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Islamic scholar Al-Farabi wrote a treatise rejecting the existence of the vacuum in the 10th century. He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill

vibrational motion. Apart from atoms and molecules, the empty space of the vacuum also has these properties. According to quantum field theory, the universe

background energy that exists in space throughout the entire universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum

although the same term also refers to a carpet sweeper, a similar invention. The vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners. The

particles. The term zero-point field is sometimes used as a synonym for the vacuum state of a quantized field which is completely individual.[clarification

The vacuum brake is a braking system employed on trains and introduced in the mid-1860s. A variant, the automatic vacuum brake system, became almost universal

free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum. It is an ideal (baseline) physical constant. Its CODATA value is: ε0 = 8

Pair production is the creation of a subatomic particle and its antiparticle from a neutral boson. Examples include creating an electron and a positron

trying to be as adiabatic as possible. Invented by James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at

as a space with as little energy in it as possible. Despite the name, the vacuum still has quantum fields. A true vacuum is stable because it is at a global

(i.e., energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface. Here "immediately" means that the

(QFT), which underlies modern particle physics, empty space is defined by the vacuum state, which is composed of a collection of quantum fields. All these

In quantum field theory, the ground state is usually called the vacuum state or the vacuum. If more than one ground state exists, they are said to be degenerate

high velocity working fluid mixes with the fluid that is drawn in by the vacuum, imparting enough velocity for it to be ejected, the tube then typically

prior to bringing it into contact with the mold surface and applying the vacuum. Suitable materials for use in vacuum forming are conventionally thermoplastics

theory the vacuum expectation value (also called condensate or simply VEV) of an operator is its average or expectation value in the vacuum. The vacuum expectation

material interfaces, such as electrical conductors and dielectrics, alter the vacuum expectation value of the energy of the second-quantized electromagnetic

preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity. The predecessor to the vacuum pump was the suction pump. Dual-action suction pumps were found in the

overflow the flask; otherwise, the liquid will be drawn into the vacuum equipment. If the vacuum is provided by a water flow device, an overflow of the liquid

operation pressure of -0.4 to -0.6 bar at the vacuum station, which is also the only element of the vacuum sewerage system that must be supplied with

material that is placed inside a vacuum system to complete and maintain the vacuum. When gas molecules strike the getter material, they combine with it chemically

experimental methods and repeatable demonstrations on the physics of the vacuum, atmospheric pressure, electrostatic repulsion, his advocacy for the reality

relay) and a transformer to produce the higher voltages required for the vacuum tubes from the vehicle's 6 or 12 V battery. In the context of electric

quantities computed in an excited state and the same quantities computed in the vacuum state. For example, given a spatial region V {\displaystyle V} , Casini

entitled to participate. The inaugural tournament was held in 2015 to fill the vacuum of the Indonesia Super League when Indonesia was suspended by FIFA for

proved the vacuum wake concept and realized the space epitaxy concept by growing the first-ever crystalline semiconductor thin films in the vacuum of space

Messier 109 (also known as NGC 3992 or the Vacuum Cleaner Galaxy) is a barred spiral galaxy exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the central bar

The Brak Show is an American adult animated sitcom created by Jim Fortier, Andy Merrill, and Pete Smith for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block

cylinder. Because the servo depends on the vacuum supplied by a running engine, a check valve is typically used in the vacuum line to maintain residual vacuum

extraction. The operator would park the van near the premises, connect the vacuum hose and solution line hose into the machine, bring the hoses into the

The idea of phantom energy is often dismissed, as it would suggest that the vacuum is unstable with negative mass particles bursting into existence. The

order parameter. By virtue of their special properties in coupling to the vacuum of the respective symmetry-broken theory, vanishing momentum ("soft")

specially made sheets Solid Bleached Sulfate (SBS) are porous, and allow the vacuum to flow directly through the paper. Most other stocks need to have the

available for home use. For delicate food items that might be crushed by the vacuum packing process (such as potato chips), an alternative is to replace the

Unsolved problem in physics: Why is the vacuum energy density much smaller than a zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory? (more unsolved problems

The vacuum magnetic permeability (variously vacuum permeability, permeability of free space, permeability of vacuum, magnetic constant) is the magnetic

finite state space in which there are a limited set of configurations that the vacuum and dirt can be in. A "counter" system, where states are the natural numbers

suggests that in a power vacuum, other forces will tend to "rush in" to fill the vacuum as soon as it is created, perhaps by an armed militia or insurgents, military

measured. More accurately, the vacuum energy caused by the virtual particle pairs is pushing the plates together, and the vacuum energy between the plates

vacuum tubes. As time passed, production and elemental techniques of the vacuum tube transformed into the manufacturing of vacuum fluorescent displays

months after beginning operations, such an event burned holes through the vacuum vessel, requiring extensive repairs. The following investigation identified

Forward, Robert L. (15 August 1984). "Extracting electrical energy from the vacuum by cohesion of charged foliated conductors". Physical Review B. 30 (4):

coils, and a limiter. The support structure positioned and supported the vacuum tank which also shared the same spherical center as the large pulse transformer

heated to operating temperature the vacuum switch closed off the port (port S on the vacuum switch) turning off the vacuum to the heat riser. The result

(the longitudinal stiffness of the mattress alone is not sufficient). The vacuum mattress is put on a stretcher or possibly on a long spine board. The

two fragments. Here, “light” is broadly defined as radiation spanning the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) regions

open end of the vacuum pipe is placed. It is sealed against a rubber washer by the vacuum, with a pin to hold the pipe in place when the vacuum drops during

meetings, marches, punch-ups". In 1995 London AFA responded with its Filling the Vacuum strategy, which involved offering a political alternative in these communities

electron in the vacuum as a reference point for energies. This approach is not advisable unless one is careful to define exactly where the vacuum is. The

know why it worked, it just did".[citation needed] He always referred to the vacuum triodes developed by other researchers as "Oscillaudions", although there

know why it worked, it just did".[citation needed] He always referred to the vacuum triodes developed by other researchers as "Oscillaudions", although there

Eastern religions. Modern science does not equate vacuum with nothing. The vacuum in quantum field theory is filled with virtual particles. The quantum

second basis vector points in the direction of the Higgs boson makes the vacuum expectation value of H the spinor ( 0, v ) . The generators for rotations

approach zero, QED vacuum is converted to classical vacuum, which is to say, the vacuum of classical electromagnetism. Another field-theoretic vacuum is the QCD

PVLAS (Polarizzazione del Vuoto con LASer, "polarization of the vacuum with laser") aims to carry out a test of quantum electrodynamics and possibly detect

vacuums that operate with two motors, the best practice for representing the vacuum cleaner power is to prefix "2 X" in front of the power for one motor.

energy state within an atom. Dirac hypothesized that what we think of as the "vacuum" is actually the state in which all the negative-energy states are filled

not require a physical transmission medium, and so can travel through the vacuum of free space. Regions of the insulative vacuum can become conductive

flavour symmetry of the QCD Lagrangian is broken in the vacuum state of the theory. The symmetry of the vacuum state is the diagonal SU(Nf) part of the chiral

relativity, the Weyl–Lewis–Papapetrou coordinates are used in solutions to the vacuum region surrounding an axisymmetric distribution of mass–energy. They are

interval is reached, the vacuum pump is shut off and the vacuum chamber release valve is opened to equalize air pressure. The vacuum chamber is opened,

obtained by Werner Heisenberg and Hans Heinrich Euler in 1936. By treating the vacuum as a medium, it predicts rates of quantum electrodynamics (QED) light

system of a two-level atom interacting with a quantized field mode (i.e. the vacuum) within an optical cavity. It gave the nonintuitive prediction that the

meteors they occur from extremely slow cooling from a molten state in the vacuum of space when the solar system first formed. Once in the solid state,

heat The main competitor to the air brake is the vacuum brake, which operates on negative pressure. The vacuum brake is a little simpler than the air brake

under vacuum pressure. Scratches and cracks can result in implosions when the vacuum is applied. Wrapping as much of the glassware with tape as is practical

ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the vacuum permittivity and μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} the vacuum permeability. The equations have two major

from either the vacuum or heat source, and thus can remain in a state of reflux. To do this, the sample is first isolated from the vacuum by means of

particle–antiparticle pairs, such as electron–positron pairs, in the vacuum. In the vicinity of a charge, the vacuum becomes polarized: virtual particles of opposing

possible vacua are usually labeled by the vacuum expectation values of scalar fields, as Lorentz invariance forces the vacuum expectation values of any higher

In philosophy and early physics, horror vacui (Latin: horror of the vacuum) or plenism (/ˈpliːnɪzəm/)—commonly stated as "nature abhors a vacuum", for

permittivity εr which is the ratio of the absolute permittivity ε and the vacuum permittivity ε0 κ = ε r = ε ε 0   . {\displaystyle \kappa =\varepsilon

Much of what we now consider part of digital computing evolved during the vacuum tube era. Initially, vacuum tube computers performed the same operations

parts of Asia, including Japan and Taiwan. Design and composition of the vacuum coffee maker varies. The chamber material is borosilicate glass, metal

and Edwin Albrecht Uehling in 1935. According to quantum field theory, the vacuum between interacting particles is not simply empty space. Rather, it contains

up to 800 °C. Prolonged exposure to moisture degrades transmission in the vacuum UV range. It is less resistant to water than calcium fluoride, but it

600 lbf) of thrust and has a specific impulse of 311 s (3.05 km/s), while the vacuum optimized-version produces 25.8 kN (5,800 lbf) of thrust and has a specific

spontaneous symmetry breaking, these fermions acquire a mass proportional to the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field. This Higgs-fermion coupling was

scientists with a platform and infrastructure to deploy experiments in the vacuum of space without requiring a separate dedicated Earth-orbiting satellite

Alexander Grigoryevich Abramov (Russian: Александр Григорьевич Абрамов, born 20 February 1959) is a Russian businessperson, who until March 2022 was the

due to the asymmetry of the spectrum of a Dirac operator. For example, the vacuum expectation value of the baryon number is given by the spectral asymmetry

unnoticed until the 1930s. In 1909, L. F. Shackell independently created the vacuum chamber by using an electrical pump. No further freeze drying information

certainly a direct copy.[citation needed] The process of cooling and creating the vacuum was fairly slow, so Savery later added an external cold water spray to

charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate

a Poincaré-invariant state called the vacuum and demand it to be unique. Moreover, the axioms assume that the vacuum is "cyclic", i.e., that the set of

already using the Hoover name, and a possible legal copyright problem with the vacuum cleaner company. Since their formation, Hooverphonic's lineup consisted

Carroll (21 September 2012). The Vacuum Cleaner: A History. McFarland. p. 49 ISBN 0786465522 "Sucking up to the vacuum cleaner". www.bbc.co.uk. 30 August

wave impedance of a plane wave in free space) is equal to the product of the vacuum permeability μ0 and the speed of light in vacuum c0. Before 2019, the

electrostatic potential, both of which satisfy Poisson's equation—or in the vacuum, Laplace's equation. There is considerable overlap between potential theory

relatively high position of the valence band maximum with respect to the vacuum level. To grow GeSe crystals, GeSe powder is vaporized at the hot end

draws out fluid from the wound and increases blood flow to the area. The vacuum may be applied continuously or intermittently, depending on the type of

the least amount of energy from the vacuum. Typically, a quantum Boltzmann brain would suddenly appear from the vacuum (alongside an equivalent amount

April 1945) was an English electrical engineer and physicist who invented the vacuum tube, designed the radio transmitter with which the first transatlantic

radiation (or microwaves), while the vapor thus produced is removed by the vacuum system. Another indirect technique is drum drying (used, for instance

Virtual Wall Lighthouse. It initially confines the vacuum to one area to be cleaned. Once the vacuum reports the area being sufficiently cleaned (based

observer through spacetime. From the viewpoint of the accelerating observer, the vacuum of the inertial observer will look like a state containing many particles

atom, setting a bound on the size of quantum fluctuations of spacetime. The vacuum fluctuations provide vacuum with a non-zero energy known as vacuum energy

An alternating current in the primary coils accelerates electrons in the vacuum around a circular path. The betatron was the first machine capable of

vector potential Aμ, even if light has only two allowed polarizations in the vacuum. To remove the unphysical degrees of freedom, it is necessary to enforce

reduces other types of inclusions as well, and is seen as an alternative to the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) method that is prevalent in US industries. An example

are four basic parts in a space toilet: the liquid-waste vacuum tube, the vacuum chamber, the waste storage drawers, and the solid-waste collection bags

that extremizing the effective action yields the equations of motion for the vacuum expectation values of the quantum fields. The effective action also acts

contains an extra term responsible for the electric polarization of the vacuum. This potential was found by Edwin Albrecht Uehling in 1935. Uehling's

energy between the lowest energy state, the vacuum, and the next lowest energy state. The energy of the vacuum is zero by definition, and assuming that

(Performance Sails) and Gunnar Larsen (Nacra). The design takes its name from the vacuum infusion process used in its hull construction. The Nacra F18 Infusion

magnetization into account. In vacuum, the two fields are related through the vacuum permeability, B / μ 0 = H {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} /\mu _{0}=\mathbf

particle-antiparticle pair that eventually disappears into the vacuum, or for detecting a virtual pair emerging from the vacuum. In Feynman's language, such creation and

of the sphere. Many thought it was simply empty, while others argued the vacuum contained air or some finer aerial substance. Sound did not transmit through

is attached to the infant's head, exposing the infant to trauma due to the vacuum pressure and pulling force involved in the procedure. This form of assisted

Scottish chemist and physicist. He is best known for his invention of the vacuum flask, which he used in conjunction with research into the liquefaction

of a passing comet, gaining flaming hair and the ability to survive in the vacuum of space and generate comet-like gases. In Tales of the Legion of Super-Heroes

Lorentz-symmetric quantum field models are obviously a good approximation below the vacuum-energy threshold, in its close vicinity the relativistic description becomes

Extra insulation has been added within the skin of the carriages and even the vacuum toilets have been modified to operate in this extreme cold. The track

several ways that the vacuum bed can be designed to facilitate breathing. The most common is a tube running from outside of the vacuum bed into the person's

vapors and gaseous reaction products are prevented from contaminating the vacuum pump by a liquid-nitrogen or dry-ice/acetone cold trap. Special stopcocks

Ultra-high vacuum (often spelled ultrahigh in American English, UHV) is the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about 1×10−6 pascals (1.0×10−8 mbar;

evacuated glass envelope. When hot, the filament releases electrons into the vacuum, a process called thermionic emission. An added second electrode at a

lies in the interface and ion source between the liquid-based LC and the vacuum-base MS. The following interfaces were stepping-stones on the way to the

the idea that for a physical system, the lowest energy configuration (the vacuum state) is not the most symmetric configuration of the system. Roughly

to a change of the electronic band structure from the bulk material to the vacuum. In the weakened potential at the surface, new electronic states can be

replaced in the 1960s by the transistor, invented in 1947, which brought the "vacuum tube era" introduced by the triode to a close. Today triodes are used

indices at known wavelengths. The coefficients are usually quoted for λ as the vacuum wavelength in micrometres. Usually, it is sufficient to use a two-term

big kiss, but the hero backs away and flies off. Also, in the episode "The Vacuum Gun", when Polly is caught by Simon Bar Sinister's vacuum gun, she calls

allowing a large current to flow between the cathode and anode electrodes. The vacuum version is called a vacuum krytron, or sprytron. The krytron was one of

However, the vacuum we know is not the only possible vacuum which can exist. The vacuum has energy associated with it, called simply the vacuum energy,

or flying is the motion of an object through an atmosphere, or through the vacuum of outer space, without contacting any planetary surface. This can be

material is unavoidably also deposited on most other surfaces interior to the vacuum chamber, including the fixturing used to hold the parts. This is called

either the vacuum or heat source, so that the reflux may continue. To do this, the sample is first isolated from the vacuum through the taps. The vacuum over

the gravitational analogue of electromagnetic plane waves are precisely the vacuum solutions among the plane wave spacetimes. They are called gravitational

over to his son. He endeavoured to expand the Suevic kingdom to fill the vacuum left by the retiring Vandals and Alans. In 438 he defeated Andevotus,

earlier acoustic delay-line memory, at the speed of the electrons inside the vacuum tube, rather than at the speed of sound. The system was adversely affected

identified as the vacuum state, which is the basis for building all other states. In a non-interacting (free) field theory, the vacuum is normally identified

the only part of the curvature that exists in free space—a solution of the vacuum Einstein equation—and it governs the propagation of gravitational waves

electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube, the flow of ions inside a battery, and the flow of holes

improve cardiopulmonary function are employed. An alternative to surgery, the vacuum bell, was described in 2006; the procedure is also referred to as treatment

about two hours. Electric windshield wipers were available in addition to the vacuum-powered wipers. Three different convertible power top mechanisms (vacuum

important role. Finally, the discrepancies between the predicted value for the vacuum energy and the observed values (which, depending on considerations, can

(1602-1686) invented the vacuum pump, a device that can draw out air or gas from the attached vessel. He demonstrated the vacuum pump to separate the

bias voltage applied between the two allows electrons to tunnel through the vacuum separating them. The resulting tunneling current is a function of the

b_{k}|0\rangle =0} . Then the energy of the vacuum is exactly E0. Since all energies are measured relative to the vacuum, H is positive definite. Analysis of

P_{B}={\frac {B^{2}}{2\mu _{0}}}} where μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the vacuum permeability. Any magnetic field has an associated magnetic pressure contained

thin-film deposition. The source material is evaporated in a vacuum. The vacuum allows vapor particles to travel directly to the target object (substrate)

the reels by storing a short length of tape in the vacuum column under relatively low tension. The vacuum columns are chambers open at one end, the openings

suits are used by astronauts to protect them during ascent and while in the vacuum of space: space suits and space activity suits. Such suits are self-supporting

pre-sweep brush head is placed in front of the vacuum system to collect dust and debris before it can block the vacuum system. In the past it was important

Blue Diamond gains the power of flight and the ability to survive in the vacuum of space. The alterations to his body also reversed the effects of aging

as a maximum electric field or magnetic field before nonlinearity for the vacuum of E c = m e 2 c 3 q e ℏ ≃ 1.32 × 10 18 V / m {\displaystyle E_{\text{c}}={\frac

In physics, the vacuum level refers to the energy of a free stationary electron that is outside of any material (it is in a perfect vacuum). It may be

Current president Claudio Lotito took charge of the club in 2004, filling the vacuum that had existed following Cragnotti's departure. Lazio's traditional

developed a speculative theory that the non-zero lowest energy state of the vacuum, as predicted by quantum mechanics, might provide a physical explanation

developed a speculative theory that the non-zero lowest energy state of the vacuum, as predicted by quantum mechanics, might provide a physical explanation

scanning in the vacuum ultraviolet, Appl. Opt., 1965, 4, 1581. Wilkinson, P.G., The mechanism of the argon emission continuum in the vacuum ultraviolet

means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space. Information is carried by systematically changing (modulating)

grinder and the vacuum cleaner and works by capturing the larger particles of concrete in its drum, so only the fine particles reach the vacuum cleaner.

the cleaning of carpets. They were popular before the introduction of the vacuum cleaner and have been largely superseded by them. However, they continue

scientific interest, so instead the heat will be extracted and disposed of. The vacuum vessel is the central part of the ITER machine: a double-walled steel

the vacuum panel can form a thermal bridge which leads to a reduction of the effectiveness of the vacuum insulation. The effectiveness of the vacuum insulation

symmetry-breaking phase transition in the early universe when the topology of the vacuum manifold associated to this symmetry breaking was not simply connected

phase space by a magnitude α {\displaystyle \alpha } . It may also act on the vacuum state by displacing it into a coherent state. Specifically, D ^ ( α )

deuterium plasmas." To accomplish this, the poloidal field coils and the vacuum vessel were replaced. Construction began in November 1989 and was completed

this condition is equivalent to saying that the metric is a solution of the vacuum Einstein field equations (with cosmological constant), although both the

(plunger) is mounted on a flexible metal membrane that seals and maintains the vacuum. A screw shaft is attached to the plunger; when the shaft is turned the

non-perturbative tunneling effect, dramatically changing the picture of the vacuum structure of this quantum mechanical system. In fact the naive perturbation

semi-classical vacuum state of non-abelian Yang–Mills theories specified by the vacuum angle θ that arises when the state is written as a superposition of an

understanding the complex relationship between the plasma and materials inside the vacuum vessel of a fusion device and specifically will concentrate in understanding

bands have rotational fine structure. Electronic transitions occur in the vacuum ultraviolet regions. Its weak absorption in the visible spectrum results

eyes and mouth on the body of the vacuum cleaner, making a face, with the hose connector or hose as its nose. The vacuum cleaner has several variations

{\displaystyle 10^{-5}} Torr—checking of the integrity of the vacuum seals and the quality of the vacuum—air leaks, virtual leaks and other contaminants at low

as well. The line beyond the Vacuum Oil siding was closed in 1947 however the line remained open for freight to the Vacuum Oil siding until 1988 when

Garfield on a diet as punishment. Garfield uses the vacuum cleaner to suck out-of-place objects into the vacuum or fix paintings or pictures, and put out of

companies such as Hoover did not want to license the design, probably because the vacuum bag market was worth $500M and thus Dyson was a threat to their profits

built the game to showcase his additron tube, a miniature version of the vacuum tube, though the transistor overtook it in computer development shortly

Anderson's rule states that when constructing an energy band diagram, the vacuum levels of the two semiconductors on either side of the heterojunction

employee of the former firm. The origins of Electrolux are closely tied to the vacuum, but today it also makes major appliances. Electrolux made an initial

is an oil refinery processing unit that converts the residual oil from the vacuum distillation column into low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases, naphtha

EEA or χ, is defined as the energy obtained by moving an electron from the vacuum just outside the semiconductor to the bottom of the conduction band just

Birkhoff's theorem states that any spherically symmetric solution of the vacuum field equations must be static and asymptotically flat. This means that

physicist to propose that our universe originated as a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum. Tryon was born and raised in Terre Haute, Indiana. He took his first

analytical equipment used to study physical properties of materials or the vacuum chambers within which cryogenic systems are placed to execute operations

military withdrew from parts of northern Iraq, allowing the Kurds to fill the vacuum and regain lost control in those areas. After the invasion of Iraq, and

amplitude vanishes. As a corollary, a single photon cannot arise from the vacuum or be absorbed by it. The theorem was first derived by Wendell H. Furry

a German physicist working for Siemens & Halske which was involved in the vacuum lamp industry. In 1905 their product was tantalum lamps which required

June 2016, at Sector -29 Leisure Valley. It was created in order to fill the vacuum of spaces that are queer friendly and pave way to creating a culture of

Tribes to aggression from the Plains Indians. The Confederacy filled the vacuum. All of the Five Civilized Tribes as well as other surrounding tribes

switching, as in the case of digital circuits. The transistor replaced the vacuum-tube triode, also called a (thermionic) valve, which was much larger in

in the metal gain sufficient energy to escape their parent atoms into the vacuum of the tube, a process called thermionic emission. The AC to be rectified

mercury. If used incorrectly, this mercury can escape and contaminate the vacuum system attached to the gauge. McLeod gauges operate by taking in a sample

is therefore equivalent to the vacuum, since the vacuum can yield such a pair and such a pair will annihilate to the vacuum. Accordingly, these composites

astronomy, such as sounds being audible in space (a misconception because in the vacuum of space, sound has no medium in which to propagate). Plait's first book

and considered an important precursor to string theory. In their setup, the vacuum has the usual 3 dimensions of space and one dimension of time but with

government of Chief Evan Enwerem, in April 1991 did not waste time in filling the vacuum by re-establishing the university in Owerri. Two options were considered

Vacuum polarization, which involves pair production or the decay of the vacuum, which is the spontaneous production of particle-antiparticle pairs (such

system. When the vacuum is on, it pulls air from between the outer metal cup and the liner, drawing milk out of the teat. When the vacuum turns off, it

two different ways to mount the pump: either directly on the truck with the vacuum drive powered by the truck motor, or on the trailer with an independent

originally conceived by Maxwell. Maxwell made no special treatment of the vacuum, treating it as a material medium. For Maxwell, the effect of P was simply

When active, the two tape reels thus fed tape into or pulled tape out of the vacuum columns, intermittently spinning in rapid, unsynchronized bursts resulting

'Mitel' and 'Newbridge' Networks founder. William Morgan Inventor of the vacuum tube, Coolidge tube, Britain's first actuary, founding father of modern

quantum optics and can operate on any state. For example, when acting upon the vacuum, the squeezing operator produces the squeezed vacuum state. The squeezing

increased in the vacuum brake cylinder to apply the brakes, this being contrary to normal British railway practice, in which the vacuum is reduced to

very different to the temperature of other parts of the spacecraft. In the vacuum of space any part of the spacecraft which doesn't receive direct sunlight

Orissa Tributary States and Chhattisgarh States Agency in order to fill the vacuum of power created after the departure of the British and the wrapping up

volt power supply of the vehicle to the high voltage needed to operate the vacuum tubes in the radio. Early tube-type radios used dynamotors - essentially

power braking system consists of several distinct components, including the vacuum booster, master cylinder, brake fluid reservoir and lines, and calipers

of the fuel-air mixture intake). The fuel-air mixture was sucked in by the vacuum in the three crankshaft housings as usual. The Drehschieber does the intake

very different to the temperature of other parts of the spacecraft. In the vacuum of space any part of the spacecraft which doesn't receive direct sunlight

necessary. To achieve these low pressures, a vacuum chamber is needed. The vacuum chamber typically includes windows so that the atoms can be addressed

action when the neighbor runs over a squirrel with a vacuum cleaner. The vacuum cleaner is her neighbor's present for his wife. The squirrel's brush with

Cyclone. The Cyclone was completed just as the transistor was replacing the vacuum tube as an active computing element. The Cyclone had about 2,500 vacuum

instanton is a four-dimensional complete Riemannian manifold satisfying the vacuum Einstein equations. They are so named because they are analogues in quantum

mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy from 715, when he filled the vacuum in Neustria caused by the death of Pepin of Heristal, until 718, when

mechanism to quickly lift the evaporation flask from the heating bath. The vacuum system used with rotary evaporators can be as simple as a water aspirator

engine, which, unlike the Savery pump, employs a piston in a cylinder; the vacuum pulling the piston down to the bottom of the cylinder when water is injected

vacuum, the vacuum level shows the energy − e ϕ {\displaystyle -e\phi } , where ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is the electrostatic potential. The vacuum can be

pressure is actuated from the vacuum side of the mold as the form tooling opens, commonly referred to as air-eject, to break the vacuum and assist the formed

sustain life in an often demanding thermal and radiation environment in the vacuum of space. It may be expendable (used once, like Soyuz) or reusable (like

(valve) and also indirectly together with the vacuum brake. In the latter case, a control valve linked to the vacuum system controls the admission of steam

be literally pushed around. Some turntables could be powered by fixing the vacuum brake of the engine to the turntable and using that to turn the engine

flowing through the aspirator, water will suck out the air contained in the vacuum flask and the Büchner flask. There is therefore a difference in pressure

ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the vacuum permittivity, μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the vacuum permeability, and J is the current density

the vacuum. The fields A are operator-valued tempered distributions. The Hilbert state space is spanned by the field polynomials acting on the vacuum

formed. The existence of dissociative recombination is possible due to the vacuum of the interstellar medium. A typical example of dissociative recombination

for his postulation of the magnetic-field-induced superconductivity of the vacuum. Chernodub attended Lycée 145 in Kyiv from 1980 to 1990. He earned a bachelor's

rise to the paradox of simultaneous divine presence and absence within the vacuum and resultant Creation. Various approaches exist as to how the paradox

Helmut Reeh and Siegfried Schlieder in 1961. The theorem states that the vacuum state | Ω ⟩ {\displaystyle \vert \Omega \rangle } is a cyclic vector for

of quarks, antiquarks and sometimes gluons, spontaneously created from the vacuum. A highly successful description of QGP hadronization is based on statistical

philosopher Pierre Duhem, in Le système du monde, isolates Hennon's account of the vacuum and a plurality of worlds. Hennon believed that nature abhors a vacuum

the vacuum inside the tube increases. When the soil is wetted flow can also occur in the reverse direction: as water is added to the soil, the vacuum

test the system's ability to hold vacuum, and subsequently refill using the vacuum as suction for the new coolant. Typical minimum vacuum values are between

electron mass, ħ is the reduced Planck constant, and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. The vacuum permittivity ε0 is implicitly used as a nondimensionalization

of n is negative. Vacuum fluctuations exist even in a perfect vacuum. The vacuum fluctuations are influenced by conducting plates nearby. As a photon travels

order to shake dust and dirt out of them. It was in common use until the vacuum cleaner became widely affordable. Typically made of wood, rattan, cane

desorbs the sample from a surface. The vaporized sample is then ionized by the vacuum ultraviolet light and consequently sampled into a mass spectrometer. DAPPI

atmospheric pressure and causing the water to boil at room temperature. The vacuum evaporation treatment process consists of reducing the interior pressure

whisker-like projections over time. Tin whiskers were noticed and documented in the vacuum tube era of electronics early in the 20th century in equipment that used

Current research projects include: Density limit studies as a function of the vacuum rotational transform Using spectroscopic techniques to measure tungsten

First proposed by Italian Jesuit priest Francesco Lana de Terzi in 1670, the vacuum balloon would be the ultimate expression of lifting power per volume displaced

the outside air. The vacuum bag material is accessible in a tube shape or a sheet of material. Then, a vacuum is drawn on the vacuum bag, and atmospheric

propagation; c is the speed of light in vacuum; μ0 is the vacuum permeability; ε0 is the vacuum permittivity; c = 1 ε 0 μ 0 {\textstyle c={\frac {1}{\sqrt

bodies, the phenomena of capillarity, and also describe the experiment on the vacuum made by Otto von Guericke in 1654. The work is remarkable for the fact

and partly by the long-range scalar field ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } . The vacuum field equations of both theories are obtained when the stress–energy tensor

of vacuum tubes (thermionic valves). Tube testers evolved along with the vacuum tube to satisfy the demands of the time, and their evolution ended with

in the vacuum chamber in early October 2010. On 3 October 2010, Progress spacecraft was transported to hall 104 of the integration facility from the vacuum

called a superselection sector. We assume there is a pure state called the vacuum such that the Hilbert space associated with it is a unitary representation

~1011 V/m) such as those provided by lasers. Above the Schwinger limit, the vacuum itself is expected to become nonlinear. In nonlinear optics, the superposition

September 1913) was a physicist and spectroscopist who in 1893 discovered the vacuum ultraviolet. Schumann studied the extreme ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic

are usually buoyant. The vacuum mattress may reduce sacral pressures compared to backboards. The conforming nature of the vacuum mattress means that people

is described by field operators operating on some basic state called the vacuum. In order for the operators to project out the symmetric or antisymmetric

career as an assistant to the physical scientist Robert Boyle. Hooke built the vacuum pumps that were used in Boyle's experiments on gas law and also conducted

there exists an unstable Higgs particle in the theory, which drives the vacuum to a symmetry-broken phase (i.e, electroweak interactions.) In dynamical

traps molecules for an extended period and thereby removes them from the vacuum environment just like cryopumping. Early experiments into cryotrapping

traps molecules for an extended period and thereby removes them from the vacuum environment just like cryopumping. Early experiments into cryotrapping

architecture line, introduced in August 1961, that provided an upgrade path from the vacuum-tube IBM 705 computer. The 7080 weighed about 19,700 pounds (9.9 short

rotating vortex tubes, to model the electromagnetic field. He also modeled the vacuum as a kind of insulating elastic medium to account for the stress of the

invention of the air pump led to the invention of the vacuum pump and the vacuum tube. The vacuum tube lead to a revelation in many different areas.

designated the UNIVAC 1206. Another version, designated the G-40, replaced the vacuum tube UNIVAC 1104 in the BOMARC Missile Program. The machine was the size

bodies, the phenomena of capillarity, and also describe the experiment on the vacuum made by Otto von Guericke in 1654. The work is remarkable for the fact

atmospheric pressure (AP) to the heated inlet tube connecting the AP region to the vacuum of the mass analyzer. Initial ionization occurs as the pressure drops

from this, can be been used to rapidly mass-produce raised-relief maps. The Vacuum Forming technique, invented in 1947 by the Army Map Service in Washington

propellant carried within the vehicle; therefore a rocket can fly in the vacuum of space. Rockets work more efficiently in a vacuum and incur a loss of

pathologies. The Menninger brothers set about training analysts, to fill the vacuum that existed at that time. The act was first introduced by Congress in

{\displaystyle a^{\dagger }({\vec {k}})} to the vacuum. Applying all possible combinations of creation operators to the vacuum constructs the relevant Hilbert space:

also quench the vacuum state b α | 0 α ⟩ = 0 {\displaystyle b_{\alpha }|0_{\alpha }\rangle =0} as there has been no boson left in the vacuum state to be

of DDT to kill household pests such as cockroaches. The invention of the vacuum cleaner and simplification of furniture design may have also played a

resisting a soft pressure garment's natural tendency to stiffen against the vacuum. A self-contained oxygen supply and environmental control system is frequently

gluon field tensor is represented as Gμν, then the gluon condensate is the vacuum expectation value ⟨ G μ ν G μ ν ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle G_{\mu \nu }G^{\mu

total dose of the X-rays, the temperature of the surface and the level of the vacuum. Metals, alloys, ceramics and most glasses are not measurably degraded

satisfies the full Yang–Mills–Higgs equations of motion. Suppose the vacuum is the vacuum manifold Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } . Then, for finite energies

the electroweak theory. The particular number 246 GeV is taken to be the vacuum expectation value v = ( G F 2 ) − 1 / 2 {\displaystyle v=(G_{F}{\sqrt

the discharge caused a fluorescent glow to form on the glass walls of the vacuum tube, and that the glow could be made to shift by applying an electromagnet

investigate the cause of the accident, later criticising Angkasa Pura for the vacuum of power at Halim Perdanakusuma Airport for the past two weeks. Halim

rigorously removed from all household surfaces, and then the vacuum cleaner bag, and perhaps even the vacuum cleaner itself, discarded when this has been done

free him before they are sucked in the vacuum of space. However, they are prevented from being sucked into the vacuum, thanks to M-O and the WALL-As shutting

initialism to Super Valve Technology, with the word "valve" referring to the vacuum tubes (called "valves" in Britain and some other regions) used in the

circulation path can be held constant as they are accelerated. This allows the vacuum chamber for the particles to be a large thin torus, rather than a disk

established by Šamši-Adad I, when native warlords jockeyed for power in the vacuum left by its demise. Šamši-Adad had been an Amorite who founded a brief

all fantastic constructs. Jordan uses this power to fly, even through the vacuum of space, to create shields, swords, and lasers, and to construct his

high-speed travel utilizing the Hyperloop concept which was a variant of the vacuum train. The company was established on June 1, 2014, and reorganized and

system, the locomotives were fitted with a solenoid-operated valve into the vacuum train pipe, maintained in the closed position by a battery. At each distant

instead prevent air from entering at the coupling, since that would spoil the vacuum and allow air into the pump intake. Large diameter (4-inch (10 cm) or

gravitational constant was a consequence of zero-point fluctuations in the vacuum.: 162  Steve Carlip disputed one of Puthoff's 1989 papers for containing

tired of it, you turn it off and put it in the closet, you know, like the vacuum cleaner. (laughs) You pull it out when you want it. Oh you don't want

electron charge, mass, and radius, respectively; c is the vacuum speed of light and ϵ0 is the vacuum permittivity. The value of the constant is approximately

13th century with the favour of Popes Gregory IX and Alexander IV, in the vacuum left by the Counts of Tusculum. In the late years of the same century

year, she published the local existence and uniqueness of solutions to the vacuum Einstein equations, her most renowned achievement. Her work proves the

gap is the difference in energy between the vacuum and the next lowest energy state. The energy of the vacuum is zero by definition, and assuming that

principle this produces a lower pressure region just below the window. When the vacuum under the window is large enough, the airstream is pulled under the Labium

comes to his rescue, and uses the vacuum to pull him out. The little dog then exits the place in the same way. The vacuum bag somehow makes its way outdoors

Company to manufacture his device. William H. Hoover was so impressed with the vacuum cleaner that he bought into Spangler's business and patents. James Murray

ventricle by increasing the pressure gradient (blood is being pulled by the vacuum from the body and towards the right side of the heart). Simultaneously

the apparatus 4. A vacuum is applied (usually via a water aspirator via the vacuum inlet). The NMR tube cap forms a vacuum seal. Solvent 7 is drawn from

sitting in a vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber is connected to a vacuum pumping system and a leak detector. Once the vacuum has reached the mass spectrometer

refilled with inert gas. This cycle is usually repeated three times or the vacuum is applied for an extended period of time. One of the differences between

with gauge invariant operators and operator product expansions of them. The vacuum to vacuum correlation function for the product of two such operators can

generating a microwave signal from direct current electricity supplied to the vacuum tube. The use of magnetic fields as a means to control the flow of an

The Vacuum Tower Telescope is an evacuated-optics solar telescope located at the Teide Observatory on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. It is operated by

electromagnetic constants: namely, μ0 for the vacuum permeability or magnetic constant, ε0 for the vacuum permittivity or electric constant, and Z0 for

in which steam was admitted to an empty container and then condensed. The vacuum thus created was used to suck water from the sump at the bottom of the

North Strand"). As Guy fixes the vacuum, Girl becomes acquainted with his father, who seems to like her. Once the vacuum is repaired, Guy impulsively

in which steam was admitted to an empty container and then condensed. The vacuum thus created was used to suck water from the sump at the bottom of the

from the control room, which contains controls for the "pump down" of the vacuum chamber, the experiment vehicle pre-drop checkout, release and the data

to the difference of atmospheric pressure and the vacuum, but the pressure of the steam and the vacuum, a somewhat higher value. On the upward return

to modulated illumination falls off at lower frequencies compared to the vacuum devices. The frequency response of vacuum devices is generally limited

is continuous with the unique static spherically symmetric solution to the vacuum field equations, the Schwarzschild metric: d s 2 = ( 1 − 2 G M r c 2 )

device did. And at that time, it was supposed to be the dual of the vacuum tube. The vacuum tube had transconductance, so the transistor would have 'transresistance

Ludwig, G.O; Bosco, E. Del; Ferreira, J.G (2005-06-30). "Eddy currents in the vacuum vessel of the ETE spherical tokamak". Nuclear Fusion. 45 (7): 675–684

within his relativistic equation, Dirac developed in 1930 a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles with negative energy, later dubbed the

significant effort was put into the development of solid state replacements for the vacuum tube-based electronics inherited from the early-1950s Ajax, and a variety

sublimating ice. Ice would not last long in such warm conditions exposed to the vacuum of space, so that would suggest it is being brought to the surface to

emits electrons either by thermionic or field electron emission into the vacuum. In the case of a thermionic source, the electron source is mounted in

input signals from throttle angle and engine RPM. The vacuum switching valve (VSV) which controls the vacuum supply to the actuator is normally closed and

temperature, it is believed to have transitioned to a gaseous state due to the vacuum inside the vacutainer. This is similar to how water boils at a lower temperature

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center that can perform large-scale simulations of the vacuum and thermal environments that would be encountered in space. Built in

dielectric constant of the medium and ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the vacuum permittivity. For water at room temperature ( T ≈ 293  K {\displaystyle

centimetres (10 in) tall. A removable pot, with handle and lid, fits inside the vacuum flask. The pot and contents are heated to cooking temperature, and then

and must not give off trapped gas. The stainless-steel bellows isolates the vacuum inside the interrupter from the external atmosphere and moves the contact

two 8 m long, 1.6 m high cryopumps will be installed on each side of the vacuum vessel. The fatigue life of components operating with cycles between 4 K

high-value refined products. The de-asphalter unit is usually placed after the vacuum distillation tower and receives feed from the bottom (residuum) stream

draw the air out of internal cavities and the resin itself, then release the vacuum. Atmospheric pressure collapses the voids and forces the liquid resin

appears in syndicated show #336) Underdog #122 (The Vacuum Gun: Part 2) Episode #62 Underdog #123 (The Vacuum Gun: Part 3) Gene Hattree (The Trap) Go Go Gophers

as the energy difference between the Fermi level of the material and the vacuum level before contact and is denoted by ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } . When

easy, but his space suit ballooned from its internal pressure against the vacuum of space, stiffening so much that he could not activate the shutter on

invention, the cyclotron, Lawrence suspected that the air molecules in the vacuum chamber would neutralize the ions, and create a focused beam. Oliphant

In-space propulsion exclusively deals with propulsion systems used in the vacuum of space and should not be confused with space launch or atmospheric entry

their air drawn through by the vacuum system, so that washing and drying are not efficient. High energy consumption by the vacuum pump. Basically there are

The purpose of his experiment is to prove that the source of "horror of the vacuum" by nature comes from atmospheric pressure. For much of human history

and a vacuum pump to keep the vacuum chamber below ambient enough pressure. The workpiece is placed on the top of the vacuum chamber and thus held down

Spontaneous emission is a consequence of coupling between the atom and the vacuum fluctuations of the cavity field. A mathematical description of vacuum

vacuum of 1 mm Hg (for illustrative purposes). The flask is sealed from the vacuum source, and the frozen solvent is allowed to thaw. Often, bubbles appears

The result is a significantly increased drying rate of the product. The vacuum drying process is a batch operation performed at reduced pressures and

the Wayback Machine Heimir Björgúlfsson at Discogs. The Vacuum Boys official website. The Vacuum Boys at Discogs. Stilluppsteypa at Discogs. FIRE.inc

non-interacting fields of different masses) polarizes the vacuum, and as a consequence the vacuum state lies inside a renormalized Hilbert space H renorm

signaled to turn off the synchrotron as "he saw an arc in the tube". The vacuum was still excellent, so Langmuir and I came to the end of the wall and

homeowner, but the mouse comes out of the vacuum bag and is determined to get back at Krazy. The mouse switches on the vacuum near an unsuspecting Krazy who

development, which had the potential to render wired communication obsolete. The vacuum tube was the critical device. AT&T did not invent it but did purchase

high vacuum or ultra high vacuum. The term "roughing pump" derives from the vacuum range it works in, "rough vacuum", above 1x10−3 torr (0.1 Pa). Pumps that

For operations in the Netherlands, the vacuum brake equipment was disconnected. When returned to Britain, the vacuum brake was restored but the air brake

Einstein field equation. It can be separated into two kinds, a soliton of the vacuum Einstein field equation generated by the Belinski–Zakharov transform,

process: Insert sample(s) into a vacuum chamber, seal the vacuum chamber, pump down the vacuum, energize sample, thereby sending ions into the mass analyzer

pipeline and will prevent the milk or wash water from being sucked into the vacuum pump. Some milk handling systems eliminate the receiver bowl and transfer

and create constructs from it. Additionally, he can fly and survive in the vacuum of space. Beatty, Scott (2008), "Effigy", in Dougall, Alastair (ed.),

sustained him in the vacuum. The respirator was loud in his ears. His ship slammed into the gun bubble and the transport, the inability of the vacuum to transmit

dynamics for this field, we try and construct a scalar from the field. In the vacuum, we have L = − 1 4 μ 0 F a b F a b . {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=-{\frac

given above, which is appropriate when taking expectation values using the vacuum state of the creation and annihilation operators. The process of normal

rebuilding the vacuum shop. However, with El Camino's production, producer Melissa Bernstein recognized they would be shooting the vacuum shop and that

that the vacuum is the many-body quantum state in which all the negative-energy electron eigenstates are occupied. This description of the vacuum as a

the remaining integral for the vacuum bubble has an interpretation: it is a contribution to the energy density of the vacuum. Correlation functions are

electromagnetic field. The effect is predicted to lead to optical properties of the vacuum state in the presence of a strong magnetic field. Two-photon physics Browman

the possibility that the underlying state of our universe – known as the "vacuum" – is long-lived, but not completely stable. In this scenario, the universe

of its characteristic sound, it was nicknamed the "War Hoover" after the vacuum cleaner brand. The S-3 was developed in response to the VSX program conducted

the remaining integral for the vacuum bubble has an interpretation: it is a contribution to the energy density of the vacuum. Correlation functions are

physical phenomena and "phases", connected by phase transitions, in which the vacuum may be found. Global symmetries in a gauge theory may be broken by the

he misses his friend, takes the vacuum and trades it to Torelli, the local shopkeep, for wine. Torelli then finds the vacuum which has been "run" with pretend

fundamental fields E and B, without a built-in model of material media. Only the vacuum permittivity and permeability are used, and there is no D or H. When this

inspired by the goals of the LASS and came into existence in late 1998 in the vacuum that was created when LASS disappeared was the Los Angeles Songwriters

soil improvement, additional surcharge may be placed on top of the vacuum system. The vacuum preloading method is cheaper and faster than the fill surcharge

"Mechanics of vacuum cleaner without bag". 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2017-02-19. The Vacuum Cleaner: A History, by Carroll Gantz> U.S. patent 614,832 http://www.spencerturbine

Sleepsacks and body bags are also used as less rigid enclosure alternative to the vacuum beds, although some are made in inflatable form to increase pressure on

and vacuum tube theory, using introductory college-level mathematics. The Vacuum Tube FAQ – FAQ from rec.audio The invention of the thermionic valve. Fleming

IBM 700/7000 series, and was based on discrete transistors rather than the vacuum tubes of the 1950s. It was the company's first transistorized stored-program

directly on the membrane, and the membrane is placed on a porous screen on the vacuum chamber. Immobilization: The membrane is then baked in a vacuum or regular

solve the kink instability was to use highly conductive metal tubes for the vacuum chamber instead of glass. As the plasma approached the walls of the tube

\right)\mathbf {B} }{\mu _{0}}}} where μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the vacuum permeability. Magnetic tension forces also rely on vector current densities

shows a high rate of star formation, so it releases its peak radiation at the vacuum ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum, near the 121.567 nm

clauses as "particularly troubling". However, One Bad Egg wanted to fill the "vacuum" left by other publishers turning away from the new edition and produce

Stafford-Clark were inspired to make a drama that opened up the story beyond the "vacuum" it is often told in. They did this by expanding the roles of Pontius

Orchestral Association) in the summer of 1924. This thanks to the manager of the Vacuum Oil Company, Carls A. Muchaelsen, had donated kr. 2500 to honor a talented

Railways Act 1889. A vacuum ejector uses steam pressure to draw air out of the vacuum pipe and reservoirs of continuous train brake. Steam locomotives, with

since the vacuum state | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } is just the coherent state with α=0, all coherent states have the same uncertainty as the vacuum. Therefore

quantities, continuous vacuum fryers are available. In these installations, the vacuum frying pan is installed in a stainless steel vacuum tube. The infeed of

economic problems arose in the domestic fishing industry as it grew to fill the vacuum left by departing foreign fishing fleets. Eight regional fishery management

cleaner by Bissell. 3-liter fluid capacity; no heating element. A button on the vacuum-head dispenses the cleaning fluid (special soapwater) by air pressure

plastic vaporizes but the vacuum keeps the shape of the sand while the metal solidifies. When the metal has solidified, the vacuum is turned off and the

gas/liquid interface) as the liquid is cooled and reaches its triple point. The vacuum pump is stopped, causing an increase of pressure, the solid hydrogen formed

Thomas Newcomen who developed an "atmospheric" engine that also worked on the vacuum principle. It employed a cylinder containing a movable piston connected

\left(|h|^{2}-{\frac {v^{2}}{2}}\right)^{2}\ ,} where v {\displaystyle v} is the vacuum expectation value. The   L y   {\displaystyle \ {\mathcal {L}}_{y}\ }

provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. Gates appears in Adventures

Danilychev, V A; Popov, Yurii M (1971-01-31). "Stimulated emission in the vacuum ultraviolet region". Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics. 1 (1): 18–22

to a nonzero vacuum energy. These are discussed here as distinct from the vacuum solutions in which the cosmological constant is vanishing. Terminological

weapon. Annihilus is capable of self-propelled flight and can withstand the vacuum of space. He possesses an insectoid exoskeleton with armored components

trade unionists, street committees, hostel-dwellers and gangsters filled the vacuum brought about by the lack of political expression by the occupants of

applicable to both machine-driven and manual vacuum cleaners, dominated the vacuum cleaner industry in the United States until the 1920s. Born to Irish immigrants

Friedmann equations of general relativity, which simply require that the vacuum energy density dominates the energy content of the universe at time of

a time scale to be consistent with the vacuum energy explanation, although other credible sources argue the vacuum energy explanation might yet prove

{1}{\sqrt {\chi (x)}}},} where χ ( x ) {\displaystyle \chi (x)} represents the vacuum as a variable medium. Doubly special relativity Orders of magnitude (length)

computed from the metric tensor of a Lorentzian manifold. Regge showed that the vacuum field equations can be reformulated as a restriction on these deficit

postulated by general relativity implies that the vacuum energy should exert a gravitational force. Hence, the vacuum energy is expected to contribute to the

that guide the particles of the plasma so that they do not collide with the vacuum vessel wall. It is a four period low magnetic shear stellarator with major

rocket boosters provided the majority of the initial liftoff thrust. In the vacuum of space virtually all nozzles are underexpanded because to fully expand

mechanically produced by an external source. Some early gas engines worked on the "vacuum" or "atmospheric" principle in a similar way to the Newcomen steam engine

small(e.g. <10^-3 TorrLitre) concentrated flow that can be admitted to the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. It is typically based on the substance passing

When a vacuum is to be applied, it is a common practice to criss-cross the vacuum desiccator with tape, or to place it behind a screen to minimize damage

new record for the number of individuals—four—simultaneously exposed to the vacuum of space. Two significant scientific missions were launched in October:

technology and made significant improvements to the amplification capacity of the vacuum valve. Having seen a showing of the Lumière brothers' new motion picture

provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. Chemical King makes a cameo

will also condense oxygen. Any oxygen gas content in the vacuum line or any leak in the vacuum line will result in liquid oxygen mixed with the target

turn the 6-volt starter motor. The windscreen wipers were powered by the vacuum ported from the engine intake manifold — as the car laboured uphill the

simultaneously running ground control experiment. When spores were exposed to the vacuum of space, but shielded from solar radiation, their survivability was substantially

chances of a spin. The vacuum booster or vacuum servo is used in most modern hydraulic brake systems which contain four wheels, the vacuum booster is attached

chances of a spin. The vacuum booster or vacuum servo is used in most modern hydraulic brake systems which contain four wheels, the vacuum booster is attached

zero-point energy. It is this quantum fluctuation of electromagnetic fields in the vacuum that "stimulates" the spontaneous emission of radiation by electrons in

will also condense oxygen. Any oxygen gas content in the vacuum line or any leak in the vacuum line will result in liquid oxygen mixed with the target

joint dislocation, subluxation, and extremity fractures. Advantages of the vacuum splint include the ability to provide support whilst relieving pressure

are constructed by integrating over all possible fields, normalized by the vacuum expectation value with no external fields, ⟨ Ω | T { ϕ ( x 1 ) ⋯ ϕ ( x

distillation and the vacuum distillation units into lighter, more valuable products. Visbreaker unit upgrades heavy residual oils from the vacuum distillation

}]=|0\rangle \langle 0|} , where | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } is the vacuum state of the harmonic oscillator. They may be regarded as a (exponential

magnetic levitation, reducing g-forces when each capsule transitions from the vacuum tube to the atmosphere. A SPESIF 2010 presentation stated that Generation

metal prongs in the plug. Each terminal has a name, and in continuing the vacuum cleaner example, they might be "Neutral", "Live" and "Ground". Usually

used in the collection of blood. During venipuncture, pressure differences between the vein and the vacuum in the Vacutainer forces blood into the tube.

ancillary cold components. The full SRF cavity containment system, including the vacuum vessel and many details not discussed here, is a cryomodule. Entry into

point of observation at the specimen surface; the gas diffused away into the vacuum of the specimen chamber without any modification to the instrument. Further

stations (e.g. Tiangong). Ion thrust engines are generally practical only in the vacuum of space as the engine's minuscule thrust cannot overcome any significant

of the teat). Vacuum also helps keep the machine attached to the cow. The vacuum applied to the teat causes congestion of teat tissues (accumulation of

Hilbert space Z(Σ) is thought of as the vacuum state defined by M. For a closed manifold M the number Z(M) is the vacuum expectation value. In analogy with

These atoms then precipitate into solid form, coating everything in the vacuum chamber (within line of sight) with a thin layer of the anode material

allowing retention of higher vacuum levels. Therefore, the vacuum losses are less, which means the vacuum pump required is smaller than in conventional disc

observations of neutron star may confirm 80-year-old prediction about the vacuum". www.eso.org. Retrieved 5 December 2016. Mignani, R. P.; Testa, V.; González

window at the top of the tower, and two mirrors, reflect sunlight down the vacuum tube to the 64-inch primary mirror, 193 feet (59 m) underground. The primary

cannot be tested. Wheeler did not present explicit geon solutions to the vacuum Einstein field equation, a gap which was partially filled by Dieter R

another book titled Natural Philosophy, in which Apollophanes described the vacuum. A History of the Jews in Babylonia, Part 1: The Parthian Period – Jacob

εr is the insulator's relative permittivity ε0 is the permittivity of the vacuum A is the area d is the insulator thickness The production method depends

versions of the popular 12AX7, EL84, EL34, and 6L6 vacuum tubes. Many of the vacuum-tube amplifiers in modern production are factory-fitted with Sovtek valves

few to several nanometers along the tube axis, while poor screening in the vacuum or dielectric environment outside of the nanotube allows for large (0

where n is the refractive index; c is the speed of light in vacuum; ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. For non-monochromatic waves, the intensity contributions

and its first excited state. The mass gap is the spectral gap between the vacuum and the lightest particle. A Hamiltonian with a spectral gap is called

World Trade Organization (1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution) Dispute settlement in the World

increasingly stringent with the desired degree of vacuum to be achieved in the vacuum chamber. The materials can produce gas by several mechanisms. Molecules

vacuum cleaner, utilizing a spring-loaded worm gear driven by pulling the vacuum cleaner backwards; when pushing the machine forward, the worm gear would

Audion tube, invented in 1906 by Lee de Forest, solved these problems. The vacuum tube feedback oscillator, invented in 1912 by Edwin Armstrong and Alexander

metal, k is the Boltzmann constant, qe is the Elementary charge, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, and AG is the product of a universal constant A0 multiplied

(natural units) in which c = 1 and ħ = 1. A similar choice can be applied to the vacuum permittivity, ε0. One could eliminate either the metre or the second by

was an American carpenter and inventor. He is known as the cofounder of the Vacuum Oil Company with business partner Hiram Bond Everest. Ewing was born January

pumped down to a vacuum and then a small amount of gas is placed inside the vacuum chamber. This gas will spread out to fill the volume. When voltage is

(2009). Accreditation Sickness in the Consumption of Business Education: The Vacuum in AACSB Standard Setting. Management Learning 40 (4):411–420 N. Orwig

density, μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the vacuum permeability, and ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the vacuum permittivity. Both the electric current

negative terminal of the DC power supply, and seemed to be flying through the vacuum onto the walls of the bulb, a phenomenon that Edison observed in 1875

then discover a gas station selling "singing" cards. 2b 2b "Rabbids vs. the Vacuum Cleaner" Fabien Ouvrard Anne Hugo August 10, 2013 (2013-08-10) 102 2.50

vice-president of the Victorian Football League (VFL) and deputy chairman of the Vacuum Oil Company. Blair had an outstanding school sporting career and was the

locomotives which were placed in service on the four 25 kV networks. The vacuum circuit breaker was supplied by GEC. The original Class 6E1 AEI-283AZ

generic term hoover in some countries Also an idiomatic verb named after the vacuum cleaner, meaning to suck in or inhale D&B Hoovers, a business information

which is started after the establishment of Pakistan in 1949 to fill the vacuum created by closure of Non-Muslim educational institute in Peshawar after

then a Wu–Yang monopole emerges, which then disappears again to leave the vacuum in another Gribov copy. BPST instanton Dyon Instanton Monopole Sphaleron

remote Nike missile launch batteries. The radar netting system replace the vacuum tube AN/FSG-1 in 6 United States Missile Master bunkers after the upgrade

source, DC glow discharge and metal vapor arc (for metallic species). The vacuum chamber can be of two types - diode and triode type depending upon whether

1953 as the Standard Oil Platform, next to the oil refinery operated by the Vacuum Oil Company, and was used by refinery workers. Shortly after the company

point, yet affects the infrared (IR) physics significantly (e.g. because the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of some field depends sensitively upon the coefficient

heaters. This drives off gases, which are removed by continued operation of the vacuum pump. Low hydrogen annealing, or hydrogen bake-out, is used to help reduce

electrified mainlines country-wide for almost forty years. They worked the vacuum-braked goods and mainline passenger trains over the lines radiating south

proposed that the weight of the atmosphere, not an attracting force of the vacuum, held the water in the tube. In a letter to Michelangelo Ricci in 1644

then a Wu–Yang monopole emerges, which then disappears again to leave the vacuum in another Gribov copy. BPST instanton Dyon Instanton Monopole Sphaleron

provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows him to fly and survive in the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. Sun Boy makes non-speaking

is done with a single-effect vacuum boiling pan and a crystallizer. In the vacuum pan, the syrup is evaporated until it gets supersaturated with sugar.

that there was a need for an independent newspaper industry. To fill the vacuum created by the discontinuation of the Colombo Journal, two merchants of

vice-president of the Victorian Football League (VFL) and deputy chairman of the Vacuum Oil Company. Blair had an outstanding school sporting career and was the

interfaces. During the vacuum process, the circuit board is stationary, assuring no shifting parts.  Smooth travel into and out of the vacuum chamber, minimizing

low-mass capstan drive, and the low-friction and controlled tension of the vacuum columns, fast start and stop of the tape at the tape-to-head interface

of emission was banned by 1934, except for some legacy use on ships. The vacuum tube (valve) transmitters which came into use after 1920 transmitted code

premium quality oil on sale at Esso service stations.[citation needed] The Vacuum Oil Company began operating in Australia in 1895, introducing its Plume

"Henry". At another trade show, a children's hospital was interested in the vacuum cleaners to encourage the recovering children to help with the cleaning

d V , {\displaystyle Q=\mu _{0}\int \rho _{m}\psi \,dV,} where µ0 is the vacuum permeability. This is analog to the energy Q = q V E {\displaystyle Q=qV_{E}}

_{0}}{|Qq| \over r^{2}},} where ε0 = 8.8541878188(14)×10−12 F⋅m−1‍ is the vacuum permittivity. The SI unit of ε0 is equivalently A2⋅s4 ⋅kg−1⋅m−3 or C2⋅N−1⋅m−2

upper surface of the glass was then ground and polished spherical. When the vacuum was released, the lower surface of the plate returned to its original

distills the residue oil from the bottom of the crude oil distillation unit. The vacuum distillation is performed at a pressure well below atmospheric pressure

specialists have included commandos and troopers equipped to work in the vacuum of outer space, such as the zero gravity Spacetroopers depicted engaging

{\displaystyle \ g~.} The vacuum expectation value spontaneously breaks the chiral symmetry of the theory. More precisely, expanding about the vacuum with no vacuum

magnetization. If one views the perfectly magnetized state at zero temperature as the vacuum state of the ferromagnet, the low-temperature state with a few misaligned

^{(3)}\mathbf {EEE} +\cdots } where ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the vacuum permittivity and χ ( n ) {\displaystyle \chi ^{(n)}} is the n {\displaystyle

consequence: the expansion of the universe can create particles out of the vacuum. His work inspired research by hundreds of physicists and has been cited

Light to create the vacuum. Then a ray of divine light penetrated the vacuum and the persona of Adam Kadmon was projected into the vacuum. The first stage

evaporated. Additional methods included the Michigan grainer process and the vacuum pan process. In the 1920s, calcium sulphate was one of the most common

Following the fall of Rupert Thorne and Tony Falco, he was poised to fill the vacuum left by Rupert Thorne and Tony Falco. He sets up a hideout in an old warehouse

envelope with an opening to the vacuum can surround the electrodes, but usually the nude gauge is inserted in the vacuum chamber directly, the pins being

potentials on the Planck brane and TeV brane are different and causes the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field to change throughout the fifth dimension

become cancerous. Monocytes, the largest type of white blood cell, share the "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis) function of neutrophils, but are much longer

the sixth in the Suzunosuke Akado film series, after Suzunosuke Akado: The Vacuum Slash of Asuka, which was released in the same year on August 25. Suzunosuke

a|\alpha \rangle =\alpha |\alpha \rangle } , or as a displacement from the vacuum | α ⟩ = D ( α ) | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |\alpha \rangle =D(\alpha )|0\rangle

fiberglass sheet, which reflects infrared radiation that shines through the vacuum insulation from the 300 K exterior walls. Low thermal conductivity mechanical

large area liquid lithium PFC, CDX-U had a toroidal tray on the bottom of the vacuum chamber to contain the lithium. Even with this partial non-recycling PFC

of the naturally occurring noble gases, discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. As

1897 by Sir Joseph John Thomson, along with the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated

given the temperatures at which spacecraft try to operate) because in the vacuum of space neither convection nor conduction can work to transfer heat away

it can only connect one-particle states with the vacuum. That is, its expectation value between the vacuum and a many-particle state is null. On the other

game, and while Ryan has been killed, there remain those that vie for the vacuum left in his position of power. Rapture makes a brief appearance near the

{\displaystyle 10^{-5}} Torr—checking of the integrity of the vacuum seals and the quality of the vacuum—air leaks, virtual leaks and other contaminants at low

everything becomes homogeneous. As the inflationary field slowly relaxes to the vacuum, the cosmological constant goes to zero and space begins to expand normally

evidence, many still believe it to be caused by synovial fluid filling the vacuum left by the joint's displacement. In 2009, Donald L Unger was awarded

powerful industrial vacuum cleaner which is connected to the chamber. The vacuum cleaner generates a vacuum inside the sieving chamber and sucks in fresh

orientifold of type IIB string theory, with 32 half-D9-branes added in the vacuum to cancel various anomalies giving it a gauge group of SO(32) via Chan–Paton

mass market audio components, the vacuum tube has been replaced in modern times with the transistor and IC, the vacuum tube remains prominent in specialty

Hungary. Budakeszi lost a great number of its citizens due to the above and the vacuum was later filled with the settlement of families from other regions, such

$3 and $4 million worth in American dollars alone. As the company and the vacuum-flask market grew, it became increasingly protective of its trademark

climates. During the 19th century in America, prior to the advent of the vacuum cleaner, March was often the best time for dusting because it was getting

the crust to shatter and the hot interior of Earth to spill out into the vacuum of space, destroying the Earth, but only the colonists on the ark can

classical Klein–Gordon fields: For the quantized Klein–Gordon field in the vacuum state, we can calculate the probability density that we would observe

conservation law. If the wire is an infinite line, under conditions that the vacuum does not have winding number fluctuations which are coherent throughout

a defect in the vacuum bag, an improper application of the sealant tape, or an improper seal at the points where the hose meets the vacuum bag. Air leakages

escape through the surface barrier into free-electron-like states of the vacuum. In this step the electron loses energy in the amount of the work function

{Q}{V}}\,,} where λ f r e e {\displaystyle \lambda _{\rm {free}}} is the vacuum wavelength, n {\displaystyle n} is the refractive index of the cavity

{Q}{V}}\,,} where λ f r e e {\displaystyle \lambda _{\rm {free}}} is the vacuum wavelength, n {\displaystyle n} is the refractive index of the cavity

with a Legion Flight Ring. It allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. His ring has however been modified

repercussions of the civil war on the population in Northern Syria by filling the vacuum left by the withdrawal of Assad’s forces from northern Syria; its nuanced

the loop gain to just over unity). The oscillations would build until the vacuum tube's grid would start conducting current, which would increase losses

operator, its hermitian adjoint is an annihilation operator and destroys the vacuum, a ( k ) | ∗ , 0 ⟩ = 0. {\displaystyle a(k)\left|*,0\right\rangle =0.}

the relative permittivity of silicon dioxide ε0 = 8.854×10−12 F/m is the vacuum permittivity tox is the oxide thickness. A. P. Godse; U. A. Bakshi (2009)

provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. Although he has the equivalent

the International Space Station Zvezda module, which rejects heat in the vacuum of space. The class of silicone oils known as cyclosiloxanes has many

rotating continuously around the main valve, which provides the air or the vacuum necessary for the operation. In each pan it is carried out the filtration

awaited arrival of a self-assured emcee very conscious of his abilities, the vacuum in the genre, his audience’s expectations, and the right dose of hustle

charges—the particles on this trajectory have the quantum numbers of the vacuum.[citation needed] The pomeron was well accepted in the 1960s despite the

theatrical set builders to spot the stage potential of plastics. He used the vacuum forming machines to create a plastic set of armor for Man of La Mancha

Berkeley, California, constructed in 1939. The magnet is on the left, with the vacuum chamber between its pole pieces, and the beamline which analyzed the particles

manufacturing. The main applications today are RF plasmas of 2 to 160 MHz where the vacuum capacitor is used as the impedance variation part in an automatic matching

division. In contrast, some start-up art financiers have stepped into the vacuum created by the departing banks, such as former corporate raider Asher

The grid Audion, which de Forest called "my greatest invention", and the vacuum tubes developed from it, dominated the field of electronics for forty

Universe Today. Retrieved 14 March 2023. … in the process of looking at how the vacuum responds to these shapes, he and his team noticed something completely

means that M is naturally of the order of the vacuum expectation value of the standard model Higgs field, the vacuum expectation value (VEV) v ≈ 246 G e V

(parent) molecule. An infrared laser is directed through a window into the vacuum of the mass spectrometer where the ions are. The mechanism of fragmentation

and developed a blue glow at modest plate voltages; De Forest improved the vacuum for Federal Telegraph. By 1912, vacuum tube operation was understood,

able to throttle to 50% of maximum thrust.[citation needed] Meanwhile, the vacuum optimized version would have a maximum thrust of 890 kN (200,000 lbf)

dimensionless Avogadro number of entities such as atoms or particles. The vacuum permittivity and Boltzmann constant are ε0 and kB. Misner, Charles W.;

provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. He initially wears three rings

provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows him to fly and protects him from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. Element Lad makes non-speaking

the secondary electrons that are emitted by the phosphor particles in the vacuum of the CRT. The anode cap connection in modern CRTs must be able to handle

of on only two bogie pivot centres, the frame could be made lighter. The vacuum cylinders which actuated brake blocks on the rigidly mounted wheels were

line. The beam pipe, made out of beryllium, had a diameter of 16 cm. The vacuum inside was about 10−15 atm. ALEPH Collaboration (15 May 1983). ALEPH :

the so-called BPST instanton which, in turn, led to the discovery of the vacuum angle in QCD. His path integral formulation of string theory had profound

provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows her to fly and protects her from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. XS makes a non-speaking cameo

convey'd through the vacuum by the Vibrations of a much subtiler Medium than Air, which after the Air was drawn out remained in the Vacuum? And is not this

electrified mainlines country-wide for about forty years. They worked the vacuum-braked goods and mainline passenger trains over the lines radiating south

In early March, containment tests on Soyuz TMA-18 were carried out at the vacuum chamber facility. Specialists from the TsSKB-Progress in Samara and Yuzhny

James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. The first synthesis of the stable isomer form of liquid hydrogen

exponent) is actually contracting. The Kasner metric is a solution to the vacuum Einstein equations, and so the Ricci tensor always vanishes for any choice

proposed as a substitute for the partition plan but as an effort to fill the vacuum soon to be created by the termination of the mandate on May 15. The trusteeship

\mathbf {\hat {r}} } is a vector of length 1 pointing from Q to q and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. The work W required to move q from A to any point B in the

Super-Heroes, she wields a Legion Flight Ring, which allows her to fly in both the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments, and was additionally modified

International Space Station as well as in ground-based laboratories, but not in the vacuum of space. The battery-powered, self-contained units can operate semi-autonomously

the internal board will allow, or the image becomes too detailed for the vacuum tube to recreate (i.e., analog blur). Thus, CRTs provide a variability

return pool. The fibrous slurry is sprayed from below onto the mold, and the vacuum draws the slurry tightly against the mesh, filling all gaps and spaces

movies (1923), black-and-white and color TV, video telephones, radar, the vacuum tube, medical equipment, the development of the phonograph record and

each other, or flavor SU(3). Flavor SU(3) is an approximate symmetry of the vacuum of QCD, and is not a fundamental symmetry at all. It is an accidental

extensive damage to over 50 superconducting magnets, their mountings, and the vacuum pipe. During its first run (2010–2013), the LHC collided two opposing

the earliest account on von Guericke's experiments on air pressure and the vacuum in 1657, titled Experimentum Novum Magdeburgicum as an appendix of his

could not be produced with an electric spark, but were achieved with the vacuum tube electronic oscillator, invented around 1913 by Edwin Armstrong and

length of hair desired. The vacuum is turned on, the cutting head powered up, and the cutting head placed over the head. The vacuum sucks the hair through

and were specifically designed for passenger traffic, at which point the vacuum brake fittings were removed and No. 5 was sent to work with the other

working on QED, Feynman sought to model particles without fields and find the vacuum truly empty. As each known fundamental force is apparently an effect of

votre manteau). Pass someone money. – Lend someone money. Pass the vacuum. – Run the vacuum (or do the vacuuming) The use of French grammar (NS): Many of

act on quantum states of the theory. The lowest energy state is called the vacuum state. Even within the setting of canonical quantization, there is difficulty