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searching for thermal equilibrium 265 found (428 total)

Black-body radiation (9,107 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

uniform and constant. A perfectly insulated enclosure which is in thermal equilibrium internally contains blackbody radiation, and will emit it through

Relaxation (NMR) (3,576 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

sample precess at the resonance (Larmor) frequency of the nuclei. At thermal equilibrium, nuclear spins precess randomly about the direction of the applied

Dynamic nuclear polarization (3,396 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

temperature is described by the Boltzmann distribution under the thermal equilibrium. It is also possible that those electrons are aligned to a higher

Saha ionization equation (1,737 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure. The equation is a result of combining

SAE J2452 (295 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

vehicle coastdown event. During the SAE J2452 test, the tire is not in thermal equilibrium, but the coastdown event is rapid enough that the tire operates at

Lambda point (884 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"saturated vapor pressure" at that temperature (pure helium gas in thermal equilibrium over the liquid surface, in a hermetic container). The highest pressure

Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer (1,458 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quantum system interacting with a macroscopic number of particles near thermal equilibrium (~mK to ~300 K). This has led the development of decoherence suppression

SAE J1269 (163 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Engineers to measure the rolling resistance of tires under conditions of thermal equilibrium.SAE J2452 is an alternative procedure for measuring rolling resistance

Active matter (1,094 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to exert mechanical forces. Such systems are intrinsically out of thermal equilibrium. Unlike thermal systems relaxing towards equilibrium and systems

Vogt–Russell theorem (95 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

theorem states that the structure of a star, in hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium with all energy derived from nuclear reactions, is uniquely determined

Gliese 176 b (304 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

magnetosphere of its star. The quoted temperature of 450 K is a "thermal equilibrium" temperature. It is projected to be dominated by a rocky core, but

Clothing insulation (1,728 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the amount of insulation that allows a person at rest to maintain thermal equilibrium in an environment at 21°C (70°F) in a normally ventilated room (0

Joule expansion (2,500 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and some of this change will not appear as heat until and unless thermal equilibrium is reestablished. When heat is transferred into kinetic energy of

BE Ursae Majoris (1,170 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

than being a subgiant, the cool component has not yet reached the thermal equilibrium of a late dwarf star. The pair have a circular orbit with a period

Fundamental thermodynamic relation (2,444 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

microscopic changes in entropy, and volume for a closed system in thermal equilibrium in the following way. dU=TdS−PdV{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\,\mathrm

Electroweak interaction (3,243 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quark epoch, and currently the highest human-made temperature in thermal equilibrium is around 5.5x1012 K (from the Large Hadron Collider). Sheldon Glashow

Werner Israel (1,431 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

ask how to describe a black hole in thermal equilibrium with radiation. Israel showed that the thermal equilibrium state of a spherically symmetric (Schwarzschild)

Stimulated emission (3,085 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

from the lower level to a higher energy level. In normal media at thermal equilibrium, absorption exceeds stimulated emission because there are more electrons

Warm dark matter (944 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

inert fermions" (GeVins). keVins are overproduced if they reach thermal equilibrium in the early universe, but in some scenarios the entropy production

KMS state (970 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

systems and quantum field theory, the properties of a system in thermal equilibrium can be described by a mathematical object called a Kubo–Martin–Schwinger

Phonon drag (269 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

only at low temperatures (<200 K). Phonons are not always in local thermal equilibrium; they move against the thermal gradient. They lose momentum by interacting

Quasistatic process (548 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

friction is irreversible; although the system is always in internal thermal equilibrium, the friction ensures the generation of dissipative entropy, which

Thermal oscillator (70 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is a system where conduction along thermal gradients overshoots thermal equilibrium, resulting in thermal oscillations where parts of the system oscillate

Helmholtz free energy (3,836 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

laws of thermodynamics are only directly applicable to systems in thermal equilibrium. If we wish to describe phenomena like chemical reactions, then the

Langevin equation (4,781 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

position (green). In particular, the late time behavior depicts thermal equilibrium. Consider a free particle of mass m{\displaystyle m} with equation

Many-body localization (3,044 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quantum systems. It is characterized by the system failing to reach thermal equilibrium, and retaining a memory of its initial condition in local observables

Thermodynamics (5,705 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence

Dissipative particle dynamics (1,668 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reformulated and slightly modified by P. Español to ensure the proper thermal equilibrium state. A series of new DPD algorithms with reduced computational

Scale of temperature (2,222 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Leiden and Wedgwood. The zeroth law of thermodynamics describes thermal equilibrium between thermodynamic systems in form of an equivalence relation

Pulsational pair-instability supernova (1,002 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

will undergo a complete pair-instability supernova [2][1]. Light in thermal equilibrium has a black-body spectrum with an energy density proportional to

Phase (matter) (1,791 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

While phases of matter are traditionally defined for systems in thermal equilibrium, work on quantum many-body localized (MBL) systems has provided a

Thermodynamic equations (3,379 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

systems such that A is in thermal equilibrium with B and B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C. The zeroth law is

Bolometer (2,119 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

most sensitive bolometers are very slow to reset (i.e., return to thermal equilibrium with the environment). On the other hand, compared to more conventional

Web-based Inquiry Science Environment (474 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

science controversies, investigating scientific phenomena (e.g. thermal equilibrium in the classroom), or critiquing scientific claims found in web sites

Monod–Wyman–Changeux model (1,059 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The ratio of the different conformational states is determined by thermal equilibrium. This model is defined by the following rules: An allosteric protein

John H. Malmberg (2,140 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reach states of global thermal equilibria. The possibility of using thermal equilibrium statistical mechanics to describe the plasma provides a large advantage

Misalignment mechanism (880 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the other particles is assumed to be too weak for axions to reach thermal equilibrium with the rest of the early universe plasma, implying that they were

Wien's displacement law (3,195 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

considered adiabatic expansion of a cavity containing waves of light in thermal equilibrium. Using Doppler's principle, he showed that, under slow expansion

Hidden states of matter (1,052 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

distinguishing a genuine hidden state from one which is simply out of thermal equilibrium. Probably the first instance of a photoinduced state is described

Inductively coupled plasma (845 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the outside by the cooling gas, so the hottest outer part is at thermal equilibrium. There temperature reaches 5 000–6 000 K. For more rigorous description

Distribution function (physics) (526 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

distribution functions may also be used, since plasmas are rarely in thermal equilibrium. The mathematical analogue of a distribution is a measure; the time

Temperature control (487 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

same, the temperature stays constant—there is thermal balance, or thermal equilibrium. Heat exchanger Moving bed heat exchanger Thermal Control System

Total internal reflection microscopy (665 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dynamics of the probe or particle can then be obtained, either in thermal equilibrium or non-equilibrium conditions. For instance, by collecting the time-independent

P–n junction (2,643 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Figure A. A p–n junction in thermal equilibrium with zero-bias voltage applied. Electron and hole concentration are reported with blue and red lines,

Density of states (5,323 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

occupied states per unit volume at a given energy for a system in thermal equilibrium. This value is widely used to investigate various physical properties

Project PACER (1,043 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Dropping about two bombs a day would cause the system to reach thermal equilibrium, allowing the continual extraction of about 2 GW of electrical power

Subgiant (3,699 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

mass is below the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit and it remains in thermal equilibrium with the fusing hydrogen shell. Its mass continues to increase and

Ludwig Boltzmann (5,097 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

of Heat and Probability Calculations Regarding the Conditions for Thermal Equilibrium". Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (9,921 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

number of nuclei in these two states will be essentially equal at thermal equilibrium.[citation needed] If a nucleus is placed in a magnetic field, however

Rotating wall technique (1,772 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

rod. Such cold, single-component plasmas in PM traps can come to thermal equilibrium and rotate as a rigid body at frequency fE=en4πε0B{\displaystyle

Opacity (optics) (1,093 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

comparable to or less than a radiation mean free path, such as in local thermal equilibrium. In practice, the mean opacity for Thomson electron scattering is:

McCumber relation (1,941 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and perhaps the only way to prohibit a spontaneous break of the thermal equilibrium in the thermal state of excitations and photons. For each site number

Nuclear Overhauser effect (4,414 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

two possible spin quantum states, +1⁄2 and -1⁄2, respectively. At thermal equilibrium, the population of the two energy levels is determined by the Boltzmann

Turbulence (disambiguation) (280 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

through the air Wave turbulence, a set of waves deviated far from thermal equilibrium Turbulence (U.S. film series) Turbulence (1997 film), a 1997 action

1,2-Diiodoethane (180 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

January 2014. Cutherbertson, G.R.; Kistiakowsky, G.B. (1935). "The thermal equilibrium between ethylene iodide, ethylene and iodine". J. Chem. Phys. 3 (10):

Convection zone (822 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

convection zone of these stars is overlaid by a radiation zone that is in thermal equilibrium and undergoes little or no mixing. In the most massive stars, the

Semiconductor (5,375 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electric potential on a semiconducting material would cause it to leave thermal equilibrium and create a non-equilibrium situation. This introduces electrons

Fire piston (3,036 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

gas returns to thermal equilibrium with them. If the compression is done quickly enough, then there is no time for thermal equilibrium to be achieved

Neutron scattering (1,352 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

with each collision, the "fast" neutron is slowed until it reaches thermal equilibrium with the material in which it is scattered. Neutron moderators are

Spectral line ratios (543 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

temperature. While for the temperature determination of plasma in thermal equilibrium Saha's equation and Boltzmann's formula might be used, the density

Hans R. Griem (443 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

1103/PhysRev.165.258. Griem, Hans R. (1963). "Validity of Local Thermal Equilibrium in Plasma Spectroscopy". Physical Review. 131 (3): 1170–1176. Bibcode:1963PhRv

Hoogsteen base pair (1,007 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Hoogsteen base pairs exist as transient entities that are present in thermal equilibrium with standard Watson–Crick base pairs. The detection of the transient

Fusion energy gain factor (3,691 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

heating to make up for these losses, where Ploss = Pheat to maintain thermal equilibrium. The most basic definition of breakeven is when Q = 1, that is, Pfus

Quantum thermodynamics (4,346 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

used to derive the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger stability criterion for thermal equilibrium i.e. KMS state. A unique and consistent approach is obtained by deriving

Thermal comfort (9,314 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The main factors that influence thermal comfort

Pulsed laser deposition (2,603 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

condensation of particles. When the condensation rate is high enough, a thermal equilibrium can be reached and the film grows on the substrate surface at the

List of states of matter (1,706 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

states of matter: Phases that are unattainable or do not exist in thermal equilibrium, but can induced e.g. by photoexcitation. Chain-melted state: Metals

Molecules in stars (1,308 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

because it is hard to achieve the temperatures, and also local thermal equilibrium, as found in stars, is unlikely. Accuracy of oscillator strengths

Khoshk-e Bijar (623 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

rainfall per year and an average humidity of 89% and average 6.16c° thermal equilibrium. Absolute maximum temperature of 28.5 degrees and a minimum temperature

Isolated system (886 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the radiation, which would thereby be perfectly reflected. For the thermal equilibrium problem, however, he considers walls that contain charged particles

Cascaded arc plasma source (271 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

collision frequency of the particles in the source, the plasma is in thermal equilibrium and reasonably homogeneous. The cascaded arc consists of a gas inlet

Heat (10,659 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Carathéodory's 1909 paper, historically, heat, temperature, and thermal equilibrium were presented in thermodynamics textbooks as jointly primitive notions

Charge-coupled device (6,378 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

below the gate as in a MOSFET. However, it takes time to reach this thermal equilibrium: up to hours in high-end scientific cameras cooled at low temperature

Horizontal branch (1,722 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Schönberg–Chandrasekhar mass at which they are no longer in hydrostatic or thermal equilibrium. They then contract and heat up, which triggers helium fusion before

Rudolf Haag (3,598 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

succeeded in generalizing the Gibbs–von Neumann characterization of thermal equilibrium states using the KMS condition (named after Ryogo Kubo, Paul C. Martin

Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation (2,669 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

temperature T{\displaystyle T}. Independent of the condition of thermal equilibrium, the emissivity of the wall is defined as the ratio of emitted energy

Agua Negra Deep Experiment Site (763 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

in our understanding of Nature (geoneutrinos are related to the thermal equilibrium of the Earth). Dark Matter: Experiments in this field greatly benefit

Second law of thermodynamics (15,076 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

notion of the entropy to systems in thermal equilibrium. The entropy of an isolated system in thermal equilibrium containing an amount of energy of E{\displaystyle

David Sherrington (physicist) (564 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

shown, in work by Giorgio Parisi, to be exactly solvable for its thermal equilibrium properties. The solution, which was based on the replica method,

Boltzmann's entropy formula (1,544 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

of Heat and Probability Calculations Regarding the Conditions for Thermal Equilibrium” Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Plasma activation (2,966 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

frequencies of plasma species, atmospheric pressure arcs are in thermal equilibrium having temperatures of the order of 6.000 – 12.000 °C. Most of the

Giant Magellan Telescope (3,709 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

designed with a closed-cycle forced-air convection system to maintain a thermal equilibrium within the telescope enclosure and reduce ambient thermal gradients

Spin–lattice relaxation (1,575 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

amount of heat to the surroundings as the spins return to their thermal equilibrium. The magnetization of the proton ensemble goes back to its equilibrium

Mooney viscometer (620 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

sample is introduced, it takes a minute for the sample to reach the thermal equilibrium, and then the rotor is started. The value of Mooney viscosity decreases

Glauber dynamics (801 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

in choosing the spins and how to flip them (step 4). However, at thermal equilibrium, these two algorithms should give identical results. In general,

Pyranometer (2,073 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dome as an additional "radiation shield", resulting in a better thermal equilibrium between the sensor and inner dome, compared to some single dome models

Gas mantle (1,658 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

emission of light from the combustion products before they reach thermal equilibrium. The combination of these properties yields a mantle that, when heated

Robert Spekkens (709 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Robert W. (2013-12-18). "Resource Theory of Quantum States Out of Thermal Equilibrium". Physical Review Letters. 111 (25): 250404. arXiv:1111.3882. doi:10

Magnetic refrigeration (5,114 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

increased. The working material is the refrigerant, and starts in thermal equilibrium with the refrigerated environment. Adiabatic magnetization: A magnetocaloric

Ehrenfest model (607 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

. (1). Nauenberg, M. (2004). "The evolution of radiation toward thermal equilibrium: A soluble model that illustrates the foundations of statistical

Lowest temperature recorded on Earth (1,153 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

inefficiently absorbed by neighboring atoms, making it difficult to reach thermal equilibrium. The Low Temperature Laboratory recorded a record low temperature

Herbert Callen (750 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

are their differentials. The postulates concern the existence of thermal equilibrium, and the properties of entropy. From them, he derives the fundamentals

Total dissolved solids (1,866 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Seidman, Harry (August 1973). "Statistical Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases". EPA. Archived

Dissipative system (2,042 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

oscillator – to a bath, i.e., an assembly of many oscillators in thermal equilibrium with a broad band spectrum, and trace (average) over the bath. This

PTC rubber (425 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

object it is attached to, and its surroundings. It is in constant thermal equilibrium with the environment, point by point. A measure of the power produced

Lindhard theory (2,849 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

k_{i}}}}{\frac {\hbar ^{2}\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {q} }{m}}}}. Assuming a thermal equilibrium Fermi–Dirac carrier distribution, we get ∑iqi∂fk∂ki=−∑iqi∂fk∂μ∂E

Lindhard theory (2,849 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

k_{i}}}}{\frac {\hbar ^{2}\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {q} }{m}}}}. Assuming a thermal equilibrium Fermi–Dirac carrier distribution, we get ∑iqi∂fk∂ki=−∑iqi∂fk∂μ∂E

Total dissolved solids (1,866 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Seidman, Harry (August 1973). "Statistical Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases". EPA. Archived

Thermal pollution (2,680 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Seidman, Harry (August 1973). Statistical Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases (Report). Environmental

Pressurized heavy-water reactor (1,994 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

neutrons' kinetic energy, slowing them down to the point that they reach thermal equilibrium with surrounding material. It has been found beneficial to the neutron

Rubber elasticity (7,078 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

their possible rotational conformations. Because the kinks are in thermal equilibrium, the probability that a kink resides in any rotational conformation

Concentration of measure (1,344 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

und des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik [Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and of the Second Law of Thermodynamics]" (PDF). Annalen der Physik

Shot noise (2,881 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

noise is distinct from voltage and current fluctuations expected in thermal equilibrium; this occurs without any applied DC voltage or current flowing. These

Linear energy transfer (1,850 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

LET, generally increasing it to a Bragg peak just before achieving thermal equilibrium with the absorber, i.e., before the end of range. At equilibrium

Heat death of the universe (3,344 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

known that gravity is important for keeping the universe out of thermal equilibrium. Gravitationally bound systems have negative specific heat—that is

Intensive and extensive properties (2,385 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

must remain the same in each half. The temperature of a system in thermal equilibrium is the same as the temperature of any part of it, so temperature

Reduction potential (3,095 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electrons, rather than the absolute concentration of free electrons in thermal equilibrium, is how one usually thinks of redox potential. Theoretically, however

Unruh effect (2,887 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

inertial observer will look like a state containing many particles in thermal equilibrium—a warm gas. The Unruh effect would only appear to an accelerating

Electric arc (3,474 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is gradually turned into a thermal plasma. A thermal plasma is in thermal equilibrium; the temperature is relatively homogeneous throughout the atoms,

Syukuro Manabe (2,185 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

ISSN 0027-0644. Manabe, Syukuro; Wetherald, Richard T. (1967). "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity"

Depletion region (2,446 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

p–n junction. It is most easily described when the junction is in thermal equilibrium or in a steady state: in both of these cases the properties of the

Edith Kroupa (902 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and antisymmetrical hydrogen and the third law of thermodynamics. Thermal equilibrium and the triple point pressure. Journal of the American Chemical Society

Subir Sachdev (3,193 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

rapidly the system loses quantum phase coherence, or reaches local thermal equilibrium in response to general external perturbations. If quasiparticles

Gleb Wataghin (315 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

1103/physrev.73.79. ISSN 0031-899X. Wataghin, Gleb (1943-02-01). "Thermal Equilibrium Between Elementary Particles". Physical Review. 63 (3–4). American

Entropy of entanglement (1,290 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

ω≡ω+ω−{\displaystyle \omega \equiv {\sqrt {\omega _{+}\omega _{-}}}} at thermal equilibrium with temperature T{\displaystyle T} ( such that

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (2,409 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

thin plasma composed of a single, neutral atomic species in local thermal equilibrium (LTE), the density of photons emitted by a transition from level

Hopfield network (7,201 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the thermal equilibrium, which does not change with time. Glauber in 1963 studied the Ising model evolving in time, as a process towards thermal equilibrium

Climate of Titan (2,889 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Titan at a much higher temperature than what would otherwise be the thermal equilibrium. Haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect

Jonathan Oppenheim (941 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

W. (18 December 2013). "Resource Theory of Quantum States Out of Thermal Equilibrium". Physical Review Letters. 111 (25). arXiv:1111.3882. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett

Sandu Popescu (1,577 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Winter, Andreas (4 June 2009). "Quantum mechanical evolution towards thermal equilibrium". Physical Review E. 79 (6): 061103. arXiv:0812.2385. Bibcode:2009PhRvE

Timeline of heat engine technology (2,651 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

thermodynamics' to summarise postulates made by earlier physicists that thermal equilibrium between systems is a transitive relation. 1937 – Hans von Ohain builds

Gaseous fission reactor (1,047 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reactor provides a hotter-than-most fluid with potential for adequate thermal equilibrium conductivity and duct velocities. Considering the product v² × B²

Veronika Hubeny (457 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(2000). "Quasinormal modes of AdS black holes and the approach to thermal equilibrium". Physical Review D. 62 (2): 024027. arXiv:hep-th/9909056. Bibcode:2000PhRvD

Molecular chaos (601 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

English translation: Boltzmann, L. (2003). "Further Studies on the Thermal Equilibrium of Gas Molecules". The Kinetic Theory of Gases. History of Modern

Psychrometrics (3,118 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

represents a mixture of saturated moist air and liquid water, in thermal equilibrium. The protractor on the upper left of the chart has two scales. The

Piezoelectric direct discharge plasma (1,078 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

emission. Due to the intense currents, the volume of the arc reaches thermal equilibrium with temperatures of 6.000 – 12.000 C. While the arc discharge can

Chemical potential (4,025 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the infinitesimal change of volume V for a thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium, and dNi is the infinitesimal change of particle number Ni of species

Neutron moderator (3,788 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

In a system at thermal equilibrium, neutrons (red) are elastically scattered by a hypothetical moderator of free hydrogen nuclei (blue), undergoing thermally

Climate of Titan (2,889 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Titan at a much higher temperature than what would otherwise be the thermal equilibrium. Haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect

Accretion disk (4,242 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

)}. The Shakura–Sunyaev model assumes that the disk is in local thermal equilibrium, and can radiate its heat efficiently. In this case, the disk radiates

Trans-Neptunian object (3,938 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

distance to the Sun), and one assumes that most of its surface is in thermal equilibrium (usually not a bad assumption for an airless body). For a known albedo

Recombination (cosmology) (2,504 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

p+e^{-}\longleftrightarrow H+\gamma } is fast enough that it proceeds near thermal equilibrium. The relative abundance of free electrons, protons and neutral hydrogen

Rayleigh–Jeans law (1,561 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

underlying cause was matter and luminiferous aether not being in thermal equilibrium. Rayleigh published his first derivation of the frequency dependence

Martin Harwit (929 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Medal (2007) Scientific career Thesis Measurement of Fluctuations in Radiation from a Source in Thermal Equilibrium (1960) Doctoral advisor William Allis

Structure formation (3,464 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

photon-matter interactions of this epoch rather forcefully seeks thermal equilibrium, which creates a large amount of outward pressure. These counteracting

Maxwell–Jüttner distribution (2,612 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\varepsilon ={\frac {1}{2}}m\mathbf {u} ^{2}} of the particles at thermal equilibrium, far from the limit of the speed of light, i.e: θ≡2kBT/m, u≪c{\textstyle

Timeline of thermodynamics (3,239 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

thermodynamics' to summarise postulates made by earlier physicists that thermal equilibrium between systems is a transitive relation 1938 – Anatoly Vlasov proposes

Transport phenomena (3,402 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

specific transport: heat transfer is the system's attempt to achieve thermal equilibrium with its environment, just as mass and momentum transport move the

Entropy (classical thermodynamics) (2,483 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Thus, when the system of the room and ice water system has reached thermal equilibrium, the entropy change from the initial state is at its maximum. The

Climate model (4,378 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

October 2022. Manabe, Syukuro; Wetherald, Richard T. (1 May 1967). "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity"

Holographic principle (3,972 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

temperature, since black holes do not radiate and therefore cannot be in thermal equilibrium with any black body of positive temperature. Then he discovered that

Poincaré disk model (3,788 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

point to another of different temperature is instantaneously in thermal equilibrium with its new environment. ... If they construct a geometry, it will

Solar irradiance (6,742 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electrical heating needed to maintain an absorptive blackened cavity in thermal equilibrium with the incident sunlight which passes through a precision aperture

Aperture (antenna) (3,071 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

filter Fν passing only some frequency components. Each cavity is in thermal equilibrium and thus filled with black-body radiation due to temperature T. The

Statistical energy analysis (1,372 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

energy' as the damping of the mode is reduced (suggesting a state of thermal equilibrium can exist in structural-acoustic systems). The extension of the two

List of fusor examples (1,340 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

109–111. doi:10.1007/s10894-011-9438-8. S2CID 254651166. "Stable, thermal equilibrium, large-amplitude, spherical plasma oscillations in electrostatic

Glauber–Sudarshan P representation (1,862 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

classical. This is actually quite a remarkable result because for thermal equilibrium the density matrix is also diagonal in the Fock basis, but Fock states

Cerium nitrates (2,646 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

S2CID 98479942. Abel, W.; A. Anderson; W. Black; J. Wheatley (1966). "Thermal Equilibrium Between Liquid He^{3} and Powdered Cerium Magnesium Nitrate at Very

Raman scattering (4,052 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the material is vibrational in origin and if the material is in thermal equilibrium. For high-intensity continuous wave (CW) lasers, stimulated Raman

Sissy Spacek (band) (577 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

(Helicopter, 2020) Prismatic Parameter (Helicopter, 2020) Featureless Thermal Equilibrium (Helicopter, 2020) Electric Field in Parallel (Helicopter, 2022)

Isotope separation (4,318 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

also with liquids, the diffusion method relies on the fact that in thermal equilibrium, two isotopes with the same energy will have different average velocities

Magnetohydrodynamics (5,160 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the stars) and jets. Most astrophysical systems are not in local thermal equilibrium, and therefore require an additional kinematic treatment to describe

Fluctuation theorem (3,118 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and reverse changes a system undergoes as it is driven away from thermal equilibrium by the action of an external perturbation, which is a result predicted

Thermometer (6,298 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

atmospheric pressure and mark the point indicated when it had come to thermal equilibrium. Immerse the sensing portion in a steam bath at standard atmospheric

Kundu equation (1,866 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

; Averin, D. V. (2008), "One-dimensional impenetrable anyons in thermal equilibrium. I. Anyonic generalizations of Lenard's formula", J. Phys. A, 41

Open quantum system (2,763 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

consistent with the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger stability criterion for thermal equilibrium i.e. the KMS state. An alternative approach to fix the Redfield has

Shape of the universe (3,811 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

For instance, one can imagine finding a gas cloud that is not in thermal equilibrium due to being so large that light speed cannot propagate the thermal

Tuna (7,119 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

original on 4 September 2015. Oxygenated blood that has just reached thermal equilibrium with ambient sea water in the gills enters the rete on the arterial

Metropolis–Hastings algorithm (4,465 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

maximal-entropy distribution of microstates for a given temperature at thermal equilibrium). Consequently, the acceptance ratio was itself an exponential of

Crookes radiometer (2,860 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

transfer heat to the outside before both sides of each vane reach thermal equilibrium by heat conduction through the vane material. High inside pressure

Fuse (electrical) (5,125 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

rise of its operating temperature until the fuse finally reaches thermal equilibrium. The voltage drop should be taken into account, particularly when

Logistic function (5,893 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

statistical distribution of fermions over the energy states of a system in thermal equilibrium. In particular, it is the distribution of the probabilities that

Stellar evolution (6,416 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

core continues to grow on the red-giant branch. It is no longer in thermal equilibrium, either degenerate or above the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit, so

Fermi–Dirac statistics (4,514 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

identical fermions that have negligible mutual interaction and are in thermal equilibrium. Since there is negligible interaction between the fermions, the

Stroud Water Research Center (1,816 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

concept played a major role in the study of river ecosystems. The thermal equilibrium concept also emerged from the Stroud Center as a project of Sweeney

Swendsen–Wang algorithm (2,132 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

disadvantage of requiring a far larger number of moves to reach thermal equilibrium. Indeed the correlation time τ{\displaystyle \tau } usually increases

Negative temperature (3,724 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

two-dimensional systems of vortices confined to a finite area can form thermal equilibrium states at negative temperature, and indeed negative temperature states

Bianconi–Barabási model (3,024 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

given an energy state ε, the number of non-interacting bosons in thermal equilibrium at temperature T = 1/β is given by the Bose occupation number

Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory (3,632 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

changing. Setting up a bit of information in a sub-system originally in thermal equilibrium results in a local entropy reduction. However, there is no violation

Phonon (6,372 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Black-body radiation. Both gases obey the Bose–Einstein statistics: in thermal equilibrium and within the harmonic regime, the probability of finding phonons

Phonon (6,372 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Black-body radiation. Both gases obey the Bose–Einstein statistics: in thermal equilibrium and within the harmonic regime, the probability of finding phonons

Stéphan Fauve (842 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

p. 061101 G. Michel, F. Pétrélis and S. Fauve, « Observation of thermal equilibrium in capillary wave turbulence », Phys. Rev. Lett., 118, (2017), p

Oxygen sensor (4,234 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

started and when the components in the exhaust system come to a thermal equilibrium. The length of time required for the exhaust gases to bring the probe

Greenhouse gas (8,038 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Press. ISBN 978-0-12-732951-2. Manabe, S.; Strickler, R. F. (1964). "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment". J. Atmos. Sci. 21

Balfour Stewart (2,055 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Rigid Spectroscope," "Heating of a Disc by Rapid Motion in Vacuo," "Thermal Equilibrium in an Enclosure Containing Matter in Visible Motion," and "Internal

Heat sink (5,764 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

distribution of heat over a device or heat sink. It only models a system in thermal equilibrium and does not take into account the change in temperatures with time

Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution (5,001 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

particles' states. Additionally, the particles are assumed to be in thermal equilibrium. This relation can be written as an equation by introducing a normalizing

History of thermodynamics (3,807 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Looking at the radiation as coming from a cavity oscillator in thermal equilibrium, the formula suggested that energy in a cavity occurs only in multiples

Carrier lifetime (2,513 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

a non-equilibrium state. Therefore, processes that tend towards thermal equilibrium, namely mechanisms of carrier recombination, always play a role.

Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons (1,621 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

(2017-01-05). "Bose-Einstein Condensation of Long-Lifetime Polaritons in Thermal Equilibrium". Physical Review Letters. 118 (1): 016602. arXiv:1601.02581. Bibcode:2017PhRvL

Glass transition (5,210 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of the molecular matrix when approaching Tg0, the setting of the thermal equilibrium is successively delayed, so that the usual measuring methods for

Spaceplane (5,981 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

panels and batteries or fuel cells, maneuvered in space, kept in thermal equilibrium, oriented, and communicated with. On-orbit thermal and radiological

Breaking wave (1,279 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

parameter Wave turbulence – Set of nonlinear waves deviated far from thermal equilibrium "AGU - American Geophysical Union". AGU. Arkhipenko, V.I.; Gusakov

Stochastic thermodynamics (3,633 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

series of novel behaviours that are not attainable by matter at thermal equilibrium, including, for example, swarming and the emergence of other collective

Hawking radiation (6,681 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

horizon, turn around, and free-fall back in. The condition of local thermal equilibrium implies that the consistent extension of this local thermal bath

Thermal conductivity and resistivity (8,255 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

its time variation increases. At steady state conditions and local thermal equilibrium are assumed we get the following equation (∂(n)∂t)diff.=−vx∂(n)0∂T∂T∂x

H-theorem (4,115 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

English translation: Boltzmann, L. (2003). "Further Studies on the Thermal Equilibrium of Gas Molecules". The Kinetic Theory of Gases. History of Modern

David Minard (951 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

of Internal Body Temperatures During Transient Heat Loads and at Thermal Equilibrium (Vol. 1). NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH INST BETHESDA MD. Minard, D. (1963)

Magnetic semiconductor (2,018 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

100–200 K. The manufacturability of the materials depend on the thermal equilibrium solubility of the dopant in the base material. E.g., solubility of

Redfield equation (1,834 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{\text{env,eq}})} in terms of the density operator of the environment in thermal equilibrium, ρenv,eq{\displaystyle \rho _{\text{env,eq}}}. This equation is non-local

Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics (8,481 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

with the increase of noise intensity. Symmetric phase can be called thermal equilibrium or T-phase because the ground state is the supersymmetric state of

Orders of magnitude (temperature) (1,322 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

to relativistic effects 5.5 TK, highest man-made temperature in thermal equilibrium as of 2015 (quark–gluon plasma from LHC collisions) 10 TK, 100 microseconds

Corium (nuclear reactor) (5,711 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

from above the corium layer, in sufficient quantity, may obtain a thermal equilibrium below the metal creep temperature, without reactor vessel failure

Complex regional pain syndrome (6,892 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

arrives at a thermographic laboratory, he or she is allowed to reach thermal equilibrium in a 16–20 °C, draft-free, steady-state room wearing a loose fitting

Fresno, California (9,071 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

; Harry Seidman (August 1973). Statistical Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases (Report). EPA-660/2-73-003

Thought experiment (8,297 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

machine that does not violate the second law and does no work at thermal equilibrium) Bucket argument – argues that space is absolute, not relational

Entropy (information theory) (9,431 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

of Heat and Probability Calculations Regarding the Conditions for Thermal Equilibrium"". Entropy. 17: 1971–2009. doi:10.3390/e17041971. Jaynes, E. T. (15

Plasma diagnostics (3,029 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"Laser-induced resonance fluorescence as a diagnostic technique in non-thermal equilibrium plasmas". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 33 (9): R51–R65

Fred Hoyle (6,324 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

can become much more abundant than other heavy elements owing to thermal equilibrium among nuclear particles, explaining the high natural abundance of

Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (2,596 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

spin-lattice relaxation results from the urge of the system to return to thermal equilibrium after it has been perturbed by the B1 pulse. Return of the magnetization

Gaia (spacecraft) (7,761 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

produce through its solar panels, as well as disturb the spacecraft's thermal equilibrium. After launch, a 10-metre-diameter sunshade was deployed. The sunshade

David Snoke (2,560 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(2017). "Bose-Einstein Condensation of long-lifetime polaritons in thermal equilibrium". Physical Review Letters. 118 (1): 016602. arXiv:1601.02581. Bibcode:2017PhRvL

Muon spin spectroscopy (3,208 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Considering that the huge muon spin polarization is completely outside thermal equilibrium, a dynamical relaxation towards the equilibrium unpolarized state

Polymerase chain reaction (11,116 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reaction tubes permit favorable thermal conductivity to allow for rapid thermal equilibrium. Most thermal cyclers have heated lids to prevent condensation at

David Snoke (2,560 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(2017). "Bose-Einstein Condensation of long-lifetime polaritons in thermal equilibrium". Physical Review Letters. 118 (1): 016602. arXiv:1601.02581. Bibcode:2017PhRvL

Muon spin spectroscopy (3,208 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Considering that the huge muon spin polarization is completely outside thermal equilibrium, a dynamical relaxation towards the equilibrium unpolarized state

Polymerase chain reaction (11,116 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reaction tubes permit favorable thermal conductivity to allow for rapid thermal equilibrium. Most thermal cyclers have heated lids to prevent condensation at

Bose–Einstein condensate (9,705 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

number of particles. So a collection of enough Bose particles in thermal equilibrium will mostly be in the ground state, with only a few in any excited

Cybernetical physics (3,003 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

engine which operates by drawing heat from a source which is at thermal equilibrium at temperature Thot{\displaystyle T_{hot}}, and delivering useful

Greenhouse effect (8,965 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

2017. Retrieved 28 May 2023. Manabe, S.; Strickler, R. F. (1964). "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment". J. Atmos. Sci. 21

Bremsstrahlung (7,825 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

}={j_{\nu } \over k_{\nu }}} If the matter and radiation are also in thermal equilibrium at some temperature, then Iν{\displaystyle I_{\nu }} must be the

Sea ice growth processes (2,262 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

process is a part of Ice–albedo feedback. While Cox and Weeks assume thermal equilibrium, Tonboe uses a more complex thermodynamic model based on numerical

Wigner crystal (2,819 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(1999). "Trapped nonneutral plasmas, liquids, and crystals (the thermal equilibrium states)". Reviews of Modern Physics. 71 (1): 87–172. Bibcode:1999RvMP

Seebeck coefficient (4,084 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

generally occurs at high doping levels. Phonons are not always in local thermal equilibrium; they move against the thermal gradient. They lose momentum by interacting

Bogdanov affair (7,729 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

As of October 2018[update], the Bogdanovs' most recent paper was "Thermal Equilibrium and KMS Condition at the Planck Scale", which was submitted to the

History of climate change science (18,357 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

that the CO2 content of the atmosphere is doubled and statistical thermal equilibrium is achieved, the more realistic of the modeling efforts predict a

Info-metrics (2,031 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

14 (91):108–127, 1857. Ludwig Boltzmann. "Further studies on the thermal equilibrium of gas molecules (weitere studien über das wärmegleichgewicht unter

Countercurrent exchange (5,194 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

cold one, and the cold fluid cools down the warm one. The result is thermal equilibrium: Both fluids end up at around the same temperature: 40 °C, almost

Zero field NMR (1,906 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The thermal equilibrium state of a 1H-13C pair in high-field corresponds to a state in which both spins are polarized along the B0 field, with 1H polarization

Quantum discord (2,352 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

shown that, at least for certain models of a qubit pair which is in thermal equilibrium and form an open quantum system in contact with a heat bath, the

Theoretical astronomy (3,851 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

supernova graphites, the chemistry is kinetic rather than due to thermal equilibrium and is made possible by radiodeactivation of the CO trap for carbon

Hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI (1,930 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

denotes the rate at which the transverse magnetization decays to thermal equilibrium polarization, for the product species P. The unidirectional flux

Inertial electrostatic confinement (6,666 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the Wayback Machine Barnes, D. C.; Nebel, R. A. (1998). "Stable, thermal equilibrium, large-amplitude, spherical plasma oscillations in electrostatic

Enceladus (14,763 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

generated power is about 4.7 gigawatts, and suggest that it is in thermal equilibrium. The observed power output of 4.7 gigawatts is challenging to explain

Aza-Cope rearrangement (5,704 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

1021/jo00238a039. Vogel, E.; Grimme, W.; Dinne, E. (December 1963). "Thermal Equilibrium between cis-1,2-Divinylcyclo-pentane and cis,cis-1,5-Cyclononadiene"

Outgoing longwave radiation (3,752 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

4324/9780203407219. ISBN 978-0-203-40721-9. Manabe, S.; Strickler, R. F. (1964). "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment". J. Atmos. Sci. 21

List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein (4,126 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Kinetic Theory of Thermal Equilibrium and of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Buffer-gas trap (1,960 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

December 1998). "Trapped nonneutral plasmas, liquids, and crystals (the thermal equilibrium states)". Reviews of Modern Physics. 71 (1). American Physical Society

Xenon (11,984 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

surpass 50% of its maximum possible value, greatly exceeding the thermal equilibrium value dictated by paramagnetic statistics (typically 0.001% of the

Andrei Sakharov (8,716 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

violation, C-symmetry and CP-symmetry violation, and interactions out of thermal equilibrium. Sakharov was also interested in explaining why the curvature of

Liquid crystal (11,185 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

used to derive the thermodynamic properties of the system assuming thermal equilibrium. It results in two self-consistency equations that must be solved

Crystal oscillator (9,420 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

oven-controlled OCXOs require usually 3–10 minutes for heating up to reach thermal equilibrium; the oven-less oscillators stabilize in several seconds as the few

Quantum noise (3,504 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

energy is equally shared among a molecule/atoms degrees of freedom in thermal equilibrium , i.e., 12MΩ2⟨x2⟩=12kBT{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}M\Omega ^{2}\langle

Glossary of power electronics (6,492 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

1. continuous duty; Operation time such that a capacitor is at thermal equilibrium for most of the time. 2. intermittent duty ; Discontinuous working

Solar water heating (7,524 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of solar thermal collectors: Any hot object ultimately returns to thermal equilibrium with its environment, due to heat loss from conduction, convection

CANDU reactor (9,599 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the lower energy limit is the energy where the neutrons are in thermal equilibrium with the moderator. When neutrons approach this lower energy limit

First law of thermodynamics (13,534 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

this notion of heat were the notions of empirical temperature and thermal equilibrium. This framework also took as primitive the notion of transfer of

Electrospinning (5,521 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electrospinning. The fiber uniformity upon achieving stable flow rates and thermal equilibrium, tends to be very good. The whipping instability which is the predominant

White dwarf (18,144 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

years, cool and become a non-radiating black dwarf in approximate thermal equilibrium with its surroundings and with the cosmic background radiation. No

Climate sensitivity (10,388 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Retrieved 22 February 2020. Manabe S, Wetherald RT (May 1967). "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity"

Penning–Malmberg trap (2,700 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(1999). "Trapped nonneutral plasmas, liquids, and crystals (the thermal equilibrium states)". Reviews of Modern Physics. 71 (1): 87–172. Bibcode:1999RvMP

20th century in science (9,739 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

that the CO2 content of the atmosphere is doubled and statistical thermal equilibrium is achieved, the more realistic of the modeling efforts predict a

Atmospheric circulation of exoplanets (1,190 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

high temperature to those of low temperature in an effort to reach thermal equilibrium. Generally, planets have stably stratified atmospheres. This means

Fusion power (20,634 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Wisconsin, Madison. Barnes, D. C.; Nebel, R. A. (July 1998). "Stable, thermal equilibrium, large-amplitude, spherical plasma oscillations in electrostatic

Nucleoid (17,198 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

becomes substantially condensed without any additional factors; at thermal equilibrium, it assumes a random coil form. The random coil of E. coli chromosomal

Nucleoid (17,198 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

becomes substantially condensed without any additional factors; at thermal equilibrium, it assumes a random coil form. The random coil of E. coli chromosomal

Valve RF amplifier (4,459 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

means that all frequency-determining components may have to heat to thermal equilibrium before frequency stability is reached. While at AM broadcast (medium

Rachel Mamlok-Naaman (1,244 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Ben-Zvi, Ruth; Silberstein, Judith; Mamlok, Rachel (1993). "A Model of Thermal Equilibrium: A Tool for the Introduction of Thermodynamics". Journal of Chemical

Hyperuniformity (4,359 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

relation dictates that any compressible one-component fluid in thermal equilibrium cannot be strictly hyperuniform at finite temperature. Recently Chremos

De Broglie–Bohm theory (16,410 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

are emergent and form a "quantum equilibrium" that is analogous to thermal equilibrium in classical dynamics, such that other "quantum non-equilibrium"

Le Sage's theory of gravitation (11,270 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

small, because electrons and background radiation were nearly in thermal equilibrium. Hogan and White proposed in 1986 that mock gravity might have influenced

Palash Baran Pal (1,440 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

particles (as electrons, positrons or charged weak gauge bosons) in thermal equilibrium. Pal has also ventured into calculations where the background for

Zero-point energy (26,476 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

chaos, as without such expansion the universe would have reached thermal equilibrium and no complexity could have existed. With the continued accelerated

Stellar dynamics (15,411 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{70km/s} )}, and do not follow a Maxwell distribution, and are not in thermal equilibrium with the air molecules because of the extremely low cross-section

Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (8,446 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

only 45 °F (7 °C), but it gradually warmed as the system reached a thermal equilibrium. After the initial startup, the pipeline was intended to run continuously

Single-photon avalanche diode (6,015 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

occupied to a degree that is much greater than that expected in a thermal-equilibrium distribution of charge carriers. After the SPAD has been quenched

Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma (5,656 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

assume that under all conditions the yield of strange quarks is in thermal equilibrium. In general, the quark-flavor composition of the plasma varies during

Glossary of meteorology (21,489 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

windows is vital for the Earth–atmosphere system to be maintained near thermal equilibrium. autumn avalanche Aviation Area Forecast (FA or ARFOR) A former message

Cavity optomechanics (6,857 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

position sits somewhere on the rising slope of the resonance. In thermal equilibrium, there will be oscillations around this position that do not follow

Dicke model (4,296 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

different two-level system, which can be diagonalized independently. At thermal equilibrium (see above), one finds that the free energy per two-level system

Heat transfer physics (8,878 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electron is small except at very high temperature when they are in thermal equilibrium with phonons (lattice). Electrons contribute to heat conduction (in

Thermometric titration (4,524 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

observed. This can be due to insensitivity of the sensor or where thermal equilibrium at the endpoint is slow to occur. It can also occur where the reaction

Outline of oceanography (32,647 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

waves Wave turbulence – A set of nonlinear waves deviated far from thermal equilibrium. Wave–current interaction – The interaction between surface gravity

Algorithmic cooling (6,812 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

entropy transfer. For example, if two gas containers that are both in thermal equilibrium with two different temperatures are put in contact, entropy will

Path integrals in polymer science (6,666 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{3}{2l^{2}}}k_{b}T\sum _{n=1}^{N}({\vec {R}}_{n}-{\vec {R}}_{n-1})} At thermal equilibrium one can expect the Boltzmann distribution, which indeed recovers