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alternate case: contrast (linguistics)

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enhancing the contrast by moving the former to another place of articulation ([ʒ]), like in Rioplatense Spanish. Diphthong Hiatus (linguistics) List of phonetics

into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, often the present. In contrast, a diachronic (from δια-

In phonetics (a branch of linguistics), a phone is any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to the meanings

stanzas. Verse in the uncountable (mass noun) sense refers to poetry in contrast to prose. Where the common unit of verse is based on meter or rhyme, the

analysis), is contrasted with linguistics due to Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis. While the contrast continued

⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme (/ˈfoʊniːm/) is a set of phones that can distinguish one word

[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In linguistics, fortis and lenis (/ˈfɔːrtɪs/ FOR-tiss and /ˈliːnɪs, ˈlɛnɪs/ LEE-niss

Structural linguistics, or structuralism, in linguistics, denotes schools or theories in which language is conceived as a self-contained, self-regulating

(immutatio) and addition (adiectio). Anachronism Fossil word Historical linguistics Legal English Linguistic conservatism List of alternative country names

national language" as opposed to foreign words. In general linguistics, a vernacular is contrasted with a lingua franca, a third-party language in which persons

Southeast Asian, and East Asian regions. It is commonly used in areal linguistics in contrast with Sinosphere. The Tibeto-Burman family of languages, which extends

Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases". Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies. 23 (4): 459–474. doi:10.2989/16073610509486401

In linguistics, attested languages are languages (living or dead) that have been documented and for which the evidence (“attestation”) has survived to

disciplines investigate language and meaning. Semantics contrasts with other subfields of linguistics focused on distinct aspects of language. Phonology studies

considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in linguistics. As such, patois can refer to pidgins, creoles, dialects or vernaculars

In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which

Languages in Contrast is a peer-reviewed academic journal of contrastive linguistics established in 1998 and published biannually by John Benjamins Publishing

reconstructed languages (that is, the proto-languages) of theoretical linguistics. One of the approaches to defining and using the concept of historical

Contrastive linguistics is a practice-oriented linguistic approach that seeks to describe the differences and similarities between a pair of languages

speakers, especially if the language also has no living descendants. In contrast, a dead language is a language that no longer has any first-language speakers

In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated agr) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates. It is an instance

⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In historical linguistics, transphonologization (also known as rephonologization or cheshirization

extent, governed by convention. A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between proper nouns and proper names. By this strict distinction, because

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguistics is based on a theoretical as well as a descriptive study of language and is also interlinked

In linguistics a lexical verb or main verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically

quantitative transitions without abrupt changes or discontinuities. In contrast, categorical theories or models explain variation using qualitatively different

International Phonetic Association and the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association use the term "plosive". Either "occlusive" or "stop" may

phonography and can be called phonographic. Language portal Linguistics portal Look up phonogram (linguistics) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Stötzner, Andreas

According to certain linguistics considerations, these objects may be called direct and indirect, or primary and secondary. This is in contrast to monotransitive

emotional and other para-linguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages

language processing framework which draws on theoretical and descriptive linguistics. It models language predominantly by way of theoretical syntactic/semantic

to be adequate for more than one dialect of a language. In historical linguistics, it is concerned with the reflexes of an ancestral phoneme as a language

of contrast, such transformational grammars are also commonly used in formal logic, in formal linguistics, and in applied computational linguistics. In

According to some linguistics theories, a stative verb is a verb that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action

aboriginal California", Journal of California Anthropology, Papers in Linguistics, 1: 39–63 Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo

Extraposition Gapping Inversion Logical form (linguistics) Move alpha PRO (linguistics) Raising (linguistics) Scope (formal semantics) Scrambling Shifting

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign

phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of synapomorphies

explain the universal tendencies. Linguistic typology is contrasted with genealogical linguistics on the grounds that typology groups languages or their

Extraposition Gapping Inversion Logical form (linguistics) Move alpha PRO (linguistics) Raising (linguistics) Scope (formal semantics) Scrambling Shifting

In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships

38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 38-55. Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press

In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human

in speech and singing in most languages. It is also the term used in linguistics for the most common phonation of vowels. The term "modal" refers to the

Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton

Cognitive semantics is part of the cognitive linguistics movement. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. Cognitive semantics holds that language

dichotomy distinguished by Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics. The French term langue ('[an individual] language') encompasses the

In linguistics, an object pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used typically as a grammatical object: the direct or indirect object of a verb, or the

at Diversity Linguistics: Retrospect and Prospect, 1–3 May 2015 (Leipzig, Germany), Closing conference of the Department of Linguistics at the Max Planck

was printed before on paper. Although being both used by programs, in contrast, the term NLP dictionary is preferred when the dictionary was built from

a minority of world languages around the world have nasal vowels as contrasting phonemes. That is the case, among others, of French, Portuguese, Hindustani

or contrastive information. Some theories (in line with work by Mats Rooth) link focus to the presence of alternatives (see Focus (linguistics) § Alternative

Theory of language is a topic in philosophy of language and theoretical linguistics. It has the goal of answering the questions "What is language?"; "Why

and grandfather which contrast with each other by handshape, do and teach which contrast by orientation, fun and sick which contrast by movement, mother

In linguistics, grammaticality is determined by the conformity to language usage as derived by the grammar of a particular speech variety. The notion

relations (part-whole relations) and from object-role relations. In linguistics, subordinate concepts are described as hyponyms of their respective superordinates;

latter appears as /ɣn/) and were permitted in Old and Middle English. In contrast, in some Slavic languages /l/ and /r/ are used alongside vowels as syllable

areal linguistics was a dissertation by Joel Sherzer, which was published as Sherzer (1976). In American Indian Languages: the Historical Linguistics of

voiced or unvoiced. Icelandic has an aspiration contrast between plosives, rather than a voicing contrast, similar to Faroese, Danish and Standard Mandarin

In linguistics and related fields, pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. The field of study evaluates how human language is utilized

Content words, in linguistics, are words that possess semantic content and contribute to the meaning of the sentence in which they occur. In a traditional

In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural rules on speakers' or writers' usage and creation of clauses, phrases, and

"family" reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological

Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as un-

southwestern United States is described here. Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their

recorded in linguistics, with 12 coronal sonorants alone. Coronal laterals, nasals, and rhotics had a fortis–lenis and a palatalization contrast: /N, n, Nʲ

⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In historical linguistics, phonological change is any sound change that alters the distribution

Text linguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with texts as communication systems. Its original aims lay in uncovering and describing text grammars

Anderson, Catherine (2018-03-15), "3.5 Syllabic Consonants", Essentials of Linguistics, McMaster University, retrieved 2021-02-02 Mailhammer, Robert; Restle

Australian language' pp. 35 in ''Papers in Australian Linguistics'' No. 17, Pacific Linguistics, Canberra. Dunn, Leone. 1988. 'Badimaya, a Western Australian

some models of phonology as well as morphophonology in the field of linguistics, the underlying representation (UR) or underlying form (UF) of a word

families, Lakes Plain languages have ergative case marking systems. In contrast, most languages of northern Papua New Guinea have accusative case marking

manner contrast in stops and affricates, compared with the three-way contrast in Middle Chinese and modern Wu varieties and the two-way contrast in most

or more objects, for example, 'to enjoy' in Donald enjoys music. This contrasts with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects, for example, 'to arise'

Aberrant Son?" (PDF), The Fifth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics Gregerson, Kenneth J., and Jerold A. Edmondson. 1998. Some puzzles in

and oligosynthetic languages (only found in constructed languages). In contrast, rule-wise, the analytic languages rely more on auxiliary verbs and word

proto-language, i.e. a common ancestor language. That is, an areal feature is contrasted with lingual-genealogically determined similarity within the same language

can consist of a single word or a complete sentence. In theoretical linguistics, phrases are often analyzed as units of syntactic structure such as a

⟨ǂ͡qχʼ⟩ Rosemary Beam de Azcona, Sound Symbolism. Available at http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf Archived 23 June

—Pāninīya-śikṣā Shiksha, states Hartmut Scharfe, was the first branch of linguistics to develop as an independent Vedic field of study among the Vedangas

(九声六调). However, these are seldom counted as phonemic tones in modern linguistics, which prefer to analyse them as conditioned by the following consonant

In linguistics, binding is the phenomenon in which anaphoric elements such as pronouns are grammatically associated with their antecedents.[citation needed]

Indo-European ablaut, as well as other changes reconstructed by historical linguistics. Vowel reduction is one of the sources of distinction between a spoken

(九声六调). However, these are seldom counted as phonemic tones in modern linguistics, which prefer to analyse them as conditioned by the following consonant

Covert (linguistics) Ellipsis (linguistics) Lemma (morphology) Marker (linguistics) Null allomorph Zero (linguistics) Disfix "Lexicon of Linguistics". lexicon

In linguistics, binding is the phenomenon in which anaphoric elements such as pronouns are grammatically associated with their antecedents.[citation needed]

In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are derivational and inflectional

lost contrast among speakers. Plosives and affricates contrast in four distinct ways and it only occurs in the word-initial position. The four contrast ways

several fields of study that treat the use of signs — for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, semiotics, and philosophy of language

In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." In traditional

definition; rather, one simply comes to understand the use of the term. Linguistics portal Philosophy portal Mathematics portal Analytic proposition Circular

languages have at most one degree of stress on the phonemic level (English can contrast up to four levels of stress, that is, three degrees of stressed and one

"weapons" Has some whimsical entries – such as one for how to spell shh – in contrast to AP's drier, more utilitarian format (though the NYT book is not alone

between form and meaning exhibited by ideophones. In the discipline of linguistics, ideophones have sometimes been overlooked or treated as a subgroup of

Braille is generally printed on solid-color paper, with no ink to produce contrast between the raised characters and the background paper. However, imperfections

end, natural language processing often borrows ideas from theoretical linguistics. The technology can then accurately extract information and insights

In linguistics, inalienable possession (abbreviated INAL) is a type of possession in which a noun is obligatorily possessed by its possessor. Nouns or

Analysis and Asian Linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. (Pacific Linguistics C-104). Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of

phonemic contrast between the voiced bilabial fricative and the bilabial approximant. The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea contains this contrast. Its bilabial

Journal of American Linguistics Operstein, Natalie. 2012. Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 78, No. 1

disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, management science, communication science, psychology and political

found wider support. In particular it has support from the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and remains influential as a substratum

in the structural linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure and the subsequent Prague, Moscow, and Copenhagen schools of linguistics. As an intellectual

Course in General Linguistics (French: Cours de linguistique générale) is a book compiled by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye from notes on lectures

PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR". aclweb.org. The Association for Computational Linguistics: 243–250. doi:10.3115/981175.981209. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Sag

Errors in early word use Spelling pronunciation Hudson, Grover (1999). Essential Introductory Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20304-4. v t e

salad, in contrast, may contain legible and intelligible words but without semantic or syntactic correlation or coherence. Within linguistics, a pseudoword

and a Language Family in Flux: Sino-Tibetan: a Snapshot". Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (3): 422–441. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x. "On the

In linguistics, the autonomy of syntax is the assumption that syntax is arbitrary and self-contained with respect to meaning, semantics, pragmatics, discourse

as such: "the argument of a QNP is always the sister of the QNP." In linguistics, wh-phrases are operators binding variables at LF, like other quantifier

of a text from one script to another. In the academic discipline of linguistics, transcription is an essential part of the methodologies of (among others)

mathematics literature, by contrast, requires weeks of peer review to be checked, and may still contain errors. In linguistics, type-logical grammar, categorial

In linguistics, an intersective modifier is an expression which modifies another by delivering the intersection of their denotations. One example is the

In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. The word grapheme is derived from Ancient Greek γράφω (gráphō) 'write'

(2005). "Quasi-phonemic contrasts in Spanish". WCCFL 23: Proceedings of the 23rd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla

literally translated from French (also called gallicisms); others, in contrast, are actually remarkably purist, such as droogzwierder (a compound of Dutch

of stop contrasts in Navajo". In Nespor, M.; Vogel, I. (eds.). Dam phonology. HIL phonology papers. Vol. II. Holland Institute of Linguistics Publications

In linguistics, transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) is part of the theory of generative grammar, especially of

In linguistics, a tenuis consonant (/ˈtɛn.juːɪs/ or /ˈtɛnuːɪs/) is an obstruent that is voiceless, unaspirated and unglottalized. In other words, it has

In linguistics, a bound morpheme is a morpheme (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression, while a free

was printed before on paper. Although being both used by programs, in contrast, the term NLP dictionary is preferred when the dictionary was built from

of ease with which a reader can understand written text Redundancy (linguistics) – Information that is expressed more than once Tachylalia – Extremely

of cognitive linguistics, which models language as part of general knowledge and not as a specialised mental faculty. This is in contrast to the nativism

In linguistics, selection denotes the ability of predicates to determine the semantic content of their arguments. Predicates select their arguments, which

setting an added layer of realism; for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning; for artistic creation; for

Historical Linguistics (3rd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-7486-7559-3. Anttila, Raimo (1989). Historical and Comparative Linguistics. John

estimates there are 151,000 BSL users in the UK, of whom 87,000 are Deaf. By contrast, in the 2011 England and Wales Census 15,000 people living in England and

of ease with which a reader can understand written text Redundancy (linguistics) – Information that is expressed more than once Tachylalia – Extremely

different lexical units had a decisive role in the field of "generative linguistics" during the 1960s. The term generative was proposed by Noam Chomsky in

In linguistics, selection denotes the ability of predicates to determine the semantic content of their arguments. Predicates select their arguments, which

In linguistics, a subsective modifier is an expression which modifies another by delivering a subset of its denotation. For instance, the English adjective

in Wolof" (PDF). Occasional Papers in Applied Linguistics (2–3). Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September

10 April 2014. Department of Linguistics (2011). Language files: Materials for an introduction to language and linguistics (11th ed.). Ohio State University

taxonomical classification is taxon. These conceptual structures are used in linguistics and computer science, with applications in biology. The part–whole relationship

L. (eds.), The life of language: Papers in linguistics in honor of William Bright, Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter

Bootstrapping is a term used in language acquisition in the field of linguistics. It refers to the idea that humans are born innately equipped with a

FrancoAngeli. p. 35. ISBN 9788846439123. Crystal, David (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (6 ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 142–144. ISBN 978-1-4051-5296-9

⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. A contrastive distribution in linguistics is a relationship between two or more different elements

("The boy's ball" vis-à-vis "The boy has a ball"). Mandarin Chinese, by contrast, has no inflections on its nouns: compare 一天 yī tiān 'one day', 三天 sān

Look up calque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In linguistics, a calque (/kælk/) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language

with the Cholan conquest of Srivijaya. This theory is corroborated by linguistics and genetics as Zamboanga is, according to anthropologist Alfred Kemp

Nineteenth Century Historical IE Linguistics Ch.11 "An exception to the first sound shift" by Winfred P. Lehmann — From the Linguistics Research Center at the University

In linguistics, a neologism (/niˈɒləˌdʒɪzəm/; also known as a coinage) is any relatively recent and isolated term, word, or phrase that nevertheless has

In linguistics, an unaccusative verb is an intransitive verb whose grammatical subject is not a semantic agent. In other words, the subject does not actively

category of science fiction with two different definitions, defined in contrast to hard science fiction. It can refer to science fiction that explores

contrasting pitch (linguistic tone) rather than by loudness or length, as in some other languages like English. Pitch-accent languages also contrast with

published by SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization with an international office

linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include:

Otherwise a tap/flap is similar to a brief stop. Taps and flaps also contrast with trills, where the airstream causes the articulator to vibrate. Trills

Frege's work. The principle of compositionality is highly debated in linguistics. Among its most challenging problems there are the issues of contextuality

accompanying sulcalization (Lowman 1932: 278). In phonology and historical linguistics, sulcalization is the development of such a groove in a non-sulcal consonant

Plains Algonquian, both of which are areal groupings. In the historical linguistics of North America, Proto-Algonquian is one of the best studied, most thoroughly

egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some languages have glottalized

Linguistics, Cornell University. Pike, Kenneth Lee; Pike, Evelyn G. Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Summer Institute of Linguistics

person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example

In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation

English words with one syllable Minor syllable Mora (linguistics) Phonology Pitch accent Stress (linguistics) Syllabary writing system Syllabic consonant Syllabification

delivered August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. In linguistics, language change is seen as gradual, the product of chain reactions and

spoken language and written language is complex. Within the fields of linguistics, the current consensus is that speech is an innate human capability,

phonemic contrast cannot be derived from distributional analysis of phonetic notations but rather that the fundamental data of linguistics are speakers'

Problems and Language Planning Mikroglottika Contrastive linguistics Languages in Contrast Generative linguistics Linguistic Inquiry Linguistic typology Linguistic

brackets: Pitjantjatjara has three vowels: Pitjantjatjara vowels have a length contrast, indicated by writing them doubled. A colon ⟨:⟩ used to be sometimes used

Problems and Language Planning Mikroglottika Contrastive linguistics Languages in Contrast Generative linguistics Linguistic Inquiry Linguistic typology Linguistic

linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, for example, the content of a sign in linguistics is ultimately determined and delimited not by its internal content, but

Attenborough, Jack Golson & Robin Hide, 15-66. (Pacific Linguistics PL 572). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Donohue, Mark & Antoinette Schapper. 2007. Towards

delivered August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. In linguistics, language change is seen as gradual, the product of chain reactions and

journal covering the applications of educational technology and applied linguistics to problems of foreign language teaching and learning. It was established

In linguistics, anaphora (/əˈnæfərə/) is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent). In

phonemic contrast cannot be derived from distributional analysis of phonetic notations but rather that the fundamental data of linguistics are speakers'

Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton

meaning and form. This is in contrast to a contemporary American tendency of placing semantics outside the core of linguistics. Hjelmslev was also influenced

The concept is speculative and not amenable to analysis in historical linguistics. It presupposes a monogenetic origin of language, i.e. the derivation

In linguistics an accidental gap, also known as a gap, paradigm gap, accidental lexical gap, lexical gap, lacuna, or hole in the pattern, is a potential

Cambodia meant that by the 1960s, French began to decline in Cambodia in contrast to being a government language in South Vietnam and Laos. In the mid-1970s

ranking it 11th out of 194 journals in the category "Linguistics". List of applied linguistics journals "Master Journal List". Intellectual Property

language codes from Bernstein contrast with famous linguist Noam Chomsky's ideas. Chomsky, deemed the "father of modern linguistics", argues that there is a

embedded in different languages, connects nomenclature to theoretical linguistics, while the way humans mentally structure the world in relation to word

core semantic associations can be automatically captured from corpora, in contrast to the definition of manually curated ontologies and rule knowledge bases

a fortis and lenis contrast. There is a hypothesis that the contrast between fortis and lenis consonants is related to the contrast between voiceless and

The authors contrast ⟨oi⟩ from ⟨o͜i⟩ from ⟨oᶤ⟩. Bussmann, Hadumod (2006). "Diphthong". Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Translated by

William Croft (born November 13, 1956) is an American professor of linguistics at the University of New Mexico, United States. From 1994 to 2005 he was

the Wayback Machine, Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8). Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo. Bross, Fabian

In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration. In some languages vowel length

Language Writing is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the fields of linguistics and language education. Its scope encompasses all aspects of second and

English, an English dialect British English, abbr. BE, usually used in contrast to AE (American English) To be, the English copular verb Be (Beady Eye

doctoral degrees granted in foreign languages, literatures, cultures, linguistics, and foreign language education in the United States is available on

universities. The Latin name means literally "more human literature" and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began, i.e. res divinae

In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a historical layer of language that influences or is influenced by another language through

time". This is lexical cohesion. Coherence (linguistics) M.A.K. Halliday Systemic functional linguistics Halliday, M.A.K; and Ruqayia Hasan (1976): Cohesion

of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications. Unlike linguistics, semiotics also studies non-linguistic sign systems. Semiotics includes

mouth simultaneously, as in the French vowel /ɑ̃/ () or Amoy [ɛ̃]. By contrast, oral vowels are produced without nasalization. This precedes [œ̃]. Nasalized

of Thailand. Papers in South-East Asian linguistics, no. 10. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian

and ⟨o⟩ represent both their single and long vowels, since they rarely contrast. /b/ is written ⟨p⟩ pre-consonantally and word-finally. Single /k/ is written

In linguistics and philosophy of language, the conversational scoreboard is a tuple which represents the discourse context at a given point in a conversation

of the examples shown in Hayes's book see Fromkin, Victoria (2000); Linguistics: an introduction to linguistic theory; Wiley-Blackwell; ISBN 0631197117

A contrast set is a bounded collection of items, each of which could fill the same slot in a given schema, syntactic structure, or other linguistic environment

America since 1925. It covers all aspects of linguistics, focusing on the area of theoretical linguistics. Its current editor-in-chief is Andries Coetzee

existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language. Loanwords, in contrast, are not translated. Examples of loanwords in the English language include

for "a very long sentence, especially one lacking order or coherence". Linguistics portal Comma splice Huddleston, Rodney (1984). Introduction to the Grammar

In linguistics, well-formedness is the quality of a clause, word, or other linguistic element that conforms to the grammar of the language of which it

(1967/8) Notes on transitivity and theme in English 1–3, Journal of Linguistics, 3.1, 3.2 and 4.2:3–4 Halliday MAK, revised by Matthiesson CM (2004)

Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 50. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 1133–1147

Linguistic Inquiry is a peer-reviewed academic journal in generative linguistics published by the MIT Press since 1970. Ever since its foundation, it

signifying a successful performance, that is wished for by the idiom. In linguistics, idioms are usually presumed to be figures of speech contradicting the

Vainakh-Daghestani, or sometimes Caspian languages (from the Caspian Sea, in contrast to Pontic languages for the Northwest Caucasian languages), is a family

was adjacent to a consonant cluster or a final consonant. Apheresis (linguistics) Apocope Clipping (morphology) Clipping (phonetics) Deletion (phonology)

an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (*an-arya). In Ancient India

linguists may not recognize that the variants they speak are classified in linguistics as members of "Mandarin" (or so-called "Northern dialects") in a broader

emphasizes understanding of language rather than speaking it. This is in contrast to the better-known communicative approach, under which learning is thought

generate the same language?) is undecidable. Context-free grammars arise in linguistics where they are used to describe the structure of sentences and words

(including Indian ones) and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive. In dialects with aspiration, to feel or see the difference between aspirated

Language. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 60. 60. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. "WALS Online - Language Engenni"

resemblance, and similarity are closely related to analogy. In cognitive linguistics, the notion of conceptual metaphor may be equivalent to that of analogy

generate the same language?) is undecidable. Context-free grammars arise in linguistics where they are used to describe the structure of sentences and words

Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 50. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 1133–1147

language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels. Research in this area of linguistics is closely tied to the study of linguistic typology, and intends to reveal

United States. It focuses on historical linguistics, with many articles relating to long-range comparative linguistics. In 1998, Kirill Babaev [ru] founded

In linguistics, control is a construction in which the understood subject of a given predicate is determined by some expression in context. Stereotypical

thus making CA compatible with feminist studies. In contrast to the use of introspection in linguistics, conversation analysis studies naturally-occurring

underlying two-way length contrast (short vs. long). However, a number of phonological issues restrict the length contrast. (See the syllable and phonotactics

Phrases". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781405164252. Abercrombie, D.; Daniels

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (glossed PRO) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns have traditionally

Linguistics Society. 15 (3): 41–63. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5778105. ISSN 1836-6821. [Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

Quine Putnam Lewis Searle Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction

one placed at the start of a word, and the other at the end. Circumfixes contrast with prefixes, attached to the beginnings of words; suffixes, attached

In linguistics, a yes–no question, also known as a binary question, a polar question, or a general question, is a question whose expected answer is one

In linguistics, an intensifier (abbreviated INT) is a lexical category (but not a traditional part of speech) for a modifier that makes no contribution

(2005). "Quasi-phonemic contrasts in Spanish". WCCFL 23: Proceedings of the 23rd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla

analysis, such terms are still used; but within the fields of cognition and linguistics, the basis for identifying such a distinction is no longer used. Figurative

abstracted by SCOPUS. The journal ceased publication in 2019. List of applied linguistics journals "Writing Systems Research". "Writing Systems Research". Taylor

of the examples shown in Hayes's book see Fromkin, Victoria (2000); Linguistics: an introduction to linguistic theory; Wiley-Blackwell; ISBN 0631197117

Journal of Applied Linguistics is an peer-reviewed academic journal of linguistics. It is published by the Department of Linguistics (KU Leuven), the Department

mathematical psychology, probability, sociology, political science, linguistics, statistics, and artificial neural networks. A generalization of the

"Mora-Based Temporal Adjustments in Japanese" (en). Colorado Research in Linguistics. 13. University of Colorado Boulder. p2 line 29. doi:10.25810/2ddh-9161

there is a "Western language ideology" which applies social Darwinism to linguistics. This ideology allegedly idealizes monolingualism, denies the benefits

In linguistics, a broken plural (or internal plural) is an irregular plural form of a noun or adjective found in the Semitic languages and other Afroasiatic

In linguistics, apophony (also known as ablaut, (vowel) gradation, (vowel) mutation, alternation, internal modification, stem modification, stem alternation

feature. According to James Matisoff, who introduced the term autonym into linguistics, exonyms can also arise from the "egocentric" tendency of in-groups to

over there". Noun phrase Systemic functional linguistics David Crystal, 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th edition, p 328: nominal group

several fields of study that treat the use of signs—for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, semiotics, and philosophy of language—an

forms to aid with the reading of hieroglyphs in running blocks of text. In contrast, for example, the Budge Reference has about 1,000 hieroglyphs listed in

In linguistics, deixis (/ˈdaɪksɪs/, /ˈdeɪksɪs/) is the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context, e.g

backgrounds or with limited research experience in language technologies. In contrast, the Master of Science in Intelligent Information Systems (MIIS), Master

other varieties of Chinese languages, primarily Hakka and Hokkien. By contrast, Taiwanese indigenous peoples speak unrelated Austronesian languages. Japan

initially pursued chemical engineering but developed an interest in linguistics, particularly Biblical Hebrew and indigenous Mesoamerican languages.

consonant phonemes. For each plosive and affricate, there is a three-way contrast between unvoiced segments, which are distinguished as plain, tense, and

Lingua: An International Review of General Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering general linguistics that was established in 1949. It is published

Press. Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1

with multiple constructions for a given family). In contrast to traditional comparative linguistics, the researchers did not attempt to "prove" any given

Modern research makes use of biology, neuroscience, cognitive science, linguistics, and information science to study how the mind-brain processes language

Sakuma, Kanae (1919). 国語の発音とアクセント. Tokyo: 同文館. The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell. 2002. Tamaoka, K.; Saito, N.; Kiyama, S.; Timmer, K

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or

Puquina and Leko languages - Advances in Native South American Historical Linguistics". 52ica.etnolinguistica.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26

linguistique de Louvain is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering linguistics published by Peeters on behalf of the Université catholique de Louvain

Bhaṭṭa.[citation needed] It has been the standard position of modern linguistics since Ferdinand de Saussure's l'arbitraire du signe, but there have always

In pragmatics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, an implicature is something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even though it is not literally

Including Neighbouring Dialects, compiled by Margaret Sharpe, Pacific Linguistics: Australian National University, 1998. hdl:1885/145959 doi:10.15144/PL-C139

अक्षितम् / śrávo ákṣitam. These two phrases were, in terms of historical linguistics, equivalent in phonology, accentuation, and quantity (syllable length)

In pragmatics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, an implicature is something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even though it is not literally

factor of 1.218, ranking it 26th out of 161 journals in the category "Linguistics" and 42nd out of 203 journals in the category "Education & Educational

linguistics journals. Annual Review of Linguistics Glossa Journal of Linguistics Language Lingua Linguistic Inquiry Linguistic Typology Linguistics Natural

In linguistics, intonation is the variation in pitch used to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions, to highlight or focus an expression, to signal

Including Neighbouring Dialects, compiled by Margaret Sharpe, Pacific Linguistics: Australian National University, 1998. hdl:1885/145959 doi:10.15144/PL-C139

seemingly random changes in financial markets as well as in medicine, linguistics, music, media, colour theory, botany, manufacturing, and geomorphology

worlds are widely used as a formal device in logic, philosophy, and linguistics in order to provide a semantics for intensional and modal logic. Their

Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 14-16,1998: Special Session on Indo-European Subgrouping and Internal Relations, Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society

Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. "Saho-Afar languages". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original

lexical categories is found from the earliest moments in the history of linguistics. In the Nirukta, written in the 6th or 5th century BCE, the Sanskrit

language consists of 14 consonant phonemes. Voiced plosives generally contrast with their unvoiced counterparts, except for the bilabial series, where

to as focus (not to be confused with the usual sense of that term in linguistics). Furthermore, the choice of voice is influenced by the definiteness

cognition. As such, concepts are studied within such disciplines as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy, and these disciplines are interested in

in Language is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research in linguistics as viewed from discourse-pragmatic, functional, and typological perspectives

such as Ewe, distinguish only between future and non-future. In complete contrast, Bantu languages such as Zulu have not only a past tense, but also a less

The Journal of Linguistics is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering all branches of theoretical linguistics and the official publication

an Israeli-born language revivalist and linguist who works in contact linguistics, lexicology and the study of language, culture and identity. Zuckermann

Problems and Language Planning Mikroglottika Contrastive linguistics Languages in Contrast Generative linguistics Linguistic Inquiry Linguistic typology Linguistic

on his Seventieth Birthday (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series W-4). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia van Driem, George. 2005. The language

differ depending on the selected genes used for assessment. This is in contrast to complete lineage sorting, where the tree produced by the gene is the

International Journal of American Linguistics, 50 (3), 292-311. Brandt, Elizabeth. (1970). Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico: A linguistics and ethnolinguistic investigation

Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton

There are two main schools of thought on the origin of the word cant: In linguistics, the derivation is normally seen to be from the Irish word caint (older

(2009). "Alignment and Word Order in Old Japanese". Journal of East Asian Linguistics. 18 (2): 101–144. doi:10.1007/s10831-009-9043-2. JSTOR 40345246. S2CID 121032669

language has a large inventory of sound symbolic or mimetic words, known in linguistics as ideophones. Such words are found in written as well as spoken Japanese

Committee on Linguistics. Slobin, Dan I. (1987). "Thinking for Speaking." Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society

In linguistics, a catena (English pronunciation: /kəˈtiːnə/, plural catenas or catenae; from Latin for "chain") is a unit of syntax and morphology, closely

issue that continually comes up, though the consensus in contemporary linguistics is that there is no completely objective way to settle the question.

LGBT linguistics is the study of language as used by members of LGBT communities. Related or synonymous terms include lavender linguistics, advanced by

it can constitute a complete sentence by itself. A dependent clause, by contrast, is reliant on the presence of an independent clause. A second major distinction

the Alu Dialect of Akha". Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No.3. 3 (3). Pacific Linguistics, the Australian National University: 35–54. Lewis, Paul

Syntactic Structures is an important work in linguistics by American linguist Noam Chomsky, originally published in 1957. A short monograph of about a

example, Plains Cree has fewer phonological contrasts than the English language, has no voicing contrast, and does not contain liquids or several fricatives

memory. In this way, there could be multiple empty strings in memory, in contrast with the formal theory definition, for which there is only one possible

Model-theoretic grammars, also known as constraint-based grammars, contrast with generative grammars in the way they define sets of sentences: they state

Linguistics Vanguard is a peer-reviewed academic journal of general linguistics that was established in 2015 and is published by De Gruyter. Its editors-in-chief

In linguistics, the term formalism is used in a variety of meanings which relate to formal linguistics in different ways. In common usage, it is merely

quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering theoretical and generative linguistics. It was established in 1983 and originally published by Kluwer Academic

"multilateral comparison", to emphasize its contrast with the bilateral comparisons recommended by linguistics textbooks. He believed that multilateral comparison

General Linguistics, 2 (1) 93: 1–34, doi:10.5334/gjgl.355 Tsuchida, Ayako (2001), "Japanese vowel devoicing", Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 10 (3):

word is proposed to arise from contrasts and significant differences with other words. Semantic features enable linguistics to explain how words that share

influence on modern Lombard is extremely vague and limited. That is in sharp contrast to the influence left by the Celts, who settled in Northern Italy and brought

voiceless labio-velar fricative [ʍ] (in such words as whit and which in contrast to voiced [w] in wit and wish). Except in word-initial position, affricates

alignment with certain pronouns. The ergative-absolutive alignment is in contrast to nominative–accusative alignment, which is observed in English and most

developments in both linguistics and semiotics in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major

Problems and Language Planning Mikroglottika Contrastive linguistics Languages in Contrast Generative linguistics Linguistic Inquiry Linguistic typology Linguistic

In linguistics, feminization refers to the process of re-classifying nouns and adjectives which as such refer to male beings, including occupational terms

prominent only when the object is a pronoun. This word order is marked contrast to the dialect of Arabic spoken by hearing members of the community (SVO)

word is proposed to arise from contrasts and significant differences with other words. Semantic features enable linguistics to explain how words that share

In linguistics, feminization refers to the process of re-classifying nouns and adjectives which as such refer to male beings, including occupational terms

In linguistics, subordination (abbreviated variously SUBORD, SBRD, SUBR or SR) is a principle of the hierarchical organization of linguistic units. While

voiceless labio-velar fricative [ʍ] (in such words as whit and which in contrast to voiced [w] in wit and wish). Except in word-initial position, affricates

developments in both linguistics and semiotics in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major

American Linguistics 49.2.196-203. Hasler, Juan. 1976. “La situación dialectológica del pochuteco", International Journal of American Linguistics 42. 3.

University Press, the only journal devoted exclusively to this subfield of linguistics. The current editors are Colin J. Ewen (Leiden University), Ellen Kaisse

aboriginal languages of Taiwan have great significance in historical linguistics since, in all likelihood, Taiwan is the place of origin of the entire

glottalic ejective consonants, implosives can be modified by phonation. Contrastive implosives are found in approximately 13% of the world's languages. In

(1972). Kiowa and English pronouns: Contrastive morphosemantics. In L. M. Davis (Ed.), Studies in linguistics, in honor of Raven I. McDavid. University

Transliteration Transcription (linguistics) Writing Written language X-SAMPA Coulmas 2003, p. 35. David Crystal (2008), A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th

Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton

Suzhounese, on the other hand, has several demonstratives that form a two-way contrast, but also have 搿, which is neutral. Hungarian has two spatial demonstratives:

Method and the Case of Bai" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Monograph Series B. Frontiers in Linguistics III. Maddieson, Ian; Smith, Caroline L.; Bessell

Prescriptive approaches to language are often contrasted with the descriptive approach, employed in academic linguistics, which observes and records how language

In linguistics, a determiner phrase (DP) is a type of phrase headed by a determiner such as many. Controversially, many approaches, take a phrase like

factor of 2.056, ranking it 14th out of 182 journals in the category "Linguistics" and 34th out of 235 journals in the category "Education & Educational

First Language contains papers from a range of disciplines such as linguistics, anthropology and neuroscience. First Language is abstracted and indexed

structures. Epistemic modality has been studied from many perspectives within linguistics and philosophy. It is one of the most studied phenomena in formal semantics

In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily

was a bad decision. Indefinite noun phrases are widely studied within linguistics, in particular because of their ability to take exceptional scope. A

Problems and Language Planning Mikroglottika Contrastive linguistics Languages in Contrast Generative linguistics Linguistic Inquiry Linguistic typology Linguistic

In linguistics, TAST (always written as uppercase T plus uppercase AST in subscript) is an abbreviation for the time of assertion, a secondary temporal

refers to something mentioned elsewhere in the text, i.e. "Sally". By contrast, "She was lying on the beach," if it appeared by itself, contains an exophoric

Prefix in Japhug rGyalrong and Related Problems] (PDF). Language and Linguistics / Yǔyán jì yǔyánxué (in Chinese). 8 (4): 883–912. Jacques, Guillaume

In functional-cognitive linguistics, as well as in semiotics, iconicity is the conceived similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic

linguists classify languages according to the method of comparative linguistics rather than using their typological features. According to Encyclopædia

Zwarts, Joost (1996–2001). "unergative verb". Lexicon of linguistics. Utrecht institute of Linguistics, OTS Utrecht University. Retrieved July 28, 2019. Note:

Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering general linguistics. It was established in 2016. The

Matthews, P. H. (2014). "presentational". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967512-8. Porhiel, Sylvie (2012)

abilities are "native" or hard-wired into the brain at birth. This is in contrast to the "blank slate" or tabula rasa view, which states that the brain has

and individual languages. Although the term Athabaskan is prevalent in linguistics and anthropology, there is an increasing trend among scholars to use

In linguistics, change from above refers to conscious change to a language. That is, speakers are generally aware of the linguistic change and use it

influence has been mostly limited to computational linguistics, with little impact on general linguistics. The incompatibility with genetics and neuropsychology

§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve

of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2002, edited by Ratree Wayland et al. Canberra, Australia, 1–7. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal of general linguistics that was established in 2011 and is published by

singing voices into voice types. It is also a topic of study within linguistics, phonetics, and speech-language pathology, particularly in relation to

(2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The

"SemanticRank" algorithm, using ontological semantics, fuzzy logic, computational linguistics, and mathematics. In 2008, hakia added several sub-categories for search

encode the script in Unicode by Anshuman Pandey, from the Department of Linguistics at UC Berkeley. There are also proposals to revive the script by teaching

Pazzi (anthropology, lexicography), Felix K. Ameka (semantics, cognitive linguistics), Alan Stewart Duthie (semantics, phonetics), Hounkpati B. Capo (phonology

of Linguistics (CreteLing) - Rethymno (2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024)  Poland: Summer Institute "Languages and Cultures in Contact / in Contrast" -

" Research in linguistics regards such sentences as instances of the sequence of tense phenomenon. There is, in fact, a meaning contrast between the following

classified as part of Bulgarian in the older literature. Presently, Bulgarian linguistics continue to treat it as such. Since the second half of the 20th century

linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistics (SFL) model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name

In linguistics, reappropriation, reclamation, or resignification is the cultural process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously

linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistics (SFL) model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name

the intersection of philosophy and linguistics. Neale is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Linguistics and holder of the John H. Kornblith

that Vedānta disagreed with. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools of Hinduism, their views were not shared by

Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Sidwell, Paul. 2010. "Cua (Kor) historical phonology and classification

history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages", Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754 Kinkade,

[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In linguistics, free variation is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing

In linguistics, the term lexis (from Ancient Greek: λέξις 'word') designates the complete set of all possible words in a language, or a particular subset

Morphosyntactic alignment Syntax‐semantics interface Thematic relations Valency (linguistics) "Theta Roles". www.sfu.ca. Retrieved 2023-05-20. Baker, Mark (1988)

Papers on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics from the 17th International Symposium on Theoretical & Applied Linguistics. Vol. 1. Thessaloniki: Department

journals in the category "Linguistics", its 5-year impact is 4.815, ranking it 12 out of 194 in the category "Linguistics" and 73 out of 267 journals

Morphophonology (also morphophonemics or morphonology) is the branch of linguistics that studies the interaction between morphological and phonological or

Middle American Comparative Linguistics. Publications in Linguistics, Publication Number 55. Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 53–108. Sapir, Edward

theories which may account for it. This includes various aspects of linguistics such as phonology, phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary, semantics

strict gradualism. Coined by William Whewell, it was originally proposed in contrast to catastrophism by British naturalists in the late 18th century, starting

(/riːs/ REESS) is an American linguistics professor teaching at Concordia University in Montreal. His contributions to linguistics have been in the area of

in their verbal inflections. Many of the languages have a fortis–lenis contrast in plosive consonants. Lenis/short plosives have weak contact and intermittent

Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Languages of the Caucasus: University of California, Berkeley Linguistics. pp. 3–17.{{cite book}}:

code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing. Other terms used in linguistics for the concept of a mixed language include hybrid language, contact

From the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (PDF). Pacific Linguistics, Series C. Vol. 94. Canberra: Research School of Pacific

an American linguist and speech scientist. She received her Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1978. Browman

case for English, French, German, and Emilian dialect, among others. In contrast, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Slavic languages, Finno-Ugric languages, Italian

modification to DIN 31635. EALL, Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics (edited by Kees Versteegh, Brill, 2006–2009). Spanish romanization, identical

In linguistics (especially generative grammar), a complementizer or complementiser (glossing abbreviation: comp) is a functional category (part of speech)

Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics Publication 92. Dallas, Texas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and

Interlanguage Communication is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal in linguistics, specializing in the sociolinguistics of multilingualism, language learning

Pacific Linguistics: Canberra, 2002(b). Reid, N.J. "Languages of the World: Ngan'gityemerri". The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics II. Oxford:

indicating large-scale Indo-European migration to Britain about that time. In contrast, other scholars argue for a much later date of arrival of Goidelic languages

Jessica; Henderson, Robert (2015). "Introduction to Mayan Linguistics" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass. Bolles, David (2003) [1997]. "Combined Dictionary–Concordance

of Linguistics, University of Colorado, Boulder. (retrieved 17 July 2010) Taylor 1963. Rood 1975 Garvin 1950 http ||//www.colorado.edu/linguistics

In linguistics, a discontinuity occurs when a given word or phrase is separated from another word or phrase that it modifies in such a manner that a direct

the same Unicode code point. The word trema (French: tréma), used in linguistics and also classical scholarship, describes the form of both the umlaut

American Linguistics 71.1, January 2005. Davis, Henry. and Matthewson, Lisa. (2009). Issues in Salish Syntax and Semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass

Eskimo". International Journal of American Linguistics. 56 (2). International Journal of American Linguistics: The University of Chicago Press: 264–286

Lucien Tesnière. Tesnière was a Frenchman, a polyglot, and a professor of linguistics at the universities in Strasbourg and Montpellier. His major work Éléments

[Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics; vol 34 (in German)

In linguistics, morphosyntactic alignment is the grammatical relationship between arguments—specifically, between the two arguments (in English, subject

by John Kupchik and the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), respectively, within the Japonic family as follows: Proto-Japonic

Oceanic languages, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Tryon, Darrell T. Iai grammar. B-8, xii + 137 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University

completed her PhD in linguistics, also at the University of Edinburgh. The title of her thesis was 'A Linguistic Study of Contrasting Features in the Style

In linguistics, the minimalist program is a major line of inquiry that has been developing inside generative grammar since the early 1990s, starting with

South also indicate undeniable pronunciation changes in the region. In contrast to the changes in the North, however, the Southern Cities Vowel Shift is

Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on the Sino-Tibetan languages and other mainland

[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In linguistics and especially phonology, functional load, or phonemic load, is the collection

linguist who developed many influential ideas in American structuralist linguistics. He represents the post-Bloomfieldian phase of structuralism often referred

In linguistics, subcategorization denotes the ability/necessity for lexical items (usually verbs) to require/allow the presence and types of the syntactic

and Finnic languages, palatalized consonants contrast with plain consonants, but in Irish they contrast with velarized consonants. Russian нос /nos/ "nose"

out of print, the term has become rare. A synonym sometimes seen in linguistics is a suppletive (denominal) adjective, though this is a liberal and arguably

terms ground and figure to denote the tenor and the vehicle. Cognitive linguistics uses the terms target and source, respectively. Psychologist Julian Jaynes

categories are not prescriptive of lexical categories. Work in Functional linguistics suggests that other factors beyond morphological evidence code lexical

1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. He is considered

South also indicate undeniable pronunciation changes in the region. In contrast to the changes in the North, however, the Southern Cities Vowel Shift is

playing this file? See media help. General American English, known in linguistics simply as General American (abbreviated GA or GenAm), is the umbrella

name of Hades. This etymology, through the lens of modern comparative linguistics, is unknown, but has carried a folk etymology since antiquity as meaning

Region of the Northern Territory. The Wagiman language is notable within linguistics for its complex system of verbal morphology, which remains under-investigated

In linguistics, linguistic competence is the system of unconscious knowledge that one knows when they know a language. It is distinguished from linguistic

Krauss, Michael E. 1973. Na-Dene. Linguistics in North America, ed. by T.A. Sebeok, 903-78. (Current Trends in Linguistics 10). The Hague: Mouton. McKennan

ethnology, the study of cultural variation of customs, and descriptive linguistics, the study of unwritten indigenous languages, Boas created the four-field

'to breathe' (contrast Somali sambab 'lung') booGo 'jaw' ~ Oromo bookho (contrast Somali daan) dhinne 'rib' ~ Oromo čʼinnač (contrast Somali feer) helliiso

James M. (1970). "Cocopa Baby Talk". International Journal of American Linguistics. 36: 9–13. doi:10.1086/465083. S2CID 144118246. Crawford, James M. (1978)

Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics: 284–294. arXiv:1805.04623

the tongue, such as a simultaneous p and k. However, Yele is known to contrast other doubly articulated positions: besides labial–velar, it has two distinct

Elizabeth Cowper (born 1952) is professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of Toronto. She received her PhD from Brown University in 1976. She

Institute of Linguistics Papua New Guinea. Schieffelin, Bambi and Steven Feld. 1998. Bosavi-English-Tok-Pisin Dictionary. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Fiske

Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (eds.). Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area. De Gruyter. pp. 103–129.

Gregg shorthand has a unique symbol for the "th" sound (/θ/ and /ð/), in contrast to Duployan systems, which use a dotted "t," resulting in slower writing

Morey, Stephen. "Tonal change in the Tai languages of Northeast India." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 28.2 (2005): 139-202. Diller, A. (1992). Tai

abbreviated CxG) is a family of theories within the field of cognitive linguistics which posit that constructions, or learned pairings of linguistic patterns

considered a separate language for ethnic and cultural reasons. Greek linguistics traditionally treats all of these as dialects of a single language. Hellenic

determinism has largely been discredited by studies and abandoned within linguistics, cognitive science, and related fields. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis branches

classes in the Wendat language at its village school in Wendake. Although linguistics have equated with or seen as a dialect of the Iroquoian Wendat (Huron)

The term Cartesian linguistics was coined by Noam Chomsky in his book Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought (1966). The

In linguistics, veridicality (from Latin "truthfully said") is a semantic or grammatical assertion of the truth of an utterance. Merriam-Webster defines

of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, 2003-2006 Asst. and Assoc. Professor of Linguistics, Harvard University, 1994-2003

Institute of Linguistics. Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New

Linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 3-11-017433-2, pp. 173–176. Teffeteller (2006). "Ancient Greek". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed

In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. A grammatical construction (for instance, a phrase

Thought-terminating cliché Truth-bearer Type–token distinction Variation (linguistics) Weston 2000, p. 6. Murray & Kujundzic 2005, p. 90. Lavender, Larry (1996)

American Linguistics. 16 (3): 113–121. doi:10.1086/464075. S2CID 197656511. Some Siouan languages have however developed a phonemic contrast between the

Interactional linguistics (IL) is an interdisciplinary approach to grammar and interaction in the field of linguistics, that applies the methods of Conversation

emerging discipline of iconology ... must ultimately do for the image what linguistics has done for the word." However, Michael Camille is of the opinion that

In linguistics, a verb phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit composed of a verb and its arguments except the subject of an independent clause or coordinate

verbs are framed by a person marking prefix (called "set A" in Mayan linguistics) that expresses the subject, and a suffix that expresses the object (=

sees self-replication as a key step in nano and universal assembly. By contrast, the four concurrently connected galvanometers of W. Ross Ashby's Homeostat

corpus suitable for their specific research questions. Text corpus Corpus linguistics American National Corpus (ANC) Bank of English (BoE) British National

July 2018. Sah, K. K. (2013). "Some perspectives on Maithili". Nepalese Linguistics (28): 179–188. Language Commission (6 September 2021). सरकारी कामकाजको

Christian theology and Western philosophy. In pre-Socratic usage, physis was contrasted with νόμος, nomos, "law, human convention". Another opposition, particularly

(Lexicon of Linguistics) Configurational language (Lexicon of Linguistics) Scrambling (Lexicon of Linguistics) Cartoon Theories of Linguistics: Non-Configurational

science provides a foundation for applied psychology. Applied psychology, by contrast, involves the application of psychological principles and theories yielded

Bashir, Elena L. (eds.). The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 264–300

In linguistics, a blend—sometimes known, perhaps more narrowly, as a blend word, lexical blend, portmanteau (/pɔːrtˈmæntoʊ/ port-MAN-toh or /ˌpɔːr(t)mænˈtoʊ/

sesquisyllabic structure. The register contrast seen in other Mon-Khmer languages has not been found in Jru' and, in contrast to the surrounding prestige language

dictionary. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Merlan, Francesca (1983). Ngalakan grammar, texts and vocabulary. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Ngalakan basic lexicon

"Bruce Hayes - personal page". linguistics.ucla.edu. Keating, Patricia Ann (1980). A Phonetic Study of a Voicing Contrast in Polish (PDF) (Thesis). Brown

Malchukov and Lindsay J. Whaley (eds.), Recent advances in Tungusic linguistics (Turcologica 89). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012. vi + 277 pages, ISBN

Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics (2nd ed.). Chichester, U.K.; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Kortlandt, Frederik (1993). "General Linguistics & Indo-European

"Concerning Yavapai-Apache Bilingualism". International Journal of American Linguistics. 29 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1086/464706. S2CID 144439528. Shaterian, Alan (1983)

geminate stops? (PDF). Proceedings of 6th International Conference of Greek Linguistics. Rethymno, Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2018

Interactional linguistics (IL) is an interdisciplinary approach to grammar and interaction in the field of linguistics, that applies the methods of Conversation

another, but the following are the most important characteristics, as contrasted with Italian: Most Gallo-Italic languages have lost all unstressed final

Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence". Anthropological Linguistics. 36 (1). Spring: 69–91. JSTOR 30028275. Fleischer & Schmid (2006:245)

Sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at

Journal of American Linguistics. 59 (1): 64–81. doi:10.1086/466185. JSTOR 1265470. S2CID 144335898. "Ararahih'urípih". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved

In linguistics and philosophy, a vague predicate is one which gives rise to borderline cases. For example, the English adjective "tall" is vague since

related field in Scandinavia would be the more narrow discipline of Nordic linguistics, which covers North Germanic languages. A major focus of Scandinavian

to accepting other divinities or powers alongside God as associates. In contrast, Islam teaches God does not share divine attributes with anyone, as it

followed by a long period of stasis or non-change. These models both contrast with variable-speed evolution ("variable speedism"), which maintains that

Working Papers in Linguistics. 11 (7): 161–188. Woollams, Geoff (1996). A Grammar of Karo Batak, Sumatra (PDF). Pacific Linguistics Series C - No. 130

combining characters and Latin characters. Sievers's law in Indo-European linguistics accounts for the pronunciation of a consonant cluster with a glide (*w

In linguistics, a gerund (/ˈdʒɛrənd/ abbreviated ger) is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages; most often, but not exclusively, it

Proto-Indo-Iranian". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. de Gruyter. p. 1881. F. B. J. Kuiper. 1976. "Old East Iranian dialects

Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton

an adjective. Almost any grammar or syntax textbook or dictionary of linguistics terminology defines the adjective phrase in a similar way, e.g. Kesner

analysis from that of modern linguistics, Pāṇini's work has been found valuable and the most advanced analysis of linguistics until the twentieth century

pointed out by the Norwegian scholar Lars S. Vikør, professor, Nordic and Linguistics Studies, University of Oslo, in the 2001 book Language and Nationalism

abilities, and it is studied particularly by psychology and cognitive linguistics. Categorization is sometimes considered synonymous with classification

Chakavian and Kajkavian idioms. According to research of historical linguistics, Old-Shtokavian was well established by the mid-15th century. In this

if the pressure drop across the larynx is not sufficiently large. In linguistics, a phone is called voiceless if there is no phonation during its occurrence

six vowels with three contrastive vowel heights and two degrees of vowel backness. Five of the vowels have an oral-nasal contrast, which persists even

competence. Swain was the president of the American Association for Applied Linguistics in 1998. She received her PhD in psychology at the University of California

the language system on the basis of analogy or perceived similarity. In contrast to regular sound change, analogy is driven by idiosyncratic cognitive factors

Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) (PDF). Pacific Linguistics Series B - No. 95. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-b95. hdl:1885/145643. ISBN 0-85883-375-1

Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 35. Bynon, Theodora. Historical Linguistics. Cambridge University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-521-21582-X (hardback) or

underlying databases is referred to as structured data. Unstructured data in contrast is taken from communication and office applications or from mobile devices

In linguistics, a backchanneling during a conversation occurs when one participant is speaking and another participant interjects responses to the speaker

In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another

traditionally called the "full infinitive", but is more commonly known in modern linguistics as the to-infinitive (e.g. to go). In the history of English language

"The Leipzig-Jerusalem Transliteration of Coptic", Egyptian-Coptic Linguistics in Typological Perspective, eds., Eitan Grossman, Martin Haspelmath &

theorist, Michael Halliday, introduced the term ‘social semiotics’ into linguistics, when he used the phrase in the title of his book, Language as Social

of Loniu, Papua New Guinea (PDF). Series C - 103. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/pl-c103. ISBN 0-85883-410-3. Schokkin, Dineke (2014). A

Papers in South East Asian Linguistics: Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas. 14:1-72. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Nagano, Yasuhoshi (1984). A

Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 95–111

Phonology: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, vol. 3, Routledge, pp. 574–587, ISBN 0415203473 Padgett, Jaye (2009). "Systemic Contrast and Catalan Rhotics". The

potential Affirmative (linguistics), a property of a non-negated expression (the opposite of negative) Positive (linguistics), the form of an adjective

Rice, Keren, eds. (1989). Athapaskan Linguistics: Current Perspectives on a Language Family. Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 15. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter

(2006). An Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. Falk, Yehuda N. (1978). Linguistics and Language: A Survey of Basic Concepts

In linguistics, hortative modalities (/ˈhɔːrtətɪv/ ; abbreviated HORT) are verbal expressions used by the speaker to encourage or discourage an action

Bentley, Delia (eds.). Historical Linguistics 1995: Selected papers. 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Vol. 1 – General issues and non-Germanic

Cambridge University Press, p. 269. Crystal, David (2005) A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics (Fifth Edition), Maldern, MA/Oxford: Blackwell, p. 494. Ladefoged

pronouns are used contextually to convey formality or familiarity. In contrast, languages with pronoun avoidance tend to feature complex systems of honorifics

minorities. In various fields, such as foreign language education and linguistics, the definitions of heritage language become more specific and divergent

Bas; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics. Blackwell handbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 126–149. ISBN 9781405113823

of the English word raw in dialects without the cot–caught merger, in contrast to omicron which represented the close-mid back rounded vowel IPA: [o]