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Longer titles found: Expected value (disambiguation) (view), Expected value of including uncertainty (view), Expected value of perfect information (view), Expected value of sample information (view)

searching for Expected value 171 found (1088 total)

alternate case: expected value

Q–Q plot (2,518 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

probability plot, the quantiles one uses are the rankits, the quantile of the expected value of the order statistic of a standard normal distribution. More generally

Von Mises–Fisher distribution (4,887 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the expected value is: A p ( κ ) μ {\displaystyle A_{p}(\kappa ){\boldsymbol {\mu }}} . For κ = 0 {\displaystyle \kappa =0} , the expected value is at

Credit spread (options) (1,180 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

underlying at expiration is in between the strikes of the options. Expected value = (credit received * short leg OTM probability) - (maximum loss * long

Rao–Blackwell theorem (2,176 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

construct a very crude estimator g(X), and then evaluate that conditional expected value to get an estimator that is in various senses optimal. The theorem is

Political risk (1,738 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

will significantly affect the profitability of a business actor or the expected value of a given economic action. Political risk can be understood and managed

Fixed-odds betting (2,019 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

fixed-odds arbitrage actions and Dutch books. When a bet has a positive expected value, it is said to be getting "the best of it." In contrast, "laying odds"

Excess mortality (1,180 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

during a time period and/or in a certain group, as compared to the expected value or statistical trend during a reference period (typically of five years)

22 nm process (800 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

below 0.5 nm (about twice the diameter of a silicon atom), which is the expected value at the 22 nm node. This is an indication that CMOS scaling in this area

Anomaly (natural sciences) (380 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

an anomaly is a persisting deviation in a physical quantity from its expected value, e.g., the systematic difference between a measurement and a trend or

Moran's I (1,510 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

conclusions you make about a phenomenon, especially when using distances. The expected value of Moran's I under the null hypothesis of no spatial autocorrelation

Rational expectations (1,995 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

this is typically modelled by assuming that the expected value of a variable is equal to the expected value predicted by the model. For example, suppose

Fixer Upper (TV series) (1,645 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

clawfoot bathtubs, and barn doors, sold at an average of 30 percent above expected value. In addition, the show generated an increase in tourism and economic

Hyperexponential distribution (754 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

connection with rate λ2. Since the expected value of a sum is the sum of the expected values, the expected value of a hyperexponential random variable

Convexity (finance) (829 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

in probability theory: the expected value of a convex function is greater than or equal to the function of the expected value: E [ f ( X ) ] ≥ f ( E [ X

Autoregressive integrated moving average (3,362 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Specifically, ARMA assumes that the series is stationary, that is, its expected value is constant in time. If instead the series has a trend (but a constant

Halo nucleus (929 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

experiments, which show the nucleus to be much larger than the otherwise expected value. Normally, the cross-section (corresponding to the classical radius)

Deviation (statistics) (1,842 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

true value of a quantity of interest (where true value denotes the Expected Value, such as the population mean) is an error. A deviation that is the difference

Law of total variance (1,741 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \operatorname {Var} (\operatorname {E} [Y\mid X])} are called the expected value of the process variance (EVPV) and the variance of the hypothetical

Endowment effect (4,978 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

similar value. For example, participants first given a pen of equal expected value to that of a coffee mug were generally unwilling to trade, whilst participants

Heston model (1,771 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

long-run average variance of the price; as t tends to infinity, the expected value of νt tends to θ. ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , the correlation of the two

Uncorrelatedness (probability theory) (1,739 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

special case where at least one of the two random variables has an expected value of 0. In this case, the covariance is the expectation of the product

Adaptive expectations (995 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

means that the expectation can tend toward the direction of the future expected value that would be closer to the actual value, this allows a prediction to

Generalized multivariate log-gamma distribution (1,019 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

+t_{i}/\mu _{i})}{\partial t_{i}^{k}}}\right]_{t_{i}=0}.} Marginal expected value Y i {\displaystyle Y_{i}} is as the following: E ⁡ ( Y i ) = 1 μ i [

Binomial test (1,886 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

numbers of events in either direction from the expected value is either more than or less than the expected value. The probability of that occurring in our

Little hierarchy problem (1,010 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

enough to make the renormalized Higgs mass completely natural. The expected value of the Higgs mass is about 10% of the size of the loop corrections which

Conservation of energy (6,268 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

scale. In quantum mechanics, Noether's theorem is known to apply to the expected value, making any consistent conservation violation provably impossible, but

Siegel's paradox (1,158 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

year has an expected value of 1.25 apples. The orange consumer now has given up an orange for an apple, which next year has an expected value of 1.25 oranges

Efficiency factor (204 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Efficiency factor is a ratio of some measure of performance to an expected value. In data communications, the factor is the ratio of the time to transmit

Intelligent agent (5,400 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

goals. They are designed to create and execute plans that maximize the expected value of this function upon completion. For example, a reinforcement learning

Smearing retransformation (132 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle f(X)} and variance σ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}} then, the expected value of y is given by: y = exp ⁡ ( f ( X ) ) exp ⁡ ( 1 2 σ 2 ) . {\displaystyle

Average absolute deviation (1,674 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

79788456\ldots } . Thus if X is a normally distributed random variable with expected value 0 then, see Geary (1935): w = E | X | E ( X 2 ) = 2 π . {\displaystyle

Law of total covariance (537 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

variables whose values depend on the value of Z. Note that the conditional expected value of X given the event Z = z is a function of z. If we write E( X | Z

Marginal conditional stochastic dominance (507 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

into another. Each risk-averse investor is assumed to maximize the expected value of an increasing, concave von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function.

Reynolds decomposition (385 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quantity u {\displaystyle u} such that their time average equals zero. The expected value, u ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {u}}} , is often found from an ensemble

C4.5 algorithm (831 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

this case, C4.5 creates a decision node higher up the tree using the expected value of the class. Instance of previously unseen class encountered. Again

John Larry Kelly Jr. (996 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

estimate what proportion of wealth to risk in a sequence of positive expected value bets to maximize the rate of return. He was born in Corsicana, Texas

White noise (4,020 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

^{2}} . The power spectrum P of a random vector w can be defined as the expected value of the squared modulus of each coefficient of its Fourier transform

Value breakdown structure (701 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

or program. Similarly, a value breakdown structure will provide the expected value-added of each activity and/or component of the project (or projects

Fair coin (2,164 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

are equally likely. This can be extended to any multiple of 2. The expected value of flips at the n game E ( F n ) {\displaystyle E(F_{n})} is not hard

Sufficient statistic (6,717 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

.., Xn are independent Bernoulli-distributed random variables with expected value p, then the sum T(X) = X1 + ... + Xn is a sufficient statistic for p

Single-index model (828 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

stock return is influenced by the market (beta), has a firm specific expected value (alpha) and firm-specific unexpected component (residual). Each stock's

List of inequalities (709 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

probability that the sum of independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than any specified amount Bhatia–Davis inequality, an upper

Risk premium (2,749 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

increasing to $800 the expected value of choosing between doors 1 and 2, the risk premium becomes $300 (i.e. $800 expected value minus $500 guaranteed

Conditional variance (1,099 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

expected value. The expected value can be thought of as a reasonable prediction of the outcomes of the random experiment (in particular, the expected

Nomogram (2,470 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the expected value. An observed value of 81 would use the tick mark above 81 in range E, and curved scale E would be used for the expected value. This

Loewner's torus inequality (819 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the flat one. Then the expected value E(X 2) of X 2 expresses the total area of the given metric. Meanwhile, the expected value E(X) of X can be related

Proofs involving ordinary least squares (5,246 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\end{aligned}}} where E[ε|X] = 0 by assumptions of the model. Since the expected value of β ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\beta }}} equals the parameter it estimates

Variational message passing (839 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

from the normalization factor. The algorithm begins by computing the expected value of the sufficient statistics for that vector. Then, until the likelihood

Expected commercial value (320 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

budgeting technique, in that it allows an analyst to compare each project's expected value against its net present value as usually calculated, i.e. using planned

Multiple comparisons problem (2,558 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

versus an expected value of 2.06. The blue point corresponds to the fifth smallest test statistic, which is -1.75, versus an expected value of -1.96.

Medici (board game) (249 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

to each lot of cards, buying them for a price appropriate to their expected value and the riskiness of the investment. Medici placed 5th in the 1995 Deutscher

Christian agnosticism (2,250 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

as Pascal's Wager: the infinite expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not acknowledging his existence

Martingale (probability theory) (3,442 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

(X_{n+1}\mid X_{1},\ldots ,X_{n})=X_{n}.} That is, the conditional expected value of the next observation, given all the past observations, is equal to

Certainty effect (367 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

risk-aversion phenomenon in prospect theory and framing effect because the expected value of option B ($45x0.8=$36) exceeds that of A by 20%. Now, consider this

Fano noise (343 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the value - note the variance is average squared distance from the expected value), showing there is an interaction between ionization acts. A Fano factor

Jump bidding (1,323 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Xenia also does not jump, she can win the item and pay Y. And, the expected value of Y conditioned on Y < X {\displaystyle Y<X} is only 2 X / 3 {\displaystyle

Mean time between failures (2,994 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

uptime}}-{\text{start of downtime}})}}{\text{number of failures}}}.} The MTBF is the expected value of the random variable T {\displaystyle T} indicating the time until

Generalized additive model (5,716 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

function g (for example the identity or log functions) relating the expected value of Y to the predictor variables via a structure such as g ( E ⁡ ( Y

Tries (61 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Look up tries in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tries may refer to the plural form of: Try (rugby) Try, a conversion (gridiron football) Trie, a prefix

Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula (785 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

infinite sum of samples raised to a power p does not have a finite expected value. Nevertheless, the interpolation formula converges with probability

Drag cost (388 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the impact at the project level due to: 1. A reduction in a project's expected value because of later completion, or 2. An increase in a project's cost due

Lexicographic dominance (711 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

very near 1, and the value of w is 0, then the expected value of B is near 0.9 while the expected value of A is near 0.8. B ⊁ s d A {\displaystyle B\not

Longtermism (3,738 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

extremely high expected value. An illustration of this problem is Pascal’s mugging, which involves the exploitation of an expected value maximizer via

Autoregressive model (5,421 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{t}} equal to zero (because we forecast Xt to equal its expected value, and the expected value of the unobserved error term is zero). The output of the

Cost of delay (519 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

achieve". More formally, it is the partial derivative of the total expected value with respect to time. Cost of Delay combines an understanding of value

Location testing for Gaussian scale mixture distributions (643 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

958..., thus the classical 95% confidence interval for the unknown expected value of Gaussian distributions covers the center of symmetry with at least

Calor licitantis (403 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

licitantis, the price of an item was driven above and beyond its typical or expected value. According to the Corpus Juris Civilis, the official body of Roman law

Wiener sausage (648 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

becomes long (t→∞). Spitzer (1964) showed that in 3 dimensions the expected value of the volume of the sausage is E ( | W δ ( t ) | ) = 2 π δ t + 4 δ

Lag operator (938 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

^{i}X_{t}=(1-L)^{i}X_{t}\ .} It is common in stochastic processes to care about the expected value of a variable given a previous information set. Let Ω t {\displaystyle

Black-box testing (821 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Specific knowledge of the application's

Polynomial regression (2,418 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

problems.[citation needed] The goal of regression analysis is to model the expected value of a dependent variable y in terms of the value of an independent variable

Sample mean and covariance (2,207 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the population) makes a good estimator of the population mean, as its expected value is equal to the population mean (that is, it is an unbiased estimator)

Agnosticism (8,540 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

as Pascal's Wager: the infinite expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not acknowledging his existence

Challenge–response authentication (1,540 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

server Server calculates the expected value of cr and ensures the client responded correctly Client calculates the expected value of sr and ensures the server

Thought (13,707 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the highest expected value. Each alternative can lead to various possible outcomes, each of which has a different value. The expected value of an alternative

Maximum entropy probability distribution (4,479 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

distribution which attains the maximal entropy. It is also possible that the expected value restrictions for the class C force the probability distribution to be

CVSO 30 (700 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

suspected planet CVSO 30 b had drifted nearly 180 degrees from the expected value, thus ruling out the existence of the planet. Instead, a rare type of

Friendship paradox (3,332 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

simply comes from the fact that each edge has two vertices. So the expected value of the number of friends of a (randomly chosen) friend is ∑ v ( d (

Cluster-weighted modeling (807 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

probability density p(y|x) from which the prediction using the conditional expected value can be obtained, with the conditional variance providing an indication

Aumann's agreement theorem (1,149 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to agent a {\displaystyle a} in a state s {\displaystyle s} if the expected value of f a {\displaystyle f_{a}} at s {\displaystyle s} is positive. The

DecideIT (610 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

discriminative power and more informative means for decision evaluation when expected value intervals are overlapping. The software has been used for addressing

José Encarnación Jr. (1,130 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

criteria: (1) expected value, (2) the possibility of a large loss, (3) the possibility of maximal gain, and finally (4) expected value once more. Unlike

Focused information criterion (861 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

bias b j {\displaystyle b_{j}} , as it involves the distance from the expected value of the estimator to the true underlying quantity to be estimated, and

Statistical dispersion (936 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

portions of A's probability density function while leaving the mean (the expected value) unchanged. The concept of a mean-preserving spread provides a partial

Inverse gambler's fallacy (785 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Mathematics portal Gambler's fallacy Gambler's conceit Gambling Terminology: Expected Value, Gambler's Fallacy, Inverse Gambler's Fallacy, Bookmaker, Shill, Spread

Quantum noise (3,746 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

suppressed. In general, noise is uncontrolled random variation from an expected value and is typically unwanted. General causes are thermal fluctuations,

Econometrics (2,282 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

unbiasedness, efficiency, and consistency. An estimator is unbiased if its expected value is the true value of the parameter; it is consistent if it converges

Restrictive lung disease (998 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

definition requires a total lung capacity which is 80% or less of the expected value. Medical treatment for restrictive lung disease is normally limited

Direct current (1,919 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

zero-mean time-varying AC component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time. Although

Macro risk (682 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

forecasts of future company earnings are used to estimate the current and expected value of the investment being studied. Macro risk factors include any economic

Modularity (networks) (2,962 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

) {\displaystyle J_{vw}=\sum _{i=1}^{k_{v}}I_{i}^{(v,w)}} , so the expected value of this quantity is E [ J v w ] = E [ ∑ i = 1 k v I i ( v , w ) ] =

Backward induction (3,605 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

$ 100 {\displaystyle \$100} with 1/2 probability, for an average ('expected') value of $ 100 + $ 44 2 = $ 72 {\displaystyle {\frac {\$100+\$44}{2}}=\$72}

Disk (mathematics) (1,674 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

internal location, our aim (looking at the diagram) is to compute the expected value of r under a distribution whose density is ⁠1/π⁠ for 0 ≤ r ≤ s(θ), integrating

Availability (1,748 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The simplest representation of availability (A) is a ratio of the expected value of the uptime of a system to the aggregate of the expected values of

Pascal's mugging (1,566 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

2007. Balfour 2021. Russell 2022. Holden Karnofsky, Why We Can’t Take Expected Value Estimates Literally (Even When They’re Unbiased). GiveWell Blog August

Liar's dice (1,087 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the total unknown dice. A bid of the expected quantity (or twice the expected value when playing with wilds), rounded down, has a greater than 50% chance

Winters's formula (796 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

have a concomitant respiratory acidosis. Winters's formula gives an expected value for the patient's PCO2; the patient's actual (measured) PCO2 is then

Alpha (finance) (1,120 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

idiosyncratic risk It can be shown that in an efficient market, the expected value of the alpha coefficient is zero. Therefore, the alpha coefficient indicates

C11 (C standard revision) (1,049 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

complex values (partly because real + imaginary*I might not yield the expected value if imaginary is infinite or NaN). The new revision allows implementations

Unbiased rendering (460 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

needed for a clean image. In mathematical terms, an unbiased estimator's expected value (E) is the population mean, regardless of the number of observations

Critical path drag (1,065 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

often combined with an estimate of the increased cost and/or reduced expected value of the project due to each unit of the critical path's duration. This

Point particle (1,047 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

size of an electron is less than 10−18 m. This is consistent with the expected value of exactly zero. (This should not be confused with the classical electron

Fair value accounting and the subprime mortgage crisis (2,287 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

current market value rather than their historic cost or some future expected value. When the market for such securities became volatile and collapsed,

Order statistic (4,933 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Y ( 0 ) 2 {\displaystyle f_{X}(x^{*})={\frac {g_{Y}(0)}{2}}} . The expected value of the first order statistic Y ( 1 ) {\displaystyle Y_{(1)}} given a

Girsanov theorem (1,568 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the measure in which the fair value of a derivative is the discounted expected value, Q, is specified by d Q d P = E ( ∫ 0 t r s − μ s σ s d W s ) . {\displaystyle

Logrank test (1,505 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle N_{i,j}} , O j {\displaystyle O_{j}} . This distribution has expected value E i , j = O j N i , j N j {\displaystyle E_{i,j}=O_{j}{\frac {N_{i,j}}{N_{j}}}}

Metamorphic testing (1,087 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

for sine functions is "sin (π − x) = sin x". Thus, even though the expected value of sin x1 for the source test case x1 = 1.234 correct to the required

Denim (1,746 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

February 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022. "By 2026, the denim market expected value will be $ 79.1 billion". Techno Fashion World. 5 January 2022. Retrieved

Forecasting (5,326 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the expected value of a residual as a function of the known past residuals, and adjusting the forecast by the amount by which this expected value differs

Par (score) (2,744 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

originated from the stock exchange, where it was used to describe the expected value of stocks. The transition to golf was made by writer A. H. Doleman prior

Mode (statistics) (2,010 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

median and the centerpoint. For some probability distributions, the expected value may be infinite or undefined, but if defined, it is unique. The mean

Information matrix test (577 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

)}{\partial \mathbf {\theta } }}\right)^{\mathsf {T}}\right]} that is the expected value of the outer product of the gradient or score. Second, it can be written

Main effect (1,279 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

freedom. The expected value for the mean of the responses in column i is μ + β j {\displaystyle \mu +\beta _{j}} while the expected value for the mean

Chi-squared test (2,432 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

5 from the absolute difference between each observed value and its expected value in a 2 × 2 contingency table. This reduces the chi-squared value obtained

Spectral density (5,864 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"noisy"; however this can be alleviated if it is possible to evaluate the expected value (in the above equation) using a large (or infinite) number of short-term

Sanity check (1,479 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

estimates will often provide insight on the order of magnitude of an expected value. In software development, a sanity test (a form of software testing

Ethics of uncertain sentience (1,423 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

have a moral obligation to treat them as if they are sentient; and the expected value principle, which asserts that we are "morally required to multiply our

Gamma process (814 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\Gamma (z)} is the Gamma function. The moment generating function is the expected value of exp ⁡ ( t X ) {\displaystyle \exp(tX)} where X is the random variable

Chernoff bound (5,089 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

M ( t ) e − t a {\displaystyle M(t)e^{-ta}} can be expressed as the expected value E ⁡ ( e t X ) e − t a {\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (e^{tX})e^{-ta}}

Quantization (signal processing) (6,363 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

y_{k}} within each interval I k {\displaystyle I_{k}} to the conditional expected value (also referred to as the centroid) within the interval, as given by:

Telescoping series (1,866 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"occurrences" in any time interval having a Poisson distribution whose expected value is proportional to the length of the time interval. Let Xt be the number

Vintage car (2,003 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

less interested in any short-term value seeking to capitalize on an expected value rise over a period of years and a vehicle must have certain intrinsic

U-statistic (1,553 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

values. However, it is a minimum variance unbiased estimate of the expected value of the median of three values, not the median of the population. Similar

Volatility (finance) (3,057 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

are normally distributed with mean zero and standard deviation σ, the expected value of the magnitude of the observations is √(2/π)σ = 0.798σ. The net effect

Concentration (card game) (1,452 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

{\displaystyle n\to \infty } . For a standard deck of 52 cards, the expected value is ≈ 41.6 {\displaystyle \approx 41.6} moves. Over the course of the

Confidence interval (3,988 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

estimate a population parameter, such as the mean. For example, the expected value of a fair six-sided die is 3.5. Based on repeated sampling, after computing

Mallows's Cp (1,093 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

value from the regression model for the ith case, E(Yi | Xi) is the expected value for the ith case, and σ2 is the error variance (assumed constant across

Parts stress modelling (673 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

modelling is a method in engineering and especially electronics to find an expected value for the rate of failure of the mechanical and electronic components

Measurement (3,702 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

measurements. In practical terms, one begins with an initial guess as to the expected value of a quantity, and then, using various methods and instruments, reduces

Ventilation/perfusion ratio (1,181 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

between these two extremes. A lower V/Q ratio (with respect to the expected value for a particular lung area in a defined position) impairs pulmonary

Epstein–Zin preferences (455 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

}]^{1/\alpha }} , where E t {\displaystyle E_{t}} denotes the expected value of probability distribution of U t + 1 {\displaystyle U_{t+1}} , conditional

Network science (9,906 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle G(N,p)} ) we can compute the expected value of ⟨ k ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle k\rangle } (equal to the expected value of k {\displaystyle k} of an arbitrary

Actuarial reserves (1,182 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

equal to zero. The net level premium reserve is found by taking the expected value of the loss random variable defined above. They can be formulated prospectively

Complete spatial randomness (809 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \Gamma (n+1)=n!} for integral n {\displaystyle n} . The expected value of P N ( r ) {\displaystyle P_{N}(r)} can be derived via the use of

Interval estimation (2,464 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

commonly found in material production's quality assurance, where an expected value of a material's strength, Θ, must be above a certain minimum value (

Spatial descriptive statistics (781 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

}}\right)^{1/2}.} For approximately homogeneous data, the L function has expected value t and its variance is approximately constant in t. A common plot is

Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present) (2,408 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

2017 and as later events revealed, the integration did not deliver the expected value. Two months before closing the deal for Yahoo!, Verizon announced it

Names of large numbers (2,965 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Law of large numbers – Averages of repeated trials converge to the expected value List of numbers – Notable numbers Long and short scale – Two meanings

Peak expiratory flow (1,251 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Measurement of PEFR requires training to correctly use a meter and the normal expected value depends on the patient's sex, age, and height. It is classically reduced

Devaux's Index of Project Performance (1,322 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

variables of scope, time and cost can be measured. Any changes in the expected value of the scope, any acceleration or delay in schedule, and any change

Richard L. Peterson (890 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Peterson R, Glover G. (2005). "Distributed Neural Representation of Expected Value." Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 4806-4812. Knutson B & Peterson, R. (2005)

Bayes factor (2,505 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

are: to treat model comparison as a decision problem, computing the expected value or cost of each model choice; to use minimum message length (MML). to

Radar astronomy (1,758 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

accomplished by heavy post-processing of the results, utilizing the expected value to tell where to look. This led to early claims (from Lincoln Laboratory

Disintegration theorem (1,550 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

distribution for dependence between random variables Conditional expectation – Expected value of a random variable given that certain conditions are known to occur

C*-algebra (2,830 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

map φ : A → C with φ(u*u) ≥ 0 for all u ∈ A) such that φ(1) = 1. The expected value of the observable x, if the system is in state φ, is then φ(x). This

Pearson's chi-squared test (5,753 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and when checking a Poisson distribution (where the parameter is the expected value), p = 2 {\displaystyle p=2} . Thus, there will be n − p {\displaystyle

Software testing (10,045 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Test cases are built around specifications

Optimal estimation (848 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{y}}-{\boldsymbol {A}}{\widehat {x_{a}}})} Because we are using Gaussians, the expected value is equivalent to the maximum likely value, and so this is also a form

Preference (2,693 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

over risky options follow a set of axioms, then he is maximizing the expected value of a utility function. In utility theory, preference relates to decision

Bühlmann model (1,882 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

by j). A premium for the ith risk is to be determined based on the expected value of claims. A linear estimator which minimizes the mean square error

Cole South (819 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

bluffs, and all poker decisions should be evaluated solely on their expected value, not because a certain action "feels right" or "gives you information"

Birthday effect (1,791 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the highest mortality on the actual birthday (17% greater than the expected value), and the effect was largest for those over 80; another study on Swiss

Measure of damages under English law (472 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

deduction of costs which would have been incurred. Loss of bargain replaces expected value "so far as money can do it", a phrase adopted in the case of Robinson

Antithetic variates (531 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle I=\ln 2\approx 0.69314718} . This integral can be seen as the expected value of f ( U ) {\displaystyle f(U)} , where f ( x ) = 1 1 + x {\displaystyle

Variance swap (2,172 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

N_{\text{var}}} the payoff at expiry of variance swaps, then its expected value at time t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} , denoted by V t 0 {\displaystyle

Sampling bias (2,880 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

for each female. This would adjust any estimates to achieve the same expected value as a sample that included exactly 50 men and 50 women, unless men and

Variance swap (2,172 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

N_{\text{var}}} the payoff at expiry of variance swaps, then its expected value at time t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} , denoted by V t 0 {\displaystyle

MetaMed (621 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the purpose of client performance enhancement). It also assessed the expected value of various tests, and created maps of correlations between possible

Isotopes of hassium (5,264 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

decaying by SF in a short lifetime. The measured half-life is close to the expected value for ground state isomer, 277Hs. Further research is required to confirm

Generalized functional linear model (2,869 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

stochastic processes. Similarly to GLM, a link function relates the expected value of the response variable to a linear predictor, which in case of GFLM

Germanium Detector Array (1,097 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

8\cdot 10^{26}yr} . The reported final lower limit agreed with the expected value for the sensitivity of the experiment, and was the most stringent value

Precision and recall (3,757 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

accuracy score (the maximum bACC score is one), which is equivalent to the expected value of a random guess in a balanced data set. Balanced accuracy can serve

Regression analysis (5,343 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

variables are measured without error. Deviations from the model have an expected value of zero, conditional on covariates: E ( e i | X i ) = 0 {\displaystyle

ARCADE (681 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

emission distribution of known sources is significantly different from the expected value predicted by the Lambda-CDM model given the known sources of emission

Efficiency (statistics) (3,066 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

simplifying the more general case above for mean squared error; since the expected value of an unbiased estimator is equal to the parameter value, E ⁡ [ T ]

Aces and eights (blackjack) (1,169 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

limits one's losses and improves one's hand. Probabilistic research of expected value scenarios shows that by splitting eights one can convert a hand that

Lossless compression (4,155 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"next" value and encoding the (possibly small) difference between the expected value and the actual data. If the difference between the predicted and the

Q-value (statistics) (1,304 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

equal to some threshold α {\displaystyle \alpha } ensures that the expected value of the false discovery rate is α {\displaystyle \alpha } . Genome-wide

Variance function (4,499 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

}(y))\right]=0} These identities lead to simple calculations of the expected value and variance of any random variable y {\displaystyle {\textit {y}}}

Heuristic (psychology) (12,548 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

selected alternatives with highest expected value and almost never selected alternatives with lowest expected value. Psychologist Benoît Monin reports

Shrinkage (statistics) (871 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

estimate towards zero (see bias-variance tradeoff). Assume that the expected value of the raw estimate is not zero and consider other estimators obtained