Find link

language: af: Afrikaans als: Alemannisch [Alemannic] am: አማርኛ [Amharic] an: aragonés [Aragonese] ar: العربية [Arabic] arz: مصرى [Egyptian Arabic] as: অসমীয়া [Assamese] ast: asturianu [Asturian] az: azərbaycanca [Azerbaijani] azb: تۆرکجه [Southern Azerbaijani] ba: башҡортса [Bashkir] bar: Boarisch [Bavarian] bat-smg: žemaitėška [Samogitian] be: беларуская [Belarusian] be-tarask: беларуская (тарашкевіца) [Belarusian (Taraškievica)] bg: български [Bulgarian] bn: বাংলা [Bengali] bpy: বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী [Bishnupriya Manipuri] br: brezhoneg [Breton] bs: bosanski [Bosnian] bug: ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ [Buginese] ca: català [Catalan] ce: нохчийн [Chechen] ceb: Cebuano ckb: کوردیی ناوەندی [Kurdish (Sorani)] cs: čeština [Czech] cv: Чӑвашла [Chuvash] cy: Cymraeg [Welsh] da: dansk [Danish] de: Deutsch [German] el: Ελληνικά [Greek] en: English eo: Esperanto es: español [Spanish] et: eesti [Estonian] eu: euskara [Basque] fa: فارسی [Persian] fi: suomi [Finnish] fo: føroyskt [Faroese] fr: français [French] fy: Frysk [West Frisian] ga: Gaeilge [Irish] gd: Gàidhlig [Scottish Gaelic] gl: galego [Galician] gu: ગુજરાતી [Gujarati] he: עברית [Hebrew] hi: हिन्दी [Hindi] hr: hrvatski [Croatian] hsb: hornjoserbsce [Upper Sorbian] ht: Kreyòl ayisyen [Haitian] hu: magyar [Hungarian] hy: Հայերեն [Armenian] ia: interlingua [Interlingua] id: Bahasa Indonesia [Indonesian] io: Ido is: íslenska [Icelandic] it: italiano [Italian] ja: 日本語 [Japanese] jv: Basa Jawa [Javanese] ka: ქართული [Georgian] kk: қазақша [Kazakh] kn: ಕನ್ನಡ [Kannada] ko: 한국어 [Korean] ku: Kurdî [Kurdish (Kurmanji)] ky: Кыргызча [Kirghiz] la: Latina [Latin] lb: Lëtzebuergesch [Luxembourgish] li: Limburgs [Limburgish] lmo: lumbaart [Lombard] lt: lietuvių [Lithuanian] lv: latviešu [Latvian] map-bms: Basa Banyumasan [Banyumasan] mg: Malagasy min: Baso Minangkabau [Minangkabau] mk: македонски [Macedonian] ml: മലയാളം [Malayalam] mn: монгол [Mongolian] mr: मराठी [Marathi] mrj: кырык мары [Hill Mari] ms: Bahasa Melayu [Malay] my: မြန်မာဘာသာ [Burmese] mzn: مازِرونی [Mazandarani] nah: Nāhuatl [Nahuatl] nap: Napulitano [Neapolitan] nds: Plattdüütsch [Low Saxon] ne: नेपाली [Nepali] new: नेपाल भाषा [Newar] nl: Nederlands [Dutch] nn: norsk nynorsk [Norwegian (Nynorsk)] no: norsk bokmål [Norwegian (Bokmål)] oc: occitan [Occitan] or: ଓଡ଼ିଆ [Oriya] os: Ирон [Ossetian] pa: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ [Eastern Punjabi] pl: polski [Polish] pms: Piemontèis [Piedmontese] pnb: پنجابی [Western Punjabi] pt: português [Portuguese] qu: Runa Simi [Quechua] ro: română [Romanian] ru: русский [Russian] sa: संस्कृतम् [Sanskrit] sah: саха тыла [Sakha] scn: sicilianu [Sicilian] sco: Scots sh: srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски [Serbo-Croatian] si: සිංහල [Sinhalese] simple: Simple English sk: slovenčina [Slovak] sl: slovenščina [Slovenian] sq: shqip [Albanian] sr: српски / srpski [Serbian] su: Basa Sunda [Sundanese] sv: svenska [Swedish] sw: Kiswahili [Swahili] ta: தமிழ் [Tamil] te: తెలుగు [Telugu] tg: тоҷикӣ [Tajik] th: ไทย [Thai] tl: Tagalog tr: Türkçe [Turkish] tt: татарча/tatarça [Tatar] uk: українська [Ukrainian] ur: اردو [Urdu] uz: oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча [Uzbek] vec: vèneto [Venetian] vi: Tiếng Việt [Vietnamese] vo: Volapük wa: walon [Walloon] war: Winaray [Waray] yi: ייִדיש [Yiddish] yo: Yorùbá [Yoruba] zh: 中文 [Chinese] zh-min-nan: Bân-lâm-gú [Min Nan] zh-yue: 粵語 [Cantonese]

jump to random article

searching for Kernel 531 found (8780 total)

alternate case: kernel

Linux kernel (18,329 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The Linux kernel is a free and open source,: 4  Unix-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds

open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux

x86). A kernel thread is a "lightweight" unit of kernel scheduling. At least one kernel thread exists within each process. If multiple kernel threads

Operating systems include the software that is always running, called a kernel—but can include other software as well. The two other types of programs

and kernel space. This separation primarily provides memory protection and hardware protection from malicious or errant software behaviour. Kernel space

A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture with the entire operating system running in kernel space. The monolithic model differs from other

Finnish software engineer who is the creator and lead developer of the Linux kernel. He also created the distributed version control system Git. He was honored

Popcorn (also called popped corn, popcorns, or pop-corn) is a variety of corn kernel which expands and puffs up when heated. The term also refers to the snack

Lieutenant colonel (UK: /lɛfˈtɛnənt ˈkɜːrnəl/ lef-TEN-ənt KUR-nəl, US: /luːˈtɛn-/ loo-TEN-) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine

ago (2020-04-28) kernel 4.18.0-193 8.3, November 3, 2020; 4 years ago (2020-11-03) kernel 4.18.0-240 8.4, May 18, 2021; 4 years ago (2021-05-18) kernel 4.18.0-305

decided by the type of kernel an operating system uses. An operating system that uses a monolithic kernel, such as the Linux kernel, will typically run device

operating systems such as ChromeOS and Android, Fuchsia is based on a custom kernel named Zircon. It publicly debuted as a self-hosted git repository in August

A loadable kernel module (LKM) is an executable library that extends the capabilities of a running kernel, or so-called base kernel, of an operating system

In computer science, a microkernel (often abbreviated as μ-kernel) is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement

two variables, that is called the kernel or nucleus of the transform. Some kernels have an associated inverse kernel K − 1 ( u , t ) {\displaystyle K^{-1}(u

XNU ("X is Not Unix") is the computer operating system (OS) kernel developed at Apple Inc. since December 1996 for use in the Mac OS X (now macOS) operating

other kernels such as Linux or FreeBSD. Whether the combination of GNU libraries with external kernels is a GNU operating system with a kernel (e.g. GNU

system, delivering a kernel, device drivers, userland utilities, and documentation, as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers, and relying

The Kernel, a competing website, and turned it into a weekly Sunday edition featuring long-form editorial built around a single theme. The Kernel founder

relating to macOS and iOS. The kernel of Darwin is XNU, a hybrid kernel which uses OSFMK 7.3 (Open Software Foundation Mach Kernel) from the OSF, various elements

The kernel and userland for these platforms are all built from a central unified source-code tree managed by CVS. Currently, unlike other kernels such

Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) is a free and open-source virtualization module in the Linux kernel that allows the kernel to function as a hypervisor

resources of the computer. The Windows NT kernel is a hybrid kernel; the architecture comprises a simple kernel, hardware abstraction layer (HAL), drivers

replacement for the Unix kernel, and released as free software under the GNU General Public License. When the Linux kernel proved to be a viable solution

This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel. Each major version – identified by the first two numbers of a release version – is designated

the 64-bit kernel, and not all 64-bit computers that can run the 64-bit kernel will do so by default. The 64-bit kernel, like the 32-bit kernel, supports

Mach (/mɑːk/) is an operating system kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University by Richard Rashid and Avie Tevanian to support operating system research

A kernel panic (sometimes abbreviated as KP) is a safety measure taken by an operating system's kernel upon detecting an internal fatal error in which

have kernel extensions (kexts) in the file system, even if they are actually present. The kernel cache can be decompressed to show the correct kernel, along

discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel, effectively turning Solaris version 11 back into a closed source proprietary

system, eXtremeDB Kernel Mode, has been developed specifically for kernel mode deployment, to provide a local database for kernel-based application functions

processing kernel functions simplifies the kernel design at the expense of system responsiveness. The distinction between user mode and kernel mode, which

abbreviated as distro, is an operating system that includes the Linux kernel for its kernel functionality. Although the name does not imply product distribution

whether computer operating systems that use GNU software and the Linux kernel should be referred to as "GNU/Linux" or "Linux" systems. Proponents of the

not free." Development was initiated in January 1984. In 1991, the Linux kernel appeared, developed outside the GNU Project by Linus Torvalds, and in December

In the mathematical study of heat conduction and diffusion, a heat kernel is the fundamental solution to the heat equation on a specified domain with appropriate

using the kernel trick, representing the data only through a set of pairwise similarity comparisons between the original data points using a kernel function

kernel threads (LWKT), an in-kernel message passing system, and the HAMMER file system. Many design concepts were influenced by AmigaOS. The kernel messaging

changes to the device file system if that's not automatically done by the kernel, and possibly invoking scripts in system or user space to handle special

The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was the first ISO standard for low-level computer graphics, introduced in 1977. A draft international standard was circulated

version of the Linux kernel that contains no binary blobs, obfuscated code, or code released under proprietary licenses. In the Linux kernel, those types of

computing, an oops is a serious but non-fatal error in the Linux kernel. An oops may precede a kernel panic, but it may also allow continued operation with compromised

hybrid kernel is an operating system kernel whose architecture attempts to combine aspects and benefits of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures

student Linus Torvalds to create a new free operating system kernel. The resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history

in the Linux kernel, context switching involves loading the corresponding process control block (PCB) stored in the PCB table in the kernel stack to retrieve

in the Linux kernel, context switching involves loading the corresponding process control block (PCB) stored in the PCB table in the kernel stack to retrieve

operating system kernel executable), also known as the kernel image, contains the kernel and executive layers of the Microsoft Windows NT kernel, and is responsible

running processes in the kernel. In Linux, it can also be used to obtain information about the kernel and to change certain kernel parameters at runtime

Android is an operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen-based

Kombo Kpangnan Kusum Mafura Mahua Mango butter Murumuru Nagkesar Palm (kernel) Phulwara Pilu Pongamia Sal-seed (Shorea robusta) Sandalwood Shea butter

Linux kernel image, and execution of various startup scripts and daemons. Those are grouped into 4 steps: system startup, bootloader stage, kernel stage

cgroups (abbreviated from control groups) is a Linux kernel feature that limits, accounts for, and isolates the resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O,

The Direct Rendering Manager (DRM) is a subsystem of the Linux kernel responsible for interfacing with GPUs of modern video cards. DRM exposes an API that

The Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) is a driver framework developed by Microsoft as a tool to aid driver developers create and maintain kernel mode

operating system kernel in the form of a number of small tasks, named Resource Managers. This differs from the more traditional monolithic kernel, in which the

3.1 featured a core kernel providing a system API, running in supervisor mode (ring 0 in x86; referred to in Windows NT as "kernel mode" on all platforms)

Palm kernel oil is an edible plant oil derived from the kernel of the oil palm tree Elaeis guineensis. It is related to two other edible oils: palm oil

virtualization is an operating system (OS) virtualization paradigm in which the kernel allows the existence of multiple isolated user space instances, including

with two Linux kernels options. Red Hat Compatible Kernel (RHCK) – identical to the kernel shipped in RHEL Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel (UEK) – based

NetBSD rump kernel is the first implementation of the "anykernel" concept where drivers either can be compiled into or run in the monolithic kernel or in user

debugfs is a special file system available in the Linux kernel since version 2.6.10-rc3. It was written by Greg Kroah-Hartman. debugfs is a simple-to-use

Windows kernel. WSL 2 (announced May 2019), introduced a real Linux kernel – a managed virtual machine (via Hyper-V) that implements the full Linux kernel. As

Kernel Transaction Manager (KTM) is a component of the Windows operating system kernel in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 that enables applications

Kernel Patch Protection (KPP), informally known as PatchGuard, is a feature of 64-bit (x64) editions of Microsoft Windows that prevents patching the kernel

Exokernel is an operating system kernel developed by the MIT Parallel and Distributed Operating Systems group, and also a class of similar operating systems

editing kernel code. This is achieved by running file system code in user space while the FUSE module provides only a bridge to the actual kernel interfaces

design with a single framework: the operating system selects suitable kernels from the abstraction layer in the case of devices that use diverse resources

the Windows kernel using a method known as direct kernel object manipulation (DKOM). This method can be used to hide processes. A kernel mode rootkit

memory, and not that of the kernel or other processes. The kernel program should perform file system management. The kernel has instructions to create

a cypsela. When dehulled, the edible remainder is called the sunflower kernel or heart. In 2022, global production of sunflower seeds added up to 54 million

In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is the application of kernel smoothing for probability density estimation, i.e., a non-parametric method

creation and execution of new processes, and communication with integral kernel services such as process scheduling. System calls provide an essential interface

the Linux kernel that exports information about various kernel subsystems, hardware devices, and associated device drivers from the kernel's device model

μT-Kernel is an open source real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for 16- and 8-bit microcontrollers. "μ” in the name stands for "micro" and pronounced

A virtual kernel architecture (vkernel) is an operating system virtualisation paradigm where kernel code can be compiled to run in the user space, for

share a single kernel, though the guest operating systems can differ in user space, such as different Linux distributions with the same kernel. The term hypervisor

adaptive kernel estimates. Davies and Ghahramani proposed Kernel Random Forest (KeRF) and showed that it can empirically outperform state-of-art kernel methods

Tux is a penguin character and the official mascot of the Linux kernel. Originally created as an entry to a Linux logo competition, Tux is the most commonly

operating systems installed on a computer if (dual booted) or select a specific kernel configuration available on a particular operating system's partitions. It

answer is to sample the continuous Gaussian, yielding the sampled Gaussian kernel. However, this discrete function does not have the discrete analogs of the

Linux systems (containers) on a control host using a single Linux kernel. The Linux kernel provides the cgroups functionality that allows limitation and prioritization

The Linux kernel mailing list (LKML) is the main electronic mailing list for Linux kernel development, where the majority of the announcements, discussions

data (a stream), a series of operations (kernel functions) is applied to each element in the stream. Kernel functions are usually pipelined, and optimal

ideal is the kernel of a non-zero irreducible *-representation. The set of primitive ideals is a topological space with the hull-kernel topology (or Jacobson

on a real-time kernel alongside the standard kernel. In 2005, the PREEMPT_RT project was initiated to provide a patch to the linux kernel. In 2024, the

publications. It is often praised for its in-depth coverage of Linux kernel internals and Linux kernel mailing list (LKML) discussions. The acronym "LWN" originally

the kernel (possibly via system calls) and handled by processes, while interrupts are mediated by the processor and handled by the kernel. The kernel may

PowerPC platform, and Macintosh computers. The name refers to the Linux kernel being adapted to run as a server hosted on the Mach microkernel, version

Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including

In computing, a directory is a file system cataloging structure that contains references to other computer files, and possibly other directories. On many

Ashmead's Kernel is a triploid cultivar of apple. Traditionally, Ashmead's Kernel was thought to be diploid but a poor pollinator. Ashmead's Kernel is often

A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, many dry

top of the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University. (Other UNIX and UNIX-like implementations built on top of the Mach kernel are GNU Hurd,

algorithms for C3D Toolkit. In 2012 the earliest version of the C3D Modeller kernel was extracted from KOMPAS-3D CAD. It was later adopted to a range of different

architectural port of the Linux kernel to its own system call interface, which enables multiple virtual Linux kernel-based operating systems (known as

also a kernel upgrade that is organized similar to classic HarmonyOS and OpenHarmony multi-kernel architecture that carries both RTOS kernel and Linux

incorporated into the Linux 5.6 kernel, and backported to earlier Linux kernels in some Linux distributions. The Linux kernel components are licensed under

The Linux kernel can run on a variety of devices made by Apple, including devices where the unlocking of the bootloader is not possible with an official

focuses on issues concerning use of operating systems which use the Linux kernel. While the Linux-based Android operating system dominates the smartphone

architecture named VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor), also known as the VAX Security Kernel, was developed at Digital with the aim of allowing multiple isolated instances

A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, many dry

test its installation and build system. All versions of BSD that had a kernel have chroot(2). An early use of the term "jail" as applied to chroot comes

Linux kernel for operating systems, that is altered to the extent that it can run paravirtualized on an L4 microkernel, where the L4Linux kernel runs a

LK (Little Kernel) plus Aboot, or XBL (eXtensible Bootloader) plus ABL; Samsung Exynos uses S-Boot; MediaTek uses Das U-Boot. Little Kernel is a microkernel

for writing programs. Functions executed on an OpenCL device are called "kernels".: 17  A single compute device typically consists of several compute units

The Linux kernel provides multiple interfaces to user-space and kernel-mode code. The interfaces can be classified as either application programming interface

short[vague]) are operating systems based upon the GNU operating system (the Hurd kernel, the GNU C library, system libraries and application software like GNU coreutils

graph-based kernel for Kernel PCA. More recently, techniques have been proposed that, instead of defining a fixed kernel, try to learn the kernel using semidefinite

a Linux distribution made by Google. ChromiumOS is based on the Linux kernel, like ChromeOS, but its principal user interface is the Chromium web browser

udev (userspace /dev) is a device manager for the Linux kernel. As the successor of devfsd and hotplug, udev primarily manages device nodes in the /dev

of the Linux kernel mainline since the release of kernel version 2.6.8 in August 2004. The availability of the NX bit on 32-bit x86 kernels, which may run

supplies. This avoids copying unwanted packets from the operating system kernel to the process, greatly improving performance. The filter program is in

MinWin is a term used informally by Microsoft to describe the kernel and operating system components that form the basis of releases of Microsoft Windows

Bayes. The hyperparameters typically specify a prior covariance kernel. In case the kernel should also be inferred nonparametrically from the data, the critical

Torvalds had a written debate over the Internet regarding the Linux kernel and kernel architecture in general. Tanenbaum, the creator of Minix, began the

directly gives that there is a unique element in the kernel, and, conversely, a unique element in the kernel gives injection: h ( g 1 ) = h ( g 2 ) ⇔ h ( g

robustness. There have been various re-implementations of the original L4 kernel application binary interface (ABI) and its successors, including L4Ka::Pistachio

breaking all existing apps. Bionic is a C library for use with the Linux kernel, and provides libc, libdl, and libm (libpthread functionality is part of

created by Linus Torvalds for version control in the development of the Linux kernel. The trademark "Git" is registered by the Software Freedom Conservancy,

containers that run directly on top of the Linux kernel and are isolated with namespaces. Unlike the Linux kernel, gVisor is written in the memory-safe programming

Cox in his Linux 2.4-ac Kernel series) to the Linux 2.4 kernel used by the distribution. In versions 2.6.0 to 2.6.22, the kernel used an O(1) scheduler

{\displaystyle Q} is also a projection as the image and kernel of P {\displaystyle P} become the kernel and image of Q {\displaystyle Q} and vice versa. We

accuracy. Kernel density estimation Mean integrated squared error Histogram Multivariate kernel density estimation Spectral density estimation Kernel embedding

Introduced in version 2.4.1 of the Linux kernel, it was the first journaling file system to be included in the standard kernel. ReiserFS was the default file system

storage limits and add other performance improvements. However, other Linux kernel developers opposed accepting extensions to ext3 for stability reasons, and

ext2, or second extended file system, is a file system for the Linux kernel. It was initially designed by French software developer Rémy Card as a replacement

Over-the-air, iTunes, Finder Platforms ARMv9-A (17.4–) ARMv8-A (13.0–) Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Cocoa Touch (multi-touch, GUI)

INK (for I/O Node Kernel) is the operating system that runs on the input output nodes of the IBM Blue Gene supercomputer. INK is a Linux derivative. Compute

library. It provides a wrapper around the system calls of the Linux kernel and other kernels for application use. Despite its name, it now also directly supports

is legally acceptable to use ZFS as binary kernel module in Linux. (As opposed to building it into the kernel image itself.) Others followed Ubuntu's conclusion

abbreviated as coLinux, is software which allows Microsoft Windows and the Linux kernel to run simultaneously in parallel on the same machine. Cooperative Linux

parent, and each of its children. There has been uncertainty on the Linux kernel mailing list about the reason for the "i" in "inode". In 2002, the question

μClinux is a variation of the Linux kernel, previously maintained as a fork, that targets microcontrollers without a memory management unit (MMU). It was

written for specific hardware to work within a specific operating system kernel and to support a range of APIs used by applications to access the graphics

version, based on Ubuntu 7.04, was released on 10 May 2007. The real-time kernel, first included with Ubuntu Studio 8.04, was modified for intensive audio

communicating with a kernel driver. The kernel-side component of the Linux version of OpenBinder was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 3.19

edible fruit and kernel Prunus brigantina – Briançon apricot, native to Europe, cultivated for its edible fruit and oil-producing kernel Prunus cathayana

Asahi Linux is a project that ports the Linux kernel and related software to Apple Silicon-powered Macs, started by Hector Martin. It does so by reverse-engineering

kernel.org on the World Wide Web is the main distribution point of source code for the Linux kernel, which is the base of the Linux operating system.

read-only file system initially developed by Huawei, originally for the Linux kernel and now maintained by an open-source community. EROFS aims to form a generic

makes the kernel and command interpreter cross-buildable from operating systems other than DOS. The kernel can be built as a single binary KERNEL.SYS to

(short for secure computing) is a computer security facility in the Linux kernel. seccomp allows a process to make a one-way transition into a "secure" state

operating system starting with its version 5.3. XFS was ported to the Linux kernel in 2001; as of June 2014, XFS is supported by most Linux distributions;

kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git - Linux kernel stable tree". kernel.org. Retrieved 15 September 2018. "orinoco - Linux Wireless". Wireless.kernel.org

AppArmor ("Application Armor") is a Linux kernel security module that allows the system administrator to restrict programs' capabilities with per-program

1990s. OSF/1 is one of the first operating systems to have used the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University, and is probably best known as the

Microsoft's part. BeOS was developed as an original product, with a proprietary kernel, symmetric multiprocessing, preemptive multitasking, and pervasive multithreading

implemented in the kernel. If implemented in the kernel, it operates in kernel mode, gaining access to other parts of the kernel and being trusted by

discontinued object-oriented, multitasking operating system based on the Mach kernel and the UNIX-derived BSD. It was developed by NeXT, founded by Steve Jobs

of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of network packets/datagrams/frames. It has been available since Linux kernel 3.13 released

vmlinux is a statically linked executable file that contains the Linux kernel in one of the object file formats supported by Linux, which includes Executable

nanokernels, which reduce the number of functionalities provided by the kernel. Those functionalities are then obtained by communicating with servers via

individual distributions. In kernel density estimation, a distribution is estimated from sample points by convolution with a kernel, such as an isotropic Gaussian

I/O request packets (IRPs) are kernel mode structures that are used by Windows Driver Model (WDM) and Windows NT device drivers to communicate with each

released from 1995 to 2000 and supported until 2006, which were based on the kernel introduced in Windows 95 and modified in succeeding versions, with its underlying

a C standard library intended for operating systems based on the Linux kernel, released under the MIT License. It was developed by Rich Felker to write

module loaded into the kernel of an open-source operating system, and is sometimes also applied to code running outside the kernel, such as system firmware

Real-time application interface (RTAI) is a real-time extension for the Linux kernel, which lets users write applications with strict timing constraints for

kdump is a feature of the Linux kernel that creates crash dumps in the event of a kernel crash. When triggered, kdump exports a memory image (also known

Grady, Kernel Fleck and Bec MacConn. The series centers around three protagonists from separate periods of time—Grubbs lives in the present day, Kernel in

the file system's on-disk format has been declared stable in the Linux kernel. Btrfs is intended to address the lack of pooling, snapshots, integrity

architectures, see Unix-like. A Unix kernel — the core or key components of the operating system — consists of many kernel subsystems like process management

libraries and utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handles the file system

Netfilter is a framework provided by the Linux kernel that allows various networking-related operations to be implemented in the form of customized handlers

that can run programs in a privileged context such as the operating system kernel. It is the successor to the Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF, with the "e" originally

of the Linux kernel. A much newer version of the driver, with several bug fixes and improved reliability, was incorporated into kernel 5.7. Prior to

threads, and even of independent kernel tasks – although the latter feature is feasible only in preemptive kernels such as Linux. Preemption has an important

method, and we start with an initial estimate x {\displaystyle x} . Let a kernel function K ( x i − x ) {\displaystyle K(x_{i}-x)} be given. This function

UNIX/32V, did not take advantage of the VAX's virtual memory capabilities. The kernel of 32V was largely rewritten to include Berkeley graduate student Özalp

facilities of the operating system, such as the network stack, reside in the kernel. Kernel code handles sensitive resources and implements the security and reliability

In computing, a futex (short for "fast userspace mutex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building

Hermann created to replace the Linux console, a terminal built into the Linux kernel. Kmscon uses the KMS driver for its output, it is multiseat-capable, and

ColorOS OPPO 2024 Kernel only 15.0 15 2013 OPPO and OnePlus Android Smartphones and Tablets CopperheadOS Copperhead Security 2022 Kernel only 13.09.28 13

Mango oil, mango kernel fat, or mango butter, is an oil fraction obtained during the processing of mango butter. Mango oil is a seed oil extracted from

Sound Architecture (ALSA) is a software framework and part of the Linux kernel that provides an application programming interface (API) for sound card

distributions. It is similar to a box plot, with the addition of a rotated kernel density plot on each side. The violin plot was proposed in 1997 by Jerry

inotify (inode notify) is a Linux kernel subsystem created by John McCutchan, which monitors changes to the filesystem, and reports those changes to applications

this generic kernel image are included as loadable kernel modules because statically compiling many drivers into one kernel causes the kernel image to be

Mentor Graphics' Nucleus RTOS kernel or Linux kernel, and was planned to become as middleware separated from an OS kernel, but development was discontinued

scheduler that was merged into the 2.6.23 (October 2007) release of the Linux kernel. It was the default scheduler of the tasks of the SCHED_NORMAL class (i

SCHED_DEADLINE is a CPU scheduler available in the Linux kernel since version 3.14, based on the earliest deadline first (EDF) and constant bandwidth server

feature of the Linux kernel that implements live patching of a running kernel, which allows kernel patches to be applied while the kernel is still running

(sometimes written μClibc) is a small C standard library intended for Linux kernel-based operating systems for embedded systems and mobile devices. uClibc

computing, kernel same-page merging (KSM), also known as kernel shared memory, memory merging, memory deduplication, and page deduplication is a kernel feature

Package manager APT, dpkg, Snap, flatpak Platforms x86_64 Kernel type Monolithic (Linux kernel) Userland GNU Default user interface GNOME, Xfce License

OpenSolaris, after the discontinuation of that product by Oracle. It comprises a kernel, device drivers, system libraries, and utility software for system administration

(short for 'event device') is a generic input event interface in the Linux kernel and FreeBSD. It generalizes raw input events from device drivers and makes

kernel. Configfs appears similar to sysfs but they are in fact different and complementary. Configfs is for creating, managing and destroying kernel objects

available without kernel blobs by default since 2011. The Linux community uses the term "blob" to refer to all nonfree firmware in a kernel whereas OpenBSD

Computer programming portal Linux portal io_uring is a Linux kernel system call interface for storage device asynchronous I/O operations addressing performance

in the Linux kernel, for various parts of the kernel that deal with cryptography, such as IPsec and dm-crypt. It was introduced in kernel version 2.5.45

in the Linux kernel, for various parts of the kernel that deal with cryptography, such as IPsec and dm-crypt. It was introduced in kernel version 2.5.45

kexec (kernel execute), analogous to the Unix/Linux kernel call exec, is a mechanism of the Linux kernel that allows booting of a new kernel from the

the kernel while signals are mediated by the kernel (possibly via system calls) and handled by individual processes.[citation needed] The kernel may pass

the 2.1.X development cycle of the Linux kernel. Retroactively being renamed to V4L1, it was dropped in kernel 2.6.38. V4L2 is the second version of V4L

Prominent free software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). David A. Wheeler argues that the

management and graphics rendering, however, these operations have been moved to kernel mode starting with Windows NT 4.0 to improve performance. CSRSS instances

is a system console internal to the Linux kernel. A system console is the device which receives all kernel messages and warnings and which allows logins

is an open-source extension of the Linux kernel that allows security patches to be applied to a running kernel without the need for reboots, avoiding downtimes

dau6 fu6; rōmaji: an'nindōfu) is a soft, jellied dessert made of apricot kernel milk, agar, and sugar popular throughout East Asia. The name "tofu" here

length than girth; Asian pine nuts are stubbier, shaped somewhat like long kernels of corn. The American piñon nuts are known for their large size and ease

Exec is the kernel of AmigaOS. It is a 13 KB multitasking microkernel which enabled pre-emptive multitasking in as little as 256 KB of memory (as supplied

kernel, kernfs is a set of functions that contain the functionality required for creating the pseudo file systems used internally by various kernel subsystems

operating system kernel stores PCBs in a process table. The current working directory of a process is one of the properties that the kernel stores in the

of the early user space, i.e. components used during kernel startup, but which do not run in kernel mode. These components do not have access to the standard

In Linux, the System.map file is a symbol table used by the kernel. A symbol table is a look-up between symbol names and their addresses in memory. A symbol

distributions are the so-called bivariate Gaussian or normal distribution kernel density methods. More recently, nonparametric methods such as the Burgman

NonStop is a series of server computers introduced to market in 1976 by Tandem Computers Inc., beginning with the NonStop product line. It was followed

equal to its reflexive closure. The reflexive reduction or irreflexive kernel of R {\displaystyle R} is the smallest (with respect to ⊆ {\displaystyle

socket family used for inter-process communication (IPC) between both the kernel and userspace processes, and between different userspace processes, in a

the kernel and any other point in the polygon is 1, while the link distance between any two points that are in the polygon but outside the kernel is either

system kernel for embedded devices that has been ported to 40 microcontroller platforms. It is distributed under the MIT License. The FreeRTOS kernel was

Corn kernels are the fruits of corn (called maize in many countries). Maize is a grain, and the kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable or a source

one of five similar tools that can assist a user in configuring the Linux kernel before building, a necessary step needed to compile the source code. make

EKA2 (EPOC Kernel Architecture 2) is the second-generation Symbian platform real-time operating system kernel, which originated in the earlier operating

Linux kernel: Version 2.5 provided a basic NUMA support, which was further improved in subsequent kernel releases. Version 3.8 of the Linux kernel brought

Smack (full name: Simplified Mandatory Access Control Kernel) is a Linux kernel security module that protects data and process interaction from malicious

Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a framework allowing the Linux kernel to support, without bias, a variety of computer security models. LSM is licensed

POSIX for Linux syscalls within the Linux kernel and LiteOS default kernels side of the system multi-kernel Kernel Abstract Layer subsystem for vendor and

organization that works on free and open-source software such as the Linux kernel, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), QEMU, power management, graphics and

Kent Overstreet, first announced it in 2015, and it was added to the Linux kernel beginning with 6.7. It is intended to compete with the modern features of

browser construction. In particular, the browser had a secure kernel, modeled after an OS kernel, and various web sources run as separate "principals" above

architecture, consisting of four layers from the bottom to the top: the kernel layer, system service layer, framework layer, and application layer. It

fruit, and palm kernel oil derived from the kernel. The pulp left after oil is rendered from the kernel is formed into "palm kernel cake", used either

The Lively Kernel is an open-source web programming environment, developed by Dan Ingalls when he was at SAP Research. It supports desktop-style applications

File System (HPFS), codenamed Pinball. Instead of coding it inside the kernel, as FAT was, Microsoft developed a "driver-based" filesystem API that could

represented by integration against a kernel K z ( ζ ) {\displaystyle K_{z}(\zeta )} , the Bergman kernel. This kernel is the analog of the delta function

can be performed in O ( w kernel w image h image ) + O ( h kernel w image h image ) {\displaystyle O\left(w_{\text{kernel}}w_{\text{image}}h_{\text{

use interrupt mitigation techniques for networking devices in the Linux kernel. Such an approach is intended to reduce the overhead of packet receiving

by Jean J. Labrosse in 1991. It is a priority-based preemptive real-time kernel for microprocessors, written mostly in the programming language C. It is

most of the operating system networking stack. It is merged in the Linux kernel since version 4.8. This implementation is licensed under GPL. Large technology

operating systems, it also allows the user to pass preconfigured options to the kernel. The menu options are stored in boot.ini, which itself is located in the

Russian Geometric Kernel (also known as RGK) is a proprietary geometric modeling kernel developed by several Russian software companies, most notably

via use of polymorphism. The Synthesis kernel presented in Alexia Massalin's Ph.D. thesis is a tiny Unix kernel that takes a structured, or even object

equaliser is the solution set of an equation. In certain contexts, a difference kernel is the equaliser of exactly two functions. Let X and Y be sets. Let f and

geometric modeling kernel is a solid modeling software component used in computer-aided design (CAD) packages. Available modelling kernels include: ACIS is

adding operating system-level virtualization capabilities to the Linux kernel. It is developed and distributed as open-source software. The project was

look like the text below: $ uname -a Darwin Roadrunner.local 10.3.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.0: Fri Feb 26 11:58:09 PST 2010; root:xnu-1504.3.12~1/RELEASE_I386

zram, formerly called compcache, is a Linux kernel module for creating a compressed block device in RAM, i.e. a RAM disk with on-the-fly disk compression

versions of the Windows 9x family have a monolithic kernel that uses MS-DOS as a foundation alongside the kernel first used with Windows 95. This line has since

feature of the Linux kernel that implements live patching of a running kernel, which allows kernel patches to be applied while the kernel is still running

use interrupt mitigation techniques for networking devices in the Linux kernel. Such an approach is intended to reduce the overhead of packet receiving

from Trinidad and Tobago Tamarind seed oil is made from the kernel of tamarind seeds. The kernel is difficult to isolate from its thin but tough shell (or

of an abelian category) such that the image of one morphism equals the kernel of the next. In the context of group theory, a sequence G 0 →   f 1   G

of the Linux family of operating systems, which are based on the Linux kernel, the GNU C Library, BusyBox or forks thereof like μClinux and uClibc, have

between the Kernel, which consists of the code which runs at the kernel access mode, and the less-privileged code outside of the Kernel which runs at

Lguest is a Linux kernel x86 virtualization hypervisor introduced in kernel version 2.6.23 (released 9 October 2007) and removed in kernel version 4.14 (November

mapper framework that provides logical volume management for the Linux kernel. Most modern Linux distributions are LVM-aware to the point of being able

versions of the Windows 9x family have a monolithic kernel that uses MS-DOS as a foundation alongside the kernel first used with Windows 95. This line has since

monolithic kernels, device drivers reside in the kernel. Thus, when a new peripheral is installed, unknown, untrusted code is inserted in the kernel. One bad

equaliser is the solution set of an equation. In certain contexts, a difference kernel is the equaliser of exactly two functions. Let X and Y be sets. Let f and

Linux Kernel Newbies". KernelNewbies.org. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2012-11-08. "Linux 2 6 38 - Linux Kernel Newbies". KernelNewbies

Russian Geometric Kernel (also known as RGK) is a proprietary geometric modeling kernel developed by several Russian software companies, most notably

functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the algebraic interior or radial kernel of a subset of a vector space is a refinement of the concept of the interior

Greg Kroah-Hartman is a major Linux kernel developer. As of April 2013[update], he is the Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, the staging subsystem

Digital Geometric Kernel (former KernelCAD) is a software development framework and a set of components for enabling 3D computer graphics computer-aided

already adopted it for their use. It was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in 2014, in kernel version 3.18. It was improved in version 4.0, bringing improvements

operating system from Tenon Intersystems. It is based on 4.4BSD and the Mach kernel, and features the X Window System and GNU programming tools. It runs only

system administrator to configure the IP packet filter rules of the Linux kernel firewall, implemented as different Netfilter modules. The filters are organized

that it is not only a low level layer for an outer kernel. Instead, it is intended to run several kernels together, which makes it similar to full virtualization

Mounted on swap 601592 0 601592 0% /tmp/test tmpfs is supported by the Linux kernel beginning in version 2.4 (January 4, 2001). Linux tmpfs (previously known

It includes a real-time operating system (RTOS) component-named TI-RTOS Kernel (formerly named SYS/BIOS, which evolved from DSP/BIOS), networking connectivity

"contract") between the kernel and a concrete file system. Therefore, it is easy to add support for new file system types to the kernel simply by fulfilling

epoll is a Linux kernel system call for a scalable I/O event notification mechanism, first introduced in version 2.5.45 of the Linux kernel.[failed verification

Linux, PCL) is a performance analyzing tool in Linux, available from Linux kernel version 2.6.31 in 2009. Userspace controlling utility, named perf, is accessed

as Runix) is a Linux kernel and development kit for the PlayStation (MIPS-NOMMU). PSXLinux is based on the μClinux 2.4.x kernel and contains specific

was released in preparation for the 2.4 kernel, although the first release still used the stable 2.2 kernel. Glibc was updated to version 2.1.92, which

scheduler", "Big O of 1 scheduler", or "constant time scheduler") is a kernel scheduling design that can schedule processes within a constant amount of

In mathematics, specifically in topology, the interior of a subset S of a topological space X is the union of all subsets of S that are open in X. A point

Gigabit Ethernet, NFS over TCP/IP, loadable kernel modules, dynamic kernel tunable parameters, kernel event Notifications, and protected stacks. 11

WarpOS is a multitasking kernel for the PowerPC (PPC) architecture central processing unit (CPU) developed by Haage & Partner for the Amiga computer platform

one or more kernel objects and expose not only the kernel and kernel-mediated resources, but also an expanded set of services that the kernel does.[clarification

filesystem, is a journaled file system that is commonly used with the Linux kernel. It used to be the default file system for many popular Linux distributions

team in Cambridge, England. It was the first commercial solid modeling kernel designed for straightforward integration into computer-aided design (CAD)

The O(n) scheduler is the scheduler used in the Linux kernel between versions 2.4 and 2.6. Since version 2.6.0, it has been replaced by the O(1) scheduler

Linux kernel, couldn't be merged into the mainline Linux kernel, and Linux distributions generally did not include it as a precompiled kernel module

In functional analysis, a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) is a Hilbert space of functions in which point evaluation is a continuous linear functional

source Atari TOS variant OpenHarmony - LiteOS kernel and kernel add-ons side of the kernel tree under Kernel Abstract Layer (KAL) structure Uniproton real-time

dm-crypt is a transparent block device encryption subsystem in Linux kernel versions 2.6 and later and in DragonFly BSD. It is part of the device mapper

of the stack, heap and libraries. When applied to the kernel, this technique is called kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR). The Linux PaX

ftrace (Function Tracer) is a tracing framework for the Linux kernel. Although its original name, Function Tracer, came from ftrace's ability to record

metric, vs. 25530 lines). The complete kernel comprised 18000 lines of code. (According to a 2006 count, the kernel was then some 150,000 lines, but this

A wheat berry, or wheatberry, is a whole wheat kernel, composed of the bran, germ, and endosperm, without the husk. Botanically, it is a type of fruit

Industrial Input/Output Framework (IIO Framework) is a part of the Linux kernel. "IIO Framework - Linux Device Drivers Development [Book]". www.oreilly

zswap is a Linux kernel feature that provides a compressed write-back cache for swapped pages, as a form of virtual memory compression. Instead of moving

conducted in 2013 with Linux Kernel version 3.10 show that Reiser4 is considerably faster in various tests compared to in-kernel filesystems ext4, btrfs and

splitting the user and kernel address ranges in different ways: 3G/1G user/kernel (default), 1G/3G user/kernel or 2G/2G user/kernel. Linear address space

The framebuffer subsystem in the Linux kernel fbdev is used to show graphics on a computer monitor, typically on the system console. It was designed as

improvements, native Hadoop support via JNI shim, support for newer Linux kernels 2.9 Distributed Metadata for Directory Entries Capability-based security

separately enabled by privileged system code in the operating system's kernel. In CPUs implementing the x86 instruction set architecture (ISA) for instance

function having a mathematical singularity at the origin, the Newtonian kernel Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } which is the fundamental solution of the Laplace

the Frobenius kernel and the Frobenius complement have very restricted structures. J. G. Thompson (1960) proved that the Frobenius kernel K is a nilpotent

included into the Linux kernel since September 23, 2001, when it was merged into the Linux kernel mainline as part of the kernel version 2.4.10 release

Linux kernel 4.1 in June 2015 F2FS, added in Linux kernel 4.2[non-primary source needed] UBIFS, added in Linux kernel 4.10 CephFS, added in Linux kernel 6

kernel code, including increased isolation of kernel memory from user-mode processes. Linux kernel developers have referred to this measure as kernel

Tomoyo Linux (stylised as TOMOYO Linux) is a Linux kernel security module which implements mandatory access control (MAC). Tomoyo Linux is a MAC implementation

TrustedInstaller. Another method is to use a kernel driver like winring0.sys to run programs with kernel access. This driver can also be exploited to

kernel takes over. At this point, the kernel can change processor modes if it desires, but this bars usage of the runtime services (unless the kernel

American software engineer mainly known for his contributions to the Linux kernel, in particular his contributions to file systems. He is the secondary developer

improvements, native Hadoop support via JNI shim, support for newer Linux kernels 2.9 Distributed Metadata for Directory Entries Capability-based security

driver (allowing direct hardware access and direct interaction with the kernel) with built-in SMB networking properties that are usable by various server

both desktop and laptops, it is available for install from a live-DVD. Its kernel supports PAE in order to enable full access to RAM memory over the 4GiB

takes the form of an in-tree kernel module. As of 2022, AMD Kernel Fusion Driver (KFD) is now integrated in this one kernel module. AMD KFD development

dietlibc is a C standard library subset released under the GNU General Public License Version 2, and proprietary licenses are also available. It was developed

Australian software engineer. He is one of the lead developers of the Linux kernel, and a co-maintainer of the Ext3 file system, the journaling layer for block

Analysts of crash dumps from Linux systems can use kdump or the Linux Kernel Crash Dump (LKCD). Core dumps can save the context (state) of a process

In computing, Quark is an operating system kernel used in MorphOS. It is a microkernel designed to run fully virtualized computers, called boxes (see sandbox)

functions as a tool for observing and studying vulnerabilities in the Linux kernel and popular user space software. It is available as a live CD, and can be

Harland David Sanders (September 9, 1890 – December 16, 1980) was an American businessman and founder of fast food chicken restaurant chain Kentucky Fried

common to many Linux distributions and the Linux-libre kernel instead of the generic Linux kernel. Parabola is listed by the Free Software Foundation as

The Kentucky Kernel is the student newspaper of the University of Kentucky. The Kernel is distributed free on and around the University of Kentucky campus

Support Kernel at Embedded Linux Conference Europe". Civil Infrastructure Platform. Retrieved 2019-01-16. "Renesas taps new 10-year SLTS kernel from the

[better source needed] It is supported by the Linux kernel as of version 2.6.39. Support will be removed in Linux kernel version 5.9 as nobody seems to maintain it

NetworkManager is a daemon that sits on top of libudev and other Linux kernel interfaces (and a couple of other daemons) and provides a high-level interface

bcache (abbreviated from block cache) is a cache mechanism in the Linux kernel's block layer, which is used for accessing secondary storage devices. It

distribution based on the Linux-libre kernel IPFire – an open-source firewall/router distribution based on the Linux kernel fli4l – an open-source firewall/router

KernelCare is a live kernel patching service that provides security patches and bugfixes for a range of popular Linux kernels that can be installed without

the Linux kernel that affected all Linux-based operating systems, including Android devices, that used older versions of the Linux kernel created before

from Microsoft, released on October 29, 2012. It runs on the Windows NT kernel and is the successor to Windows Phone 7. It was the first Windows platform

Android used for installing updates and wipe data. It consists of a Linux kernel with ramdisk on a separate partition from the main Android system. Recovery

heterogeneous computing. It offers several programming models: HIP (GPU-kernel-based programming), OpenMP (directive-based programming), and OpenCL. ROCm

small Nucleus, which acts as a minimal hardware abstraction layer, and a Kernel, which uses primitives provided by the Nucleus to expose a more traditional

changes. MX-18 continued the development of MX Tools, introduced a new kernel, enabled whole disk encryption, added grub themes, splash functionality

system event monitor for the Linux kernel, one of the subfeatures of the fcntl call. It was introduced in the 2.4 kernel series. It has been obsoleted by

Compute Node Linux (CNL) is a runtime environment based on the Linux kernel for the Cray XT3, Cray XT4, Cray XT5, Cray XT6, Cray XE6 and Cray XK6 supercomputer

devpts is a virtual filesystem directory available in the Linux kernel since version 2.1.93 (April 1998). It is normally mounted at /dev/pts and contains

architectures and released under the Apache License 2.0. Zephyr includes a kernel, and all components and libraries, device drivers, protocol stacks, file

the boilerplate complexity in writing Windows drivers. WDF consists of Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) and User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF). These

has been developed on Linux and support for it appeared in the 2.1 Linux kernel series. It has also been ported to FreeBSD. Subsequently, obsoleted there

memory management mechanism intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects which displays the desirable property of eliminating fragmentation

tracing framework originally created by Sun Microsystems for troubleshooting kernel and application problems on production systems in real time. Originally

1993. Debian is one of the oldest operating systems based on the Linux kernel, and is the basis of many other Linux distributions. As of September 2023

Open Kernel Labs (OK Labs) is a privately owned company that develops microkernel-based hypervisors and operating systems for embedded systems. The company

Analog Devices, Inc. (ADI), also known simply as Analog, is an American multinational semiconductor company specializing in data conversion, signal processing

load on Windows 2000. WDM exists in the intermediary layer of Windows 2000 kernel-mode drivers and was introduced to increase the functionality and ease of

aid. When Linus Torvalds first started writing his Linux operating system kernel (1991), he was working on a machine running MINIX, and adopted its file

Tiny Core Linux (TCL) is a minimal Linux kernel based operating system focusing on providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK. It was developed by

computer game Hack that formed the basis for NetHack. He is also a Linux kernel hacker. He is sometimes referred to by the handle aeb. Born in Amsterdam

aid. When Linus Torvalds first started writing his Linux operating system kernel (1991), he was working on a machine running MINIX, and adopted its file

the names used in the mount command to invoke particular drivers in the kernel: msdos, vfat, and umsdos. Most of the major Linux distributions, including

for repeated privilege transitions to move data between user space and kernel space. Therefore, a library OS can provide improved performance by allowing

modular kernels it allows adding filesystems as any kernel module, even third party ones. With non-modular kernels however it requires the kernel to be

April 1992 as the first file system created specifically for the Linux kernel. Although ext is not a specific file system name, it has been succeeded

Brain Fuck Scheduler (BFS) is a process scheduler designed for the Linux kernel in August 2009 based on earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling

computer game Hack that formed the basis for NetHack. He is also a Linux kernel hacker. He is sometimes referred to by the handle aeb. Born in Amsterdam

book written by Michael Kerrisk, which documents the APIs of the Linux kernel and the GNU C Library (glibc). The book covers topics related to the Linux

and from USB devices on Unix and non-Unix systems, without the need for kernel-mode drivers. libusb is currently available for Linux, the BSDs, Solaris

used in referring to the modified Android code which can be found inside Kernel Repository. Glass OS was discontinued on June 20, 2017. The following list

Instead, OverlayFS was merged in the Linux kernel. After several attempts to merge aufs into mainline kernel, the author has given up. Aufs is included

supernodes). Unlike most other file systems, GFS is not implemented in the kernel of an operating system, but is instead provided as a userspace library.

low-level hardware initialization tasks and boot the device's operating system kernel. It is available for a number of computer architectures, including M68000

Newlib is a C standard library implementation intended for use on embedded systems. It is a conglomeration of several library parts, all under free software

T-Kernel is an open source real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for 32-bit microcontrollers. It is standardized by T-Engine Forum, which distributed

February 7, 2015. It was designed as a high dependability OS in which the kernel, device drivers, and application software were all written in managed code

and a real-time coloring collector that gathers cyclic data. The Inferno kernel contains the virtual machine, on-the-fly compiler, scheduler, devices, protocol

application binary interface (ABI) and one of the interfaces of the Linux kernel. The x32 ABI provides 32-bit integers, long and pointers (ILP32) on Intel

is the basis for many derivative styles. It is used in the original Unix kernel, Kernighan and Ritchie's book The C Programming Language, as well as Kernighan

glue between applications and the kernel (provides various interfaces that expose functionalities provided by the kernel) systemd includes features like

the GNU operating system components and the Linux-libre kernel instead of the generic Linux kernel. Free Software Foundation considers it a completely free

Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority (LANANA), and various Linux kernel features. Peter Anvin grew up in Västerås, Sweden. He moved to the United

early 2000s. A fourth implementation of an AFS client exists in the Linux kernel source code since at least version 2.6.10. Committed by Red Hat, this is

implementation of Xfce as its desktop environment, and runs on the main Linux kernel. The distribution aims to appeal to Linux beginners and Windows users, by

replaces raw device usage. Raw devices were removed entirely from the Linux kernel in the 5.14 release. "FreeBSD Architecture Handbook: 9.4. Block Devices

self-governing. Since version 3.0 of the Linux kernel, Xen support for dom0 and domU exists in the mainline kernel. Internet hosting service companies use hypervisors

obsolete. SFI support was removed in Linux kernel 5.12. "Upstream Linux Kernel Support". June 2009. "The Linux Kernel Obsoletes The Intel Simple Firmware Interface

distribution, targeted at hardware vendors to serve as a middleware for Linux kernel-based mobile-oriented operating systems. It is a fork of MeeGo. Some goals

[update] Linux kernel versions 2.1.74 and later include a driver written by Martin von Löwis which has the ability to read NTFS partitions; kernel versions

Operating system Nucleus) is an open architecture real-time operating system kernel design. The project was started by Ken Sakamura of the University of Tokyo

was developed by Alexander Grothendieck while investigating the Schwartz kernel theorem and published in (Grothendieck 1955). We now describe this motivation

descriptor to another without incurring any copies from user space into kernel space, which is usually required to enforce system security and also to

than in the kernel. The initial version of CRIU software was presented to the Linux developers community by Pavel Emelyanov, the OpenVZ kernel team leader

1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and

of two distinct service provisioners. The first is a ubiquitous minimal kernel, or microkernel, that directly controls that node's hardware. Second is

are; kernel In some operating systems, the OS is split into a low level region called the kernel and higher level code that relies on the kernel. Typically

symmetric kernel function. Serfling discusses how to find the kernel in practice. Vmn is called a V-statistic of degree m. A symmetric kernel of degree

Windows NT operating systems, the System Idle Process contains one or more kernel threads which run when no other runnable thread can be scheduled on a CPU

Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library (Intel oneMKL), formerly known as Intel Math Kernel Library, is a library of optimized math routines for science, engineering

Xiafs was a file system for the Linux kernel which was conceived and developed by Ge (Frank) Xia and was based on the MINIX file system. Today it is obsolete

QFS (Quick File System) is a filesystem from Oracle. It is tightly integrated with SAM, the Storage and Archive Manager, and hence is often referred to

without a PowerPC-native AmigaOS. As a stopgap solution, a new PowerUP kernel was created allowing new PPC-native software run parallel with 68k Amiga

very big user base. Development can begin from existing resources like a kernel, an operating system, or a bootloader, or it can also be made completely

into the mainline Linux kernel on 26 October 2014 after many years of development and discussion for version 3.18 of the kernel. unionfs-fuse is an independent

so-called "kernel" operations, not related to operating systems). Between 1973 and 1977, several of these kernel operations were identified. These kernel operations

size In the Linux operating system, JFS is supported with the kernel module (since the kernel version 2.4.18pre9-ac4) and the complementary userspace utilities

corn) is a variant of maize, the same species as common corn. Because each kernel has a hard outer layer to protect the soft endosperm, it is likened to being

at UK. Who was Lyman T. Johnson?". The Kentucky Kernel. Retrieved April 24, 2022. "The Kentucky Kernel, April 1, 1949". exploreuk.uky.edu. Retrieved April

so-called "kernel" operations, not related to operating systems). Between 1973 and 1977, several of these kernel operations were identified. These kernel operations

system call in the Unix operating system, which commits all data from the kernel filesystem buffers to non-volatile storage, i.e., data which has been scheduled

into the mainline Linux kernel on 26 October 2014 after many years of development and discussion for version 3.18 of the kernel. unionfs-fuse is an independent

different nodes, e.g., using a small and efficient lightweight kernel such as Compute Node Kernel (CNK) or Compute Node Linux (CNL) on compute nodes, but a

corn) is a variant of maize, the same species as common corn. Because each kernel has a hard outer layer to protect the soft endosperm, it is likened to being

QFS (Quick File System) is a filesystem from Oracle. It is tightly integrated with SAM, the Storage and Archive Manager, and hence is often referred to

Namespaces are a feature of the Linux kernel that partition kernel resources such that one set of processes sees one set of resources, while another set

will copy this General.rtf file to ~/Library/kernel_service and execute this "kernel_service" before any user interface appearing. It encrypts

developed WebCL, which is a Javascript binding to OpenCL with a portable kernel programming, enabling parallel computing on web browsers, across a wide

commercial hard real-time operating system (RTOS) which has a separation kernel-based hypervisor that supports multiple logical partition types for various

Linux kernel and on the development of the cryptographic currency mining software CGMiner. His Linux contributions include patches for the kernel to improve

File System) is a log-structured file system implementation for the Linux kernel. It was developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) CyberSpace

hydrogenated vegetable oil palm kernel oil, soybean oil, corn syrup Solids, dextrose Contains 2% Less of: corn syrup, palm kernel oil, salt, confectioner's

In operator theory, a branch of mathematics, a positive-definite kernel is a generalization of a positive-definite function or a positive-definite matrix

Axel Rietschin, who is a kernel engineer at Microsoft, claimed that he recognized some specific bits in the ReactOS kernel that are unlikely to result

AmigaOS is a single-user operating system based on a preemptive multitasking kernel, called Exec. It includes an abstraction of the Amiga's hardware, a disk

November 26, 1974) is an American software developer working on the Linux kernel, where he is the primary maintainer of the networking subsystem and individual

design, in decreasing order of protection: Kernel: resource allocation of memory, CPU time and interrupts Kernel-mode processes including input/output (I/O)

Base Class Library (BCL), Runtime Infrastructure Library (both part of the kernel profile), Network Library, Reflection Library, XML Library (which with the

the convolution μ ∗ k(z) of a compactly supported measure with the Cauchy kernel k ( z ) = p . v . ⁡ 1 z {\displaystyle k(z)=\operatorname {p.v.} {\frac

kernel panic, which is a fatal system error screen that is initiated by the operating system's kernel upon reaching a critical system error. Kernel panics

sponsored by the CE Linux Forum. LogFS was introduced in the mainline Linux kernel in version 2.6.34, released on May 16, 2010. It was removed from the codebase

kernel is an integral kernel, used for solving the two-dimensional Laplace equation, given Dirichlet boundary conditions on the unit disk. The kernel

dm-cache is a component (more specifically, a target) of the Linux kernel's device mapper, which is a framework for mapping block devices onto higher-level

for his contributions to the Linux kernel, with notable work including the preemptive kernel, process scheduler, kernel event layer, virtual memory subsystem

the inclusion of Dynamic Kernel Module Support, a tool that allows kernel drivers to be automatically rebuilt when new kernels are released, and support

requirements. It can either be used as a loadable kernel module or incorporated into the kernel; use as a loadable kernel module where possible is highly recommended[citation

components include: Kernel Services Connectivity File system Networking IoT Framework Wireless Security UI & graphics Real-time kernel with priority based

gentoo.org kernel-install.eclass: Install logic for dist-kernels, Gentoo Foundation, retrieved 2022-11-06 openmamba - dracut (007) Kernel, archived from

performance degradation due to the idle wait times spent by the CPUs in kernel-level critical sections. Software lockout is the major cause of scalability

three backends selected by the --runtime= option. The default is a loadable kernel module, which has the fullest capability to inspect and manipulate any part

called the corank of f. Cokernels are dual to the kernels of category theory, hence the name: the kernel is a subobject of the domain (it maps to the domain)

ERIKA Enterprise is a real-time operating system (RTOS) kernel for embedded systems, which is OSEK/VDX certified. It is free and open source software released

pip (UK), pit (US), stone, or pyrena) of hardened endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside. Drupes do not split open to release the seed, i.e., they are indehiscent

desirable theoretical properties that lead to the choice of the Gaussian kernel (see the article on scale-space axioms). This article describes basic approaches

from corn (maize) grain. The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel. Corn starch is a common food ingredient, often used to thicken sauces or

EKA1 (EPOC Kernel Architecture 1) is the first-generation kernel for the operating system Symbian OS. EKA1 originated in the earlier 32-bit operating

is a Scottish software developer who is known for his work on the Linux kernel, in particular his work on filesystems. After becoming involved with the

supported by Linux and the GNU Compiler Collection but was dropped in Linux kernel version 4.16. GCC removed support for this architecture in the GCC 12.1

created the ReiserFS computer file system, which may be used by the Linux kernel but is now removed, as well as its attempted successor, Reiser4. In 2004

model Kernel adaptive filter Kernel density estimation Kernel eigenvoice Kernel embedding of distributions Kernel method Kernel perceptron Kernel random

the network scheduler of the Linux kernel, with many available queuing disciplines. CoDel has been backported to Kernel 3.3. This encapsulates Traffic shaping

Unix experts and featured a menu-driven installer that installed both the kernel and a set of end-user and programming tools. The MCC first made Linux available

distribution designed specifically to run on Apple Inc.'s iPod. When the iPodLinux kernel is booted it takes the place of Apple's iPod operating system and automatically

OpenAFS is an open-source implementation of the Andrew distributed file system (AFS). AFS was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, and developed

does not include a GUI installation program. Instead, the user boots the kernel stored on either a CD or diskette; partitions the hard disk drive(s) to

into Linux from the hard drive or from a Live CD that the distributor's kernel would boot. The installation manual for the Yellow Dog Linux version for

seed of a plant. The seed of a grain (which the grain industry calls a "kernel") is made up of three key edible parts – the bran, the germ, and the endosperm

the nucleolus is in the core. The nucleolus is always in the kernel, and since the kernel is contained in the bargaining set, it is always in the bargaining

its real-time operating systems (RTOSs) such as T-Kernel and Micro T-Kernel (often written as μT-Kernel: μ pronounced as "micro", not "mu"). The license

does not include a GUI installation program. Instead, the user boots the kernel stored on either a CD or diskette; partitions the hard disk drive(s) to

into Linux from the hard drive or from a Live CD that the distributor's kernel would boot. The installation manual for the Yellow Dog Linux version for

the nucleolus is in the core. The nucleolus is always in the kernel, and since the kernel is contained in the bargaining set, it is always in the bargaining

unlike other VMware products. It includes its own kernel. In the historic VMware ESX, a Linux kernel was started first and then used to load a variety

runtime-loadable kernel module or directly incorporated into the operating system kernel, depending on the specifics of each kernel and user preferences

Docker uses the resource isolation features of the Linux kernel (such as cgroups and kernel namespaces) and a union-capable file system (such as OverlayFS)

months ago (16 July 2024)) [±] Available in Turkish, English Kernel type Monolithic kernel Default user interface Xfce GNOME Pardus ETAP License GPL v2

The Journaling Flash File System (or JFFS) is a log-structured file system for use on NOR flash memory devices on the Linux operating system. It has been

Damar, Sundras. Dhupa kernels are approximately 47% of the fruit, with the average kernel weighing 55 grams. The color of the kernel is reddish white or

are cracked to extract the seed kernel, which is about 5 mm diameter, soft and chewy on extraction. The seed kernel is ground to a powder before use

The NOOP scheduler is the simplest I/O scheduler for the Linux kernel. This scheduler was developed by Jens Axboe. The NOOP scheduler inserts all incoming

of GnuPG at the operating system level, and has been part of the Linux kernel since version 2.6.19. The eCryptfs package has been included in Ubuntu since

ones are: Market Specific Distributions (MSD) – Linux operating systems (kernel + userland) optimized for each specific semiconductor vendor's hardware

readme from 1999 touts the following software, among others: modularized kernel 2.0.37 and 2.2.10 libc 5.4.46 egcs 1.1.2 ncurses 4.2-980822 shadow passwords

various utilities. An ESP contains the boot loaders, boot managers, or kernel images of installed operating systems (which are typically contained in

outside DEC, including ones for FreeBSD and Linux. DECnet code in the Linux kernel was marked as orphaned on February 18, 2010 and removed August 22, 2022

in the vector space model. In machine learning, common kernel functions such as the RBF kernel can be viewed as similarity functions. Different types

flash file system initially developed by Samsung Electronics for the Linux kernel. The motive for F2FS was to build a file system that, from the start, takes

supported directly in the operating system via special mechanisms in the OS kernel, it is generally simpler to access a RAM drive through a virtual device

Development began in earnest in 2007, with the first stable release made to Linux kernel 2.6.27 in October 2008. Two major differences between UBIFS and JFFS2 are

Red Hat Linux 6.1 packages (or RPMs) on top of IBM's port of the Linux kernel. Distribution of the product ceased on February 16, 2006. LinuxToday article

OSKit itself. Around 2006, an attempt to replace GNU Hurd's kernel with the Coyotos kernel also ended in failure. GNU Mach 1.4 was released on 27 September

and performance. SPIN was developed at the University of Washington. The kernel can be extended by dynamic loading of modules which implement interfaces

included in the Plan 9 distribution. A 9P OS X client kernel extension is provided by Mac9P. A kernel client driver implementing 9P with some extensions

type of feedforward neural network that learns features via filter (or kernel) optimization. This type of deep learning network has been applied to process

a plea to the kernel maintainer, to review the code and implement it into the kernel. The goal is to stabilize the code in the kernel and finally get

orphaned processes. Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it, or it should die

using the relation by the inverse Mellin transformation to the trace of the kernel of heat equations. The first example in which zeta function regularization

behalf of Linus Torvalds for computer software which includes the Linux kernel, computer hardware utilizing Linux-based software, and for services associated

Computer System Interface (SCSI) target implementation included with the Linux kernel.[better source needed] Unlike initiators, which begin sessions, LIO functions

Industrial TRON (ITRON) specification for an embedded real-time OS (RTOS) kernel. Originally undertaken in 1984, ITRON is a Japanese open standard for a

Apple Configurator, or Finder Package manager App Store Platforms See below Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Cocoa Touch (multi-touch, GUI)

switched from uClibc to musl as its C standard library. A PaX hardened kernel was included in the default distribution to aid in reducing the impact of

Jens Axboe (born circa 1976) is a Linux kernel hacker. Axboe is the current Linux kernel maintainer of the block layer and other block devices, along with

and Vine. In 2016, the second version, ARC++, was introduced, using Linux kernel features cgroups and namespaces to make containers that can run Android

in kernel space, or it can be executed in user space (like other regular applications). Web servers that run in kernel mode (usually called kernel space

of operating systems, incompatible DLLs or bugs in the operating system kernel could also cause BSoDs. Because of the general instability and lack of memory

August. There are high variations in kernel qualities and production between seedling trees. Most C. ovatum kernels tend to stick to the shell when fresh

CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems code (especially in kernels), device drivers, and protocol stacks, but its use in application software

additions to the Linux kernel include the O(1) scheduler of Linux-2.6.0 and the Completely Fair Scheduler of Linux-2.6.23, the in-kernel TUX HTTP / FTP server

seeds from April to May. The kernels account for 60% of the fruit by weight. The oil content of a kernel is 41-42%. A kernel contains protein up to 17%

Red Star OS – a similar project by the North Korean government "kernel.ubuntu.com". kernel.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved

The VERITAS File System (or VxFS; called JFS and OnlineJFS in HP-UX) is an extent-based file system. It was originally developed by VERITAS Software. Through

Package manager App Store Platforms iPad, iPad Air, iPad Mini, iPad Pro Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Cocoa Touch (multi-touch, GUI)

(See for example https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/arch/cris?h=v4.13-rc4) "Linux-Kernel Archive: [PATCH 00/16] remove

Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) is a suite of libraries that allow a Linux system administrator to configure methods to authenticate users

packages added to the IBM kernel. Commercial Linux distributors introduced mainframe editions very quickly after the initial kernel work. IBM manager Karl-Heinz

(See for example https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/arch/cris?h=v4.13-rc4) "Linux-Kernel Archive: [PATCH 00/16] remove

such as Sarbanes-Oxley and HIPAA. A version of ext3cow for the Linux 2.6 kernel was released on March 30, 2007. Details on ext3cow's implementation can

Compute Node Kernel (CNK) is the node level operating system for the IBM Blue Gene series of supercomputers. The compute nodes of the IBM Blue Gene family

creates and runs processes in kernel-space, with no distinction between process-space and kernel space. What the kernel sees, the process sees and vice

file system Cloop is a compressed loopback device module for the Linux kernel e2compr provides compression for ext2 List of file systems Comparison of

like Unix, Torvalds' kernel attracted attention from volunteer programmers. Until this point, the GNU project's lack of a kernel meant that no complete

high-performance virtualised Linux embedded operating system marketed by Open Kernel Labs, a spin-off of National ICT Australia's (now NICTA) Embedded, Real

offer a comprehensive Linux distribution containing more than the Linux kernel, GNU, and other basic utilities, including an implementation of the X Window

Xerus-Not meant to be". Dedoimedo. "Ubuntu 16.04 LTS Will Ship With Linux Kernel 4.4 LTS - Slashdot". linux.slashdot.org. November 26, 2015. Retrieved November

all required device drivers and then starting-up Mac OS X by booting the kernel on all PowerPC Macs running Mac OS X. The Intel-based Macs introduced in

is the MN103S. "mn10300: add the MN10300/AM33 architecture to the kernel". kernel.org. 2008-02-08. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. "[GIT PULL]

X 10.11). It comprises a number of mechanisms that are enforced by the kernel. A centerpiece is the protection of system-owned files and directories against

Package manager App Store Platforms iPad, iPad Air, iPad Mini, iPad Pro Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Cocoa Touch (multi-touch, GUI)

Torvalds, and the father of the software engineer Linus Torvalds of Linux kernel fame. Torvalds was a member of the Communist Party of Finland from 1969

Lanczos kernel, which is a sinc function windowed by the central lobe of a second, longer, sinc function. The sum of these translated and scaled kernels is

Autodesk ShapeManager is a 3D geometric modeling kernel used by Autodesk Inventor and other Autodesk products that is developed inside the company. It

(16’000 t of kernels-in-testa with 16% kernel content) per year. Many parts of the tree can be used. In Melanesia, except for Fiji, kernels are important

packages added to the IBM kernel. Commercial Linux distributors introduced mainframe editions very quickly after the initial kernel work. IBM manager Karl-Heinz

enabling it to run different guest operating systems. QEMU can be used with a Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) to emulate hardware at near-native speeds. Additionally

cause a trap. This makes it harder for malicious programs to "trick" the kernel into using instructions or data from a user-space program. Supervisor Mode

and implemented from scratch, and the runit init system. Excluding binary kernel blobs, a base install is composed entirely of free software (but users can

Linux kernel requires that the CPU also support PAE. The Linux kernel supports PAE as a build option and major distributions provide a PAE kernel either

Linux 5.2 included GFS2 as a kernel module for evaluation purposes. With the 5.3 update, GFS2 became part of the kernel package. GFS2 forms part of the

without any downtime. The client itself is a lightweight kernel module that does not require any kernel patches. The servers run on top of an existing local

updated kernel in 10.4.6. In June 2006, an updated MacBook Pro was released for the 10.4.7 Mac OS X update for non-Apple computers using the 10.4.4 kernel. Up

The CXFS file system (Clustered XFS) is a proprietary shared disk file system designed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) specifically to be used in a storage area

default Arch Linux kernel contains nonfree proprietary blobs, hence the distribution is not endorsed by the GNU project. The linux-libre kernel can be installed

not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit or coconut oil derived from the kernel of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)

Sarah Sharp) is an American software engineer who has worked on the Linux kernel, including serving on the Linux Foundation's Technical Advisory Board for

library, both of which are written entirely of user-level code. A Linux kernel module and pvfs-client process allow the file system to be mounted and used

1) with Linux kernel 5.10. Devuan 5.0 Daedalus was released on August 15, 2023. It is based on Debian Bookworm (12.1) with Linux kernel 6.1. The current

density of particle i {\displaystyle i} , and W {\displaystyle W} is a kernel function that operates on nearby data points and is chosen for smoothness

library, it uses a kernel mode driver, called Ancillary Function Driver (AFD) to implement certain functionality. Winsock Kernel (WSK) A kernel-mode API providing

Readahead is a system call of the Linux kernel that loads a file's contents into the page cache. This prefetches the file so that when it is subsequently

adaptive or "variable-bandwidth" kernel density estimation is a form of kernel density estimation in which the size of the kernels used in the estimate are varied

and servers.[citation needed] Gentoo encourages users to build a Linux kernel tailored to their particular hardware. It allows very fine control of which

Parasolid is a geometric modeling kernel originally developed by Shape Data Limited, now owned and developed by Siemens Digital Industries Software. It

kernel is the apricot seed located within the fruit endocarp, which forms a hard shell around the seed called the pyrena (stone or pit). The kernel contains

of Thoth was David Cheriton. Cheriton would go on to develop the Verex kernel, and the V-System OS; both influenced by Thoth. Another early developer

free software programmer and advocate, known for his work on the Linux kernel's networking subsystem and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. Russell wrote

The shell encloses the kernel or meat, which is usually in two halves separated by a membranous partition. The seed kernels – commonly available as shelled

License (GPL) used by a great deal of free software including the Linux kernel. For this reason CNRI retired the license in 2001, and the license of current

Chris Wright is a Linux kernel developer and CTO with Red Hat. He was the Linux kernel co-maintainer for the -stable branch with Greg Kroah-Hartman. He

user mode applications, device drivers, and the operating system itself in kernel mode. Like the Visual Studio Debugger, WinDbg has a graphical user interface

projects, its code may be kept as a non-managed set of files (even the Linux kernel was maintained as a set of files for many years). Multiple projects can

, and NXP Semiconductors. Like most RTOSs, MQX includes a multitasking kernel with pre-emptive scheduling and fast interrupt response, extensive inter-process

for ELF executables and dynamically linked shared objects, and made many kernel structures dynamic. SCO OpenServer 5, released in 1995, would become SCO's

Companion" device similar to a subnotebook computer, running a modified Linux kernel and relying on a companion Palm Treo smartphone to send and retrieve mail