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alternate case: electron density

Organic redox reaction (672 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

oxidations electrons are removed and the electron density of a molecule is reduced. In reductions electron density increases when electrons are added to

on building and validation of atomic models into three-dimensional electron density maps obtained by X-ray crystallography methods, although it has also

the case of DFT, these are functionals of the spatially dependent electron density. DFT is among the most popular and versatile methods available in condensed-matter

and has since achieved operating goals of 1.6 MA at 8 T and average electron density greater than 4×1020 per cubic meter. The poloidal section of FTU is

proposed. While electron density ρ(r) itself generally does not provide useful guidance in this regard, the Laplacian of the electron density is revealing

activated aromatic rings are toluene, aniline and phenol. The extra electron density delivered into the ring by the substituent is not distributed evenly

of the EEJ. Theoretical studies of the gravity wave wind generated electron density irregularities in the D, E and F region, electric field in the E region

the quantization (i.e. the Hall plateau) as the electron density is varied. Since the electron density remains constant when the Fermi level is in a clean

directly show the movement of atoms; it is used to show the movement of electron density, which indirectly shows the movement of atoms themselves. Arrow pushing

three-dimensional structure including the electron density (Fo) and difference density (Fo-Fc) maps. ShelXle can display electron density maps like the macromolecular

ionosphere, unlike ionosondes, also above the electron density peaks. The thermal fluctuations of the electron density scattering the transmitted signals lack

sensitive to a variety of factors including: 1) metal identity and electron density; 2) sterics; 3) participating ligands; 4) coordination number; 5) geometry;

second is the electron-withdrawing nature of the oxygen, which draws electron density away from the alkene, lowering its reactivity. Acyclic allylic alcohols

source, which is in the public domain. "Experiment: Plasma (Total Electron) Density by Radio Techniques". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 20 November

frequency receiver and a low-frequency waveform receiver that can measure electron density. The PWS uses the two long antenna in a V-shape on the spacecraft,

range above 125 keV per nucleon. This experiment measured the plasma electron density near the mother satellite and also the total electron content between

States Air Force's Orbiting Vehicle program. The satellite measured electron density and neutral density ion composition, as functions of latitude and time

criterion gives a minimum required value for the product of the plasma (electron) density ne and the "energy confinement time" τ E {\displaystyle \tau _{E}}

Polymer-based devices, however, usually incorporate materials with high electron density contrast compared to the surrounding tissue. Examples of radiocontrast

1.5 million years, and a mass of 1,300 solar masses. It has an rms electron density of 9 cm−3. All separate star forming regions are 1 arcminute in diameter

in the sample is described quantum mechanically by an "electron density". The electron density is a function of both position and energy, and is formally

floating spherical gaussian orbital methods and his work on the nature of electron density and momentum distribution in atoms and molecules as well as molecular

are conjugated). Electron delocalization enables the EWG to receive electron density through participation of the conjugated system. A classic example of

are conjugated). Electron delocalization enables the EWG to receive electron density through participation of the conjugated system. A classic example of

fixed and it depends upon the electron density of the ionosphere. Critical frequency can be computed with the electron density given by: fc=9Nmax{\displaystyle

induced fields (i.e., higher electron density) are therefore called shielded, relative to those with lower electron density. Electron-donating alkyl groups

bonding orbital concentrates electron density in the region between a given pair of atoms, so that its electron density will tend to attract each of the

intracule is a quantum mechanical mathematical function for the two electron density which depends not upon the absolute values of position or momentum

bonding. As a result, the average electron density in PCS is spread over the entire anion whereas in PCO, most electron density is localised on the phosphorus

hyperconjugation and bent bonds. In the hyperconjugation model, the donation of electron density from the C−H σ bonding orbital to the C−F σ* antibonding orbital is

instrumentation only the instrument measuring short scale variations of the electron density didn't work on A. A third Aeros C was planned for Earth Resources studies

guarantee that, for a system of atoms, there exists a functional of the electron density that yields the total energy. Minimization of this functional with

while the center is girded by an expanding belt of molecular gas. The electron density of the nebula is on the order of 400 per cubic centimeter. The ionization

by the application of an external electric field. In a metal, the electron density that responds to applied fields is so large that an external electric

DSLP data will be used to map the bulk plasma parameters (primarily electron density and temperature) and to study their latitude and seasonal variations

potentially high hardness. It is thought that a combination of high electron density of osmium with the strength of boron-osmium covalent bonds will make

distributed uniformly in each small volume element ΔV (i.e. locally) but the electron density n ( r ) {\displaystyle n(\mathbf {r} )} can still vary from one small

location, time, and date, IRI provides average monthly values for electron density, electron temperature and ion temperature, and the molecular composition

the local chromophore environment as well as providing additional electron density into the chromophore. "Venus" contains a novel amino acid substitution

by Murray Daw and Mike Baskes, the latter functions represent the electron density. The EAM is related to the second moment approximation to tight binding

Structurally enhanced experience) EDS (Electron Density Server) Archived 2017-07-02 at the Wayback Machine (ICM supports electron density visualization)

acting on the fluid have reached equilibrium. In many situations, the electron density of a plasma is assumed to behave according to the Boltzmann relation

amino acid similarity. Electron density mapping shows similar α-helices and overall polypeptide folding. While the electron density map indicates 218 amino

which is based on the electron density of the system. London dispersion forces play a big role with this. Concerning electron density topology, recent methods

the solvent molecule has more electron density than another part of the molecule. The part with more electron density will experience a partial negative

functional theory (DFT), which directly calculates the electron density. This electron density is then analyzed using the Bader charge analysis of Electron

ionospheric electron density at lower altitudes. The exact cause of PMSE is not yet known, although theorists have proposed steep electron density gradients

measure ionospheric density. Explorer 22's last experiment was an Electron Density Experiment designed for measuring charged particles in the immediate

(acetylide) anions, respectively. Carbanions have a concentration of electron density at the negatively charged carbon, which, in most cases, reacts efficiently

atomic orbitals). However, p, d, and f electrons may influence the s electron density through a screening effect. Isomer shift can be expressed using the

Francis Graham-Smith also used the interferometer to measure the electron density in the ionosphere. The catalogue from this survey is only informally

crystalline solids based on the distance between nuclei and concentration of electron density. Gas electron diffraction can be used for small molecules in the gas

{n_{e}e^{2}}{m_{e}\nu _{c}}}} , where n e {\displaystyle n_{e}} is the electron density. e {\displaystyle e} is the electron charge. m e {\displaystyle m_{e}}

Physics Laboratory Ionospheric Occultation Experiment, a horizontal electron density mapping of the ionosphere funded by the United States Air Force and

integrals to account for varying interatomic distances, produces maximum electron density at the central atom 1, a result confirmed by more modern RHF computations

structural alignments based on the TOPOFIT method. Electron Density Server (EDS): Electron-density maps and statistics about the fit of crystal structures

phenomenon is induced by various external stimuli which can alter the electron density of substances. It is known that there are many natural compounds that

referred to as the electron density of a sample. No electrons disappear from the sample into the unknown, so the electron density n is constant. It follows

pushes electron density to the gamma carbon, which is protonated by lysine. Lysine then attacks the external aldimine, pushing electron density to the

characterized by π electron density delocalized over the α-carbon and two nitrogen atoms, along with an orthogonal π system with electron density delocalized

background (i.e. Jellium Model) will crystallize and form a lattice if the electron density is less than a critical value. This is because the potential energy

and F−. The electronegativity of the fluorine strongly polarizes the electron density that exists between the carbon and the fluorine, but not enough to

(OGO) satellite series. Satellite measurements of neutral particle and electron density provided direct evidence that gravity waves in the thermosphere's F

Inductive cleavage, in organic chemistry Inductive effect, change in electron density Asymmetric induction, preferring one stereoisomer over another Grammar

non-similar one is the non-bonding orbital of the allyl anion, whose electron density is concentrated on the first and third carbon atoms. In fully delocalized

Fukui function or frontier function is a function that describes the electron density in a frontier orbital, as a result of a small change in the total number

of the sea anemone, the surface opposite to the mouth The region if electron density at which the central microtubule pair are nucleated in the eukaryotic

and can be used to construct an experimental energy functional of electron density. When a voltmeter is used to measure an electronic device, it does

In 2012 the first application of the method for the measurement of electron density in plasma has been published. The method excels in spatial and temporal

hydrogen, because it is known to neither readily donate or accept electron density when attached to a carbon atom due to similar electronegativities.

electrophilic fluorination reagents has always focused on removing electron density from the atom attached to fluorine; however, compounds containing nitrogen-fluorine

less than the Fermi energy EF{\displaystyle E_{\rm {F}}}. Then, the electron density n(x){\displaystyle n(x)} is calculated as n(x)=2∑k<kF|ψk(x)|2{\displaystyle

harder Lewis acid. Similarly a soft σ-donor will tend to polarize the electron density on a soft metal, causing it to favour an electrovalently bonded ligand

caused by the condition of self-consistency between bond length and π-electron density distribution. He justified this assumption by finding agreement between

by a sufficiently large distance so there is essentially no shared electron density, is equal to the sum of the energy of A plus the energy of B taken

be complementary because the former reveals information about the electron density of the atoms in the target but gives no information about the nuclei

define a chemical potential at a single point, independent of the electron density at nearby points. Nevertheless, the Thomas–Fermi model is likely to

automata with Thomas-Fermi-Dirac theory. One of the early pioneers of the electron density theory in chemistry, Deb's main focus was on developing the foundations

carbon–fluorine bond a significant polarity or dipole moment. The electron density is concentrated around the fluorine, leaving the carbon relatively

produce vertical profiles of electron density. It may be also possible to measure L-band scintillations caused by electron density irregularities. The Coherent

frequency and that this critical frequency could be used to calculate the electron density in the layer. However these penetrating waves would also be reflected

at 25 °C. This unusual stability is attributed to delocalisation of electron density from the bond between the central carbon atoms onto the bridging carbon

sensitive to contrast arising from different nuclei (as compared to electron density, which is measured in x-ray scattering). This allows the technique

standard at ionospheric stations because it measures the height and electron density of the ionosphere. The data obtained in the worldwide net of such instruments

Jun 1963 CIEES Veronique AGI33 Electron density Partial Success (160 km) 19 Jun 1963 CIEES Veronique AGI40 Electron density (38 km), Destroyed at 34 sec

systematic classification with applications to modelling by homology, electron density fitting and protein engineering". Journal of Molecular Biology. 206

by alkyl groups is explained by hyperconjugation. The donation of electron density from a β C-H or C-C bond into the unoccupied p orbital of the carbocation

the electron density is evenly distributed through a π-bond above and below the ring. This model more correctly represents the location of electron density

of molecules with abnormally high electron density, like the pi system of benzene. This abnormal electron density affects the applied magnetic field

influence structure and reactivity by manipulating the location of electron density in bonds and/or the overall molecule. The polarization of a molecule

through both bremsstrahlung and synchrotron radiation. At some critical electron density, these losses will be greater than the amount of energy fed into the

Romero-Talamas, Spheromak formation and sustainment studies Wang, Large-amplitude electron density Hooper, Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment v t e v t e

electron density ne(s): TEC = ∫ne(s)ds{\displaystyle \int n_{e}(s)\,ds} The vertical TEC (VTEC) is determined by integration of the electron density on

important results on the solar corona, including measurements of its electron density which were to prove invaluable to radio astronomers. Allen accepted

equivalent-orbital treatment. The two representations produce the same total electron density and are related by a unitary transformation of the occupied molecular

cosmic radio noise for "illumination" (riometry). KAIRA can also obtain electron density profiles in the atmosphere. This allows the study of the interaction

fdx(n) may be written in terms of the dimensionality of the system, the electron density and, in layered systems, the interlayer spacing or the interlayer hopping

configuration of the belts. After electron injection increases electron density, electron density is often observed to decay exponentially. Those decay time

They typically exhibit solvatochromism, consistent with shifts of electron density that would be sensitive to solvation. CT absorptions bands are intense

{\partial ^{2}\rho (r)}{\partial N^{2}}}} , the second derivative of the electron density ρ ( r ) {\displaystyle \rho (r)} with respect to the number of electrons

Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one or more

systems are to some extent pyramidalized resulting a different pi electron density on either side of the molecule with consequences for reactivity. One

electrons compared to a negative corona; perhaps a thousandth of the electron density, and a hundredth of the total number of electrons. However, the electrons

(He). The pair of shared electrons forms a single covalent bond. The electron density of these two bonding electrons in the region between the two atoms

show bonding character primarily in two molecular orbitals, each with electron density equally distributed among the two O-H bonds. The localized orbital

receptor. These active cells have a greater electron density than the inactive chief cells. The electron density is caused by the secretory granules. The

quantity for the process of chemical doping. Using band theory, the electron density, n 0 {\displaystyle n_{0}} is number of electrons per unit volume in

thought of as the limiting case of an electropositive substituent, with electron density completely polarized towards the central atom. Bent's rule predicts

π-orbitals. The covalent component is characterised by donation of electron density to the actinide. Analogous sandwiched M(C8H8)2 compounds also exist

interactions in metals. Bohm and Pines introduced the plasmon, the quantum of electron density oscillations in metals. They also pioneered the use of the random phase

at a set distance from the emitter, is related to the formation's electron density, which itself is related to the formation's bulk density (ρbulk{\displaystyle

long-period lunar echo fading could be used to measure the ionospheric electron density. William Smith used Long Michelson interferometer observations of sources

helicon mode of operation with higher ionization efficiency and greater electron density than a typical ICP. The Australian National University, in Canberra

time, and solar activity. The ratio N2/O which is a measure of the electron density at the ionospheric F region is highly affected by these variations

symmetry leads to a fundamental conservation law. In crystals, the electron density is periodic and invariant with respect to discrete translations by

This directionality is sometimes used in preliminary, low-resolution electron-density maps to determine the direction of the protein backbone. Helices observed

function of blocking contacts Since the high field domain starts at the electron density given by the work-function at the cathode and pulls the Schottky barrier

purpose of the thermal electron probe experiment was to measure the electron density and temperature at the satellite. The instrumentation was a modified

hardness test. They are virtually incompressible solids with high electron density and high bond covalency. As a result of their unique properties, these

orbitals because of the torus shaped lobe of the dz2 orbital. It bears electron density on the x- and y-axes and therefore interacts with the filled ligand

donating group (+M), due to the ability of its π system to donate electron density when conjugation is possible. The phenyl group is hydrophobic. Phenyl

[10^{11}\ \mathrm {cm^{-2}} ]}}} where n {\displaystyle n} is the electron density in the 2DEG. Note that μ {\displaystyle \mu } typically depends on

electron's occurrence at any point of a space are similar. Both the electron density and the amplitudes of phonon modes (renormalized by an interaction

ResProx calculates resolution from coordinate data rather than from electron density or other experimental inputs. This makes it possible to calculate the

in practice by examining the molecular orbitals that describe the electron density along with the considered bond. The relative position C n A l A , n

in practice by examining the molecular orbitals that describe the electron density along with the considered bond. The relative position C n A l A , n

Substituents can affect carbonyl groups by addition or subtraction of electron density by means of a sigma bond. ΔHσ values are much greater when the substituents

shells on the grounds (usually valid) that those orbitals have little electron density at the nucleus and can be neglected. To first approximation this assumption

enolate anion exhibits significant delocalization, and the highest electron density is on the second carbon. This acid-base behavior explains many properties

physical models of protein structures by viewing the stacked sheets of electron density through a half-silvered mirror (see photo). Once the Folly had been

Resolution (audio), a measure of digital audio quality Resolution (electron density), the quality of an X-ray crystallography or cryo-electron microscopy

σ*(O–CH3). Even remote substituents on the benzene ring can affect the electron density on the aromatic ring and in turn influence the selectivity. In the

(\mathbf {k} )f(\epsilon (\mathbf {k} ))} and the expression for the electron density n = N V {\displaystyle n={\frac {N}{V}}} can be written as: n = ∫ d

sun (~4,500 K to ~6,000 K). ICP discharges are of relatively high electron density, on the order of 1015 cm−3[citation needed]. As a result, ICP discharges

of reactivity of alkoxides, K > Na >> Mg, is consistent with higher electron density on oxygen, hence increasing the alkoxide nucleophilicity. The treatment

Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere, while temperature and pressure data was encoded

Plasmons can be described in the classical picture as an oscillation of electron density with respect to the fixed positive ions in a metal. To visualize a

{ne^{3}\ln \Lambda }{m_{e}v_{Te}^{2}}}} where n{\displaystyle n} is the electron density, e{\displaystyle e} is the elementary charge, ln⁡Λ{\displaystyle \ln

the center resist clears or does not clear. A thin resist with a low electron density will reduce forward scattering. A light substrate (light nuclei) will

(FLM) Solar gamma ray monitor (SGR) Particle ray monitor (PXM) Plasma electron density measurement instrument (IMP) Plasma electron temperature measurement

of superconductivity could be replaced instead by rearranging the electron density in a series of side chains. This means that now electrons would be

the large dipole moment and partial ionic character reflecting the electron density contour plots. Monomeric PN in a krypton matrix at 10 K (−263.1 °C)

f_{x}(q,Z)} is the dimensionless X-ray scattering form factor for the electron density. The electron scattering factor f e ( q , Z ) {\displaystyle f_{e}(q

This molecular model of Perflubron is color-coded by electron density to illustrate the positive polarisation of the large bromine atom by the inductively

Plasmonic nanoparticles are particles whose electron density can couple with electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that are far larger than the particle

f_{p}} is the plasma frequency in Hz and Ne{\displaystyle N_{e}} the electron density in electrons per cubic meter. Since it is highly dependent on sunlight

bond between X and one carbon atom, concomitant with the transfer of electron density from the pi bond onto the other carbon atom (step 1). During a telescoped

of 0.122 D. The molecule is therefore asymmetric: oxygen has more electron density than carbon and is also slightly positively charged compared to carbon

ion. Non-classical ions can be defined as organic cations in which electron density of a filled bonding orbital is shared over three or more centers and

accelerated by electron withdrawing groups (EWG). The EWG withdraws electron density by resonance and effectively stabilizes the negative charge that is

charge, both in the formal sense as well as in terms of the actual electron density. The vast majority of organic reactions fall under this category. Radical

( N e {\displaystyle N_{e}} in m − 3 {\displaystyle m^{-3}} is the electron density) can propagate through the ionosphere nearly undisturbed. Waves with

morphing and MD trajectory playback many formats of volume data maps (electron density, electrostatic potential, others) read, several written interactive

(or barrier) in the band edges, labeled by φB. This step forces the electron density on the p-side to be a Boltzmann factor e − φ B / V T {\displaystyle

withdrawing ability, as in the sequence Cl < F < CN. Both factors decrease electron density in the bonding region near the central atom so that crowding in the

important and must remain invariant, the ion density (and with it the electron density) must scale with B2, that is, inversely with the square of the size

because they reminded him of blood plasma. Langmuir and Tonks discovered electron density waves in plasmas that are now known as Langmuir waves. He introduced

hybridised carbons; the comparatively more powerful inductive withdrawal of electron density that is provided by the sp2 system compared to an sp3 system allows

relatively free electron density around the edges. These relatively free electrons interact with the impurities causing a decrease in electron density around the

caused by the diffusion of electrons from a high electron density region to a low electron density region, as the density of electrons is different in

knowledge of the electron density only, i.e., it formally does not require knowledge of the wavefunction. Given an electron density ρ ( r ) {\displaystyle

However, Si has lower electronegativity than carbon, polarizing the electron density onto carbon. The continued presence of second-row type stability in

temperature of 1.1 keV were achieved simultaneously at a line averaged electron density of 1.5 × 1019 m−3 Achievement of One Hour Discharge with ECH on LHD

nucleus, with delocalized electron density around the three bonding orbitals, comparable to a p-orbital with more electron density localized on the silicon

hyperconjugation of O-5 to O-4 and O-6, removing electron density from O-5. The loss of electron density at O-5 results in a destabilization of the oxocarbenium

more positive charge, the helium to lose negative charge and the free electron density to increase. Energy is compensated by the relative shrinking of the

\textstyle {\vec {F}}_{i}}) that is a function of the sum of the so-called electron density ρ(rij){\displaystyle \textstyle \rho (r_{ij})}. V2{\displaystyle \textstyle

been crossed was an indirect measurement of an 80-fold increase in electron density, based on the frequency of plasma oscillations observed beginning on

91–124. doi:10.1039/CS9800900091 McDonald, T. R. R. (1960). "The electron-density distribution in ammonium bifluoride". Acta Crystallogr. 13 (2): 113–124

_{pe}^{2}} In an unmagnetized plasma for the high frequency or low electron density limit, i.e. for ω ≫ ω p e = ( n e e 2 / m e ϵ 0 ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle

at the nucleus, meaning that they are able to accurately describe electron density near the nucleus. However, hydrogen-like atoms lack many-electron interactions

After the system has returned to equilibrium, let the change in the electron density and electric potential be Δρ(r) and Δφ(r) respectively. The charge

measure the electron density in two situations, one without the incident laser and one with the incident laser. The increase in the electron density with the

ppm, indicating a strong diamagnetic ring current. The calculated pi-electron density marks C5 as the primary site for electrophilic substitution, and C2-H

microscopy confirms the bacterial nature of erythrasma, it shows decreased electron density in keratinized cells at the sites of proliferation. This means that

number of evaluations required a system with 106 grid points for the electron density of the QM system and 104 MM atoms). A method by which this issue can

iteration is used which simultaneously solves for atomic positions and the electron density. The code supports both OpenMP and MPI parallelization, which can be

Two novel high frequency Langmuir probes developed by PRL to measure electron density and fluctuations. In double mounted configuration One probe will perform

usually simply ascribed to a sterically active lone pair; however, electron density calculations show that the asymmetry is caused by an antibonding interaction

methyl substitution of the alkene (the methyl groups increase the electron density of the double bond by hyperconjugation): ethylene (1, no methyl groups)

amorphous state, the atoms have short-range atomic order and low free electron density. The alloy also has high resistivity and activation energy. This distinguishes

her research dealt with the following topics: cyclophosphazenes, electron-density distribution studies based on high-resolution data at low temperature

synergetic effect in beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate – an experimental electron-density study". Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science. 50 (3):

the boron atom. The electron-withdrawing cyanide substituent draws electron density away from the negatively charged boron; thus, reducing the electrophilic

double-bond character of the S−O bond may be accounted for by donation of electron density into C−S antibonding orbitals ("no-bond" resonance forms in valence-bond

electron core of the strontium atom causes a distortion of the core electron density that interacts with the Sr-Cl bonds. Strontium chloride is a precursor

when condensed; however by breaking one oxygen-chlorine bond some electron density does shifts towards the chlorine (VII). Cl2O6 is diamagnetic and is

the boron center and additional aromatic π-systems that can donate electron density into the empty boron p-orbital. Borepins are of interest due to their

the first requirement, the electronegative heteroatom reduces the electron density of the atom that attacks the nucleophile making the HOMO lobe smaller

donation, which results in an accumulation of electron density on the rhodium atom. This increased electron density would be available for π-donation into the

(blurring of ionospheric echoes of radio waves due to irregularities in electron density in the F layer) High-velocity trace runs Airglow observations Heating

for electrons the diffusive current is in the same direction as the electron density gradient because the minus sign from the negative charge and Fick's

the lamina densa directly below the hemidesmosomal areas lacks the electron density seen in the littermate control (arrows). From Nguyen et al., 2006.

The white-light emissions of helmet streamers is due to the high electron density of the confined plasma relative to the surrounding corona. Light from

Universitet "for his pioneering development of methods to interpret electron density maps and to build models of biological macromolecules with the aid

Deimos. Radio Occultation experiment (RO): It will measure neutral and electron Density profiles. The MODEX can help explain the RO experiment results. The

stretching frequencies in the infrared spectra. In the Jellium model, the electron density and the interaction between electrons and positive charges are assumed

higher electronegativity of chlorine and lower propensity to share electron density compared to bromine. These ions are usually only short-lived reaction

a 5% peak width is roughly equivalent to a 10% valley. Resolution (electron density) Image resolution IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed

learning system that automatically detects and validates ligands in X-ray electron density map), and LabDB (a laboratory information management system for structural

maximum usable frequency throughout a sunspot cycle and associated electron density trends, at Christchurch, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology

package designed to measure micrometeoroid density, cosmic radio noise, electron density variations, magnetic fields, proton concentrations, and Earth-based

and the NASA STEREO mission generate three-dimensional images of the electron density around the Sun by measuring this K-corona from three separate satellites

ionosphere plotted against frequency. Ionograms are often converted into electron density profiles. Data from ionograms may be used to measure changes in the

closer together, their atomic orbitals overlap to produce areas of high electron density, and, as a consequence, molecular orbitals are formed between the two

ionosphere plotted against frequency. Ionograms are often converted into electron density profiles. Data from ionograms may be used to measure changes in the

zinc in the carboxypeptidase A- dipeptide glycyl-L-tyrosine complex. Electron density maps gave evidence that the amino nitrogen occupies a second position

post Pluto cruise, REX is normally turned on monthly to measure the electron density of the solar wind between Earth and the spacecraft. When New Horizons

molecules are also more reactive than cycloalkanes due to increased electron density shifts of the double bond. As previously mentioned, cis-isomers of

and X-ray crystallographic data that indicate a lack of significant electron density between the iron atoms. However, Labinger offers a dissenting view

experiments, segments of random coil result simply in a reduction in "electron density" or contrast. A randomly coiled state for any polypeptide chain can

electron density = ( Electron flux in − Electron flux out ) + Net generation inside a volume {\displaystyle {\text{Rate of change of electron density}}=({\text{Electron

{\displaystyle T_{e}\sim 6\times 10^{6}\;{\text{K}}} ) and its mean electron density is 0.9 ≤ n ¯ e 0 ≤ 3 {\displaystyle 0.9\leq {\bar {n}}_{e0}\leq 3}

frequency off the ionosphere, and by timing their return determine the electron density profile—up to its peak, past which radio waves no longer return. Radio

substitution, and a meta director, it is able to stabilize the additional electron density (via resonance) when the aromatic compound is attacked by the hydroxide

complexes of both niobium and tantalum known. Investigation of the electron density topology in a phosphorus/arsenic/niobium-containing system demonstrated

enol ether. Key in explaining the difference in reactivity is the electron density on the α-keto carbon atom. Aryl enol phosphates formed in good yields

Oklahoma. This molecule was theorized in 2000 and is characterized by an electron density distribution that resembles the shape of a trilobite when plotted in

proportion of the chains, and with the latter, the chlorination reduces the electron density in the double bonds, therefore lowering their propensity to react with

tetrafluoroethylene, tetracyanoethylene, and hexafluoro-2-butyne. Phosphines accept electron density from metal p or d orbitals into combinations of P–C σ* antibonding

Electric dipole moment. Atomic, orbital, and bond populations (Mulliken). Electron density. And also (though not all options are compatible): Geometry relaxation

and two Langmuir probes on separate 54 in (140 cm) booms to measure electron density in the 0-2 keV range.: 423  The satellite also carried two standing-wave

; Wimmer, E.; Freeman, A. J. (15 October 1982). "Total-energy all-electron density functional method for bulk solids and surfaces". Physical Review B

state is closer to the nitrogen than to the oxygen (because of the low electron density at the hydrogen the exact positioning is difficult), and IR-spectroscopy

ions (cations) and electrons in the solar wind, the interplanetary electron density (radio propagation experiment), solar and galactic cosmic rays, and

consolidate the electropositivity of a carbonyl carbon atom to one side (see electron density diagram). Acetic anhydride was first synthesized in 1852 by the French

consortium crystallization facility: towards automation from protein to electron density". Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. 58

the planet Mercury; the Earth–Moon mass ratio; and the integrated electron density between the Helios spacecraft and the data receivig station on Earth

system. Examination of the resonance contributors shows the increased electron density of the ring, leading to increased rates of electrophilic substitution

terms of PbII–anion interactions in PbO leading to an asymmetry in electron density. Similar interactions do not occur in PbS. Another example are some

to probe the chemical structure of molecules, which depends on the electron density distribution in the corresponding molecular orbitals. If a nucleus

{B}}T} with Boltzmann constant k B {\displaystyle k_{\rm {B}}} , the electron density n {\displaystyle n} and the Fermi energy ϵ F {\displaystyle \epsilon

surface of viruses and its electron density are the bases of phosphotungstic acids action as a negative stain. This electron density arises from the presence

hydrocarbons, and rarely in aromatic hydrocarbon. The latter have high electron density and enter nucleophilic aromatic substitution only with very strong

of the reaction mechanism a proton adds to a carbon atom with high electron density therefore by preference to C2 or C4 of naphthol (1). This leads to

are closely held with unshared electron density. In contrast, bonding pairs are localized further away and electron density is shared with another atom,

PF5, it has been demonstrated that the ligands can pull away enough electron density from the central atom so that its net content is again 8 electrons

by the 2sp orbitals of boron being reoriented and having a higher electron density. Backbonding, or the transfer of π orbital electrons for the fluorine

radius, λ is the X-ray wavelength, and ne is the electron density. One may assume the electron density is simply the number of electrons per atom Z multiplied

overemphasized in the use of formal charges since in reality there is a higher electron density around the oxygen atoms due to their higher electronegativity compared

collected via x-ray diffraction, providing information on the locations of electron density within a crystal structure. Using modern software such as Olex2, one

secondary amines, though the presence of the ether oxygen withdraws electron density from the nitrogen, rendering it less nucleophilic (and less basic)

1964, further study of the mineral identified inconsistencies between electron-density subtraction maps and the chemical evidence that abernathyite contains

non radiative recombination by adding extra layers and/or decreasing electron density on one plastic layer so electrons and holes precisely balance within

estimate system energy and electronic density by treating the local electron density as a variational parameter. Later in the 1930s, Douglas Hartree, Vladimir

electron density from the filled e set on the apex carbon. Seyferth demonstrated that the carbonium ion had the correct symmetry to accept electron density

estimate system energy and electronic density by treating the local electron density as a variational parameter. Later in the 1930s, Douglas Hartree, Vladimir

and particle counters. The Langmuir probe will be used to measure electron density and temperature of the ionosphere, while the radio sounder will collect

parameters: peak electron temperature of 20 electron volts, 1016 m−3 electron density, less than 1% ionization fraction and 3 kW of input power. No confinement

a hydrogen bond with the substrate's carbonyl oxygen, which shifts electron density away from the oxygen and makes it more susceptible to nucleophilic

as Coulomb gauge condition, leads to the constant superconducting electron density ρ˙s=0{\displaystyle {\dot {\rho }}_{\rm {s}}=0} as expected from the

Coupling 60% Plasma temperature 100 eV e- at 4.3 MHz Plasma radius 8 cm Electron density 1013 /cc Gas H2, He, Ne, Ar Excluded flux 0.6 mVs Energy confinement

systematic classification with applications to modelling by homology, electron density fitting and protein engineering". J Mol Biol. 206 (4): 759–777. doi:10

^{2}}{5m_{\text{e}}}}{\rho _{\text{e}}}^{5/3},} where ρe is the free electron density (the number of free electrons per unit volume). For the case of a metal

"Structure of the human antibody molecule Kol (immunoglobulin G1): An electron density map at 5 a resolution". Journal of Molecular Biology. 100 (3): 257–78

Colle–Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density". Phys. Rev. B. 37 (2): 785–789. Bibcode:1988PhRvB..37..785L. doi:10

decrease the basicity.: 437–439  Like pyridines, in pyrimidines the π-electron density is decreased to an even greater extent. Therefore, electrophilic aromatic

groups are electron donating by inductive effect, and increase the electron density on the sigma bond of the alkene. Also, alkyl groups are sterically

dependent on the density of free electrons. Random variations in the electron density cause interstellar scintillation, which broadens the apparent size

experiments: Sweep-Frequency Sounder. This experiment measured the electron density distribution in the ionosphere by measuring the time delay between

o-C6H4(PPh2)[Sb(C6F5)2(O2C6Cl4)], have been analyzed by AIM. AIM analysis of electron density at the bond critical point (bcp) and delocalization index indicates

"Structure of tomato bushy stunt virus. I. The spherically averaged electron density". J. Mol. Biol. 42 (3): 457–83. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(69)90236-8. PMID 5804155

calculations. The key interaction is believed to be the donation of electron density from the neighboring C–H σ bond into the π* antibonding orbital of

the homogeneous or uniform electron gas which is characterized by an electron density or equivalently the average electron-electron separation or Wigner–Seitz

Adovasio, V.; Nardelli, M. (1996). "Theoretical and experimental (113 K) electron-density study of lithium bis(tetramethylammonium) hexanitrocobaltate(III)"

influenced by the density of energy states which in turn influences the electron density in the conduction band. This current is highly temperature dependent

electrons away from the carbon atom, forming a polar bond with greater electron density around the oxygen atom, giving it a partial negative charge. In a simplistic

this depends upon the frequency of a propagating signal. The E layer electron density and resultant MUF, maximum usable frequency, during high solar activity

wall, with the location of scattering points representing a constant electron density surface. Since single scattering dominates the helium-surface interactions

unusual bonding situation, the donor lone pair ends up with significant electron density on the central atom, while the acceptor is the "out-of-phase" combination

is induced by a covalent modification of its protein backbone. The electron-density map indicates the formation of a third heterocycle, 2-hydroxy-dihydrooxazole

chemistry of many nitrogen-containing molecules. Although the actual electron density in so-called "dense clouds" is quite low, the destruction of N2H+ is

Schematic representation of an electron density wave propagating along a metal–dielectric interface. The charge density oscillations and associated electromagnetic

the ionosphere and, particularly, on the local ionospheric maximum electron density characterized by critical frequency foF2. It varies mainly with this

Refinement of Density Distributions of Bonding Electrons. IX. Bond Electron Density Distribution in Thiourea, CS(NH2)2, at 123K". Acta Crystallogr. B34

the literature. In GaAs/AlAs quantum wells with sufficiently high electron density, anticrossing of the cyclotron-resonance spectra has been observed

(center) to low density regions (two ends), forming a gradient of electron density. This process generates current, referred to as diffusion current.

as the tip scanned the surface thus contain both topographical and electron density data. In some cases it may not be clear whether height changes came

density in sulfur-containing molecules. A study of the deformation electron density in sulfamic acid at 78 K by X-ray and neutron diffraction". Acta Crystallographica

Single-Crystal Diffraction Data and Assessment of an In-Crystal Enhancement, Electron Density and Chemical Bonding II, Theoretical Charge Density Studies, Stalke

system, increasing the density of the system. Due to the increase in electron density, the conjugate system will develop a more negative charge. As a result

Cooperativity Chaperonin Structural genomics Stereochemistry Resolution (electron density) Proteopedia The collaborative, 3D encyclopedia of proteins and other

endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous secretory vacuoles of various sizes and electron density. They may function as storage cells. The osmetrial secretion consists

as ligands. These usually take part in η5- and η8-bonding, donating electron density through their pi orbitals. Actinides form sandwich complexes with cyclooctatetraene

collection of protein crystallography software CCP4 (file format) — An electron density file format used in molecular graphics Port Hope Simpson Airport —

faster under more basic conditions but only up to a point because when electron density builds up on the α-carbon, it makes it less electrophilic. The strongest

frequency of the plasma frequency ωp2=4nee2/εme, with ne the plasma electron density, me the electron mass and e the elementary charge. To excite those

electron density and would repel negatively charged particles, however electron deficient ring systems specifically are able to accept the electron density

density can be represented as a complex function where its magnitude is electron density and its phase is the "projection of the local deformations of the crystal

radiation, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the flux-gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on

following gives a list of major diagnostics. 4-channel Interferometer for electron density measurements two color soft-X-ray camera for tomography and temperature

through online retailers. Stevens E. D.; Hope H. (1977). "A Study of the Electron-Density Distribution in Sodium Azide, NaN 3". Acta Crystallographica A. 33

of field strength cannot be made without knowing the relativistic electron density. When a star explodes in a supernova, the fastest ejecta move at semi-relativistic

 385. Van Nes, G.J.H.; Vos, A. (1978). "Single-crystal structures and electron density distributions of ethane, ethylene and acetylene. I. Single-crystal

bottom of the layer decreases, and the Nb-Se-Nb angle increases. Extra electron density transfers from the Rb atoms to the niobium layer. Vanadium can enter

crystalline solids. It relies on the interaction of X-rays with the electron density of the crystal lattice, producing diffraction patterns that can be

Since oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen, it withdraws more electron density from the carbonyl carbon, inducing a greater partially positive charge

of vaccinia virus dna topoisomerase i residues 1-77, experimental electron density for residues 1-77 Identifiers Symbol VirDNA-topo-I_N Pfam PF09266 InterPro

found an elevated electron density near Ganymede, suggesting an ionosphere, whereas others failed to detect anything. The electron density near the surface

radiation, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the television facsimile system and flux-gate and search

and may not have any empty orbitals into which ligands could donate electron density. In general, there are few or no π-acidic ligands in the complex. These

of the chlorine forms a carbocation that is stabilized by donated electron density from the hydroxyl group of the paraben. This step is endergonic due

provide anomalous scattering to solve the phase problem and produce an electron-density map of the structure. [Co(NH3)6]3+ is used to investigate DNA. The

belts, a VLF receiver for natural radio waves, a transponder to study electron density, and part of the flux-gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on

Chromium tricarbonyl is highly electrophilic due to the withdrawal of electron density from filled chromium d-orbitals into antibonding CO orbitals, and is

FRC=SSNRSSNR+1{\displaystyle FRC={\frac {SSNR}{SSNR+1}}} Resolution (electron density) Fourier shell correlation Unser, M.; Trus, B.L.; Steven, A.C. (1987)

organic carboxylic acids, an electronegative substituent can pull electron density out of an acidic bond through the inductive effect, resulting in a

A three dimensional contour map of the electron density of penicillin derived from x-ray diffraction. The points of highest density show the positions

signatures seen by these techniques that are not explained by one-electron density of states are often related to strong correlation effects. The experimentally

Donor−Acceptor Complex AuCl·PPh3via Topological Analysis of the Experimental Electron Density Distribution Function". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 112 (46):

R. B.; Keidar, M. (2010-04-26). "Temporary-resolved measurement of electron density in small atmospheric plasmas". Applied Physics Letters. 96 (17): 171502

the negative charge on the alkoxide intermediate before the excess electron density around the charged oxygen atom shifts to form a double bond with the

[Au(CN)2]− + 4 OH− Because the M-CN bond is strong and delocalizes electron density to the ligands, several cyanometallates exhibit multiple redox states

effects of solar variability on the global-scale behavior of ionospheric electron density Determine the solar and geospace causes of small scale ionospheric

include several narrow and dense layers between 1,000 and 3,500 km. The electron density in the Uranian ionosphere is on average 104 cm−3, reaching to as high

δN2{\displaystyle \delta N^{2}} is the root mean squared variation of the electron density about the mean density. Thus interplanetary scintillation can be used

charge to their 4+ oxidation states without the oxygen ions losing electron density. Many electric cars use NMC cathode batteries. NMC batteries were installed

System. Chalcanthum Vitriol Varghese, J. N.; Maslen, E. N. (1985). "Electron density in non-ideal metal complexes. I. Copper sulphate pentahydrate". Acta

M.; Paschmann, G.; Svenes, K. R.; Torkar, K.; Whipple, E. (2008). "Electron density estimations derived from spacecraft potential measurements on Cluster

had metal ions introduced in different well-defined positions. An electron density map at 6 angstrom (0.6 nanometre) resolution was obtained by 1957,

metal-ligand covalent bonds, where the occupied ligand orbitals donate some electron density to the metal. This is commonly known as ligand-to-metal charge transfer

CO groups on adjacent strands. Arrows indicate chain direction, and electron density contours outline the non-hydrogen atoms. Oxygen atoms are red balls

the crystal cold during data collection produces a less-blurry 3-D electron-density map because the atoms have less thermal motion. Crystals may yield

two electrodes. Increasing the voltage on the gate leads to a higher electron density in the inversion layer and therefore increases the current flow between

chemical compound. Another example is formal double bonds where the electron density is spread outside the formal bond, leading to partial double bond character

upper ionosphere and to measure neutral and charged particles and electron density. On July 24, 1999, the contact with the satellite was lost. During

electrons could be modeled as bosonic interactions. The response of the electron density to an external perturbation can be treated as plasmonic waves. This

(in the case of density functional theory) departs from the total electron density. The free-electron picture has, nevertheless, remained a dominant one

planetary surface. Ionospheric data such as radio reflectivity and electron density and properties of cloud layers. Optical astronomy – UV and IR measurements

semiconductors like Si or GaAs than in metals, because of their lower electron density and lower effective mass. It can be observed in 25 nm wide silicon

Classification of Covalent, Ionic, and Metallic Solids Based on the Electron Density". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 124 (49). American Chemical

Shi, Junren; Niu, Qian (September 2005), "Berry Phase Correction to Electron Density of States in Solids", Phys. Rev. Lett., 95 (13): 137204, arXiv:cond-mat/0502340

further from the electron withdrawing group and therefore has a higher electron density than the one not shaded yellow. The yellow shaded C–H bond is therefore

Different molecular orbitals have different spatial distribution of the electron density. For instance, in bonded pairs (i.e. in the pairs that actually bind

Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density". Phys. Rev. B. 37 (2): 785–789. Bibcode:1988PhRvB..37..785L. doi:10

regions, the varied temperatures of the embedded stars, and/or the electron density within the ionized region. Theoretically, to determine the total abundance

orbitals are written as linear combinations of atomic basis functions the electron density takes the form of a sum of products of the basis functions, called

turned out to be an uncommon structure. Although in all three studies, electron density maps revealed the location of the AdoMet or AdoHcy cofactor, the SET

electrons - no. of antibonding electrons) or better a function of the electron density]. This might more accurately be termed the 'vibrational bond order'

Simulation result for formation of inversion channel (electron density) and attainment of threshold voltage (IV) in a nanowire MOSFET. Note that the threshold

oxygen. This would be more favorable than hydrogen as oxygen can lend electron density to the carbonium ion via resonance. This again favors ring expansion

(November 2001). "Construction of low-resolution x-ray crystallographic electron density maps of the ribosome". Methods. 25 (3): 303–8. doi:10.1006/meth.2001

iron is not completely oxidized to +V, but receives some stabilising electron density from the heme ligand, which is then shown as a radical cation (.+)

from Meteor Trails: I. The Intensity of the Radio Reflections and Electron Density in the Trails". Proceedings of the Physical Society. 60 (5): 491. Bibcode:1948PPS

made up of closely packed bundles of fibrillary material with a high electron density and cellular elements of various types that are irregularly dispersed

Ionosphere mission India ISRO 400 1970 May 6 Mar Chiquita - Dragon 1 Electron density Test / plasma / fields mission France CNES 430 1972 December 13 CELPA

Christopher; Dittrich, Birger; Bacsa, John (2015). "An Investigation of the Electron Density of a Jahn–Teller-Distorted CrII Cation: The Crystal Structure and Charge

combination with machine learning (trained on MR/CT data) to assign electron density values. In many of the above methods, MRI artifacts (e.g. from physiological

Absorption Spectra Theory of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy "Electron Density and Potential Energy". Archived from the original on 2010-07-18. Retrieved

greater steric effects, and because the extra alkyl group contributes electron density to the C=O bond, making it less electrophilic. Since, aldehydes reduce

{1}{n_{e}\sigma _{e\cdot \gamma }}}} Here ne{\displaystyle n_{e}} is the electron density and: σe⋅γ=8π3(αℏcmec2)2{\displaystyle \sigma _{e\cdot \gamma }={\frac

interfaces. When an interface is not perfectly sharp, but has an average electron density profile given by ρ e ( z ) {\displaystyle \rho _{e}(z)} , then the

Refinement of Density Distributions of Bonding Electrons. IX. Bond Electron Density Distribution in Thiourea, C=S(NH2)2, at 123K". Acta Crystallogr. B34

the carriers are electrons, the hole density p is replaced by the electron density n with negative sign; in some cases, both electrons and holes must

atomistic level; one rather uses a continuum description in terms of an electron density or a neutron scattering length density. In a system composed of distinct

in the (η 6 -C 6 H 6 ) 2 Cr Crystal via Topological Analysis of the Electron Density Distribution Function". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 110 (20):

the cation by drawing even more electron density from the carbon or stabilizing by contributing more electron density. The carbocation positive charge

ISBN 9780198553700. Kirfel A, Krane HG, Blaha P, et al. (2001). "Electron-density distribution in stishovite, SiO2: a new high-energy synchrotron-radiation

relatively low oxidation state (0 or +1) which makes the back-donation of electron density favorable. As electrons from the metal fill the π-antibonding orbital

ligand is used in the Suzuki reaction. Phosphine ligand increases the electron density at the metal center of the complex and therefore helps in the oxidative

known technically as "velocity modulation". The resulting pattern of electron density in the beam is an analog of the original RF signal. Because the beam

necessary. The term "plasma density" by itself usually refers to the electron density n e {\displaystyle n_{e}} , that is, the number of charge-contributing

Color-filled map of electron density of P2H2

tricarbonyl(mesitylene)molybdenum than benzene, which suggests that the electron density contributes to the bonding to the molybdenum. The tricarbonyl(mesitylene)molybdenum

these non-covalent interactions, as its name indicates, using the electron density of the system.[citation needed] Interpretations of the anisotropies

protons to form hydrogen atoms, resulting in a sudden drop in free electron density. Decoupling occurred abruptly when the rate of Compton scattering of

by Grahame Fraser and submitted in 1974, was Atmospheric physics: electron density variations in the mesosphere. He recalls that "by the time I'd followed

γ33 from red algae Aglaothamnion neglectum) . This is because the electron density of the gamma-polypeptide is mostly averaged out by its threefold crystallographic

cryo-EM reconstructions better than 10 ångström resolution. Resolution (electron density) Harauz & van Heel, 1986 van Heel, 1982 Saxton & Baumeister, 1982 "Image

the particles do not have a permanent dipole, fluctuations of the electron density gives rise to a temporary dipole in a particle. This temporary dipole

"Wormholes in chemical space connecting torus knot and torus link π-electron density topologies". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 11 (9): 1340–1345

of measuring a vast array of ionospheric state variables, including electron density, plasma temperature, ion velocity, and ion composition. Data from Millstone

complexation of cation. Morooka, M.; Ohba, S.; Toriumi, K. (1992). "Electron-density distribution in crystals of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadecanecobalt(III)

successfully attached. Depending on the boron-bound substituent, the electron density at boron can be altered. Hence, substituents can exert strong influences

protein. Flexibility can also be observed in very high-resolution electron density maps produced by X-ray crystallography, particularly when diffraction

magnesium atoms are in p suborbitals, which can be arranged so that electron density is on a line perpendicular to a potential argon atom bond. This allows

and kinetic aromatic stabilization. Both models describe rings of π electron density above and below the framework of C–C σ bonds. Not all compounds with

protein. Flexibility can also be observed in very high-resolution electron density maps produced by X-ray crystallography, particularly when diffraction

aluminium(I) compound by plotting the contour map of the Laplacian of the electron density inside the molecule and found that there is indeed a lone pair localized

compounds which are liquids at room temperature along with the use of electron density analysis, crystal structure prediction and DFT calculations in solid

channel, the device is OFF. As gate voltage increase, the inversion electron density in the channel increase, the current increases, and the device turns

{\displaystyle n^{-1/3}<Ca_{0}^{*},} where   n {\displaystyle ~n} is the electron density of the material and a 0 ∗ {\displaystyle a_{0}^{*}} the effective bohr

II supernova, beta-minus decay is blocked. This is because the high electron density fills all available free electron states up to a Fermi energy which

NMR properties, photo-electron spectroscopy, and exact experimental electron density mapping by X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. The Arduengo group's

studied in the gas phase. With the flowing afterglow Langmuir probe the electron density within the reaction region of the drift tube can be studied. With the

Lewis acid than BCF, this shows that there is some delocalization of electron density from the para-fluorine atoms to the boron atom that reduces its acidity

from the pulsar to the observer, and n e {\displaystyle n_{e}} is the electron density of the ISM. The dispersion measure is used to construct models of the

(December 1984). "X-ray structure analysis of a membrane protein complex. Electron density map at 3 A resolution and a model of the chromophores of the photosynthetic

Schmidt; Ralf Steudel (1994). "Sulfur compounds. Part 173. Structure and Electron Density of Solid Dimethoxydisulfane, (CH3O)2S2". The Journal of Physical Chemistry

quantity rs{\displaystyle r_{\text{s}}} is a parameter that describes the electron density and is often of the order of 2 or 3 times the Bohr radius, for alkali

hypothesis has also been extensively criticized on the basis that the electron density redistribution in acetals proposed by this hypothesis is not congruent

implications for the development of applications, like X-ray lasers. The electron density diagnostics, and temperature density diagnostics, when combined with

ends. The drift–diffusion equation is solved in this structure and electron density distribution is displayed in the figure. One can see the gradient of

Simulation result for right side: formation of inversion channel (electron density) and left side: current-gate voltage curve (transfer characteristics)

semiconductors in the visible and UV range and led to the first pictures of electron density and bonds in semiconductors. These results were later confirmed experimentally

2D contour plot of the electron density using the Laplacian function of thiazyl fluoride.

region. The ionization in the cathode dark space results in a high electron density, but slower electrons, making it easier for the electrons to recombine

(these are similar to Friedel oscillations) as well as the tail of electron density extending outside the surface. This model showed why the density of

Solvent Content in Cavities in Interleukin-1 Using Experimentally-Phased Electron Density 31bi: INTERLEUKIN-1 BETA (IL-1 BETA) (MUTANT WITH CYS 71 REPLACED BY

using organic charge transfer salts". "Electron density storage device and method using STM". "Electron density storage device using a stm". "Ventriculoperitoneal

reverse configurations, 1988 - 2011 Device Institution Device type Electron density Max ion or electron FRC diameter Length/diameter 1020 / Meter3 Temperature

complexes, alkenes serve as ligands for metals. In this case, the π electron density is donated[clarification needed] to the metal d orbitals. The stronger

e and me the electron charge and rest mass respectively. Here, the electron density of the material can be calculated by n = N A ⋅ Z ⋅ ρ A ⋅ M u , {\displaystyle

alkyl radicals. The oxygen has a partial negative charge which removes electron density from the donor carbon atom thereby facilitating hydrogen abstraction

the ring's less sterically hindered α-face and is attacked by the π-electron density of the alkene. The hydroxide ion then attacks from above the ring (β-face)

sources occulted by the solar corona can be used to estimate both the electron density distribution and the direction and strength of the magnetic field in

all carbons. The insertion of a homoconjugate linkage perturbs the π-electron density an amount δβ, which depending on the ring size, must be greater than

the device is turned off. As gate voltage increases, the inversion electron density in the channel increases, the current increases, and the device turns

(K2O) + soda (Na2O) + zinc oxide (ZnO) + alumina) results in a high electron density, and hence high refractive index, making the look of glassware more

doi:10.1002/zaac.19905860119. T. P. Vaalsta; E. N. Maslen (1987). "Electron density in chromium sulfate pentahydrate". Acta Crystallogr. B43: 448–454.

magneto-ionic theories in view of their application at checking of IRI electron density models". Advances in Space Research. 8 (4): 225–228. Bibcode:1988AdSpR

strontium-85, and zirconium-89, whose decay rate may be affected by local electron density. For all other nuclides, the proportion of the original nuclide to

electronic effects. Nuclei tend to be deshielded by groups which withdraw electron density. Deshielded nuclei resonate at higher δ values, whereas shielded nuclei

15227/orgsyn.058.0086. Morooka, M.; Ohba, S.; Toriumi, K. (1992). "Electron-Density Distribution in Crystals of 1,4,7,10,13,16-Hexaazacyclooctadecanecobalt(III)