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Find link is a tool written by Edward Betts.Longer titles found: Expected value (disambiguation) (view), Expected value of including uncertainty (view), Expected value of perfect information (view), Expected value of sample information (view)
searching for Expected value 174 found (1090 total)
alternate case: expected value
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probability plot, the quantiles one uses are the rankits, the quantile of the expected value of the order statistic of a standard normal distribution. More generallyRao–Blackwell theorem (2,176 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
construct a very crude estimator g(X), and then evaluate that conditional expected value to get an estimator that is in various senses optimal. The theorem isCredit spread (options) (1,188 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
underlying at expiration is in between the strikes of the options. Expected value = (credit received * short leg OTM probability) - (maximum loss * longVon Mises–Fisher distribution (4,915 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the expected value is: A p ( κ ) μ {\displaystyle A_{p}(\kappa ){\boldsymbol {\mu }}} . For κ = 0 {\displaystyle \kappa =0} , the expected value is atMartingale (probability theory) (3,468 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
probability theory, a martingale is a stochastic process in which the expected value of the next observation, given all prior observations, is equal to thePolitical risk (1,738 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
will significantly affect the profitability of a business actor or the expected value of a given economic action. Political risk can be understood and managedExcess mortality (1,180 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
during a time period and/or in a certain group, as compared to the expected value or statistical trend during a reference period (typically of five years)Fixed-odds betting (2,019 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
fixed-odds arbitrage actions and Dutch books. When a bet has a positive expected value, it is said to be getting "the best of it." In contrast, "laying odds"Rational expectations (2,091 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
this is typically modelled by assuming that the expected value of a variable is equal to the expected value predicted by the model. For example, suppose22 nm process (772 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
below 0.5 nm (about twice the diameter of a silicon atom), which is the expected value at the 22 nm node. This is an indication that CMOS scaling in this areaAnomaly (natural sciences) (380 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
an anomaly is a persisting deviation in a physical quantity from its expected value, e.g., the systematic difference between a measurement and a trend orMoran's I (1,510 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
conclusions you make about a phenomenon, especially when using distances. The expected value of Moran's I under the null hypothesis of no spatial autocorrelationFixer Upper (TV series) (1,645 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
clawfoot bathtubs, and barn doors, sold at an average of 30 percent above expected value. In addition, the show generated an increase in tourism and economicHyperexponential distribution (754 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
connection with rate λ2. Since the expected value of a sum is the sum of the expected values, the expected value of a hyperexponential random variableAutoregressive integrated moving average (3,362 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Specifically, ARMA assumes that the series is stationary, that is, its expected value is constant in time. If instead the series has a trend (but a constantConvexity (finance) (834 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
in probability theory: the expected value of a convex function is greater than or equal to the function of the expected value: E [ f ( X ) ] ≥ f ( E [ XDeviation (statistics) (1,842 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article
true value of a quantity of interest (where true value denotes the Expected Value, such as the population mean) is an error. A deviation that is the differenceHeston model (1,771 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
long-run average variance of the price; as t tends to infinity, the expected value of νt tends to θ. ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , the correlation of the twoHalo nucleus (929 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
experiments, which show the nucleus to be much larger than the otherwise expected value. Normally, the cross-section (corresponding to the classical radius)Endowment effect (4,978 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
similar value. For example, participants first given a pen of equal expected value to that of a coffee mug were generally unwilling to trade, whilst participantsLaw of total variance (1,741 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (\operatorname {E} [Y\mid X])} are called the expected value of the process variance (EVPV) and the variance of the hypotheticalUncorrelatedness (probability theory) (1,739 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
special case where at least one of the two random variables has an expected value of 0. In this case, the covariance is the expectation of the productAdaptive expectations (995 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
means that the expectation can tend toward the direction of the future expected value that would be closer to the actual value, this allows a prediction toGeneralized multivariate log-gamma distribution (1,019 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
+t_{i}/\mu _{i})}{\partial t_{i}^{k}}}\right]_{t_{i}=0}.} Marginal expected value Y i {\displaystyle Y_{i}} is as the following: E ( Y i ) = 1 μ i [Little hierarchy problem (1,010 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
enough to make the renormalized Higgs mass completely natural. The expected value of the Higgs mass is about 10% of the size of the loop corrections whichConservation of energy (6,268 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
scale. In quantum mechanics, Noether's theorem is known to apply to the expected value, making any consistent conservation violation provably impossible, butBinomial test (1,886 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
numbers of events in either direction from the expected value is either more than or less than the expected value. The probability of that occurring in ourSiegel's paradox (1,158 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
year has an expected value of 1.25 apples. The orange consumer now has given up an orange for an apple, which next year has an expected value of 1.25 orangesAverage absolute deviation (1,674 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
79788456\ldots } . Thus if X is a normally distributed random variable with expected value 0 then, see Geary (1935): w = E | X | E ( X 2 ) = 2 π . {\displaystyleWhite noise (4,020 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
^{2}} . The power spectrum P of a random vector w can be defined as the expected value of the squared modulus of each coefficient of its Fourier transformC4.5 algorithm (831 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
this case, C4.5 creates a decision node higher up the tree using the expected value of the class. Instance of previously unseen class encountered. AgainLaw of total covariance (537 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
variables whose values depend on the value of Z. Note that the conditional expected value of X given the event Z = z is a function of z. If we write E( X | ZIntelligent agent (6,215 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
goals. They are designed to create and execute plans that maximize the expected value of this function upon completion. For example, a reinforcement learningJohn Larry Kelly Jr. (996 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
estimate what proportion of wealth to risk in a sequence of positive expected value bets to maximize the rate of return. He was born in Corsicana, TexasEfficiency factor (204 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Efficiency factor is a ratio of some measure of performance to an expected value. In data communications, the factor is the ratio of the time to transmitSmearing retransformation (132 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle f(X)} and variance σ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}} then, the expected value of y is given by: y = exp ( f ( X ) ) exp ( 1 2 σ 2 ) . {\displaystyleEfficiency factor (204 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Efficiency factor is a ratio of some measure of performance to an expected value. In data communications, the factor is the ratio of the time to transmitReynolds decomposition (385 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
quantity u {\displaystyle u} such that their time average equals zero. The expected value, u ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {u}}} , is often found from an ensembleFair coin (2,164 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
are equally likely. This can be extended to any multiple of 2. The expected value of flips at the n game E ( F n ) {\displaystyle E(F_{n})} is not hardMarginal conditional stochastic dominance (507 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
into another. Each risk-averse investor is assumed to maximize the expected value of an increasing, concave von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function.Risk premium (2,749 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
increasing to $800 the expected value of choosing between doors 1 and 2, the risk premium becomes $300 (i.e. $800 expected value minus $500 guaranteedValue breakdown structure (701 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
or program. Similarly, a value breakdown structure will provide the expected value-added of each activity and/or component of the project (or projectsNomogram (2,470 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the expected value. An observed value of 81 would use the tick mark above 81 in range E, and curved scale E would be used for the expected value. ThisList of inequalities (709 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
probability that the sum of independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than any specified amount Bhatia–Davis inequality, an upperSingle-index model (828 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
stock return is influenced by the market (beta), has a firm specific expected value (alpha) and firm-specific unexpected component (residual). Each stock'sConditional variance (1,099 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
expected value. The expected value can be thought of as a reasonable prediction of the outcomes of the random experiment (in particular, the expectedMean time between failures (2,994 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
uptime}}-{\text{start of downtime}})}}{\text{number of failures}}}.} The MTBF is the expected value of the random variable T {\displaystyle T} indicating the time untilMultiple comparisons problem (2,558 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
versus an expected value of 2.06. The blue point corresponds to the fifth smallest test statistic, which is -1.75, versus an expected value of -1.96.Loewner's torus inequality (819 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the flat one. Then the expected value E(X 2) of X 2 expresses the total area of the given metric. Meanwhile, the expected value E(X) of X can be relatedChristian agnosticism (2,277 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
as Pascal's Wager: the infinite expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not acknowledging his existenceVariational message passing (839 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
from the normalization factor. The algorithm begins by computing the expected value of the sufficient statistics for that vector. Then, until the likelihoodJump bidding (1,323 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Xenia also does not jump, she can win the item and pay Y. And, the expected value of Y conditioned on Y < X {\displaystyle Y<X} is only 2 X / 3 {\displaystyleProofs involving ordinary least squares (5,246 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
\end{aligned}}} where E[ε|X] = 0 by assumptions of the model. Since the expected value of β ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\beta }}} equals the parameter it estimatesExpected commercial value (320 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
budgeting technique, in that it allows an analyst to compare each project's expected value against its net present value as usually calculated, i.e. using plannedGeneralized additive model (5,716 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
function g (for example the identity or log functions) relating the expected value of Y to the predictor variables via a structure such as g ( E ( YMedici (board game) (249 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
to each lot of cards, buying them for a price appropriate to their expected value and the riskiness of the investment. Medici placed 5th in the 1995 DeutscherLongtermism (3,738 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
extremely high expected value. An illustration of this problem is Pascal’s mugging, which involves the exploitation of an expected value maximizer viaWhittaker–Shannon interpolation formula (785 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
infinite sum of samples raised to a power p does not have a finite expected value. Nevertheless, the interpolation formula converges with probabilityRegret (decision theory) (2,987 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article
even if those choices are not optimal from a purely probabilistic expected-value perspective. Regret is a powerful negative emotion with significantAutoregressive model (5,421 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
_{t}} equal to zero (because we forecast Xt to equal its expected value, and the expected value of the unobserved error term is zero). The output of theFano noise (343 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the value - note the variance is average squared distance from the expected value), showing there is an interaction between ionization acts. A Fano factorCertainty effect (367 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
risk-aversion phenomenon in prospect theory and framing effect because the expected value of option B ($45x0.8=$36) exceeds that of A by 20%. Now, consider thisTries (61 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
Look up tries in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tries may refer to the plural form of: Try (rugby) Try, a conversion (gridiron football) Trie, a prefixWiener sausage (648 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
becomes long (t→∞). Spitzer (1964) showed that in 3 dimensions the expected value of the volume of the sausage is E ( | W δ ( t ) | ) = 2 π δ t + 4 δCalor licitantis (403 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
licitantis, the price of an item was driven above and beyond its typical or expected value. According to the Corpus Juris Civilis, the official body of Roman lawLag operator (938 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
^{i}X_{t}=(1-L)^{i}X_{t}\ .} It is common in stochastic processes to care about the expected value of a variable given a previous information set. Let Ω t {\displaystylePolynomial regression (2,418 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
problems.[citation needed] The goal of regression analysis is to model the expected value of a dependent variable y in terms of the value of an independent variableBlack-box testing (821 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Specific knowledge of the application'sDrag cost (388 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the impact at the project level due to: 1. A reduction in a project's expected value because of later completion, or 2. An increase in a project's cost dueLexicographic dominance (711 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
very near 1, and the value of w is 0, then the expected value of B is near 0.9 while the expected value of A is near 0.8. B ⊁ s d A {\displaystyle B\notLocation testing for Gaussian scale mixture distributions (643 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
958..., thus the classical 95% confidence interval for the unknown expected value of Gaussian distributions covers the center of symmetry with at leastSample mean and covariance (2,206 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the population) makes a good estimator of the population mean, as its expected value is equal to the population mean (that is, it is an unbiased estimator)Cost of delay (519 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
achieve". More formally, it is the partial derivative of the total expected value with respect to time. Cost of Delay combines an understanding of valueAgnosticism (8,540 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
as Pascal's Wager: the infinite expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not acknowledging his existenceCost of delay (519 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
achieve". More formally, it is the partial derivative of the total expected value with respect to time. Cost of Delay combines an understanding of valueChallenge–response authentication (1,540 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
server Server calculates the expected value of cr and ensures the client responded correctly Client calculates the expected value of sr and ensures the serverMaximum entropy probability distribution (4,479 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
distribution which attains the maximal entropy. It is also possible that the expected value restrictions for the class C force the probability distribution to beFriendship paradox (3,332 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
simply comes from the fact that each edge has two vertices. So the expected value of the number of friends of a (randomly chosen) friend is ∑ v ( d (CVSO 30 (772 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
suspected planet CVSO 30 b had drifted nearly 180 degrees from the expected value, thus ruling out the existence of the planet. Instead, a rare type ofCluster-weighted modeling (803 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
probability density p(y|x) from which the prediction using the conditional expected value can be obtained, with the conditional variance providing an indicationEconometrics (2,282 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
unbiasedness, efficiency, and consistency. An estimator is unbiased if its expected value is the true value of the parameter; it is consistent if it convergesDirect current (1,922 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
zero-mean time-varying AC component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time. AlthoughStatistical dispersion (936 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
portions of A's probability density function while leaving the mean (the expected value) unchanged. The concept of a mean-preserving spread provides a partialRestrictive lung disease (998 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
definition requires a total lung capacity which is 80% or less of the expected value. Medical treatment for restrictive lung disease is normally limitedInverse gambler's fallacy (785 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
Mathematics portal Gambler's fallacy Gambler's conceit Gambling Terminology: Expected Value, Gambler's Fallacy, Inverse Gambler's Fallacy, Bookmaker, Shill, SpreadDisk (mathematics) (1,674 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
internal location, our aim (looking at the diagram) is to compute the expected value of r under a distribution whose density is 1/π for 0 ≤ r ≤ s(θ), integratingJosé Encarnación Jr. (1,130 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
criteria: (1) expected value, (2) the possibility of a large loss, (3) the possibility of maximal gain, and finally (4) expected value once more. UnlikeAvailability (1,748 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
The simplest representation of availability (A) is a ratio of the expected value of the uptime of a system to the aggregate of the expected values ofModularity (networks) (2,962 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
) {\displaystyle J_{vw}=\sum _{i=1}^{k_{v}}I_{i}^{(v,w)}} , so the expected value of this quantity is E [ J v w ] = E [ ∑ i = 1 k v I i ( v , w ) ] =Liar's dice (1,087 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the total unknown dice. A bid of the expected quantity (or twice the expected value when playing with wilds), rounded down, has a greater than 50% chanceFocused information criterion (861 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
bias b j {\displaystyle b_{j}} , as it involves the distance from the expected value of the estimator to the true underlying quantity to be estimated, andPascal's mugging (1,566 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
2007. Balfour 2021. Russell 2022. Holden Karnofsky, Why We Can’t Take Expected Value Estimates Literally (Even When They’re Unbiased). GiveWell Blog AugustAlpha (finance) (1,120 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
idiosyncratic risk It can be shown that in an efficient market, the expected value of the alpha coefficient is zero. Therefore, the alpha coefficient indicatesThought (13,707 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the highest expected value. Each alternative can lead to various possible outcomes, each of which has a different value. The expected value of an alternativeDecideIT (610 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
discriminative power and more informative means for decision evaluation when expected value intervals are overlapping. The software has been used for addressingOrder statistic (4,933 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Y ( 0 ) 2 {\displaystyle f_{X}(x^{*})={\frac {g_{Y}(0)}{2}}} . The expected value of the first order statistic Y ( 1 ) {\displaystyle Y_{(1)}} given aMacro risk (682 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
forecasts of future company earnings are used to estimate the current and expected value of the investment being studied. Macro risk factors include any economicGirsanov theorem (1,568 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the measure in which the fair value of a derivative is the discounted expected value, Q, is specified by d Q d P = E ( ∫ 0 t r s − μ s σ s d W s ) . {\displaystyleQuantum noise (3,906 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
suppressed. In general, noise is uncontrolled random variation from an expected value and is typically unwanted. General causes are thermal fluctuations,Winters's formula (796 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
have a concomitant respiratory acidosis. Winters's formula gives an expected value for the patient's PCO2; the patient's actual (measured) PCO2 is thenDenim (1,746 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
February 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022. "By 2026, the denim market expected value will be $ 79.1 billion". Techno Fashion World. 5 January 2022. RetrievedPoint particle (1,047 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
size of an electron is less than 10−18 m. This is consistent with the expected value of exactly zero. (This should not be confused with the classical electronUnbiased rendering (460 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
needed for a clean image. In mathematical terms, an unbiased estimator's expected value (E) is the population mean, regardless of the number of observationsCritical path drag (1,065 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
often combined with an estimate of the increased cost and/or reduced expected value of the project due to each unit of the critical path's duration. ThisForecasting (5,326 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the expected value of a residual as a function of the known past residuals, and adjusting the forecast by the amount by which this expected value differsFair value accounting and the subprime mortgage crisis (2,287 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
current market value rather than their historic cost or some future expected value. When the market for such securities became volatile and collapsed,Chi-squared test (2,432 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
5 from the absolute difference between each observed value and its expected value in a 2 × 2 contingency table. This reduces the chi-squared value obtainedPar (score) (2,743 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
originated from the stock exchange, where it was used to describe the expected value of stocks. The transition to golf was made by writer A. H. Doleman priorMode (statistics) (2,010 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
median and the centerpoint. For some probability distributions, the expected value may be infinite or undefined, but if defined, it is unique. The meanMetamorphic testing (1,128 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
for sine functions is "sin (π − x) = sin x". Thus, even though the expected value of sin x1 for the source test case x1 = 1.234 correct to the requiredSpectral density (5,864 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"noisy"; however this can be alleviated if it is possible to evaluate the expected value (in the above equation) using a large (or infinite) number of short-termLogrank test (1,532 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle N_{i,j}} , O j {\displaystyle O_{j}} . This distribution has expected value E i , j = O j N i , j N j {\displaystyle E_{i,j}=O_{j}{\frac {N_{i,j}}{N_{j}}}}Ethics of uncertain sentience (1,423 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
have a moral obligation to treat them as if they are sentient; and the expected value principle, which asserts that we are "morally required to multiply ourMain effect (1,279 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
freedom. The expected value for the mean of the responses in column i is μ + β j {\displaystyle \mu +\beta _{j}} while the expected value for the meanQuantization (signal processing) (6,363 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
y_{k}} within each interval I k {\displaystyle I_{k}} to the conditional expected value (also referred to as the centroid) within the interval, as given by:Sanity check (1,479 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
estimates will often provide insight on the order of magnitude of an expected value. In software development, a sanity test (a form of software testingGamma process (814 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
\Gamma (z)} is the Gamma function. The moment generating function is the expected value of exp ( t X ) {\displaystyle \exp(tX)} where X is the random variableBackward induction (3,605 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
$ 100 {\displaystyle \$100} with 1/2 probability, for an average ('expected') value of $ 100 + $ 44 2 = $ 72 {\displaystyle {\frac {\$100+\$44}{2}}=\$72}Vintage car (2,003 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
less interested in any short-term value seeking to capitalize on an expected value rise over a period of years and a vehicle must have certain intrinsicU-statistic (1,553 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
values. However, it is a minimum variance unbiased estimate of the expected value of the median of three values, not the median of the population. SimilarChernoff bound (5,089 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
M ( t ) e − t a {\displaystyle M(t)e^{-ta}} can be expressed as the expected value E ( e t X ) e − t a {\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (e^{tX})e^{-ta}}Information matrix test (577 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
)}{\partial \mathbf {\theta } }}\right)^{\mathsf {T}}\right]} that is the expected value of the outer product of the gradient or score. Second, it can be writtenTelescoping series (1,866 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"occurrences" in any time interval having a Poisson distribution whose expected value is proportional to the length of the time interval. Let Xt be the numberConcentration (card game) (1,452 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
{\displaystyle n\to \infty } . For a standard deck of 52 cards, the expected value is ≈ 41.6 {\displaystyle \approx 41.6} moves. Over the course of theConfidence interval (3,989 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
estimate a population parameter, such as the mean. For example, the expected value of a fair six-sided die is 3.5. Based on repeated sampling, after computingVolatility (finance) (3,057 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
are normally distributed with mean zero and standard deviation σ, the expected value of the magnitude of the observations is √(2/π)σ = 0.798σ. The net effectMeasurement (3,702 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
measurements. In practical terms, one begins with an initial guess as to the expected value of a quantity, and then, using various methods and instruments, reducesMallows's Cp (1,093 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
value from the regression model for the ith case, E(Yi | Xi) is the expected value for the ith case, and σ2 is the error variance (assumed constant acrossAumann's agreement theorem (1,199 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
to agent a {\displaystyle a} in a state s {\displaystyle s} if the expected value of f a {\displaystyle f_{a}} at s {\displaystyle s} is positive. TheNetwork science (9,906 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle G(N,p)} ) we can compute the expected value of ⟨ k ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle k\rangle } (equal to the expected value of k {\displaystyle k} of an arbitraryVentilation/perfusion ratio (1,181 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
between these two extremes. A lower V/Q ratio (with respect to the expected value for a particular lung area in a defined position) impairs pulmonaryC11 (C standard revision) (1,049 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
complex values (partly because real + imaginary*I might not yield the expected value if imaginary is infinite or NaN). The new revision allows implementationsParts stress modelling (673 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
modelling is a method in engineering and especially electronics to find an expected value for the rate of failure of the mechanical and electronic componentsNames of large numbers (2,965 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Law of large numbers – Averages of repeated trials converge to the expected value List of numbers – Notable numbers Long and short scale – Two meaningsInterval estimation (2,464 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
commonly found in material production's quality assurance, where an expected value of a material's strength, Θ, must be above a certain minimum value (Complete spatial randomness (809 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle \Gamma (n+1)=n!} for integral n {\displaystyle n} . The expected value of P N ( r ) {\displaystyle P_{N}(r)} can be derived via the use ofDevaux's Index of Project Performance (1,312 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
variables of scope, time and cost can be measured. Any changes in the expected value of the scope, any acceleration or delay in schedule, and any changeIsotopes of hassium (4,887 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
decaying by SF in a short lifetime. The measured half-life is close to the expected value for ground state isomer, 277Hs. Further research is required to confirmEpstein–Zin preferences (455 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
}]^{1/\alpha }} , where E t {\displaystyle E_{t}} denotes the expected value of probability distribution of U t + 1 {\displaystyle U_{t+1}} , conditionalActuarial reserves (1,182 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
equal to zero. The net level premium reserve is found by taking the expected value of the loss random variable defined above. They can be formulated prospectivelyBayes factor (2,505 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
are: to treat model comparison as a decision problem, computing the expected value or cost of each model choice; to use minimum message length (MML). toPeak expiratory flow (1,251 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Measurement of PEFR requires training to correctly use a meter and the normal expected value depends on the patient's sex, age, and height. It is classically reducedC*-algebra (2,830 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
map φ : A → C with φ(u*u) ≥ 0 for all u ∈ A) such that φ(1) = 1. The expected value of the observable x, if the system is in state φ, is then φ(x). ThisRadar astronomy (1,842 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
accomplished by heavy post-processing of the results, utilizing the expected value to tell where to look. This led to early claims (from Lincoln LaboratoryPearson's chi-squared test (5,767 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
and when checking a Poisson distribution (where the parameter is the expected value), p = 2 {\displaystyle p=2} . Thus, there will be n − p {\displaystyleSpatial descriptive statistics (781 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
}}\right)^{1/2}.} For approximately homogeneous data, the L function has expected value t and its variance is approximately constant in t. A common plot isDisintegration theorem (1,550 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
distribution for dependence between random variables Conditional expectation – Expected value of a random variable given that certain conditions are known to occurPreference (2,693 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
over risky options follow a set of axioms, then he is maximizing the expected value of a utility function. In utility theory, preference relates to decisionBirthday effect (1,791 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the highest mortality on the actual birthday (17% greater than the expected value), and the effect was largest for those over 80; another study on SwissBühlmann model (1,882 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
by j). A premium for the ith risk is to be determined based on the expected value of claims. A linear estimator which minimizes the mean square errorGermanium Detector Array (1,097 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
8\cdot 10^{26}yr} . The reported final lower limit agreed with the expected value for the sensitivity of the experiment, and was the most stringent valueSampling bias (2,880 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
for each female. This would adjust any estimates to achieve the same expected value as a sample that included exactly 50 men and 50 women, unless men andVariance swap (2,172 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
N_{\text{var}}} the payoff at expiry of variance swaps, then its expected value at time t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} , denoted by V t 0 {\displaystyleCole South (819 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
bluffs, and all poker decisions should be evaluated solely on their expected value, not because a certain action "feels right" or "gives you information"Richard L. Peterson (890 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
Peterson R, Glover G. (2005). "Distributed Neural Representation of Expected Value." Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 4806-4812. Knutson B & Peterson, R. (2005)Optimal estimation (848 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{y}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}{\widehat {x_{a}}})} Because we are using Gaussians, the expected value is equivalent to the maximum likely value, and so this is also a formMeasure of damages under English law (472 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
deduction of costs which would have been incurred. Loss of bargain replaces expected value "so far as money can do it", a phrase adopted in the case of RobinsonRegression analysis (5,235 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
variables are measured without error. Deviations from the model have an expected value of zero, conditional on covariates: E ( e i | X i ) = 0 {\displaystyleRegression analysis (5,235 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
variables are measured without error. Deviations from the model have an expected value of zero, conditional on covariates: E ( e i | X i ) = 0 {\displaystyleSoftware testing (10,044 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Test cases are built around specificationsPrecision and recall (3,757 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
accuracy score (the maximum bACC score is one), which is equivalent to the expected value of a random guess in a balanced data set. Balanced accuracy can serveAntithetic variates (531 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle I=\ln 2\approx 0.69314718} . This integral can be seen as the expected value of f ( U ) {\displaystyle f(U)} , where f ( x ) = 1 1 + x {\displaystyleMetaMed (621 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the purpose of client performance enhancement). It also assessed the expected value of various tests, and created maps of correlations between possibleEfficiency (statistics) (3,066 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
simplifying the more general case above for mean squared error; since the expected value of an unbiased estimator is equal to the parameter value, E [ T ]ARCADE (681 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
emission distribution of known sources is significantly different from the expected value predicted by the Lambda-CDM model given the known sources of emissionLossless compression (4,155 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"next" value and encoding the (possibly small) difference between the expected value and the actual data. If the difference between the predicted and theList of GSLV launches (1,919 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
with extreme precision. Perigee was within 300m (within 0.18%) of the expected value whereas apogee was within 0.2% (80 km). The difference between expectedGeneralized functional linear model (2,869 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
stochastic processes. Similarly to GLM, a link function relates the expected value of the response variable to a linear predictor, which in case of GFLMAces and eights (blackjack) (1,169 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
limits one's losses and improves one's hand. Probabilistic research of expected value scenarios shows that by splitting eights one can convert a hand thatCoefficient of variation (4,017 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
distributed exhibit stationary CV; in contrast, SD varies depending upon the expected value of measurements. A more robust possibility is the quartile coefficientVariance function (4,513 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
}(y))\right]=0} These identities lead to simple calculations of the expected value and variance of any random variable y {\displaystyle {\textit {y}}}Cosumnes River (1,556 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
[n] of the final syllable (as in "Mokelumne" and "Tuolumne"), has the expected value for the letter in an open syllable (created by the omission of the lastShrinkage (statistics) (871 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
estimate towards zero (see bias-variance tradeoff). Assume that the expected value of the raw estimate is not zero and consider other estimators obtainedHeuristic (psychology) (12,548 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
selected alternatives with highest expected value and almost never selected alternatives with lowest expected value. Psychologist Benoît Monin reports