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searching for Hierarchy (mathematics) 532 found (2324 total)

Von Neumann universe (2,811 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In set theory and related branches of mathematics, the von Neumann universe, or von Neumann hierarchy of sets, denoted by V, is the class of hereditary

Outline of academic disciplines (4,330 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

academic disciplines. In each case, an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy (e.g., Humanities) is a group of broadly similar disciplines; an entry

Order of operations (4,548 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

distributive property implies this as a natural hierarchy. As recently as the 1920s, the historian of mathematics Florian Cajori identifies disagreement about

List of mathematical logic topics (1,012 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Peano Mathematical induction Structural induction Recursive definition Naive set theory Element (mathematics) Ur-element Singleton (mathematics) Simple

Rank (198 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

A rank is a position in a hierarchy. It can be formally recognized—for example, cardinal, chief executive officer, general, professor—or unofficial. Academic

Set theory (6,575 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

essentially all mathematical concepts can be modeled by pure sets. Sets in the von Neumann universe are organized into a cumulative hierarchy, based on how

Computability theory (6,414 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

into a hierarchy based on their level of noncomputability? Although there is considerable overlap in terms of knowledge and methods, mathematical computability

Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (6,252 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of axiomatic set theory and as such is the most common foundation of mathematics. Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice included is abbreviated

Automata theory (3,851 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theoretical computer science with close connections to cognitive science and mathematical logic. The word automata comes from the Greek word αὐτόματος, which means

Stephen Cole Kleene (1,356 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the study of computable functions. A number of mathematical concepts are named after him: Kleene hierarchy, Kleene algebra, the Kleene star (Kleene closure)

Computational complexity theory (6,704 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In theoretical computer science and mathematics, computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource

Formal grammar (3,450 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

not describe the meaning of the strings — only their form. In applied mathematics, formal language theory is the discipline that studies formal grammars

Mesopotamia (10,426 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

planting of the first cereal crops, the development of cursive script, mathematics, astronomy, and agriculture". It is recognised as the cradle of some

Subcategory (798 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, specifically category theory, a subcategory of a category C is a category S whose objects are objects in C and whose morphisms are morphisms

Constructible universe (6,103 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Perspectives in Mathematical Logic, Springer-Verlag. K. Devlin 1975, An Introduction to the Fine Structure of the Constructible Hierarchy (p.2). Accessed

Type theory (8,236 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

suggested in Russell's paradox by creating a hierarchy of types and then assigning each concrete mathematical entity to a specific type. Entities of a given

Pointclass (1,070 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the mathematical field of descriptive set theory, a pointclass is a collection of sets of points, where a point is ordinarily understood to be an element

Hard and soft science (1,989 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Auguste Comte) is that scientific disciplines can be arranged into a hierarchy of hard to soft on the basis of factors such as rigor, "development",

Recursively enumerable language (538 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is called recursively enumerable (also recognizable, partially decidable, semidecidable

Reverse mathematics (4,782 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

formulas is measured using the arithmetical hierarchy and analytical hierarchy. The reason that reverse mathematics is not carried out using set theory as

Thomas L. Saaty (1,878 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

with S. I. Gass), "Mathematical Methods of Operations Research" (1959), "Elements of Queueing Theory" (1961), and "The Analytic Hierarchy Process" (1980)

Erlangen program (1,913 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

group of symmetries. The hierarchy of geometries is thus mathematically represented as a hierarchy of these groups, and hierarchy of their invariants. For

Analytic hierarchy process (5,942 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the theory of decision making, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), also analytical hierarchy process, is a structured technique for organizing and

Descriptive set theory (1,590 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, descriptive set theory (DST) is the study of certain classes of "well-behaved" subsets of the real line and other Polish spaces

Combinatorial explosion (1,227 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a combinatorial explosion is the rapid growth of the complexity of a problem due to the way its combinatorics depends on input, constraints

Rectangle (2,193 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Tapson, Frank (July 1999). "A Miscellany of Extracts from a Dictionary of Mathematics" (PDF). Oxford University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on

Pythagoreanism (9,382 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

but it seems to be a distinction mark of the Cynics to disregard the hierarchy and protocol, ways of initiatory proceedings significant for the Pythagorean

Determinacy (4,125 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

nth level of the difference hierarchy of Π 3 0 {\displaystyle \Pi _{3}^{0}} sets is determined. See reverse mathematics for other relations between determinacy

Theory of computation (2,168 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with what problems can be solved on a model of computation

Second-order arithmetic (3,837 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, second-order arithmetic is a collection of axiomatic systems that formalize the natural numbers and their subsets. It is an alternative

List of computability and complexity topics (466 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

automaton Pushdown automaton Context-free grammar Büchi automaton Chomsky hierarchy Context-sensitive language, context-sensitive grammar Recursively enumerable

Taxonomy (6,859 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Mathematically, a hierarchical taxonomy is a tree structure of classifications for a given set of objects. It is also named containment hierarchy. At

Haken manifold (990 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a Haken manifold is a compact, P²-irreducible 3-manifold that is sufficiently large, meaning that it contains a properly embedded two-sided

Large cardinal (1,333 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the mathematical field of set theory, a large cardinal property is a certain kind of property of transfinite cardinal numbers. Cardinals with such properties

Recursive language (745 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, logic and computer science, a recursive (or decidable) language is a recursive subset of the Kleene closure of an alphabet. Equivalently

Cumulative hierarchy (311 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, specifically set theory, a cumulative hierarchy is a family of sets W α {\displaystyle W_{\alpha }} indexed by ordinals α {\displaystyle

Michael Barnsley (262 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theoretical chemistry from University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1972 and BA in mathematics from Oxford in 1968. In 1987 he founded Iterated Systems Incorporated

University of Oslo (3,723 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

having been Norway's state church since 1536), law, medicine, humanities, mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences, dentistry, and education. The university's

List of complexity classes (176 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1 edition, ISBN 978-0-521-42426-4 "S2P: Second Level of the Symmetric Hierarchy". Stanford University Complexity Zoo. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14

Epsilon number (2,110 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the epsilon numbers are a collection of transfinite numbers whose defining property is that they are fixed points of an exponential map

Supersymmetry (7,569 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

explain certain phenomena, such as the nature of dark matter and the hierarchy problem in particle physics. A supersymmetric theory is a theory in which

Wadge hierarchy (1,336 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

within mathematics, Wadge degrees are levels of complexity for sets of reals. Sets are compared by continuous reductions. The Wadge hierarchy is the structure

Friedman's SSCG function (303 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a simple subcubic graph (SSCG) is a finite simple graph in which each vertex has a degree of at most three. Suppose we have a sequence

Root test (1,938 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Venzke, Cristiane (2012). "A hierarchy of convergence tests related to Cauchy's test" (PDF). International Journal of Mathematical Analysis. 6 (37--40): 1847--1869

Abstract algebra (4,336 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures, which are sets with specific operations

True arithmetic (1,133 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, true arithmetic is the set of all true first-order statements about the arithmetic of natural numbers. This is the theory associated

Fσ set (304 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, an Fσ set (said F-sigma set) is a countable union of closed sets. The notation originated in French with F for fermé (French: closed)

Michael O. Rabin (1,602 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Function and Hierarchy of Recursive Sets", Technical Report No. 2, O.N.R., Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1960 Rabin, Michael O. (1967). "Mathematical theory

Flatland (3,089 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

used the fictional two-dimensional world of Flatland to comment on the hierarchy of Victorian culture, but the novella's more enduring contribution is

Causal model (6,184 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

can describe both linear and nonlinear processes. Causal models are mathematical models representing causal relationships within an individual system

Formal language (3,163 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings whose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet".

Johan Håstad (442 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

his B.S. in Mathematics at Stockholm University in 1981, his M.S. in Mathematics at Uppsala University in 1984 and his Ph.D. in Mathematics from MIT in

Marcel-Paul Schützenberger (1,277 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

objects in mathematics as well as computer science bear his name (for example Schutzenberger group or the Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy). Paul Schützenberger

Veblen function (2,749 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the Veblen functions are a hierarchy of normal functions (continuous strictly increasing functions from ordinals to ordinals), introduced

Precedence (115 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

communications traffic Order of precedence, the ceremonial hierarchy within a nation or state Precedence (mathematics) for defining the order of operations in a computation

P versus NP problem (7,784 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite

Axiom of regularity (3,202 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the axiom of regularity (also known as the axiom of foundation) is an axiom of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory that states that every non-empty

Borel set (1,792 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

is Hausdorff). Borel hierarchy Borel isomorphism Baire set Cylindrical σ-algebra Descriptive set theory – Subfield of mathematical logic Polish space –

Regular language (3,422 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sipser, Michael (1984). "Parity, circuits, and the polynomial-time hierarchy". Mathematical Systems Theory. 17 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1007/BF01744431. MR 0738749

Combinatorics on words (2,588 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Combinatorics on words is a fairly new field of mathematics, branching from combinatorics, which focuses on the study of words and formal languages. The

CH (459 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(methanylylidene, methylylidene) =CH− Chomsky hierarchy, in computer science, a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars Continuum hypothesis

Finitism (1,113 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Historically, the written history of mathematics was thus classically finitist until Cantor created the hierarchy of transfinite cardinals at the end of

Dominance (318 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Dominance may refer to: Dominance hierarchy or social hierarchy, an organizational form by which individuals within a community

Nikolay Bogolyubov (4,465 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

studied physics and mathematics, and by the age of 14, he was already participating in the seminar of the Department of Mathematical Physics at Kyiv University

Tarski's undefinability theorem (2,271 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Tarski in 1933, is an important limitative result in mathematical logic, the foundations of mathematics, and in formal semantics. Informally, the theorem

Russell's paradox (4,621 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

History of Set Theory and Its Role in Modern Mathematics (2nd ed.). Springer. § Zermelo's cumulative hierarchy pp. 374-378. ISBN 978-3-7643-8350-3. The Autobiography

Cantor's theorem (3,735 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of mathematics. For instance, by iteratively taking the power set of an infinite set and applying Cantor's theorem, we obtain an endless hierarchy of

Logicism (11,833 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

philosophy of mathematics, logicism is a programme comprising one or more of the theses that – for some coherent meaning of 'logic' – mathematics is an extension

Strahler number (2,065 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the Strahler number or Horton–Strahler number of a mathematical tree is a numerical measure of its branching complexity. These numbers

Analytic (583 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

equations involving analytic functions Analytical hierarchy, an extension of the arithmetical hierarchy Analytic set, the continuous image of a Polish space

International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (294 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP) is a biennial conference on multi-criteria decision analysis, particularly the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

Richard Askey (775 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

orthogonal polynomials of ( q {\displaystyle q} -)hypergeometric type into a hierarchy. The Askey–Gasper inequality for Jacobi polynomials is essential in de

Model theory (9,065 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, model theory is the study of the relationship between formal theories (a collection of sentences in a formal language expressing

AKNS system (307 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the AKNS system is an integrable system of partial differential equations, introduced by and named after Mark J. Ablowitz, David J. Kaup

Fast-growing hierarchy (1,561 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

proof theory, a fast-growing hierarchy (also called an extended Grzegorczyk hierarchy, or a Schwichtenberg-Wainer hierarchy) is an ordinal-indexed family

Power (855 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

minor league baseball team Power (angel), a rank in the Christian angelic hierarchy Power, an alternative name for the psychedelic drug 2C-P Wikiquote has

2-group (1,254 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and morphisms, making it resemble a group. They are part of a larger hierarchy of n-groups. They were introduced by Hoàng Xuân Sính in the late 1960s

Analytic set (745 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the mathematical field of descriptive set theory, a subset of a Polish space X {\displaystyle X} is an analytic set if it is a continuous image of a

Daniel Wise (mathematician) (567 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

as title (link) "Hierarchy.pdf". Google Docs. "Daniel Wise wins the 2016 Jeffery-Williams Prize for a profound impact in mathematical research". cms.math

Paul Graham (programmer) (1,722 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

attended the Gateway High School. Graham gained an interest in science and mathematics via his father who was a nuclear physicist. Graham received a Bachelor

Hierarchy of beliefs (267 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The hierarchy of beliefs is a mathematical construct in game theory used to model incomplete information situations, where players are uncertain about

List of set theory topics (448 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Philosophy portal Mathematics portal This page is a list of articles related to set theory. Algebra of sets Axiom of choice Axiom of countable choice

KdV hierarchy (807 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the KdV hierarchy is an infinite sequence of partial differential equations which contains the Korteweg–de Vries equation. Let T {\displaystyle

Axiom schema of predicative separation (345 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. This name Δ0 stems from the Lévy hierarchy, in analogy with the arithmetic hierarchy. The axiom asserts only the existence of a subset

Rod Downey (1,235 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Memoirs American Mathematical Society, Vol. 2184, 2020) A Hierarchy of Turing Degrees (with Noam Greenberg, Annals of Mathematics Studies No. 206, Princeton

Askey scheme (799 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the Askey scheme is a way of organizing orthogonal polynomials of hypergeometric or basic hypergeometric type into a hierarchy. For the

Randomness (4,316 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

concepts of chance, probability, and information entropy. The fields of mathematics, probability, and statistics use formal definitions of randomness, typically

Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals (459 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Cantor's method of infinites. The thesis is an exploration of formal mathematical systems after Gödel's theorem. Gödel showed that for any formal system

Mathematical psychology (3,095 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Mathematical psychology is an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, thought, cognitive and motor processes

Aleph number (2,453 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, particularly in set theory, the aleph numbers are a sequence of numbers used to represent the cardinality (or size) of infinite sets.

List of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics (844 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Bloom (shader effect) Bounding interval hierarchy Bounding sphere Bounding volume Bounding volume hierarchy Bresenham's line algorithm Bump mapping Calligraphic

Sci.* hierarchy (32 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The sci.* hierarchy is a major class of newsgroups in Usenet, containing all newsgroups whose name begins with "sci.", organized hierarchically. sci.* groups

List of exponential topics (281 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

generating function Exponential-Golomb coding Exponential growth Exponential hierarchy Exponential integral Exponential integrator Exponential map (Lie theory)

Scale (562 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Scale (analytical tool), a concept in the study of complex systems and hierarchy theory Scale (social sciences), a tool for ordering entities by quantitative

Isosceles triangle (4,157 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Catalan solids. The mathematical study of isosceles triangles dates back to ancient Egyptian mathematics and Babylonian mathematics. Isosceles triangles

Michael Sipser (852 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sipser, Michael (1984). "Parity, circuits, and the polynomial-time hierarchy". Mathematical Systems Theory. 17 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1007/BF01744431. MR 0738749

Intransitive game (169 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Stochastic transitivity Gardner, Martin (2001). The Colossal Book of Mathematics. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02023-1. Retrieved 15 March 2013.

Leon Henkin (10,254 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

aimed at teaching mathematics, as well as projects aimed at supporting women's and minority groups to pursue careers in mathematics and related fields

String diagram (3,699 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, string diagrams are a formal graphical language for representing morphisms in monoidal categories, or more generally 2-cells in 2-categories

Computably enumerable set (1,318 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Σ 1 0 {\displaystyle \Sigma _{1}^{0}} (referring to the arithmetical hierarchy). There is a partial computable function f such that: f ( x ) = { 1 if

Absolute infinite (1,306 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

absolute infinite with God,: 175 : 556 and believed that it had various mathematical properties, including the reflection principle: every property of the

Structure (2,209 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

structures in computer science and musical form. Types of structure include a hierarchy (a cascade of one-to-many relationships), a network featuring many-to-many

Grzegorczyk hierarchy (1,631 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Grzegorczyk hierarchy (/ɡrɛˈɡɔːrtʃək/, Polish pronunciation: [ɡʐɛˈɡɔrt͡ʂɨk]), named after the Polish logician Andrzej Grzegorczyk, is a hierarchy of functions

Toda's theorem (428 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Zell (2009); Polynomial Hierarchy, Betti Numbers and a Real Analogue of Toda's Theorem, in Foundations of Computational Mathematics Saugata Basu (2011);

Juris Hartmanis (2,513 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

applied mathematics at the University of Kansas City (now known as the University of Missouri–Kansas City) and in 1955 a Ph.D. in mathematics from Caltech

EXPTIME (1,220 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

EXPTIME ⊆ NEXPTIME ⊆ EXPSPACE. Furthermore, by the time hierarchy theorem and the space hierarchy theorem, it is known that P ⊊ EXPTIME, NP ⊊ NEXPTIME and

Lévy hierarchy (1,396 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In set theory and mathematical logic, the Lévy hierarchy, introduced by Azriel Lévy in 1965, is a hierarchy of formulas in the formal language of the

BBGKY hierarchy (1,553 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

physics, the Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon (BBGKY) hierarchy (sometimes called Bogoliubov hierarchy) is a set of equations describing the dynamics of a

Domination (411 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sexual dominance involving individuals in a subset of BDSM behaviour Hierarchy Dominant (music), a diatonic scale step and diatonic function in tonal

Gap theorem (549 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

essentially states that there are arbitrarily large computable gaps in the hierarchy of complexity classes. For any computable function that represents an

Systems theory (6,120 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

holon. These hierarchies of system are studied in hierarchy theory. The amount of interaction between parts of systems higher in the hierarchy and parts

AC0 (778 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Sipser, Michael (1984). "Parity, circuits, and the polynomial-time hierarchy". Mathematical Systems Theory. 17 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1007/BF01744431. MR 0738749

Mathematical logic (8,370 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory

Azriel Lévy (314 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

doi:10.4064/fm-46-1-1-13. A. Lévy: A hierarchy of formulas in set theory, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 57, 1965. J. D. Halpern, A. Lévy:

Ratio test (5,997 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the ratio test is a test (or "criterion") for the convergence of a series ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n , {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n},}

Bachelor of Commerce (732 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(BCom or B Com) is an undergraduate degree in commerce, accounting, mathematics, economics, and management-related subjects. The degree is mainly offered

Computable set (500 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

is at level Δ 1 0 {\displaystyle \Delta _{1}^{0}} of the arithmetical hierarchy. A is computable if and only if it is either the image (or range) of a

Multigrid method (2,813 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(MG method) is an algorithm for solving differential equations using a hierarchy of discretizations. They are an example of a class of techniques called

Hierarchical decision process (137 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

For group decision-making, the hierarchical decision process (HDP) refines the classical analytic hierarchy process (AHP) a step further in eliciting and

Combinatorics (3,524 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties

Borel hierarchy (1,727 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, the Borel hierarchy is a stratification of the Borel algebra generated by the open subsets of a Polish space; elements of this

Condensation lemma (210 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

set and is an elementary submodel of some level of the constructible hierarchy Lα, that is, ( X , ∈ ) ≺ ( L α , ∈ ) {\displaystyle (X,\in )\prec (L_{\alpha

Sigma (2,191 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. In general mathematics, uppercase Σ is used as an operator for summation. When used at the end

Richard M. Karp (883 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

had had ambitions to go to medical school after Harvard, but became a mathematics teacher as he could not afford the medical school fees. He attended Harvard

Strictly determined game (187 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

ISBN 9780486417103. Czes Kośniowski (1983). "Playing the Game". Fun mathematics on your microcomputer. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780521274517

Metamathematics (1,666 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of a hierarchy of sets of different 'types', a set of a certain type only allowed to contain sets of strictly lower types. Contemporary mathematics, however

Surreal number (11,658 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the surreal number system is a totally ordered proper class containing not only the real numbers but also infinite and infinitesimal numbers

Symbol (formal) (494 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

being used to express that idea; in the formal languages studied in mathematics and logic, the term symbol refers to the idea, and the marks are considered

Romanticism in science (2,988 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Alexander (2006) argues that the nature of mathematics changed in the 19th century from an intuitive, hierarchical, and narrative practice used to solve real-world

Godfried Toussaint (1,217 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

these graphs are nested together they are referred to as the Toussaint hierarchy. Toussaint was born in 1944 in Belgium. After graduating in 1968 from

List of mathematical proofs (593 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

A list of articles with mathematical proofs: Bertrand's postulate and a proof Estimation of covariance matrices Fermat's little theorem and some proofs

Post's theorem (3,832 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

named after Emil Post, describes the connection between the arithmetical hierarchy and the Turing degrees. The statement of Post's theorem uses several concepts

Topographic prominence (3,211 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

geological or geomorphological factors. The "parent" relationship defines a hierarchy which defines some peaks as subpeaks of others. For example, in Figure 1

Elementary function arithmetic (875 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

function – A kind of mathematical function Grzegorczyk hierarchy – Functions in computability theory Reverse mathematics – Branch of mathematical logic Ordinal

Hardy hierarchy (564 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

computational complexity theory and proof theory, the Hardy hierarchy, named after G. H. Hardy, is a hierarchy of sets of numerical functions generated from an ordinal-indexed

Galactic orientation (1,233 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

galaxies. According to the hierarchy model, the directions of the spin vectors should be distributed randomly. In hierarchy model, galaxies were first

Implementation of mathematics in set theory (10,960 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

examines the implementation of mathematical concepts in set theory. The implementation of a number of basic mathematical concepts is carried out in parallel

Cumrun Vafa (1,077 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

grew his interests in math by high school and was fascinated by how mathematics could predict the movement of objects. He graduated from Alborz High

Level (607 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

vodka Level, a collection of objects with the same rank in an overlapping hierarchy Level, a layer of defense in two-level defense in American football Level

John Robert Anderson (psychologist) (1,060 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

cognitive psychology, including recent criticism of unjustified claims in mathematics education that lack experimental warrant and sometimes (in extreme cases)

Strange loop (1,961 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

strange loop is a cyclic structure that goes through several levels in a hierarchical system. It arises when, by moving only upwards or downwards through the

Brane cosmology (1,206 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

relative to the other fundamental forces of nature, thus solving the hierarchy problem. In the brane picture, the electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear

Successor function (389 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the successor function or successor operation sends a natural number to the next one. The successor function is denoted by S, so S(n)

Mathematical object (2,770 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

A mathematical object is an abstract concept arising in mathematics. Typically, a mathematical object can be a value that can be assigned to a symbol,

List of equations (103 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

circuital law Bernoulli's equation Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy of equations Bessel's differential equation Boltzmann equation Borda–Carnot

George Boolos (2,174 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

September 4, 1940 – May 27, 1996) was an American philosopher and a mathematical logician who taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Boolos

Counting (2,130 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

there is an infinite hierarchy of infinite cardinalities, although only very few such cardinalities occur in ordinary mathematics (that is, outside set

Transitive set (1,222 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Viale, Matteo (November 2003), "The cumulative hierarchy and the constructible universe of ZFA", Mathematical Logic Quarterly, 50 (1), Wiley: 99–103, doi:10

Triviality (mathematics) (1,535 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In mathematics, the adjective trivial is often used to refer to a claim or a case which can be readily obtained from context, or a particularly simple

Term (logic) (2,808 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In mathematical logic, a term denotes a mathematical object while a formula denotes a mathematical fact. In particular, terms appear as components of

6D (2,0) superconformal field theory (520 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

the (2,0)-theory has spawned a number of important results in pure mathematics. For example, the existence of the (2,0)-theory was used by Witten to

Ordinal analysis (4,962 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

ordinal analysis assigns ordinals (often large countable ordinals) to mathematical theories as a measure of their strength. If theories have the same proof-theoretic

Ramified forcing (244 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the mathematical discipline of set theory, ramified forcing is the original form of forcing introduced by Cohen (1963) to prove the independence of

Large countable ordinal (5,516 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in Mathematical Logic. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-07451-1. Hinman, Peter G. (1978). Recursion-theoretic hierarchies. Perspectives in Mathematical Logic

Neusis construction (1,397 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

regular number that is divisible by 10). T. L. Heath, the historian of mathematics, has suggested that the Greek mathematician Oenopides (c. 440 BC) was

Alpha (1,477 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"alpha" has also come to be used to denote "primary" position in social hierarchy, examples being the concept of dominant "alpha" members in groups of animals

List of aperiodic sets of tiles (2,607 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Goodman-Strauss, Chaim (1999), Sadoc, J. F.; Rivier, N. (eds.), "Aperiodic Hierarchical tilings", NATO ASI Series, Series E: Applied Sciences, 354 (Foams and

Universe (mathematics) (2,649 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In mathematics, and particularly in set theory, category theory, type theory, and the foundations of mathematics, a universe is a collection that contains

E-carrier (750 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

scheme List of device bandwidths Multiplexing Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy STM-1 T-carrier Time-division multiplexing Nonblocking minimal spanning

G. H. Hardy (3,496 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis. In biology, he is known for the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a

Melville S. Green (222 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

[citation needed] He worked on the Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy, which however is not named for him, but for Herbert S. Green. Green is

Mind map (1,793 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often based on

Seinosuke Toda (110 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

complexity theory, which states that every problem in the polynomial hierarchy has a polynomial-time Turing reduction to a counting problem. S. Toda

Algorithm (7,016 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ ) is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve

Richard E. Stearns (369 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

American Mathematical Society, 117, American Mathematical Society: 285–306, doi:10.2307/1994208, JSTOR 1994208, MR 0170805. Contains the time hierarchy theorem

Dispersionless equation (1,087 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Kanehisa; Takebe, Takashi (1995). "Integrable Hierarchies and Dispersionless Limit". Reviews in Mathematical Physics. 07 (5): 743–808. arXiv:hep-th/9405096

Reductionism (3,263 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

would insist that our role in conceptualizing reality [our need for a hierarchy of "levels" of understanding] does not change the fact that different

Analytical hierarchy (1,668 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic and descriptive set theory, the analytical hierarchy is an extension of the arithmetical hierarchy. The analytical hierarchy of

Löwenheim–Skolem theorem (2,795 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem is a theorem on the existence and cardinality of models, named after Leopold Löwenheim and Thoralf

Master of Commerce (625 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

postgraduate degree designed to provide knowledge in commerce, accounting, mathematics, economics, and management-related subjects. Like the undergraduate Bachelor

Effective descriptive set theory (422 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

all effective Polish spaces. The arithmetical hierarchy, arithmetic hierarchy or Kleene–Mostowski hierarchy classifies certain sets based on the complexity

Melvin Dresher (538 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

worked as a mathematical physicist for the National Defense Research Committee from 1944 to 1946 Dresher became a professor of mathematics at the Catholic

Concept (4,969 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

than a mental object or a mental state Concepts are classified into a hierarchy, higher levels of which are termed "superordinate" and lower levels termed

Problem finding (433 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

construction, and problem posing.: 200 It has been studied in many fields. Mathematics and science prefer to the term problem posing. Basadur distinguished

Hyperoperation (5,798 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

encyclopedia of mathematics, 2nd Edition. CRC Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 1-58488-347-2. Wirz, Marc (1999). "Characterizing the Grzegorczyk hierarchy by safe recursion"

Natural number (5,889 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the natural numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on, possibly excluding 0. Some start counting with 0, defining the natural numbers

Georg Cantor (10,164 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the creation of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics. Cantor established the importance of one-to-one correspondence between

NP (complexity) (2,784 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

The only known strict inclusions come from the time hierarchy theorem and the space hierarchy theorem, and respectively they are N P ⊊ N E X P T I M

Hierarchical constraint satisfaction (231 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In artificial intelligence and operations research, hierarchical constraint satisfaction (HCS) is a method of handling constraint satisfaction problems

Context-sensitive language (1,340 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

noncontracting grammar). Context-sensitive is known as type-1 in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages. Computationally, a context-sensitive language is

Entscheidungsproblem (2,642 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and computer science, the Entscheidungsproblem (German for 'decision problem'; pronounced [ɛntˈʃaɪ̯dʊŋspʁoˌbleːm]) is a challenge posed

Glossary of set theory (11,628 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

not to be confused with a triangle ∆) 1. A set of formulas in the Lévy hierarchy 2. A delta system ε An epsilon number, an ordinal with ωε=ε η 1. The

Liar paradox (4,462 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the hierarchy that Tarski defines, but it refers to statements at every level of the hierarchy, so it must be above every level of the hierarchy, and

Jensen hierarchy (1,201 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In set theory, a mathematical discipline, the Jensen hierarchy or J-hierarchy is a modification of Gödel's constructible hierarchy, L, that circumvents

Richard Boyd (1,493 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

with a doctoral thesis on mathematical logic titled A Recursion-Theoretic Characterization of the Ramified Analytical Hierarchy. (He would also co-author

Graph isomorphism problem (4,223 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

isomorphism problem is in the low hierarchy of class NP, which implies that it is not NP-complete unless the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level

Similarity (network science) (1,500 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

equivalence, automorphic equivalence, and regular equivalence. There is a hierarchy of the three equivalence concepts: any set of structural equivalences

Goodstein's theorem (2,974 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, Goodstein's theorem is a statement about the natural numbers, proved by Reuben Goodstein in 1944, which states that every Goodstein

Mathematics education (6,335 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In contemporary education, mathematics education—known in Europe as the didactics or pedagogy of mathematics—is the practice of teaching, learning, and

Halting problem (7,350 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

some functions are mathematically definable but not computable. A key part of the formal statement of the problem is a mathematical definition of a computer

Kőnig's lemma (2,344 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Andrzej (eds.), Set Theory and Hierarchy Theory a Memorial Tribute to Andrzej Mostowski, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 537, Springer, pp. 273–284

Random effects model (1,216 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

variables. It is a kind of hierarchical linear model, which assumes that the data being analysed are drawn from a hierarchy of different populations whose

Gisbert Hasenjaeger (1,587 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Gisbert F. R. Hasenjaeger (1 June 1919 – 2 September 2006) was a German mathematical logician. Independently and simultaneously with Leon Henkin in 1949,

Barwise compactness theorem (181 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, the Barwise compactness theorem, named after Jon Barwise, is a generalization of the usual compactness theorem for first-order logic

Polyomino (4,560 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in 1953, and it was popularized by Martin Gardner in a November 1960 "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American. Related to polyominoes are polyiamonds

Joint Academic Coding System (903 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Education Classification of Subjects (HECoS) and the Common Aggregation Hierarchy (CAH) for the 2019/20 academic year. A JACS code for a single subject

Truth (12,622 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

putting statements into a hierarchy of types, wherein a statement cannot refer to itself, but only to statements lower in the hierarchy. This in turn led to

Ernst Zermelo (1,217 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics. He is known for his role in developing Zermelo–Fraenkel axiomatic set

Perceptual control theory (8,065 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

homeostasis and reflexes are simple, low-level examples. The discovery of mathematical principles of control introduced a way to model a negative feedback loop

Deep learning (17,775 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

learning refers to a class of machine learning algorithms in which a hierarchy of layers is used to transform input data into a progressively more abstract

Exercise (mathematics) (2,313 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

A mathematical exercise is a routine application of algebra or other mathematics to a stated challenge. Mathematics teachers assign mathematical exercises

Hypostatic abstraction (519 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mathematics Analogy Category theory Continuous predicate E-prime Hypostasis (philosophy and religion) Reification Subsumptive containment hierarchy CP

Stephen Cook (1,540 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

University of Toronto, Department of Computer Science and Department of Mathematics. He is considered one of the forefathers of computational complexity

Frank Ramsey (mathematician) (4,296 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

observed that a hierarchy of types was sufficient to deal with mathematical paradoxes, so removed Russell's and Whitehead's ramified hierarchy, which was meant

Axiom of reducibility (6,052 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

solution as "Appendix B: Doctrine of Types" in his 1903 The Principles of Mathematics. This contradiction can be stated as "the class of all classes that do

Scientific journal (4,742 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

respective fields.[citation needed] In many fields, a formal or informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the most prestigious journal in a field

Camassa–Holm equation (5,572 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"Fredholm determinants and the Camassa–Holm hierarchy", Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 56 (5): 638–680, doi:10.1002/cpa.10069, S2CID 120705992

First-player and second-player win (382 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

position is a second-player-win. The classic game of Connect Four has been mathematically proven to be first-player-win. With perfect play, checkers has been

Mathematics and art (12,523 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Mathematics and art are related in a variety of ways. Mathematics has itself been described as an art motivated by beauty. Mathematics can be discerned

Tree diagram (303 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

on a hierarchy of nodes in a computer network Tree diagram (physics), an acyclic Feynman diagram, pictorial representations of the mathematical expressions

László Babai (1,022 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Babai at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Babai, László; Moran, Shlomo (1988), "Arthur-Merlin games: a randomized proof system, and a hierarchy of complexity

Andrzej Mostowski (826 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Polish mathematician. He worked primarily in logic and foundations of mathematics and is perhaps best remembered for the Mostowski collapse lemma. He was

W. Hugh Woodin (488 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

precise consistency strength of AD relative to the standard large cardinal hierarchy. Woodin has done work on the theory of generic multiverses and the related

Tessellation (6,055 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps. In mathematics, tessellation can be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of

Minimax (3,815 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

quotations related to Minimax. "Minimax principle", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994] "Mixed strategies". cut-the-knot.org. Curriculum:

Mathematics of the Incas (1,955 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The mathematics of the Incas (or of the Tawantinsuyu) was the set of numerical and geometric knowledge and instruments developed and used in the nation

Gödel's incompleteness theorems (12,173 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

published by Kurt Gödel in 1931, are important both in mathematical logic and in the philosophy of mathematics. The theorems are widely, but not universally,

Emil Leon Post (1,397 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

City College of New York in 1917 with a B.S. in mathematics. After completing his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1920 at Columbia University, supervised by Cassius

Jennifer Tour Chayes (1,216 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

She received her Ph.D. in mathematical physics at Princeton University in 1983. She is affiliate professor of mathematics and physics at the University

P (complexity) (1,940 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

problems, including all of BPP. If it contains NP, then the polynomial hierarchy collapses to the second level. On the other hand, it also contains some

Interpersonal relationship (6,972 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

anthropology, communication, cultural studies, economics, linguistics, mathematics, political science, social work, and sociology. This scientific analysis

Oswald Veblen (1,188 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

awarded a second BA in 1900. For his graduate studies, he went to study mathematics at the University of Chicago, where he obtained a PhD in 1903. His dissertation

Igor Shafarevich (2,521 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. Outside mathematics, he wrote books and articles that criticised socialism and other books

Field (mathematics) (10,305 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In mathematics, a field is a set on which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined and behave as the corresponding operations on

Numerical methods for partial differential equations (1,942 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

fluid dynamics packages. Spectral methods are techniques used in applied mathematics and scientific computing to numerically solve certain differential equations

Outline of logic (2,119 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics and to a lesser extent computer science. Logic investigates and classifies

Borel equivalence relation (317 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a Borel equivalence relation on a Polish space X is an equivalence relation on X that is a Borel subset of X × X (in the product topology)

Axiom of constructibility (1,064 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The axiom of constructibility is a possible axiom for set theory in mathematics that asserts that every set is constructible. The axiom is usually written

Superalgebra (1,687 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and theoretical physics, a superalgebra is a Z2-graded algebra. That is, it is an algebra over a commutative ring or field with a decomposition

Loss function (2,800 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical optimization and decision theory, a loss function or cost function (sometimes also called an error function) is a function that maps an

Π01 class (483 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

also used in the application of recursion theory to other branches of mathematics (Cenzer 1999, p. 39). The set 2<ω consists of all finite sequences of

Reflection principle (3,584 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a reflection principle says that it is possible to find sets that, with respect to any given property, resemble

Anders C. Hansen (1,127 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

hierarchy". In 2019, he was awarded the Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society for having "contributed fundamentally to the mathematics of

Geodesy (4,261 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Traditionally, geodesists built a hierarchy of networks to allow point positioning within a country. The highest in this hierarchy were triangulation networks

Conflict escalation (664 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

inconsistency Escalation of commitment Farsightedness Game semantics Hierarchy of beliefs Imperfect information Incomplete information Information set

Cuthbert Tunstall (1,608 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

was admitted to Balliol College, Oxford around 1491, where he studied mathematics, theology, and law. Around 1496, he became a scholar of the King's Hall

Π01 class (483 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

also used in the application of recursion theory to other branches of mathematics (Cenzer 1999, p. 39). The set 2<ω consists of all finite sequences of

Computable analysis (1,591 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and computer science, computable analysis is the study of mathematical analysis from the perspective of computability theory. It is concerned

Glossary of game theory (1,963 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theory in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Game theory is the branch of mathematics in which games are studied: that is, models describing human behaviour

Donald B. Gillies (797 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Gillies ranked among the top ten participants in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition held in 1950. Gillies moved to England for two years to work

James Blenk (1,007 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

26 February 2019 O'Donnell, John Hugh. "Blenk, James H.". The Catholic Hierarchy of the United States, 1790-1922. "James H. Blenk profile". The National

Tree structure (966 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

structure, tree diagram, or tree model is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree structure"

NC (complexity) (3,079 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

{NC}}^{i}\subseteq \cdots \subseteq {\mathsf {NC}}} which forms the NC-hierarchy. The smallest class, NC0, is the class of functions definable by boolean

Rudolf Carnap (6,188 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

was one of the very few students to attend Gottlob Frege's courses in mathematical logic. During his university years, he became enthralled with the German

Formal concept analysis (5,372 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Analysis as mathematical theory of concepts and concept hierarchies is to support the rational communication of humans by mathematically developing appropriate

Zermelo's theorem (game theory) (1,558 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

first one covered axiomatic and genetic methods in the foundation of mathematical disciplines, and the second speech was on the game of chess. The second

Sigma (disambiguation) (723 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

_{n}^{1}} , sets in the analytical hierarchy Σ i P {\displaystyle \Sigma _{i}^{P}} , a set in the polynomial hierarchy Harish-Chandra's σ function Weierstrass

Swing time (2,492 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Straight (•) versus triplet swing (◦) eighth notes in the metric hierarchy

Sum-of-squares optimization (2,695 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

polynomials involved, sum-of-squares optimization is also known as the Lasserre hierarchy of relaxations in semidefinite programming. Sum-of-squares optimization

Semi-membership (380 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and theoretical computer science, the semi-membership problem for a set is the problem of deciding which of two possible elements is logically

Ariel Rubinstein (754 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

York University. He studied mathematics and economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1972–1979 (B.Sc. Mathematics, Economics and Statistics, 1974;

Indescribable cardinal (1,900 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a Q-indescribable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number that is hard to axiomatize in some language

Functional requirement (677 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

after gathering and validating a set of functional requirements. The hierarchy of functional requirements collection and change, broadly speaking, is:

Václav Chvátal (1,541 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Chvátal, Václav (1973), "Edmonds polytopes and a hierarchy of combinatorial problems", Discrete Mathematics, 4 (4): 305–337, doi:10.1016/0012-365x(73)90167-2

Ronald Jensen (625 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Research of the American Mathematical Society for his 1972 paper titled "The fine structure of the constructible hierarchy"; Definitions and proofs of

Second-order logic (4,502 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In logic and mathematics, second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic. Second-order logic

Self-similarity (1,362 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i.e., the whole has the same shape as one or more of the

Glossary of systems theory (1,777 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

depends on the total situation. The term is often used in contrast to hierarchy, i.e. a vertical arrangement of entities (systems and their subsystems)

Theory of everything (6,467 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in mathematics List of unsolved problems in neuroscience List of unsolved problems in physics Mathematical beauty – Aesthetic value of mathematics Mathematical

Wolfgang Smith (2,210 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

philosophy, physics, and mathematics. Two years later he took his M.S. in physics at Purdue University and ultimately his Ph.D. in mathematics at Columbia University

Cantor's diagonal argument (2,751 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Cantor's diagonal argument (among various similar names) is a mathematical proof that there are infinite sets which cannot be put into one-to-one correspondence

Hyperarithmetical theory (2,292 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Computable Structures and the Hyperarithmetical Hierarchy (Studies in Logic and the Foundation of Mathematics, 2000), ch. 5 D. Natingga, Embedding Theorem

Raman Sundrum (380 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

particular the discovery that warped extra dimensions of space can solve the hierarchy puzzle, which has had a tremendous impact on searches at the Large Hadron

Programming language theory (1,613 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

language theory is closely related to other fields including linguistics, mathematics, and software engineering. In some ways, the history of programming language

Daniel J. Bernstein (1,938 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

from 1995 to 2008. He was a visiting professor in the department of mathematics and computer science at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and a

Contradiction (2,673 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

¬ B ) {\displaystyle \neg (A\land B)\iff (\neg A)\vee (\neg B)} . In mathematics, the symbol used to represent a contradiction within a proof varies.

Mathematical universe hypothesis (2,306 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

a mathematical structure. That is, the physical universe is not merely described by mathematics, but is mathematics — specifically, a mathematical structure

Abstract data type (4,305 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In computer science, an abstract data type (ADT) is a mathematical model for data types, defined by its behavior (semantics) from the point of view of

Pairwise comparison (psychology) (1,733 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Pairwise Comparisons are Central in Mathematics for the Measurement of Intangible Factors – The Analytic Hierarchy/Network Process" (PDF). Review of the

List of algorithms (7,951 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

bound for the complexity of formulas in the arithmetical hierarchy and analytical hierarchy BCH Codes Berlekamp–Massey algorithm Peterson–Gorenstein–Zierler

1999 in science (1,011 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

MR 1797293. S2CID 14849112. Randall, Lisa; Sundrum, Raman (1999). "Large Mass Hierarchy from a Small Extra Dimension". Physical Review Letters. 83 (17): 3370–3

Trapezoid (4,075 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Rubenstein, Rheta N. (1993). "A Quadrilateral Hierarchy to Facilitate Learning in Geometry". The Mathematics Teacher. 86 (1): 30–36. doi:10.5951/MT.86.1

Quipu (7,215 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

historians and anthropologists to understand both the census and the "decimal hierarchy" system the Inca used, and that they were actually 'initiated together

Olga Bondareva (1,080 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

discoverers of the Bondareva–Shapley theorem. In 1954 she entered the Mathematics and Mechanics Faculty of Leningrad State University, receiving her Candidate

Pukara culture (738 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

along the north-western shore of Lake Titicaca. It was characterized by a hierarchy of smaller centers and villages scattered throughout the northern basin

Calculator input methods (3,682 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

schemes exist. In the algebraic entry system with hierarchy (AESH), the precedence of basic mathematical operators is taken into account, whereas calculators

Li Ruzhen (404 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

obtaining the degree of xiucai (licentiate, the lowest in the examination hierarchy), he became a low-ranking officer, which was not considered respectable

Borel determinacy theorem (2,061 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and mathematical practice". Annals of Mathematical Logic. 2 (3): 325–357. doi:10.1016/0003-4843(71)90018-0. L. Bukovský, reviewer, Mathematical Reviews

Abstraction (4,777 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"agent sits on location". This conceptual scheme entails no specific hierarchical taxonomy (such as the one mentioned involving cats and mammals), only

History of type theory (2,823 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

alternatives to naive set theory as a foundation for all mathematics. It has been tied to formal mathematics since Principia Mathematica to today's proof assistants

3-manifold (5,821 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

The structure of groups with a quasiconvex hierarchy", Electronic Research Announcements in Mathematical Sciences, 16: 44–55, doi:10.3934/era.2009.16

Mohism (4,161 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the laws of inheritance. One consequence of Mohist understanding of mathematics and the physical sciences, combined with their anti-militarist philosophy

Penrose tiling (5,991 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

property explained their hierarchical nature; their findings were publicized by Martin Gardner in his January 1977 "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific

Supersymmetry algebra (726 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theoretical physics, a supersymmetry algebra (or SUSY algebra) is a mathematical formalism for describing the relation between bosons and fermions. The

Skip list (2,423 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

a static array. Fast search is made possible by maintaining a linked hierarchy of subsequences, with each successive subsequence skipping over fewer

Hereditarily finite set (1,448 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and set theory, hereditarily finite sets are defined as finite sets whose elements are all hereditarily finite sets. In other words, the

Willard Van Orman Quine (6,471 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and developed his own system of mathematics and set theory, known as New Foundations. In the philosophy of mathematics, he and his Harvard colleague Hilary

Leroy P. Steele Prize (2,239 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

American Journal of Mathematics 77 (1955), pp. 405–428; and Hierarchies of number-theoretic predicates, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 61 (1955)

Vicious circle principle (693 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theory of types rather than the theory of simple types. (See "Ramified Hierarchy and Impredicative Principles".) An analysis of the paradoxes to be avoided

George F. R. Ellis (1,466 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

distinguished professor of complex systems in the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He co-authored

Diamond principle (692 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

R. Björn (1972). "The fine structure of the constructible hierarchy". Annals of Mathematical Logic. 4 (3): 229–308. doi:10.1016/0003-4843(72)90001-0. MR 0309729

Social construction of gender (10,534 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

perceptions in creating reality, often relating to power structures and hierarchies. Gender, a key concept in social constructionism, distinguishes between

Mathematics and architecture (7,995 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Mathematics and architecture are related, since architecture, like some other arts, uses mathematics for several reasons. Apart from the mathematics needed

Orders of magnitude (numbers) (12,994 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

26 January 2007. Mathematics portal Conway chained arrow notation Encyclopedic size comparisons on Wikipedia Fast-growing hierarchy Indian numbering system

Benjamin Rossman (737 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theory. He is currently an associate professor of computer science and mathematics at Duke University. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania

Occupational segregation (5,797 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

patterns, either horizontally (across occupations) or vertically (within the hierarchy of occupations) and is most likely caused by gender-based discrimination

Future-oriented technology analysis (331 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Accelerating change Cashless society Global catastrophic risk Future Earth Mathematics Race Climate Space exploration Universe Historical materialism Kondratiev

Computable function (3,362 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Computable Structures and the Hyperarithmetical Hierarchy (Studies in Logic and the Foundation of Mathematics, 2000), p. 4 R. Soare, Computability and Recursion

Graver basis (2,144 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In applied mathematics, Graver bases enable iterative solutions of linear and various nonlinear integer programming problems in polynomial time. They

Boolean-valued model (2,449 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, a Boolean-valued model is a generalization of the ordinary Tarskian notion of structure from model theory. In a Boolean-valued model

Kripke–Platek set theory (1,586 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

\forall u\in v} or ∃ u ∈ v . {\displaystyle \exists u\in v.} (See the Lévy hierarchy.) Axiom of extensionality: Two sets are the same if and only if they have

Zeta (2,220 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

likely[citation needed] than the other way around (which would violate the sonority hierarchy). Without [sd] there would be an empty space between [sb] and [sɡ] in

Computable ordinal (229 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, specifically computability and set theory, an ordinal α {\displaystyle \alpha } is said to be computable or recursive if there is a computable

Domain theory (2,689 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Domain theory is a branch of mathematics that studies special kinds of partially ordered sets (posets) commonly called domains. Consequently, domain theory

Jacques de Billy (380 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

taught mathematics at the Jesuit College at Pont-à-Mousson. He was still studying theology at this time. From 1631 to 1633, Billy taught mathematics at the

SVP (273 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

sportscaster (often referred to as SVP) Senior vice president, in the hierarchy of vice presidents Sexually violent predator, a US legal classification

Abstract family of languages (479 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

formal language theory, an abstract family of languages is an abstract mathematical notion generalizing characteristics common to the regular languages,

Herbert S. Green (352 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

development of the modern kinetic theory. Green is the letter "G" in the BBGKY hierarchy. He is often credited for the development of parastatistics, one of several

Kirkbie Kendal School (665 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

been regularly oversubscribed, accepting students based on a designated hierarchy. The school has 1048 pupils on roll, ages 11–18. The school was formed

Matthew Foreman (1,057 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Cardinals and Strong Model Theoretic Transfer Properties. In addition to his mathematical work, Foreman is an avid sailor. He and his family sailed their sailboat

Conglomerate (mathematics) (855 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In mathematics, in the framework of one-universe foundation for category theory, the term conglomerate is applied to arbitrary sets as a contraposition

List of scientific laws named after people (100 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Lovett, D. R. (1980). A dictionary of named effects and laws in chemistry, physics, and mathematics (4th ed.). Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-22380-8.

Daigaku-no-kami (1,502 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

position and the title of the chief education expert in the rigid court hierarchy. The Imperial Daigaku-no-kami predates the Heian period; and the court

John Michael Kudrick (434 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Pennsylvania, graduating with a bachelor of arts in philosophy and in mathematics in 1970. Kudrick continued his studies for the priesthood at St. Francis

Bachmann–Howard ordinal (385 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the Bachmann–Howard ordinal (also known as the Howard ordinal, or Howard-Bachmann ordinal) is a large countable ordinal. It is the proof-theoretic

Normed vector space (2,881 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a normed vector space or normed space is a vector space over the real or complex numbers on which a norm is defined. A norm is a generalization

Axiom (computer algebra system) (2,059 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed hierarchy. Two computer algebra systems named Scratchpad were developed by IBM.

Supermanifold (2,208 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In physics and mathematics, supermanifolds are generalizations of the manifold concept based on ideas coming from supersymmetry. Several definitions are

Ring (mathematics) (13,697 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In mathematics, a ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set with two binary operations called addition and multiplication, which obey the same

Mouse (set theory) (248 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

of mouse generalizes the concept of a level of Gödel's constructible hierarchy while being able to incorporate large cardinals. Mice are important ingredients

Lie superalgebra (2,397 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a Lie superalgebra is a generalisation of a Lie algebra to include a Z / 2 Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /2\mathbb {Z} } ‑grading. Lie

Theoretical chemistry (962 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

principles and rules, their refinement and detailing, the construction of a hierarchy. The central place in theoretical chemistry is occupied by the doctrine

Shrewd cardinal (441 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a shrewd cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number introduced by (Rathjen 1995), extending the definition of indescribable cardinals

Leibniz operator (1,167 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In abstract algebraic logic, a branch of mathematical logic, the Leibniz operator is a tool used to classify deductive systems, which have a precise technical

Computable number (3,270 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, computable numbers are the real numbers that can be computed to within any desired precision by a finite, terminating algorithm. They

Collatz conjecture (7,098 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Unsolved problem in mathematics For even numbers, divide by 2; For odd numbers, multiply by 3 and add 1. With enough repetition, do all positive integers

1946 in science (1,347 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

him the second victim of a criticality accident in history. The BBGKY hierarchy of equations for s-particle distribution functions is applied to the derivation

Richard Mattson (414 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

on using memory trace data to simulate the performance of the memory hierarchy. He developed the stack distance profile, and used it to model page misses

Jean-François Mertens (3,861 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Mertens (11 March 1946 – 17 July 2012) was a Belgian game theorist and mathematical economist. Mertens contributed to economic theory in regards to order-book

Org-mode (1,234 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

files ("org files") that include simple marks to indicate levels of a hierarchy (such as the outline of an essay, a topic list with subtopics, nested

Michael Izen (442 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Retrieved 2024-03-25. "Bishop Michael John Izen [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Archived from the original on 2024-05-06. Retrieved

Intuitionistic type theory (4,646 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

type theory (MLTT)) is a type theory and an alternative foundation of mathematics. Intuitionistic type theory was created by Per Martin-Löf, a Swedish

Intuitionistic type theory (4,646 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

type theory (MLTT)) is a type theory and an alternative foundation of mathematics. Intuitionistic type theory was created by Per Martin-Löf, a Swedish

Jean-François Mertens (3,861 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Mertens (11 March 1946 – 17 July 2012) was a Belgian game theorist and mathematical economist. Mertens contributed to economic theory in regards to order-book

Timeline of mathematics (7,870 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

pure and applied mathematics history. It is divided here into three stages, corresponding to stages in the development of mathematical notation: a "rhetorical"

Planar separator theorem (10,072 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

a separator hierarchy which may take the form of either a tree decomposition or a branch-decomposition of the graph. Separator hierarchies may be used

Oswald Spengler (6,112 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

German polymath whose areas of interest included history, philosophy, mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of

Knuth's up-arrow notation (3,370 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, Knuth's up-arrow notation is a method of notation for very large integers, introduced by Donald Knuth in 1976. In his 1947 paper, R. L

Robert J. Brennan (915 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Retrieved 2024-03-05. "Bishop Robert John Brennan [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2024-03-05. Rattner, Judy (August 1, 2012)

Melchor Liñán y Cisneros (695 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. [self-published] (in Spanish) Short biography Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Santa Marta". Catholic-Hierarchy.org

University of Bonn (9,172 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Excellence, the most of any German university; the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, the Matter and Light for Quantum Computing cluster, Bonn Center for

Tit for tat (2,696 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

many animal communities. Evolutionary game theory, derived from the mathematical theories formalised by von Neumann and Morgenstern (1953), was first

String theory (15,295 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

physics, and it has stimulated a number of major developments in pure mathematics. Because string theory potentially provides a unified description of

Twistor theory (4,205 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

gravity and has evolved into a widely studied branch of theoretical and mathematical physics. Penrose's idea was that twistor space should be the basic arena

Augustus De Morgan (6,989 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

logical conjunction, disjunction, and negation, and for coining the term "mathematical induction", the underlying principles of which he formalized. De Morgan's

Víctor Neumann-Lara (621 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Neumann-Lara, Miguel A. Pizaña, Thomas Dale Porter "A hierarchy of self-clique graphs" Discrete Mathematics 282(1–3): 193–208 (2004) M. E. Frías-Armenta, Víctor

Empirical Bayes method (2,658 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

to a fully Bayesian treatment of a hierarchical model wherein the parameters at the highest level of the hierarchy are set to their most likely values

Social constructionism (4,999 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

beauty standards, gender, language, race, ethnicity, social class, social hierarchy, nationality, religion, social norms, the modern calendar and other units

Quantum gravity (5,955 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

necessarily include unifying all fundamental interactions into a single mathematical framework. However, many approaches to quantum gravity, such as string

Transit node routing (1,417 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In applied mathematics, transit node routing can be used to speed up shortest-path routing by pre-computing connections between common access nodes to

Integrable system (3,407 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, integrability is a property of certain dynamical systems. While there are several distinct formal definitions, informally speaking, an

Scott's trick (738 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

proper class (Jech 2003:65) by referring to levels of the cumulative hierarchy. The method relies on the axiom of regularity but not on the axiom of

Hyperreal number (4,924 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, hyperreal numbers are an extension of the real numbers to include certain classes of infinite and infinitesimal numbers. A hyperreal number

Dirac operator (1,619 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and in quantum mechanics, a Dirac operator is a first-order differential operator that is a formal square root, or half-iterate, of a second-order

ACC (1,346 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

chain condition, a condition in commutative algebra ACC (complexity), a hierarchy of complexity classes used in circuit complexity Adrenocortical carcinoma

Women in Benin (1,454 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

relationship. Since the society wants to keep the social hierarchy of men being at the top of the hierarchy while the women are stuck at the bottom which they

Neoplatonism (6,754 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

biography of his teacher, Plotinus. He is important in the history of mathematics because of his commentary on Euclid's Elements, which Pappus used when

NOvA (2,346 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

constraints on the CP-violating phase δ Strong constraints on the neutrino mass hierarchy Neutrino oscillation is parameterized by the PMNS matrix and the mass

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (4,427 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

It prepares specialists in theoretical and applied physics, applied mathematics and related disciplines. The main MIPT campus is located in Dolgoprudny

Loop theorem (586 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, in the topology of 3-manifolds, the loop theorem is a generalization of Dehn's lemma. The loop theorem was first proven by Christos Papakyriakopoulos

Boarding school (7,753 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

power and hierarchy for the socialization of their family members. These families share a sense of entitlement to social class or hierarchy and power

Murray Bookchin (5,611 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy, he says that: My use of the word hierarchy in the subtitle of this work is meant to be provocative

Hypercyclic morphogenesis (441 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

emergence of a higher order of self-reproducing structure or organization or hierarchy within a system, first introduced by J. Barkley Rosser, Jr. in 1991 (Chap

Extendible cardinal (506 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, extendible cardinals are large cardinals introduced by Reinhardt (1974), who was partly motivated by reflection principles. Intuitively

Maya society (4,783 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Neolithic Age, Maya society has contributed to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, art and writing. The Mayans would peak as a civilization

Four exponentials conjecture (2,300 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

conjecture, along with two related, stronger conjectures, is at the top of a hierarchy of conjectures and theorems concerning the arithmetic nature of a certain

Satyendra Nath Bose (3,502 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

he had a wide range of interests in varied fields, including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature, and music

Succinct game (1,887 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \Sigma _{2}^{\rm {P}}} -complete problem (see Polynomial hierarchy). Many other types of succinct game exist (many having to do with allocation

Thomas Hobbes (7,472 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

University of Oxford, where he was exposed to classical literature and mathematics. He then graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1608. He became

Victorian Certificate of Education (6,081 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the two scaling scores will then be used. This is due to mathematics having a distinct hierarchy of studies with varying difficulties, so students studying

Pseudovector (4,332 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In physics and mathematics, a pseudovector (or axial vector) is a quantity that transforms like a vector under continuous rigid transformations such as

Zermelo set theory (2,244 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

V_{\alpha }} is the rank- α {\displaystyle \alpha } set in the cumulative hierarchy—forms a model of second-order Zermelo set theory within ZFC whenever λ

Type III (302 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

classifications of audio cassette formulation Type-3 language in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages, a.k.a. regular language Class 3 (disambiguation)

Merrill M. Flood (651 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and thus the name by which it is known today). Flood received an MA in mathematics at the University of Nebraska, and a PhD at Princeton University in 1935

Nicolas Bourbaki (11,925 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

given system of rules. Lyotard contrasted Bourbaki's hierarchical, "structuralist" mathematics with the catastrophe theory of René Thom and the fractals

Lax pair (1,778 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, in the theory of integrable systems, a Lax pair is a pair of time-dependent matrices or operators that satisfy a corresponding differential

New Foundations (8,050 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, New Foundations (NF) is a non-well-founded, finitely axiomatizable set theory conceived by Willard Van Orman Quine as a simplification

Education in Peru (4,897 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

promoted conservatism and authoritarianism while also defending a social hierarchy that prevented a social mobility that would improve the lives of citizens

Shortlex order (298 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, and particularly in the theory of formal languages, shortlex is a total ordering for finite sequences of objects that can themselves be

Parochial school (2,373 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

religious education in addition to secular subjects, such as science, mathematics and language arts. The word parochial comes from the same root as "parish"

Oracle machine (2,028 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

halt. This creates a hierarchy of machines, each with a more powerful halting oracle and an even harder halting problem. This hierarchy of machines can be

Mereology (7,356 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

who introduced it as part of a comprehensive framework for logic and mathematics, and coined the word "mereology". Mereological ideas were influential

Shortlex order (298 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, and particularly in the theory of formal languages, shortlex is a total ordering for finite sequences of objects that can themselves be

Mereology (7,356 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

who introduced it as part of a comprehensive framework for logic and mathematics, and coined the word "mereology". Mereological ideas were influential

Patrick C. Fischer (1,072 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Missouri. His father, Carl H. Fischer, became a professor of actuarial mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1941, and the family moved to Ann Arbor

Focal point (game theory) (1,698 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

model to predict the behavior of all the other players. Although the hierarchy of types could be indefinite, the benefits of higher levels would decrease

Descriptive Complexity (612 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Descriptive Complexity is a book in mathematical logic and computational complexity theory by Neil Immerman. It concerns descriptive complexity theory

Partially ordered set (5,418 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Virgile; Jaume, Mathieu (11 September 2003). Making proofs in a hierarchy of mathematical structures. CALCULEMUS-2003 – 11th Symposium on the Integration

Alain Badiou (7,968 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Badiou's work is heavily informed by philosophical applications of mathematics, in particular set theory and category theory. Badiou's "Being and Event"

Raymond E. Goldstein (1,350 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Turing Professor of Complex Physical Systems in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) at the University of Cambridge and a

Power of two (4,372 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

exponent. In the fast-growing hierarchy, 2n is exactly equal to f 1 n ( 1 ) {\displaystyle f_{1}^{n}(1)} . In the Hardy hierarchy, 2n is exactly equal to H

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (19,219 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

with the creation of calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic and statistics. Leibniz has been called the

Plato (5,943 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Other than potential military service, Plato spent his time studying mathematics with Archytas of Tarentum, Theaetetus, Leodamas of Thasos, and Neoclides

Rank-into-rank (881 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a rank-into-rank embedding is a large cardinal property defined by one of the following four axioms given in order

Engineer (4,235 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

organizational or business psychology. Often engineers move up the management hierarchy from managing projects, functional departments, and divisions, and some

William Hales (346 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

orbits. In 1784 he had printed at his own expense Analysis aequationum, a mathematical text for which he was complimented by Joseph Louis Lagrange. In 1788

The Lyceum School (348 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Subjects taught at the Lyceum School include physics, chemistry, mathematics, further mathematics, biology, computer science, English literature, Law, English

Fréchet distance (1,894 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the Fréchet distance is a measure of similarity between curves that takes into account the location and ordering of the points along the

Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (15,666 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the foundations of mathematics, von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG) is an axiomatic set theory that is a conservative extension of Zermelo–Fraenkel–choice

Gödel Prize (2,200 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Shlomo (1988), "Arthur-Merlin games: a randomized proof system, and a hierarchy of complexity class" (PDF), Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 36

Rio Claro, São Paulo (727 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

offering courses in Geology, Geography, Environmental Engineering, Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science, Physical Education, Ecology, Biology and

Victor W. Marek (883 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the foundations of mathematics, for instance infinitary combinatorics (large cardinals), metamathematics of set theory, the hierarchy of constructible sets

Robert Aumann (1,844 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

College of New York in 1950 with a B.S. in mathematics. He received his M.S. in 1952, and his Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1955, both from the Massachusetts Institute

Pretty-printing (1,291 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

formatters or beautifiers. Pretty-printing usually refers to displaying mathematical expressions similar to the way they would be typeset professionally.

John Vaughan (bishop) (505 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

the staff of the recently opened St. Bede's College as Professor of Mathematics, however he resigned in November of that same year following a breakdown

Principia Mathematica (9,476 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(often abbreviated PM) is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics written by the mathematician–philosophers Alfred North Whitehead and

Dependency grammar (4,489 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Many dependency trees abstract away from linear order and focus just on hierarchical order, which means they do not show actual word order. This constituency

Superstring theory (3,009 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

gravity, particle and condensed matter physics, cosmology, and pure mathematics. Superstring theory is based on supersymmetry. No supersymmetric particles

Stanislav Vydra (261 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Králové in 1757. After two years in Brno, he studied philosophy and mathematics from 1762 to 1764 at Charles University. His teachers included Joseph

Elementary recursive function (1,025 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

function Grzegorczyk hierarchy EXPTIME Mazzanti, S (2002). "Plain Bases for Classes of Primitive Recursive Functions". Mathematical Logic Quarterly. 48:

Web of trust (3,527 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

infrastructure (PKI), which relies exclusively on a certificate authority (or a hierarchy of such). As with computer networks, there are many independent webs of

Oskar Perron (524 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

application. Lecture Notes Math. 207, Springer-Verlag, 1971 Analytic hierarchy process Keller's conjecture Stieltjes transformation Scott, W. T. (1955)

Meagre set (2,925 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the mathematical field of general topology, a meagre set (also called a meager set or a set of first category) is a subset of a topological space that

Symmetry (geometry) (3,496 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

group of symmetries. The hierarchy of geometries is thus mathematically represented as a hierarchy of these groups, and hierarchy of their invariants. For

Joseph Bayma (490 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and scientist. He is known for work relating to stereochemistry and mathematics. He entered the Society of Jesus on February 5, 1832. He was in charge

John Balthasar Brungardt (702 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Kansas, with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics with a minor in mathematics in 1980. Brungardt furthered his studies at Iowa State University in

Novikov–Veselov equation (1,173 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the Novikov–Veselov equation (or Veselov–Novikov equation) is a natural (2+1)-dimensional analogue of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation

Deaths in November 2008 (9,100 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

October 3, 2018. Cheney, David M. "Bishop Sofron Dmyterko". Catholic Hierarchy. Retrieved October 3, 2018. "Rear-Admiral Sir Paul Greening: former Master

Suslin tree (286 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 3-540-44085-2 Jensen, R. Björn (1972), "The fine structure of the constructible hierarchy.", Ann. Math. Logic

Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (6,549 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

emanated still further down through (and creating) the mundane hierarchy. The mundane hierarchy consisted of Nature (al-Tabī'a), the Absolute Body (al-Jism

Jean-Charles della Faille (392 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

years. Afterwards, he came back to Antwerp where, as one of the best Mathematics' students of Grégoire de Saint-Vincent, he became also his disciple.

Lance Fortnow (1,040 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

College of Computing. Lance Fortnow received a doctorate in applied mathematics from MIT in 1989, supervised by Michael Sipser. Since graduation, he

Louis Bertrand Castel (973 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Having studied literature, he afterwards devoted himself entirely to mathematics and natural philosophy. After moving from Toulouse to Paris in 1720,

Gersonides (2,930 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

enlightened; 5. celestial substances, treating of the strange spiritual hierarchy which the Jewish philosophers of the middle ages accepted from the Neoplatonists

St Malachy's College (1,957 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Ulster Examiner. 6 May 1950. "Bishop Thomas Grimley [Catholic-Hierarchy]". catholic-hierarchy.org. Official website Documentary about former students of

James Cullen (mathematician) (188 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

privately, then by the Christian Brothers. He studied pure and applied mathematics at Trinity College, Dublin, then at Mungret College, Limerick, before

Atonality (3,943 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

pitch sets from mathematical formulae, and also saw the expansion of tonal possibilities as part of a synthesis between the hierarchical principle and the

Kenneth Binmore (1,459 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

studied mathematics at Imperial College London, where he was awarded a 1st class-honours BSc with a Governor's Prize, and later a PhD in mathematical analysis

Intuition (3,934 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

intuitional knowledge.: 72 : 7 Osho believed human consciousness is in a hierarchy from basic animal instincts to intelligence and intuition, and humans

Manifold decomposition (192 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In topology, a branch of mathematics, a manifold M may be decomposed or split by writing M as a combination of smaller pieces. When doing so, one must

Michio Jimbo (294 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

28, 1951) is a Japanese mathematician working in mathematical physics and is a professor of mathematics at Rikkyo University. He is a grandson of the linguist

Measurable cardinal (1,774 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, a measurable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number. In order to define the concept, one introduces a two-valued measure

Indicator vector (331 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

vectors commonly occur in the study of arithmetical hierarchy. Mirkin, Boris Grigorʹevich (1996). Mathematical Classification and Clustering. Springer. p. 112

Bertrand Russell (15,759 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

logician, mathematician, and public intellectual. He had influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, and various areas of analytic philosophy. He was

Constructive set theory (35,228 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

arithmetical hierarchy, insights in this classical study are also revealing for constructive considerations. A basic insight of reverse mathematics concerns

Inca Empire (13,067 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the position of a kuraka in the hierarchy was subject to change based on the privileges of superiors in the hierarchy; a pachaka kuraka could be appointed

Random algebra (202 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

491–555, MR 2768686 Bukowský, Lev (1977), "Random forcing", Set theory and hierarchy theory, V (Proc. Third Conf., Bierutowice, 1976), Lecture Notes in Math

Complexity (4,498 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

local rules, leading to non-linearity, randomness, collective dynamics, hierarchy, and emergence. The term is generally used to characterize something with

Jacobus Latomus (1,070 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Luther and the Protestant Reformation, supporting the papacy and the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Etymology: Latinized Latomus = Masson from Greek

Peano axioms (6,478 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms (/piˈɑːnoʊ/, [peˈaːno]), also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are axioms for the natural

Brown–Gibson model (224 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

subjective factors in decision making. The Brown–Gibson model can be mathematically represented as follows: M i = C i ⋅ [ D ⋅ O i + ( 1 − D ) S i ] {\displaystyle

Albert R. Meyer (394 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(MIT). Meyer received his PhD from Harvard University in 1972 in applied mathematics, under the supervision of Patrick C. Fischer. He joined the Department

Andrzej Grzegorczyk (2,886 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

ethicist. He was noted for his work in computability, mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics. In 1953, Grzegorczyk married Renata Maria Grzegorczykowa

Rosi Sexton (2,221 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

obtained a degree in mathematics from the University of Cambridge in 1998, before later obtaining a Master of Science in mathematical logic in 2000 from

Perfect information (665 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

stanford.edu. Ferguson, Thomas S. "Game Theory" (PDF). UCLA Department of Mathematics. pp. 56–57. Burch; Johanson; Bowling. "Solving Imperfect Information

Limit cardinal (857 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, limit cardinals are certain cardinal numbers. A cardinal number λ is a weak limit cardinal if λ is neither a successor cardinal nor zero

Missouri University of Science and Technology (9,862 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

its 6,456 students (2023) study engineering, business, sciences, and mathematics. Known primarily for its engineering school, Missouri S&T offers degree

Thomas Robert Zinkula (1,159 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

valedictorian from Mount Vernon High School. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics, economics and business from Cornell College in Mount Vernon. Zinkula

Martin Löb (340 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Löb–Wainer hierarchy Martin Löb at the Mathematics Genealogy Project O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Martin Löb", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive

Axiom of determinacy (2,394 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics, the axiom of determinacy (abbreviated as AD) is a possible axiom for set theory introduced by Jan Mycielski and Hugo Steinhaus in 1962

Gaspar Schott (753 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

German Jesuit and scientist, specializing in the fields of physics, mathematics and natural philosophy, and known for his industry. He was born at Bad

Forcing (mathematics) (9,328 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

In the mathematical discipline of set theory, forcing is a technique for proving consistency and independence results. Intuitively, forcing can be thought

Gamma number (61 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

An ordinal Γα that is a fixed point of the Veblen hierarchy This disambiguation page lists mathematics articles associated with the same title. If an internal

Witten conjecture (1,167 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

function for the other is the logarithm of the τ-function of the KdV hierarchy. Identifying these partition functions gives Witten's conjecture that

Vedic period (9,310 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

distinct hierarchy of socio-economic classes or castes was absent, the Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of social classes. Political hierarchy was

Ignazio Danti (1,338 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theology he spent some time preaching but soon devoted himself zealously to mathematics, astronomy, and geography. In 1562, he requested a transfer from the

Nicholas of Cusa (4,740 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Catholic Concordance), a synthesis of ideas on church and empire balancing hierarchy with consent. This work remained useful to critics of the papacy long

Philosophy of science (12,049 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

represented in the form of a hierarchy of theses, each thesis becoming more insubstantial as one goes up the hierarchy. When making observations, scientists

Vilfredo Pareto (3,806 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

described as "one of the last Renaissance scholars. Trained in physics and mathematics, he became a polymath whose genius radiated into nearly all other major

Taxonomy (biology) (6,825 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

form a more inclusive group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division

Tsirelson's bound (2,153 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

computational method for upperbounding it is a convergent hierarchy of semidefinite programs, the NPA hierarchy, that in general does not halt. The exact values

Plot (graphics) (2,604 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

with data presented in tabular form. Graphs of functions are used in mathematics, sciences, engineering, technology, finance, and other areas. Plots play

List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns (355 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1957 – December 1980), Martin Gardner wrote 288 consecutive monthly "Mathematical Games" columns for Scientific American magazine. During the next 5+1⁄2

Judiciary of India (8,201 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Below the judicial hierarchy sits the executive hierarchy. In pursuance of the scheme of separation of executive from

Chargino (323 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Quantum chromodynamics CKM matrix Standard Model mathematics Limitations Strong CP problem Hierarchy problem Neutrino oscillations Physics beyond the

Auguste Comte (8,272 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

this stage, there is a hierarchy of sciences: mathematics, astronomy, terrestrial physics, chemistry, and physiology. Mathematics, the "science that relates

Aperiodic tiling (3,509 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

monotile with similar but stronger constraints. Aperiodic tilings serve as mathematical models for quasicrystals, physical solids that were discovered in 1982

Fair division (3,076 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

exploitation of Earth observation satellites. It is an active research area in mathematics, economics (especially social choice theory), and dispute resolution

Ted Bastin (870 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Wales in 2011. A Sequential Logic for Information Structuring in "Mathematics of a Hierarchy of Brouwerian Operations" with A. F. Parker-Rhodes (Fort Belvoir

Stefan Müller (mathematician) (472 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

has been one of the founding directors of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences in 1996 and was acting there until 2008. He is well known

East Los Angeles Renaissance Academy (1,929 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

periods, or "tracks", are not listed in numerical hierarchy (1, 2, 3...) but in a letter-based hierarchy (A, B, C...). ELARA is in partnership with: UCLA

Synergetics (Fuller) (2,691 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

illuminated ... Synergetics follows the cosmic logic of the structural mathematics strategies of nature, which employ the paired sets of the six angular

Gupta Empire (9,893 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian caste system. For example, the Hunas

Terminal and nonterminal symbols (947 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \{\mathrm {S,A} \}} . Alphabet (formal languages) Chomsky Hierarchy Recursive grammar It contains no symbols at all. This example supports

Power law of cache misses (585 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

A power law is a mathematical relationship between two quantities in which one is directly proportional to some power of the other. The power law for cache

Visual arts (4,672 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

"scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes. Training in the visual arts has

Game theory (15,387 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions. It has applications in many fields of social science, and is used extensively

Fritz Gesztesy (491 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1953 in Austria) is a well-known Austrian-American mathematical physicist and Professor of Mathematics at Baylor University, known for his important contributions

Peter Chen (2,370 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Taiwan University and earned a Ph.D. in computer science and applied mathematics at Harvard University in 1973. In 1970, he worked one summer at IBM.

Asymptotic homogenization (1,203 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In mathematics and physics, homogenization is a method of studying partial differential equations with rapidly oscillating coefficients, such as ∇ ⋅ (

Turing degree (3,130 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Leman, M; Schmerl, J.; Soare, R. (eds.). Hierarchies of sets and degrees below 0. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 859. Springer-Verlag. Lerman, M. (1983)

Collision detection (4,887 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

require updating the partitioning which can add overhead. Bounding Volume Hierarchy (BVH) is a tree structure over a set of bounding volumes. Collision is

Relationship between mathematics and physics (3,091 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

providing the key mathematical framework on which he fit his physical ideas of gravity. In the 19th century Auguste Comte in his hierarchy of the sciences

Scalar boson (406 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Quantum chromodynamics CKM matrix Standard Model mathematics Limitations Strong CP problem Hierarchy problem Neutrino oscillations Physics beyond the

Lewis signaling game (328 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

inconsistency Escalation of commitment Farsightedness Game semantics Hierarchy of beliefs Imperfect information Incomplete information Information set

Toshihide Maskawa (990 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

physicist Shoichi Sakata. From early life Maskawa liked trivia, also studied mathematics, chemistry, linguistics and various books. In high school, he loved novels

Projective (92 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Projective line Projective object Projective transformation Projective hierarchy Projective connection Projective Hilbert space Projective morphism Projective

Computer engineering (2,905 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

computer through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University

Symmetric game (743 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

JSTOR 2297588. Nash, John (September 1951). "Non-cooperative games". Annals of Mathematics. 2nd Ser. 54 (2): 286–295. doi:10.2307/1969529. JSTOR 1969529. Emmons

Gender roles in Sri Lanka (498 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

material support by looking after his business. At the center of the hierarchy are children, who mix freely and receive a great deal of affection from

Contraction hierarchies (3,442 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In computer science, the method of contraction hierarchies is a speed-up technique for finding the shortest path in a graph. The most intuitive applications

Noam Chomsky (18,631 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

universal grammar theory, the generative grammar theory, the Chomsky hierarchy, and the minimalist program. Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the

Clique problem (9,905 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

subgraphs in mathematics predates the "clique" terminology. For instance, complete subgraphs make an early appearance in the mathematical literature in

Algorithmically random sequence (4,904 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the arithmetical hierarchy, this means that Δ 2 0 {\displaystyle \Delta _{2}^{0}} is the lowest level in the arithmetical hierarchy where random sequences

Engineering technologist (2,916 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

designers", while engineering technologists "apply others' designs". The mathematics and sciences, as well as other technical courses, in engineering technology

Large numbers (7,418 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in various domains. These expansive quantities appear prominently in mathematics, cosmology, cryptography, and statistical mechanics. While they often

Ancient Egypt (16,141 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics; a practical and effective system of medicine; irrigation systems and

E. W. Beth Dissertation Prize (136 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and Information, published by Springer Science+Business Media. List of mathematics awards FoLLI Publications on Logic, Language and Information. Complete

Mark Leeming (226 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

New South Wales, Australia, which forms part of the Australian court hierarchy. He is one of the current authors of Meagher, Gummow & Lehane's Equity:

Industrial process control (2,671 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

compares it to predefined setpoints using a set of instructions or a mathematical model called the control algorithm and then, in case of any deviation

Immanuel Kant (18,846 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and disciplinary and focused on Latin and religious instruction over mathematics and science. In his later years, Kant lived a strictly ordered life.

Paneitz operator (2,349 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Paneitz operator is a fourth-order differential operator defined on a Riemannian manifold of dimension

Mertens-stable equilibrium (1,632 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and is immune to embedding in a larger game. A stable set is defined mathematically by essentiality of the projection map from a closed connected neighborhood

Dieter Rödding (315 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

quantifiers in predicate logic, and on the arithmetical hierarchy (also known as the Kleene–Mostowski hierarchy). Rödding was one of the first to use a machine-oriented

Information and Computation (665 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

This article introduced what is now known as the Chomsky hierarchy, a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (8,374 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

institute, namely the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, the Faculty of Law and Economics, the School of Theology and the Medical

Sukumar Sen (civil servant) (1,297 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

Kolkata and at the University of London. He was awarded a gold medal in Mathematics at the latter. In 1921, Sen joined the Indian Civil Service, and served

William Kaye Estes (1,311 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

World War II, he established his reputation as one of the originators of mathematical learning theory. Estes went from Indiana University to Stanford University

1935 in science (2,298 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

classical statistical mechanics; they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy. January 28 – Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on

Von Neumann cardinal assignment (651 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

implies α · ωβ = ωβ, and 2 ≤ α < ωβ implies αωβ = ωβ. Using the Veblen hierarchy, β ≠ 0 and α < ωβ imply φ α ( ω β ) = ω β {\displaystyle \varphi _{\alpha

Mathematical anxiety (5,631 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Mathematical anxiety, also known as math phobia, is a feeling of tension and anxiety that interferes with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of

Philosophy of psychology (1,030 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Emotions Feelings Human factors and ergonomics Intelligence Maslow's hierarchy of needs Mental state Mind Psychology of religion Psychometrics Sex differences

Markov strategy (204 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

v t e Game theory Glossary Game theorists Games Mathematics portal Commons WikiProject Category

Serialism (6,923 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

[citation needed] "The series is not an order of succession, but indeed a hierarchy—which may be independent of this order of succession". Rules of analysis

Core (game theory) (1,521 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

dmlcz/135729. Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro (1881). Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences. London: C. K. Paul

Operations research (5,662 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

decision analysis, and the analytic hierarchy process. Nearly all of these techniques involve the construction of mathematical models that attempt to describe

Algorithm characterizations (8,991 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

from the simplicity of the language. The Chomsky (1956) hierarchy is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages

Bassari people (1,258 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

held by their initiation society, it is theorized to be symbolic of the hierarchy of knowledge involving the progression of levels within the society. This

Statistical mechanics (5,068 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic

Radar chart (2,497 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

issue with area graphs, and area is hard to judge – see "Cleveland's hierarchy". For example, the alternating data 9, 1, 9, 1, 9, 1 yields a spiking

Computational fluid dynamics (8,648 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In addition, for this type of flow, the next discussion highlights the hierarchy of flow equations solved with CFD. Note that some of the following equations

ABJM superconformal field theory (177 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

AdS/CFT correspondence Phenomenology Phenomenology Cosmology Landscape Mathematics Geometric Langlands correspondence Mirror symmetry Monstrous moonshine

H. Peter Anvin (440 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Chicago. Anvin was previously maintainer of the linux.* Usenet newsgroup hierarchy and the Linux kernel archives at kernel.org, wrote the original Swap Space

Martin John Spalding (2,727 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Spalding's math skills were so advanced that Byrne named him as the mathematics instructor at St. Mary's. At one point, a math professor from St. Joseph's

Semicolon (5,286 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

fallen out of use. The last major use of the comma, semicolon, and period hierarchy is in Erlang (1986), where commas separate expressions; semicolons separate

David K. Levine (634 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

applications to experimental economics. At UCLA, Levine obtained a B.A. in mathematics in 1977, and an M.A. in economics in the same year. He was awarded a

Optional prisoner's dilemma (364 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

v t e Game theory Glossary Game theorists Games Mathematics portal Commons WikiProject Category

Global game (393 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

v t e Game theory Glossary Game theorists Games Mathematics portal Commons WikiProject Category

Education in Islam (4,664 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

but they also offered other subjects such as theology, medicine, and mathematics. Muslims historically distinguished disciplines inherited from pre-Islamic

Rank (disambiguation) (228 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

A rank is a position in a hierarchy. It may also refer to: Rank, Iran, a village Rank, Nepal, a village development committee Rank (surname), a list of

Alternatives to the Standard Higgs Model (1,437 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the most currently researched models are quantum triviality, and Higgs hierarchy problem. In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise

André Tacquet (352 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and entered the Jesuit Order in 1629. From 1631 to 1635, he studied mathematics, physics and logic at Leuven. Two of his teachers were Grégoire de Saint-Vincent