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searching for Seed predation 107 found (209 total)

Epicephala (743 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

nourishment. This relationship is similar to other specialized pollinating seed-predation mutualisms such as those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca

Arion (gastropod) (772 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Australia as invasive species, altering the plants of ecosystems through seed predation and competing with native slugs. There are approximately 40 species

Grevillea kennedyana (1,542 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

eating the seeds. Other species of Grevillea have been effected by seed predation. This is a possible contributing factor to the lack of recruitment of

Defaunation (4,175 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

medium/large-sized animals instead of small-sized animals will lead to different seed predation patterns, with an emphasis on smaller seeds One recent study analyzed

Ripogonum scandens (1,556 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Supplejack was included in a seed predation study with ten other woody forest species, where overall, seed predation be vertebrates was very low. Sooty

Phyllary (360 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

; Hayne, P. D. (1 January 1978). "Seed production and predispersal seed predation in the biennial composite species, Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. and A

Dipterocarpus intricatus (623 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

wings" in the potpourri trade The genus Nanophyes is associated with seed predation of D. intricatus. Ly, V.; Nanthavong, K.; Pooma, R.; Luu, H.T.; Nguyen

Wrinkle-faced bat (667 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

) is scarce as they are able to eat tougher fruit than other bats. Seed predation has been recorded in Mexican populations, which has been suggested as

Liberian mongoose (974 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

months. This altering of the litter environment indirectly affects seed predation and germination. The Liberian mongoose is also host to a species of

Harpalus pensylvanicus (249 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Micheal D. K.; Liebman, Matt; Leon, Ramon G. (2015). "Postdispersal Weed Seed Predation and Invertebrate Activity Density in Three Tillage Regimes". Weed Science

Cullenia exarillata (1,970 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

lion-tailed macaques, with the flowers, seeds, and aril being consumed. A seed predation rate of 45% has been estimated in a wet evergreen forest of the southern

Coleophora triplicis (145 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Steeves, R., Nazari, V., Landry, J., and Lacroix, C. 2008. Predispersal seed predation by a coleophorid on the threatened Gulf of St. Lawrence aster. Canadian

Petrocoptis pseudoviscosa (345 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

for road maintenance, and from damage to the plants by rock climbers. Seed predation is another problem, but if seeds successfully disperse to a new suitable

Trichapion rostrum (303 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

indigo (genus Baptisia) plants; the larvae feed on seeds in the pods. Seed predation by weevils can adversely affect reproduction of the Baptisia host. Female

Mast seeding (2,231 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

abundance of frugivores, large seed releases can effectively exceed seed predation and improve the chance of successful establishment of seeds in future

Euryoryzomys russatus (2,132 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

eater, consuming seeds, fruit, and insects when possible. A study of seed predation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest found E. russatus to be an efficient

Aerial seeding (2,762 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

inaccessible. Problems with direct broadcast include germination, pests and seed predation by rodents or other wild animals. Transplanting seedlings from a plant

Baptisia alba (764 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reach full development. The seed production of B. alba is impacted by seed predation which can cause B. alba to abort damaged fruits that are frequented

Shorea (1,221 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

habitat and species association to prevent competition for pollinators. Seed predation and mortality have an impact on the reproduction process of dipterocarps

Subfossil lemur (9,962 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

instead of leaping, as well as a greater dependence on leaf-eating and seed predation. The giant lemurs likely filled ecological niches now left vacant, particularly

Plumbeous hawk (130 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

T22695732A180868221.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Myster, Randall W. (2015-04-23). "Seed predation, pathogens and germination in primary vs. secondary cloud forest at

Serotiny (1,895 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

likely to be chosen. Serotiny occurs less frequently in areas where this seed predation is common. Pyriscence can be understood as an adaptation to an environment

Chionochloa rubra (1,201 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

unusual phenomenon of producing many seeds in response to decreased seed predation. In contrast, it was found to have a lower seed production at higher

Eucephalus vialis (756 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

action in the preservation of the species. Some plants are affected by seed predation, the browsing of deer, and disruptions in pollinator populations. Livestock

Pyrogenic flowering (832 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

pyrogenic flowering may also allow the plants to avoid periods of high seed predation post-fire. Flowering post fire may also be advantageous in allowing

Heliconia (2,594 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

showed that seed size was not a determinant. The highest amount of seed predation came from mammals. The generic name Heliconia was given by Carl Linnaeus

Aulacoscelidinae (113 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Duane D.; Windsor, Donald (October 2012). "Molecular evidence of cycad seed predation by immature Aulacoscelidinae (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae)". Systematic

Gryllus pennsylvanicus (1,569 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

1999. Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): laboratory weed seed predation and within field activity-density. J. Econ. Entomol. 92, 825-829. O'Rourke

Mesopithecus (601 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Spassov, Nikolai; Ungar, Peter S. (December 2009). "Folivory or fruit/seed predation for Mesopithecus, an earliest colobine from the late Miocene of Eurasia

Waratah (4,256 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0142-8. S2CID 22688500. Denham AJ (2008). "Seed predation limits post-fire recruitment in the waratah (Telopea speciosissima)"

Kudzu in the United States (3,508 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

blights, insect herbivory, and insect seed predation occur in high levels in field populations of kudzu. Seed predation is quite prevalent, with up to 81%

Self-pollination (1,933 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

effect of pollen source vs. flower type on progeny performance and seed predation under contrasting light environments in a cleistogamous herb". PLOS

Messor capitatus (1,358 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

congeners, those within the same genus. M.capitatus caused significant seed predation to the rare and endangered plant Erodium paularense. This plant produces

Mount Palung National Park (940 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Park, and is also an important ecological agent for seed dispersal and seed predation. It is believed that orangutans at Mount Palung constitute one of the

Brazilian big-eyed bat (710 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Neotropical. 5 (1): 41–45. Nogueria, M.R. & Peracchi, A.L. (2003). "Fig-seed predation by two species of Chiroderma: discovery of a new feeding strategy in

Zanthoxylum martinicense (205 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Flores-Mangual, Mario L.; Caraballo-Ortiz, Marcos A. (2013). "Post-Dispersal Seed Predation Rates in a Puerto Rican Pasture". Caribbean Journal of Science. 47 (2–3):

Qualea parviflora (328 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Clesnan; Oliveira, Paulo Eugênio (September 2014). "Pre-dispersal seed predation and abortion in species of Callisthene and Qualea (Vochysiaceae) in

Hickory (2,240 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

pecans, suggesting that the trees gradually developed defenses to rodent seed predation.[citation needed] During this time, the genus had a distribution across

Squirrel poaching (372 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

(February 2000). "Poachers Alter Mammal Abundance, Seed Dispersal, and Seed Predation in a Neotropical Forest". Conservation Biology. 14 (1): 227–239. doi:10

Seed ball (888 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dropping seed balls. It is used in modern aerial seeding as a way to deter seed predation. It has also been popularized by green movements such as guerrilla gardening

Syagrus romanzoffiana (3,733 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Ana D. L. C.; Gómez, José M. (January 2011). "Are We Misinterpreting Seed Predation in Palms?". Biotropica. 43 (1): 12–14. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010

Achyranthes arborescens (539 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

seedling recruitment is reduced by cattle grazing, by high levels of seed predation from the introduced rat population, and by introduced weeds such as

Ruizia parviflora (285 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

its original range due to competition with invasive alien plants and seed predation by invasive monkeys and rats. Today the biggest threats are wildfire

Erythronium americanum (952 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

myrmecochorous plant, meaning that ants help disperse the seeds and reduce seed predation. To make the seeds more appealing to ants they have an elaiosome which

Qualea multiflora (277 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Clesnan; Oliveira, Paulo Eugênio (September 2014). "Pre-dispersal seed predation and abortion in species of Callisthene and Qualea (Vochysiaceae) in

Palaeopropithecus (2,078 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

degrees. They supplemented their leaf-eating with substantial amounts of seed-predation, much like modern indrids. There is also no molar use wear evidence

Grevillea scapigera (660 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

species include its lack of critical habitat, habitat fragmentation, seed predation, weed invasion, browsing by rabbits, and salinity. List of Grevillea

Lychnis (moth) (1,079 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

contribute equally to pollination. Although there is a cost to plants by seed predation, this will potentially occur following visitation by a female. Compared

Chamaerops (2,161 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Rodríguez M, M. Delibes and JM Fedriani. 2014. Hierarchical levels of seed predation variation by introduced beetles on an endemic Mediterranean palm. PLOS

Baird's tapir (2,306 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

ISBN 978-0-07-909508-4. OL 2193631M. Janzen, David H. (1981). "Digestive Seed Predation by a Costa Rican Baird's Tapir". Biotropica. 13 (2): 59–63. Bibcode:1981Biotr

Acorn (3,011 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

(1971), Richard F. Johnson, Peter W. Frank and Charles Michner (ed.), "Seed Predation by Animals", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2 (1): 465–492

Oxysternon (563 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(2002). "Pulp handling by vertebrate seed dispersers increases palm seed predation by bruchid beetles in the northern Amazon". Journal of Ecology. 90 (6):

Xanthosoma (1,866 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

offer and spatial distribution on fruit production and pre-dispersal seed predation in Xanthosoma daguense (Araceae)", Biotropica, 37 (3): 373–380, Bibcode:2005Biotr

Phayre's leaf monkey (2,262 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

mechanics and diet in Asian colobines: Morphological evidence of mature seed predation and sclerocarpy". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (1):

Tephritis neesii (646 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

flowering behaviour in plants: the role of pollination and pre-dispersal seed predation (M.Phil. thesis). University of Southampton. Stefan Andersson (2008)

Pinus flexilis (1,903 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

ISSN 0012-9615. Siepielski, Adam M.; Benkman, Craig W. (October 2008). "Seed Predation and Selection Exerted by a Seed Predator Influence Subalpine Tree Densities"

Zostera marina (1,935 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

PMID 19131078. Infantes, Eduardo; Crouzy, Caroline; Per-Olav, Moksnes (2016). "Seed Predation by the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas: A Positive Feedback Preventing Eelgrass

Erodium cicutarium (1,639 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

PMID 24767122. Harmon, G. D.; Stamp, N. E. (1992). "Effects of Postdispersal Seed Predation on Spatial Inequality and Size Variability in an Annual Plant, Erodium

Bruchus (1,129 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Oikos 101(1), 196-204. Szentesi, Á. and T. Jermy. (1995). Predispersal seed predation in leguminous species: seed morphology and bruchid distribution. Oikos

Quercus chrysolepis (1,517 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Journal of Botany, Vol 84, 1553, (1997) Peter G. Kennedy, Post-dispersal seed predation varies by habitat not acorn size for Quercus chrysolepis (Fagaceae)

Janzen–Connell hypothesis (2,900 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

stage, but not at the seed stage. A 1994 study by Burkey found that seed predation did not follow a pattern supporting that of the Janzen–Connell hypothesis

Meadow (4,807 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

later in the year. Additionally, it might allow for longer periods of seed predation. Problematic is also the lack of the insulating snow cover, springtime

Cypripedium candidum (1,004 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Arnold PM, Michaels HJ. 2014. Effects of pollination limitation and seed predation on female reproductive success of a deceptive orchid. AoB Plants 6:

Araucaria araucana (3,059 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Sanguinetti, Javier; Kitzberger, Thomas (10 May 2009). "Factors controlling seed predation by rodents and non-native Sus scrofa in Araucaria araucana forests:

Attalea (plant) (2,949 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

dispersed by animals; fruit which are not dispersed frequently suffer seed predation by bruchid beetles. Certain species of Attalea have been mentioned as

Bromus scoparius (154 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Luigi (2005). "A stochastic model of seed dispersal pattern to assess seed predation by ants in annual dry grasslands". Plant Ecology. 178 (2): 225–235.

Ara (bird) (2,299 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Norconk, Marilyn A.; Wertis, Catherine; Kinzey, Warren G. (1997). "Seed predation by monkeys and macaws in eastern Venezuela: Preliminary findings". Primates

Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park (1,975 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

crop and it is “thought that mast fruiting may have occurred to combat seed predation through predator satiation.” These seeds are destroyed by beetles. However

Attalea dubia (740 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

disturbance (agriculture) effects on primary Cloud forest in Ecuador: seed predation, seed pathogens, germination". New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science

Telopea mongaensis (1,651 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Denham Andrew J.; Auld, Tony D. (2002). "Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters". Australian

Telopea mongaensis (1,651 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Denham Andrew J.; Auld, Tony D. (2002). "Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters". Australian

Pakke Tiger Reserve (2,597 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Conservation 153:32-40. Velho, N., Isvaran, K. and Datta, A. 2012. Rodent seed predation: effects on seed survival, recruitment, abundance and dispersion of

Telopea truncata (2,935 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Denham, Andrew J.; Auld, Tony D. (2002). "Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters". Australian

Orites revolutus (1,701 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Plants Society Tasmania Inc. Tan, E. (2009). Arthropod Communities and Seed Predation in Tasmanian Alpine Orites. University of Tasmania. Primack, RB (1983)

Messor barbarus (1,416 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

minimal, with only an average of a 0.2% decline in potential yield from seed predation in newly sown seed populations and an average of a 0.6% decline in yield

Oxysternon festivum (1,066 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(2002). "Pulp handling by vertebrate seed dispersers increases palm seed predation by bruchid beetles in the northern Amazon". Journal of Ecology. 90 (6):

Mangroves of the Straits of Malacca (1,132 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

mangrove plant species through selective predation on seedlings. High seed predation by crabs can have negative influence on regeneration of mangrove trees

Storage effect (4,378 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Jessica; Chesson, Peter (2009). "Coexistence of annual plants: Generalist seed predation weakens the storage effect". Ecology. 90 (1): 170–182. Bibcode:2009Ecol

Grevillea caleyi (1,517 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

approximately 3% of flowers resulting in seed), seed dispersal being low and seed predation being high, it is estimated that it takes 8-12 years for a sufficient

Telopea oreades (3,386 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Denham Andrew J.; Auld, Tony D. (2002). "Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters". Australian

Astrocaryum standleyanum (1,342 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Journal of Tropical Ecology 13(1) 51-58. Jansen, P. A., et al. (2010). Seed predation and defleshing in the agouti-dispersed palm Astrocaryum standleyanum

Monodominance (2,120 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

tree: a demographic cost-benefit analysis of delayed reproduction and seed predation". Journal of Ecology. 99 (4): 1033–1044. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011

Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve (2,391 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

doi:10.18483/ijsci.740. ISSN 2305-3925. "Review for "Pre‐dispersal seed predation could help explain premature fruit drop in a tropical forest"". 2021-09-29

Blastophaga psenes (2,291 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"First record of an apparently rare fig wasp feeding strategy: obligate seed predation". Ecological Entomology. 39 (4): 492–500. doi:10.1111/een.12122. ISSN 0307-6946

Kentrosaurus (6,054 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"Interactions between Mesozoic Plants and Vertebrates: Fructifications and seed predation". N. Jb. Geol. Paläontol. Abhandl. 167 (2): 224–250. Bibcode:1984NJGPA

Banksia brownii (4,703 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the subsequent shedding of seed allows the population to regenerate. Seed predation continues after its release: in one study, B. brownii seeds were placed

Telopea speciosissima (4,949 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Denham Andrew J.; Auld, Tony D. (2002). "Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters". Australian

Stegosaurus (12,287 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"Interactions between Mesozoic Plants and Vertebrates:Fructifications and seed predation". N. Jb. Geol. Paläontol. Abhandl. 167 (2): 224–50. Bibcode:1984NJGPA

Philodendron (7,303 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Marc; Albre, Jérôme; Dejean, Alain; Barabé, Denis (November 2002). "Seed Predation in Philodendron solimoesense (Araceae) by Chalcid Wasps (Hymenoptera)"

Pinyon jay (5,172 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

intervals but are geographically synchronous, perhaps to counteract seed predation. Bumper seed crops of the Colorado pinyon are episodic and are probably

Latitudinal gradients in species diversity (6,597 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Jedediah F.; Thomas, Haydn J. D.; M, P. A. Morales (1 February 2019). "Seed predation increases from the Arctic to the Equator and from high to low elevations"

Hylaeus (bee) (4,513 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Paul (2014). "Evaluating the interacting influences of pollination, seed predation, invasive species and isolation on reproductive success in a threatened

Josephoartigasia (4,624 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the tree squirrel (Paraxerus cepapi) in marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed predation, dispersal and germination". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 28 (2): 230

Species affected by poaching (2,549 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Ibanez, R. (2000). "Poachers alter mammal abundance, seed dispersal, and seed predation in a neotropical forest". Conservation Biology. 14: 227–239. doi:10

Butia purpurascens (2,365 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

hardiness zone is 9b. Noblick, writing for the IUCN in 1998, mentioned high seed predation by 'bean weevils' as a possible threat to the species, and due to this

Apostatic selection (2,431 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Horst, Jonathan; Venable, D.L (January 2018). "Frequency‐dependent seed predation by rodents on Sonoran Desert winter annual plants". Ecology. 99 (1):

Vateria indica (3,564 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and adults of both predators seen in infected fruits. Nevertheless, seed predation, as determined by damage to the growing plumule was low, seen in only

Banksia prionotes (7,152 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

follicles per cone, leading to relatively high seed counts. There is some seed predation, primarily from the curculionid weevil Cechides amoenus. Like many plants

Green-head ant (6,504 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

A. (2002). "The effects of flooding and livestock on post-dispersal seed predation in river red gum habitats". Journal of Applied Ecology. 39 (2): 247–258

Protea pruinosa (3,070 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dozen seeds. Most proteas experience only little incidence of insect seed predation. This is an extremely difficult species to cultivate in areas with less

Dipteryx micrantha (3,345 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Hanna; Loiselle, Bette A. (June 2004). "On the density-dependence of seed predation in Dipteryx micrantha, a bat-dispersed rain forest tree". Oecologia

Allochronic speciation (6,647 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(link) Barat M, Tarayre M, and Atlan A (2007), "Plant phenology and seed predation: Interactions between gorses and weevils in Brittany (France)", Entomologia

Protea recondita (2,939 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

individual plants. Most proteas experience only little incidence of insect seed predation. This species is mostly found growing on rocky slopes near mountain

Annual vs. perennial plant evolution (3,866 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

due to adaptive changes for greater seed allocation in response to seed predation (although other drivers, such as biased pollination, have been proposed)

Torreya taxifolia (19,315 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

plant each seed under a rock or no less than 4 inches deep. Even if seed predation was mostly deterred, young seedlings were vulnerable to herbivore browsing

Wood-pasture hypothesis (16,123 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Johannes; Schill, Hans-Peter (August 1996). "Spatial patterns of dispersal, seed predation and germination during colonization of abandoned grassland by Quercus

List of herbivorous animals (25,740 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

aterrimus) in lowland New Guinea: fruit flesh as a directed deterrent to seed predation?". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 21 (4): 355–361. doi:10.1017/s0266467405002336