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city of Berbera. It was a key trading center involved in the Red Sea-Indian Ocean trade during Late Antiquity. The town maintained an important monetary market

OCLC 49820972. YOKKAICHI, Yasuhiro. "Chinese and Muslim Diasporas and Indian Ocean Trade under the Mongol Hegemony". Angela Schottenhammer[ed.] the East Asian

an important role in the Sasanian efforts to gain control over the Indian Ocean trade, and to establish their dominance in the wealthy regions of Hadramaut

everyday purposes. This made incense a noteworthy commodity in the Indian Ocean trade. Sarapion Opone Malao Michael Peppard, "A Letter Concerning Boats

Pakistan, important in the ancient era of the Indian subcontinent in Indian Ocean trade. The port is considered one of the premiere ports regarding the interaction

who lived next to them, i.e., Indians. Southern Arabia was part of Indian Ocean trade routes for millennia. With the advent of the Omani Empire, ties were

items were exchanged with glass beads, cloth, cowrie shells from the Indian Ocean trade. The status of Ing'ombe Ilede as a trading center that connected different

The Gruppe Monsun or Monsoon Group was a force of German U-boats (submarines) that operated in the Pacific and Indian Oceans during World War II. Although

studies in the area surrounding Mikindani. Mikindani participated in Indian Ocean trade during the first millennium CE, used marine resources with mixed farming

Crowther, Alison; Horton, Mark; Boivin, Nicole (2016). "Zanzibar and Indian Ocean trade in the first millennium CE: the glass bead evidence". Archaeological

Balochistan province of Pakistan, important in the Hellenistic era in Indian Ocean trade. It is mentioned briefly in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: "Beyond

turtles. Occupied since the Iron Age, Bazaruto formed part of the Indian Ocean trade network for thousands of years. It fell under increasing Portuguese

the kingdom was sent east to the Portuguese feira at Tete for the Indian Ocean trade. In 1806, two pombeiros named Pedro João Baptista and Amaro José travelled

and Zoroastrian or Parsi merchants operating in south India (mostly Indian Ocean trade). The merchants generally operated in the trading ports of Konkan

Cantonese: gaa-laat-haa). Qalhat served as an important stop in the wider Indian Ocean trade network, and was also the second city of the Kingdom of Ormus. By

and participation in regional and international Red Sea and western Indian Ocean trade networks. The study concluded the inhabitants use of heavy knives

through the nearby Sunda Strait, a major waterway within ancient Indian Ocean trade networks. Within the walls is a cluster of phallic, stone megaliths

2002. Retrieved 2008-02-27. Newitt, Malyn. "The Comoro Islands in Indian Ocean Trade before the 19th Century." Cahiers d'Études Africaines, Vol. 23, Cahier

numerous galleries and exhibitions on Asian and Islamic textiles, early Indian Ocean trade, and pilgrimage during her time at the Ashmolean Museum. At Yale,

maritime culture. The coastal towns appear to have been engaged in Indian-Ocean trade at this early period, and trade rapidly increased in importance and

(2012-06-01). "The glass of chibuene, mozambique: New insights into early indian ocean trade". South African Archaeological Bulletin. 67: 59–74. Wood, Marilee;

Archaeopress, ISBN 9780754669524 Margariti, Roxani Eleni (2007). Aden & The Indian Ocean Trade. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807830765. Richards

Republic of India and the Republic of Kenya. As littoral states of the Indian Ocean, trade links and commercial ties between India and Kenya go back several

of the Somali Peninsula, it handled a considerable amount of the Indian Ocean trade through its large ships and extensive harbor. Mundus – Ancient port

2012). "The glass of chibuene, mozambique: New insights into early indian ocean trade". South African Archaeological Bulletin. 67: 59–74. "Portuguese Empire"

Egyptians also included military campaigns and exploration missions. The Indian Ocean trade network was a major conduit for economic and cultural exchanges between

(2012-06-01). "The glass of chibuene, mozambique: New insights into early indian ocean trade". South African Archaeological Bulletin. 67: 59–74. Dharam P. Ghai

with the port cities of Dawei and Myeik, were pivotal to Ayutthaya's Indian Ocean trade. The town enjoyed a reputation for trade with European nations since

were made in Flanders with ivory, which was accessible only by the Indian Ocean trade networks. Flemish prosperity waned in the following century, however

a small trading post and was incorporated into the greater global Indian Ocean trade network. It is stated that the first inhabitants of Sofala out of

Elhanafy, Heba (25 June 2020). "Building Africa: Kilwa Kisiwani, the Indian Ocean Trade, and the Rise of East African City-States". CHARTER CITIES INSTITUTE

location between Egypt and India made it important in the ancient Indian Ocean trade route. The city was the home of the ancient Kingdom of Osan from the

Erythraean Sea Meyer, Carol (1992). Glass from Quseir Al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade, Issue 53. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 37

2014. Newitt, Malyn (24 May 2018), "Southern Zambezia States and Indian Ocean Trade, 1450–1900", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, doi:10

profiteering "merchandise" exported by the Dutch at Pulicat to their Indian Ocean trade headquarters at Batavia (Jakarta), in exchange for rare spices like

expand their trade network. Evidence to support Bosutswe's role in the Indian Ocean trade is glass beads. The glass beads were often found among the elite,

Much of the Radhanites' Indian Ocean trade was via coastal cargo ships such as this dhow.

During these wars, the Mazrui and Omani Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south. Many prazos had declined

Sea trade between Yemen and Europe. In the process he diverted the Indian Ocean trade routes through Jeddah (closer to Cairo) and also introduced a state

Hobyo, Muscat and Aden. Arab merchants were the dominant carriers of Indian Ocean trade until the Portuguese forcibly supplanted them at the end of the 15th

connected to trade routes that ran via the Limpopo River to the Indian Ocean; trade goods from Asia such as beads made their way to Botswana, most likely

central control of New Julfa was not as important to their thriving Indian Ocean trade. Many New Julfan Armenians later settled in Manila, Hong Kong, and

Formation c. 5th century CE Type Merchant guild Purpose Hinter-land trade Indian Ocean trade Region South India (primarily) Membership Itinerant ethnic Indian

slaving posts in West and East Africa, and from its colonies of the Indian Ocean trade route. Political exiles from the VOC colony of Batavia were also brought

the island in comparison to India, being centrally situated on the Indian Ocean trade route and a major trading center for trade in elephants and golden

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom, was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan

Ottoman fleets at Suez were instrumental in disputing control over Indian Ocean trade with the Portuguese. in the Red Sea in the 16th & 17th century. Campaigns

of Lusignan) and forced him to pay tribute. He also diverted the Indian Ocean trade routes through Jeddah (closer to Cairo) and introduced a state monopoly

North Korean ghost ships Cobb, Matthew A. (2018-07-26). Rome and the Indian Ocean Trade from Augustus to the Early Third Century CE. BRILL. p. 45. ISBN 9789004376571

of Amiens that had ended the French Revolutionary Wars, placed the Indian Ocean trade routes under threat from Dutch cruisers operating from Cape Town and

June 2021. Meyer, Carol (1992). Glass from Quseir Al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade, Issue 53. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 37

principal port for this trade. Gujaratis played a big part in the Indian ocean trade. The Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama noted presence of Muslim and

ISBN 978-1-4073-1019-0. Newitt, Malyn (24 May 2018), "Southern Zambezia States and Indian Ocean Trade, 1450–1900", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, doi:10

under the East India Company during the early nineteenth century. The Indian Ocean trade started from ancient times and strengthened during the medieval times

naval forces had fought an inconclusive campaign for control of the Indian Ocean trade routes since 1793. British forces, supporting those of the East India

inscriptions also mention this guild. Most of the silk was exported using Indian ocean trade and India was a major silk exporter during the Gupta periods. Romans

towns, including those on Zanzibar, appear to have been engaged in Indian Ocean trade at this early period. Trade rapidly increased in importance and quantity

Kingdom of Gujarat from 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at Anhilwara (Patan) was one of the largest cities

in the 17th century, the Portuguese lost most of their valuable Indian Ocean trade to the Dutch and the English, who, taking advantage of the Spanish

from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2018. "Indian Ocean Trade". University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

requires |journal= (help) Margariti, Roxani Eleni (2012). Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian. The University of North

[5];2014; ii, iv, vi;(Cultural) Historic Jeddah was as a major port for Indian Ocean trade routes, channelling goods to Mecca. It was also the gateway for Muslim

ISBN 0-521-26931-8. "State Formation In Ancient Northeast Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade". Stanley M. Burstein - University of California at Los Angeles. Archived

direction of the Red Sea, the Ayyubids built facilities along the Red Sea-Indian Ocean trade routes to accompany merchants. The Ayyubids also aspired to back their

Province. Historic Jeddah: Historic Jeddah was as a major port for Indian Ocean trade routes, channelling goods to Mecca. It was also the gateway for Muslim

its status as a great power, and, deprived of the resources of the Indian Ocean trade, essentially faded into the background for the next three centuries

However, he found that the wider objective of breaking into the Indian Ocean trade was blocked by the Portuguese outpost at Ormuz on the Persian Gulf

and British were nevertheless each seeking to control the lucrative Indian Ocean trade routes. The British had started by invading the French Indian Ocean

military commander known as a Malaakh, and the coastal areas and the Indian Ocean trade were protected by a powerful navy. The Geledi society is divided into

Archipelago. This would indicate that the Malay actively participated in Indian Ocean trade, and likely handled much of the traffic between Southeast Asia and

From the 16th century, the Portuguese posed an immediate threat to Indian Ocean trade. The Mamluks therefore sent an army under Hussein al-Kurdi to fight

Britain. The French and British were each seeking to control lucrative Indian Ocean trade routes. On 10 May 1810, a squadron consisting of the 36-gun frigate

supplies. Unable to make the lengthy cruises needed to disrupt the Indian Ocean trade routes, they were forced to remain in harbour as Rowley was heavily

needed] Middle Eastern seafarers had just begun to take over the Indian Ocean trade routes in the 10th century and found the Maldives to be an important

Singapore, which they believed was the only place where the vital Indian Ocean trade routes and the eastern British Dominions could be adequately covered

freighter Sawahloento east of South Africa. Axis submarine patrols of Indian Ocean trade routes were expanded with establishment of a Kriegsmarine base in

Petraea province. Particularly interested in the East, Trajan secured Indian Ocean trade by establishing a garrison on tropical Farasan island, in the south

establish a Chinese presence and impose imperial control over the Indian Ocean trade, impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin, and extend the

26 July 2021. Newitt, Malyn D. D. (1983). "The Comoro Islands in Indian Ocean Trade before the 19th Century". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 23 (89–90)

From the 7th century AD, it was established as a major port for Indian Ocean trade routes, channeling goods to Mecca. It was also the gateway for Muslim

imported commodities underscores its integration into the broader Indian Ocean trade system. Archaeological evidence continues to highlight Sheikh’s role

goods and services through maritime trade within the orbit of the Indian Ocean. Trade relationships were also established between China and foreign empires

culture, epigraphy, writing and architecture and engaged in profitable Indian Ocean trade. Funan expanded and incorporated the Champasak region by the sixth

ISBN 978-0521565035, pp 126-134 Roxani Eleni Margariti, Aden & the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port, University of North

ISBN 0-486-42131-7 Newitt, Malyn (1983). "The Comoro Islands in Indian Ocean Trade before the 19th Century". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 23 (89). EHESS:

earned from the Goa-Lisbon trade. Portugal regulated and rerouted the Indian Ocean trade by imposing a system of safe-passes called cartaz. It was imposed

especially, fostered the collection of accurate maritime knowledge. Indian Ocean trade routes were sailed by Arab traders. By 1400, a Latin translation of

and the Middle East intensified as Sindh became the "hinge of the Indian Ocean Trade and overland passway." Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan

Greek monk from Alexandria and former merchant with experience in the Indian Ocean trade, was the first Roman to write clearly about China in his Christian

to police international shipping lanes and control choke points of Indian Ocean trade in particular. In 2007, India opened its second overseas military

19th centuries, the Mazrui and Omani Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south. Many prazos had declined

ISBN 978-0-8018-8754-3. Retrieved 20 February 2015. The history of Indian Ocean trade is a succession of alien merchant diasporas establishing themselves

remained at Batavia throughout the winter, ceding control of the Indian Ocean trade routes to the British. The action has been described as inconclusive

ranged far and wide and gradually ousted Romans from the lucrative Indian Ocean trade routes. Recent archeological discovery has shown the interesting fact

could take a more active role in breaking Muslim supremacy in the Indian Ocean trade by taking control of three strategic chokepoints – Aden, Hormuz, and

could take a more active role in breaking Muslim supremacy in the Indian Ocean trade by taking control of three strategic chokepoints – Aden, Hormuz, and

attempts to set up the alliance which would control the Atlantic-Indian Ocean trade route from beginning to end. (The Sultan of Zanzibar and Msiri later

government posts. The southern aristocracy declined with the rise of the Indian Ocean trade in the mid 5th century, which led to the court revenues shifting to

cruises by privateers still posed a considerable threat to the British Indian Ocean trade routes. The only subsequent reinforcement to arrive in the region

division among the Konkani Brahmins. Harald_Tambs-Lyche (2008). "Indian Ocean Trade and the Merchant Castes: India's West Coast". In Helena basu (ed.)

coastal waters. Early British expeditions to protect the Imperial Indian Ocean trade from competitors, principally the Al Qasimi from Ras Al Khaimah and

other everyday uses, which made incense a noteworthy commodity in the Indian Ocean trade. Aromata– Known in ancient times as the Cape of Spices, it was an

Champa for the purpose of dominating the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean trade networks. It demonstrated the strategic importance of Champa as a

2018-10-27. Frederick Asher (2018). Matthew Adam Cobb (ed.). The Indian Ocean Trade in Antiquity: Political, Cultural and Economic Impacts. Taylor & Francis

healthy regional trade network by the 8th century C.E. The upsurge in Indian Ocean trade after the 9th century C.E. brought an increase in Muslim traders and

(2012). "The Glass of Chibuene, Mozambique: New Insights into Early Indian Ocean Trade". South African Archaeological Bulletin. 67 (195): 59–74. Wood, Marilee;

were controlled by the monarch. Burma was vitally involved in the Indian Ocean trade. Logged teak was a prized export that was used in European shipbuilding

of Aden in 1513. The Portuguese posed an immediate threat to the Indian Ocean trade; the Mamluks of Egypt therefore sent an army under the command of

location. Middle Eastern seafarers had just begun to take over the Indian Ocean trade routes in the 10th century and found the Maldives to be an important

Shipping reports show the MV City of Dalhart in the Pacific and Indian Ocean trade by 1928. On 21 February 1940 the Maritime Commission, owner of the

Asian nations like Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan with Indian Ocean trade. India, as a nuclear-armed and strong rising power, exercises much

Kunpeng (1 January 2011). "Sri Vijaya as the Entrepôt for Circum-Indian Ocean Trade". Études Océan Indien (in French) (46–47): 308–336. doi:10.4000/oceanindien

maritime trade routes linking the Han dynasty of China with the western Indian Ocean trade in India, the Roman Empire, and Africa.: 610–611  An Austronesian

September 2014. Meyer, Carol (1992). Glass from Quseir Al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade, Issue 53. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 37

Sultanate was a Somali empire in the medieval times that dominated the Indian Ocean trade. It was a Somali Muslim sultanate that ruled over large parts of the

ISBN 9781400849130. Roxani Eleni Margariti (September 1, 2012). Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port. UNC Press Books

in Ayutthaya was negligible in comparison to the Ayutthaya China-Indian Ocean trade. Lieberman, later reinforced by Baker and Phongpaichit, refutes the

ruled Gujarat from c. 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at Anhilwara (Patan) was one of the largest cities

Eivind Heldaas (2013). "Networks and Social Cohesion in Ancient Indian Ocean Trade: Geography, Ethnicity, Religion". Journal of Global History. 8 (3)

strategic objective of dislodging the East India Company from the Indian Ocean trade routes – an incident which demonstrated that Portuguese Goa had lost

any who sailed home. It is easy to sail south and link up with the Indian Ocean trade. North China had few ports and little coastwise trade. South China

clan, which the Ajuran is part of, and was a dominant force in the Indian Ocean trade during the Middle Ages. As the Ajuran Sultanate faced its decline

for glass at a site with easy access, via the Limpopo river, to the Indian Ocean trade and therefore to the West Indian glass that seems to be the most common

Siddhpur Patan) served as their capital. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and Anhilwara was one of the largest cities in India, with population

predisposed to the idea of a West Australian colony with potential for Indian Ocean trade. With Frederick Garling and the botanist Charles Fraser, Stirling

the Persian Gulf, so it became significant for the research on the Indian Ocean trade. Red Polished Ware was first identified in 1953 by B. Subbarao. According

had a regular navy that protected its shores from piracy and the Indian Ocean trade. With such a strong civil administration and professional army, the

 168. Cooper 2011, pp. 368–369. Chabahar Port: The New Kingmaker for Indian Ocean Trade Archived 2016-05-29 at the Wayback Machine, Asian Warrior, 2015. Chabahar

diplomatic relations on 14 December 1963 As littoral states of the Indian Ocean, trade links and commercial ties between India and Kenya go back several

17 February 2023. Evers, Kasper (2014–15). "Cave of Revelations: Indian Ocean Trade in light of the Socotran Graffiti". Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology

only of the Maldivian archipelago, but more widely of the Western Indian Ocean trade networks in which it participated. Outputs include publications, two

Much of the Radhanites' Indian Ocean trade would have depended on coastal cargo-ships such as this dhow.

along major ocean trade routes originating from East Asia and the Indian Ocean. Trade and commerce made British Malaya the most prosperous of all the European

ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7. Roxani Eleni Margariti (2007), Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port, University of North

monopoly-imposing Dutch. British merchants continued to take part in the trans-Indian Ocean trade between Siam and India, in which tin and ivory from Mergui and Phuket

East Africa were major suppliers of gold to Asia in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade routes. The trading port cities and city-states of the Swahili East

distribution and use of these ceramics within the context of western Indian Ocean trade. From 1992 to 1995 Insoll completed his PhD on trans-Saharan trade

(Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies) - 2018 The Role of Indian Ocean Trade Inland: The Buraimi Oasis - 2018 Defining new technological traditions

exchange and distribution of Quranic manuscripts via Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade routes. One of the foremost scholars on this subject, Sana Mirza has

stretched between Yemen and Syria. These routes were part of the ancient Indian Ocean trade network and transported valuable goods like pepper (which the Romans

started losing the monopoly they had. By 1750s, almost all of the Indian Ocean trade monopoly from Kerala had come to British hands, with some in the control

facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. Similarly, the Indian Ocean trade network linked East African iron goods to markets in the Middle East

since the Paleolithic period. From the late first millennium AD, vast Indian Ocean trade networks extended as far south into Mozambique as evidenced by the

Muska(Samharam/Khor Rori). Qalhat, an important stop in the wider Indian Ocean trade network, and was an Azd Oman coastal settlement which said where the

the other towards Malacca. Portugal sought to participate in the Indian Ocean trade and was first brought into conflict with Gujarat when the Gujarati

East.[citation needed] King Manuel wished to become involved in the Indian Ocean trade network, expecting to derive great profits from importing spices to

the early seventeenth century, there had been a flourishing trans-Indian Ocean trade, in which South Indian merchants from Coromandel Coast would trade

participation in commerce, as Cairo became a key hub in Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade. The Fatimid court occasionally appointed Jews to high-ranking positions

ancient cities that grew along it from Mogadishu to Kilwa, on the Indian Ocean Trade, is found in Ptolemy's Geography. The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea

their presence mounted, the Portuguese aimed to seize control of the Indian Ocean trade route by force. They occupied the island of Socotra in an attempt