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searching for Seafloor spreading 108 found (313 total)

Aegir Ridge (322 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

initial break-up boundary between Greenland and Norway, along which seafloor spreading was initiated at the beginning of the Eocene epoch to form the northern

Sheeted dyke complex (1,131 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

continuous process that promotes the phenomenon known as seafloor spreading. Seafloor spreading is the creation of new oceanic crust by volcanic activity

Tectonics of the South China Sea (3,154 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

northeast area was in the seafloor spreading stage, rifting was ongoing in the southwestern part. Reconstruction of the seafloor spreading following rifting comes

Rift (2,533 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

converging rifts meet over a hotspot. Two of these evolve to the point of seafloor spreading, while the third ultimately fails, becoming an aulacogen. Most rifts

Red Sea Rift (917 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

rift motion was seen in the lower/middle Eocene, followed by major seafloor spreading in the late Eocene and early Oligocene. This was followed by a period

Kerguelen hotspot (2,984 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

igneous provinces and seamounts the hotspot has interacted with other seafloor spreading features, so this volume figure has some uncertainty. The most recent

Aden Ridge (831 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Extension eventually gave way to seafloor spreading, first initiated near the Owen transform fault ~18 Ma ago. Seafloor spreading then propagated as far west

Tanya Atwater (1,754 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

volcano-tectonic processes responsible for creating new oceanic crust at seafloor spreading centers. In 1968, she co-authored a research paper featuring groundbreaking

Bruce Spur (333 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

off together with the two knolls. This rifting ended with onset of seafloor spreading between Australia and Antarctica around 83 Ma. Notes Whittaker et

Agulhas Basin (1,182 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Retrieved 10 July 2015. LaBrecque, J. L.; Hayes, D. E. (1979). "Seafloor spreading history of the Agulhas Basin". Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Prince Edward fracture zone (345 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The PEFZ is located west of Prince Edward Islands. The history of seafloor spreading between Africa and Antarctica since the breakup of Gondwana can be

Lawrence Alexander Hardie (2,173 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

seawater chemistry. In the latter, he proposed that changes in the seafloor spreading rates at mid-ocean ridges have altered the composition of seawater

Galápagos triple junction (876 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

like volcanic arc systems, and divergent plates cause trenches and seafloor spreading patterns and both are secondary formations[clarification needed] due

North Galapagos microplate (138 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

"Columbia University Researchers Find Key to the Formation of New Seafloor Spreading Centers". December 3, 2002. Retrieved October 6, 2010. "Galapagos

Scotia plate (2,971 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

During the Oligocene (34–23 Ma) South Georgia was reburied again as seafloor spreading took place in the West Scotia Sea. 10 Ma, finally, the South Georgia

Macquarie fault zone (3,160 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

formally thought to be the late Miocene. However this cessation of seafloor spreading generally propagated from south at 25.9 million years ago to north

Partial melting (1,854 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

certain settings, such as rift zones in continents, back-arc basins, seafloor spreading zones and intraplate hotspots. Plate tectonics and mantle convection

Havre Trough (1,817 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

tectonic feature, as the Lau Basin which currently contains active seafloor spreading centers. Its eastern margin is defined by the Kermadec Ridge created

Gonâve microplate (787 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

a pull-apart basin, which continued to extend until the onset of seafloor spreading, creating the Cayman spreading centre. Further movement on this fault

Volcanic passive margin (1,048 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the transitional crust and the accumulation of sediments. Continued seafloor spreading leads to the formation of oceanic crust of normal thickness. Over

Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc (6,101 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

rifting but began to build again as a distinct magmatic system once seafloor spreading began. Arc volcanism, especially explosive volcanism, waned during

Newfoundland Ridge (289 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Barremian–Aptian (Tucholke and Ludwig, 1982). Open arrows = earliest proposed seafloor spreading, solid arrows = estimates for latest initiation of spreading. (Southern

Zealandia (2,932 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

After 85 million years ago Zealandia separated from Australia through seafloor spreading of the Coral and Tasman seas until this ceased 52 million years ago

Pitman fracture zone (90 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

III, a geophysicist and pioneer in studies of continental drift and seafloor spreading. Name proposed by Drs. Cande, Haxby and Raymond, Lamont–Doherty Geological

Gulf of Mexico basin (1,725 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

an ocean-continent transform boundary, and a magmatic plume fueled seafloor spreading center active contemporaneously in regards to geologic time. The transform

Basement (geology) (1,503 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

(2020). "A global data set of present-day oceanic crustal age and seafloor spreading parameters". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 21 (10): e2020GC009214

Eustatic sea level (748 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Changes in the size of the ocean basin, for instance, by tectonic seafloor spreading or by sedimentation. These slow processes can cause the total volume

Riiser-Larsen Sea (970 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

centered on southern Africa. Rifting then spread towards Antarctica and seafloor spreading opened what is now the Mozambique Basin, Riiser-Larsen Sea, West Somali

South American–Antarctic Ridge (1,279 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

L.; Eagles, G. (2014). "Constraining South Atlantic growth with seafloor spreading data" (PDF). Tectonics. 33 (9): 1848–1873. Bibcode:2014Tecto..33.1848P

Ceylonite (620 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

6, 717-724. Desa, M., Ramana, M.V., Ramprasad, T., 30 June 2006, Seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies south off Sri Lanka, Marine Geology, 229, 34, 227-240

Juan de Fuca Ridge (1,388 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

emplacement leads to eruptions and hydrothermal plume release during seafloor spreading events". Geology. 35 (7): 579–582. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..579D. doi:10

Maria Seton (1,649 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reconstructions and mantle convection models for significant fluctuations in seafloor spreading. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 383, 92–100. Bower, D., Gurnis

Zuñi sequence (326 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

mantle to the base of the lithosphere, fueling a dramatic increase in seafloor spreading rates; this caused the hotter mid-ocean ridges to increase in volume

Northeast Georgia Rise (1,283 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

America, and Africa. This volcanism lasted until 94 Ma after which seafloor spreading detached the Northeast Georgia Rise and Maude Rise from the Agulhas

Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (927 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the Mid Atlantic Ridge. In 1960, Harry Hammond Hess developed the seafloor spreading theory by ocean exploration.Deep Sea Drilling Project started in 1968

Scotia Arc (926 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

spreading centre of the separation between South America and Antarctica. Seafloor spreading in the West Scotia Sea continued until 6.6-5.9 Ma. The oldest volcanic

Kerguelen Plateau (2,410 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

proc.sr.183.008.2002. Müller, R. D.; Gaina, C.; Clark, S. (2000). "Seafloor spreading around Australia". Billion-year earth history of Australia and neighbours

Shallow water marine environment (1,223 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

inhibition. Changes in the Mg/Ca ratio over geologic time, influenced by seafloor spreading and tectonic plate movement, have also increased aragonite abundance

Marine sediment (12,407 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of sediment for every 1000 km distance from the ridge axis. With a seafloor spreading rate of about 20–40 km/million years, this represents a sediment accumulation

Campos Basin (1,604 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

years ago and reached the Santos Basin to the north in the Barremian. Seafloor spreading continued northwards to the Campos Basin in the Early Albian, at approximately

Basin and Range Province (2,296 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

years ago), much of the Farallon plate had been consumed, and the seafloor spreading ridge that separated the Farallon plate from the Pacific plate (Pacific-Farallon

Cayman Trough (967 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Report: WHOI-83-34. Ten Brink, Uri S., et al., 2001, Asymmetric seafloor spreading: crustal thickness variations and transitional crust in Cayman Trough

Upper mantle body (475 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Yongjun; Schenke, Hans Werner (1 October 2011). "Oblique nonvolcanic seafloor spreading in Lena Trough, Arctic Ocean". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Harmon Craig (3,509 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

submarine hydrothermal vents by measuring helium 3 and radon emitted from seafloor spreading centers. He made 17 dives to the bottom of the ocean in the ALVIN

Mount Arafat (875 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

addition, the study reported that rifting, magmatism, volcanism and seafloor spreading that resulted in the formation of Red Sea seems to have altered the

Lachlan Fold Belt (1,830 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

measurements. About 84 million years ago The Tasman Sea started to form by seafloor spreading. This split off a segment of the coast to form the Lord Howe Rise

Agulhas Plateau (1,786 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

over the Bouvet hotspot. About 94 Ma the main eruption ended and seafloor spreading detached the NEGR and MR from the AP. Before this separation the AP-NEGR-MR

Shield volcano (4,313 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

December 2013. Sanger, W.; et al. (2019). "Oceanic plateau formation by seafloor spreading implied by Tamu Massif magnetic anomalies". Nature Geoscience. 12

Tarfaya Basin (2,000 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

accommodation space was subsidence rates of 150 mm/year that resulted from seafloor spreading. Through the Jurassic, the Atlantic margin along the coast of Morocco

List of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus (820 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

close to the Malounta Bridge. It provides an excellent example of how seafloor spreading takes place with dyke swarms showing dyke-indyke intrusion between

Agulhas Bank (7,135 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

resulting in a continuous eruption that lasted to about 94 Mya and the seafloor spreading that still separates Antarctica, Africa, and South America. The Agulhas-Falkland

Tectonics of Mars (2,835 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

have interpreted as a sequence of reversals and a process akin to seafloor spreading. The stripes are ten times wider than those found on Earth, indicating

Gulf of Suez Rift (2,177 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

break-up occurred along the whole length of the Red Sea rift with seafloor spreading beginning in the Late Miocene. This break-up was associated with a

Southeast Indian Ridge (2,573 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Eberle, M.; Hung, S. H.; Johnson, K.; Graham, D. W. (2000). "Anomalous seafloor spreading of the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St. Paul plateau"

Owen fracture zone (1,144 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and southern branch that both flow parallel to the Carlsberg Ridge. Seafloor spreading in the Sheba ridge began c. 20 Ma. Subduction in the Makran Trench

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (1,869 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

step in verifying the hypothesis of plate tectonics associated with seafloor spreading, by dating basal sediments on transects away from the Mid-Atlantic

Carmen Gaina (1,037 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Brown, B.; Ishihara, T. and S. Ivanov (2007). "Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica". Geophysical Journal International.

Plate theory (volcanism) (5,859 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, both of which have progressed to the seafloor spreading stage. Likewise, the Mid-American Rift constitutes two arms of a triple

Angola Basin (2,522 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

phase of rifting led to the breakup of the lithosphere, initiated seafloor spreading that still acts today, and resulted in the development of oceanic

Maya Region (3,754 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Gulf of Mexico seafloor spreading starts inc. exposed northern Lowlands; cf 144 144 Mya Early Cretaceous Caribbean Sea seafloor spreading starts cf 120

Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (before 1954) (9,254 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

substantiates the opposite alternative: passive continents and an active seafloor spreading and subduction, with accretion belts on the edges of the continents

Arie Poldervaart (1,105 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

2012). The Continental Drift Controversy: Volume 3, Introduction of Seafloor Spreading. Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-107-37733-2. Wilcox

Scandinavian Caledonides (2,081 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

ISSN 0022-1376. S2CID 59043758. Svenningsen, O (2001). "Onset of seafloor spreading in the Iapetus Ocean at 608 Ma: precise age of the Sarek Dyke Swarm

Henry Robert Frankel (824 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Paleomagnetic Support for Shifting Continents; Volume 3: Initiation of Seafloor Spreading; and Volume 4: Evolution into Plate Tectonics), published in 2012

Geology of Australia (3,577 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

through the Cretaceous, with offshore development of a mid ocean ridge seafloor spreading centre. Tasmania was rifted off during this stage. Cretaceous volcanism

Lynne Frostick (1,917 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

was not being taught. So, to explain the geological phenomenon of seafloor spreading, she was instead taught about eugeosynclines and miogeosynclines.

NOAAS Surveyor (1,292 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Endeavor Ridge, a seamount that apparently has been split in half by seafloor spreading. On 6 March 1980, while Surveyor was tied to a pier in San Francisco

Anoxic event (5,022 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(February 2001). "Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor spreading" (PDF). American Journal of Science. Archived from the original (PDF)

History of geophysics (3,149 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

found in 1954 by the Arctic Institute of the USSR. The theory of seafloor spreading was developed in 1960 by Harry Hammond Hess. The Ocean Drilling Program

Nam Con Son Basin (1,522 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

during early Miocene. Continental breakup occurred shortly after seafloor spreading in the Nam Con Son Basin resulted in a second SW extension phase at

Cynthia Ebinger (1,387 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

For fundamental work on the evolution of continental rifts toward seafloor spreading in East Africa and afar. Ebinger, C. J.; Sleep, N. H. (1998). "Cenozoic

Macquarie triple junction (2,127 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Scheirer; Donald W. Forsyth; James A. Conder (2000). "Anomalous Seafloor Spreading of the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St. Paul Plateau"

Upsweep (709 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

in all of the Earth's major ocean basins. These are also known as seafloor spreading centers, where the SOSUS program was established by the NOAA to monitor

Pearl River Mouth basin (1,437 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Tapponnier, Paul (1993). "Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the south China Sea: Implications for the Tertiary tectonics

Exmouth Plateau (2,054 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

break up at the southern margin of the Exmouth Plateau. This followed seafloor spreading at the Gascoyne and Cuvier Abyssal Plains and erosion at the surface

Iron–sulfur world hypothesis (4,543 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

life forms may have evolved inside alkaline hydrothermal vents at seafloor spreading zones in the deep sea. These structures consist of microscale caverns

Dietmar Müller (1,720 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

1–19. Müller, R.D., Roest, W.R., and Royer, J.-Y., 1998, Asymmetric seafloor spreading caused by ridge-plume interactions, Nature, 396, 455–459. Müller,

Large igneous province (4,655 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

intrusive rock, and originated via processes other than 'normal' seafloor spreading." That original definition included continental flood basalts, oceanic

Gondwana (7,968 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Separation between Australia and East Antarctica began c. 132 Ma with seafloor spreading occurring c. 96 Ma. A shallow seaway developed over the South Tasman

Cretaceous (10,106 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

from the early Albian until the early Campanian. Faster rates of seafloor spreading and entry of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere are believed to have

Kenneth C. Macdonald (2,263 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

volcanic rocks of the deep seafloor, an important aspect of proving seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Macdonald led expeditions which mapped the Vema

Maya Block (5,113 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of Mexico seafloor spreading starts incl exposed northern Yucatán Peninsula; cf 144 144 Ma Early Cretaceous Caribbean Sea seafloor spreading starts cf

Dorothy Jung Echols (1,876 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

used for testing and confirming theories such as plate tectonics and seafloor spreading. They revealed the age and distribution of oceanic crust and provided

Beebe Hydrothermal Vent Field (2,592 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world's deepest seafloor spreading centre". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 620. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3

Geology of Myanmar (4,586 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

it is connected to the active Andaman spreading rift. The onset of seafloor spreading on the Andaman rift puts a minimum 4.5 Ma age constraint on the Sagaing

Von Damm Vent Field (1,487 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world's deepest seafloor spreading centre". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 620–. doi:10.1038/ncomms1636

Antarctica (16,111 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Ishihara, Takemi; Ivanov, Sergey (July 2007). "Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica". Geophysical Journal International.

Laura Crispini (2,244 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

206: An In Situ Section of Upper Oceanic Crust Created by Superfast Seafloor Spreading". mlp.ldeo.columbia.edu. "Ocean Drilling Program: Leg 206 Preliminary

Danakil microplate (749 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Colin W.; Brandsdóttir, Bryndís (2021-04-23). "13 million years of seafloor spreading throughout the Red Sea Basin". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2427

Mediterranean Sea (15,250 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

However, since the late 20th century, research using the theory of seafloor spreading has indicated that most of the current Mediterranean seafloor is not

Pelotas Basin (2,128 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

ago, and reached the Santos Basin to the north in the Barremian. Seafloor spreading continued northwards to the Campos Basin in the Early Albian, at approximately

Geology of Zealandia (1,314 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

After 85 million years ago Zealandia separated from Australia through seafloor spreading of the Coral and Tasman seas until this ceased 52 million years ago

Galápagos spreading centre (1,080 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

D.; Latypova, E.; Afshar, S.; Curry, S. (2020). "The Evolution of Seafloor Spreading Behind the Tip of the Westward Propagating Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center"

Kenn Reef (3,098 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

as a sliver of continental crust, resulting from the rifting and seafloor spreading that occurred between 95 and 52 million years ago, along the eastern

Emily Klein (2,550 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Schouten; Ross Parnell‐Turner; et al. (June 2020). "The Evolution of Seafloor Spreading Behind the Tip of the Westward Propagating Cocos‐Nazca Spreading Center"

Santos Basin (4,235 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

years ago and reached the Santos Basin to the north in the Barremian. Seafloor spreading continued northwards to the Campos Basin in the Early Albian, at approximately

Mariana mud volcanoes (1,687 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

A.P. (2019). "Forearc ages reveal extensive short-lived and rapid seafloor spreading following subduction initiation". Earth and Planetary Science Letters

List of oceanographic institutions and programs (5,076 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Program. InterRidge, an international research collaboration on oceanic seafloor spreading zones. Mediterranean Science Commission, (CIESM) North Pacific Marine

Intraplate volcanism (11,937 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, both of which have progressed to the seafloor spreading stage. Likewise, the Mid-American Rift constitutes two arms of a triple

Sarek National Park (7,794 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

doi:10.2307/521393, JSTOR 521393 Svenningsen, O.M. (2001), "Onset of seafloor spreading in the Iapetus Ocean at 608 Ma: precise age of the Sarek Dyke Swarm

Lau–Colville Ridge (1,370 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

partially dismembered the Lau Ridge. To the south it is now thought seafloor spreading at the Havre Trough started about 5.5–5.0 million years ago in response

Deep sea mining (16,140 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(392 °F) Submarine seamount provinces are linked to hotspots and seafloor spreading and vary in depth. They show characteristic distributions. In the

Michael R. Rampino (3,866 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Caldeira at the Carnegie Institution, he explored the relationships of seafloor-spreading rates, atmospheric CO2 and climate in the very warm mid-Cretaceous

Antarctic land bridge (1,836 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

gradually separate starting from 50 million years ago. Continued seafloor spreading along the Scotia Ridge eventually separated both continents by 28

Geological deformation of Iceland (4,881 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

which propagated to the southwest. Until 2 million years ago, the seafloor spreading around Iceland was accommodated by this rift zone, an ill-defined

List of Dutch inventions and innovations (17,635 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

continental drift. During the 1960s geophysical and geological evidence for seafloor spreading at mid-oceanic ridges established continental drift as the standard

Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (4,922 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

metamorphic carbon release is poorly resolved. Enhanced rates of seafloor spreading and metamorphic decarbonation reactions around the region between

Geology and geomorphology of Kahurangi National Park (8,223 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

process stretched and thinned the crust from below. With the onset of seafloor spreading between Southern Zealandia and West Antarctica, and in the southern