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alternate case: mutual intelligibility

Magoma language (42 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Magoma nation in Tanzania. It is closely related to Kinga, but mutual intelligibility is low. Magoma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

is very closely related to Duala. Speakers report some degree of mutual intelligibility with Tanga (Batanga), which they call "Old Malimba". Most speak

and Ladakh. Speakers identify ethnically with the Ladakhi, but mutual intelligibility of the languages is not high. A few speakers can also be found in

the Kinga tribe in Tanzania. It is closely related to Magoma, but mutual intelligibility is low. Kinga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. Limba speakers report some degree of mutual intelligibility and call it "Old Malimba". Tanga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

Ngoreme - a northern dialect and a southern dialect - which maintain mutual intelligibility. Ngoreme shares a vowel inventory with the majority of the Mara

'hard break' across the Tanzanian–Mozambican border, with marginal mutual intelligibility. It is one of several languages of the Ngoni people, who descend

Nka language (Ninka, Aninka) is a Plateau language of Nigeria. Mutual intelligibility with the related Gbantu language is low. /ə/ is an uncertain transcription

languages include Toposa and Turkana, both of which have a level of mutual intelligibility; Blench (2012) counts it as a dialect of Turkana. Vowel length is

principal dialects are distinct enough to cause some problems with mutual intelligibility. Oksapmin has dyadic kinship terms and a body-part counting system

Mizoram and Assam. The dialect spoken in Manipur exhibits partial mutual intelligibility with the other Kuki-Chin dialects of the area including Thadou,

Nonetheless, speakers of both linguistic varieties enjoy extensive mutual intelligibility, particularly in the Lwapula Province. Aushi distinguishes consonants

close enough to Bangba, the most closely related language, for mutual intelligibility. Mayogo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) v

There are some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native

Evans-Pritchard in 1932. They are a dialect chain, close enough for some mutual intelligibility between neighboring varieties. Most classifications include the

and in the Gilgit-Baltistan territory of Pakistan. The lects lack mutual intelligibility and are considered separate languages by their speakers. The grouping

Tripura. The dialect spoken in Manipur exhibits a least partial mutual intelligibility with the other Zo-Mizo dialects of the area including Thadou, Hmar

Khumi. Anung has 72-76% lexical similarity with Mro-Khimi although mutual intelligibility is low, and 23-37% lexical similarity with neighbouring Chin languages

related, Mabas is distinct from Hdi (78% lexical similarity, 36% mutual intelligibility). Vemgo-Mabas at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

said that São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language has considerable mutual intelligibility with Portuguese Sign. It is also reported that Portuguese Sign has

Mindat, and Paletwa townships in Chin State, Burma (Ethnologue). Mutual intelligibility among Nghngilo (Yang), Daa Yindu, and Mkui groups is high, but is

dialects) ? Xetá The varieties of Guarani proper and Kaiwá have limited mutual intelligibility. Aché and Guarani are not mutually intelligible. The position of

Mapuche, though more research is needed to determine the degree of mutual intelligibility between the two. The "Enduring Voices" project of National Geographic

Guillaume Jacques (2011). The eastern and western dialects have low mutual intelligibility. In Sichuan, it is spoken in Muli County and Mianning County. The

the state of Tripura. The variety spoken in Manipur has partial mutual intelligibility with the other Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages varieties of the area including

Kuki-Chin. According Ethnologue, Kharam shares a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Purum. The speakers of this language use Meitei language as

the state of Tripura. The variety spoken in Manipur has partial mutual intelligibility with the other Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages varieties of the area including

dialects) ? Xetá The varieties of Guarani proper and Kaiwá have limited mutual intelligibility. Aché and Guarani are not mutually intelligible. The position of

with no known dialectal variation and exhibits at least partial mutual intelligibility with the other Chin-Kuki-Mizo dialects of the area including Thadou

Muria is a Dravidian language spoken in India. Three varieties have mutual intelligibility.[citation needed] It is sometimes confused with the Madiya language

principal varieties, Chinantec and Tlacoatzintepec, have marginal mutual intelligibility. They are close to Sochiapan Chinantec. The following are sounds

Kuki-Chin. According Ethnologue, Purum shares a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Kharam. The speakers of this language use Meitei language as

Myanmar (Ethnologue). Dialects are Ponyo and Gongwang, with high mutual intelligibility between the two, both of which share 89% to 91% lexical similarity

of Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan. There is a limited mutual intelligibility with Dzongkha, mostly in basic vocabulary and grammar. Layap Laya

to dialectological comprehension similarities and as high as 91% mutual intelligibility, but it has its certain unique accent and vocabulary that integrates

spoken in Mali. It is closest to Dogul Dogon, though not enough for mutual intelligibility. Dialects are Kindjim and Nadjamba. Bondum Dogon at Ethnologue (18th

Tsaukambo as in Kaway Village. It is close enough that there is some mutual intelligibility. Komyandaret at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

intelligible varieties that form a dialect continuum, with the level of mutual intelligibility between any two varieties largely depending on the distance between

Alta languages are genetically related, they have a low level of mutual intelligibility. Jason Lobel and Laura Robinson did fieldwork on Northern Alta in

regional differences within the states. Grammar is quite uniform and mutual intelligibility is high, indicating that they are dialects of a single language

variety due to its highly innovative phonology, and has very low mutual intelligibility with the other Morelos variants. Ethnologue also considers the varieties

shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with Altai languages

San Mateo Yetla, known as Valle Nacional Chinantec, has marginal mutual intelligibility. A grammar and a dictionary have been published. Close vowels /i

spoken in Mali. It is closest to Bondum Dogon, though not enough for mutual intelligibility. Dogul Dogon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

Gan. Actually it is a collection of dialects which have limited mutual intelligibility with each other instead of a coherent language. Some Chinese scholars

Siberia on the border with Mongolia and China. The language has some mutual intelligibility with the Northern Altai language, leading to the two being traditionally

Murcia, parts of western Andalusia and near the Province of Burgos. Mutual intelligibility with the rest of the sign languages used in Spain is generally high

Siona and Colombian Siona, as well as Secoya, have a high level of mutual intelligibility, but have some lexical, morphological, and phonological differences

Sherpa), Nubri, Gyalsumdo Although there is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility between these varieties, they are considered separate languages

two principal varieties, Quiotepec and Comaltepec, have marginal mutual intelligibility. Yolox Chinantec is somewhat less divergent. The following are sounds

surrounding areas in Hubei, China. The Wuhan dialect has limited mutual intelligibility with Standard Chinese. Grammatically, it has been observed to have

Domno tegu, Gono tegu, Bama tegu, and Guru tegu; their degree of mutual intelligibility has not been recorded. Domno is the standard dialect, and considered

that they border on being separate languages, but there is fair mutual intelligibility, which justifies grouping them as dialects of one language. The

language is sometimes considered as a dialect of Marathi due to its mutual intelligibility with it, and hence has lower numbers in the census due to people

this, both Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil dialects retain a degree of mutual intelligibility. Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are broadly categorized into three sub

Zimatlán Zapotec) is a Zapotec language of Oaxaca, Mexico. There is no mutual intelligibility with other Zapotec languages. Totomachapan Zapotec at Ethnologue

Lai, Laiholh is a Kuki-Chin language spoken in central Chin State in Myanmar, and Lawngtlai district of Mizoram, India. Hakha Chin-speaking minorities

towns of Tera, Anzourou, Namari Goungou and Say. Due to the high mutual intelligibility with the prestige dialect of Zarma in Niamey, it is common for Songhoyboro

speak related North Germanic languages, which have a degree of mutual intelligibility. Both countries formed part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and

Havasupai–Hualapai (Havasupai–Walapai) is a Native American language spoken by the Hualapai and Havasupai peoples of northwestern Arizona. Havasupai–Hualapai

Zapotec dialect cluster of Oaxaca, Mexico. Varieties share about 80% mutual intelligibility. They are: Yareni (Western Ixtlán, Etla Zapotec), spoken in Santa

A.tong is one of the Garo dialect Sino-Tibetan (or Tibeto-Burman) language which is also related to Koch, Rabha, Bodo other than Garo language. It is spoken

Tuichiap, Sukte, Dim, Lamzang and Sihzang. The language exhibits mutual intelligibility with the other languages of the region including Thadou, Hmar, Vaiphei

intelligibility with Spanish Sign Language (LSE). On the basis of mutual intelligibility, lexicon, and social attitudes, linguists have argued that LSC and

Kong, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, and elsewhere across the world. Mutual intelligibility between Hokkien dialects varies, but they are still held together

dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri

may therefore have considerable difficulty understanding it. The mutual intelligibility with other dialects of Polish is generally higher. Cieszyn Silesian

as a group of Peräpohjola dialects of Finnish due to their close mutual intelligibility. The Gällivare dialects are spoken around Gällivare, but also in

terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between its dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to

another's behaviour in everyday life, with an emphasis on the role mutual intelligibility plays in cooperative activity. He also wrote on ethics, decision-making

language are also known as Hmar. In Manipur, Hmar exhibits partial mutual intelligibility with the other Kukish dialects of the area including Thadou, Paite

needed] has noted that while Jaqaru and Kawki share a degree of mutual intelligibility, speakers of one were unable to understand tape recordings of the

intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, although the degree of mutual intelligibility is dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker. Standard

textbooks exist. The varieties of Mashriqi have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, especially between geographically adjacent ones (such as Lebanese

and Wudjeebal. Language varieties in the group vary in degree of mutual intelligibility, with varieties at different ends of the continuum being mostly

varieties, with a million speakers) Gurung (two varieties with low mutual intelligibility) Thakali (including the Seke dialect; ethnically Tamang) Manang

The Beijing dialect (simplified Chinese: 北京话; traditional Chinese: 北京話; pinyin: Běijīnghuà), also known as Pekingese and Beijingese, is the prestige dialect

an independent Finnic language is sometimes disputed due to its mutual intelligibility with Finnish. According to the National Association of Swedish Tornedalians

the two branches of the Koreanic language family, as it has no mutual intelligibility with Standard Korean or any other Korean dialects in the Korean

related; for example, Limba (Malimba, A.26) report some degree of mutual intelligibility with Tanga (Batanga, A.32), which they call "Old Malimba". Oroko

Spanish. There are six dialects of Tzotzil with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility, named after the different regions of Chiapas where they are spoken:

lexical tone, with a three-tone system. There is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility between Kyirong and other Kyirong-Yolmo varieties. It is most closely

intelligible, only sharing about 80% of their lexicon, there is mutual intelligibility between the languages within each group, suggesting that Shikomori

dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri

languages, Danish and Norwegian, with which it maintains partial mutual intelligibility and forms a dialect continuum. A number of regional Swedish dialects

Tsum has a two-tone language system. There is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility between Tsum and other Kyirong-Yolmo varieties. It is most closely

level of comprehension between different Polynesian languages. The mutual intelligibility of Hawaiian was found to be 41.2% with Marquesan, 37.5% with Tahitian

dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri

Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-05-23. Sources on mutual intelligibility report conflicting information. Mithun (1999): "they [Taos and Picuris]

results from a research study conducted in 1968-1969 concerning mutual intelligibility between different Sidamo languages suggest that Sidaama is more

in the western Tlacolula Valley, which show varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. All varieties of Valley Zapotec are endangered. The languages in

Standard American English, Hawaiian Pidgin retains a high degree of mutual intelligibility with it compared to some other English-based creoles, such as Jamaican

is low mutual intelligibility among the Mawkhwin, Settaw, and Mawteik dialects of Kadu. Settaw and Mawteik share 95 to 98% mutual intelligibility, while

with Dhakti [mki], and 78% with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects. Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve] with Indian Marwari [rwr] is decreasing

with Dhakti [mki], and 78% with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects. Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve] with Indian Marwari [rwr] is decreasing

being tested for. A more recent study by Deqa Hassan tested the mutual intelligibility between Af-Maay and Af-Maxaa speakers (Northern Somali). The study

His classification was most likely based on SIL International's mutual intelligibility surveys. Northern: Xayacatlán, Huajuapan, Chigmecatitlán Northeastern:

The Uralic languages (/jʊəˈrælɪk/ yoor-AL-ik), sometimes called the Uralian languages (/jʊəˈreɪliən/ yoor-AY-lee-ən), are spoken predominantly in Europe

considered part of the Japanese Sign Language family. TSL has some mutual intelligibility with both Japanese Sign Language and Korean Sign Language; it has

actually closer to Secoya. The three varieties show a high level of mutual intelligibility. Bruil views them as three different varieties of the same Siona-Secoya

The Rohingya and Chittagonian languages have a high degree of mutual intelligibility. Rohingya has primarily the following 25 native consonant phonemes

proper, is generally thought to be one language but there is limited mutual intelligibility between the different groupings (north, west, south and east). A

also mentions that mutual intelligibility may even be problematic between different subdialects within Arvanitika. Mutual intelligibility between Standard

Austronesian languages in Northern Luzon and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with the Balangao language and certain eastern dialects of Bontoc

Huambisa, Shuar, and Achuar-Shiwiar. Speakers of Aguaruna claim mutual intelligibility with speakers of Huambisa, so there is speculation that the Chicham

Kangri as part of their language due to similarities and decent mutual intelligibility between them.[need quotation to verify] This is generally observed

(Ethnologue). The Eastern Khumi dialects have a high degree of mutual intelligibility, with all dialects sharing at least 74% lexical similarity, although

distinct Finnic language is sometimes disputed due to its high mutual intelligibility with Finnish. The Torneo Valley dialects were once fully uniform

the Waima'a and Naueti languages. These four varieties' level of mutual intelligibility has led some to categorize them as dialects of a single language:

Bankon are two dialects of the same language. There is over 83% mutual intelligibility. The Barombi claim to come from the land of the Abo, and the Abo

an unrelated Austronesian language.: 577  There is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the Galela–Tobelo languages, and Voorhoeve 1988 considered

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For

Gemzek and Zelgwa are two distinct languages, although there is some mutual intelligibility between them. The Gemzek (8,000-10,000 speakers) inhabit the Gemzek

the relationships between languages), and little is known about mutual intelligibility. Even within the dialectological classification, details are disputed

Switzerland (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Glarus). There is limited mutual intelligibility with High Alemannic forms of Swiss German (whose speakers are called

that their language resembles Chinali but not to the degree of mutual intelligibility. There exists a belief that Chinali is close to Sanskrit, whereas

separation of their communities of speakers (500 years) and to a lack of mutual intelligibility. Although the Laz people are recorded in written sources repeatedly

currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it. Hinduri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) "Census of India:

varieties with which Norwegian, Danish and Swedish retain considerable mutual intelligibility. Icelandic remains the most conservative language, such that in

(Tiyaa) and Bijim. Vaghat is perceived as distinct from Kadung. Mutual intelligibility between Vaghat/Kadung, Ya and Bijim is fairly low. Kadung and Bijim

elders and language revitalizationists, who note a high degree of mutual intelligibility and shared cultural identity. In the absence of a single, unambiguous

tenses considered "bookish" or archaic in most other dialects. Mutual intelligibility in Spanish does not necessarily mean a translation is wholly applicable

genetic relationship, however, these languages do not allow for good mutual intelligibility. Dzongkha Languages of Bhutan Language shift van Driem, George L

K.: Blackwell. p. 431. ISBN 978-1-4051-8895-1. Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting

language and is grammatically similar to other Sotho–Tswana languages. Mutual intelligibility between certain Venda dialects and the Lobedu language is so high

an official language. It is a National language of Zimbabwe. The mutual intelligibility of Ndau with other Shona varieties is fairly high, but some speakers

metadata about the presentation. Takubo, Yukinori (2018-08-08). Mutual Intelligibility as a measure of linguistic distance and intergenerational transmission

sharing common linguistic features and enjoying a high degree of mutual intelligibility with each of these languages. The Turkmens of Afghanistan just as

JSTOR 20006706. "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original

Bantayanon and its neighboring languages, presents findings from mutual-intelligibility tests with related languages, and provides a sociolinguistic profile

Jews, especially in the western part of its historical extent. Its mutual intelligibility with Turoyo is partial and asymmetrical, but more significant in

if they use their own languages in conversation (similar to the mutual intelligibility between the Boholano dialect and the general Cebuano dialect). Together

clear, since there is usually partial mutual intelligibility. Since there is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between contemporary speakers of Scots

currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it. As of now, there is no proposal to grant any status to

spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants

an independent language is disputed by some linguists due to its mutual intelligibility with Finnish, the Swedish state has granted Meänkieli with the status

and Nheengatu. Nadahup consists of about four languages, based on mutual intelligibility. Nadeb and Kuyawi, Hup and Yahup, and Nukak and Kakwa, however,

was no longer being acquired by children. Upper Tanana shows near mutual-intelligibility with neighboring Tanacross but differs in several phonological features

as Zulu, Xhosa and Swati) with which it shares a high level of mutual intelligibility. The South African (or Southern Transvaal Ndebele), while maintaining

between Hindeloopen Frisian and Standard West Frisian are so big that mutual intelligibility is difficult. However, Hindeloopen Frisian has gradually become

University Press. Gooskens, Charlotte and Cindy Schneider. 2016. Testing mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in an oral society. Language Documentation

dialect   Old Gutnish dialect   Old English   Crimean Gothic   Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

'stone') with high tone unmarked. There is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility between Syuba and other Kyirong-Yolmo varieties. It is most closely

Guangdong, including Teochew and Swatow dialects, have difficult mutual intelligibility with the Amoy dialect of Hokkien. Teochew varieties are the most

Piedmontese, Ligurian and Lombard, all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian. The historical and geographical fragmentation of Emilian

Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03320-7. Lindsay, Robert. Mutual Intelligibility Among the Turkic Languages. Retrieved 19 November 2023. "Glottolog

in Taos Pueblo. See Bodine (1979) and Eggan (1979). Sources on mutual intelligibility report conflicting information. Mithun (1999): "they [Taos and Picuris]

and fundamental terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility. Dhundhari also uses some words of Sanskrit which are not a part

slight dialectal distinction. In Manipur, Hmar exhibits partial mutual intelligibility with the other Kukish dialects of the area including Thadou, Paite

but tiny differences on phonology and vocabulary, there is high mutual intelligibility and a great number of common colloquial words in the urban varieties

lexically closer to the Lakota language with which it has high mutual intelligibility. For a comparative table of the various writing systems conceived

Journal of Chinese Linguistics 15.2: 378. Papers by Hashimoto, SEAlang Library. Mutual Intelligibility of Sinitic Languages, Language Log 6 March 2009

usually divided into 8 different dialects, varying in their level of mutual intelligibility. The first detailed dialectical analysis was by Louis Lucien Bonaparte

neighboring Blaan, Tboli and Maguindanaon languages with little or no mutual intelligibility between them at all. Over the years, however, like their Blaan and

currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and being close to other Pahari languages such as Kahluri

languages from Tobelo, although they do acknowledge a certain degree of mutual intelligibility. Consonant sounds in parentheses only occur in loan words or in

traditionally herd yaks and dzos. Dzongkha speakers enjoy a limited mutual intelligibility, mostly in basic vocabulary and grammar. Khams Tibetan is spoken

significance of these Malagasy "dialects" is challenging. Generally, mutual intelligibility is possible, though it can be difficult in some cases. While some

currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it. Grierson, George Abraham. Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume

states that Mazanderani has different sub-dialects and there is high mutual intelligibility among Mazanderani sub-dialects. The dialects of Mazanderani are

Chinese. "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original

pink area is Old Gutnish and the green area is the extent of the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

dialect   Old Gutnish dialect   Old English   Crimean Gothic   Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

Mazandarani. The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to a low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani, and so these dialects should

Chinese. "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original

be much fewer than in other aspects of the language in terms of mutual intelligibility. A few words have completely different meanings in the two versions

varieties of Maghrebi Arabic form a dialect continuum. The degree of mutual intelligibility is high between geographically adjacent dialects (such as local

cluster in Chinese, the proposer made the following statement on mutual intelligibility: A colleague has talked with speakers of a number of these closely-related

speak two language varieties, Mvumbo and Mabi, which have moderate mutual intelligibility. They are spoken in Océan Department, Southern Region. The Bisio

differentiate between languages and dialects primarily on the grounds of mutual intelligibility, such as SIL International and UNESCO, describe Alemannic as one

the prestige dialect. Differences between dialects do not prevent mutual intelligibility, and many loanwords have come through Classical Tibetan (Chöke)

dialect   Old Gutnish dialect   Old English   Crimean Gothic   Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

to Central Thai, the varieties are sufficiently different that mutual intelligibility between the two can be problematic. Southern Thai presents a diglossic

but many[who?] consider this dialect to be childish and a general mutual intelligibility in context. Although this is not the most popular dialect, there

traditionally been considered to be a Sino-Tibetan language. There is some mutual intelligibility with Bugun, and Burling (2003) grouped it with Bugun and Sherdukpen

form a dialect continuum with Ewe and Gen (Mina), which share a mutual intelligibility level of 85%; the Ewe varieties Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi, and Vhlin

common borrowings and features also essentially serve to raise mutual intelligibility of the Romance languages, particularly in academic/scholarly, literary

Kimberley bloc"; owed to the many similarities and high degree of mutual intelligibility among the three associated languages of the Worrorra people. There

the 77th minute in a 5-0 victory against AIK. Due to the moderate mutual intelligibility between Danish and Swedish, Christiansen speaks a less dialectal

population have meant that a serious comparison of the two languages for mutual intelligibility has proven difficult. The exact relationship between these two languages

population have meant that a serious comparison of the two languages for mutual intelligibility has proven difficult. Norfuk has been classified as an Atlantic

Since languages of the same family already have a certain degree of mutual intelligibility, the idea is that receptive bilingualism should allow a language

Northwestern, and Eastern Gorkha Tamang, with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. For instance, Eastern and Western Tamang are mutually unintelligible

influenced by Standard German. Recent studies have, however, shown that mutual intelligibility is not necessarily impaired and that the basis remains the same

South Africa are separate but related languages with some degree of mutual intelligibility, although the former is more closely related to Zulu. Southern Ndebele

Slavey Jargon it was different enough that there wasn't enough mutual intelligibility to allow for communication between the two Pidgins The Lexicon of

Hmongic is a diverse group of perhaps twenty languages, based on mutual intelligibility, but several of these are dialectically quite diverse in phonology

certain low-level consonant changes in Comanche have inhibited mutual intelligibility. Recent lexical and grammatical diffusion studies in Western Numic

from the standard language, with which they may not share much mutual intelligibility. The hundreds of modern local varieties of Chinese developed from

Mazandarani. The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to a low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani, and so these dialects should

Tang, Northern Mon), and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon), with high mutual intelligibility among them. Thai Mon has some differences from the Burmese dialects

intelligible than each is with Eastern Dakota. The assumed extent of mutual intelligibility is usually overestimated by speakers of the language. While Lakota

It has some lexical influence from Teochew and relatively higher mutual intelligibility with it, yet in other aspects it clusters more with Hokkien than

Leoneg (Leon) and Tregerieg (Trégor), which have varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. In 1908, a standard orthography was devised. The fourth dialect

linguistically as closely related and, despite their differences, by mutual intelligibility.[citation needed] In the absence of rigorous linguistic intelligibility

Scandinavian and Mainland Scandinavian language groups based on mutual intelligibility. Under this system, Norwegian is grouped together with Danish and

Nama, Namoluk, Oneop, Piis-Emwar, Satowan, Ta), all of which have mutual intelligibility. Speakers of Mortlockese are able to discern where other speakers

Lamping, and T. Rodden. (1999). "Building bridges: customisation and mutual intelligibility in shared category management," in Proceedings of the international

cluster as Ikema–Irabu and Central Miyako. Given the low degree of mutual intelligibility, Tarama language is sometimes considered a distinct language in

languages are indeed Garos, ethnically; but their languages lack mutual intelligibility with the dialects of Garo and therefore linguistically distinct

main basis of the current proposed ISO 639-3 classification. The mutual intelligibility scores reported are difficult to interpret, since even Jabo-Jabo

intelligible to the speakers of the neighboring dialects." The degree of mutual intelligibility between nonadjacent dialects varies considerably; recent research

further from Tuscany in Italy, there are no major obstacles to mutual intelligibility of the local Romance languages and Regional Italian. Central and

and consonant changes over the past few centuries have limited mutual intelligibility of Comanche and Shoshoni. Principal dialects of Shoshoni are Western

Uab Meto and its "dialects," it was understood that there was low mutual intelligibility between the Uab Meto varieties, due mostly to vastly differing grammar

of Hindi by the government, although they have varying levels of mutual intelligibility with standard Hindi. Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects

using the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. They exhibit a high degree of mutual intelligibility as they are based on essentially the same dialect, a stylized form

of the Southern dynasties. Northern Hakka varieties have partial mutual intelligibility with southern Gan. Accordingly, Hakka is sometimes classified as

belongs to the Permian branch of the Uralic family. There is limited mutual intelligibility with Udmurt. There are two main dialects: Zyrian in the Komi Republic

sometimes used as a cover term for the two dialects). There is no mutual intelligibility between Hiw and Lo-Toga, but many Hiw speakers are bilingual. Hiw

distinct character of Chuvash is also indicated by its lack of mutual intelligibility with the other Turkic languages Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds

Chinese". "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original

(formerly) Chisana. Tanacross and Upper Tanana share a high degree of mutual intelligibility, though the tonal patterns (with the exception of the Tetlin dialect

subjunctive, the personal infinitive, and the synthetic pluperfect. Mutual intelligibility estimated at 85% is excellent between Galicians and Portuguese.

(per the 1992 Constitution), a language that shares to some degree mutual intelligibility with Azerbaijani and Turkish. Since the late 20th century, the government

such as Azerbaijani and Turkmen enjoyed a high degree of written mutual intelligibility as the Ottoman Alphabet catered to anachronistic Turkic consonants

Minasbaté is a Visayan language unique to the province. It has 75-83% mutual intelligibility with Hiligaynon, another Visayan language spoken in the southwestern

as an independent language is sometimes disputed due to its high mutual intelligibility with Finnish. It belongs to the Uralic language family. Tornedalians

Transylvanian Saxon than the other but there was still a certain degree of mutual intelligibility between them; for instance, more or less analogous and similar to

cognacy rate with its sister languages, and a certain amount of mutual intelligibility is claimed by Meriam speakers. Mitchell finds that Meriam Mìr has

between Indian and Persian influences, though it did always retain mutual intelligibility with the northern Dehlavi. This contributed to the cultivation of

most internally diverse among the Sinitic groups, with very little mutual intelligibility between varieties across subgroups. In the first edition of Li's

and Franco-Provençal/Arpitan, linguistically, are distinct and mutual intelligibility is limited. Increasingly, Franco-Provençal/Arpitan is used only

clear, since there is usually partial mutual intelligibility. Since there is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between contemporary speakers of Scots

African-European culture and economy along the West African seaboard. Mutual intelligibility within the African branch is quite high. However, an impediment

was different enough from that of the cities in Bengal to impede mutual intelligibility. Enough similarities were observed between the signs used in Kolkata

Akha-English-Thai Dictionary. Very few dialects of Akha do not share mutual intelligibility. The Akha have no written language, but there are several competing

the 2009 annual review process, but rejected on the grounds of mutual intelligibility; it is listed in ISO 639-6 with code scyr. The official stance of

earliest stages of the Dutch language, a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility with some (what we now call) German dialects was present, and some

dialect geography. That allowed areas with dialects with very little mutual intelligibility to participate in the same cultural sphere. Some linguists claim

closely related Ingush, with which there exists a large degree of mutual intelligibility and shared vocabulary, it forms the Vainakh branch. There are a

and Soradi. These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali. Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali (Bajura), Humli and Acchami

language. His commitment to this work demonstrates he understood that mutual intelligibility was vital for communicating complex and abstract religious ideas

extreme, government agencies once recognized no dialectal diversity. Mutual intelligibility surveys and local literacy programs have led SIL International to

this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low and many cognate

(33,800 speakers in both Oaxaca and Puebla states.) Studies of mutual intelligibility between Mazatec-speaking communities revealed that most are relatively

different languages. The differences between the variants do not hinder mutual intelligibility and do not undermine the integrity of the system as a whole. Compared

Sa'a, spoken on South Malaita, is also a member of the family. Mutual intelligibility is also aided by the large degree of trade and intermarriage among

Alaskan Inupiat speak three distinct dialects, which have difficult mutual intelligibility: Qawiaraq is spoken on the southern side of the Seward Peninsula

Chinese. "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original

languages, and during antiquity, there may still have been substantial mutual intelligibility. In Tractate Pesahim of the Babylonian Talmud, Hanina bar Hama said

branches to various degrees, probably through areal contacts, and mutual intelligibility with other dialects would have remained for some time. It was nevertheless

Japanese Sign Language during Japanese colonial rule. TSL has some mutual intelligibility with Japanese Sign Language (JSL) and the Korean Sign Language as

Nahuatl are not trivial, and in many cases result in low or no mutual intelligibility: people who speak one variety cannot understand or be understood

Creole French is the generally-spoken language in Dominica. Its mutual intelligibility rate with other varieties of Antillean Creole is almost 100%. Its

are spoken by Assyrian Jews. There is a considerable amount of mutual intelligibility between Suret dialects. Therefore, these "languages" would generally

considered as a separate language by some according to Ethnologue. Mutual intelligibility with Far-western is difficult to absent. With the exception of the

Bantu languages such as Comorian, which have differing levels of mutual intelligibility. Swahili is already used unofficially in many UN organizations as

their own speech as 'Bisaya'. Masbatenyo shares different types of mutual intelligibility with its neighboring languages. Speakers of Masbatenyo can easily

warrant division into a number of languages which are quite low in mutual intelligibility. This is the case for example for the Mixtecan, Zapotecan and Nahuan

one day's walk. Beyond that distance, dialects and languages lose mutual intelligibility. However, there are some major languages spoken by indigenous peoples

Namibia and Botswana. The hyphen between Kwangali and Gcikuru implies mutual intelligibility. Little is known of these groups; in any case, their members were

(later)!". An acute accent is sometimes used on y for the sake of mutual intelligibility with speakers of Woods Cree and Swampy Cree, where ý would be replaced

On this view, these dialects may have possessed a high degree of mutual intelligibility. Dacian and Thracian were distinct but related languages, descended

dialect   Old Gutnish dialect   Old English   Crimean Gothic   Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

dialect   Old Gutnish dialect   Old English   Crimean Gothic   Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

are represented by the simplest braille patterns. Consequently, mutual intelligibility was greatly hindered by this state of affairs. In 1878, the International

monophthongs, e.g. Yidu [ou] for Rongcheng [o]. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the three branches despite their differences, and the original

monophthongs, e.g. Yidu [ou] for Rongcheng [o]. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the three branches despite their differences, and the original

morphological, and lexical differences. They demonstrate limited mutual intelligibility. Additionally, both Alutiiq and Central Yup'ik have considerable

remain closely related, but a few low-level sound changes inhibit mutual intelligibility. The earliest records of Comanche from 1786 clearly show a dialect

Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and do not normally affect mutual intelligibility; these include: typically a lack of differentiation between adjectives

linguistically divergent extant language in the Mayoruna branch. Due to the mutual intelligibility of many Pano languages, most speakers of Matis can also understand

century around the North Sea.   Old West Norse   Old East Norse   other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility

no longer mutually intelligible; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese)

both groups can still communicate fully. There is no question of mutual intelligibility being impaired. Stress is phonologically distinctive in Paamese

in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei due to the common culture and mutual intelligibility between Indonesian and Malay. Indonesian dances have more than 3

Slavic language in terms of dialects, with different degrees of mutual intelligibility.[citation needed] Accounts of the number of dialects range from

particularly in its vocabulary. However, despite these changes, mutual intelligibility between the two dialects generally persists. The Minangkabau language

earliest stages of the Dutch language, a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility with most other West Germanic dialects was present, and some fragments

non-distinction between language and dialect, based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility. On this basis, the number of Zambian languages would probably be

features with each of those languages. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between these languages. However, the closest language of Turkmen

separately, while some consider any differences to be sociolinguistic. Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts. Due to religious

Taizhou dialect, located directly to the north, has little to no mutual intelligibility with Wenzhou. Many Wenzhou natives[quantify] also speak a Southern

borders, has been home to dozens of languages. In order to assist mutual intelligibility, the Chinese government, since its inception as the PRC, has been

with Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish. There is some degree of mutual intelligibility between Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Danish is more distantly

characteristics, there certainly must have still been a high degree of mutual intelligibility between these dialects. In fact, it is unclear whether the West

varies considerably even from village to village. Nevertheless, mutual intelligibility, though difficult, is possible through practice. Mam varieties within

terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology and phonology. Mutual intelligibility ranges from 90 to 95%, which is considerably higher than between

languages, Portuguese and Spanish), which provides some limited mutual intelligibility between the two languages; however, its grammar and pronunciation

new lines makes an definition of branches arbitrary. Moreover, mutual intelligibility and mutual influence render notions such as "split" or "branching"

Swiss German are those of Low, High and Highest Alemannic, and mutual intelligibility across those groups is almost fully seamless, despite some differences

now Lima, as the official language or lingua franca. Defined by mutual intelligibility, Quechua is actually a family of languages rather than one single

Slovene was considered a dialect of the common language despite low mutual intelligibility with Serbo-Croatian. 'Serbo-Croato-Slovene' was declared the single

related dialects of Middle Indo-Aryan, which had a high degree of mutual intelligibility. Theravada tradition, as recorded in chronicles like the Mahavamsa

share a large measure of a common culture, or similar customs, mutual intelligibility of language, belief in a common or related identities, and who predominantly

that each village had its own form of it while still retaining mutual intelligibility between themselves as well. The Transylvanian Saxon literature represents

between English US, English British and English Australian. The mutual intelligibility of Rinconada and Albay Bikol is 80% to 85%, while intelligibility

Slavic language in terms of dialects, with different degrees of mutual intelligibility. Accounts of the number of dialects range from as few as seven dialects

dialect as serious impediments to achieving the mass literacy and mutual intelligibility required for the country's successful modernization. Many began

terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%