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Longer titles found: Quantum state discrimination (view), Quantum state space (view), Macroscopic quantum state (view), Permutationally invariant quantum state tomography (view), Neural network quantum states (view), Fidelity of quantum states (view)

searching for Quantum state 220 found (646 total)

alternate case: quantum state

QMA (1,832 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

string is in the language, there is a polynomial-size quantum proof (a quantum state) that convinces a polynomial time quantum verifier (running on a quantum

No-deleting theorem (1,458 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

theorem which states that, in general, given two copies of some arbitrary quantum state, it is impossible to delete one of the copies. It is a time-reversed

Semiclassical gravity (754 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the gravitational constant, and ψ {\displaystyle \psi } indicates the quantum state of the matter fields. There is some ambiguity in regulating the energy–momentum

Color of chemicals (758 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

releasing energy in the form of photons, accompanied by a change of quantum state. The amount of energy absorbed or released is the difference between

State of matter (4,382 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

entering the same quantum state, but a pair of fermions can behave as a boson, and multiple such pairs can then enter the same quantum state without restriction

Fermi surface (1,689 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Pauli exclusion principle, which allows a maximum of one electron per quantum state. The study of the Fermi surfaces of materials is called fermiology.

No-communication theorem (2,452 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

information theory. It asserts that during the measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is impossible for one observer to transmit information to another

Dynamical reduction (195 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the quantum state of a system is described probabilistically by linear superpositions of Schrödinger equations. Even if we include the quantum state of

Virtual state (652 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quantum physics, a virtual state is a very short-lived, unobservable quantum state. In many quantum processes a virtual state is an intermediate state

Michał Horodecki (294 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Together with Fernando Brandao he proved that every one-dimensional quantum state with a finite correlation length obeys an area law for entanglement

Artur Ekert (1,306 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

notable contributions include work on quantum state swapping, optimal quantum state estimation and quantum state transfer. With some of the same collaborators

State-merging (413 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

In quantum information theory, quantum state merging is the transfer of a quantum state when the receiver already has part of the state. The process optimally

Fredkin gate (1,235 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

overlap between quantum states without requiring resource-intensive quantum state tomography. This makes it particularly useful for quantum communication

Singlet oxygen (2,967 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

with the formula O=O (also written as 1 [O 2] or 1 O 2), which is in a quantum state where all electrons are spin paired. It is kinetically unstable at ambient

Cooper pair (1,142 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

unlike electrons, multiple Cooper pairs are allowed to be in the same quantum state, which is responsible for the phenomenon of superconductivity. The BCS

Linear optical quantum computing (3,868 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

communication channel, which is usually labeled by subscripts of a quantum state. There are many ways to define distinguishable optical communication

Nonlinear Schrödinger equation (3,185 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Schrödinger equation, the NLSE never describes the time evolution of a quantum state.[citation needed] The 1D NLSE is an example of an integrable model.

Fracton (subdimensional particle) (6,174 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

fracton and lineon (also known as the one-dimensional particle). If a quantum state is such that the eigenvalue of A c = − 1 {\displaystyle A_{c}=-1} for

Andreas Winter (413 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Together with Michał Horodecki and Jonathan Oppenheim, he discovered quantum state-merging and used this primitive to show that quantum information could

Ion trap (2,685 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

used for precise magnetic measurements in spectroscopy. Studies of quantum state manipulation most often use the Paul trap. This may lead to a trapped

H. Jeff Kimble (593 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

physics including one of the first demonstrations of teleportation of a quantum state (first demonstration is disputed with Anton Zeilinger), quantum logic

Classical information channel (205 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quantum state are used to transmit quantum information between two parties. Neither the classical channel nor the previously prepared quantum state alone

Quantum yield (1,546 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is the probability that a given quantum state is formed from the system initially prepared in some other quantum state. For example, a singlet to triplet

Gaussian quantum Monte Carlo (168 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the fermionic operators, no anti-commuting variables occur and any quantum state can be expressed as a real probability distribution. Corney, J. F.;

Onium (335 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Quantum state of a particle and its antiparticle

Topological entropy in physics (448 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reflects the presence of long range quantum entanglements in a many-body quantum state. So the topological entanglement entropy links topological order with

Quantum mutual information (1,053 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

John von Neumann, is a measure of correlation between subsystems of quantum state. It is the quantum mechanical analog of Shannon mutual information.

Orders of magnitude (time) (1,280 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

66}}}} Qs: The scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing an isolated black hole of stellar mass

Schmidt decomposition (1,331 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

vector for this quantum state is ( 4 , 2 , 2 ) {\displaystyle (4,2,2)} . Singular value decomposition Purification of quantum state Huber, Marcus; de

Eightfold way (physics) (2,139 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

proton—in a quantum state | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle } . If we apply one of the flavour rotations A to our particle, it enters a new quantum state which

Polariton laser (984 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(here: polaritons) form a condensate in a macroscopically occupied quantum state via stimulated scattering. The condensate of polaritons finally provides

Moses H. W. Chan (362 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

known for the experimental discovery of evidence for a new supersolid quantum state of matter, predicted theoretically in 1969 by Alexander Andreev and

KLM protocol (3,048 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{VH}^{a}|1,0\rangle _{VH}^{b})/{\sqrt {2}}.} In the KLM protocol, a quantum state can be read out or measured using photon detectors along selected modes

Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (1,947 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the base stations can keep line-of-sight with the craft. In 2021 full quantum state teleportation was demonstrated over 1,200 km (750 mi) at ground, based

Arun K. Pati (896 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quantum mechanics. This proves that given two copies of an unknown quantum state we cannot delete one copy. The no-cloning and the no-deleting theorems

J/psi meson (1,838 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the J/ψ was called the ψ′; it is now called the ψ(2S), indicating its quantum state. The next excited state was called the ψ″; it is now called ψ(3770)

SIC-POVM (3,519 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

QBism[citation needed]. SIC-POVMs have several applications in the context of quantum state tomography and quantum cryptography, and a possible connection has been

Bogoliubov quasiparticle (235 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

characterized by the condensation of Cooper pairs into the same ground quantum state, Bogoliubov quasiparticles are elementary excitations above the ground

Gilles Brassard (807 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Jozsa, R.; Peres, A.; Wootters, W. K. (1993). "Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels". Physical Review

Hamiltonian simulation (1,181 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

problem that demands algorithms which implement the evolution of a quantum state efficiently. The Hamiltonian simulation problem was proposed by Richard

Key exchange (1,397 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

security. It relies on the fact that observations (or measurements) of a quantum state introduces perturbations in that state. Over many systems, these perturbations

Tanya Zelevinsky (493 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

clocks, ultracold molecule photodissociation, as well as cooling and quantum state manipulation techniques for diatomic molecules with the goal of testing

Holographic principle (3,969 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

event horizon no matter how close they get to it. Since any change in quantum state requires time to flow, all objects and their quantum information state

Quil (instruction set architecture) (903 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

G',P,\kappa )} where: | Ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle } is the (quantum) state of a fixed but arbitrary number of qubits N q {\displaystyle N_{q}}

Superluminal communication (2,215 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

force one member of an entangled pair of particles into a particular quantum state, breaks the entanglement between the two particles. That is to say,

Inflaton (984 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is not built of huge completely void bubbles). In other words, the quantum state should "roll to the bottom slowly". When complete, the decay of inflaton

Sandu Popescu (1,563 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

non-locality is a generic property of nature: every entangled pure quantum state (i. e. almost every pure state) has nonlocal properties. In collaboration

Philosophy of physics (4,416 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

scenario that involves preparing a pair of particles such that the quantum state of the pair is entangled, and then separating the particles to an arbitrarily

János Bergou (199 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the electromagnetic field produced in lasers and micromasers, and on quantum state discrimination." Bergou earned a master's in science (1970) and earned

Quantum complex network (2,113 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{i}} represents the quantum state of the qubit at node i and | ϕ ⟩ j {\displaystyle |\phi \rangle _{j}} represents the quantum state of the qubit at node

Transition (960 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Atomic electron transition, the transition of an electron from one quantum state to another within an atom Beta decay transition, nuclear beta decay

Magnesium monohydride (3,946 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the most prominent, however the A2Π energy level can have a vibration quantum state up to 13. Any higher level and the molecule has too much energy and

David J. Wineland (1,037 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

group uses trapped ions in many experiments on fundamental physics, and quantum state control. They have demonstrated optical techniques to prepare ground

Hadamard test (726 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

|U|\psi \rangle } , where | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle } is a quantum state and U {\displaystyle U} is a unitary gate acting on the space of | ψ

GHZ (99 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of frequency Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state, a specific entangled quantum state of three or more particles GHZ experiment, an experiment associated

Antibonding molecular orbital (880 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dictates that no two electrons in an interacting system may have the same quantum state. If the bonding orbitals are filled, then any additional electrons will

Quantum image (414 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

tasks by many orders of magnitude if the image data are encoded in the quantum state of a suitable physical system. The researchers discuss a suitable method

Neutron (12,966 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

particles, carry away the energy excess as a nucleon falls from one quantum state to one with less energy, while the neutron (or proton) changes to a

Fermi heap and Fermi hole (1,007 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

exclusion principle, according to which no two electrons can be in the same quantum state in a system (which, accounting for electrons' spin, means that there

Supersolid (1,511 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

substance are a topic of ongoing research. A supersolid is a special quantum state of matter where particles form a rigid, spatially ordered structure

Lane P. Hughston (4,056 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

59. D. C. Brody & L. P. Hughston (2000) The Information Content of a Quantum State, Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol 41, pp 2586–2592. L. P. Hughston

Toffoli gate (1,982 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

recent motivation comes from quantum computing. In quantum mechanics the quantum state can evolve in two ways: by Schrödinger's equation (unitary transformations)

Tsirelson's bound (2,153 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle B_{y}^{b}:{\mathcal {H}}_{B}\to {\mathcal {H}}_{B}} on a quantum state | ψ ⟩ ∈ H A ⊗ H B {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle \in {\mathcal {H}}_{A}\otimes

Jörg Wrachtrup (607 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

single electron and nuclear spins in solids as well as single shot quantum state readout was accomplished by his group. Nanoscale quantum sensors also

Carbon-dioxide laser (1,886 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dioxide to excite to its {v3(1)} (asymmetric stretch) vibrational mode quantum state. The CO 2 then radiatively emits at either 10.6 μm by dropping to the

Singlet (127 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

dictionary. Singlet may refer to: singlet state, in theoretical physics, a quantum state with zero spin Singlet fission, in molecular photophysics in spectroscopy

Schrödinger–Newton equation (3,508 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

S2CID 117957630 Penrose, Roger (1996), "On Gravity's Role in Quantum State Reduction", General Relativity and Gravitation, 28 (5): 581–600, Bibcode:1996GReGr

Ian C. Percival (402 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Scientist, 21 October 1989) Quantum State Diffusion, Cambridge University Press 1998 Together with Nicolas Gisin, "The Quantum-State Diffusion Model applied

Elementary particle (3,518 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

from fermions in the fact that multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state (Pauli exclusion principle). Also, bosons can be either elementary,

Bunch–Davies vacuum (484 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Type of quantum state in de Sitter spacetime

Quantum digital signature (2,490 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is shown by Holevo's theorem, which says, that from a given n-qubit quantum state one cannot extract more than n classical bits of information. One possibility

Bound entanglement (1,144 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

non-negative partial transpose are all bound-entangled. Moreover, a particular quantum state for 2x4 systems has been presented. Such states are not detected by

Cavity optomechanics (7,291 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

being in a spatial superposition between two different places). Such a quantum state of motion would allow researchers to experimentally investigate decoherence

Cloud-based quantum computing (1,351 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

simulator with a simple interface, and a scripting language and 3D quantum state visualization. Quantum in the Cloud by Tsinghua University. It is a

Tantalum(IV) sulfide (2,230 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

S.; Mihailovic, D. (2014). "Ultrafast Switching to a Stable Hidden Quantum State in an Electronic Crystal". Science. 344 (6180): 177–180. arXiv:1401

Firewall (physics) (1,647 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

resolves the dilemma by replacing the 'no-hair' vacuum with a stringy quantum state, thus explicitly coupling any outgoing Hawking radiation with the formation

Phase-space wavefunctions (2,161 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Phase-space representation of quantum state vectors is a formulation of quantum mechanics elaborating the phase-space formulation with a Hilbert space

Nilanjana Datta (597 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

field of quantum information theory, contributing to topics such as quantum state transfer, memory effects in quantum information theory, and one-shot

Dennis Dieks (341 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

"Resolution of the Measurement Problem Through Decoherence of the Quantum State", Physics Letters A 142 (1989) 439-444. Dennis Dieks and Pieter E. Vermaas

Hermitian matrix (3,013 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle a} of an operator A ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}} on some quantum state | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle } is one of the possible measurement

Positronium (2,621 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

each other until the pair of particles is either scattered or annihilated, whichever occurs first. This is a bound quantum state known as positronium.

QuTiP (944 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

>>> import numpy as np >>> psi = qutip.Qobj([[0.6], [0.8]]) # create quantum state from a list >>> psi Quantum object: dims = [[2], [1]], shape = (2, 1)

Quantum metrological gain (1,486 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

defined in the context of carrying out a metrological task using a quantum state of a multiparticle system. It is the sensitivity of parameter estimation

Petz recovery map (920 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

map is a quantum channel associated with a given quantum channel and quantum state. This recovery map is designed in a manner that, when applied to an

Hidden Matching Problem (1,351 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

} to Bob. Bob uses his perfect matching to project this quantum state onto one of n/2 orthogonal 2D projectors, with a projector onto the

Aaron D. O'Connell (343 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

world's first quantum machine. In particular, he was able to transfer the quantum state of a superconducting quantum bit, a device used in quantum computation

Hidden Matching Problem (1,351 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

} to Bob. Bob uses his perfect matching to project this quantum state onto one of n/2 orthogonal 2D projectors, with a projector onto the

Paola Cappellaro (821 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Her doctorate considered quantum state transfer in spin chains, making use of magnetic-based approaches to

Ulf Leonhardt (1,047 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

the Quantum State of Light. Cambridge Studies in Modern Optics. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-49730-5. Measuring the Quantum State of

Petz recovery map (920 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

map is a quantum channel associated with a given quantum channel and quantum state. This recovery map is designed in a manner that, when applied to an

Ball Lightning (novel) (1,743 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

those killed by macro-electrons, including his parents, exist in a quantum state that can occasionally influence the world when not observed. Using a

Isotopes of helium (2,430 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

half-integer spins (that is, fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state; so 2He's two protons have opposite-aligned spins and the diproton itself

Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University (498 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(\mathbf {r} ,\,t)}} The Schrödinger equation, use to describe how the quantum state of a physical system changes with time Between 1966 and 1968, Abdus

Frank Verstraete (1,055 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

; Wolf &, M. M.; Cirac, J. Ignacio (2009). "Quantum computation and quantum-state engineering driven by dissipation". Nature Physics. 5 (9): 633–636.

Leslie Schoop (688 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

topological materials low-power computation. In 2022, she identified a new quantum state in twisted bilayer tungsten ditelluride. In confined electrons, twisted

Don Page (physicist) (848 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Canada in 1990. In 1993, he argued that if a black hole starts in a pure quantum state and evaporates completely by a unitary process, the von Neumann entropy

Hadamard transform (4,724 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

application of the Hadamard gate to either a 0 or 1 qubit will produce a quantum state that, if observed, will be a 0 or 1 with equal probability (as seen

Symplectic matrix (2,322 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

can be used to describe Gaussian (Bogoliubov) transformations of a quantum state of light. In turn, the Bloch-Messiah decomposition (2) means that such

Jens Eisert (1,398 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to the study of complex quantum systems. Work on compressed sensing quantum state tomography he has contributed to has been influential for developing

Sadollah Nasiri Gheydari (506 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

integral approach to quantum state functions, Jr. Sci. Tech., 4, 3, 1995 Y. Sobouti, S. Nasiri: A phase space formulation of quantum state functions, International

Holmium (4,409 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Dante Phillipe; Brune, Harald; Natterer, Fabian Donat (2019-11-19). "Quantum state manipulation of single atom magnets using the hyperfine interaction"

Resolved sideband cooling (2,479 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

King, B.E.; Meekhof, D.M. (1998). "Experimental issues in coherent quantum-state manipulation of trapped atomic ions". Journal of Research of the National

British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (782 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Mechanics in a Time-Asymmetric Universe: On the Nature of the Initial Quantum State' 2020 Jessica Laimann 'Capricious Kinds' 2019 Carlos Santana 'Waiting

Observer (quantum physics) (1,671 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

studied situation related to this is the quantum Zeno effect, in which a quantum state would decay if left alone, but does not decay because of its continuous

Nanoelectronics (2,866 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the same time. In nanoelectronic devices, the qubit is encoded by the quantum state of one or more electrons spin. The spin are confined by either a semiconductor

Federico Faggin (4,745 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

no-cloning theorem and Holevo's theorem. The first states that a pure quantum state is not reproducible; the second limits the amount of measurable information

Panpsychism (9,503 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Geiger counter detects is a quantum event; each decay corresponds to a quantum state transition of a single atom of the radioactive material. According to

Neuromorphic computing (4,758 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Matthias; Melko, Roger; Carleo, Giuseppe (May 2018). "Neural-network quantum state tomography". Nature Physics. 14 (5): 447–450. arXiv:1703.05334. Bibcode:2018NatPh

Keiichi Morisato (1,087 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

befriends a Schrödinger's Whale (a being that lives in a 5-dimensional quantum state) that is attracted to a storage room artificially expanded by Skuld

Quantum simulator (2,697 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

S2CID 124545445. Dorit Aharonov; Amnon Ta-Shma (2003). "Adiabatic Quantum State Generation and Statistical Zero Knowledge". arXiv:quant-ph/0301023.

Quantum readout (1,431 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

physics: A single quantum in an unknown state cannot be cloned. When a quantum state is measured most of the information it contains is destroyed. Based

Atomic coherence (808 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

King, B.E.; Meekhof, D.M. (May 1998). "Experimental issues in coherent quantum-state manipulation of trapped atomic ions". Journal of Research of the National

Acín decomposition (499 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

described a way of separating out one of the terms of a general tripartite quantum state. This can be useful in considering measures of entanglement of quantum

Slater determinant (2,550 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

exclusion principle, two or more bosons can occupy the same single-particle quantum state. Wavefunctions describing systems of identical bosons are symmetric

Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model (7,736 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the fields generally do not commute. As operators, they act upon a quantum state (ket vector). As is common in quantum theory, there is more than one

William Wootters (465 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

R. Jozsa; A. Peres; W. K. Wootters (1993). "Teleporting an Unknown Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Channels". Phys. Rev

Standard Model (7,431 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

meaning that two identical fermions cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state in the same atom. Each fermion has a corresponding antiparticle, which

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (2,101 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

with momentum k {\displaystyle k} (this is related to coherence of the quantum state), and f j ( k ) {\displaystyle f_{j}(k)} is an element dependent scattering

Quantum phase estimation algorithm (2,892 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

U} , and having | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle } available as a quantum state. This means that when discussing the efficiency of the algorithm we

Inviscid flow (1,721 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

viewable. This is due to all the helium in each droplet being at the same quantum state. This application does not have any practical uses by itself, but it

Wave–particle duality relation (2,067 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

} And hence we get, for a single photon in a pure quantum state, the duality relation V 2 + P 2 = 1 {\displaystyle V^{2}+P^{2}=1\,}

Science tourism (3,151 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

equation is a partial differential equation that describes how the quantum state of some physical system evolves with time. It was formulated in late

Radioactive decay (9,881 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electromagnetic emission: it corresponds to transitions between an excited quantum state and lower energy state. Any of the particle decay mechanisms often leave

Canonical commutation relation (3,013 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle {\hat {P}}} are all linear operators. The time derivative of a quantum state is represented by the operator − i H ^ / ℏ {\displaystyle -i{\hat {H}}/\hbar

BQP (3,518 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

understand what the sum of histories is, we visualize the evolution of a quantum state given a quantum circuit as a tree. The root is the input | 0 ⟩ ⊗ n {\displaystyle

Beta decay (7,185 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

orbital and spin angular momentum, beta decay occurs by a variety of quantum state transitions to various nuclear angular momentum or spin states, known

Fundamental thermodynamic relation (2,662 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The entropy is thus a measure of the uncertainty about exactly which quantum state the system is in, given that we know its energy to be in some interval

Matter (9,594 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state, one spin-up and the other spin-down. Hence, at zero temperature, the

Electronic band structure (4,835 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

gaps at higher energies. Band theory is only an approximation to the quantum state of a solid, which applies to solids consisting of many identical atoms

Beer–Lambert law (3,871 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

as long as the interaction is not so strong that light and molecular quantum state intermix (strong coupling), but cause the attenuation cross sections

Buscemi nonlocality (423 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

latter instead turns out to be equivalent to Buscemi nonlocality: a quantum state is "Buscemi nonlocal" if and only if it is entangled. Semiquantum nonlocal

Päivi Törmä (1,010 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

developed theory for optical multiports and their usage in measuring the quantum state of light. During her postdoc in Innsbruck, she was one of the first

Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture (1,517 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of entropy provides a measure of how far from a pure state a given quantum state is, or, equivalently, how entangled it is. The entanglement entropy

Quantum reference frame (2,578 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

a quantum state is called quantisation/internalisation of reference frame while the process of excluding the reference frame from a quantum state is

Ultraviolet (12,761 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

11 April 2021. Xiong, Bo; Chang, Yih-Chung; Ng, Cheuk-Yiu (2017). "Quantum-state-selected integral cross sections for the charge transfer collision of

Nuclear force (3,510 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the particles are near each other and are (save for spin) in the same quantum state. This requirement for fermions stems from the Pauli exclusion principle

Interstellar medium (7,343 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

are detected via spectral lines produced by changes in the rotational quantum state of small molecules, especially carbon monoxide, CO. The most widely

Quantum Philosophy (742 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and even with no observer present, there are so many unknowns in the quantum state of the whole cat, that the relevant mathematics determine that only

Interstellar medium (7,343 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

are detected via spectral lines produced by changes in the rotational quantum state of small molecules, especially carbon monoxide, CO. The most widely

Jürgen Mlynek (1,241 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Heisenberg microscope and the measurement of the Wigner function of the quantum state of matter and light. Since 2000 he has been professor for experimental

Eunseong Kim (364 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

State University (Ph.D. 2004) Known for The discovery of the supersolid quantum state of matter Awards Lee Osheroff Richardson North American Science Prize

Firestorm (character) (5,046 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

wife of the late Allen Phaedon, who gained the ability to change her quantum state for size-shifting and flight by her own will. Following Raymond's resurrection

Anton Zeilinger (4,411 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

February 1998). "Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Channels". Physical Review

Physics World (3,575 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

perfect' universe Quantum microscope' peers into the hydrogen atom Quantum state endures for 39 minutes at room temperature The first carbon-nanotube

Yasunobu Nakamura (1,840 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Scientist" by the Japan Society of Applied Physics for his work at NEC in "quantum-state control of nanoscale superconducting devices." From 2001-2002, he visited

Mani Lal Bhaumik (2,857 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

org/10.12743/quanta.v8i1.96 Bhaumik, Mani L. (19 December 2020). "Is the Quantum State Real in the Hilbert Space Formulation?". Quanta. 9 (1): 37–46. arXiv:2210

Beam splitter (4,787 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

possible to simulate arbitrary Gaussian (Bogoliubov) transformations of a quantum state of light by means of beam splitters, phase shifters and photodetectors

Ensemble (mathematical physics) (3,964 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

We see this reflects the definition of quantum states in general: A quantum state is a mapping from the observables to their expectation values. Density

Claude Crépeau (279 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Asher; Wootters, William K. (1993-03-29). "Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels". Physical Review

Feynman diagram (16,038 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the amplitude of a quantum transition from some initial quantum state to some final quantum state. For example, in the process of electron-positron annihilation

Majorana fermion (4,892 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

operator γ j † {\displaystyle \gamma _{j}^{\dagger }} creates a fermion in quantum state j {\displaystyle j} (described by a real wave function), whereas the

Anyon (5,256 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

fusion of some subsets of those anyons, and each possibility is a unique quantum state. These multiple states provide a Hilbert space on which quantum computation

Physics of the Impossible (1,824 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Popescu (1998). "Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Channels". Physical Review

Equations of motion (7,511 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

are differential equations of the wavefunction, which describes how a quantum state behaves analogously using the space and time coordinates of the particles

Doppler cooling (2,463 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

atom. 3.2 The photon excites the atom, moving an electron to a higher quantum state. 3.3 The atom re-emits a photon. As its direction is random, there is

Deepak Chopra (9,380 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Chopra has equated spontaneous remission in cancer to a change in a quantum state, corresponding to a jump to "a new level of consciousness that prohibits

IBAHN (408 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Foods, Marriott International Inc., McDonald's Corporation, Microsoft, Quantum, State Farm Insurance, U.S. Army, Trident Hotels and Verizon.[citation needed]

PostBQP (3,635 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

numbers, at the expense of adding one more qubit. Let Ψ denote the final quantum state of the circuit before the postselecting measurement is made. The overall

Fermi's interaction (4,042 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the heavy particle is a neutron or proton, n {\displaystyle n} is the quantum state of the heavy particle, N s {\displaystyle N_{s}} is the number of electrons

Barbara Kraus (675 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Together with her coworkers she developed criteria to decide whether a quantum state is separable or entangled and showed how to construct optimal entanglement

Yousef Sobouti (719 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

1111–1116, 2007 Y. Sobouti, S. Nasiri, A phase space formulation of quantum state functions International journal of modern physics B 7 (18), 3255–3272

Tim Maudlin (1,688 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

and Nino Zanghi, forthcoming from Springer Verlag “The Nature of the Quantum State”, forthcoming in The Wavefunction, edited by Alyssa Ney and David Albert

College Park, Maryland (8,812 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

December 24, 2023. Daughters, Gary. "Maryland: Maryland Leaps Ahead with Quantum: State support and legacy institutions spark a vibrant crop of startups and

Laser cooling (3,591 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

atom. 32 The photon excites the atom, moving an electron to a higher quantum state. 33 The atom re-emits a photon but in a random direction. The atom momentum

Free electron model (3,415 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

depend on the electronic configuration. Pauli exclusion principle: Each quantum state of the system can only be occupied by a single electron. This restriction

ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (669 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(artificial graphene and 2D topological insulators). Exciton superfluids: a quantum state known to achieve electrical current flow with minimal wasted dissipation

Plasma modeling (1,076 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Lagrangian mathematics. Collisional-radiative modeling is used to calculate quantum state densities and the emission/absorption properties of a plasma. This plasma

Atomic mirror (585 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1088/0953-4075/39/18/002. S2CID 121851648. V. I. Balykin & V. S. Letokhov (1988). "Quantum-State-Selective Mirror Reflection of Atoms by Laser Light". Physical Review

Hartree–Fock method (4,729 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

older formulation, forbidding the presence of two electrons in the same quantum state. However, this was shown to be fundamentally incomplete in its neglect

Jonathan Hart (253 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Tong University [1]. Jump, Paul. (2013-03-28) Humanities scholar’s quantum state | News. Times Higher Education. Retrieved on 2013-08-13. Fellowship

Coplanar waveguide (1,333 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

M. A. Sillanpää; J. I. Park; R. W. Simmonds (2007-09-27). "Coherent quantum state storage and transfer between two phase qubits via a resonant cavity"

Controlled NOT gate (2,523 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \{|0\rangle ,|1\rangle \}} . The CNOT gate transforms the quantum state: a | 00 ⟩ + b | 01 ⟩ + c | 10 ⟩ + d | 11 ⟩ {\displaystyle a|00\rangle

Jonathan Oppenheim (939 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

together with Michał Horodecki and Andreas Winter, Oppenheim discovered quantum state-merging and used this primitive to show that quantum information could

Rayleigh–Lorentz pendulum (710 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

such that their ratio is constant, so that the pendulum is in the same quantum state as the initial state. These two separate works formed the basis for

Schrödinger (disambiguation) (219 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

equation, an equation formulated by Schrödinger that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes in time Schrödinger field, a quantum field

Atomic clock (12,665 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

atom or ion collections are analyzed, renewed and driven into a proper quantum state, after which they are interrogated with a signal from a local oscillator

Timeline of chemistry (7,490 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

states that no two electrons around a single nucleus may have the same quantum state, as described by four quantum numbers. H ( t ) | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = i ℏ d d

Quantum Trajectory Theory (1,519 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

providing a detailed description of the intermediate steps through which a quantum state approaches the final, measured state during the so-called "collapse

Carlo Rovelli (3,693 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

relational interpretation of quantum mechanics, based on the idea that the quantum state of a system must always be interpreted relative to another physical

Magic wavelength (375 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

S2CID 32242287. Ye, Jun; Kimble, H. J.; Katori, Hidetoshi (2008-06-27). "Quantum State Engineering and Precision Metrology Using State-Insensitive Light Traps"

Kinetic isotope effect (13,885 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

calculated that at 8 kelvin, the reaction would proceed via a single quantum state of the reactant so that the reported rate constant is temperature independent

Quantum nondemolition measurement (1,080 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

different meanings of the word demolition in a quantum system (losing the quantum state vs. losing the particle). Braginsky, V. (1980). "Quantum Nondemolition

Large numbers (7,157 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

corresponds to the scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the estimated mass

Fluoride glass (1,336 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is absorbed into the material as an electron is ejected into another quantum state. However, this absorption only occurs at short wavelengths and rapidly

Nicolas J. Cerf (486 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

led to important results in quantum information sciences, for example quantum state merging. He is best known today for his work on quantum information

List of things named after Erwin Schrödinger (315 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

equation, an equation formulated by Schrödinger that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes in time Schrödinger–Pauli equation Schrödinger

Joseph H. Eberly (1,129 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

solitons in multilevel media Entanglement control through non-Hamilton quantum state geometric Hilbert "interaction" Scientific career Fields Theoretical

History of optics (5,708 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

description: a single atom that emitted one photon at a time. Another quantum state of light with certain advantages over any classical state, squeezed

Ladder operator (4,501 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

incrementing (or decrementing) of a quantum number, thus mapping one quantum state onto another. This is the reason that they are often known as raising

Proximity effect (superconductivity) (1,073 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

pairs will allow the S layers to maintain a mutual, three-dimensional quantum state. As temperature is increased, communication between the S layers is

History of the periodic table (11,059 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

chemistry. This rule states that no electrons can coexist in the same quantum state, and showed, in conjunction with empirical observations, the existence

Quantum spin liquid (4,689 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

ISBN 9780521432245. Wilkins, Alasdair (August 15, 2011). "A Strange New Quantum State of Matter: Spin Liquids". io9. Retrieved 23 December 2012. Leon Balents

Quantum point contact (2,031 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

number of modes N {\displaystyle N} . The current carried by such a quantum state is the product of the velocity times the electron density. These two

Deborah S. Jin (2,035 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

complicated by the fact that, unlike bosons, fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state at the same time, due to the Pauli exclusion principle, and are therefore

Rotational spectroscopy (7,154 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

θ and φ which describe the direction of the molecular axis, and the quantum state is determined by two quantum numbers J and M. J defines the magnitude

List of quantum logic gates (3,583 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

phase e i φ {\displaystyle e^{i\varphi }} to the whole qubit quantum state. A quantum state is uniquely defined up to a phase. Because of the Born rule

Peter Sarkisian (967 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

biennial and explored Niels Bohr’s early observations concerning the quantum state of atoms. In 2004, Sarkisian was tapped by Albright-Knox Art Gallery

Anti-symmetric operator (1,911 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

these operators literally create and annihilate particles with a given quantum state. The bosonic annihilation operator a 2 {\displaystyle a_{2}} and creation

Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex (1,277 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

interaction with the environment changes the wave-like nature of the quantum state just enough to prevent Anderson localisation, while the quantum zeno

Dephasing rate SP formula (1,212 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

( t ) = e − F ( t ) {\displaystyle P(t)=e^{-F(t)}} describes how a quantum state becomes mixed due to the entanglement of the system with the environment

Nitrogen-vacancy center (7,857 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the ms = 0 ground state. This process can be used to initialize the quantum state of a qubit for quantum information processing or quantum sensing. Sometimes

Quantum contextuality (5,857 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

mechanics, since there are observables that are indefinite in every given quantum state). These global value assignments may deterministically depend on some

Grand canonical ensemble (5,356 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

which represent a separable part that can be included into the total quantum state of the system. For now let us refer to these single-particle stationary

Silicon carbide color centers (1,986 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

electron spin state and the single photon quantum state occurs when two conditions are met: The quantum state of a single photon can be correlated to the

History of computing hardware (17,676 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

November 2017 that IBM has created a 50-qubit computer; currently its quantum state lasts 50 microseconds. Google researchers have been able to extend the

Many-minds interpretation (2,561 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

relates to what is called wavefunction collapse – the collapse of a quantum state into a definite measurement (i.e. a specific eigenstate of the wavefunction)

Victor Balykin (1,204 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Ovchinnikov, and A.I. Sidorov, Journ. Mod. Opt., 35, 17–34, 1988. "Quantum state-selective reflection of atoms by laser light", V.I. Balykin, V.S. Letokhov

Internal measurement (922 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

world.[citation needed] The self can be attributed to the internal quantum state with entangled probabilities. This entanglement can be held for prolonged

Hierarchical equations of motion (1,369 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

a non-perturbative, non-Markovian approach to propagating in time a quantum state. Motivated by the path integral formalism presented by Feynman and Vernon

Otto Wiener (physicist) (1,491 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

1002/andp.18902760603 Leonhard, U.; Paul, H. (1995), "Measuring the quantum state of light", Prog. Quant. Electr., 19 (2): 89–130, Bibcode:1995PQE...

Amy Mullin (427 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

large amounts of vibrational energy of the reacting molecules at a quantum-state resolved level; and spinning molecules into reactive states, using ultrafast

Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory (3,180 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

ISSN 0556-2791. PMID 9902248. Penrose, Roger (May 1996). "On Gravity's role in Quantum State Reduction". General Relativity and Gravitation. 28 (5): 581–600. Bibcode:1996GReGr

Lutece twins (2,370 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Luteces had survived the machine's malfunction, but find themselves in a quantum state of flux, where they are able to travel between universes freely and

Wigner quasiprobability distribution (5,299 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

approaches a semiclassical limit. As already noted, the Wigner function of quantum state typically takes some negative values. Indeed, for a pure state in one

Planck's law (18,056 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

two distributions differ because multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state, while multiple fermions cannot. At low densities, the number of available

Permanent (mathematics) (4,508 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

(2023). "Inapproximability of Positive Semidefinite Permanents and Quantum State Tomography". Algorithmica. 85 (12): 3828–3854. arXiv:2111.03142. doi:10

Mutually unbiased bases (4,231 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

applications of mutually unbiased bases was I. D. Ivanovic in the problem of quantum state determination. Mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) and their existence problem

Magneto-optical trap (3,167 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to have long coherence times (the time an atom spends in a defined quantum state). In this case, it is common to stop the expansion of the cloud while

Thomas Rosenbaum (1,727 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Rosenbaum, T. F.; Aeppli, G.; Coppersmith, S. N. (2003). "Entangled quantum state of magnetic dipoles". Nature. 425 (6953): 48–51. arXiv:cond-mat/0402456

Feynman's algorithm (762 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

x_{m}|U_{m}U_{m-1}U_{m-2}U_{m-3},...,U_{1}|0\rangle ^{n}|^{2}} . The quantum state of the system can be tracked throughout its evolution. In Feynman's