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Longer titles found: Inbreeding avoidance (view), Inbreeding depression (view), Inbreeding in fish (view), Inbreeding the Anthropophagi (view), Coefficient of inbreeding (view), Intellectual inbreeding (view)

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alternate case: inbreeding

Quantitative genetics (21,655 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

previous levels of inbreeding: the change in inbreeding (δft). Notice, that this change in inbreeding (δft) is equal to the de novo inbreeding (Δf) only for

genetic variability, the breed should enjoy relative freedom from genetic inbreeding. Most of the dog breeds are derived by a very small number of founders

existing uneven distribution of people with varying characteristics; and Inbreeding homophily: the amount of homophily over and above this expected value

early modern human populations, natural catastrophes, climate change and inbreeding depression. It is likely that multiple factors caused the demise of an

McKusick, V. A. (1987). "Inbreeding and prereproductive mortality in the Old Order Amish. I. Genealogic epidemiology of inbreeding". American Journal of

born in when they become sexually mature and join other groups to avoid inbreeding. Although capable of climbing trees, Heck's Macaques spend most of their

cost incurred to avoid inbreeding. Individuals may it be male or females in groups may disperse in an effort to avoid inbreeding. This poses a more detrimental

potential consequences for population persistence. Inbreeding is rare within natal packs. Inbreeding may have been selected against evolutionarily because

an investigative documentary carried out by the BBC found significant inbreeding between pedigree dogs, with a study by Imperial College, London, showing

to have the highest level of inbreeding: inbreeding coefficients were 4.5%, 6.8%, and 9.5% respectively and the inbreeding rate per generation was 0.69%

to have the highest level of inbreeding: inbreeding coefficients were 4.5%, 6.8%, and 9.5% respectively and the inbreeding rate per generation was 0.69%

and hypothyroidism. One of the biggest health issues in Ryukyu dog is inbreeding. These dogs have already survived one near-extinction, and all current

girls, forced pregnancies of enslaved women and girls due to forced inter inbreeding with fellow slaves in hopes of producing relatively stronger future slaves

change, character displacement, changes in the finch's habitat and range, inbreeding and nesting, parasites, and viruses, medium ground finches have gone through

Animals. DNA research has shown that Schipperkes have a rising rate of inbreeding in their population. The earlier common references to Schipperkes suggest

found its own. Males mate territorially and the species is susceptible to inbreeding and bottlenecks. The species builds its nests on or just under the ground

permanently social. These spiders are also a promising model for the study of inbreeding because all permanently social species are highly inbred. The Hawaiian

significant amount of inbreeding is found. Inbreeding coefficients were found positive for the workers of these colonies. No inbreeding was found between

and its relations to inbreeding and crossbreeding, the role of inbreeding and outbreeding in evolution, and the value of inbreeding and outbreeding in plant

demographic events); the smaller the population, the more chances of inbreeding depression and prone to extinction. Although individual populations have

The American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) is a common species of toad found throughout Canada and the eastern United States. It is divided into three subspecies:

researchers have noticed that its isolation causes high levels of inbreeding. With inbreeding, it leaves recessive alleles of the white-tailed population to

Though common in some breeds of cats, dogs, cattle and horses due to inbreeding, heterochromia is uncommon in humans, affecting fewer than 200,000 people

are still employed by as hunters and trackers. A 2009 study found an inbreeding coefficient of 4.5% among registered dogs between 1992 and 2004, the lowest

in farms and are easily available through the aquarium trade. However, inbreeding in farms has led to genetically weak stock that is vulnerable to disease

International Space Station.[citation needed] The possibility of serial inbreeding facilitates genetic research due to reduction of heterozygous sites in

subsocial spiders of genus Stegodyphus tolerate a low level of inbreeding with low inbreeding depression, suggesting a possible stepping stone towards the

1953. Population numbers have decreased since the early 1990s and today inbreeding is of significant concern. The breed is considered to be endangered by

collection of gamodemes. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient (f or φ). All homozygotes are increased in frequency – both

mating within their own family, which may lead to inbreeding. However, results have shown that "no inbreeding coefficient value for any population was significantly

Copturus. Cylas formicarius has been observed with an increased amount of inbreeding suppression than is normal for the average population of weevils, both

to breed with nearby plants than they are with distant plants. Thus an inbreeding cycle is created that perpetuates the pattern of plants being closely

examine hypotheses of environmental pressures on social behavior, and inbreeding. Subsociality as a trait seems to be conserved, despite the wide range

improve the breed's characteristics, produce hybrid vigour, and prevent inbreeding in the remaining small herds. For many years the Essex pig was considered

By the beginning of the 20th century competition from the Pekin duck, inbreeding, and disease in the pure-bred Aylesbury strain and the rising cost of

(2005) "Effects of Inbreeding in the Mudugar and Irular Tribal Populations in Kerala", J. Hum. Ecol., 17(4): 247-250 "Effects of Inbreeding in the Mudugar"

cutthroats are completely isolated, there is no genetic flow causing inbreeding, which leads to accelerated levels of extinction. Though the Lahontan

fixed size N {\displaystyle N} , and call f i {\displaystyle f_{i}} the inbreeding coefficient of generation i {\displaystyle i} . Here, f {\displaystyle

indicates that a recent decline in their population size has led to extensive inbreeding. As an apparent result, individuals are typically homozygous for 34% of

number of white rectrices. This difference in the two forms may be due to inbreeding of a restricted, fragmented population there, and has also been seen in

progeny are then mated to establish inbred strains through long-term inbreeding. Families of recombinant inbred strains numbering from 25 to 5000 are

only people inside the faith are deemed marriageable. This can result in inbreeding and can cause genetic defects. After Ruby's escape, a press conference

if there is not an increase in population, this breed is at risk of inbreeding which can lead to genetic diseases. Litters of the Polish hound are considered

no. 3 (1915): 213-231. King, Helen Dean. "Studies on inbreeding. I. The effects in inbreeding on the growth and variability in the body weight of the

necessary in order to avoid extinction and negative impacts associated with inbreeding. The wingspan is 25–32 mm. The larvae feed on Rhamnus crocea. The U.S

though there are very few individuals surviving, the carnation can avoid inbreeding, a problem that threatens fellow Nihoan plant Amaranthus brownii, because

north Pacific than among Antarctic whales, may be a sign of dangerous inbreeding. Chimo, an albino orca who had Chediak-Higashi syndrome List of individual

has been found to be a result of large amounts of inbreeding within a single gall. This inbreeding has been proposed to have reduced the haploidy-induced

Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis

limited geographic distribution of B. insularis, there is a high level of inbreeding in the in situ population on the island. This threatens to produce deleterious

reduced genetic diversity in the newly founded populations and led to inbreeding. The Tiritiri Matangi population is one of the most successful reintroduced

island and the number of animals is increasing. The animals have been inbreeding for four generations and may die off from the lack of diversity in their

populations have high genetic diversity, but also show higher levels of recent inbreeding than other snub-nosed monkeys. Wildlife of China Nüchel, Jonas; Bøcher

monoecious species. A previously untested hypothesis is that this reduces inbreeding; dioecy has been shown to be associated with increased genetic diversity

escape, and in others they die shortly afterwards. However, the resulting inbreeding has consequences much like those of parthenogenesis, and the females are

JSTOR 41604607. "Incest and Inbreeding". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Van Gelder, Geert Jan (2005). Close Relationships: Incest and Inbreeding in Classical Arabic Literature

JSTOR 41604607. "Incest and Inbreeding". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Van Gelder, Geert Jan (2005). Close Relationships: Incest and Inbreeding in Classical Arabic Literature

determined that the gene was recessive, and to continue to reduce genetic inbreeding, more outcrossing with the black domestic cats was done. There are still

reported for species of different ploidy levels, and for outcrossing and inbreeding, vegetatively and seed propagated, and cultivated and non-cultivated plants

cannibalism in order to survive the harsh winters of the region and to inbreeding, which in turn caused them to develop hydrocephalus. Some retellings of

population. The DNA of a road-killed wolf from 2003 indicated high levels of inbreeding and 30% of the genome being that of dog. It is thought that as the population

disease. 1967: "The Web of History and the Web of Life: Atomic Bombs, Inbreeding and Japanese Genes"- Published in the Michigan Quarterly Review 6:202-209

giraffe likewise would be born in Schönbrunn, which due to a risk of inbreeding could not be placed elsewhere, then a similar procedure like the one in

gymnosperms, as in other eukaryotes, is that it allows the avoidance of inbreeding depression caused by the presence of recessive deleterious mutations.

Finnish bulls were used from 1955 to 1967 to overcome the effects of inbreeding. Organised breeding began in 1909 and a herdbook has been kept since 1914

translocations have involved 12 or fewer colonising individuals, making inbreeding nearly unavoidable. This has led to some apparent immunocompetency issues

Lundehund population shows signs of inbreeding depression including reduced fertility due to small litter size, inbreeding avoidance behaviors and low sperm

chance of a population of plants or animals to avoid the problems of inbreeding Minimum viable population, a lower bound on the population of a species

second term is zero, if there is no inbreeding, the first term becomes simple. For no relatedness and no inbreeding, status number (NS, effective number

the same name in 1959. As the comic novel takes the perils of island inbreeding as its theme, it is assumed that Tranter deliberately chose an unpopulated

signaling is also used to find genetically different mates and thus avoid inbreeding. Females are often selective when deciding to mate, and chemical communication

have also found high rates of relatedness that are indicative of inbreeding. Inbreeding can be especially harmful as it can cause an increase in the presence

resistance to varroa mites due to poorer hygienic behaviour (VSH) prone to inbreeding due to habit of Apiary Vicinity Mating, resulting in increased aggression

recognized breed. These sheep tend to be very small due to intensive inbreeding and are often mislabeled as a true breed. Rather, they are mere crossbred

resistance to varroa mites due to poorer hygienic behaviour (VSH) prone to inbreeding due to habit of Apiary Vicinity Mating, resulting in increased aggression

seeds of endangered plant species at new sites, helping to eliminate inbreeding and increasing the genetic diversity of local flora. The family Turdidae

Finland since 1994. Her work has described patterns of dispersal and inbreeding in this fragmented population. As part of the Global Ant Genomics Alliance

from the extraction of natural resources. There was already evidence of inbreeding depression in some gorilla populations, evident through birth defects

2014. Sorokanich, Lara (June 18, 2013). "Albino Gorilla Was Result of Inbreeding". nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2014.

84 pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring. This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed

angiosperms. While heterospory stops extreme inbreeding from occurring, it does not prevent inbreeding altogether as sporophytic selfing can still occur

Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds" (PDF). The

genetics as well as work with Drosophila and run with them. The idea of inbreeding to achieve this goal of a ‘pure strain' in mice was one that may have

measure is the setting in place of various breeding programs to avoid inbreeding, which is very dangerous within such a small number of animals.[citation

subpopulation are neighbors in the sense that their gametes may come together and inbreeding within the subpopulation increases homozygosity. Wright's statistical

Surprisingly, this frog has high genetic diversity (HO = 0.771) and low inbreeding coefficient (FIS = −0.018) with an effective population size estimate

serious breeding problems inherent to small, artificial populations: inbreeding depression, loss of genetic variability, and accumulation of deleterious

facing population decline. Reasons for such declines are habitat loss and inbreeding within populations. Habitat loss due to harsh environmental conditions

sheep (both originating in Sweden) exhibit the highest within-population inbreeding. While the Ruhnu breed was found to be less variable than other Baltic

to the recently depleted numbers of Afrikaner cattle, a high degree of inbreeding occurred at this time. In 1923, it was proposed that Afrikaners be sent

Guangdong as well. The population continues to decline due to poaching, and inbreeding is a matter of concern for the quality of its future population. ""Factsheet:

island. This initial small community of kri-kri was too small to prevent inbreeding and more kri-kri were introduced to the community. The isolated community

other bees inbreeding is avoided because females and males from the same colony are not so likely to encounter each other. In general, inbreeding is not common

quickly and regardless of relatedness. This breeding behavior leads to inbreeding.However, females can still recognize relatedness and prefer non-related

Darwinian natural right". In Wolf, Arthur P.; Durham, William H. (eds.). Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: the State of Knowledge at the Turn of the

exaggerated as the British Basset. A 2006 study found a relatively low inbreeding coefficient, at 3.9%, the second-lowest of the nine French breeds in the

resilient to extinction. Furthermore when such beetles were subjected to inbreeding, they maintained fitness for up to 20 generations. However experimental

as it seemed like the family had kept expanding, presumably through inbreeding. The hunter finds his way to the mansion and digs up Jan Martense's grave

all descendants of Michiyo and/or Fuhito. Using this kind of excessive inbreeding method, Michiyo and Fuhito had ensured their genes rooted in the Imperial

dogs dying by the age of 10. An analysis of Leonberger pedigree found an inbreeding coefficient of 0.29 with just 22 founding dogs. From 1989 to 2004 the

Both the Dutch and German registries have recognized the severe risks of inbreeding this has created in the breed, and have created policy committees to try

conditions it may become invasive unless properly managed. With regard to inbreeding, it was found that there were disadvantageous changes to height, persistence

dogs dying by the age of 10. An analysis of Leonberger pedigree found an inbreeding coefficient of 0.29 with just 22 founding dogs. From 1989 to 2004 the

PMID 22975220. Charlesworth D, Willis JH (November 2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression". Nat. Rev. Genet. 10 (11): 783–96. doi:10.1038/nrg2664. PMID 19834483

size of 9.8, realized effective population size of 18 and an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.26. Breeders are working to prevent losing heterozygosity

genus Sarcocornia (now shown to be paraphyletic), the annual, strongly inbreeding and frost-tolerant Salicornia diversified during the late Pliocene to

resident orcas have struggled to survive due to low salmon populations and inbreeding. In 2019, this orca population was at a 35-year low after three adult

1111/syen.12419. Foster, Robin L (1992). "Nestmate recognition as an inbreeding avoidance mechanism in bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Journal of

Welsh Pony, Shetland pony, and small Thoroughbreds. With considerable inbreeding he was able to gain consistently small size within the herd.: 183  The

of foals in free-ranging populations could be a mechanism to prevent inbreeding. If two breeding herds meet, the stallions of each herd will approach

discussed the importance of avoiding "counterselective forces" such as war, inbreeding, free healthcare for the poor, alcohol and venereal disease. In its earliest

the group, while females move away to find a new group, and thus avoid inbreeding. They make nests from twigs, and hide them in dense vegetation. The systematics

crossover is leading to inbreeding and hybridization between the Prosperine and Unadorned rock-wallaby species. This potential inbreeding and hybridization

already similar for most people will always have high degrees of religious inbreeding. The second is the social distance between the intermarrying religious

Jansson, Mija; Laikre, Linda (2018-09-12). "Pedigree data indicate rapid inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity within populations of native, traditional

sites. Nonetheless, this dispersal pattern is a preventative measure for inbreeding. The greater white-toothed shrew can be very vocal. C. russula possess

long-shuttered businesses." Other common Appalachian stereotypes include inbreeding, poor dental hygiene, and wearing no shoes. According to Professor Roberta

in neighbouring tribes once reaching adolescence, presumably to avoid inbreeding. An analysis based on finger-length ratios suggests that Neanderthals

scientists and plant breeders worked to revive the cultivar through inbreeding, and discovered a change in soil amendment that had removed sodium from

effects of ongoing environmental change, quantitative genetics, inbreeding and inbreeding depression, maternal effects and life history evolution. She won

Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds". The Veterinary

Zagreb in 1997. This was for the study of the effects of consanguinity and inbreeding on cancer incidence in Croatian island isolate populations. A year later

Cherneze (Jean-Pierre Cassel), explains that the school's isolation led to inbreeding amongst the professors, with increasingly serious genetic disorders. Recently

they did their best to keep their blood pure. This of course meant heavy inbreeding to keep the aristocracy. Freyre also says in his book that their motto

Zagreb in 1997. This was for the study of the effects of consanguinity and inbreeding on cancer incidence in Croatian island isolate populations. A year later

reach maturity, they leave their natal groups to avoid any occurrence of inbreeding, while males tend to remain in their natal groups. Play not only serves

explanation for the high frequency of twins is genetic isolation and inbreeding. Records indicate that the high frequency of twins predates Mengele's

"If last week's episode — with a case centered around child kidnapping, inbreeding and ritualistic rape — was what Grimm: SVU would look like, now we know

S2CID 21493970. There was a reduction in heterozygosity and high average inbreeding effects (FIS and/or HS), particularly in the Awan, indicating genetic

ISBN 9780195343939. van Gelder, Geert (2005). Close Relationships: Incest and Inbreeding in Classical Arabic Literature. p. 19. ISBN 9781850438557. Al-Tabari,

The mating of yeast, also known as yeast sexual reproduction, is a fundamental biological process that promotes genetic diversity and adaptation in yeast

without increasing deleterious homozygosity and bypasses the downsides of inbreeding because the genomes of the queens and males within a colony are not linked

1186/s12870-019-2171-6 9 Noiton, D. A. M., & Alspach, P. A. (1996). Founding clones, inbreeding, coancestry, and status number of modern apple cultivars. Journal of the

of The History of Science Society) 37: 155–159. 1952. Early Ideas on Inbreeding and Crossbreeding. In Heterosis, edited by John W. Gowen, 1–13. Iowa State

L.; Vaughton, G.; Ramsey, M. (2006). "Delayed autonomous selfing and inbreeding depression in the Australian annual Hibiscus trionum var. Vesicarius (Malvaceae)"

selection until the very recent past. The domesticated population is small. Inbreeding depression has not been observed in the breed. Thai Ridgeback Dogs are

his career. He was awarded a DSc from the University there in 1938, on inbreeding in Jersey cattle. In 1928 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society

Naofumi; Yamamoto, Masashi; Hayashi, Takeshi (2017). "Genetic Background, Inbreeding, and Genetic Uniformity in the National Citrus Breeding Program, Japan"

embrace of witchcraft and for its amoral sexual practices, including inbreeding. Jerusalem's Lot became an incorporated town in 1765, but was abandoned

; Liinamo, A.-E.; Ojala, M. (1 October 2001). "Population structure, inbreeding trend and their association with hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs". Animal

being used for a multitude of different studies covering schizophrenia, inbreeding, and migration, to which the Havasupai had not consented. In 2004, the

careful breeding programme which slows, as far as possible, the rate of inbreeding. Only stock registered in either of the studbooks is used. In conjunction

variation in traits can indicate that the population is not too inbred. Inbreeding can affect both vigor and fitness. Wild genotypes of S. integrifolium

for the Stabij and Wetterhoun) for assessing pedigrees and computing inbreeding coefficients. Internationally, the breed is recognised by the Fédération

lambs and reach slaughter weight sooner. It has a relatively low rate of inbreeding compared to other South African breeds. Qwabe, Sithembele (February 2013)

nature are predominantly between related individuals resulting in extreme inbreeding. The rate of outcrossing between different strains of Leishmania in the

the frog's demise. Other natural processes—such as genetic isolation, inbreeding, droughts, and floods—pose ongoing threats to the existing population

based on romantic love, and reformers criticized yichus for leading to inbreeding within small circles of "acceptable" families. However, nowadays yichus

very small populations, this species does not seem to exhibit effects of inbreeding depression. Associated species include Eucalyptus crucis, Eucalyptus loxophleba

self-fertilization. It was speculated that self-incompatibility evolved to avoid inbreeding depression, but that selfing ability was retained to allow reproduction

(Giladi 1999, p. 69) G. J. H. van Gelder, Close Relationships: Incest and Inbreeding in Classical Arabic Literature, ISBN 1-85043-855-2, p. 93 Giladi, Avner

for the Stabij and Wetterhoun) for assessing pedigrees and computing inbreeding coefficients. Internationally, the breed is recognised by the Fédération

the frog's demise. Other natural processes—such as genetic isolation, inbreeding, droughts, and floods—pose ongoing threats to the existing population

cross-breed with the existing population in order to alleviate the risk of inbreeding what few Pont-Audemer Spaniels remained. However the breed's population

uk. Thompson, Affre. "Variation in self-fertility, inbreeding depression and levels of inbreeding in four Cyclamen species." Journal of Evolutionary Biology

heredity of specific traits. A precondition for successful application of inbreeding is scrupulous selection of stock animals. In these ‘‘Genetic Laws,’’ Festetics

June 2013. J.-M. Larivière, J. Detilleux, P. Leroy (2011). Estimates of inbreeding rates in forty traditional Belgian chicken breeds populations = Schätzung

the acquisition of three main behavioral traits: postmating dispersal, inbreeding, and cooperative care of offspring. Spiders that live in groups can be

other national Kennel Clubs. The IKC felt there was a high degree of inbreeding within ten generations of Irish Red and White setters and wished to increase

1993), "Inbreeding in Egypt and in this book: a childish perspective", in Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill (ed.), The natural history of inbreeding and outbreeding

in the Bray et al. study may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to "mine" their ancestral gene pool in the context

Tosakin has been often and mistakenly reported by as a weak fish due to inbreeding, but it is as hardy as most other breeds of fancy, deep-bodied goldfish

ISBN 978-0-472-06560-8. Arthur P. Wolf; William H. Durham, eds. (2005). Inbreeding, incest, and the incest taboo: the state of knowledge at the turn of the

genomic diversity among species members, with much evidence of inbreeding. This inbreeding has led to the mutation of deleterious missense mutations, which

level of genetic diversity, and found to have relatively low levels of inbreeding. However, due to low founder diversity, the breed is identified as likely

noted for his views on Muslims and crime, including the assertion that inbreeding over several centuries has damaged the Muslim gene pool and that Muslims

orchards. Relatedness among clones is more critical for diversity than inbreeding. The clonal variation in expected seed set has been compiled for 12 adult

limits the genetic variety available. A 2006 study found a coefficient of inbreeding of 12.4%, significantly higher than the eight other French breeds examined

coherence and unity of the poem (1982) and Close Relationships: incest and inbreeding in classical Arabic literature (2005). Arie Schippers, review in Bibliotheca

tons; 44 short tons) for later use. Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon Inbreeding in fish Gehr, Susan; Bright. Karuk Dictionary. LaDonna Rose Gundersen

born to another pair, also in the U.K., allowing more crossings without inbreeding too closely. The first recorded Thai Lilac Point was born to the Clairabelle

well as 1,000 in wildfowl collections and zoos. There is concern about inbreeding due to the small initial population of birds. The nature reserve WWT Slimbridge

support of 10,400,000 RMB from Yunnan Province, the Key Laboratory of the Inbreeding Coefficient Study in Xishuangbana Mini-ear Swine is under the construction

populations, but had its own unique morphologic structure, which evidenced inbreeding in the community. The researchers emphasized that one skeleton is not

The point about inbreeding avoidance is significant, since the whole genome of sexual organisms benefits from avoiding close inbreeding; there is a different

Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds". The Veterinary

Characteristics of this dog breed have remained stable for a long time courtesy of inbreeding program between dogs that exhibited desirable hunting traits. In 2000

after the white tiger captured in India in the 1950s), are highly inbred. Inbreeding reduces genetic variability and may cause hidden genes to manifest as

after the white tiger captured in India in the 1950s), are highly inbred. Inbreeding reduces genetic variability and may cause hidden genes to manifest as

The point about inbreeding avoidance is significant, since the whole genome of sexual organisms benefits from avoiding close inbreeding; there is a different

1967). "Extraordinary sex ratios. A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications in cytogenetics and entomology". Science. 156 (3774):

Characteristics of this dog breed have remained stable for a long time courtesy of inbreeding program between dogs that exhibited desirable hunting traits. In 2000

result, the populations have become fragmented and isolated, leading to inbreeding. The geographical range has been lessened to the point where gene flow

carpal knobs were instead formed due to a hereditary disease caused by inbreeding. This was dismissed in a 2013 study, since such lesions would likely not

PMID 25899168. Charlesworth, D.; Willis, J. H. (November 2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression". Nature Reviews Genetics. 10 (11): 783–796. doi:10.1038/nrg2664

account contained an anti-Muslim chain e-mail entitled “1,400 years of inbreeding amongst Muslims.” Greg Bonnen, neurosurgeon and Republican member of the

making its appearance in lilliputian specimens of the dog – an effect of inbreeding." Though Lee included a club description of the dog claiming the dog could

marriage could best be explained as an adaptation to the harmful effects of inbreeding. As a professor at Antioch College and Hunter College Ember continued

S2CID 38553151. Dougherty, John (December 29, 2005). "Forbidden Fruit: Inbreeding among polygamists along the Arizona-Utah border is producing a caste of

wen growth that can cover gills and eyes due to selective breeding and inbreeding. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranchu. Goldfish Lionhead Lionchu

efforts to preserve the purebred Zulu sheep by inbreeding the Zulu sheep that they own. A side effect of inbreeding is that the genes of the species start to

stupidest people on earth. I think it must come from cultural inbreeding—perhaps physical inbreeding also—in a desire to retain a homogenous, in-group society

and monkeys. They are also completely insane as a consequence of long inbreeding. Recovering, Tarzan once more comes to the rescue of his companions, aided

order to save the species from extirpation from the region by genetic inbreeding, as the local population had been reduced to an estimated six bears. With

distinguish the European racing dogs being imported into Alaska. Rather than inbreeding similar-looking dogs in order to create a new breed with a consistent

has reduced the movements of Dunlin leaving them more susceptible to inbreeding in these locations. The dunlin is highly gregarious in winter, sometimes

work while Genealogica Grafica is open)". "Example of inbreeding across many generations". "Inbreeding across 40 generations" (PDF). "Inter-marriage connections

diploid (sterile phenotype). Thus inbreeding is a highly avoided behavior by many of the females. This lack of inbreeding impacts the genetic relatedness

must be managed by people to maintain a predator-prey balance and avoid inbreeding. The Dinokeng game reserve is a member of the Lions Management Forum (LiMF)

twinning in armadillos functions as an evolutionary adaptation preventing inbreeding. Once an armadillo offspring enters its reproductive stage, the organism