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Longer titles found: The Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (view)

searching for Rheumatoid arthritis 106 found (2167 total)

alternate case: rheumatoid arthritis

Nodule (medicine) (702 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

lung, or thyroid, or be a sign in other medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Nodules are small firm lumps usually greater than 1 cm in diameter
BST1 (1,302 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
lines derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The polyclonal B-cell abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis may be, at least in part, attributed
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (1,424 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a patient taking methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis". Minerva Anestesiologica. 80 (1): 119–20. PMID 23857444. Oiwa, Hiroshi;
The Farm at Les Collettes, Cagnes (110 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
forced to relocate in 1908 to help alleviate the effects of his rheumatoid arthritis. Although the original farmhouse is depicted in the painting, Renoir
QT interval (3,277 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
subsets of the population. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common inflammatory arthritis. Studies have linked rheumatoid arthritis with increased death from
Interleukin 15 (4,456 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
IL-15 present in the synovial tissue of patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Preliminary research has functionally implicated IL-15 role in collagen-induced
YWHAH (3,265 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
helping to assess the veracity of the diagnosis and severity of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA); can be combined with existing markers for severity and to provide
Allen Steere (3,141 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
learned of a cluster of children who were thought to have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Lyme, Connecticut. Evaluation of the case clusters suggested that
Terri H. Finkel (764 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
She is known for her research into autoimmunity, AIDS, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and cancer. Her work has been recognized in more than 200
IL17RA (855 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
pathogenic role in many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Like other cytokine receptors, this receptor likely has a multimeric
Sialoadhesin (426 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
lymph node, bone marrow, colon, and lungs. Also, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the protein has been found in great amounts on macrophages of the
Fenoprofen (653 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
drug (NSAID). Fenoprofen calcium is used for symptomatic relief for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and mild to moderate pain. It has also been used
Nurse-led clinic (2,326 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
NICE. Rheumatoid arthritis: The management of rheumatoid arthritis in adults. Secondary Rheumatoid arthritis: The management of rheumatoid arthritis in adults
Wrist drop (976 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
with rheumatoid arthritis that causes numbness and/or tingling is neuropathy. Neuropathy is nerve damage that in people with rheumatoid arthritis can result
Sp7 transcription factor (2,875 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
cause of the abnormal degradation of bone seen in osteoporosis or rheumatoid arthritis The exact mechanisms of action for Sp7/Osterix are currently in contention
John Cosh (565 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
long-term studies of the effects of rheumatoid arthritis, co-discovery of the genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis, and his work on the benefits of
Serostatus (360 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
PMC 3283476. PMID 22260418. Ajeganova S, Huizinga TW (November 2014). "Rheumatoid arthritis: Seronegative and seropositive RA: alike but different?". Nature
Mizoribine (230 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
nephrotic syndrome, IgA nephropathy, lupus, as well as for adults with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis and other rheumatic diseases. MZB exerts its activity
Mizoribine (230 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
nephrotic syndrome, IgA nephropathy, lupus, as well as for adults with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis and other rheumatic diseases. MZB exerts its activity
Fat pad sign (382 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
abnormal fat pad sign. (toxic synovitis, septic arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, osteomyelitis of the distal humeral physis and secondary septic
Fenretinide (512 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
treatment of cancer, as well as in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acne, psoriasis, and has been found to also slow the production
Linda Pitmon (384 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
percussion in band and orchestra in high school. She suffered from rheumatoid arthritis and drumming was a helpful way to manage her symptoms. The first
Gary Firestein (1,188 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
research focuses on developing novel therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis. Firestein received his A.B. in chemistry from Harvard College in
Pencil-in-cup sign (206 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
psoriatic arthritis, but it is also reported in systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Mochizuki, Takeshi; Ikari, Katsunori; Okazaki, Ken (4 November 2018)
Patrode (545 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
and sterols, which help in reducing chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis. The leaves have significant amounts of vitamin C and beta-carotene
Patient satisfaction (1,751 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
and health care quality. However, in long term conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic inflammatory arthritides patient satisfaction with
Rofecoxib (8,141 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
marketed by Merck & Co. to treat osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain conditions, migraine, and dysmenorrhea
Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies (228 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
medicine, obesity, transplant rejection, muscle wasting syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and new methods for drug discovery. Techniques created by Torrey
Mir-363 microRNA precursor family (645 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Georgiou I, Drosos AA (July 2012). "miRNAs and related polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility". Autoimmunity Reviews. 11 (9): 636–41. doi:10.1016/j
Eburnation (273 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
observed that eburnation can result from both osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at an advanced stage. They stated that while RA and ochronotic
Bucillamine (368 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
well-known safety profile and is prescribed in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Japan and South Korea for over 30 years. It is a cysteine derivative
Anti-dsDNA antibodies (2,924 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
proliferation and alteration of cellular functions. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis can develop anti-dsDNA antibodies, however they are usually treatment
George G. Sanderson (75 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Liberal member. He died on May 27, 1919, from exhaustion following rheumatoid arthritis. A Directory of the Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia
Gabe Mirkin (779 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
angry letters fueled by Mirkin's non-standard advice on treating rheumatoid arthritis with antibiotics, and other matters, along with the suspicion that
Amphiregulin (3,296 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
epidermal growth factor family member whose expression is augmented in rheumatoid arthritis patients". Journal of Inflammation. 5: 5. doi:10.1186/1476-9255-5-5
HLA-DR11 (829 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
DRB1*1102: Tiopronin intolerance in rheumatoid arthritis DRB1*1104: pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis DR11 is an identifier for the DR11-DQ7/DR7-DQ2
Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (1,043 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
from arthritis. It was originally called systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or Still's disease. Predominantly extra-articular manifestations
T helper 17 cell (3,564 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
cause an inappropriate amount of inflammation, like in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. Th17 cells have also been shown to be necessary for maintenance
Mir-346 microRNA precursor family (657 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Georgiou I, Drosos AA (July 2012). "miRNAs and related polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility". Autoimmunity Reviews. 11 (9): 636–41. doi:10.1016/j
Fucosylation (591 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
application including some associated with sickle cell disease, rheumatoid arthritis, tumor inhibition, and chemotherapy improvements. Recent studies
Atacicept (483 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
disease and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and optic neuritis. A phase II/III trial for systemic lupus
Maurice Cassidy (443 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Goulstonian Lecture to the College of Surgeons on the subject of rheumatoid arthritis. During the First World War he spent two years in a Calais hospital
Tirabrutinib (174 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
lymphocytic leukemia, B cell lymphoma, Sjogren's syndrome, pemphigus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Tirabrutinib is an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase
FCN1 (853 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
M-ficolin levels reflect disease activity and predict remission in early rheumatoid arthritis. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000085265 – Ensembl, May 2017
Aurotioprol (104 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
aurothiopropanol sulphonate and D-penicillamine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 44 (9): 621–4. doi:10.1136/ard
Les Autres sport classification (3,214 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
conditions related to polio, osteogenesis imperfecta and junior rheumatoid arthritis. It does not include people with intellectual disabilities or people
Proteolix (210 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the proteasome (PR-957), with potential utility in areas such as rheumatoid arthritis. At the time of sale, Carfilzomib's route of administration was intravenous
METRNL (485 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
dermatitis. METRNL is also up-regulated in synovial membranes of human rheumatoid arthritis. Adipocyte Metrnl antagonizes obesity-induced insulin resistance
Proteolix (210 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the proteasome (PR-957), with potential utility in areas such as rheumatoid arthritis. At the time of sale, Carfilzomib's route of administration was intravenous
HLA-DR10 (284 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
cell cervical cancer (SCC) DRB1*1001:DQA1*01:DQB1*05 haplotype: Rheumatoid arthritis The primary involvement appears to be DR10. HLA-DR10 is not genetically
Plant manufactured pharmaceuticals (418 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Therapeutic Proteins are seen in brands like Enevrel and Remicade for rheumatoid arthritis, Herceptin, a breast cancer treatment. Plants like tobacco are hosts
Arthur Weiss (scientist) (174 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
been shifted towards studying autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. He is also a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator, a title he has
Ralph Dorfman (330 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
1976. Dorfman's research also focused on treatments for cancer and rheumatoid arthritis and originated the reproductive biology concept of anti-estrogens
Metallopharmaceutical (656 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Messori L, Marcon G (2004). "Gold complexes in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis". Met. Ions Biol. Syst. 41: 279–304. PMID 15206120. Gaujoux-Viala
Alvin Wood (292 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Lunatic Asylum according to The Courier-Journal. He had suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, and had also become delusional at the time of his death. Wood's
Paul Emery (rheumatologist) (1,554 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article
Society of Wales (FLSW). Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview (2008) ISBN 9789814206464 Pocket Reference to Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (2011) ISBN 9781908517227
Mario Maas (221 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
was in 1990: (Gubler FM, Maas M, Dijkstra PF, de Jongh HR, "Cystic rheumatoid arthritis: description of a nonerosive form". Radiology); as of September 2013[update]
Porphyromonas pasteri (333 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
linked to other systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain cancers. Parte AC. "Porphyromonas". LPSN. "Porphyromonas
Benaroya Research Institute (3,007 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
cause disease. BRI researchers study how immune cells contribute to rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases. BRI uses
MMP19 (946 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
metalloproteinase RASI-1 is expressed in synovial blood vessels of a rheumatoid arthritis patient". Immunol Lett. 57 (1–3): 83–8. doi:10.1016/S0165-2478(97)00057-6
Cytotoxic T cell (3,862 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
implicated in the progression of arthritis. The main involvement of rheumatoid arthritis is its joint involvement. The synovial membrane is characterised
Kristine Holzer (224 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
1974) is an American Olympic speed skater. Diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) when she was 13 years old, Holzer originally took up rowing
Robert V. Hine (778 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
developer. In high school, Robert V. Hine developed severe juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. He was hospitalized for six weeks to undergo intensive therapy but
Martin Henry Dawson (625 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
endocarditis with penicillin, and the use of gold salts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Dawson became the first person in history to administer an antibiotic
Heat shock protein 47 (1,577 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Antibodies directed to this protein have been found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. HSP47 contains 3 beta sheets and 9 alpha helices. After binding
Sarah Aarons (565 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Year. In 2018, Aarons had her right leg amputated due to severe rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune condition that causes pain and swelling of the joints
SALL3 (404 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
"Genome-wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis in the Spanish population: KLF12 as a risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility". Arthritis Rheum
HLA-DR5 (695 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
generalized lymphadenopathy and Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, pernicious anemia, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, mycosis fungoides, polyglandular
Melanocortin (1,639 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
2 clinical trials to study safety and efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and idiopathic membranous nephropathy. The melanocortin system is
El Khasné, Petra (painting) (514 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
that he painted entirely with his right hand, owing to worsening rheumatoid arthritis. The mausoleum is carved out of sandstone and at the time was only
Robert G. Lahita (1,052 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
 Lupus, Q&A; Everything You Need to Know, The Arthritis Solution Rheumatoid Arthritis: Everything You Need to Know, Women and Autoimmune Disease; The Mysterious
HLA-DR14 (232 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
following alleles: DRB1**1409, *1419 to *1462 DRB1*1402: juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, increased longevity in Okinawans. DR*14:DQ5 haplotype: increased
George J. Mecherle (553 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
farming and moved to Florida to improve his wife's health — she had rheumatoid arthritis. The warm climate did not improve her health so they moved back to
Flying Scholarships for Disabled People (511 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
disabled as a result, for example, of cerebral palsy, loss of limbs, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, ME, spina bifida and poliomyelitis. Supported by donations and
CDH11 (1,192 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Byers SW (Mar 2014). "Cadherin-11 in poor prognosis malignancies and rheumatoid arthritis: common target, common therapies". Oncotarget. 5 (6): 1458–74. doi:10
C. Garrison Fathman (960 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
multidisciplinary approach to study and treat autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and
Mir-939 microRNA precursor family (299 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
"MiR-346 Controls Release of TNF-α Protein and Stability of Its mRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis via Tristetraprolin Stabilization". PLOS ONE. 6 (5): e19827. Bibcode:2011PLoSO
Weather pains (843 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
both among the older overall population and among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in particular. According to the Mayo clinic, migraines may be triggered
Arthritis Foundation (1,249 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
often headed by actress Jane Wyman, who was personally challenged by rheumatoid arthritis and Type 1 diabetes. Participating celebrities included Betty White
Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center (438 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Fleming's researchers have established transgenic animal models for rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis and these models
Fibrosing cardiomyopathy (1,716 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
is found in blood plasma produced by the liver to swell, causing rheumatoid arthritis. Studies show that the causes of heart disease differ greatly between
Polly Murray (619 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
due to swollen knees and her son Todd was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Murray also became aware of others in her community experiencing
Clark Middleton (861 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
one-person play, Miracle Mile, about his lifelong struggle with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. He performed it in New York City and other parts of the US. In the
Lentiviral vector in gene therapy (3,448 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
IL-10 expressing genes in utero in mice can suppress, and prevent, rheumatoid arthritis and create new cells with constant gene expression. This contributes
List of medical abbreviations: J (0 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus JP JPD JPDs Jackson-Pratt drain JRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (now called juvenile idiopathic arthritis) JVD jugular venous distension
Russian Children's Welfare Society (2,360 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
The Russian Children's Welfare Society is a not-for-profit, 501(c)(3) organization based in New York City with branches in Moscow and San Francisco. It
T-cell activation RhoGTPase activating protein (831 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
in this gene may be associated with several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, and multiple sclerosis. Alternate splicing results
Tiopronin (603 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
and therapeutic maintenance of tiopronin, new basic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Apropos of long-term follow-up of 268 cases]". Revue du Rhumatisme
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry (2,283 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
telehealth can help with managing the pain of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinicians consider gout, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis as the
Glycan (3,129 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
to the pathophysiology of various autoimmune diseases; including rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. The targeting of degradative lysosomal enzymes
Natural history of disease (2,099 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
treatments such as analgesics and exercises. In contrast, consider rheumatoid arthritis, a systemic inflammatory disease that damages articular cartilage
Gamma delta T cell (4,473 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) are T cells that have a γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. Most T cells are αβ (alpha beta) T cells with TCR composed
Interleukin-21 receptor (864 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
in synovial fibroblasts and synovial macrophages of patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis Rheum. 50 (5): 1468–1476. doi:10.1002/art.20218. PMID 15146416
Oom Yung Doe (2,612 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
health, and improvements in conditions such as asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and blood pressure. Critics, however, accuse the school's founder
Kevin J. Tracey (1,420 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Vagus nerve stimulation has successfully blocked inflammation in clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory
Aslam Anis (950 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
industry, and the cost-effectiveness of treatments for HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions. Aslam Hayat Anis was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh
GPR64 (1,166 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
fibroblast-like synovial cells obtained from osteoarthritis but not from rheumatoid arthritis. GPR64 is significantly overexpressed in the Wnt signaling-dependent
Alan Ebringer (504 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
investigate the relationship between autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and certain bacteria, Proteus mirabilis in particular (Ankylosing
Gyeongsang National University (1,102 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
as the first local cancer center of its kinds in the country and rheumatoid arthritis center. Gyeongsang National University Hospital at Changwon is newly
Adherence (medicine) (8,697 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
E, Birchmore D, et al. (February 1999). "Medication adherence in rheumatoid arthritis patients: older is wiser". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Mir-498 microRNA precursor family (376 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Georgiou I, Drosos AA (July 2012). "miRNAs and related polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility". Autoimmunity Reviews. 11 (9): 636–41. doi:10.1016/j
TBX3 (4,710 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
in human diseases including the ulnar mammary syndrome, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. In humans, heterozygous mutations of TBX3 lead to the
MAP3K7 (1,695 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
treatment of TNF mediated diseases such as auto immune disease ( Rheumatoid Arthritis, lupus, IBD) but also other cytokine mediated disorders such as chronic
Tolerogenic dendritic cell (2,765 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
disease, intradermally in diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis patients, subcutaneously in rheumatoid arthritis patients and via arthroscopic injections
Danielle Rauen (177 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
medal. When she was five years old, she was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis which affected her joints in her hands, hips, knees and shoulder
Das (331 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
a chemical compound DAS28, Disease Activity Score of 28 joints, rheumatoid arthritis measure Differential Ability Scales, cognitive and achievement tests