic conditions for an orthography of Agni: a contrastive analysis of the Sanvi

specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive. There is also the voiced post-palatal plosive in some languages, which

where different phonemes can cause free variation, or complementary and contrastive distributions. There is assimilation between phonemes depending on the

diminutives.: 155–63  In the coda position, only the place of articulation is contrastive, the possibilities being labial (orthographic -p ~ -m), dental (-t ~

In Bashkir language, it is an intervocal allophone of /b/, and it is contrastive with /w/: балабыҙ [bɑɫɑˈβɯð] 'our child', балауыҙ [bɑɫɑˈwɯð] 'wax'. The

for exhaustive focus, and grammatical particles like only also induce contrastive focus readings. Cross-linguistically, there are clear tendencies that

the districts of North Bengal. The dialects of the North do not have contrastive nasal vowels, tend to conserve the h-word medially, often go through

another /o/, and only rarely after the other vowels.[3] Vowel length is contrastive in Koti, except in word-final position. Long vowels are best treated

'(s)he swore' /səsən/ meaning 'her breast' Although schwa (/ə/) is a contrastive vowel among some languages, it is not a universal vowel in all the languages

cited. Irántxe-Mỹky has a small consonant inventory. Voicing is not contrastive for any consonant. In the Monserrat analysis shown in the table, there

consisting of 11 basic consonants and three basic vowels that have contrastive length counterparts. Blackfoot is a pitch accent language. Blackfoot

five nasal monophthongs, in addition to five oral diphthongs and two contrastive nasal diphthongs. Oral vowels are also assimilated before nasal consonants

the word "Katuv" as a noun refers to the Tanakh.[citation needed] A contrastive presentation of part of this can be as follows: In Maltese, the same

aspirated /iʰ eʰ aʰ uʰ/, and long-form /iː eː aː uː/, all of which are contrastive. Also, each vowel sound can be laryngealized /ḭ ḛ a̰ ṵ/. Laryngealization

/ø/ /øː/ /ɛ/ /ɛː/ /a/ /aː/ /ɔ/ /ɔː/ /o/ /oː/ /u/ /uː/. Vowel length is contrastive in stressed syllables. For example, /'veːder/ glass with a long /eː/

/pː/ has been observed in a few instances but it is not clear if it is contrastive. /k/ is usually replaced by [ɣ] between vowels but may also be replaced

for angry in Czech Sign Language. Nonmanual elements can be lexically contrastive. An example is the ASL sign for NOT YET, which requires that the tongue

at least (and often more than) twice as long as that of short vowels. Contrastive low pitch may occur on short vowels, and when it does, it causes them

scholar. Her research interests include translation theory and practice, contrastive pragmatics, discourse analysis, politeness theory, English as lingua

/pː/ has been observed in a few instances but it is not clear if it is contrastive. /k/ is usually replaced by [ɣ] between vowels but may also be replaced

for angry in Czech Sign Language. Nonmanual elements can be lexically contrastive. An example is the ASL sign for NOT YET, which requires that the tongue

Yambeta or Nigi is a Southern Bantoid language of Cameroon. There are 20 contrastive consonants in Yambeta. The glottal stop occurs only in word-final position

scholar. Her research interests include translation theory and practice, contrastive pragmatics, discourse analysis, politeness theory, English as lingua

German TV-series English dialectology, historical English, phonology, contrastive and corpus linguistics, English varieties, Middle English literature

[r~d͡z], [l~d], [j~d͡ʒ], and [ɣ~g~w]. Vowels are also punctuated with contrastive high and low tones. Baba at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription

phonemes: Dinka has a rich vowel system, with thirteen phonemically contrastive short vowels. There are seven vowel qualities plus a two-way distinction

vowels /ɪ/, /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ are short. Nasal vowels are relatively rare, but contrastive: /lu/ 'a type of hot wind' contrasts with /lũ/ 'hair', and /kʰɪɖɑ/ 'make

is thought to be ancestral to Nobiin. Nobiin is a tonal language with contrastive vowel and consonant length. The basic word order is subject–object–verb

free variant of [ʝ] which is considered incorrect by other speakers. Contrastive and obligatory length is marked with /:/. This does not necessarily reflect

Lu(ren) language of Guizhou, China. Paper presented at 9th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (ICLC 9), Santa Margherita-Portofino. (Online

Foley (2018): Keuw has ten consonants. Keuw has five vowels. Keuw has contrastive tone. Some minimal pairs demonstrating phonemic tonal contrasts: áalìyò

2307/3623282. JSTOR 3623282. Zorc, R. David (1979). "On the Development of Contrastive Word Accent: Pangasinan, a Case in Point". In Nguyễn Đ.L. (ed.). Southeast

Unicode, allowing for mixed Greek/Coptic text that is stylistically contrastive, as is convention in scholarly works. Writing polytonic Greek requires

comparative and contrastive methodologies. Comparative lexicology searches for similar features that are shared among two or more languages. Contrastive lexicology

linguistic reconstruction". Retrieved August 8, 2020. Ibrahim, Musa Rhoda. "A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHRASE IN GYONG AND ENGLISH". eduprojecttopics.com. Retrieved

fricative [z]. Vowels /i, u, ɒ/ have allophones [ɪ, ʊ, ɔ]. Vowel length is contrastive in Western Dani, as illustrated by the minimal and near minimal pairs

the sigh and gasp. Although related to breathing, pauses may contain contrastive linguistic content, as in the periods between individual words in English

methods including: Hopfield learning rule, Boltzmann learning rule, Contrastive Divergence, Wake Sleep, Variational Inference, Maximum Likelihood, Maximum

dialect of Iceve-Maci (Ethnologue, 22nd edition). Vowel length is often contrastive in sequences of two similar vowels. Sequences of dissimilar vowels are

date. It uses a state-of-the-art paper embedding model trained using contrastive learning to find papers similar to those in each Library folder. Semantic

(archived June 18, 2008) Renoir, Alain (1983). "The Old English Ruin: Contrastive Structure and Affective Impact". In Green, Martin (ed.). The Old English

those they admire. He contrasts admiration with envy (an other-focused contrastive emotion), proposing that envy leads us to feel frustrated about the competence

have nasalized counterparts for each of the vowels, and demonstrate contrastive nasalization. [l] is heard as an allophone of /ɾ/. /j/ can also be heard

constituent is determined by a number of factors: e.g., number of words, contrastive focus, and semantic content. Shifting is illustrated with the following

There are 5 vowel qualities in Nukuoro: /a, e, i, o, u/. Vowel length is contrastive, and long vowels are represented by writing the vowel symbol twice. Long

number of Lunda dialects are represented in Namibia. Vowel length is contrastive. /w/ may also be heard as a bilabial glide [β̞]. Lunda at Ethnologue

language is Pahkaʼanil. There are six phonemic vowels in Tübatulabal: Contrastive short and long versions of each vowel are found in both stressed and

9 vowels. All vowels have nasal equivalents, and Jedek demonstrates contrastive nasalization. Jedek demonstrates a typical Jahaic consonant inventory

romanized with ◌̚. Length (/ː/) and nasalization (/ ̃/) are probably contrastive for all vowels. /q f z x ɣ/ occur mainly in loanwords. /q f/ tend to

hand, cannot commute with a glide nor can it be dropped. Fwe has five contrastive vowel phonemes: /i u ɛ ɔ a/. Vowels contrast in length, as seen in the

the Forest Nenets dialect are: In unstressed syllables length is not contrastive, and there are only five vowel qualities: [æ ɑ ə i u]. Word stress is

intelligibility; Blench (2012) counts it as a dialect of Turkana. Vowel length is contrastive in Nyangatom, as in dʒík 'completely' vs. dʒíík 'always' Before a pause

the editor of the Nordic Journal of English Studies and co-editor of Contrastive Pragmatics - A Cross-Disciplinary Journal. Aijmer was elected as a member

information that is already familiar to both the speaker and the listener. Contrastive focus highlights the element of the sentence that are new, emphasized

ISSN 0169-2968 Ivanov, L.L. On the Romanization of Bulgarian and English. Contrastive Linguistics, XXVIII, 2003, 2, pp. 109–118. ISSN 0204-8701; Errata, id

grammatical tradition on Chinese. Pan, Wenguo & Tham, Wai Mun. (2007:page83). Contrastive Linguistics: History, Philosophy and Methodology. London: Continuum.

each syllable is obligatorily assigned a tone. There are two tones with contrastive minimal pairs found in Ersu; high level, and mid level. The assignment

consonant inventory for an Indigenous Australian language, with five contrastive places of articulation, multiple lateral consonants, and no voicing contrast

previous liquid crystal plates; they include better spatial resolution, contrastive performance, and the image is formed more quickly. The more significant

to indicate contrastive focus and other structures that use both intonational stress and grammatical constructions to indicate contrastive focus. For example

on the Tokyo dialect. There is no overall consensus on the number of contrastive sounds (phonemes), but common approaches recognize at least 12 distinct

occurs on the penultimate syllable, although there are some examples of contrastive stress to encode semantic difference. One such minimal pair includes

ukuphumelela ('to succeed') > Sesotho [hʊpʰʊmɛl̩lɑ] ho phomella There are no contrastive long vowels in Sesotho, the rule being that juxtaposed vowels form separate

which is called the remnant. Pseudogapping occurs in comparative and contrastive contexts, so it appears often after subordinators and coordinators such

Laos, Vietnam, and China. Most of the Palaungic languages lost the contrastive voicing of the ancestral Austroasiatic consonants, with the distinction

(Wiktionary) Anaang at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Udondata, Joseph. "A Contrastive Study of English and Annang Structural Patterns". Ekpe, Mfon Brownson

each syllable is obligatorily assigned a tone. There are two tones with contrastive minimal pairs found in Ersu; high level, and mid level. The assignment

Tibetan loans. /ʐ/ and /r/ may interchange word-initially; but they are contrastive when occurring in the second syllable of words. Additionally, the following

involves overall expansion of the larynx. The Bor dialect of Dinka has contrastive modal, breathy, faucalized, and harsh voice in its vowels, as well as

Clauses in Serbo-Croatian, as part of the Zagreb English–Serbo-Croatian Contrastive Project, by the Institute of Linguistics of University of Zagreb. Besides

the Old Bulgarian period, there were only four consonants left forming contrastive pairs: р (/r/) and р' (/rʲ/), н (/n/) and н' (/ɲ/), л (/l/) and л' (/ʎ/)

Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online Funnell, Barry J. (2004)."A Contrastive Analysis of Two Varieties of Sena". MA dissertation, University of South

languages. * [ə] is a prominent feature of Buang phonology, but is not contrastive. Thus both it and [e] are represented with ⟨e⟩. Vowel length is shown

alphabet and is phonemic, with each letter or digraph representing a contrastive sound. The letters used are a b ch d e é g ' h i j k m n o p s sh t w

consonant length phonemically.: 106  Although vowel length is typically contrastive in Omotic languages, Ganza does not have a clear contrast between long

[mɔk̚tʃʰinːɛ] and not [mɔkʰtʃʰinːɛ]. All Zuni consonants occur with contrastive duration: short or long. In Stanley Newman's analysis, the phonetically

Gian Marco (2018-08-15). The Cultural Semantics of Address Practices: A Contrastive Study between English and Italian. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4985-7928-5

word-finally, excluding the sub-lexicon of loan words. Lagwan has two contrastive tones, low and high. Mid tone is also found on a few nouns loaned from

inventory {a, e, i, o, u}, which is then expanded by the presence of a contrastive [+/-ATR feature], as well as a phonemic vowel length distinction. In

corresponding German names Oberwarmberg and Unterwarmberg share the same contrastive relation. Gornja Topla Reber was a village inhabited by Gottschee Germans

uncertainty at the beginning of lines 7 and 9 may be resolved by applying contrastive accent to line 7's "that" and line 9's "those", rendering both lines

"love" and "lov'st" by arranging the line such that the meter implies contrastive accent on the four pronouns surrounding them: × / × / × / × / × / Be

as the basic tone configurations. However, the high-falling tone is contrastive, for example in tsʼâ 'water', but it also occurs often due to a sequence

phrases (NP) neutral-ordered NPs left-dislocated NPs Y-moved NPs (or "contrastive topicalization") cleft and focus constructions referential indefinite

tuned" or trained with either back-propagation or the up–down algorithm (contrastive–divergence), respectively. Lee, Honglak; Grosse, Ranganath; Andrew Ng

Kremer, Marion. 1997. Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of English and German. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note

prenasalized form. Another feature of Neverver's consonants is that some have a contrastive geminate counterpart: /pː/, /tː/, /kː/, /mː/, /nː/, /lː/, /rː/, and /sː/

appears in its written orthography. There are five contrastive places of articulation and six contrastive manners of articulation. There are two affricates

no contrast between vowel lengths in this position. Vowel length is contrastive, but only in the middle of syllables, as in pairs such as kúr "tortoise"

loanwords. The mid-open unrounded vowels /ɤ/ and /e/ are only marginally contrastive: /ɤ/ does not occur in word- final open syllables except in unaccented

tones and low and falling tones because these are phonologically non-contrastive. However, the specific difference between low/high and falling/rising

(Bradshaw 1997). Kala has five basic vowels (listed below), as well as contrastive nasal vowels. The consonants of Kala are listed below. The voiced alveolar

vowels, they are decomposed: ⟨áà, àá⟩ etc. The high tone mark is used for contrastive stress in languages that do not have tone. Pan-Nigerian alphabet Africa

Adam Mickieiwcz University in Poznań. She is a Head of Department of Contrastive Linguistics since 2000. Since 2008 she is a member of the University

Atwot. A distinctive feature of the language is its having of three contrastive vowel lengths. The Atwot share much of their culture with their neighbours

word. Furthermore, a stop length variation is present, which is only contrastive in morpheme-medial positions. This can be interpreted as either gemination

after the first word of the sentence. Independent pronouns tend to be contrastive, and usually appear first in the sentence. The following pronouns are

feature of the Arapesh phoneme inventory is the use of labialization as a contrastive device. Arapesh syllables have the structure (C)V(V)(C), though monosyllables

corresponding German names Unterwarmberg and Oberwarmberg share the same contrastive relation. Dolnja Topla Reber was a village inhabited by Gottschee Germans

feature of the Arapesh phoneme inventory is the use of labialization as a contrastive device. Arapesh syllables have the structure (C)V(V)(C), though monosyllables

concrete evidence that voicing is contrastive. There is only little evidence showing that the retroflex consonants are contrastive. Most speakers of Jingulu do

"hill-language." Kanikkaran has 5 vowels, /a, e, i, o, u/. It demonstrates contrastive vowel length. They use the phoneme /l̩/ occasionally. Kanikkaran has

after the first word of the sentence. Independent pronouns tend to be contrastive, and usually appear first in the sentence. The following pronouns are

table below. Stress usually falls on the first syllable, although it is contrastive in some verb forms, e.g. /əˈŋati/ "I bury a man" vs. /ˈəŋati/ "I hurry"

with a few differences. All vowels except for /ɪ,ə,ʊ,ɔ/ demonstrate contrastive vowel length. "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages

syllable of words was always stressed, and hence there was no contrastive stress. Contrastive tones did not occur either. As in Proto-Uralic, words could

follow directly the consonantal letter. Consonant length in Arabic is contrastive: دَرَسَ darasa means "he studied", while دَرَّسَ darrasa means "he taught";

as equivalents to the contrastive conjunction keredomo (けれども, but/although), whilst taccha(a) (たっちゃ(あ)) functions as a contrastive and hypothetical particle

Meaning Notes Gimi Papuan hagok /haʔ̞oʔ/ 'many' It is reported to be contrastive in which it is phonologically the voiced equivalent of the glottal stop

Kremer, Marion. 1997. Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of English and German. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note

/a/, /o/, /u/). All vowels come in short and long forms, which are contrastive. There are no diphthongs so every vowel is sounded separately. Example:

vowels, /i e a o u/. Tryon (2002) proposed that vowel length may be contrastive, but more recent research has found this to be incorrect: the language

following table, phonetically, i.e. superscript ʰ can mark either contrastive or non-contrastive aspiration (see above). Slight vowel epenthesis occurs in the

see Nii, Wahgi, and Kuman for examples. Chimbu–Wahgi languages have contrastive tone. The singular pronouns are: Dual *-l and plural *-n reflect Trans–New

and contrastive pairs of noun roots in Laru language. (Noun Roots in Laru Vowel Harmony from Abdalla 2012: 28) The table shows minimal and contrastive pairs

However, the breathy voice versus clear voice distinction is no longer contrastive and is secondary to a word's tone. Samre has 21 consonant phonemes with

in some words. Sometimes, /ɾn/ becomes /nn/ or /rr/. /l/ and /n/ are contrastive, but roughly 20 words have /l~n/ in free variation. Samwe has 20 vowels:

doi:10.1023/b:phil.0000029351.56460.8c. S2CID 9470281. Schaffer, J., "Contrastive Knowledge," in Gendler and Hawthorne, eds. (2005), Oxford University

Haida sound system includes ejective consonants, glottalized sonorants, contrastive vowel length, and phonemic tone. The nature of tone differs between the

Paicî is one of the few Austronesian languages which have developed contrastive tone, involving three registers: high, mid, low. Additionally, there

totality of human speech components such as phoneme which is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. Academic researchers[who?] in

Dialect of Hindi. New Delhi: National Pub. House, 1980. Shukla, Hira Lal. Contrastive Distribution of Bagheli Phonemes. Raipur: M.P., Alok Prakashan, 1969

Hymns (written in Gela in the 1940s). Gela uses /i, e, a, o, u/ with no contrastive vowel length. Stress generally occurs on each word's penultimate syllable

except if a neutral vowel like *e or *i intervened between the vowels. A contrastive pair includes /uraŋ/ "person" vs. /uræŋ/ [yræŋ] "shrimp". Ulumandaʼ at

unusual among Papuan languages for being tonal; all Skou languages possess contrastive tone. Vanimo, for example, has three tones, high, mid, low. Example minimal

Peninsula. In the 1970s, biogeographers coined "Sundaland" and "Sahul" as contrastive names for the continental regions extending from the adjacent shelves

primarily in Bengali loanwords. Vowel length and nasalization are not contrastive. Nasal vowels in Bengali loanwords lose their nasality. Non-open vowels

are four diphthongs: /ei/, /eu/, /ai/, and /au/. Consonant length is contrastive in Cicipu, e.g. yuwo 'fall' vs. yuwwo 'turn around'. Any consonant may

standard dialect spoken in Wanching and Wakching. There are three lexically contrastive contour tones in Konyak – rising (marked in writing by an acute accent

nasal vowels. A few varieties of German have been reported to have five contrastive vowel heights that are independent of length or other parameters. For

but also occurs in Serbo-Croatian. It is also possible for lexically contrastive pitch (or tone) to span entire words or morphemes instead of manifesting

Phrase-final /a/ is also followed by a phonetic glottal stop. Gemination is contrastive. Normally /ɣɣ/ becomes [qː], /ww/ becomes [ɡː], and /dˤdˤ/ becomes [tˤː]

exclamations. /p/ and /ɡ/ only appear in a few loans. There are two contrastive phonemic tones in Telefol, high and low. For example, ùlín 'club' vs

and Sandey villages Sougb Jaya District: Kaprus village There are five contrastive vowels in Wamesa, as is typical of Austronesian languages. These vowels

words, preceding the primary stress by two syllables. Stress is non-contrastive and non-phonetic. Singular nouns are followed by é and plural nouns are

stage contained various consonant and vowel shifts, the loss of the contrastive accent inherited from PIE for a uniform accent on the first syllable

preceded by a low tone. The accent is the same as high tone. The tone is contrastive in (C)VV syllables. /díi/ 'blood' /dií/ 'mud' (C)VCV words, except for

Moralejo Gárate (1 January 2006). Studies in Contrastive Linguistics: Proceedings of the 4th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference, Santiago de Compostela

languages. Enawene Nawe is described by Zorthêa (2006) as having 15 contrastive consonants. Among these, the following allophonic variations are reported:

However, it is necessary to write long vowels in Bantayanon, for they are contrastive, and this is done by doubling the vowel (i.e. aa = /aː/) and marking

/d/. Martin postulates that Sikaritai is in the process of developing contrastive fricativized vowels as other Lakes Plain languages have done. The language

by ˊ ) and secondary stress (indicated by ˋ). Primary stress is not contrastive, nor is secondary stress. A vowel with primary stress is characterised

before nouns. Halbi has 6 vowels: /i, e, ə, a, o, u/. All vowels show contrastive vowel nasalization. /n/ is heard as a palatal [ɲ] when preceding palatal

completely nasal or completely oral. Kakwa is a tonal language and displays 3 contrastive phonological tones: Rising (LH), falling] (HL), and low (L). The language

Contrastive use of Cyrillic kratka (for consonant [j]) and Latin breve (for short vowel [ĭ]) above и in Russian-Nenets dictionary

o, u, ɛ, ɩ, ɔ, ʋ. Nasalization (only on a, e, o) and length are both contrastive, and diphthongs can be formed. Tone is phonemic; each vowel must carry

The intonation argument suggests that children use intonation in a contrastive way. Researchers have established through longitudinal studies that children

] The [r] is often used with Sanskrit and Pali loanwords. There are contrastive five or six tones in Khün. The varieties spoken in Keng Tung City, Kang

possible without being a dictionary in several volumes. Sandro Nielsen: "Contrastive Description of Dictionaries Covering LSP Communication". In: Fachsprache/International

Narungga, Kaurna, and Ngadjuri. Nukunu has three different vowels with contrastive long and short lengths (a, i, u, a:, i:, u:). The Nukunu consonantal

form of mythical tales and sociolinguistic interviews. There are 17 contrastive consonant phonemes in Paresi, with three marginal phonemes that only

Rahim Angelos Chanti Hannes Kniffka (June 1995). Elements of culture-contrastive linguistics. P. Lang. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-8204-2927-4. "AlYunaniya – information

Aboriginal languages in that it contains only five vowels. All vowels show contrastive vowel length. Unusually for an Australian language, Morrobolam has a

was used in the reconstruction of Proto-Semitic since it preserves as contrastive 28 out of the evident 29 consonantal phonemes. Arabic is usually classified

may come at the end of a syllable in Kri: Do note that they are all contrastive, and that vowels, nasal consonants, and oral consonants may have checked

conservative form of the dialect also includes /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ and /ʃ/, which are contrastive to /ts/, /tsʰ/ and /s/, e.g. 知 /tʃɹ̩˧/ ≠ 资 /tsɹ̩˧/. Nanping Mandarin

います が… ame wa futte imasu ga… The rain is falling, but… Because of its contrastive nature, the topic cannot be undefined. ＊誰か *dareka は wa 本 hon を o 読んで

within the onset of stressed syllables. Lamalama's vowels do not show contrastive length. There are two diphthongs, /ia/ and /ua/. /ia/ can raise to [iɛ]

non-Pama–Nyungan. Gooniyandi has three vowel sounds: /a, i, u/. /a/ has contrastive vowel length. A Gooniyandi alphabet based on the Latin script was adopted

falling tones. A total of nine tone melodies is possible, all of them contrastive. Gaam at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Wendy James, et al., Juan Maria

(1983). A contrastive analysis of English adjectives and their Serbo-Croatian correspondents. The Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian – English contrastive project

Hidalgotitlán. There are only a few monomorphemic words that display contrastive vowel length, so this Chinantecan feature may be being lost from Ojitlán

[y] respectively. In conclusion, it is possible to say that only five contrastive vowel qualities are found in unstressed syllables: [o]/[ɔ]/[(u)], [ø]/[(y)]

Synchronic contrastive study, whether of different languages or of one language (e.g. comparing two dialects of a language), and diachronic contrastive study

final vowel ([nèlɛ̀ɛ]), or remove the final vowel ([fɛ́l]). Kera has six contrastive vowels. In closed syllables, the mid and low vowels will undergo raising

secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in Northwest Caucasian (e.g. Adyghe), Athabaskan, and Salishan language

languages are tonal. A typical Niger–Congo tone system involves two or three contrastive level tones. Four-level systems are less widespread, and five-level systems

a person vs. /ʔìsːíkʼ/ cold Shasta has four vowels, /i e a u/, with contrastive length, and two tones: high and low. Silver (1966) devised a spelling

stop culture, e.g. Hindi /nɡ/ > [ŋɡ]. Most Indo-Aryan languages have contrastive aspiration (/ʈ/ ~ /ʈʰ/), and some retain historical breathy voice on

as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those

unstressed forms. Although the position of stress within a word is not contrastive, vocalic and consonantal allophony depends on whether a syllable is stressed

vs. /l̥a33/ ‘to fall down’ All vowels can be creaky vowels, which are contrastive. Sila diphthongs are /ɤi/, /ai/, /ao/, /oa/. /i/ vs. /e/ vs. /ɛ/: /pi33/

stop. In both labial and alveolar plosive series, voice opposition is contrastive; velar and uvular series, however, only display voiceless sounds. The

liquids) and twelve obstruents (stops and fricative), eight of which are contrastive in voicing. It also distinguishes the voiceless obstruents /t/ and /p/

dictionary will be found in a single-field dictionary. Sandro Nielsen: "Contrastive Description of Dictionaries Covering LSP Communication". In: Fachsprache/International

consonants in Manange, which are summarized in the table below. The contrastive status of the consonants in parentheses is questionable, as they are

which uses the letters "i, e, a, u, o". The length of these vowels is contrastive. Long vowels are marked with a macron. Minimal pairs to show the phonemic

Maite, Suárez, Susana Doval and González Álvarez, Elsa. Forthcoming. Contrastive Discourse Analysis. Functional and Corpus Perspectives. London: Equinox

stop. In both labial and alveolar plosive series, voice opposition is contrastive; velar and uvular series, however, only display voiceless sounds. The

gained in 1981 for her thesis Verb-descriptivity in German and English. A contrastive study in semantic fields. In 1987 the University of Zurich granted her

Maite, Suárez, Susana Doval and González Álvarez, Elsa. Forthcoming. Contrastive Discourse Analysis. Functional and Corpus Perspectives. London: Equinox

(and by extension, the position of the first high-tone syllable) is contrastive. Most morphemes belong to one of three categories: Nasal (many roots

2 nasal vowels. Friedrich Lorentz argued that northern dialects had contrastive vowel length, but later studies showed that any phonemic length distinctions

vowel is pronounced [ɔ]. All vowels vary in length, but length is rarely contrastive. Monosyllabic nouns and adjectives tend to be lengthened more than monosyllabic

× / which would create a variation in the meter of the line. Placing contrastive accent upon "true" preserves the regular iambic meter... × / × / × /

results in eleven vowel phonemes. In this analysis, vowel length is a key contrastive feature of the vowels. The following chart lists all the finals in Cantonese

[ʊ], from front to back. The only rounded vowel is [u]. Nasality is contrastive in pairs such as [ũha] 'open' versus [uha] 'tell', and [sũw̃ɨ̃] 'neck'

DBLP Bibliography Server Whye Teh, Yee (2003). Bethe free energy and contrastive divergence approximations for undirected graphical models. utoronto.ca

Unstressed syllables, apart from a few pronominal enclitics, do not bear contrastive tone. Zaniza Zapotec at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

standard dialect of Ekegusii. Gusii has seven vowels. Vowel length is contrastive, i.e. the words 'bóra' to miss and 'bóóra' to say are distinguished by

B .... In attempting to distinguish between identificational versus contrastive features in proverbs or between nonoppositional or oppositional proverbs

mark the accent on syllables where the tonality is implied because no contrastive tone exists, using the more specific symbols above only to indicate tonal

Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis of Common Standard Persian and English Consonants in Context-Based Corpora". Frequency System of Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis

of all mentioned above lacunas. All lacunas could be confrontative, contrastive, implicit, explicit, relative, profound, absolute, relational and structural

used in the Seri language only to refer to the people. Vowel length is contrastive only in stressed syllables. The low front vowels /ɛ, ɛː/ are phonetically

[citation needed][but are all these combinations actually allowed and contrastive?] Sapir devised a system of "tone letters" for specifying tone, but they

underlined (e.g., [õ] or [ǫ] as o̱). Vowel length in Koasati can be contrastive. For example, vowel length distinguishes meaning for palana "bean" and

realized as [ə] in unstressed word-medial syllables. Length is minimally contrastive. Minimal pairs include /mola/ 'fish', /moːla/ 'egg'; /masa/ 'to wash'

confusion of mouse and rat in some dialects. Antiphrasis: Change based on a contrastive aspect of the concepts, e.g., perfect lady in the sense of "prostitute"

uniquely referenced. 2007-12-14 2022-09-13 14684 All Adobe sequences Contrastive Adobe sequences  Japan Hanyo-Denshi Unicode characters corresponding

There is evidence to prove that low and mid as well as low and high are contrastive. Chungli also has two contour tones, which are high-low and low-mid,

There are 5 places and 6 manners of articulation. Consonant length is contrastive—for example, [dɛ̀nnɛ́] and [dɛ̀nɛ́] are considered to be different words—the

phonology is also notable for its use of numerous secondary articulations as contrastive features. Whereas English consonant classes are divided into voiced and

"English borrowings in recent Soviet Russian", Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 29 (1994), p. 153. "Blues 26–26 Leicester (aet)". BBC Sport

e.g., /muna/ [ˈmuna ~ ˈmunʌ] 'speak'. Dodenhoff (1982) did not find contrastive vowel length, but notes that W. J. Durrad found two examples and Raymond

coordinated by the conjunction ua as a contrastive positive clause. Examples of aba with and without this contrastive clause are: agu-a-di-poni aba tafi-u

nuclei vary in length and phonation. Most descriptions report three contrastive vowel lengths. The other types of phonation have been variously termed

have phonemically voiceless bilabial trills. The Czech language has two contrastive alveolar trills, one a fricative trill (written ř in the orthography)

sentence-ending particle "よ" (yo) becomes "ばい" (bai) or "たい" (tai). The contrastive conjunction "ばってん" (batten) (somewhat equivalent to English's "however")

Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis of Common Standard Persian and English Consonants in Context-Based Corpora". Frequency System of Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis

There are 5 places and 6 manners of articulation. Consonant length is contrastive—for example, [dɛ̀nnɛ́] and [dɛ̀nɛ́] are considered to be different words—the

sentence-ending particle "よ" (yo) becomes "ばい" (bai) or "たい" (tai). The contrastive conjunction "ばってん" (batten) (somewhat equivalent to English's "however")

regions where it is spoken. All vowels have long forms. Bora demonstrates contrastive vowel length. /ɛː/ before /iː/ is heard as [æː]. /i/ is heard in shortened

quality of the first vowel in the rest of the form. Vowel length is contrastive as can be seen in the following examples: The placement of stress is

head and neck!)". In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet

pharyngealized ("emphatic") and plain dental consonants. Gemination is contrastive. Consonants listed between brackets occur only very sporadically. Most

⟨an, en, ɛn, in, on, ɔn, un, ʊn ou ʋn, ɩn⟩. All vowels except /e/ have contrastive nasal forms. Abidji has phonemic tones, described as high /˦/ and low

word. Vowel length is often not regarded to be phonemic, but it is a contrastive feature in the verbal morphology. Kaba has three tones: high, low, and

as in the following chart. In addition, Unami is analysed as having contrastive long voiceless stops: p·, t·, č·, k·; and long voiceless fricatives:

Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis (2012) Schools of Qur'anic Exegesis: Genesis and Development

to Banoni speakers, this causes the sound to be 'clearer'. The five contrastive vowels in Banoni are the following: The main points of articulation in

Nederlandsch-Indië 105, 105, 106. 59–105, 147–218, 321–371. Hermann, Paulus. 1988. A contrastive study on Kendayan and English consonants for the prediction of pronunciation

some of its neighboring languages are typologically unusual in having contrastive partially-voiced consonants. They have aspirate and ejective consonants

the vowel. Voiced stops such as [b], [d], [ɡ] can often involve non-contrastive tongue root advancement. Results can be seen occasionally in sound changes

the genitive -l or -le, the emphatic -ni, the comitative -noy and the contrastive -v. Numerals in Fuyug are very restricted, having only fidan ("one")

languages (/sʰ/ and /ʃʰ/). The record may be Cone Tibetan, which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives: /sʰ/ /ɕʰ/, /ʂʰ/, and /xʰ/. Phonemically nasalized

guide from Wikivoyage Alhaider, Sirham (2018). LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY BETWEEN SOUK ALTHULATHA'AAND ASIR MALL IN ABHA CITY, SAUDI ARABIA

Holmer. Darumbal has three phonemic vowels. Terrill finds no evidence for contrastive vowel length. Roth used various diacritics in his transcriptions, but

no. 8 Contrastive Analysis Series, Acco Leuven 1980 pp. 142. ISBN 90 334 0142 8 "Hebrew Verbs of Dress: Semantics and Collocation in a Contrastive Setting"

dictionaries that together cover the entire subject. Sandro Nielsen: "Contrastive Description of Dictionaries Covering LSP Communication". In: Fachsprache/International

Dora Sakayan. (2007) Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World. A Contrastive Approach (with CD-ROM). Yerevan State University Press. ISBN 5808408903

languages, such as in Palantla Chinantec, where vowels seem to exhibit three contrastive degrees of nasality: oral e.g. [e] vs lightly nasalized [ẽ] vs heavily

twenty-two distinctive vowel sounds. Note that vowel length is only contrastive in the first syllable of a word: 26  and other syllables' vowels are

roses damask'd, red and white, (130.5) If line 2's "her" is not given contrastive accent (as is assumed above), then "than her lips' red" would also form

Twilight of the Idols, first published in 1889, these errors form the contrastive backdrop to his "revaluation of all values." Nietzsche wanted to liberate

throughout the years the dictionary commission followed a moderate policy of contrastive linguistics and tried to avoid language secessionism. Nevertheless in

had various analyses. All of the analyses agree that nasalization is contrastive and that it is somewhat restricted. In most varieties, it is clear that

(help) Suzuki, Hiroyuki; Wangmo, Sonam; Samdrup, Tsering (2021-03-30). "A Contrastive Approach to the Evidential System in Tibetic Languages: Examining Five

borrowed from English. Unlike Standard French, where [œ] and [ø] hold both contrastive and allophonic relationships with one another depending on stress, Frenchville

mas Absolutive 'always' ks Individuative 'the one' łū Persistive 'still, yet' tū Non-contrastive conjunction 'and' ʔi...k Contrastive conjunction 'but'

Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis, pg. 147. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2012. Ahmad Al-Saiid

Retrieved 27 March 2023. Villanueva Feliciano, Orville Omar. 2009. A Contrastive analysis of English Influences on the Lexicon of Puerto Rican Spanish

mas Absolutive 'always' ks Individuative 'the one' łū Persistive 'still, yet' tū Non-contrastive conjunction 'and' ʔi...k Contrastive conjunction 'but'

roses damask'd, red and white, (130.5) If line 2's "her" is not given contrastive accent (as is assumed above), then "than her lips' red" would also form

Migrants in European National Media Discourses from 2015 to 2017: A Contrastive Approach (Corpus Linguistics). Berlin: Springer Nature. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-662-66775-0

iambic pentameter scanned below, even before the textual reason for the contrastive accent on "my" (as compared to "any mother's") is understood: × / × /

Represented by the letter ⟨ള⟩. Sub apical retroflex. Long and short forms are contrastive word-medially Arabi Malayalam (Mapilla) مَلَیٰاۻَمْ‎ Mapudungun mara

1075/sl.24.2.06dic. Yliniemi, Juha. (2021). Similarity of mirative and contrastive focus: three parameters for describing attention markers. Linguistic

has two tones. In monosyllabic words ending in a long vowel, tone is contrastive, e.g. tóː "maraca" (rising tone), tòː "heart" (falling tone). In polysyllabic

illustrating the local character of Iranian vocabulary in Kholosi Lack of contrastive aspiration on stops in Kholosi[dubious – discuss] A full fricative series

seems to distinguish a single series of phonemic obstruents without any contrastive phonation distinctions, the variation in voicing, though visible in the

'hero' Allophonic variation of /m/ before voiceless plosives. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives: kemba [cʰɛmpa] 'to comb'. See Icelandic

1017/S002510030200018X Eme, Cecilia Amaoge; Uba, Ebele Deborah (2016), "A Contrastive Study of the Phonology of Igbo and Yoruba", UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts

according to whether negation has scope over VP or CP: VP-scope negation is contrastive (e.g. He bought some books, but he did not sell pens); CP-scope negation

âmbito do município de Espigão do Oeste - Roraima Postma, Gertjan (2018). Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian. Amsterdam: Meertens Institute. ISBN 9789027201454

the suffix -est; /iː/ in prefixes like anti- and poly-. There is no contrastive NEAR vowel. Depending on word, it is replaced by either FLEECE (in polysyllables)

(linguistics) Tone letter Tone name Remijsen, Bert (2013). "Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka" (PDF). Language. 89 (2): 297–327. doi:10

the functional load of accent is light—only some 40 lexical pairs with contrastive accents have been found, and few grammatical contrasts are marked by

from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format Cho, Eun (2013). Contrastive Study on Beethoven's Violin Sonata No. 9, Op. 49 and No. 10, Op. 96 (M

phonetically".[page needed] Vossen finds no examples of vowel length being contrastive in Dongotono. He observes that vowel harmony plays an important role

enforced (with the exception of h, ř and v). The voicedness became the main contrastive feature of consonants after the disappearance of palatalization. The

them in metrically strong positions, encouraging the reader to place contrastive accent on them, thereby emphasizing the antithetical relationships plaguing

falling on words of three to five syllables. Stress also appears to be contrastive, but analysis is difficult. On both monosyllabic and disyllabic words

of Proto-Austronesian *ʀ Language Reflex Paiwan Ø Bunun l Kavalan ʀ (contrastive uvular rhotic) Basay l Amis l Atayal g; r (before /i/) Sediq r Pazeh

boundary, L denotes /l r m n/, H denotes /h ħ ʕ w j/) Word stress is non-contrastive and predictable — it falls on the last vowel in a word (including schwa)

Strudsholm (May 1, 2008). "The semantics of particles: advantages of a contrastive and panchronic approach: a study of the polysemy of French deja and Italian

TradooIT, WeBiText and ReversoContext and Their Reliability Through a Contrastive Analysis of Complex Prepositions from French to English (M.A. thesis)

guild's webpage, there are now 1,500 people using Gutnish on Facebook. The contrastive vowels in Modern Gutnish are /ɪ/, /ʏ/, /e/, /œ/, /a/, /ɔ/, /u/. Of these

influence of Standard Italian. The voicing of those consonants is always contrastive. Miani, Ivan (2008-04-12). "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request

the alternation is still for the most part predictable, it has become contrastive for some aspectual verb stems. Also, loanwords don't undergo the lenition

phonetically".[page needed] Vossen finds no examples of vowel length being contrastive in Dongotono. He observes that vowel harmony plays an important role

ejective stops: Notice that Alexis Stoney, for example, has innovated contrastive vowel length, which is not found in other Dakotan dialects. Alexis Stoney

researchers tended to assume that sounds that were contrastive in their native languages were also contrastive in Nambiquara. Since the 1960s, more sophisticated

guild's webpage, there are now 1,500 people using Gutnish on Facebook. The contrastive vowels in Modern Gutnish are /ɪ/, /ʏ/, /e/, /œ/, /a/, /ɔ/, /u/. Of these

/i/ are only contrastive word-finally as shown by the minimal pair kalbe “dog (f.)” and kalbi “my dog”. /o/ and /u/ are only contrastive word-finally

the elements they connect, and semantically, they express additive, contrastive, or alternative relationships between those elements. Matthews defines

these forms. Modern Sri Lankan Tamil has also resisted the borrowing of contrastive voiced stops in the spoken register: mainland dōcai ‘rice pancake’ corresponds

nasals, and some plosives have fricative allophones.: 40–41  There are 3 contrastive vowels in Nyangmarta.: 39–40  Nyangmurta does not contrast roundedness

position (in words such as hlihhan, hweohhol), its length was no longer contrastive. Spellings with single ⟨h⟩ for original /xx/ are sometimes seen, e.g

which move the stress. There is also a pitch accent system with two contrastive tones: high-level and high-falling. The two phonemic tones have several

despite sharing an overall Eastern Tani–like profile. Vowel length is only contrastive in open syllables. /ɹ̩/ and /ɻ̩/ are only found in loanwords from Tibetan

by certain scholars in syllable-final position in word-stems where a contrastive long vowel later developed (similar to Turkish ğ), best preserved in

the typical Australian vowel system of /a, i, u/. Yidiny also displays contrastive vowel length. Yidiny consonants, with no underlyingly voiceless consonants

(particularly in Classical Arabic) is very conservative, and which preserves as contrastive 28 out of the evident 29 consonantal phonemes. with *s [s] and *š [ʃ]

Maisonneuve Rahimpour, Massoud; Dovaise, Majid Saedi (2011), "A Phonological Contrastive Analysis of Kurdish and English", International Journal of English Linguistics

for the language as a whole is non-contrastive, though in some subdialects/dialects it appears to be contrastive. The dental-alveolar contrast exists

Other analysis of the same Barbeau data suggests that vowel length is contrastive in Wyandot, like in other Iroquoian languages. A Wyandot syllable consists

proposed that presyllables[clarification needed] in Proto-Kam–Sui had contrastive accent[clarification needed]. Another reconstruction of Proto-Kam–Sui

nuclei vary in length and phonation. Most descriptions report three contrastive vowel lengths. The other types of phonation have been variously termed

Moravian missionary John Heckewelder. Unami has been analyzed as having contrastive geminate and non-geminate obstruent consonants, although this contrast

original phonology even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. For example, the Hawaiian word ʻaʻā is used by geologists

sexual word usage. In 2008, she published "A matter of politeness? A contrastive study of phatic talk in teenage conversation," using Leech's Phatic Maxis

and Kainantu-Goroka languages are other Papuan languages possessing contrastive tone.) Clouse and Clouse (1993) reconstruct tone (high level "H" and

Cornish language Partnership. Mills (1999). Reconstructive Phonology and Contrastive Lexicology: Problems with the Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn. University of

order to perceive a particular phonemic contrast, then, the pair must be contrastive in one's input. Generally, the earlier a language and/or phonemic contrast

African Language Review. 7: 114–139. Padayodi, Cécile Mamalinani (1997). A Contrastive Analysis of Derivation in Kabiye and English Lexical Formation Processes

assert that theories like the LAD are unsupported by empirical evidence. Contrastive analyses about the innateness hypothesis have been done by Jacek Fisiak

vowel /uː/ is unclear being that it is not reported to be phonemically contrastive with /u/; the phoneme can only appear in the first open syllable of a

order to perceive a particular phonemic contrast, then, the pair must be contrastive in one's input. Generally, the earlier a language and/or phonemic contrast

ejective stops: Notice that Alexis Stoney, for example, has innovated contrastive vowel length, which is not found in other Dakotan dialects. Alexis Stoney

African Language Review. 7: 114–139. Padayodi, Cécile Mamalinani (1997). A Contrastive Analysis of Derivation in Kabiye and English Lexical Formation Processes

researchers tended to assume that sounds that were contrastive in their native languages were also contrastive in Nambiquara. Since the 1960s, more sophisticated

Marrithiyel Marri Tjevin dialect [wiˈɲaʐu] 'they are laughing' Voicing is non-contrastive. Mehináku [ɨˈʐũte] 'parrot' Resulted from the voicing of /ʂ/ in between

language. They have both retained a voiced–voiceless contrast and have 4–5 contrastive tones as opposed to Amdo dialect. Affricates: four sets of affricates

citation form. Crow has three pronominal forms: bound; emphatic and contrastive; and interrogative-indefinite pronouns. With the first two types, there

vowels: /a, e, i, ɨ , o/. All vowels have nasalized forms, and Suruí has contrastive nasalisation. Suruí do Pará at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription

Drubea, Numèè, and Kwenyii languages are tonal. Other than phonemically contrastive tone, typological features in New Caledonian languages that are typically

never truly "register languages" as vowel phonation is never the sole contrastive element. In this theory, stage two and stage four take the most time

the bordering Norwegian county of Nord-Trøndelag. The county is rather contrastive in the political field. While a majority of the municipalities are governed

-ə- is introduced before the suffix. For example, Stress is neither contrastive nor particularly salient in Tigrinya. It seems to depend on gemination

statement about comparing fit Greek bodies to others. This was especially contrastive with Roman morals, which decried public nudity. The Romans’ adoption

schools, having replaced Gumatj ca. 1990.[citation needed] Vowel length is contrastive in first syllable only. Probably every Australian language with speakers

high-central vowels to break up consonant clusters. Vowel length is contrastive; minimal pairs such as bur 'flour' and buur 'mountain' are attested.

Elfenbein 1987. Sergent 1997, pp. 129–130. Bashir, Elena (1991). A contrastive analysis of Brahui and Urdu. Academy for Educational Development. OCLC 31900835

Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi. Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants. Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages

from Spanish ave. Huallaga Quechua notably lacks the ejectives and contrastive aspiration of stops present in other Quechua dialects, such as the Cuzco

in Scouse. French Parisian patte [pät̪] 'paw' Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels: front /a/ and back /ɑ/. See French phonology German Katze

Ivanov, Lyubomir (2017). "Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic". Contrastive Linguistics. XLII (2). Sofia: 66–73. ISSN 0204-8701. Archived from the

Moravian missionary John Heckewelder. Unami has been analyzed as having contrastive geminate and non-geminate obstruent consonants, although this contrast

both of these sounds. Voicing of the stops and the affricate is not contrastive in Plain Cree, which is to say that the phonemes ᑊ p /p/, ᐟ t /t/, ᐠ

a simpler tone system than nouns do: Noun roots have four lexically contrastive tones, subject pronouns have three, and verb roots have just two word

Found in New York - NYTimes.com Abdo, Alsadig Adam (November 2013). "Contrastive analysis between Masalit and English language" (PDF). Department of Linguistics

referring to something new, something that is being reintroduced, something contrastive, or something that is being emphasized. Preposed NP (here, the noun phrase

Journalism and Mass Communication 18. Department of Linguistics and Contrastive Study of Tribal Languages 19. Department of Mathematics 20. Department

/tɑːr/ 'Sunday', /tʃoːr/ 'thief', /kuːɽɑː/ 'filth'. Length is strongly contrastive and the long vowels are generally twice as long as the corresponding

fill × / positions, not / ×. The scansion above would seem to suggest a contrastive accent placed upon "strong", which may not be appropriate as the more

pronounceable as [ˈɡeja ˈparo]. Eŭ is also uncommon, and very seldom contrastive: eŭro ('a euro') vs. ero ('a bit'). Within a word, stress is on the syllable

vowels. Hence an analysis in which there are four positions that have contrastive vowel length as well as /ə/, is appropriate. The short vowel /i/ has

differences in these tones can be identified with the use of contrastive sets. The idea of contrastive sets is similar to the use of minimal pairs to identify

have phonemic short and long (geminated) forms, although length is only contrastive in medial positions. Homosyllabic consonant clusters are mostly absent