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alternate case: energy expenditure

Basal metabolic rate (6,564 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. It is reported in energy units per unit time

coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow). The human brain, particularly the hypothalamus,

information: a measure of energy expenditure or 24-hour caloric requirements as reflected by the Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and a measure of substrate

anaerobic energy expenditure. Intense exercise lasting upwards of four minutes (e.g. a mile race) may still have considerable anaerobic energy expenditure. An

thus, represents most, if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure. Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship

significantly reduce the paceline's average energy expenditure and can even slightly reduce the energy expenditure of the lead vehicle. Drafting is used to

Stair climbing is the climbing of a flight of stairs. It is often described as a "low-impact" exercise, often for people who have recently started trying

decreases body weight of mice by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Current research is aimed at understanding the genetic basis of obesity

regulation of energy intake (e.g.via increased or decreased appetite) or energy expenditure (e.g. via reduced metabolism or feelings of lethargy). Set point theory

inactive and active muscles. For short duration muscular exertion, energy expenditure can be far greater: an adult human male when jumping up from a squat

resting energy expenditure and confirmed the original finding that there is no impact of the polymorphic variation at the rs9939609 locus on energy expenditure

world's leading groups using doubly labeled water (DLW) to investigate energy expenditure and balance in animals. Between 2011-2020, he was  a '1000 talents'

to increase their basal metabolic rate, thereby increasing overall energy expenditure. Caffeine and ephedrine are commonly used for this purpose in the

was popularized to explain or perhaps attempt to quantify anaerobic energy expenditure, particularly as regards lactic acid/lactate metabolism; in fact,

physical activity as a number and is used to estimate their total energy expenditure. In combination with the basal metabolic rate, it can be used to compute

receiver) that allowed its user to track their route, speed, timings and energy expenditure, while engaging in a sport activity such as running, jogging or cycling

and a 535% increase in energy expenditure. The study also concluded that vigorboarding results in a 233% greater energy expenditure (407kcal/hr) than walking

accurate in comparison to the doubly labeled water method for measuring energy expenditure per day. The mean absolute-percent difference per-person per-day in

Hypermetabolism is defined as an elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) > 110% of predicted REE. Hypermetabolism is accompanied by a variety of internal

(such as running). Vigorous household chores can add up to as much energy expenditure as dedicated exercise, so it is necessary to include both, suitably

to conserve energy by reducing metabolic rate and/or non-resting energy expenditure to prolong survival and preserve body fat and lean mass. Equivalent

system that keeps blood glucose levels stable. Glucagon increases energy expenditure and is elevated under conditions of stress. Glucagon belongs to the

a concomitant change in eating habits, or they may increase their energy expenditure while also eating less. Disordered eating is defined among this situation

"If sitting computer-time were replaced by walking-and-working, energy expenditure could increase by 100 cal/h. Thus, if obese individuals were to replace

inhibits appetite and increases energy expenditure, and ghrelin, which increases appetite and reduces energy expenditure. Studies have shown that chronic

bodies before reaching sexual maturity, at which point much of their energy expenditure is devoted to reproductive processes. Gray bats prefer caves located

the complex relationship between physical activity/inactivity and energy expenditure/conservation. The concept explains why dieting fails in most cases

average resting energy expenditure of a typical human being. Intensity of exercise can be expressed as multiples of resting energy expenditure. An intensity

of offspring was independent of litter size. The fact that daily energy expenditure does not vary with litter size suggests that other factors, such as

defined for a non-pregnant, non-lactating adult as that person's total energy expenditure (TEE) in a 24-hour period, divided by his or her basal metabolic rate

muscle is much more metabolically active and therefore requires more energy expenditure to remain in homeostasis. If comparing two individuals, with all variables

and intestinal physiology. Transcellular transport often involves energy expenditure whereas paracellular transport is unmediated and passive down a concentration

injuries as a result of exercise. Physical inactivity leads to less energy expenditure and is a factor that impacts obesity rates in both children and adults

endogenous function within an animal is unknown but may involve regulating energy expenditure. However, as secreted proteins they play multiple roles in chemical

physical activity, research disagrees whether it significantly alters energy expenditure in dogs. Mannoheptulose has been reported to inhibit insulin secretion

of egg production, the weather (cold or wet weather causes higher energy expenditure), and the amount of nutrition the poultry obtain from foraging. This

and through counting calories, one can calculate one's own total energy expenditure (basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and day-to-day exercise)

foraging for these foods in hillside habitats was shown to require more energy expenditure than in valley habitats. The northern brown howler is endemic to the

food (TEF) or dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT), is the amount of energy expenditure above the basal metabolic rate due to the cost of processing food

long term drinkers see an increase in resting energy expenditure. The increase in rest energy expenditure has, according to some studies, been explained

During extreme temperature changes, the gut morphology changes and energy expenditure changes. For example, their metabolic rate may increase by 36.6% during

thyroid hormone is one of the factors responsible for the modulation of energy expenditure. This is achieved through several mechanisms, such as mitochondrial

metformin. Further study has shown weight loss is promoted by maintaining energy expenditure in addition to appetite suppression. Elevations in GDF15 reduce food

Kodama T, Schoonjans K, Bianco AC, Auwerx J (2006). "Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation". Nature. 439

monkeys undergo behavioural thermoregulation in order to minimize energy expenditure. During the hottest points of the day, night monkeys are resting and

with NPY and acts to increase appetite and decrease metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators

In addition to reducing appetite, setmelanotide increases resting energy expenditure in both obese animals and humans. Importantly, unlike certain other

nuclear pore. Nucleoporin-mediated transport does not entail direct energy expenditure but instead relies on concentration gradients associated with the

the difference between energy obtained through food consumption and energy expenditure – in living systems. Bioenergetic systems Cellular respiration Photosynthesis

leg movements relates to balance, body shape, agility, speed, and energy expenditure". BioScience. 39 (11): 766. doi:10.2307/1311182. JSTOR 1311182. Tasch

heart rate variability (HRV) and VO2 max. It also raises the resting energy expenditure and lipid oxidation in fasted humans. These modifications are beneficial

study performed on young, healthy men, "Clenbuterol increased resting energy expenditure by 21% (P < 0.001), and fat oxidation by 39% (P = 0.006), whereas

is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure. More physical activity was associated with a higher-oleic acid diet

hypothesized intraspecific competition selected for a reduced individual energy expenditure, which is achieved by the loss of flight. Some flightless varieties

genetics, poor absorption of nutrients, increased metabolic rate or energy expenditure, lack of food (frequently due to poverty), low appetite, drugs that

Tleimat, the Ecuadorian Capuchin requires about 500ha to use their energy expenditure. The dispersal of the Ecuadorian capuchin has been restricted due

polymorphisms. The study concluded that these genetic variants did not affect energy expenditure. Ac-Val-Gln-(pI)DPhe-DTic-NH2, first MC3 selective agonist, 100x selectivity

has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure. Nutritionally, betaine is not needed when sufficient dietary choline

et al. in 1995 when they took 11 obese women and calculated their energy expenditure before and after weight loss. They found that after significant weight

Drott, C.; Körner, U.; Sandström, R.; Lundholm, K. (1991). "Elevated energy expenditure in cancer patients with solid tumours". European Journal of Cancer

Medicine, the researchers concluded a non-linear relationship between energy expenditure and weight alone to determine fluid requirements. To estimate the

MacDougall, DE; Jones, PJ (1998). "Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications". Life Sciences. 62 (14): 1203–15

part of the observed data. A 2022 analysis of a large database on energy expenditure in adult humans found that "even when statistically comparing males

also been found to play a role in estrogen-mediated movement and energy expenditure/thermogenesis. Bilateral FOS expression in the VMH after repeated

therefore was more suitable for epidemiological studies. The rate of energy expenditure during the test corresponds to approximately five time the basal metabolic

farming practices, and uses geothermal energy in an effort to reduce energy expenditure and therefore its environmental impact. Along with using wood and

asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. CP8 competitors must have

x 1 {\displaystyle x_{1}} at time t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} , the energy expenditure would be larger, i.e., ∫ t 0 t 1 u ¯ ∗ ( t ) u ¯ ( t ) d t   ≥   ∫

operations would have an energy expenditure of approximately 3,600 kcal per day. For combat operations, energy expenditure is estimated to be 4,900 kcal

PMID 9771875. Schoeller, D.A. and van Santen, E. (1982) Measurement of energy expenditure in humans by doubly labelled water. J. Appl. Physiol., 53, 955–959

which it works in posture maintenance and mechanical defense with low energy expenditure, and in body fission and autotomy. The stiffness changes of this tissue

variation in RFI is directly linked to variations in maintenance energy expenditure. Sainz, Roberto D.; & Paulino, Pedro V.(2004). Residual Feed Intake

examples are altered glucose metabolism, increased appetite, and lower energy expenditure. Baseline levels of insulin do not signal muscle and fat cells to

ectothermic. The body energy expenditure of ectothermic animals is about 1/13 of that of endotherms but the energy expenditure of the brains of both ectothermic

High-density solids pumps are hydrostatically operating machines which displace the medium being pumped and thus create a flow. High-density solids are

included investigations of aerobic fitness and resting and exercise energy expenditure in children and adolescents, circadian studies of feeding and metabolic

hypothesized that liver mass reflects status-dependent differences in energy expenditure, but not energy storage or energy acquisition. Dominants perform more

limbs. When participating in sport, CP1 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate. CP1 competitors

region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. The circuit begins with an area of the hypothalamus, the arcuate

overlies a developing tooth Ree or reeve, a female ruff (bird) Resting energy expenditure, the amount of calories required for a 24-hour period by the body

exercise at the same RPE on the treadmill or elliptical and found that energy expenditure and oxygen consumption were the same in the two forms of exercise

as "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure." Human factors and social influences are important in starting and

increased food intake. In addition, it stimulates wakefulness, regulates energy expenditure, and modulates visceral function. The orexin system has been hypothesized

the variable that is intended to be maximized (ex. food per unit of energy expenditure). It is the driving factor behind an action and usually involves food

as marathons, triathlons and other activities which require a high energy expenditure for long periods of time. They are also commonly used as meal replacements

less energy expenditure. As a result, any abnormality of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system may lead to abnormality in gait and increased energy expenditure

asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. Athletes in this class are

expenditure between different age groups and during rest and activities, to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing energy expenditure

in rails before speciation was complete. A consequence of lowered energy expenditure in flightless island rails has also been associated with evolution

(under Habibollah Hedayat), where she participated in studies of energy expenditure of agricultural workers, carpet weavers and rural women. as well as

of how surfaces in contact deform. Approximately 20% of the total energy expenditure of the world is due to the impact of friction and wear in the transportation

Daniel (May 1994). "Use of a Stereo-video System to Estimate the Energy Expenditure of Free-swimming Fish". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic

wild type mice, showing a greater amount of energy expenditure in the transgenic mice. This energy expenditure in turn is attributed to PRDM16’s ability

region, as well as in maximizing transportation speed while reducing energy expenditure. Common materials for manufacturing skins are mohair and nylon. Mohair

fatigue because of limited sleep reduces physical activity and thus energy expenditure, which predisposes weight gain. Others show a non-reciprocal relationship

low on the sides. The swim bladder is large, allowing for minimal energy expenditure while cruising or remaining idle. In most cases, barracuda are dark

life that is 4–8 times what is offered by pocket filters at a lower energy expenditure. "Bag filters & pocket filters with high dust holding capacity | Camfil"

sedentary behavior is defined as "any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure less than or equal to 1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs), while in a

addition to OE actually led to protein losses) while maintaining energy expenditure (which normally falls as part of the adaptations to calorie restriction)

activation of estrogen receptor β increases mitochondrial function, energy expenditure, and brown adipose tissue". FASEB J. 31 (1): 266–281. doi:10.1096/fj

important exam for high school students in Western Australia Total energy expenditure, the total amount of energy an individual expends (usually per day)

Naturalist. 16(4):563-576. Stapp P, Pekins PJ, Mautz WW. (1991). Winter energy expenditure and the distribution of southern flying squirrels. Canadian Journal

Endless Forest, an online game Thermic effect of food, an increment of energy expenditure TEF (gene), Thyrotrophic embryonic factor, a human gene Total enclosure

necessitate specialized instrumentation or clinical environments. Energy expenditure is commonly used as a measure of gait quality and efficiency. Human

tend to float on the surface. Theoretically, this obviates the small energy expenditure mentioned above, although an additional small amount of energy is

by 1.1 in) in size, and laid at intervals of 24 to 48 hours. The energy expenditure of both sexes is at its highest during egg-laying; the female needs

Bare-metal restore, in data recovery Basal metabolic rate, daily energy expenditure at rest Bayesian model reduction, a statistical method Bureau of Mineral

region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. The circuit begins with an area of the hypothalamus, the arcuate

online (April 8, 2014) On the high accuracy of estimates on total energy expenditure and oxygen consumption during exercise through in ear devices also

use. With its technology, SepPure aims to address the significant energy expenditure associated with industrial-scale chemical separation processes across

Scott C (December 2005). "Misconceptions about Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Expenditure". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2 (2):

intraplanetary wars involve. By contrast, Robert Freitas argued that the energy expenditure required for interstellar war would be trivial from the viewpoint

(fl. 1847–1904) B (named bee), a letter of the Latin alphabet Basal energy expenditure, of animals Bee (gathering), a gathering of people for work or competition

sit in one spot and reach for all fruit in range, thereby reducing energy expenditure), and it has also been theorized that the bill may intimidate smaller

offer lower carrying capacity to these organisms. In cold weather the energy expenditure to maintain body temperature accelerates starvation and may lead to

driven by the biological disadvantages (such as resource need and energy expenditure) behind carrying offspring instead of the more prolific gene passage

Kröner, M; Rojas Vega, S; Peters, C; Klose, C; Platen, P (2003). "Energy expenditure in wheelchair racing and handbiking - a basis for prevention of cardiovascular

book examines research and proposes a constrained approach to total energy expenditure. Burn. 2 June 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2023. "The misunderstood science

Renal physiology. Transcellular transport is more likely to involve energy expenditure than paracellular transport. 3. Capillaries of the blood–brain barrier

provide fast decreasing of the body temperature and reduction of energy expenditure. During flight, the piloerection affects both heat insulation and

Rosdahl, H. 2020. Perspectives on exercise intensity, volume and energy expenditure in habitual cycle commuting. Front. Sports Act. Living 2:65 John Markoff

the BodyAttack program scientifically. One study investigated the energy expenditure and oxygen consumption of three male and three female participants

devoted to exploring "the molecular mechanisms involved in controlling energy expenditure, fat deposition, and the mechanisms controlling the partition of energy

will reduce activity and body temperature normally in order to lower energy expenditure and avoid torpor. With energetic constraints, the sugar glider will

[citation needed] With these concerns in mind, Body for Life addresses energy expenditure (i.e. exercise) in addition to energy input. For best results, Body

of energy needed for human metabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. A light

function was found to be associated with regulating appetite and energy expenditure. This is through regulating different receptors involved in the brain

amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, using as a standard an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ

Nuclear fusion power, mainly theoretical due to the containment energy expenditure thus far outweighs yielded energy in practice. Virtual reality, whilst

Minimum water intake will vary individually depending on weight, energy expenditure, age, sex, physical activity, environment, diet, and genetics. With

47 Orexin Peptide hypothalamus OX1, OX2 wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite 48 Osteocalcin OCN Peptide Skeleton Osteoblasts

and construction. Bioclimatic design principles are able to reduce energy expenditure and by extension, carbon emissions. Bioclimatic design is a method

limbs. When participating in sport, CP1 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate. CP2 swimmers

the speed of the nerve impulse, the myelin sheath helps in reducing energy expenditure over the axon membrane as a whole, because the amount of sodium and

transitioning from walking to running actually resulted in an increase in energy expenditure, while other studies have supported an energetic benefit from the

"Disruption of the Class IIa HDAC Corepressor Complex Increases Energy Expenditure and Lipid Oxidation". Cell Reports. 16 (11): 2802–2810. doi:10.1016/j

optimal defined as minimizing some form of cost, such as distance, energy expenditure, or time. A common example is finding directions in a street network

escape earlier terminators by chance, which prevents unnecessary energy expenditure for the cell. Rho-dependent transcription terminators require a large

malnourished rats? Perspectives: do alcohol calories count? Resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected

to keep hold of a harem once dominance has been established. Such energy expenditure can result in reduced reproductive success such as in the case of

(2018). Torpor During Reproduction in Mammals and Birds: Balancing Energy Expenditure for Survival (second ed.). Academic Press: Elsevier. pp. 757–763.

the discovery of leptin and its role in the regulation of appetite, energy expenditure, and the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity. Irving L. Weissman

limbs. When participating in sport, CP2 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. This classification can use an AP2 recumbent, which is a competition

control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives" (PDF). Journal

appetite suppressant, but possibly also acts by increasing resting energy expenditure. A recent study showed that Tesofensine modulates neuronal activity

subcritical reactors can also produce net usable energy as the average energy expenditure per neutron produced ranges around 30 MeV (1GeV beam producing a bit

Physical activity is defined as any voluntary body movement requiring energy expenditure produced by skeletal muscles. Insufficient physical activity is defined

disorder. Fever – energy (each 1 °C raise in blood temperature increases energy expenditure by 10–15%. 90% of the total cost of fighting pneumonia goes on increased

[better source needed] Though it is accepted that energy consumption in excess of energy expenditure leads to increases in body weight on an individual basis, the cause

relationship during physical rehabilitation with video games. Balance and energy expenditure are other great improvements seen amongst patients of gaming rehabilitation

shifting energy balance towards energy storage. A resultant decrease in energy expenditure is observed. Another study with rats found that reductions in AEA

Daugherty SA, Koh YO (1990). "A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

(ADP and AMP levels) adenylate kinase is an important regulator of energy expenditure at the cellular level. As energy levels change under different metabolic

where it can be collected and used effectively. To avoid unnecessary energy expenditure, artificial lighting is only used in the building when necessary.

AMP for homeostatic energy processes during times of high cellular energy expenditure, such as exercise. Since ATP cleavage, and corresponding phosphorylation

Indications that hunting took place in both winter and summer 3. Energy expenditure Leveling slopes Building houses Production of plaster Transport of

implicate it in the function of the circadian clock, growth, basal energy expenditure and male reproduction. VIPR2 and/or PAC1 receptor activation is involved

connections between energy expenditure and brain development. These finding are of specific utility in studies on maternal energy expenditure. Comparative study

and enters a state of torpor in unfavourable conditions to reduce energy expenditure in times of inactivity. The paucident planigale exhibits basking or

neurosurgical procedures, coiling results in an increase in resting energy expenditure, albeit at a slightly reduced rate than their neurosurgery counterpart

between organism and target. Directionality also plays a role in energy expenditure in producing signals. Increase in directionality and narrow range

is referred to as the “island rule,” and is suggested to minimize energy expenditure. Other adaptations to life on islands include increased poikilothermy

levels of food intake, C-3BO mice maintained elevated whole-body energy expenditure as well as darker brown BAT depots and higher thermogenic gene expression

(1976): 170–172. Katsu-Kimura, Yumiko; et al. (2009). "Substantial energy expenditure for locomotion in ciliates verified by means of simultaneous measurement

to the male’s survival—such as increased predator risk or time and energy expenditure—it becomes a test by which females can assess male quality. Under

Summermatter cycle explains how skeletal muscle persistently reduces energy expenditure during dieting. In addition, food restriction increases physical activity

expression of uncoupling protein-1, thereby increasing adipose tissue energy expenditure via thermogenesis. This is considered important, because excess visceral

vertebrates body. Based on the expensive tissue hypothesis, higher energy expenditure of vertebrates with larger brains has to balance out by following

critical regulator of energy balance, in both feeding behaviors and energy expenditure, as well as peripheral tissues such as skin and hair. This system

"Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers". The American Journal of Clinical

limbs. When participating in sport, CP1 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate. CP1 competitors

activity. E-bike users in seven European cities had 10% higher weekly energy expenditure than other cyclists because they cycled longer trips. E-bikes can

Formalism, Longevity quotient (Prothero Jugrens Formalism) and lifetime energy expenditure (LEE) (normalized using kilocaories/gram). Buffenstein describes the

water. An alternative theory is that standing on one leg reduces the energy expenditure for producing muscular effort to stand and balance on one leg. A study

did not decrease with the intervention. At the same time observed energy expenditure remained similar between the groups. This occurred even though dietary

may be regarded as a healthy and adaptive mechanism that reduces energy expenditure. Fasting in healthy, euthyroid people causes reduced T3 and elevated

site. Moreover, increased chorus attendance carries with it a higher energy expenditure and risk of predation. Therefore, it may seem intuitive that males

resources. Hibernation is a mechanism used by many mammals to reduce energy expenditure and survive food shortages over the winter. Hibernation may be predictive

constructed to be energy efficient and to fall well within government energy-expenditure targets. The approachable effect of the building is enhanced by artwork

order to stay cool. By reducing evaporative cooling, gazelles reduce energy expenditure and conserve body water. During cooler temperatures at night, the

increases pressure drop, increases upstream pressure, increases energy expenditure, may cause flow oscillations, slugging in two-phase flow, cavitation;

because they burn more calories than those who remain still. The energy expenditure associated with fidgeting is called non-exercise activity thermogenesis

Arnoldus Schytte (March 1989). "Seasonal Changes in Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Digestibility in Captive Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan and Norwegian

can collect information about an individual's health, fitness, and energy expenditure. In health care applications the privacy and authenticity of user

asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. Because of the neuromuscular

lowers its body temperature and metabolic rate, in order to reduce energy expenditure. Torpor is unaffected by alterations in photoperiod but is greatly

example, research has found that dancing games dramatically increase energy expenditure over that of traditional video games, and that they burn more calories

asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. Because of the neuromuscular

minimal issues with coordination. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. People with Les Autres related

can collect information about an individual's health, fitness, and energy expenditure. In health care applications the privacy and authenticity of user

travel efficiently through soil and can be produced with minimal energy expenditure, plants may use sound as a means for interpreting their environment

(November 2009). "Atf4 regulates obesity, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure". Diabetes. 58 (11): 2565–2573. doi:10.2337/db09-0335. PMC 2768187

17226/10925. ISBN 978-0-309-09169-5. "Racing the wind. Water economy and energy expenditure in avian endurance flight". Archived from the original on 2008-06-29

single category (i.e., sedentary) because of their similarity in energy expenditure, and thus, the recent instruments including SOPARC use three categories

low-energy feed, and to travel long distances at high speed without great energy expenditure (to reach fresh food supplies or waterholes, and to escape predators)

75%Wmax Moderate-intensity Percent of substrate contribution to total energy expenditure Plasma glucose 44% 10% 13% 18% Muscle glycogen - 35% 38% 58% Plasma

its use. Schoeller, D.A. and van Santen, E. (1982) Measurement of energy expenditure in humans by doubly labelled water. J. Appl. Physiol., 53, 955-959

is caloric intake as sufficient calories are needed to offset the energy expenditure of training allowing for adequate recovery from exercise. The International

bats use physiological and behavioural adjustments to optimise daily energy expenditure". Naturwissenschaften. 97 (4): 353–363. Bibcode:2010NW.....97..353P

speculated that variations in this gene evolved to accommodate the energy expenditure requirements of people in various parts of the world.: 155–156  Over

high altitudes where high-speed winds carry the butterfly, reducing energy expenditure. Red admirals have color vision in the 440–590 nm range of the visible

energy as healthy bats, and starved to death. Direct calculations of energy expenditure failed for most bats, because isotope concentrations were indistinguishable

normally be heavily pregnant (the rain soaks the wool, increasing energy expenditure). Another factor in mortality rates is the loading of intestinal nematode

thrive on the ground, such as changes in diet, gathering of food, energy expenditure, social interactions, and predators. Life in the canopy meant a food

certain species and parts of plants, perhaps due to their high daily energy expenditure. Thomomys pocket gophers live underground and create extensive systems

adjustments in the thermic effect of food, resting energy expenditure, and non-resting energy expenditure all oppose further change. Any athlete who has trained

endogenous opioids are not necessary to maintain body weight and energy expenditure under predictable circumstances, they become activated under stressful

defendability, in which the defence of a resource has costs (such as energy expenditure and risk of injury) and benefits (priority access to the resource)

but unknown role in order to justify the evolutionary effort and energy expenditure in maintaining their presence through many cycles of natural selection

CZ, Klesges LM (April 1994). "Effects of alcohol intake on resting energy expenditure in young women social drinkers". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59 (4): 805–9

exercise does not reduce abdominal fat; to achieve that, a deficit in energy expenditure and caloric intake must be created—abdominal exercises alone are not

PMID 12732639. Reis M, Farage M, de Meis L (2002-01-01). "Thermogenesis and energy expenditure: control of heat production by the Ca(2+)-ATPase of fast and slow

fatty acids induces DIC expression. Cold exposure, which increases energy expenditure and decreases fatty acid biosynthesis, resulted in a significant (approximately

"Indirect Calorimetry" (PDF). "Techniques available for measuring energy expenditure". United Nations University. Weir, J. B. de V. (1949). "New methods

low-carbohydrate dieting would offer a "metabolic advantage" of increased energy expenditure equivalent to 400–600 kcal(kilocalorie)/day, in accord with the promise

reduces heat production from metabolic reactions. S. greyii minimizes energy expenditure using passive rewarming from its lethargic state. Roosting in poorly

summer, allowing a greater temperature tolerance and thus decreasing energy expenditure typically used to compensate for minor changes in core body temperature

stimulates the TR-beta receptor for thyroid hormones and thus increases energy expenditure. It has agonistic (thyromimetic) effects at myocardial tissue and

Award Search: Award#0343917 - Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Energy Expenditure". National Science Foundation. "NSF Award Search: Award#9507452 -

Relation to Stream Acidity in Upland Wales: Time-Activity Budgets and Energy Expenditure. Oecologia, 85(2), 271–280 Ormerod, S., O'Halloran, J., Gribbin, S

Studies have shown that when raising all male chicks, the females energy expenditure increases by 27%. The favouritism shown to the male chicks is due

effect of water intake on nitrogenous metabolism in humans, and the energy expenditure of military recruits in training. On 1 April 1914, Boyd Orr took charge

are vulnerable to predation while doing so. Considering the large energy expenditure and dangers involved in the journey to the ground, this behaviour

Trading Scheme of 2008 was modelled to increase annual household energy expenditure to 0.8% and increase fuel prices by approximately 6%. The price of

Gene Expression in Kiss1r Knockout Mice Despite Obesity and Reduced Energy Expenditure". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 28 (10). doi:10.1111/jne.12430. PMC 5083214

limbs. When participating in sport, CP2 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. Events this classification competes in are mixed gendered competitions

environments, coastal visits were associated with the highest overall energy expenditure due duration of activity in coastal environments being longer. Results

than failed breeders who did not. This may be because of the reduced energy expenditure from sharing a nest. This is similar to acorn woodpeckers and green

created in the first stage as its heat source (hence the saving in energy expenditure). The combination of lower temperatures and higher viscosity in subsequent

triglyceride in adipose tissue. An imbalance in glucose intake and energy expenditure has been shown to lead to both adipose cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia

merit of this cycle is a relatively low voltage (thus low electrical energy expenditure) that is required for the electrochemical step (0.6 to 1.0 V, perhaps

complex in turn upregulates the expression of proteins involved in energy expenditure. Furthermore, in rats treated with GW501516, increased fatty acid

from the northern hemisphere" and "… was used frequently and reduced energy expenditure substantially it appears that it plays a central role in the biology

chickadees. Chickadees are able to use nocturnal hypothermia to regulate energy expenditure, allowing them to survive harsh winters where other bird species not

chickadees. Chickadees are able to use nocturnal hypothermia to regulate energy expenditure, allowing them to survive harsh winters where other bird species not

living in free-ranging degus (Octodon degus): Seasonal dynamics of energy expenditure", Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 137 (3): 597–604, doi:10

approaches. For example, accelerometers have been used to study flight energy expenditure of Harris's Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus). Researchers are also using

asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. Because of the neuromuscular

whether or not defensive ultrasonic clicks are worth the time and energy expenditure. Rough-skinned newts have skin glands that contain a powerful nerve

have led to an increase in overall efficiency and decrease in total energy expenditure since the time spent searching for food would decrease. Natural selection

energy expenditure for the sinusoidal motion of the Center of Mass during gait, while the inverted pendulum theory offers the possibility that energy

waking behaviour, whether in sitting or reclining posture, by an energy expenditure less or equal to 1.5 metabolic equivalents of task (METs). MET, beside

approximately 2% of the human body mass and uses 20–25% of the total energy expenditure. Therefore, mechanisms involved in the transfer of energy from foods

insular environment favored a locomotor system optimized for low energy expenditure rather than speed and mobility. Oreopithecus has been claimed to exhibit

grains: Barley and soya as an alternative supplement in diets high in energy expenditure] (PDF) (in Spanish): 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March

; Martin, J.; Boutard, O.; Rouanet, J. L. (2002). "Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating wandering albatrosses: basal levels, natural variation

in heavy heat to accelerate this action. At night, it reduces its energy expenditure by more than 30 percent, lowering its body temperature from 104 to

specialized in thermogenesis. The process of beiging leads to increased energy expenditure and decreased adiposity. Vivier E, Artis D, Colonna M, Diefenbach

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), which are related to hypophagia and increased energy expenditure. NPY and norepinephrine are both localized in select neurons in the

reasons. First of all, the city is very flat which requires less energy expenditure. Secondly, the city is relatively close to sea level which means that

dietary intake of medium chain triglycerides on body composition, energy expenditure and satiety: a systematic review". Nutr Hosp. 27 (1): 103–138. doi:10

digestion and detoxification of low quality food and reduction of overall energy expenditure. The Sahamalaza sportive lemur attends other species’ alarm calls

"Deletion of murine Arv1 results in a lean phenotype with increased energy expenditure". Nutrition & Diabetes. 5 (10): e181. doi:10.1038/nutd.2015.32. PMC 4631934

merchant's bank, which receives the payment). However, bitcoin's energy expenditure is not directly linked to the number of transactions. Layer 2 solutions

minute for McDonagh) is positively correlated with a greater level of energy expenditure while running the same speed. Running economy (efficiency) can be

Ravussin E (April 2022). "Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight

can reverse diet-induced obesity in wild-type mice by increasing energy expenditure, and can restrict fat mass gain of hyperphagic rats. Leucine toxicity

where energy intake for some population groups may be inadequate, energy expenditure is high and body fat stores are low (BMI <18.5 kg/m2). The amount

same amount of food, then energy expenditure is another explanation for divergent population growth because energy expenditure is lower for lizards at higher

kestrel requires the equivalent of 4–8 voles a day, depending on energy expenditure (time of the year, amount of hovering, etc.). They have been known

was last seen falling to the ground during the chaos left by Atom's energy expenditure resulting in a nuclear blast. Major Force is later seen reconstituted

pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance". Journal of the International

oxygen than before mating. The study concluded that the female's energy expenditure while generating eggs is twice that of males during incubation, confirming

universe's formation could theoretically be observed without significant energy expenditure. In the Big Bang theory, the universe cools from an initial hot, dense

RYGB induced a 19% increase in total and a 31% increase in resting energy expenditure, an effect not exhibited in vertical sleeve gastrectomy rats. In addition

Portugal, S. J.; Butler, P. J. (2012). "Behavioural compensation reduces energy expenditure during migration hyperphagia in a large bird". Functional Ecology

Saddy F, Thompson A, Gago F, et al. (April 2009). "Comparison of energy expenditure between neurally adjusted ventilatory assist and pressure support

energy recovery and more control likely outweighs the cost of extra energy expenditure. Brachiation originated in Africa, thirteen million years ago.[citation

Seagle HM, Klem ML, McGuire MT, Wing RR & Hill JO. (1999). Resting energy expenditure in reduced-obese subjects in the National Weight Control Registry

promoting the emergence of beige adipocytes, which leads to increased energy expenditure and decreased adiposity. Elevated levels of IL-33 have been reported

deflection is always as small and precise as possible to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure and return the hand to the guard as quickly as possible. Hooks are

energetic parameters, adopting elements of Olds' equations for cyclists' energy expenditure, and cyclist performance results from Hoenigman, and Kyle's drafting

the minimization of waste and hazardous by-products, air pollution, energy expenditure and other factors. Design for environmental packaging: Materials used

the workplace to that of a professional athlete. In both scenarios energy expenditure (stress) is experienced. Without recovery (oscillation) both cannot

from 2022 found that plogging and jogging are comparable in terms of energy expenditure, but that the proportion of energy coming from fat is significantly

includes egg attendance, tadpole transport, and tadpole feeding. Energy expenditure Both males and females of the strawberry poison-dart frog care for

the fermentation of renewable feedstocks at a lower cost and lower energy expenditure than the petroleum equivalent while sequestering CO2 rather than emitting

beneficial to endurance athletes by replacing the protein lost in energy expenditure and protein lost in repairing muscles. One review concluded that endurance

alone, rather than by passage through the air, requiring considerable energy expenditure. This usually confines the ability to smaller birds, but some larger

Wanders RJ, Visser G, Houten SM (Jul 2014). "Food withdrawal lowers energy expenditure and induces inactivity in long-chain fatty acid oxidation-deficient

accelerometers showed that great hammerhead sharks reduce drag and lessen energy expenditure by swimming on their side in a posture termed "rolled swimming". The

Elliott PJ, Puigserver P, Auwerx J (April 2009). "AMPK regulates energy expenditure by modulating NAD+ metabolism and SIRT1 activity". Nature. 458 (7241):

benefits of large size, such as relative immunity from predators, lower energy expenditure, and longer life span, are probably secondary advantages. The Morrison

Ostrowski, S.; Bedin, E.; Ismail, K. (2001). "Seasonal variation in energy expenditure, water flux and food consumption of Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx". Journal

adiponectin show reduced adipocyte differentiation and increased energy expenditure associated with mitochondrial uncoupling. The hormone plays a role

on the spawning grounds. High water temperatures also increase the energy expenditure of sockeye salmon as they migrate upriver. Aggressive behavior displayed

60-year-old may need no adjustment from the raw figure. To find total body energy expenditure (actual energy needed per day), the base metabolism must then be multiplied

200–250 beats per minute as part of an apparent strategy to reduce energy expenditure. Such conservation is important to their survival, as their fat reserves

allocations of an individual's resources (i.e., time, effort, and energy expenditure) to competing life functions. For example, attachment theory proposes

collecting regular blood and urine samples, Stroud discovered that their energy expenditure averaged nearly 7,000 calories per day, with one ten day period that

asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. Because of the neuromuscular

is higher than the expenditure and undergo mobilization when the energy expenditure exceeds the intake. This process is highly regulated by counter regulatory

limbs. When participating in sport, CP1 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate. CP1 competitors

asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. In athletics events, CP7

have reduced fat-free mass, have reduced lean body mass and total energy expenditure, and have decreased bone density. PWS is characterized by hypogonadism

S2CID 219691446. Dazıroğlu ME, Tek NA (2023). "Water Consumption: Effect on Energy Expenditure and Body Weight Management". Current Obesity Reports. 12 (2): 99–107

eyes and brain, which supports faster swimming speeds and reduced energy expenditure, and which enables them to survive in cooler waters over a wider range

Fitbit One and Fitbit Flex devices reliably measured step counts and energy expenditure, with hip-based Fitbit devices being more accurate than wrist-based

years. However, the ratio of resting metabolic rate to total daily energy expenditure can vary between 1.6 and 8.0 between species of mammals. Animals also

prolonged, complete sleep deprivation increased both food intake and energy expenditure, with a net effect of weight loss and ultimately death. This study

disturbance of the habitat. Since nightly path length is related to energy expenditure, Dian's tarsiers expend more energy in more disturbed habitats. Females

Gotshall RW, Eaton SB, Eaton SB (July 1998). "Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: an evolutionary perspective" (PDF). International Journal

Rosdahl, H. 2020. Perspectives on exercise intensity, volume and energy expenditure in habitual cycle commuting. Front. Sports Act. Living 2:65 "Cycling

is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure. More physical activity, less anger, and less irritability were associated

profound decisions about climate change (i.e. whether to reduce current energy expenditure to avoid delayed costs). The ability to imagine future scenarios and

recovery, and digestion of food, and usually less costly in terms of energy expenditure. The sympathetic effects of norepinephrine include: In the eyes, an

1954. Nutrition (1911) Physiology of Protein Metabolism (1912) The Energy Expenditure of the Infantry Recruit in Training (1919) Physique of Women in Industry

the Na+/K+-ATPase can be responsible for up to 3/4 of the cell's energy expenditure. In many types of tissue, ATP consumption by the Na+/K+-ATPases have

sensitivity to pain. He will rapidly return to normal after such lengthy energy expenditure is over. Ikaris can teleport himself psionically, but prefers not

Tracey KJ, Capella M, Gilker C, Matthews DE (June 1993). "Increased energy expenditure in a patient with diencephalic syndrome". J Pediatr. 122 (6): 922–4

authors list (link) Kacha Udomtaku, and Kurusart Konharn (2020). "Energy expenditure and movement activity analysis of sepaktakraw players in the Thailand

asymmetry when they are in motion. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. Because of the neuromuscular

control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives. Journal of

bicycle will travel at 15 km/h (9.3 mph), so in these conditions the energy expenditure of cycling is about one-third that of walking the same distance. Uphill

control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives". J. Exp. Biol

looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies

gravity environment. Caloric requirements are determined using a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula. On Earth, the average American uses about 35 US gallons

Throughout his career, Hirsch's work focused on how eating choices, energy expenditure, and the biochemistry of fat cells influenced obesity. In the 1960s

Smith. Quenouille, M. H. (1951). "Statistical studies of recorded energy expenditure in man". OCLC 4146398. Quenouille, M. H. (1965). Fundamentals of Statistical

pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance". Journal of the International

work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure". American Journal of Physiology. 233 (5): R243-261. doi:10.1152/ajpregu

of kangaroos and wallabies have demonstrated, beyond the minimum energy expenditure required to hop at all, increased speed requires very little extra

Alp Kalyon "The effect of hinged ankle-foot orthosis on gait and energy expenditure in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy" Disability and Rehabilitation

2011). "Is playing exergames really exercising? A meta-analysis of energy expenditure in active video games". Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking

competition can pose many risks to a male's fitness, such as high energy expenditure, physical injury, lower sperm quality and lost paternity. The risk

mechanism that enables sustained contraction of muscles with very little energy expenditure, such that a clam can remain closed for extended periods. Paramyosins

Rosdahl, H. 2020. Perspectives on exercise intensity, volume and energy expenditure in habitual cycle commuting. Front. Sports Act. Living 2:65 Götschi

such as this, who are living at greater depths show a decrease in energy expenditure rates as the depth increases. This decrease in energy usage is attributed

(the force of contraction) of the heart without increasing heart energy expenditure.[citation needed] The inhibition of the sodium pump may also improve

Catsadorakis, Giorgos; Nathan, Ran (2019). "Seasonal differences in energy expenditure, flight characteristics and spatial utilization of Dalmatian Pelicans

require more energy and show a detectable difference in anaerobic energy expenditure than those without encrustation. In the absence of barnacle encrustation

reduce hypermetabolic response, which is characterized by increased energy expenditure, elevated stress hormones levels such as cortisol, insulin resistance

Domestic Cats Results from Increased Food Intake and Not Decreased Energy Expenditure". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (6). Elsevier BV: 1866–1874. doi:10

rate of sink and allows them to remain near the surface with less energy expenditure.[citation needed] An increased surface area to volume ratio also means

(the force of contraction) of the heart without increasing heart energy expenditure.[citation needed] The inhibition of the sodium pump may also improve

adequate decoupling is currently not taking place. These are rising energy expenditure, rebound effects, problem shifting, the underestimated impact of services

1994. Morrison, R. I. G., N. C. Davidson, and Theunis Piersma. Daily Energy Expenditure and Water Turnover of Shorebirds at Alert, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T

per hour almost doubled. At this point, a maximum hourly metabolic energy expenditure requirement was added, which was over three times the original requirement

"New role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brown adipogenesis and energy expenditure". Nature. 454 (7207): 1000–4. Bibcode:2008Natur.454.1000T. doi:10

minimal issues with coordination. People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy. People with cerebral palsy

whole team or each player individually aims at supporting sportsmen energy expenditure level and helps coaching staff to maintain players’ durability over

deleterious impacts on A. zebra, including reduced feeding and increased energy expenditure. Arca zebra is the dominant species in its most well-observed habitats

[citation needed] A study from China found urbanization reduced daily energy expenditure by about 300–400 kcal and going to work by car or bus reduced it by

passenger mile must be calculated. The reason that comparing the energy expenditure per person is necessary is to normalize the data for easy comparison

Energy expenditure increases when ambient temperature is above or below the thermal neutral zone (the range of ambient temperature in which energy expenditure

ILC2s promote the beiging of adipocytes, and therefore increased energy expenditure. Therefore, decreased responses of ILC2s in the tissue are a characteristic

social monogamous relationship. This could be because of the shared energy expenditure by the males and females lower each individual's input. In largemouth

devices that can be used by healthy individuals to monitor exercise and energy expenditure are increasingly popular, and range from simple heart rate monitors

"Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers". The American Journal of Clinical

neighboring individuals' calls is advantageous because it minimizes energy expenditure on aggressive displays, and prevents conflict between neighbors and

evidence that sleep restriction affected ghrelin or leptin levels, or energy expenditure. Ghrelin has inhibitory effects on gonadotropin-releasing hormone

learning to use mobility aids, learning how to reduce the body's energy expenditure, and developing specific breathing patterns. Speech therapy can improve

1139/z89-049. Aleksiuk M., Cowan I. M. (1969). "Aspects of seasonal energy expenditure in the beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) at the northern limit of its

require minimal cleaning up. Finally, foods require a minimum of energy expenditure throughout their use; they must store well, open easily, and leave

males. Torpor allows the species to decrease water loss and reduce energy expenditure by up to 90%, considerably reducing the amount of food to be foraged;

This perception is modulated by what has been coined as "efficient energy expenditure." In other words, perceived increase in effort (a steeper slope) when

neurons which control energy homeostasis by regulating appetite and energy expenditure and the ablation of TBX3 function in these neurons was shown to cause

benefits of large size, such as relative immunity from predators, lower energy expenditure, and longer life span, are probably secondary advantages. The Morrison

hind limbs for their weight and height, which also shows a higher energy expenditure when walking bipedally. This indicates that this species practiced

dice (D8): To be used for rolling. Five mana stones: Currency for energy expenditure. To be used when accounting for the cost of actions. Seventy-two Cast

control of fire enabled important changes in human behavior, health, energy expenditure, and geographic expansion. Hominids could move into much colder regions

limbs. When participating in sport, CP2 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. While CP2, CP3 and CP6 have similar issues with Athetoid or Ataxic

changes in thyroxine levels can have dramatic effects on resting energy expenditure, similar to that of patients with hypothyroidism, which has been shown

carbanion stabilization in the fourth reaction step (below). The energy expenditure of another ATP in this step is justified in 2 ways: The glycolytic

larvae, especially Scarabaeidae. Because burrowing requires high energy expenditure it seems unlikely that the mole searches for its food in this prey

Pinshow B.; Fedak M.A.; Battles D.R; Schmidt-Nielsen K. (1976). "Energy expenditure for thermoregulation and locomotion in emperor penguins". American

loss in ALS is often caused by muscle wasting and increased resting energy expenditure. Weight loss may also be secondary to reduced food intake since dysphagia

Shapira N (October 2011). "Influence of water drinking on resting energy expenditure in overweight children". International Journal of Obesity. 35 (10):

When Rambeau temporarily lost her original powers after a massive energy expenditure, she developed the ability to shunt any mechanical energy directed

animals more buoyant, allowing them to float in the water with little energy expenditure. The smooth, globular shape of the body helps in streamlining the

amount of exercise performed from approximately 700–2000 kcal of energy expenditure per week and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality

processing site in an economical manner, where time to arrival, propulsion energy expenditure, and extraction costs are factored into the planning process. Minerals

fitness. In undeveloped countries the ability to afford food, high energy expenditure with physical labor, and cultural values favoring a larger body size

by shortening of the male lifespan because of the associated high energy expenditure. Calling is also an indicator of male age, as the expression of signaling

insects are too far away from the nest to be profitable in terms of energy expenditure. Isotope studies have shown that wintering populations may utilise

may be different depending on the task-goal; for example, minimum energy expenditure might be a task-variable associated with locomotion, while precise

69 in) that impart sufficient caloric intake for a minute amount of energy expenditure. North American river otters generally feed on prey that is in larger

living in free-ranging degus (Octodon degus): Seasonal dynamics of energy expenditure", Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 137 (3): 597–604, doi:10

youngest males don't try as hard as older males to find a mate. The energy expenditure of chasing and fighting during the breeding season can result in a

awareness to stimuli but an active process, requiring a constant energy expenditure. Other early theories of cognitive inhibition focused on its central

roundscale spearfish seamlessly. But despite a high alive release, the energy expenditure and the physiological stress resulting from capture and handling lead

Duscha, Brian (2014). "Earbud-Based Sensor for the Assessment of Energy Expenditure, HR, and V˙O2max". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 46 (5):

limbs. When participating in sport, CP1 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate. People with

and strong, small legs to increase burrowing efficiency and reduce energy expenditure. The tail of the desert egernia is usually slightly longer than the

limbs. When participating in sport, CP1 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate. People with

Engel, Sophia Barbara (2005). Racing the wind: Water economy and energy expenditure in avian endurance flight. University of Groningen. ISBN 90-367-2378-7

functional analog of iodothyronines, reduces adiposity by increasing energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation in rats receiving a high-fat diet". FASEB

and eating times, changes to appetite-regulating hormones and total energy expenditure, increased snacking and binge drinking, and reduced protein intake

Rodriguez, D. J.; Sandoval, W.; Clevenger, F. W. (1995). "Is Measured Energy Expenditure Correlated to Injury Severity Score in Major Trauma Patients?". Journal

contribute to parental care, females invest more heavily in terms of energy expenditure, time investment, and loss of potential reproduction. When choosing

temperature in this state to 6–30 °C (43–86 °F), and may reduce their energy expenditure by 50 to 99%. Tropical bats may use it to avoid predation, by reducing

advantageous because it enabled the Dodo to execute activities with minimal energy expenditure. However, these proved disadvantageous when their island was invaded

equivalent. Goss followed this in 1988 with an evaluation of the energy expenditure of step aerobics combined with hand weights. At the same time, Atlanta-based

seven European cities, electric bike users had 10% higher weekly energy expenditure than other cyclists. People switching to e-bike from either private

mutual benefits by avoiding misdirected maternal care and therefore energy expenditure for mothers, and the risk of injury for young approaching unrelated

Consequence of Reduced Cellular-Energy Availability and Non-adaptive Energy Expenditure". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 12: 78. doi:10.3389/fnbeh

Zarrugh, M. Y., Todd, F. N., & Ralston, H. J. (1974). Optimization of energy expenditure during level walking. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational

physical activity, their kilocalories per week were measured. The energy expenditure in kilocalories was measured, and the results showed that the more

visceral fat percentage, but good accuracy in the prediction of resting energy expenditure (REE) when compared with more accurate whole-body magnetic resonance

diet with meat during the breeding season when there is increased energy expenditure and young birds to feed. There are limited observations of the pompadour

JO (September 2006). "Reduced stress- and cold-induced increase in energy expenditure in interleukin-6-deficient mice". American Journal of Physiology.

body conditions to retain a livable pH and, therefore, must limit energy expenditure on processes such as hunting, sheltering, and reproducing. Thus, embryonic

their mother. The young's large body size is believed to lead to high-energy expenditure from the mother, which is what limits her to only having one offspring

longevity and lower risk of cardiovascular disease, and that so long as energy expenditure was equivalent, it was irrelevant whether the exercise was carried

source. Frozen feeding grounds during winter months results in greater energy expenditure as the caribou attempt to access the lichen locked beneath the ice

Stratton G, Ridgers ND, Cable NT (December 2007). "Comparison of energy expenditure in adolescents when playing new generation and sedentary computer

circadian entrainment. 2005 S. Engel: Racing the wind. Water economy and energy expenditure in avian endurance flight. 2006 P.D. Dijkstra: Know thine enemy. Intrasexual

Ta-tchen?", Internal Wushu Arts Newsletter, 1999 Kurland, Harvey, "Energy Expenditure of Tai chi chuan students", Journal of Sports Medicine, Training and

abdominal and visceral fat (androgenic obesity). Estradiol also regulates energy expenditure, body weight homeostasis, and seems to have much stronger anti-obesity

and construction. Bioclimatic design principles are able to reduce energy expenditure and by extension, carbon emissions. Bioclimatic design is a method

allocations of an individual's resources (i.e., time, effort, and energy expenditure) to competing life functions. For any given individual, available

however, other traits such as forearm thickness and vocalization energy expenditure can be greater indicators of reproductive success in other species

"Communal cavity roosting in green woodhoopoes: consequences for energy expenditure and the seasonal pattern of mortality". The Auk. 1994 (2): 292–299

Schwartz GJ, Bastie CC (Feb 2010). "Fyn-dependent regulation of energy expenditure and body weight is mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation of LKB1".

buildings are renovated by architects, favoring local timber and limiting energy expenditure. Well-known award-winning architectural projects include the Kunsthaus

per second (4.6 km/h; 2.9 mph). While walking, animals reduce their energy expenditure by choosing certain step rhythms at which their body parts resonate

region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. There are several circuits within the hypothalamus that contribute

assists in maintaining electrolyte balance, and reduces the need for energy expenditure on the part of the animal to restore/self-regulate this balance. Besides

receptors (LEPRs) in the brain in order to decrease hunger and facilitate energy expenditure. In obesity, the greater number of adipocytes release greater amounts

Ogimoto K, and Schwartz MW. FGF21 Action in the Brain Increases Energy Expenditure and Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Rats. Diabetes. 59:1817-1824, 2010

usage of BEV and other battery-operated electrical equipment a large energy expenditure, ultimately increasing CO2 emissions - especially in countries lacking

clearly understood. One reasonable explanation points to the large energy expenditure in maintaining a colony of bioluminescent bacteria. During the day

Kristina J.; Jetz, Walter (2005-02-25). "The broad-scale ecology of energy expenditure of endotherms". Ecology Letters. 8 (3): 310–318. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248

first report of any bird consuming slime mold in the field. Risk and energy expenditure are factors in food selection for the Canada jay, which selects food

63 kg (139 lb) for males and 52.3 kg (115 lb) for females, the daily energy expenditure (DEE)—the amount of calories metabolized in one day—was estimated

to lift it into orbit in the first place. In astrodynamics, this energy expenditure is defined by the net change in the spacecraft's velocity, or delta-v

strategies during conflict to minimize the risk of injury and avoid excess energy expenditure. These strategies allow them to increase their chance of survival

Escalation is determined by several factors, including hormone levels, energy expenditure, expected outcome, and importance of location. At all stages, an upright

impacts appear to only reach a phenotypic pathology in certain high energy expenditure cells, such as renal cells and lung tissue. It has been suggested

weight loss is achieved by reducing energy intake, or increasing energy expenditure, thus achieving a negative balance. Adjunctive therapies which may

result in secondary problems such as poor weight gain, excessive energy expenditure during feeding, lengthy feeding times, discomfort during feeding,

energy usually sourced from byproducts of the process. Additional energy expenditure is found in the shipping of raw materials and export of the finished

energy usually sourced from byproducts of the process. Additional energy expenditure is found in the shipping of raw materials and export of the finished

large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) II. Energy expenditure". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (22): 4566–4573. doi:10

environmental change. Another has been the contributions of water loss and energy expenditure during hibernation of bats to the understanding of white-nose syndrome

tricked into caring for another species’ young. This requires a larger energy expenditure by the rock firefinches, which decreases their survival and reproductive

New York: Wiley. Goran M.; et al. (1998). "Developmental changes in energy expenditure and physical activity in children: Evidence for a decline in physical

Z; Allison, DB; Heshka, S (2002). "Body-size dependence of resting energy expenditure can be attributed to nonenergetic homogeneity of fat-free mass". American

biomimetics has the potential of avoiding environmental pollution and energy expenditure. Most methods operate at room temperature and ambient pressure. Prof

muscle to increase stroke volume without significant increase in energy expenditure. With the relatively short half life of cTnT in cardiomyocytes (3–4

mortality of isolated workers likely results from an increase in energy expenditure and a decrease in energy income. Through energy balance, social interactions

facilitated diffusion. Delivery of the premature infant requires higher energy expenditure, but with inadequate intake the infant will have negative nitrogen

Stricker-Krongrad A, Shulman GI, Neel BG, Kahn BB (August 2000). "Increased Energy Expenditure, Decreased Adiposity, and Tissue-Specific Insulin Sensitivity in Protein-Tyrosine

limit animal movement. The energetics of locomotion involves the energy expenditure by animals in moving. Energy consumed in locomotion is not available

simulations also analyze physiological measures including metabolism, energy expenditure, and fatigue limits Cycle time studies, design and process validation

intake, but a long series of breaches may add up to a significant energy expenditure. A breach is therefore a sign that the animal is physically fit enough

day. Surface swimming and foraging are major factors in their high energy expenditure due to drag on the surface of the water when swimming and the thermal

diabetic rodents. Treatment of animals with FGF21 results in increased energy expenditure, fat utilization and lipid excretion. β-Klotho (KLB) functions as

biomechanics of gait, including, among other things, stability, symmetry, or energy expenditure for amputees. There are several powered prosthetic legs currently

Ye, J (2009). "Butyrate Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Energy Expenditure in Mice". Diabetes. 58 (7): 1509–1517. doi:10.2337/db08-1637. PMC 2699871

alloparent can be defined by three of the four classifications of energy expenditure proposed by Crawford and Balon (1996): Type II – Preparing for the

work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure". American Journal of Physiology. 233 (5): R243-261. doi:10.1152/ajpregu

manipulation is combined with an exercise regimen that has a greater energy expenditure than intake. For hypogonadism, testosterone replacement is done. For

Ravussin, Eric (April 2022). "Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight

of tests, Brüggemann reported that Pistorius used about 25% less energy expenditure than non-disabled athletes once he achieved a given speed. The study

total energy output. A quarter of this 20%, i.e. 5% of the total body energy expenditure, is used by the brain to recycle damaged lipids in neuronal membranes

due to a slow metabolism. On average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than normal weight or thin people and actually have higher basal metabolic

content than most trees, this allows them to grow very large with less energy expenditure. Parenchyma are soft plant tissue cells that are commonly used for

the pelvis when giving birth, or because it could reduce maternal energy expenditure on trim control. They disagreed with the "increased asphyxiation risk"

C. Krewer, F.M., B. Husemann, S. Heller, J. Quintern, E. Koenig. Energy expenditure of hemiparetic patients and healthy subjects: walking in a lokomat

proposed alternative methods for rescaling dialysis dose: resting energy expenditure, high metabolic rate organ mass, liver size, and body surface area

Body weight regulation requires a balance between food intake and energy expenditure. Two mechanisms are required to maintain a relatively constant body

PMID 23307949. Brockway, J. M. "Derivation of formulae used to calculate energy expenditure in man." Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 41.6 (1987): 463-71. Donelan, J. Maxwell

of the summer. The resulting improvement in aerodynamics may lower energy expenditure. These lines fly in an undulating pattern as they alternately flap

those with smaller territories. This difference may be due to the energy expenditure of smaller bees to defend their territory from larger males, the inability

factors that allow the slow loris to remain inconspicuous and minimize energy expenditure. Vocal exchanges and alarm calls are limited; scent marking with urine

required to maintain their body temperature and metabolism, and reduce energy expenditure which helps them thrive in the cold, harsh climate of the Andes. The

and to reverse obesity by decreasing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. The Dietary Goals also recommended increasing complex carbohydrates

S2CID 216193193. Barlow, Wacher & Disley 1997, p. 16 Bolton, M. (1996). "Energy expenditure, body-weight and foraging performance of storm petrels Hydrobates

Raya, M.; Kirk, N.; Erbs, K.; Spyropoulos, P.; Nash, M. S. (1994). "Energy expenditure of trans-tibial amputees during ambulation at self-selected pace"

and easy transport, allowing mature squid to travel with minimum energy expenditure to exploit rich northern feeding grounds, while eggs and larvae develop

University. Her research in the measurement of body composition, energy expenditure, physical activity, nutrition and risk factors for disease, as well

"Intrahousehold inequality at different welfare levels: energy intake and energy expenditure data from the Philippines". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics

through reduced food intake (energy intake) without alterations in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Lorcaserin has a high affinity for the 5-HT2C

studies, alterations in adropin levels have been linked to changes in energy expenditure and body weight. For example, some studies have shown that mice with

from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. "An Energy Expenditure Estimation Method Based on Heart Rate Measurement" (PDF). www.firstbeat

pasture-based system which is attributed with a greater maintenance energy expenditure associated with grazing behavior.: 20–21  In 1997, the news division

energetically expensive to produce and being ovigerous in nature adds to the energy expenditure. When these eggs hatch larva called zoea emerge. Zoea are planktonic

between the benefits of abundance of prey on ice and the additional energy expenditure in ice habitats. Furthermore, polar bears that live on dynamic, constantly

during the breeding season, both males and females reduced their energy expenditure by 20% when they nested in pairs, and a maximal energetic benefit

"Designing and Testing HealthTracker for Activity Recognition and Energy Expenditure Estimation within the DAPHNE Platform". Procedia Computer Science

do not grow during the breeding season, this is due to increased energy expenditure rather than food shortage. Females allocate energy towards growing

web-spinning behavior. When the spider reaches satiety, it will decrease its energy expenditure on building the features of the web specifically purposed for prey

likely to inhabit areas that either maximize energy gain or minimize energy expenditure. Similarly, darter body size is positively correlated with prey size

metals like cadmium (II) can be removed with high consequences on energy expenditure. Chromium (III) can be removed but with low efficiency because of

with lower activity levels in the sensory and motor cortex and less energy expenditure. These findings supported the Neural Efficiency Hypothesis (NEH) and

Redman L (2012). "Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial"

inactive and only essential body functions are operating to reduce energy expenditure. Entering torpor slows the body's metabolic rate down, yet it is different

small electrics, heating elements, motors, pool and hot tub heaters, outdoor grills, and natural gas outdoor lighting Non end-user energy expenditure 5.4%

three-dimensional space, prey field distribution and the metabolism of energy expenditure as factors in models of marine foraging. Aguilar de Soto's research

defendability states that defense of a resource have costs, such as energy expenditure or risk of injury, as well as benefits of priority access to the resource

eyes and brain, which supports faster swimming speeds and reduced energy expenditure, and which enables them to survive in cooler waters over a wider range

pedometers, and GPS's which can be used to measure an athlete's energy expenditure and movement pattern. In cybersecurity and financial technology, secure

length, single and double support. AFOs have also been found to reduce energy expenditure. Often children with CP require orthoses, such as casts and splints

In a 1-year study of non-obese individuals, a 16–20% increase in energy expenditure (of any form of exercise) with no diet intervention resulted in a

start resorting to tissue metabolism. This is not including the extra energy expenditure for other factors. Eggs develop from August to February and are carried

the other organism. This allows the progeny to be nurtured without energy expenditure or parental care by the true parent. Cuckoos are brood parasites that

Chen, KY, Sun, M, Shyr, Y, Hakim, RM, Ikizler, TA. Increased resting energy expenditure in patients with end-stage renal disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral

irisin, was discovered and found to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure, attracting significant scientific and public attention to the field

each spider must produce, benefitting individuals by demanding less energy expenditure. Although spiders in groups tend to have smaller abdomens than those

and lay significantly larger eggs. Because emigration requires high-energy expenditure, it is hypothesized that smaller females do not disperse because they

Joseph Tainter's theories regarding the relationship between the energy expenditure used for a funeral and the social status of the corpse. He rounds

European Environment Agency. Retrieved 8 June 2018. Mackenzie, Brian. "Energy expenditure for walking and running". Archived from the original on 23 February

"Effects of Two Passive Back-Support Exoskeletons on Muscle Activity, Energy Expenditure, and Subjective Assessments During Repetitive Lifting" aimed to investigate

body off the surface. This method is the least expensive in terms of energy expenditure. Furthermore, broad-billed todies rarely visit the ground, preferring

and thus maintain body weight, energy intake should increase with energy expenditure. Studies that relate the number of meals offered to cats per day to

Reality, which states that magic and mundane methods require the same energy expenditure. This is why most Discworld wizards store magic in a staff, which

theory. Biological life-history theory is based on tradeoffs between energy expenditure and the benefits of reproduction, and these tradeoffs are difficult

Consequently, microbes can minimize the carbon footprint by minimizing the energy expenditure in sourcing fuel, such off-shore drilling and hydraulic fracturing

medroxyprogesterone acetate on food intake, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in patients with advanced, nonhormone-sensitive cancer: a randomized

Zabulon (see character descriptions below) but at the cost of great energy expenditure even to him. When an Other dies of natural causes, is killed, or dematerialised

century, Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in

electrodialysis, results show that system time is reduced by 25% and energy expenditure decreases by 45.3%. Reduction in external resistance increases desalination

stick to more active free time activities and therefore have a higher energy expenditure that compensates for their energy intake. Second, the negative association

the onset of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and reduces energy expenditure. Endocrinology 149: 4768–4777. Hoeks J., Briedé J.J., de Vogel J.

territories with high resource quality. Females generally have high energy expenditure when producing offspring, therefore inbreeding is costly for the females

"Mitochondrial dynamics in the regulation of nutrient utilization and energy expenditure". Cell Metabolism. 17 (4): 491–506. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.002

micro-nutrients, increased losses or altered requirements, and an increase in energy expenditure. Poverty plays a major factor in malnutrition because of the deprivations

Consequence of Reduced Cellular-Energy Availability and Non-adaptive Energy Expenditure". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 12: 78. doi:10.3389/fnbeh

cancer. When oxygen levels in the cell are low, it will limit its energy expenditure through the inhibition of protein synthesis. Under hypoxic conditions

fat in the liver, along with altered glucose homeostasis, increased energy expenditure and reduced peripheral adiposity. Proteomics analyses identified several

through tracking and biotelemetry, and showed how fish minimise their energy expenditure. He pioneered the use of the satellite-based Argos system for tracking

reduction of adipose tissue; this can be done by 2 methods—decreasing energy expenditure (physical exercise) or dietary modification. Research regarding the

standing. He takes advantage of Piccolo's weakened state after his huge energy expenditure and knocks him into the ground with a Kamehameha wave. Just as the

leptin deficiency via decreasing energy intake and possibly increases energy expenditure. This condition is, however, rare and this treatment is not effective

groups. Administration of these N-acyl amino acids to mice elevates energy expenditure leading to profound body weight loss and improvement of glucose homeostasis

exit the water column and sink to the bottom. This is crucial to energy expenditure, especially in migratory events between feeding and spawning grounds

concerned with a notion of obsessive action as it relates to speed, energy expenditure/reclamation, consumption and artistic production. The work consists

disadvantage. When poorly fed, females become reluctant to mate due to high energy expenditure, and large males are selected based on their ability to overcome female

healthy volunteers. It was also shown that GD correlates with resting energy expenditure, body mass index and thyrotropin levels in humans, and that it is

findings expanded the role of leptin from that of a hormone regulating energy expenditure to a hormone important in systemic neuroendocrine regulation. The

of residence, saving around 90 tonnes of CO 2 and over £19,000 in energy expenditure. Jennings received significant support in developing the campaign