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Longer titles found: Pollination bag (view), Pollination management (view), Pollination network (view), Pollination of orchids (view), Pollination syndrome (view), Pollination trap (view), Self-pollination (view), Fruit tree pollination (view), Hand-pollination (view), Buzz pollination (view), Open pollination (view), Canadian Pollination Initiative (view), Saturation pollination (view)

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alternate case: pollination

Longhorn beetle (2,289 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

flowers. Flowers specializing in pollination by beetles typically display a particular set of traits, but pollination by longhorn beetles is not limited

the prayer-plant family and are also known for their unique secondary pollination presentation. The plants usually have underground rhizomes or tubers

"Hyper-specialization for long-billed bird pollination in a guild of South African plants: the Malachite Sunbird pollination syndrome". South African Journal of

anemophily, because it prevents self-pollination of individual flowers and reduces the probability of self-pollination between male and female flowers on

thick pointed petals (whenever present). The pollination is usually performed by insects, but wind pollination is also present (in Coriariaceae and Datiscaceae)

Another plant, the slipper orchid in southwest China, also achieves pollination by deceit by exploiting the innate yellow color preference of syrphids

Parthenogenesis (/ˌpɑːrθɪnoʊˈdʒɛnɪsɪs, -θɪnə-/; from the Greek παρθένος, parthénos, 'virgin' + γένεσις, génesis, 'creation') is a natural form of asexual

diversity. By allowing for bee pollination and working to reduce anthropogenically harmful footprints, bee pollination can increase genetic diversity

(2001). "Thrips (Thysanoptera) pollination in Australian subtropical rainforests, with particular reference to pollination of Wilkiea huegeliana (Monimiaceae)"

(2001). "Thrips (Thysanoptera) pollination in Australian subtropical rainforests, with particular reference to pollination of Wilkiea huegeliana (Monimiaceae)"

genera in particular, Tegeticula and Parategeticula, have an obligate pollination mutualism with yuccas. Yuccas are only pollinated by these moths, and

with a mixed pollination system which favors selfing by geitonogamy but at the same time can be an out-crosser by anemophily (wind pollination) or entomophily

cerana is the preferred species for small-scale pollination of rambutan. Its hair is also helpful in pollination where pollen can be hooked on and transported

A gnat (/ˈnæt/) (also knat) is any of many species of tiny flying insects in the dipterid suborder Nematocera, especially those in the families Mycetophilidae

and birds. Wind pollination is referred to as anemophily, and water pollination is referred to as hydrophilly. Insect pollination is referred to as

period. Many species are nectar robbers or nectar thieves, performing no pollination while still consuming nectar. Many species are both nectar robbers and

world music or traditional music. Worldbeat is similar to other cross-pollination labels of contemporary and roots genres, and which suggest a rhythmic

thus rely on cross-pollination for successive seed sets. Some Protea species exhibit both self-pollination and cross-pollination as a method of reproduction

(verticillate lousewort) Bombus polaris has an essential role in the pollination of the large zygomorphic flowers of Pedicularis. B. polaris has a special

bright hues. Birds Most species of grevillea appear well-adapted to pollination by birds. Many of these species produce brightly-coloured inflorescences

description, lacking any surface reticulations. Both cross and self pollination are observed inside the family, and the process is accomplished in various

and Pliocene sites in Poland. Phyllanthus are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because some but not all species in the genus

(entomophilous) flowers are conspicuously coadapted with insects to ensure pollination and in return to reward the pollinators with nectar and pollen. The two

influenced Christian Konrad Sprengel, who pioneered the study of plant pollination and floral biology. Willdenow was born in Berlin and studied medicine

subtended by brightly colored bracts. The flowers' shape often limits pollination to a subset of the hummingbirds in the region. They also produce ample

fruits are most often loculicidal capsules, schizocarps or nuts. Self-pollination is often avoided by means of protandry. Most species are entomophilous

20 degrees C. The more mature the seeds, the better they germinate. Pollination occurs during the winter through the summer. The center spikelet is fertile

Mast to transfer Dryandra to Banksia. More recently, he has worked on pollination systems, taxonomy, vegetation dynamics, and described further new species

Pinanga is a genus of flowering plant of the palm family in the subtribe Arecinae. It is native to eastern and southern Asia (India, China, Indo-China

thick pointed petals (whenever present). The pollination is usually performed by insects, but wind pollination is also present (in Coriariaceae and Datiscaceae)

rarely in others (e.g., Malpighiaceae), is providing pollinators with "pollination rewards" other than pollen or nectar; specifically, some species offer

Dyer, A.G.; Batley, M; Whelan, R.J.; Indsto, J.O. (2007). "Generalised pollination of Diuris alba (Orchidaceae) by small bees and wasps". Australian Journal

in the family Gracillariidae. Epicephala is of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because many species in this genus are pollinators

712-C-018 January 2012. Cingel, Nelis A. (2001). An atlas of orchid pollination: America, Africa, Asia and Australia. CRC Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-90-5410-486-5

and flight) allow the birds to optimally fit the flower-feeding-and-pollination ecological niche they occupy, which is shaped by the birds' suites of

scarce, and the coati, which increases proliferation of the tree through pollination. The white-nosed coati is an omnivore and forages mostly on the ground

Charm) is a hybrid cultivar raised by the Morton Arboretum from an open pollination of Ulmus 'Morton'. The tree has occasionally been reported as a hybrid

Schisandraceae is a family of flowering plants with 3 known genera and a total of 92 known species. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists

feathery stamen and produce a high volume of pollen, as they rely on wind pollination. Their leaves are simple, with alternate arrangement and doubly serrate

feathery stamen and produce a high volume of pollen, as they rely on wind pollination. Their leaves are simple, with alternate arrangement and doubly serrate

species is monoecious, with male and female flowers on the same plant. Pollination is by bees or Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). Grown as a garden

northern Western Australia. Eric Rolls described the pollination of C.columellaris thus: "At pollination time when hundreds of cones go off together with

morganii praedicta However, different modes of pollination are known to occur in Angraecum. Bird pollination has been reported to occur in Angraecum striatum

Hydrocallis are pollinated by Cyclocephala beetles. Likewise, beetle pollination by Ruteloryctes morio, a member of the same Cyclocephalini tribe, has

(Stylidium scandens uses leaf tips recurved into hooks to climb). The pollination mechanisms of Stylidium and Levenhookia are as follows: In Stylidium

Cauliflower is one of several vegetables cultivated from the species Brassica oleracea in the genus Brassica, which is in the Brassicaceae (or mustard)

Syconium (pl.: syconia) is the type of fruit borne by figs (genus Ficus), formed by an enlarged, fleshy, hollow receptacle with multiple ovaries on the

(in ornithophily) have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is correspondingly adapted. The first flowering

presented as a symphony in three movements entitled "Overture", "Cross-Pollination" and "Redemption", respectively, each occupying a separate track at the

Seymour, R. S., & Matthews, P. G. (2006). The role of thermogenesis in the pollination biology of the Amazon waterlily Victoria amazonica. Annals of Botany

bearing two winged seeds. They are mature about six to eight months after pollination. The pollen cones are 8–10 mm long. Thomas, P. (2010). "Libocedrus chevalieri"

of birds including eagles and pigeons, bats, and bees that facilitate pollination. Today, the rampant rise of high-rise apartments and schools in the neighbourhood

This is a chronologically ordered list of metaphor-based metaheuristics and swarm intelligence algorithms, sorted by decade of proposal. Simulated annealing

ants, or in humans. In flowering plants, adelphogamy refers to sibling pollination: pollen and stigma belong to two individuals which derives from same

wind for pollination, species distribution and phylogeny reconstruction have different patterns than insect-pollinated genus. Wind pollination allows genetic

Theretra is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Theretra acuta Vaglia & Liyous, 2010 Theretra

plants will sometimes produce male flowers, allowing occasional self-pollination. The most common species in cultivation is Trachycarpus fortunei (Chusan

included "Phylogeny and biogeography of Boronia (Rutaceae)", "Mutual pollination system involving Boronia (Rutaceae) and moths of the Heliozelidae", "A

bearing two winged seeds. They are mature about six to eight months after pollination. The pollen cones are 5–8 mm long. Thomas, P. (2010). "Libocedrus yateensis"

leucadendrons, with the floral bracts becoming woody and enlarged following pollination. The flowers are insect-pollinated, with the seeds dispersed by ants

The nature of the relationship with the weevil is a version of nursery pollination mutualism with the weevil; the form this takes is that once pollinating

potato diseases. The species of Ipomoea interfere with each other's pollination. Pollen from different species compete in each other's reproductive processes

, d'Haijère, T., & Droissart, V. (2021). "Taxonomic description and pollination ecology of Cyrtorchis okuensis (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae), a new species

not dependent on pollination via insects had a production value of 151 euros, whereas the plants that were dependent on pollination via insects had a

Ophrys. It is remarkable as an example of the use of sexually deceptive pollination and floral mimicry, as well as a highly selective and highly evolved

variably shaped leaves but consistently yellow flowers with an unusual pollination mechanism. The genus was erected by botanist Robert Brown in 1810. Plants

leucadendrons, with the floral bracts becoming woody and enlarged following pollination. The flowers are insect-pollinated, with the seeds dispersed by ants

as candidates for a managed pollination alternative to European honey bees (Apis mellifera) due to their similar pollination efficacies, abundance, wide

of A. cherimola are hermaphroditic and have a mechanism to avoid self-pollination. The short-lived flowers open as female, then progress to a later, male

associated with amoebiasis. Glochidion are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with

For some American species, development begins in early spring with pollination. A tiny cone, about the size of a small marble, will form from mid-spring

pollinated by the moth species Agrius convolvuli. In Pancratium maritimum pollination by bees, namely Xylocopa violacea, Apis mellifera, and Anthophora bimaculata

self-incompatible, thus requiring cross-pollination. Large quantities of pollen are required for complete pollination because many ovules are present. This

Institute for Forestry & Landscape Planning, Wageningen, from an open pollination of 'Plantyn'. Originally identified as clone No. 762, it was selected

especially bumblebees play an important role in pollination as well. Due to hummingbirds and bees, the pollination of I. capensis is very high. Impatiens capensis

their pollination process, making the Arctic bumblebee the main pollinator of Arctic poppies. As spring transitions to summer, bumblebee pollination begins

production of multiple embryo sacs. There has been a shift from bee pollination to bird pollination several times in this clade. Mirbelioids produce quinolizidine

There are at least three independent pollination shifts from pollination by female resin-collecting bees to pollination by male fragrance-collecting bees

Hypericum socotranum is a species of flowering plant in the Hypericaceae family which is endemic to the island of Socotra in Yemen. Its natural habitats

Passiflora mixta, from the family Passifloraceae is also known as curuba (in Colombia), curuba de indio, curuba de monte, curubita, parcha (in Venezuela)

and humans. Burkill, I.H. (1906). "Note on the pollination of flowers in India. Note no 1. The pollination of Thunbergia grandiflora, Roxb. in Calcutta"

traditionally practiced for the bees' honey harvest, although nowadays crop pollination service can often provide a greater part of a commercial beekeeper's

trapped within the inflorescence. As the time required for successful pollination to occur can be several days, many of the small insects nevertheless

dryness and its easy release by movement make it ideal for wind pollination. Wind pollination is the dominant form, but insects, small beetles, and flies

dryness and its easy release by movement make it ideal for wind pollination. Wind pollination is the dominant form, but insects, small beetles, and flies

The flower form is of the syndrome of specialization for hummingbird pollination. Insect pollinators include: Bombus dahlbomii (native species to southern

protogynous, hermaphroditic flowers, and self-pollination is rare. Therefore, artificial, hand pollination almost always guarantees superior quality fruits

their pollination effectiveness to other pollinator species like the ant, the Hylaeus is not as effective. Contrastingly, a study involving pollination rates

Cramer, J., Meeuse, A. D. J., & Teunissen, P. A. (1975). A note on the pollination of nocturnally flowering species of Nymphaea. Acta Botanica Neerlandica

bearing two winged seeds. They are mature about six to eight months after pollination. The pollen cones are 5–8 mm long. Thomas, P. (2010). "Libocedrus austrocaledonica"

six scales in two whorls of three; they mature in about 18 months from pollination. The pollen cones are cylindrical, 3–6 mm long and 1.2–2 mm broad. Thomas

Epipactis palustris, the marsh helleborine, is a species of orchid native to Europe and Asia. Epipactis palustris is a perennial herbaceous plant. This

ISSN 0269-8463. Schiestl, F. P. (2005). "On the success of a swindle: pollination by deception in orchids" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 92 (6): 255–264

carpellate flowers floating on the surface via long pedicels. In others, pollination occurs underwater, where pollen may form elongated strands, increasing

responds to touch and enables the plants to promote cross-pollination and avoid self-pollination. Most species of Levenhookia are ephemeral plants that prefer

sufficient sunlight and ambient air temperature around 15 °C (59 °F) for pollination to go smoothly. Less ideal conditions, particularly wet, rainy weather

of the same species, and as such are fully cross compatible by hand pollination or natural pollinators. There are two forms of Brassica oleracea that

cannot receive it. Both these mechanisms favor pollination from another plant and discourage self-pollination. When ready to pollinate, the plant produces

varied. Most contemporary genres of western popular music build on cross-pollination with traditional African American and African popular music. Many genres

Ficus elastica, the rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush, Indian rubber tree, or rambung is a species of flowering

pollinarium that was pulled out of the stigmatic slit using an insect pin. Pollination of Antelope Horns happens when flowers are visited by insects that get

the male catkins are 4–5 cm long, the female catkins 3–4 cm long at pollination, lengthening as the fruit matures. When mature in midsummer, the female

scales, each scale with 3-6 seeds; they are mature in 7–9 months after pollination, when they open to release the seeds. The male (pollen) cones are small

pollinated each other. While the grape clusters that would arise from the pollination would be considered Chardonnay any vines that sprang from one of the

sticky pollen, which may have influenced the type of pollination that is seen in this family. Pollination is predominantly via insects or wind. However, the

Platanthera bifolia, commonly known as the lesser butterfly-orchid, is a species of orchid in the genus Platanthera, having certain relations with the

environments, the adults can be common flower visitors, also being involved in pollination. These flies are small or moderate in size. Hypopleural bristles found

and seed and fruit development. A deficiency of B can cause incomplete pollination of corn or prevent maximum pod-set in soybeans. Photosynthesis transforms

destructive insects but must be removed when the crop is flowering if insect pollination is required. Horticultural fleece Plastic mulch Cloche (agriculture)

scale leaves. The cones turn brown when mature about 8 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 4–8 mm long. It is closely related to Calocedrus

chard seed in Oregon raised concerns about the possibility of cross-pollination with GM sugar beets via windblown pollen. As with other glyphosate-resistant

and he lectured on plant systematics, biogeography, and the ecology of pollination. Webster's career as a plant systematist was distinguished by the field

diet mainly consists of nectar and fruit, making them important for pollination and seed dispersal in their environment. Syconycteris bats play an especially

some taxa have inconspicuous perianths and reproduce largely by self-pollination. Others have large, showy flowers, usually pentamerous and white, some

hoogere planten (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs). Abrol, Dharam P. (2010). Pollination biology : biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. Dordrecht:

remain to be published. Breynia are of special note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with

pollen. However, some sources say the plant mainly uses wind pollination, a pollination strategy that typically makes comparatively little pollen available

insects to pollinate female flowers. Pollination is achieved by the plant's utilizing brood-site-based pollination. The chloropid fly Elachiptera formosa

adaptations for this purpose, since most flowering plants benefit from the pollination that occurs while bees collect and transport pollen. Visual signals especially

passionflower bee is thought to contribute little or nothing toward the pollination of its host plant. Female bees remove pollen from P. lutea by suspending

Oceans. It is the only species of seagrass that does aerial surface pollination in which the pollen and the styles remain dry. Enhalus is surface pollinated

The other theory is it would ensure cross-pollination in an environment that would make self-pollination much more likely, a process that would limit

tend to favor flowers of symmetrical, abstract patterns. Due to their pollination patterns, many plants evolved special features in order to attract monkey

(USDA). Retrieved 11 December 2015. Sauleda, Ruben P. (July 19, 2014). "Pollination Biology and Taxonomy of the Genera Tolumnia Raf. and Oncidium Sw. (Orchidaceae)

has been attributed to inadequate pollination. However, hand pollination is possible and in future poor pollination could be avoided by cultivation of

Salix lasiolepis (arroyo willow) is a species of willow native to western North America. The core range of the arroyo willow includes most of California

exposed to the sun (watch video) They significantly contribute to cross pollination of plants, becoming the main pollinators of some plant species of desert

system and pollination of Nuphar luteum (L.) Smith (Nymphaeaceae) in Norway. Flora, 190(2), 109-113. Lippok, B., & Renner, S. S. (1997). Pollination of Nuphar

corn (maize) plants and placing them on the ground. It is a form of pollination control, employed to cross-breed, or hybridize, two varieties of corn

Bomarea is one of the two major genera in the plant family Alstroemeriaceae. Most occur in the Andes, but some occur well into Central America, Mexico

in Australia and South America strongly suggest they are adapted to pollination by birds, and have been for over 60 million years. Triporopollenites

should only be carried out when the plant is overcrowded. Although hand pollination and germinating seedlings gives better results. It has one cultivar called

Lippok, B., Gardine, A. A., Williamson, P. S., & Renner, S. S. (2000). Pollination by flies, bees, and beetles of Nuphar ozarkana and N. advena (Nymphaeaceae)

Aspidistra elatior, the cast-iron-plant or bar-room plant, also known in Japanese as haran or baran (葉蘭) is a species of flowering plant in the family

challenged, as other studies have shown high pollination rates by bumblebees and very low success of self-pollination in controlled experiments, implying that

of pollination was adequate. After the work of Beirnaert and Vanderweyen (1941), it became feasible to monitor the efficacy of controlled pollination. From

reptiles, birds, and fish. Autogamy is a term used to describe self pollination in plants. Cloning is a technique used to creation of genetically identical

Clinanthus is a genus of bulbous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is found in western South America, including Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, north Chile

Pogonia ophioglossoides, also known the snakemouth orchid, adder's tongue or rose pogonia, is a species of orchid occurring from central Canada to the

all, with shorter-tongued individuals carrying out the most effective pollination. Other studies have investigated its role as pollinators in flower morphology

was first introduced in Japan in the 1940s and were managed for crop pollination. Over a 50-year time period, use of O. cornifrons gradually increased

four pollinia. Pollination is mostly by small species of bees, however some species (e.g. Polystachya concrete) exhibit auto-pollination. Genera in this

flowers open. There are two methods of pollination: hydrophily and biotic pollination. In hydrophilic pollination, the pollen grains are carried through

Johnson, Steven D. (September 2011). "Transition from wind pollination to insect pollination in sedges: experimental evidence and functional traits". New

brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4–6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull

associated with peltasperm pollen. The insects are suggested to have fed on pollination drops produced by peltasperm reproductive organs. During the late Paleozoic

and require pollination from biotic vectors. The majority of cupuaçu trees are self-incompatible, which can result in decreased pollination levels, and

Vanda, abbreviated in the horticultural trade as V., is a genus in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are 90 species, and the genus is commonly cultivated

Catasetum, abbreviated as Ctsm. in horticultural trade, is a genus of showy epiphytic Orchids, family Orchidaceae, subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae

because they require a mycorrizal association. Little is known about the pollination of the Aplectrum. It flowers in the late spring and the flowers lack

disequilibrium suggested that self-pollination evolved roughly a million years ago or more. Meioses that lead to self-pollination are unlikely to produce significant

modified petal in certain monocot flowers, which attracts insects for pollination Labium (arthropod mouthpart), a mouthpart of arthropods (the lower "lip")

Eriogonum, Phacelia, Clarkia, and Ericameria This bee species shows pollination preferences based on location and landscape features, as opposed to colony

Apis cerana japonica is a subspecies of the eastern honeybee native to Japan. It is commonly known as the Japanese honeybee (Japanese: ニホンミツバチ, Hepburn:

depend on the effectiveness of bee pollination. Most pollination of red clover is done by honeybees, but their pollination decreases in late summer to early

pollinators than the birds. Several rodents may be responsible for the pollination of species that produce their flower heads at ground level. Hairy-footed

unique flight behavior known as "yawing" and plays a role in general pollination, without preference of flower types. The fly does not bite, sting, or

genetically engineered organisms to natural organisms, esp. by cross-pollination", but has come to be used in some broader ways. It is related to the

Dafni, A. (ed.). "Social wasps, crickets and cockroaches contribute to pollination of the holoparasitic plant Mitrastemon yamamotoi (Mitrastemonaceae) in

Caulophyllum thalictroides, the blue cohosh, is a species of flowering plant in the Berberidaceae (barberry) family. It is a medium-tall perennial with

and Lecythidaceae, but drew particular attention in documenting the pollination ecology of Victoria amazonica. Prance is a former director of the Royal

further pseudanthium to grow from the cyme. Probably as an adaptation to pollination by birds, the cyathia have become specialised: Most cyathia have upright

Couroupita guianensis, known by a variety of common names including cannonball tree, is a deciduous tree in the flowering plant family Lecythidaceae. It

Iris bicapitata is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Gargano Peninsula, Italy

developed at the East Malling Research Station in Kent. After artificial pollination was completed in 1968, a number of candidate varieties were developed

1928. Research areas include the ecology of the region, climate change, pollination biology, and a long-running study of the yellow-bellied marmot. The laboratory

species. The males are relatively short lived and have little impact on pollination, but the females intentionally collect pollen by accumulating pollen

Jazz Orchestra (BMG) "Four Seasons of Morita Village" suite: "Repose" "Pollination" "Norito" "Harvest Shuffle" "Tribute to Duke Ellington" suite: "Celebration

botany at the University of Liège in Belgium, published a method of hand-pollination, but his technique was slow and required too much effort to make cultivating

Sakai, Shoko; Tamiji, Inoue (1 January 1999). "A new pollination system: dung-beetle pollination discovered in Orchidantha inouei (Lowiaceae, Zingiberales)

distinct colouration, and divergence in ecological function between pollination and feeding. The fruit, a berry, is enclosed by a prickly calyx. The

particularly Sebacina dimitica in the UK. Pollination is carried out by Diptera and possibly also ants. Self-pollination may occur if insects do not pollinate

nature of pollination is honey bee because of fragrance honey bee will attract. After pollination, it takes 15 days to fruit set. After pollination, it takes

summer months, particularly in January, but continuing into March. Its pollination is one of the most complex of all the orchids, involving the mountain

cherry originating from Canada. The Van cultivar originated from open pollination of an "Empress Eugenie" tree. It was developed in Summerland, British

Nymphalis antiopa, known as the mourning cloak in North America and the Camberwell beauty in Britain, is a large butterfly native to Eurasia and North

conservationists and volunteers commenced an intensive programme of hand pollination and seed collection of the remaining cultivated tree, while protecting

South American species of Dalechampia and Clusia they are produced as pollination rewards, and used by some stingless bee species in nest construction

– 7:21 "Pollination" – 12:16 "Norito" – 6:40 "Harvest Shuffle" – 7:59 "Retro Zone" – 10:39 "China Remembered" – 5:44 "Repose", "Pollination", "Norito"

dorsoventral movements of their abdomen while they are foraging on flowers. Pollination Most specices are not specialized. Some species have flower color requirements

single seed (rarely two or three); they mature in about 6–8 months from pollination, and are eaten by birds and mammals. The male cones are 2–4 mm long,

the female wasp lays her eggs and follows through with pollination, she dies. After pollination, there are several species of non-pollinating wasps that

Z. G. M.; Machado, I. C. (2014-09-01). "High specialisation in the pollination system of Mandevilla tenuifolia (J.C. Mikan) Woodson (Apocynaceae) drives

the female wasp lays her eggs and follows through with pollination, she dies. After pollination, there are several species of non-pollinating wasps that

grains. The bract scales develop first and are conspicuous at the time of pollination; the seed scales develop later to enclose and protect the seeds, with

Minnesota Wildflowers. Argue, Charles L. (2012). "Platanthera Group". The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 1. Springer. pp. 109–121. doi:10

through the rapid opening of the "flower" opening triggered by insect pollination. Fast movement can also be demonstrated in predatory plants, where the

It is fully adapted to an aquatic life cycle, including underwater pollination. There are perhaps five species, including Zannichellia palustris. The

Adrorhizinae is an orchid subtribe in the tribe Vandeae. Pollination by ants, flies, and carpenter bees has been reported. One study identified this subtribe

on rocky slopes and outcrops. The flowers are adapted to hummingbird pollination. Zephyranthes formosissima is common in cultivation, planted in warm

group of unrelated Canarian plants that appear to be adapted for bird pollination, including the members of the genera Isoplexis and Lotus. It was once

require cross-pollination from other cultivars of olives, but are often used by growers of Nocellara del Belice for cross-pollination of those trees

626 pp. Bernhardt, P. and L. B. Thien. 1987. Self-isolation and insect pollination in the primitive angiosperms: new evaluations of older hypotheses. Plant

earner for the country’s economy. He also introduced vanilla artificial pollination techniques to Java, making the crop much more productive and cheaper

Impatiens pallida, with the common names pale jewelweed, pale touch-me-not, or yellow jewelweed, is a flowering annual plant in the family Balsaminaceae

(1991-2000), and also wrote three books in the New Naturalist Series: two on pollination, and one on the vegetation of Britain and Ireland. Proctor studied botany

hind legs characteristic of honey bees (although they are capable of pollination). Yellowjackets have lance-like stingers with small barbs, and typically

✶ P3+3 A3+3 G(3) Ornithogalum umbellatum, the garden star-of-Bethlehem, grass lily, nap-at-noon, or eleven-o'clock lady, is a perennial bulbous flowering

propagating plants to create new cultivars, sexual reproduction through pollination is used to create seeds. The recombination of genes gives rise to offspring

contains thousands of microscopic, dust-like seeds. In habitat, successful pollination of this species appears to be an infrequent, but not rare, event. The

Anthropophile: attracted to humans (e.g., parasites) Anemophily: a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind Capnophile: microorganism that

Salsola stocksii, insect pollination

which splits open to release several red or orange, fleshy-coated seeds. Pollination involves a range of different animals, and several types of rewards.

Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. doi:10.1554/02-086. JSTOR 3448862. PMID 12894947

through cell fusion. This type of reproduction can also be called single pollination.[citation needed] Reproductive spores are generally the result of cell

of Le Pétrin is the blue-tailed day gecko (Phelsuma cepediana). the pollination efficiency of these geckos depend on the proximity to dense patches of

"Pollination ecology and floral function of Brown's peony (Paeonia brownii) in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon". Journal of Pollination Ecology

"Little machine constructed by Minimax Dadamax in person for fearless pollination of female suckers at the beginning of the change of life and for other

in the western states. Another project that he also works on is the pollination of Darlingtonia californica. Before Barry Rice became well known for

male aggression and mating behavior at flowers may contribute more to pollination of their host flowers than female visitation. One study found that while

"Little machine constructed by Minimax Dadamax in person for fearless pollination of female suckers at the beginning of the change of life and for other

Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2004. Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala

an elongate spur, and two pollinia. Most genera in the group indicate pollination by moths, however leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) are reported as

of Le Pétrin is the blue-tailed day gecko (Phelsuma cepediana). the pollination efficiency of these geckos depend on the proximity to dense patches of

is a species of orchid found from Hainan Island to western Malesia. Pollination through bees, specifically Amegilla nigritar, Amegilla zonata, and Nomia

practice focuses on BioArt which explores the lives of native wild bees, pollination ecology and biodiversity. Collectively titled “Resonating Bodies”, much

considerable amount of nectar of about 2.17 mg of sugar per flower. The pollination allows the seed pods to begin to grow. Eventually when they reach maturity

however, if the stamen is straight, then insect pollination is most likely to occur. Insect pollination occurs in Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Castilla, Dorstenia

Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. doi:10.1554/02-086. JSTOR 3448862. PMID 12894947

The bee uses a specialized technique of opening alfalfa flowers for pollination by applying pressure to snap open the keel of the flower. Because of

through cell fusion. This type of reproduction can also be called single pollination.[citation needed] Reproductive spores are generally the result of cell

of the genus Centris as they pollinate the flowers. This an obligate pollination relationship, and Krameriaceae is one of eleven extant lineages of oil-flowers

They are suggested to have been nectarivores, feeding off the liquid pollination drops and acting as pollinators for now extinct insect pollinated gymnosperms

University of Liège from 1835 to 1837, and full professor from 1837 to 1854. Pollination of Vanilla orchids is required to make the plants produce the pods from

spatial separation of the anthers and stigma, which would make self-pollination unlikely. Abe reported V. rotundifolia flowers on Nishino-shima Island

research will need to be carried out, e.g., artificial controlled cross-pollination experiments to confirm the ability of Bauhinia × blakeana in backcross

asexual form of reproduction which means that they don’t need any form of pollination to grow. They may be known colloquially as "suckers", "pups" or "sister

S2CID 86405178. Sheviak, Charles J. (2001). "A role for water droplets in the pollination of Platanthera aquilonis (Orchidaceae)". Rhodora. 103 (916): 380–386

generation time of around 4 months), its ease of both self-pollination and cross-pollination, and A. majus's variation in morphology and flowering color

tubular, brilliant scarlet, pink, or red flowers that are adapted to bird pollination. Brunsvigia occurs in semi-arid regions in sandy, well-draining soil

of ant in the genus Myrmecia (bulldog ants) found in Australia. While pollination by ants is somewhat rare, the orchid Leporella fimbriata is a myrmecophyte

cactus. Pollination of the senita cactus is dependent on the senita moth, with 75 to 95% of cactus fruit set resulting from nocturnal pollination by the

visitor of crop flowers, so may have an important role in pollination. A study about the pollination of bok choy crops in New Zealand investigated the effectiveness

female phase starts and the stigma becomes receptive, which reduces self-pollination. The scientific name Impatiens (Latin for "impatient") and the common

in Australia and South America strongly suggest they are adapted to pollination by birds, and have been for over 60 million years. In Argentine Patagonia

Cabomba is a genus of perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herbs in the family Cabombaceae native to tropical and subtropical America. It has divided submerged

populations of the iris were very scattered, making reproduction via pollination very difficult, also they were attacked by porcupines and rodents. Then

the order Hymenoptera. More specifically, pollination by bees has been reported. Apart from insect pollination, autogamy has been also reported to occur

species and the ecosystems in which these species play an important role. Pollination is one example of this. Jean-Baptiste Biot and his successors have shown

Caladenia but has an unusual labellum and does not have hairy leaves. Its pollination mechanism is also unusual. Leporella fimbriata is a terrestrial, perennial