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Longer titles found: Surface layering (view)

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Extinct comet (975 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

remaining volatile components have been sealed beneath an inactive surface layer. Due to the near lack of a coma and tail, an extinct or dormant comet

Where one body of water is sinking beneath or riding over top of the surface layer of another body of water (somewhat similar in mechanics to subduction

locomotion on the surface layer of water is the study of animal locomotion in the case of small animals that live on the surface layer of water, relying

are needed for snow rollers to form: There must be a relatively thin surface layer of wet, loose snow, with a temperature near the melting point of ice

native grasslands vegetation, which produces a characteristic brown surface layer in the first meter in depth. They have a relative high level of exchangeable

the nature of geological processes operating on the surface. Mars’ surface layer represents a tiny fraction of the total volume of the planet, yet plays

modification applicable to glasses containing alkali ions, wherein a thin surface layer is created that has a lower concentration of alkali ions than is present

habitats or referring to the biota on or directly below the water’s surface layer." The word neuston comes from the Greek neustos, meaning "swimming"

exposed to air, many metals naturally form a hard, relatively inert surface layer, usually an oxide (termed the "native oxide layer") or a nitride, that

Decortication is a medical procedure involving the surgical removal of the surface layer, membrane, or fibrous cover of an organ. The procedure is usually performed

electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to the disk's surface layer. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism. Notable

itself is usually initiated by the cooling effect of the water on the surface layer of an otherwise warm air mass. It is not unusual to hear media weather

tumors. Epithelial tissue sometimes includes, but is not limited to, the surface layer of skin, glands, and a variety of other tissue that lines the cavities

+ P4->4UP}}} It is a potential nuclear fuel. In air, a thin glassy surface layer protects the compound from oxidation; over the course of months after

The sudden application of a torch to the surface of stone causes the surface layer to expand and flake off, exposing rough stone. Flaming works well on

Vesuvius formed the substrate on which it was formed on local soil. The surface layer shows a depth of order few meters, with a particular composition of

the principle of electromagnetic induction to produce heat inside the surface layer of a work-piece. By placing a conductive material into a strong alternating

membrane and the cell's exterior. At each end of the muscle fibre, the surface layer of the sarcolemma fuses with a tendon fibre, and the tendon fibres,

mismatches of lattice constants of the materials create tensions in the surface layer, which in turn leads to the formation of the quantum dots. Quantum dots

hydrofluoric acid. The compound reacts mildly with aluminium, forming a thin surface layer of AlF3 that resists any further reaction from the compound. UF6 is

distinct strata of Palaeolithic occupation were identified beneath the surface layer. Of particular significance was the discovery of a particular carving

gradually dries out (because the soil moisture moves from the warm surface layer to the colder layer at the top of the permafrost) so that it forms a

deeper water. This depends on the temperature: in the tropics the warm surface layer of about 100 m is quite stable and does not mix much with deeper water

and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean. Ocean dynamics

gold contacts very close to each other. The piece of germanium used a surface layer with an excess of electrons. When an electric signal traveled in through

An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria. The S-layers of both archaea

come from the scalp and are composed of epithelial skin cells. The surface layer of mammalian skin is called the stratum corneum, which is shed as part

stabilization ponds stratify with an aerobic surface layer and an anaerobic layer below the surface. The aerobic surface layer limits release of malodorous gas from

race track, riding arena, or sporting field. It is located under the surface layer consisting of the wearing course and sometimes an extra binder course

spatial integrals are expressed by so-called surface layer integrals. In general terms, a surface layer integral is a double integral of the form ∫ Ω

underlying water masses that are found below the seasonally variable surface layer. General water temperatures are between 14 and 19 °C (57 and 66 °F)

lacrimation (watery eyes), and conjunctival haemorrhage (bleeding in the surface layer of the eye). Netarsudil/latanoprost was approved for medical use in

clouds or cumulonimbus clouds. An air parcel ascending from the near surface layer (mixed layer (ML) or boundary layer (PBL)) must work through the stable

to a base that is usually wood. This dries to a very hard and smooth surface layer which is durable, waterproof, and attractive in feel and look. Asian

The epilimnion or surface layer is the top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake. The epilimnion is the layer that is most affected by sunlight, its

the theory of detonation in gases) and the Gouy-Chapman layer (the surface layer of ions distributed on a charged surface). He was a fellow of Jesus

rich in organic detritus, forming a soft muddy zone with floc in its surface layer. Other Orsten-type preservation fauna have been found in Nevada, eastern

for as long as 4 minutes and 45 seconds[citation needed] and have a surface layer of the "indestructible" plastic celluloid, which Edison tinted a trademark

properties significantly from terrestrial soil. As the Moon's fine surface layer, lunar soil is picked up by even weak natural phenomena active at the

after biologist Mark Denny, and relates to animal locomotion on the surface layer of water. If capillary waves are assumed to generate the momentum transfer

depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Some are caused by karst processes—for example, the chemical dissolution

settled in the area in 1852, after traveling along the Oregon Trail. Surface layer: organic material Subsurface layer: dark reddish brown silty clay loam

thin surface layer remains intact. The use of a dental explorer with firm pressure to probe suspicious areas may result in the rupture of the surface layer

e., dust avalanches). The avalanching disturbs and removes a bright surface layer of dust to expose a darker substrate. The role that water and other

hydrogen via the knallgas reaction: H2 (aq) + 0.5O2 (aq)  H2O (l) In the surface layer of sediment cores from oligotrophic regions of the SPG, O2 is the primary

Karlqvist discovered the phenomenon while designing a ferromagnetic surface layer to the magnetic drum memory for the BESK computer. When designing a

turbulent kinetic energy k is investigated for diabatic atmospheric surface layer (ASL) flows. In the latter reference, authors show when the velocity

Downer is the New Jersey state soil. The Downer has four soil horizons: Surface layer: dark grayish brown loamy sand Subsurface layer: grayish brown sandy

depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. The term is sometimes used to refer to doline, enclosed depressions

that the frequency of vibration is related to the thickness of the dry surface layer of sand. The sound waves bounce back and forth between the surface of

fundamental paper on a universal length scale for exchange processes in the surface layer was the basis for the derivation of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory

temperatures, melting sea and land ice, and increased sunlight cause the surface layer of the ocean to increase in temperature. This layer sits on top of the

species can reach a length of 11.3 cm (4.4 in). It feeds on aufwuchs, a surface layer of mostly algal material that grows on rocks. This cichlid is a mouthbrooder

zinc die-casting metal. Babbitt metal is most commonly used as a thin surface layer in a complex, multi-metal assembly, but its original use was as a cast-in-place

A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (ultrahydrophobicity) materials. Droplets hitting

workpiece geometry. This is achieved by removing just the thin amorphous surface layer of fragmented or smeared metal left by the last process with an abrasive

Thus, it refers to the retreat of a glacier, an ice sheet or frozen surface layer, and the resulting exposure of the Earth's surface. The decline of the

room temperature, possibly due to the formation of a protective oxide surface layer; however, it reacts with molten metals, hydrogen, halogens, chalcogens

water, ions and plant hormones. On a lichen, the cortex is also the surface layer or "skin" of the nonfruiting part of the body of some lichens. It is

mapped the distribution surface hydrogen, thought to trace water in the surface layer of Martian soil. The Gamma Ray Spectrometer weighs 30.5 kilograms (67 lb)

for adhering two multilayers, especially a substrate and deposited surface layer. The process involves bombarding layered samples with doses of ion radiation

developed at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Robostrider does not break the surface layer of the water despite leg speeds of 18 centimetres per second (7.1 in/s)

striking an electric arc to silicon on a low pressure hydrogen gas. As a surface layer, silicon hydrides form when the silicon is cleaned with hydrofluoric

primary somatosensory cortex. The cerebellar cortex is the thin gray surface layer of the cerebellum, consisting of an outer molecular layer or stratum

nitrogen (rather than oxygen) upon exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of radium nitride (Ra3N2). All isotopes of radium are radioactive, the

hard woody consistency and may persist for many years, building a new surface layer each year. The bracket measures 5–20 centimetres (2–8 in) in diameter

buried in the matrix are called osteocytes. During bone formation, the surface layer of osteoblasts consists of cuboidal cells, called active osteoblasts

Barrier layer in the ocean is a layer of water separating the well-mixed surface layer from the thermocline. The thickness of the barrier layer is defined

the chimney-vortex with warm seawater or warm air from the ambient surface layer of the earth. In this application, the application strongly resembles

the frazil ice will be mixed down into the upper layer and form a surface layer of grease ice. The term ‘grease ice’ follows World Meteorological Organization

skeletonize the leaves. After completing its development, they pass to the surface layer of the soil near the plants and pupate. Beetles that come out after

the solum. The number of genetic horizons ranges from one to many. A surface layer that is 10 cm thick overlying bedrock can be by itself the solum. A

characteristics and surface layer characteristics. The topography is made up of surface roughness, waviness, errors of form, and flaws. The surface layer characteristics

montmorillonite puts them close to the vertisol class. Because of the surface layer of silt loam and slow permeability in the clayey subsoil, the soils

1-hexadecene means that exposure to air could cause oxidation of its surface layer, forming unwanted impurities. It is stored with the use of tank blanketing

Epithelial ingrowth is a LASIK complication in which cells from the cornea surface layer (epithelial cells) begin to grow underneath the corneal flap. This complication

roughness which is usefully similar to the roughness observed in the lower surface layer. On the mast itself no undisturbed measurements can be made below 20

layer of stainless steel mesh or ceramic chips can be embedded in the surface layer to reduce or prevent vandal damage. The inflatable flexible membrane

attributed to the diffusion of nickel out of the bulk material and into the surface layer during elevated temperature treatments. Surface characterization methods

spectacular glaze gives the impression that one is gazing through a limpid surface layer, which is slightly crazed and strewn with countless bubbles, to the

the closeness to the ground is that the buds remain within the soil surface layer and are thus somewhat protected from various adverse external influences

The exosporium is the outer surface layer of mature spores. In plant spores it is also referred to as the exine. Some bacteria also produce endospores

States, but in particular to South Dakota where it is the state soil. Surface layer Dark grayish brown loam Subsoil - upper Dark grayish brown clay loam

Vahlkampfia inornata is a species of excavates. It has a PAS-positive surface layer and forms cysts in culture. Page, Frederick C. (1967). "Taxonomic Criteria

layer of concrete, which in the case of a domestic building will be the surface layer brought up to ground floor level with hardcore filling under it. The

divided into two sub-layers: mixed layer (35–80% of CBL depth) and surface layer (5–10% of CBL depth). The mixed layer, the major part of CBL, has a

equation can be integrated from this level to the base of the Ekman surface layer to obtain: β V g = f ρ w E   {\displaystyle \beta V_{g}=f\rho w_{E}\

itself provides the algae with minerals and shelter. Periodically, the surface layer of the leathery tissue is shed. This seems to be a mechanism for ridding

loam which is described as moderately deep and well-drained with a surface layer that is typically 7 in (180 mm) of gravelly loam and the upper 13 in

in a white cocoon made within bark crevices in leaf litter or in the surface layer of the ground. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spilonota albicana

internally by an inner organic lining, and externally by the imperforate surface layer of the wall. The aperture is interiomarginal in the early triserial

Vahlkampfia avara is a species of excavates. It has a PAS-positive surface layer and forms cysts in culture. Page, Frederick C. (1967). "Taxonomic Criteria

Vahlkampfia avara is a species of excavates. It has a PAS-positive surface layer and forms cysts in culture. Page, Frederick C. (1967). "Taxonomic Criteria

additive thermally decomposes and the reactive halogen atoms form a surface layer of iron halides on the part surface. Eventual failure of the contact

The transferred wear debris and lumps penetrate the opposing oxide surface layer and cause damage to the underlying bulk material, plowing it forward

attempted: use of therapeutic contact lens, controlled puncturing of the surface layer of the eye (Anterior Stromal Puncture) and laser phototherapeutic keratectomy

The lake is meromictic, meaning its deeper waters never mix with the surface layer. In 2021 both the cartop boat launch on Outlet Road and the private

containing pigment to coat the skin, DHA bronzers cause a coloration of the surface layer of the skin and do not wash off easily. Current sunless tanners are

most tissues the micro vessels are invested with a continuous internal surface layer that includes a fibre matrix now known as the endothelial glycocalyx

Clew Bay into the inner basin and river inflows form a buoyant seaward surface layer. The large density contrast between these two water layers limits vertical

Anguilliform Leptocephali: Remarkable Transparent Fish Larvae of the Ocean Surface Layer.” Aqua-BioScience Monographs 2 (2009): 1-94. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Fahay

intense winds which push on the surface layer of the ocean for brief periods of time. These winds induce the warmer surface layer of the ocean to mix with the

crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information only from the surface layer of the sample, which distinguishes RHEED from other materials characterization

hard, non-porous surfaces, because instead of staining they form a surface layer that, despite their name, can be removed by high pressure cleaning,

Extension. The terminology mode water was extended to the thick near-surface layer north of the Subantarctic Front by McCartney, who identified and mapped

square decimeter, in 0.5 mol/liter of sulfuric acid and thiourea a surface layer of nickel will be converted to nickel hydride. This surface is replete

close, turning the Sea of Japan into a huge cold inland lake with a surface layer of fresh water, freezing over in the winters. Sunrise over the Sea of

reduced axonal transport can then cause swelling or bulging on the surface layer of the retina, increasing the potential for nerve fiber damage. The

carbon-rich shelf waters then sink to the shelf floor and enter the sub-surface layer of the open ocean via isopycnal mixing. As the sea level rises in response

differentiated by a change in the water's properties, such as a warm surface layer and cold deep layer separated by a thermocline. As the surface tide

for any individual purse is often very difficult, especially as the surface layer of the shell was often removed in order to expose the mother of pearl

exceed a 4% gradation from the center to the edge of the roadway. The surface layer is constructed atop the subgrade layer. The amount of precipitation

bonds in the silica matrix undergo hydrolysis, yielding a gel-like surface layer rich on Si-O-H groups. A calcium phosphate-rich passivation layer gradually

Vahlkampfia jugosa is a species of excavates. It has a PAS-positive surface layer and forms cysts in culture. Page, Frederick C. (1967). "Taxonomic Criteria

is a component of the glycan chain of the crystalline bacterial cell surface layer protein of Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus. Pfoestl A, Hofinger A

membranes that are ether-linked. They have a surface layer of paracrystalline protein. This surface layer, known as the S-layer, is densely packed and

scales of hundreds of meters per year. The typical result is a deeper surface layer of warm water often characterized by low primary production. Warm-core

disease, although there is a shift of bacterial composition in the surface layer where the band eats away as the coral tissue. The bacteria shifts from

describe a defect created in a casting by the folding-over of the oxidized surface layer of the molten metal into the bulk liquid. Outside of special cases,

greatly enhanced by the metallurgical bonding of a high-purity aluminium surface layer, referred to as alclad-duralum. Alclad materials are commonly used in

penetration, are more effective if they explode after penetrating a surface layer, such that they explode inside the target. Additionally, targets with

courts are made of uniform rigid material, often covered with an acrylic surface layer to offer greater consistency of bounce than other outdoor surfaces.

atomic diameters of its surface. Therefore, the properties of that surface layer may dominate over those of the bulk material. This effect is particularly

mainly consists of three layered structures. The first layer is the surface layer which is a very dense layer of shrubs and grasses. The second layer

runway was updated in the late 1980s with a standard PAG-18 concrete surface layer. The branch and school were transferred to Ukrainian Air Force in 1992

U (1996). "Review of some basic characteristics of the atmospheric surface layer". Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 78, 215-246. Hogstrom U (1988). "Non-dimensional

of an alloy of the metal; by depleting the base metal content in the surface layer, a piece can be heated in such a manner so as to render the interior

also been categorized as a soft-rot fungus capable of bringing the surface layer of timber into a state of decay, even when safeguarded with preservatives

cations in the near-surface layer are replaced by smaller hydrogen ions, structural differences between the affected surface layer and the unaffected lower

surface are exploited in order to estimate the salinity of the water's surface layer. The depth of the water column that a satellite surface salinity measurement

their prey by hovering and then plunge-diving, typically only into the surface-layer of the waters. They eat mostly fish, especially flying fish, and occasionally

horizons, a chalk rendzina soil consists of only a shallow dark humus rich surface layer which grades through a lighter brown hillwash containing small pellets

freezing is the appearance of long-range crystalline order in a near-surface layer of a liquid. The surface freezing effect is opposite to a far more common

and these proteins self-assemble into the protective proteinaceous surface layer (S-layer) structure that encompasses the cell. The S-layer, which is

epithallus – and anything attached to it. Some corallines slough off a surface layer of epithallial cells, which in a few cases may be an antifouling mechanism

terrestrial, usually glaucous, herb. Its root is thick, often with a corky surface layer. Its stems are erect and scandent, pendent up to several meters in length

transmission line except that the microstrip is not sandwiched, it is on a surface layer, above a ground plane. Stripline is more expensive to fabricate than

probe the composition and obtain elemental depth profiles in the near-surface layer of solids. All IBA methods are highly sensitive and allow the detection

component of bacterial cell walls Negative electrode Active Material, surface layer of the negative electrode of a rechargeable battery Negative allosteric

escape only from a depth on the order of nanometers, so that it is the surface layer which is analyzed. Because of the high frequency of the light, and the

site is composed of dirt, rocks, and hard-packed sheep manure. The surface layer ranges from 18 to 24 in (46 to 61 cm) in thickness. Layer I The youngest

smaller-than-usual inter-layer spacing. This makes intuitive sense, as a surface layer that experiences no forces from the open region can be expected to contract

the higher ground to the west of the city were unable to escape the surface layer, instead effectively "bouncing" off the underside of the inversion layer

from 0 to 8 percent. This soil typically has a very dark gray sand surface layer between 5 and 6 inches thick and a subsurface layer to about 26 inches

processes may be simply called "layers". Many soils have an organic surface layer, which is denominated with a capital letter "O" (letters may differ

There are other ways of measuring sea surface temperature. At this near-surface layer measurements are possible using thermometers or satellites with spectroscopy

scuba diving, a sediment sample is often taken from areas such as the surface layer of sand under rocks, or at the edge of a coral reef. Live micromollusks

twice a day. Milk produced in the evening is skimmed to remove the surface layer of cream and mixed with fresh milk produced in the morning. The partly

freshwater input to the ocean; this increases the weakly stratified ocean surface layer and so reduces the ability of warm subsurface water to reach the surface

root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer. When affected by moving water or wind, particles that are eroded and

in that it is a thermochemical treatment that involves enriching the surface layer of an object with one or more metallic elements. Specifically, alonizing

layer thickness (BLT) is a layer of water separating the well-mixed surface layer from the thermocline. A more precise definition would be the difference

layer of water needs to cool to the freezing point. Convection of the surface layer involves the top 100–150 m (330–490 ft), down to the pycnocline of increased

devices Polyacrylamide, a polymer Positive electrode Active Material, the surface layer of the positive electrode of a rechargeable battery Pulse-amplitude

theoretical concept of a perfect black body with a completely absorbing surface layer of infinitely small thickness, but Planck noted some severe restrictions

Siberia, where there are large stores of natural gas below a melting surface layer of permafrost. They are believed to be a byproduct of global climate

scuffle hoe can easily cultivate the soil and remove weeds from the surface layer. The hoop hoe, also known as the action hoe, oscillating hoe, hula hoe

energy is lost to space by radiation. Waves mix the water near the surface layer and distribute heat to deeper water such that the temperature may be

sulfur, and certain ions carried by liquid water. In ordinary use, a surface layer of aluminium oxide is formed quickly when an aluminium surface is exposed

The cementum is the surface layer of the tooth root, covering the dentin (which is labeled B). Rather than being a passive entity like paint on a wall

wins out in summer, to produce seasonal stratification with a warm surface layer overlying the isolated deep water. (The well mixed and seasonally stratifying

cumulus clouds, often even those rooted aloft above the boundary or surface layer, and in "fair weather" conditions. Small funnel clouds, such as some

naturally resistant to lysozyme.The most common wall is a paracrystalline surface layer formed by proteins or glycoproteins of hexagonal symmetry. An exceptional

and destroying eddies causes the thermocline layer to mix with the surface layer, bringing some nutrients up to the surface. The EAC and its eddies frequently

four. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria commonly have a surface layer called an S-layer. In gram-positive bacteria, the S-layer is attached

by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks Drive, a spacecraft propulsion device

which are: on a terrace, where the adsorption site is on top of the surface layer that is growing; at the step edge, which is next to the growing layer;

active ingredient in some "liquid pool covers" (forming a non-volatile surface layer to reduce water evaporation, related latent vaporization heat loss,

The admiralty brass statue of Joseph I of Portugal in Commerce Square, Lisbon, with a surface layer of green patina caused by advanced oxidation (2011)

Moravia (Czech Republic). The tektite melt originated from a sand-rich surface layer that was ejected to distances up to 450 km (280 mi) downrange of the

be spawned by an intrusion of cold air aloft over a relatively warm surface layer. Lake-effect snows can be in the form of a snow squall. Rogue wave Squall

star from which it can accrete gas, the material will accumulate in a surface layer made degenerate by the dwarf's intense gravity. Under the right conditions

its molecules lying in a plane closely bound together thus creating a surface layer of caloric which insulated the release of the rest within. He described

or sodic conditions. Examples are: Poor incorporation of the organic surface layer with the underlying mineral layer – this can indicate strongly acidic

frequently strongly stratified; have an oxic, highly productive, thin surface layer; and have anoxic, sulfidic bottom water. The word "euxinia" is derived

surface, creating a strain rate on the order of 102–103 s−1. The NC surface layer developed can be on the order of 50 μm thick. The process is similar

diffusion coefficients based on stability and turbulent kinetic energy, surface layer based on Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, shallow convection scheme

provides many of the advantages of MDF with a decorative wood veneer surface layer. In modern construction, spurred by the high costs of hardwoods, manufacturers

stratification). This depends on the temperature: in the tropics the warm surface layer of about 100 m is quite stable and does not mix much with deeper water

glasses. With plastic lenses, the material is typically embedded into the surface layer of the plastic in a uniform thickness of up to 150 µm. Typically, photochromic

important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer. It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through canyons and is

alloys, which reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form a thin, tough surface layer of alumina (aluminium oxide) which acts as a barrier to corrosion of

tension on a clean bubble would cause it to collapse rapidly. This surface layer may vary in permeability, so that if the bubble is compressed it may

highest aluminium content are frequently located below a ferruginous surface layer. The aluminium hydroxide in the lateritic bauxite deposits is almost

2 fM bacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L) 10−14 20 fM virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L) 50–100 fM gold in seawater 10−13

Water evaporates from the surface and carbon dioxide degasses from the surface layer to create a thin layer of water with high pH and concentrations of calcium

acids, which indicates possible passivation via the formation of a surface layer of ZnO. Despite this older samples may be pyrophoric. Zinc hydride can

surface readily oxidizes in air at room temperature, giving an SiO2 surface layer that protects the material from further oxidation. However, (SiO)n irreversibly

piles into the sand by drilling method. Engineers created a ground surface layer of large rocks, which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern,

acids, which indicates possible passivation via the formation of a surface layer of ZnO. Despite this older samples may be pyrophoric. Zinc hydride can

electron-depleted surface layer, which either adsorbs or chemisorbs the oxygen molecules from the surrounding air. Initially, when the surface layer is exposed

organic carbon Egeo: (latin: to be without) surface layer is less than 10 cm thick Albo (latin: white): surface layer more than 10 cm thick with less than 2%

research on surface layers: a focus on stability, surface layer homology domains, and surface layer-cell wall interactions". Journal of Structural Biology

surface readily oxidizes in air at room temperature, giving an SiO2 surface layer that protects the material from further oxidation. However, (SiO)n irreversibly

remainder of the World Ocean. The Weddell Gyre is a cold, low salinity surface layer separated by a thin, weak pycnocline from a thick layer of relatively

tension on a clean bubble would cause it to collapse rapidly, and this surface layer may vary in permeability, so that if the bubble is sufficiently compressed

pulled into a spherical shape by the imbalance in cohesive forces of the surface layer. In the absence of other forces, drops of virtually all liquids would

large. A short period of hot weather can increase temperatures in the surface layer of water, as the warmer water tends to stay near the surface and be

covered with soil, pressing it lightly and a large fire is lit on the surface layer; the food will remain roasting in this natural oven until cooked. In

Two-Component Horizontal Aerosol Motion Vectors in the Atmospheric Surface Layer from a Cross-Correlation Algorithm Applied to Scanning Elastic Backscatter

nutshells was found, pressed into the dirt flooring so as to form a new surface layer. Vertically around the yard were three levels of more expensive stadium-style

rectifying (diode-causing) layer that minimizes current leakage, and a surface layer of silicon doped with oxygen or nitrogen; silicon nitride is a scuff-resistant

the layer is 5.3 Å. There are two phosphates in each ab plane in the surface layer forming a “free area” of 24 Å2 associated to each phosphate group. For

(χv = −1), because they expel all magnetic fields (except in a thin surface layer) due to the Meissner effect. If a powerful magnet (such as a supermagnet)

coast of Papua New Guinea through the Vitiaz Strait". However, the surface layer current running through the strait, the New Guinea Coastal Current,

treatment, the pores are allowed to seal, forming a harder-than-usual surface layer. If this coating is scratched, normal passivation processes take over

a photocharging layer, a charge leakage barrier layer, as well as a surface layer. One version[specify] uses amorphous silicon containing hydrogen as

layers of ocean temperature: the surface layer, the thermocline, and the deep ocean. The average temperature of surface layer is about 17 °C. About 90% of

Championship. The running track was renovated in 2003, and received a new surface layer and paint job. Lillehammer IF has hosted the Norwegian Athletics Championships

overloading happens because the base or subbase inadequately support the surface layer and subsequently cannot handle loads that it would normally endure.

an ocean surface wave: 1. Wave Crest, where the water masses of the surface layer are moving horizontally in the same direction as the propagating wavefront

carbon-rich shelf waters sink to the shelf floor and enter the sub-surface layer of the open ocean via isopycnal mixing Based on their measurements of

surface is rough and bears somewhat irregular growth bands. Often the surface layer is camouflaged with dirt or droppings. The animal is mostly grey in

Sagittarius A* at velocities as high as 1,000 kilometers per second. The surface layer of these clouds is ionized. The source of ionisation is the population

order to burn off some carbon near the surface in order to keep the surface layer from being too brittle.: 43  Deep within the Congo region of the Central

creating a unique and diverse environment within the blue holes. In the surface layer, oxygen, DOC, POC and chlorophyll need to be in low levels in order

yellow, white or cream-coloured fleshy masses of finger-like lobes. The surface layer include many sclerites which form a crust. The individual polyps are

event A period when the Earth's oceans are free of oxygen below the surface layer. Antarctic bottom water (ABW) Antarctic oscillation (AAO) A low-frequency

The affected skin weeps (that is, it exudes serum), and this moist surface layer of skin can become colonized by bacteria, although the skin itself is

conclusion was that the effect had to come from a modulation of the near-surface layer of the gold. When an electric field is applied to a metal or semiconductor

Near-Wall {micro}-PIV Reveals a Hydrodynamically Relevant Endothelial Surface Layer in Venules In Vivo - Smith et al. 85 (1): 637 - Biophysical Journal

less noble elements are leached to the environment, and a gold-rich surface layer is formed. Direct contact of blue and purple gold elements with skin

Dover as seen from Cap Gris-Nez. The Straits of Dover were carved out of the anticline surface layer, presumably chalk, by glacial lake outburst floods

salt bath. The larger ions occupy more volume and thereby create a surface layer of high residual compressive stress, giving the glass surface increased

behind a dam in a large pool-like area which has an oxidised, solid surface layer. The dam contains over 100,000 cubic metres of very acidic, sulphide-rich

cookware with ceramic options. A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (ultrahydrophobicity)

flows out through the Danish straits; however, the flow is complex. A surface layer of brackish water discharges 940 km3 (230 cu mi) per year into the North

Apart from that, a small quantity of photocatalyst is used on the surface layer of the eco-block. A mechanized molding method is used for producing

solder is coated predominantly with tin oxides; even in alloys the surface layer tends to become relatively enriched by tin. Fluxes for indium and zinc

atmospheric CO2 leads to increased dissolved CO2 in the ocean mixed surface layer. This effect was somewhat moderated by the deep oceans' elevated temperatures

and resist movement. Often, decorative wood veneers are added as a surface layer. In the United Kingdom single-ply sheets of veneer were used to make

hollow framework of the full-size model of the sculpture from wood. The surface layer of this framework was coated with a layer of oil-base non-hardening

15-60m thin layer of limestone approximately 35 million years ago. The surface layer consists of blue-grey mudstone. The limestone layer has been extensively

contaminated material is rapidly exported from the estuary in a discrete surface layer. This unusual characteristic offers attractive possibilities for remediation

investigation confirmed the existence of the hidden portrait beneath the surface layer and specifically, identified a red flower located on the white shirt

Initially the star cools by the rapid emission of neutrinos. The outer Fe surface layer (~109 K) gives rise to spontaneous pair production then reaches a temperature

depth is around 20 to 40 inches. Typical composition of the soil: a surface layer of very dark brown, partially decomposed organic material; a subsurface

with the application of an antistatic agent, which adds a conducting surface layer that ensures any excess charge is evenly distributed. Fabric softeners

depth is around 20 to 40 inches. Typical composition of the soil: a surface layer of very dark brown, partially decomposed organic material; a subsurface

located in a plant's mesophyll tissue cells, just below the epidermis (surface) layer of leaves and stems. Since thylakoids are contained within chloroplasts

contaminated material is rapidly exported from the estuary in a discrete surface layer. This unusual characteristic offers attractive possibilities for remediation

investigation confirmed the existence of the hidden portrait beneath the surface layer and specifically, identified a red flower located on the white shirt

1902 Zeiss Tessar design. In 1904 Taylor discovered that a tarnished surface layer could reduce reflections from glass surfaces. Although this effect had

built; furthermore, the most recent floods contributed to forming the surface layer of medium-textured mixed soils of a clayey-sandy nature. The gravelly

Cu vacancies. When CIGS films are In rich (Cu deficient) the film's surface layer forms an ordered defect compound (ODC) with a stoichiometry of Cu(In

sea-ice. The sea-ice melts due to the warmth of the WSC, and thus a surface layer of very freshwater begins to exist. Winds mix the freshwater and the

refer to: Grass, either natural or artificial, including: Sod, the surface layer of ground consisting of a mat of grass and grass roots, sometimes used

However, once their eggs have developed, they are shifted from the surface layer to the middle layer of water. The water temperature where the eggs are

Dammam Formation in the Middle Eocene period is the most predominant surface layer. It is constituted by limestone and Dolomite. The northern zone of Qatar

massive granite rock, which effectively traps rainwater. Under the thin surface layer of soil is the impervious gray granite bedrock. It rains here only during

sufficiently to cause significant population of these levels in a narrow surface layer, called an inversion layer because the electrons are opposite in polarity

cross an ocean basin. They gain momentum from wind stress at the ocean surface layer and are thought to communicate climatic changes due to variability in

time. An alternative chemical toughening process involves forcing a surface layer of glass at least 0.1 mm thick into compression by ion exchange of the

Methanomicrobium and Desulfurococcus, the wall may be composed only of surface-layer proteins, known as an S-layer. S-layers are common in bacteria, where

Antigo soil profile Surface layer: dark grayish brown silt loam Subsurface layer: brown silt loam Subsoil – upper: dark yellowish brown & brown silt loam

stick together (agglutinated) without significant swelling. Beneath the surface layer, subhymenial hyphae run parallel to the contextual hyphae but are typically

(49 ft). The bark is smooth, fibrous and thick, greenish-grey, with the surface layer peeling off in large flakes. The twigs are hairy at first. The leaves

be viewed in the shallow waters surrounding the observatory. A dark surface layer of fresh water, stained brown by tannins from the surrounding forest

continental runoff. In general, the oceans may have had an oxygenated surface layer, a sulfidic middle layer, and suboxic bottom layer. The predominantly

radiation, solar wind and micrometeorites. Consequently, the thin optical surface layer could be quite different from the regolith underneath, and not representative

approximately constant, boundary concentration value, in the external surface layer. Using the end product of diffusion, a phenomenological model has been

Kuroda. 2002. Two Modes of Salinity and Temperature Variation in the Surface Layer of the Pacific Warm Pool. Journal of Oceanography, 58:599-609. McPhaden

soil taxonomy as fine, mixed, active, thermic abruptic durixeralfs. Surface layer is brown loam. Upper subsoil is brown loam, lower subsoil is brown clay

Surface layer dark brown silt loam Subsurface layer brown silt loam Subsoil - upper brown silt loam Subsoil - lower dark brown silty clay loam Substratum

voltage. In these experiments, the ferromagnetism was limited to a thin surface layer. The Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem, discovered in the 1910s, showed that

storm is an upper-level cold low with circulation extending to the surface layer and maximum sustained winds generally occurring at a radius of about

spermatangia, carposporangia, and tetrasporangia developing in the surface layer, cruciate. Generally epilithic in rock pools of the littoral zone. Common

the conceptacle may originate at any depth within the thallus, at the surface layer or at the basal perithallus. Four different modes of asexual conceptacle

an ocean surface wave: 1. Wave Crest, where the water masses of the surface layer are moving horizontally in the same direction as the propagating wavefront

other alloy systems. Copper–nickels naturally form a thin protective surface layer over the first several weeks of exposure to seawater and this provides

whether "freezing" refers to the point at which water forms a visible surface layer of ice, the point at which the entire volume of water becomes a solid

sea. New Zealand's fjords are also host to deep-water corals, but a surface layer of dark fresh water allows these corals to grow in much shallower water

germinate after rains which reduce the salinity levels of the soil surface layer. A. macrostachyum can germinate at salinity levels of at least 800 mM

resistance to atmospheric carbon dioxide being absorbed by the ocean surface layer posed by bicarbonate chemistry. Essentially, in order to enter the ocean

layer of the steel at high temperature, and then heat treating the surface layer to the desired hardness. The term case-hardening is derived from the

physical weathering. It takes place because ice grains always have a surface layer, often just a few molecules thick, that resembles liquid water more

becomes soluble in the water and it forms large crystals within the surface layer causing the fresco to blister and flake off. Aside from the adverse

was encountered. This is a peculiar phenomenon, which occurs where a surface layer of fresh water rests upon the salt water of the sea. It manifests itself

selected area of the work piece. Thanks to the rapid heating, only a thin surface layer of the material is heated. Applications include hardening, annealing

similar experiment planting seedlings in deep layers of peat where the surface layer had been removed, did not produce nodulation. This seems to have been

ppm. At present, the particulate organic carbon (POC) flux from the surface layer of the ocean to the ocean interior has been estimated to be 4–13 Pg-C

few months. The first instar larvae are gregarious and consume the surface layer of the needles but later instars spread out through the foliage and

the IGFA. Yellowfin tuna are epipelagic fish that inhabit the mixed surface layer of the ocean above the thermocline. Sonic tracking has found that although

sea temperature—based on organic molecules from algae growing off the surface layer of the Ocean. These organisms acclimatize the molecular composition

Occasionally, small lumps will develop which may rupture and cause the surface layer of the skin to break open. This is especially common in Cutaneous T-cell

pixelated ribbon that swirls around the exterior, peeling back its surface layer to expose an inner layer, creating balconies with views of the city

its top. If wind speeds are too low and stability high in the near-surface layer, the cloud does not form and condensation is also sensitive to small

not stay at the surface but is blown into the first few meters of the surface layer. This blowing snow usually sublimates due to the insulation and has

few months. The first instar larvae are gregarious and consume the surface layer of the needles but later instars spread out through the foliage and

facility. One of the applications of their research results is a new surface layer called micronite. Compared to conventional PVD coatings, micronite has

pixelated ribbon that swirls around the exterior, peeling back its surface layer to expose an inner layer, creating balconies with views of the city

current from Japan to the Gulf of Alaska. It has been measured in the surface layer down to 200 meters and south of the current area down to 400 meters

of oxygen, ammonium is produced via ammonification. In the oxidized surface layer of the wetland, this ammonium is oxidized to nitrite and nitrate by

method to investigate the chemical composition of the nanometer thick surface layer of a material. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive

Displacement of the dark mudstone layer pictured is a part of the surface layer above (not pictured), indicating a vertical displacement of this layer

gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of a surface layer of sodium oxide or sodium superoxide. Though metallic sodium has some

Category D: not much compact granular or clayey soil Category E: alluvial surface layer grounds (very low quality soil) The type of foundations is selected

although their hold can be weakened by applying a light-excluding surface layer such as large sheets of cardboard or several thicknesses of spread out

of iron-bearing minerals by the process of oxidation gives the outer surface layer of rock a red-brown rusty colour. Features related to deposition of

oxygen from the atmosphere, hence becomes depleted of oxygen. While the surface layer may have 10 mg/L or more dissolved oxygen in summer, the depths of a

martensite when subject to mechanical impact thus forming the hard surface layer. Hadfield patented his steel in 1883, but spent the next five years

yet. Pigments from the lower painting appear through cracks in the surface layer. The Old Guitarist by Pablo Picasso at the Art Institute of Chicago

so small that only a negligible fraction (typically 1%) of the first surface layer is necessary for surface analysis. Instruments of this type use pulsed

of the surface layer, the fractions F s {\displaystyle F_{s}} and F g {\displaystyle F_{g}} of sand and gravel, respectively in the surface layer, the submerged

low power density or over a short interval results in melting a thin surface layer. A defocused beam does not penetrate, and the material at low welding

decay of radioactive elements present in its rocks. The cooling near-surface layer contracted, while the interior expanded. This caused strong extensional

slight brownish coloration over time, likely due to the formation of a surface layer of its monoxide. Palladium films with defects produced by alpha particle

the copper reacts with sulfur to form a brown and eventually black surface layer of copper sulfide which, if regularly exposed to slightly acidic water

decay of radioactive elements present in its rocks. The cooling near-surface layer contracted, while the interior expanded. This caused strong extensional

and Modeling of Turbulence Intermittency in the Stable Atmospheric Surface Layer". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 79 (4): 1171–1190. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-21-0053

time feeding on algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms in the thin surface layer. They dive below the surface only when disturbed. Larvae swim either

zero and the soil has no frictional resistance to deformation. For a surface layer, the vertical effective stress becomes zero within the layer when the

depth. TERMOZOND Designed to make a thermal and physical study of the surface layer of rocks. KAMERTON seismometer Designed to study the structure of the

explosive increase in population density. The rate at which 100% of the surface layer of the seabed was completely turned over was reduced from two and a

including valuables and coins from various years) were found. Beneath the surface layer of the earth, the remains of square-shaped walls, typical of palace

"Direct observation of circular Rydberg electrons in a Rydberg Matter surface layer by electronic circular dichroism". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter

surface wash systems that break up the heavily clogged, granular media surface layer. Surface wash systems are buried in the top of the filter media or are

this is referred to as galling, which eventually breaches the oxidized surface layer and connects to the underlying bulk material, enhancing the possibility

approach to explore prokaryotic protein glycosylation reveals the unique surface layer modulation of an anammox bacterium". The ISME Journal. 16 (2): 346–357

electrolyte in the pore system is restricted to the work layer. The surface layer itself has such fine pores that, even when the pressure peaks, gas cannot

shells from calcium carbonate. When they die, they sink below the sunlit surface layer of the sea to the ocean floor and become incorporated into the sediments

the process of photosynthesis and must therefore live in the well-lit surface layer (termed the euphotic zone) of an ocean, sea, lake, or other body of

all of them are large bodies of water under a kilometers thick frozen surface layer. The atmospheric pressure at Earth's sea level averages 101.325 kPa

Murray; Murray, Robert (6 November 1981). "Structure of the Regular Surface Layer of Aquaspirillum serpens MW5". Journal of Bacteriology. 150 (1): 348–357

to multiple classes of antibiotics. The bacterium is surrounded by a surface-layer, or S-layer, which forms a protective lattice on the surface of the

used in forging results in formation of a brittle oxygen-rich metallic surface layer called "alpha case" that worsens the fatigue properties, so it must

supported by organic matter supplied by particles sinking from the surface layer. These results clearly point to additional modes of organic matter supply

meristem and the cells are larger in size compared to other cells on the surface layer. The central mother cell generates the rib meristem and the inner layers

tissue preservation, and in many cases fossils are coated by a pyritic surface layer. Preservation of soft tissues as fossils normally requires rapid burial

actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. To effectively achieve adherence to

exposed surface usually expands faster than the underlying granite. The surface layer, often a couple hundred feet thick, separates from the underlying granite

magnet into a powder of small magnetic particles, or spalling of a surface layer. This vulnerability is addressed in many commercial products by adding

cathode rays by light can be conceived in the following way. The body's surface layer is penetrated by energy quanta whose energy is converted at least partially

Oxygen-rich surface layer on titanium

to the lithosphere in the amount of carbon they store. The oceans' surface layer holds large amounts of dissolved organic carbon that is exchanged rapidly

trapped inside the plasmoid and cannot escape, except from a very thin surface layer. While megatesla fields have not yet been achieved, fields of 0.3 megatesla

particle surfaces. No formal definition exists for what constitutes a surface layer, which is usually defined by the measurement technique employed. For

erosive structures, where soil and water derived from the shallow sub-surface layer is expelled up by CO2 gas through fissures eroding joints to create

that run from southwest to northeast. Flow over the shelf below the surface layer consists of two anticyclonic gyres connected by a central cyclonic flow

to the lithosphere in the amount of carbon they store. The oceans' surface layer holds large amounts of dissolved organic carbon that is exchanged rapidly

trapped inside the plasmoid and cannot escape, except from a very thin surface layer. While megatesla fields have not yet been achieved, fields of 0.3 megatesla

particle surfaces. No formal definition exists for what constitutes a surface layer, which is usually defined by the measurement technique employed. For

investigation of the structure and chemistry of a chromium-conversion surface layer on aluminum". Corrosion Science, volume 31, issue 3, pages 349-369.

erosive structures, where soil and water derived from the shallow sub-surface layer is expelled up by CO2 gas through fissures eroding joints to create

been obtained by introducing disorder to the lattice structure of the surface layer of titanium dioxide nanocrystals, permitting infrared absorption. Visible-light-active

often take the form of landscaped trails with gravel or woodchips as a surface layer. In wintertime skiing trails are groomed on many of them, if the snow

(about the size of walnuts) was spread by a shovel to produce the surface layer. This system was used continuously in France from 1775 until 1820 when

surface area, which is caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer. In order to better wet the surface of substrate, photoresists are required

time feeding on algae, bacteria, and other microbes in the water's surface layer. It dives below the surface when disturbed. It swims either by propelling

and motion fields can be separated into three distinct layers: mixed (surface) layer, upper ocean (above the thermocline), and deep ocean. Ocean currents

The fluid drags on the disk through viscosity and the adhesion of the surface layer of the fluid. As the fluid slows and adds energy to the disks, it spirals

diamond mining failed. The only significant yields came from the original surface layer on the east half of the Crater -- a black and sticky gumbo clay ranging

exposed to a combination of air and moisture. The resulting iron oxide surface layer is porous and fragile. In addition, as iron oxide occupies a larger

decreasing stratification means that momentum is less concentrated in the surface layer and thus upwelling decreases. According to Heede and Fedorov 2021, in

gas containing oxygen, pure aluminium self-passivates by forming a surface layer of amorphous aluminium oxide 2 to 3 nm thick, which provides very effective

e., dust avalanches). The avalanching disturbs and removes a bright surface layer of dust to expose a darker substrate. Dark slope streaks on layered

subcore layer which contain 120 copies/particle of the VP3 and the core-surface layer composed of 780 copies/particle of the VP7. VP1, VP4, and VP6 are minor

Anguilliform Leptocephali: Remarkable Transparent Fish Larvae of the Ocean Surface Layer.” Aqua-BioScience Monographs 2 (2009): 1-94. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. Species

fish can actively transport carbon to depth by consuming POC in the surface layer at night, and metabolising it at their daytime, mesopelagic residence

depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. When natural erosion, human mining or underground excavation makes

decomposition of hydrocarbons Vapor-solid reactions: formation of an inactive surface layer and/or formation of a volatile compound that exits the reactor. This

confining plasmas is by using the properties of the Debye sheath, a near-surface layer in plasmas similar to the double layer in other fluids. For example

brownish when fresh, with a pearly nacre below the thin calcareous surface layer. The shell has a very large umbilicus. It is carinated and ornamented

fireball by fusion of soil particles, with activity deposited in a thin surface layer. The amount of large irregular particles is insignificant. Particles

river gravel and coarse sand, with finer sand and clay forming the surface layer. The ringwork had a protective wicker fence around the top of the earthworks

differentiated into a central part, the medulla of ovary, covered by a surface layer, the germinal epithelium. The immature ova originate from cells from

steps Mark the area to be scraped Scrape pipe in marked areas to remove surface layer, allowing clean pipe material to contact the coupler Examine scraped

decay of radioactive elements present in its rocks. The cooling near-surface layer contracted, while the interior expanded. This caused strong extensional

of King Gim Suro' by examining the entire context of the myth, the surface layer and depth of the text, and the entire type of founding myth. There are

zone known as the metalimnion. Finally, overlying the metalimnion is a surface layer of warmer water with a lower density, called the epilimnion. This typical

States. For this first film, Doane says that he "wanted to peel back the surface layer of what's going on" and emphasize the "raw spirit" of the Westcoast

and changing seascape patterns. Furthermore, deepening of the warm surface layer is causing massive mortalities of organisms that do not tolerate high

decay of radioactive elements present in its rocks. The cooling near-surface layer contracted, while the interior expanded. This caused strong extensional

recent years as climate change has caused a more stable and productive surface layer. This increased stability of the water column would also have contributed

Bama soil profile. Surface layer is dark brown fine sandy loam. Subsurface layer is pale brown fine sandy loam. Subsoil is red clay loam and sandy clay

increases in width to about three fourths of its length. The cuticle, the surface layer, is smooth. Females are 13.8 to 19.4 mm long, averaging 16.9 mm, which

to hysteresis losses. The generated current is predominantly in the surface layer, the depth of this layer being dictated by the frequency of the alternating

their biomass mostly through photosynthesis they live in the sun-lit surface layer (euphotic zone) of the sea. The most important groups of phytoplankton

arthropods; Hymenoptera and Diptera predominate. Females oviposit in the surface layer of the soil. Female with fly prey Mating pair; female with wasp prey

A.S.; Obukhov, A.M. (1954). "Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere". Tr. Akad. Nauk SSSR Geofiz. Inst. 24: 163–187. Stull

differentiated into a central part, the medulla of ovary, covered by a surface layer, the germinal epithelium. Between the cells of the germinal epithelium

because in this type of superconductor the current only flows in a surface layer whose thickness is limited to the London penetration depth (see Skin

up uncontaminated soil to the surface and covering the contaminated surface layer of soil. The work was completed in May 2009 and it helped ensure that

temperatures. Like its neighbour aluminium, silicon forms a thin, continuous surface layer of silicon dioxide (SiO 2) that protects the metal from oxidation. Thus

gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of a surface layer of potassium superoxide, a pressure-sensitive explosive that detonates

organic clays (grass sods). During renovation work about 70 cm of the surface layer on the old downstream face was removed and replaced by layers of shale

in the area, based on over 6,000 obsidian pieces collected from the surface layer alone. The site was classified as a medium sized mound and partly destroyed

their biomass mostly through photosynthesis they live in the sun-lit surface layer (euphotic zone) of the sea. The most important groups of phytoplankton

and archaea in the oceans. Export of carbon-rich POM from the upper surface layer to deep oceans causes increased efficiency of the biological pump due

Pavement systems by replacing the soil layer with a pavement layer. The surface layer of the LID receives both direct rainfall and runon from other areas

organic clays (grass sods). During renovation work about 70 cm of the surface layer on the old downstream face was removed and replaced by layers of shale

membrane and trans-peptidoglycan channels have been observed on the surface layer, which also may play a role. Beggiatoa gliding motility is induced via

carbon rich surface is then heat treated resulting in a thin, very hard surface layer with a tough, malleable core. This process can be done solely for the

in the area, based on over 6,000 obsidian pieces collected from the surface layer alone. The site was classified as a medium sized mound and partly destroyed

many metal parts in connectors, and can cause contacts to form a thin surface layer that increases resistance, thus contributing to heat buildup and intermittent

(steel, nonferrous metals, tinsel, cemented carbide, sheet metal, etc.); surface layer / coating (Carburization, nitriding, decarburization layer, surface

flight took place in visual weather conditions. At the same time, in the surface layer at an altitude of up to 100 metres (330 ft) from the ground, the likelihood

its molecules lying in a plane closely bound together thus creating a surface layer of caloric fluid which insulated the release of the rest within. He

4 °C (39 °F) because of water mixing. The sun continues to heat up the surface layer, and at the peak in August can reach up to about 16 °C (61 °F) in the

beneath the Moon, the Moon's gravity ever so slightly pulls Earth's surface layer back westward, just as proposed by Alfred Wegener (see above). Since

have a prolonged transformation between larval and juvenile stages of development during which time the organisms can be found in the surface layer.

desert sun, the thin veneer of water quickly evaporates leaving behind a surface layer of soft slick mud. As the mud dries, it shrinks and cracks into a mosaic

understood, but seems to involve the reversible formation of a thin surface layer (passivation). One theory holds that the pertechnetate reacts with the

delivers cool, nutrient-rich water from depth to the ocean's mixed surface layer. Water flow and turbulence facilitate nutrient assimilation across kelp

in the heat as a result of putrefaction and the escape of gases. The surface layer of soil split. In October 1942, the exhumation and burning of all corpses

metal left standing in air is passivated - it forms a thin, protective, surface layer of oxide. This layer has a spinel structure a few atomic layers thick;

some benefits as well. They cause cold water to rise from below the surface layer of the ocean, bringing with it many nutrients that ultimately benefit

surface of the crater completely or other causes, e.g. a thin overlying surface layer. However, the evidence for ice on Mercury is not definitive. The anomalous

water is heated from above by the Sun and becomes less dense, so the surface layer floats on the surface above the cooler, denser layers, resulting in

structure of the cysteine protease and lectin-like domains of Cwp84, a surface layer-associated protein from Clostridium difficile". Acta Crystallographica

is applied to promote adhesion of the photoresist to the wafer. The surface layer of silicon dioxide on the wafer reacts with HMDS to form tri-methylated

sophisticated behavior to obtain fresh water, including drinking the freshwater surface layer that can accumulate on top of salt water during rainfall and raising

(broken into ever smaller particles) and impact gardened mostly gray surface layer called regolith, formed by impact processes. The finer regolith, the

it gets respired less by bacteria, transporting more carbon from the surface layer to the deep ocean. Larger fecal pellets sink faster due to lower friction-surface/mass

by the ends of tightly packed filaments causing indentation on the surface layer. (Just because they were formed in the same way doesn't mean they were

and slimy membrane, often with an ochraceous flush at the centre. The surface layer resembles spore-bearing tissue, with erect club-shaped cells, but lacks

single, elongated complete dried multilayer cell that develops in the surface layer of cottonseed. It has the following parts. The cuticle is the outer

their biomass mostly through photosynthesis they live in the sun-lit surface layer (euphotic zone) of the sea. The most important groups of phytoplankton

washers are zinc, cadmium, and nickel. Zinc coating acts as a sacrificial surface layer that falls victim to corrosive materials before the washer's material

immediately to their east is an alignment of three stones lying in the surface layer of peat, 9 metres (30 ft) apart. There was partial excavation in 1856

precipitation well before it reaches the ground. If there is a shallow near-surface layer that is below freezing, freezing rain (rain which freezes on contact

taken up during the process of photosynthesis is recycled within the surface layer several times before making it to the deep ocean to be sequestered.

carbon to depth by consuming particulate organic carbon (POC) in the surface layer at night, and metabolising it at their daytime, mesopelagic residence

typically an upper-level cold low with circulation extending to the surface layer and maximum sustained winds generally occurring at a radius of about

that it contains two distinct layers of water that scarcely mix. The surface layer 2–10 metres (5–35 ft), referred to as the Low Salinity Layer or LSL

two-dimensional gas. In a MOSFET, conduction electrons travel in a thin surface layer, and a "gate" voltage controls the number of charge carriers in this

the time when enough particles have deposited. At one point, such a surface layer will repel any particles that may still make attempts to deposit. The

is brown and speckled with silvery white dots. In contrast, the top surface layer of the wings is deep orange in color with black streaks running across

radiolarians stay for 2 to 6 weeks in the euphotic zone (productive surface layer to 200 meters water depth) before they start sinking. Their descent

silica produced in the euphotic zone survives dissolution within the surface layer; whereas only 4% of the organic carbon escapes microbial degradation

Polysphondylium pallidum was cultured on plates of hay-infusion agar. A thin surface layer of Escherichia coli was added, created by allowing a drop of suspension

the area was all swamp and mud. Extensive drilling found that only a surface layer of peat-like material was unsuitable. Underneath this layer was fine

winter and early spring after winter runoff brings nutrients to the surface layer of water. By March the lake is "as green as pea soup" with photosynthesizing

coral forming clumps of red fleshy masses of finger-like lobes. The surface layer include many sclerites which form a crust. The individual polyps are

in syrup for long periods of time. Finally, it is dried so that the surface layer hardens. This process takes up to 48 hours, and the result is a solid

Ḑibāb and Bamah (Bimmah). The sinkhole was formed by a collapse of the surface layer due to dissolution of the underlying limestone. However, locals used

gneisses. The soil type is of the red-yellow podsolic group and the surface layer is covered with decayed organic matter. The mean annual rainfall is

meteorological quantities at various levels of the atmosphere, in this case the surface layer. Maps containing station models aid in the drawing of isotherms, which

annual freezing and thawing significantly alters the salinity of the surface layer. Although its exact effects are not fully understood currently, the

Hamar. The running track was renovated in 2003, and received a new surface layer and paint job. In 2005, the club house was completed by the women's

trenches are trenches that are dug into the selected low-permeability sub-surface layer and backfilled with clay to key the embankment clay zone into the sub-surface

Paleozoic strata. The Cambrian period Hormuz Formation is the predominant surface layer. It is one of the only two territories of Qatar which lie on a Paleozoic

Spitsbergen. The deeper layer is colder at about −0.8 °С. In summer, the surface layer in the ice-free zones warms up by the sun up to 8–10 °С in the bays

contaminants on the wafer surface, the enhancement of viscous flow of the surface layer and the enhanced diffusivity of water and gas trapped at the interface

magnitude than the other asteroids, of around 3.32, and may possess a surface layer of ice. Like the planets, Ceres is differentiated: it has a crust, a

tendency of a nanoparticle to coagulate can be controlled by modifying the surface layer. In a liquid medium, suitable ligand molecules are commonly attached

by pitting or pocking of the glass, can deepen and spread until the surface layer itself breaks apart, uncovering the vulnerable, damaged core, until

donor ion whose density is spatially constant through the semiconductor surface layer. This changed the constant electric field assumed by Mott to a linearly

cast, and extruded. Corrosion resistance is excellent due to a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively

A hyperthermostable protease of the subtilisin family bound to the surface layer of the Archaeon Staphylothermus marinus. {Electronic version}. Current

to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport. Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45 degree angle from the direction of the

population at that time of fewer than four hundred. At that time, the entire surface layer of dirt in the village was laboriously scraped off, possibly after a

open-graded stone (higher void spacing) or engineered stone (stronger). The surface layer may be compacted gravel or topsoil seeded with grass and fertilizer

perch-like fishes. These scales contain almost no bone, being composed of a surface layer containing hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate and a deeper layer composed

slopes. When internal stresses cannot be contained, the semi-rigid surface layer ruptures. The saturated mud bursts above the surface, creating a mud

losing more soil organic carbon stock over time than is gained in the surface layer.” The study also pointed out the need for a uniform definition of soil

expanded into The Drought in 1965), pollution in the oceans creates a surface layer that resists evaporation, bringing about a worldwide drought. John Brunner's

important first steps are being made. The biomantle is an organic-rich near-surface layer in which bioturbation is a dominant process, with all other biological

unconsolidated aquifer, then SuDS will aim to direct all rain that falls on the surface layer into the underground aquifer as quickly as possible. To accomplish this

park and colluvial deposition from the upper parts of the páramo. The surface layer is covered by a sequence of quartz sandstones, thick, with interbedded

structures have been used to describe noble metal clusters shielded by a surface layer of thiolate ligands. A library of Borromean networks has been synthesized

environmental conditions such as strong stratification with a warm surface layer and low salinity following a winter featuring high amounts of nitrogen

RG, Wang JH, Liu JH, Jing H, Takagi J, Lindgren S (2002). "Archaeal surface layer proteins contain beta propeller, PKD, and beta helix domains and are

during heat treatment, the temperature is kept moderate so that only the surface layer of the lumps of the moist starch begins to gelatinize, and this process

a mold compression process, the structure is more compact, and the surface layer is more suitable for anchoring. Production of unbonded prestressed steel

taken in an area of 3 x 1 m (approximately 9.8 x 3.2 ft) where the surface layer suggested a mud wall, almost one meter wide in an east–west direction

"Direct observation of circular Rydberg electrons in a Rydberg matter surface layer by electronic circular dichroism". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter

specimens in the type series were found on roadside banks, under a surface layer of moist soil with a somewhat dry outer crust. This species is known

main categories: Embedded Surface Systems: pipes embedded within the surface layer (not within the structure) Thermally Active Building Systems (TABS):

tarnish upon exposure to humidity which eventually becomes a black surface layer. When heated in air, arsenic oxidizes to arsenic trioxide; the fumes

all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn 5(OH) 6(CO 3) 2) forms as the zinc corrodes

of frozen nerve tissue would be scanned and recorded, and then the surface layer of tissue removed. While this would be a very slow and labor-intensive

considerable loss of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus pools from the soil surface layer. Another study found exclusion fencing to be a beneficial tool in lowering

shore. This kind of ice may contain large air pockets under a thin surface layer, which makes it particularly hazardous to walk across it. Another dangerous

sponge rubber one, but the effect should not extend too far, and the surface layer can be point elastic. It should be easy to see action on the floor:

ignited due to the unacceptable conduct of welding operations. The surface layer of oil products was formed during the last two decades, and a similar

The Astroturf is due for replacement and is planned to have a new surface layer in the near future. The large catchment area of the school has meant

surface layer but because of its salinity it has a higher density than the water above. This means this layer is less buoyant than the surface layer.

pathogens. Less-differentiated keratinocyte stem cells, replenished on the surface layer, are thought to be the initial target of productive papillomavirus infections

for the core layers mostly, and melamine-formaldehyde resin for the surface layer. Both resins belong to a class of thermosetting resins which crosslink

and other artifacts from different locations having an arsenic-rich surface layer which may well have been produced deliberately by ancient craftsmen

Horst: 1996, Experimental evaluation of analytical and Lagrangian surface layer flux footprint models, Boundary-Layer Meteorology 80: 283-308. Gash

of Toyama Biodiversity in Rice Fields Toyama Bay Deep Sea Toyama Bay Surface Layer Toyama Bay Giant Tank Jungle Ecosystem Coral Reef Area Penguin Pool

physical and technical characteristics of gradient elements in case the surface layer of the optical detail is inhomogeneous. Electromagnetic radiation is

for the core layers mostly, and melamine-formaldehyde resin for the surface layer. Both resins belong to a class of thermosetting resins which crosslink

eddy currents; skin effect confines such eddy currents to a very thin surface layer of the waveguide structure. Skin effect itself is not actually combatted

the planarization or polishing of surfaces and the ablation of the surface layer by electrochemical etching. The wafers that meet the requirements are

shape of two large igneous rock masses or plutons. The Gießen-Harz surface layer of the Rhenohercynian zone, which is widespread in the Harz, consists

motion describes the wind-driven portion of circulation seen in the surface layer. Surface currents flow at a 45° angle to the wind due to a balance between

include ensuring that the bond is to the substrate rather than the surface layer of the water. Another is that in order to cure, glues need to dry out

of the ground near the surface can be described as follows: In the surface layer to a depth of about 1 metre, the temperature is very sensitive to sunlight

is in darkness. The processes occurring within the thin illuminated surface layer (the photic layer from the surface down to between 50 and 170 metres)

adiabatic demagnetization. Radioactive cobalt was deposited as a thin surface layer on a crystal of cerium-magnesium nitrate, a paramagnetic salt with a

spacecraft's instruments at 29 °C (85 °F). A white reflective alumina surface layer minimizes absorption. The spacecraft systems and scientific instruments

density could be explained by increasing density with depth, with the surface layer more porous than the deeper Mars, and the increase of density with depth

than that of East Butte where rhyolitic magma did break through the surface layer of basalt. Middle Butte is located in a cold semi-arid climate zone

quantities than chloride or sulfur, silver reacts to form a silver oxide surface layer. This oxidation has been shown to occur in nanoparticles as well, despite

particles. However, the thus produced color is restricted to a thin surface layer of few micrometers. Homogeneous color can be produced if the treatment

deusta has a flask-shaped perithecium that contains asci in the fertile surface layer. Asci are typically 300 x 15 µm, with 8 spores per ascus. Smooth conidiospores

understood, but seems to involve the reversible formation of a thin surface layer (passivation). One theory holds that the pertechnetate reacts with the

that delivers cool nutrient-rich water from depth to the ocean's mixed surface layer. Water flow and turbulence facilitate nutrient assimilation across kelp

increasing subsurface compressive stress "bleeds" back through the melted surface layer to produce the desired surface compressive stress. Depending on material

samarium–cobalt magnets. Corrosion can cause unprotected magnets to spall off a surface layer or to crumble into a powder. Use of protective surface treatments such

freshwater. The resulting brackish water is then exported into the surface layer. A slow import of seawater may flow over the sill and sink to the bottom

maximum rate of 15 cm per hour, these sand dollars typically work through surface-layer sediments. E. emarginata has shown to have significant impacts on the

thermocline layer allows anomalous cold water to be pumped into the eastern surface layer by climatological upwelling, which causes the SST anomaly to slide into

absorb all the radiation that falls on them, right in an infinitely thin surface layer, with no reflection and no scattering. They emit radiation in perfect

humus moves downward and is deposited in a distinctive organic-mineral surface layer called the A horizon, in which organic matter is mixed with mineral

resistance costs considerably less. Silver tarnishes to form a thin surface layer of silver sulfide. Gold has a higher resistivity than either copper

gives rise to differing elevations surrounding the town. Beneath the surface layer of unsorted glacial till are strata of sandstone and ironstone which

enhancement attributed to improved finish, the development of a compressive surface layer, and the increased yield strength of the cold worked surface. LPB was

at which sound speed equals the maximum found above the axis in the surface layer. See SOFAR channel. Behrenfeld, Michael, J. (2010). "Abandoning Sverdrup's

from Whareakeake in the 1880s and 1890s. One artefact found in the surface layer in 1863 was a medal given out by Captain James Cook during his second

upwelling of deep ocean water, rich in reduced iron, into an oxygenated surface layer poor in iron remains a key element of most theories of deposition. The

Anguilliform Leptocephali: Remarkable Transparent Fish Larvae of the Ocean Surface Layer". Aqua-BioScience Monographs. 2 (4). doi:10.5047/absm.2009.00204.0001

colored thread, to create an outline effect. Colored batting behind the surface layer can create a shadowed effect. Brightly colored yarn cording behind white

plankton. Further, the sun shines year-round in the tropics, warming the surface layer, making it less dense than subsurface layers. The warmer water is separated

eddy covariance can be used to measure heat mass flux in the boundary surface layer, or in the boundary layer surrounding the vegetation canopy. The effects

and fruit. Early instars feed on tissue beneath the upper epidermis (surface layer) of leaves, while protected under self-constructed silken webs on the

a body of water will drag the water surface along with the wind The surface layer will exert viscous drag on the water just below, which will transfer

with the structure of water. Another form of locomotion (in which the surface layer is broken) is used by the basilisk lizard. Gravity is the primary obstacle

flying slowly through forested areas and find their prey cocoons on the surface layer of the soil and within the crowns of young trees with cocoons in the

Handbook of Powerplant Engineering (1998). Glaser was editor of The Lunar Surface Layer (1964), Thermal Imaging Techniques (1964), Solar Power Satellites —

without recycling/removal of at least the surface layer, creates a fairly bulky waste stream. Removing the surface layer and recycling the remainder of the graphite

erosion, resulting from the action of the winds, which gives their surface layer a stony character. On Margarita Island, the climatic and / or edaphic

were rendered anosmic with zinc sulphate, a compound which kills the surface layer of the olfactory epithelium, and released hundreds of kilometers away

deficits.[citation needed] Congenital dermal sinus is a tract from the surface layer of the skin, through the deeper tissues into the cranial or spinal cavity

461: 78-82 (2009) Methane oxidation and methane fluxes in the ocean surface layer and in deep anoxic waters. Nature, 327: 226-229 (1987) "Microtree -

result of radioactive decay-based heating and insulation by a thick surface layer of ice. With some theorising that life on Earth may have actually originated

alternative substances—plywood and fiberglass—were investigated for the surface layer of the pusher plate and thought to be acceptable. If the conventional

number of ground wires near the mast and bury them very shallowly in a surface layer of asphalt pavement, which has low dielectric losses. Base-fed mast

neutralize them. The Meissner effect arises due to currents in a thin surface layer, whose thickness can be calculated from the simple model of Ginzburg–Landau

computed based on soil resistance (rss) and soil water content in soil surface layer (upper 100 millimeters of soil water balance). Irrrigation BAITSSS simulates