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alternate case: spherical Earth
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(i.e., with a zero vertical component) may leave the surface of the spherical Earth and indeed escape altogether. In the context of a 1-dimensional orthogonalHistory of geodesy (12,879 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
heavens being a physical dome spanning over it. Early arguments for a spherical Earth pointed to various more subtle empirical observations, including howDe sphaera mundi (779 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
De sphaera mundi (Latin title meaning On the Sphere of the World, sometimes rendered The Sphere of the Cosmos; the Latin title is also given as TractatusIsoazimuth (412 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
The isoazimuth is the locus of the points on the Earth's surface whose initial orthodromic course with respect to a fixed point is constant. That is, ifChamberlin trimetric projection (600 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
later developed for calculating this projection by computer for a spherical Earth. The Chamberlin trimetric projection is neither conformal nor equal-areaSchuler tuning (902 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"north", "east" and "down", so it gives correct directions on the near-spherical Earth. It is widely used in electronic control systems. As first explainedChapman function (906 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the integration of atmospheric absorption along a slant path on a spherical Earth, relative to the vertical case. It applies to any quantity with a concentrationMinute and second of arc (3,459 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
originally defined as the arc length of a minute of latitude on a spherical Earth, so the actual Earth's circumference is very near 21600 nmi. A minuteMeteorology (Aristotle) (3,165 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article
Meteorology (Greek: Μετεωρολογικά; Latin: Meteorologica or Meteora) is a treatise by Aristotle. The text discusses what Aristotle believed to have beenTrajectory (fluid mechanics) (480 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
corrections. These are necessary for geophysical fluid flows on a spherical Earth. The differential equations for tracing a two-dimensional, atmosphericVincenty's formulae (2,699 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a spherical Earth, such as great-circle distance. The first (direct) method computesPlanisphaerium (243 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the second century by Ptolemy to describe the representation of a spherical Earth by a map drawn in the plane. Planisphere Commandino, Federico, ed.String girdling Earth (677 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
puzzle, string is tightly wrapped around the equator of a perfectly spherical Earth. If the string should be raised 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) off the groundTetrahedral hypothesis (839 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
for a given volume, and makes a reasonable endpoint for a shrinking spherical Earth. The theory was first proposed by William Lowthian Green in 1875. ItBook of Roads and Kingdoms (1,327 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
The maps have a flat quality, but the textual component implies a spherical Earth. Andalusi scholar Abi Bakr Zuhri explained, "Their objective is theLegendre's theorem on spherical triangles (854 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
consider an equilateral spherical triangle with sides of 60 km on a spherical Earth of radius 6371 km; the side corresponds to an angular distance of 60/6371=Geographic coordinate system (2,540 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively):Macrobius (1,748 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
maps showing the Ptolemaic climates derived from the concept of a spherical Earth and a diagram showing the Earth (labeled as globus terrae, the sphereGround wave (865 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
a flat earth. Van der Pol and Bremmer published calculations for a spherical Earth from 1937 to 1939. Later work focused on paths with variable conductivityAzimuth (1,766 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
declination and hour angle at a specific location, modify the formula for a spherical Earth. Replace φ2 with declination and longitude difference with hour angleLuna 20 (704 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Model of the Luna sample return lander with soil sample scoop – the ascent stage is the smaller cylinder with spherical Earth-return capsule on top.Extremely low frequency (4,068 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
add (reinforce), causing standing waves. In other words, the closed spherical Earth–ionosphere cavity acts as a huge cavity resonator, enhancing ELF radiation350 BC (509 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
by an army comprising Rome and its allies. Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also he discusses logical1st millennium BC (1,670 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Lighthouse of Alexandria Malleable Cast iron China Archimedes' principle Spherical Earth Water clock Qin built and unified various sections of the Great WallHeinrich Glarean (1,206 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
representation of the universe derived from Ptolemy's system, with the spherical earth at the centre and concentric spheres surrounding it carrying the celestialJames R. Wait (1,977 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
1957 The transient behavior of the electromagnetic ground wave on a spherical earth 1958 Pattern of an antenna on a curved lossy surface 1958 On the measurementA History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (813 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
member of medieval society believed the Earth to be flat. The idea of a spherical Earth had long been espoused in the classical tradition and was inheritedMexica (2,766 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Tenochtitlan in 1337. Calling their new home Tlatelolco ("Place of the Spherical Earth Mound"), the Tlatelolca were to become Tenochtitlan's persistent rivalsStrata (novel) (1,649 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
thing on the flat "Earth" which does not match the geography of the spherical Earth they left. En route, the team encounter the superstitious MedievalFirmament (3,515 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
theoreticians like Aristotle and Ptolemy ushered in the notions of a spherical Earth and an Earth floating in the center of the cosmos as opposed to restingFirmament (3,515 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
theoreticians like Aristotle and Ptolemy ushered in the notions of a spherical Earth and an Earth floating in the center of the cosmos as opposed to restingN-vector (1,112 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the great circle distance between two horizontal positions (assuming spherical Earth) is usually done by means of latitude and longitude. Three differentSurface wave (2,977 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
calculations of ground wave field intensity over a finitely conducting spherical earth," Proc. IRE, vol. 29, pp. 623–639, 1941. G. Goubau, "Surface wavesLongitude (4,438 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Hipparchus (2nd century BCE) used a coordinate system that assumed a spherical Earth, and divided it into 360° as we still do today. His prime meridianJohann Heinrich Lambert (2,345 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
mathematician to address the general properties of map projections (of a spherical Earth). In particular he was the first to discuss the properties of conformalityUSGS DEM (577 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the quadrangle must slightly distort to map such locations onto the spherical Earth. This distortion usually manifests as a rotated square, hence the elevationSelf-gravitation (1,127 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
model that does not take self-gravity into account, as opposed to a spherical Earth where self-gravity is taken into account because of the sensitivityLambert azimuthal equal-area projection (1,942 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Plate 3, et passim. "Map Projections: From Spherical Earth to Flat Map". United States Department of the Interior. 2008-04-29Organic user interface (980 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
interfaces, which were previously limited to distorted flat projections of spherical Earth data. Form follows flow: OUIs physically adapt to the context of aHollow Earth (5,119 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
heaven caused an enormous funnel to appear in previously solid and spherical earth, as well as an enormous mountain opposite it, "Purgatory". In NativeCosmology (3,296 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
model), static, steady state, finite extent, infinite time Static and spherical Earth is surrounded by 43 to 55 concentric celestial spheres, which are materialSub-orbital spaceflight (3,823 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
maximum altitude for a given range can be calculated, d, assuming a spherical Earth of circumference 40000 km and neglecting the Earth's rotation and atmosphereEarth–ionosphere waveguide (1,545 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
diverges. In addition, it becomes necessary to take into account the spherical Earth. Mode theory which is the sum of eigen-modes in the Earth–ionosphereGeodesy (4,261 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
heavens a physical dome spanning over it. Two early arguments for a spherical Earth were that lunar eclipses appear to an observer as circular shadowsMaidenhead Locator System (1,933 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
calculations are carried out between Maidenhead subsquare centres, assuming a spherical Earth. This results in a small error in distance, but makes calculationsRohtak (4,433 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
The 4th-century CE astronomical text Surya Siddhanta described a spherical Earth with a prime meridian running between Avanti (Ujjain) and RohitakaOrbital mechanics (5,769 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
effects which make real orbits differ from the simple models based on a spherical Earth. Most of them can be handled on short timescales (perhaps less than350s BC (2,593 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
by an army comprising Rome and its allies. Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also he discusses logicalGraticule (cartography) (716 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
graticule is of ancient origin, being almost as old as the concept of the spherical Earth, coordinate system for measuring geographic locations, and the mapBeatus map (1,164 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
illustrate a spherical globe, similar to a T-O map. The concept of a spherical Earth already became the dominant opinion in the Middle Ages. The Earth isLangley extrapolation (969 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
to account for Rayleigh scattering, and atmospheric refraction by a spherical Earth. Di Justo and Gertz compiled a handbook for using Arduino to developManifold (9,559 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
used when discussing analytic manifolds in algebraic geometry. The spherical Earth is navigated using flat maps or charts, collected in an atlas. SimilarlyIslamic mythology (5,308 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
world was not flat. Islamic astronomy was developed on the basis of a spherical earth inherited from Hellenistic astronomy. The Islamic theoretical frameworkBurt's solar compass (3,569 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the field, and any error could have extensive effects. Assuming a spherical Earth, if a straight line were drawn from the rising to the setting sun,Atmospheric radiative transfer codes (2,602 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
[21] Gordley et al. (1994) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes line-by-line No No spherical (Earth and Mars), plane-parallel freely available with restrictions web interfaceThe Discarded Image (3,002 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
" He then briefly summarizes the Ptolemaic universe: "The central spherical Earth is surrounded by a series of hollow and transparent globes ... TheseList of Spanish inventions and discoveries (3,806 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
creating their own space program. First planetarium by Ibn Firnas. Spherical Earth Theory by Ibn Hazm (994-1064 AD). Tables of Toledo Viscoelastic gravityThe Guide for the Perplexed (5,092 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
world-view asserted in the work is essentially Aristotelian, with a spherical Earth in the centre, surrounded by concentric Heavenly Spheres. While Aristotle'sWang Zhenyi (astronomer) (2,186 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
astronomical and geographical terms to advocate for the concept of a spherical Earth and revealing the idea of relative spatial positions. Wang Zhenyi'sDe rerum natura (6,928 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
first book stressing the absurdity of the (by then well-established) spherical Earth theory, favoring instead a flat Earth cosmology. Drawing on these,Dating creation (5,123 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
together. The Sanskrit speaking Aryans subscribed to the idea of a spherical earth in an era when the Greeks believed in a flat one. The Indians beforeTimeline of cosmological theories (9,876 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
universe) is finite in extent but infinite in time. He argued for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Aristotle adopted andData and information visualization (8,234 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical Earth into latitude and longitude by Claudius Ptolemy [c. 85–c. 165] in AlexandriaScience in classical antiquity (6,342 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
tendency to move toward the center of the universe, thereby forming a spherical Earth. Since the celestial bodies (i.e., the planets and stars) were seenFlightGear (5,127 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
for celestial navigation. There is a model of gravity based on a non-spherical Earth, and craft can even experience differing gravity across their bodiesBoko Haram (22,495 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
opposition not only to Western education, but to the theory of evolution, a spherical Earth, and to the idea that rain comes from "evaporation caused by the sun"Salvator Mundi (Leonardo) (11,969 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
fixed celestial crystalline sphere (composed of aether), with the spherical Earth at the center of the universe. "So what you've got in the SalvatorShen Kuo (12,181 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Press. Jin, Zumeng. (1996) A Critique of ‘Zhang Heng’s Theory of a Spherical Earth in Fan, Dainian and Cohen, Robert Sonné (eds.). Chinese Studies inHistorical models of the Solar System (7,773 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
varying brightness of planets problem. Copernicus also supported the spherical Earth theory with the idea that nature prefers spherical limits which areTimeline of scientific discoveries (10,608 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
constructions. 5th century BC: The earliest documented mention of a spherical Earth comes from the Greeks in the 5th century BC. It is known that the IndiansHistory of the metric system (12,467 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
Condorcet actually said, "measurement of an eternal and perfectly spherical earth is a measurement for all people for all time". He did not know whatDeformation quantization (1,102 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Eratosthenes in the ancient world that a flat Earth was deformable to a spherical Earth, with deformation parameter 1/R⊕.) E.g., one may define a noncommutativeA Scientific Theology (3,109 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
principle provisional, it seems unlikely that we will ever get rid of a spherical Earth, the Periodic Table, the million year long time scales of biologistsHistory of longitude (10,889 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the method of determining longitude from lunar eclipses, assuming a spherical Earth. The method is described in the Sûrya Siddhânta, a Sanskrit treatiseDe opificio mundi (John Philoponus) (1,089 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
Like Basil of Caesarea's Hexaemeron, John's work explained that the spherical Earth was contained in a spherical heaven. This he says goes against theMercator 1569 world map (6,309 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Mercator's 1569 map was a large planisphere, i.e. a projection of the spherical Earth onto the plane. It was printed in eighteen separate sheets from copperPtolemy's map of Ireland (1,920 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
surface – of the Earth when constructing maps. Ptolemy believed in a spherical Earth within a geocentric model of the universe, and based his calculationsTimeline of Solar System astronomy (13,426 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
that of the Sun and the Moon. c. 350 BCE – Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also, he asserts his conceptionJacques du Chevreul (3,876 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
a circular shadow on the Moon during an eclipse as arguments for a spherical Earth. Chapter 3 De ordine partium This chapter discusses du Chevreul's commentsPseudo-range multilateration (9,850 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
very low altitudes. Razin developed a closed-form algorithm for a spherical Earth. Williams and Last extended Razin's solution to an osculating sphereAvestan period (8,766 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
period, where Iranian scholars like al-Biruni fused the knowledge of a spherical Earth with the Iranian concept of the seven regions. In the Avesta, numerous