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searching for Free parameter 97 found (100 total)

Zone plate (1,336 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

A zone plate is a device used to focus light or other things exhibiting wave character. Unlike lenses or curved mirrors, zone plates use diffraction instead

Gibbs measure (1,884 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

interpreted as the energy of the configuration x. The parameter β is a free parameter; in physics, it is the inverse temperature. The normalizing constant

Overdispersion (1,073 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

based on the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution has one free parameter and does not allow for the variance to be adjusted independently of

Generating function (14,462 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

sum sn is complicated, and it is not always easy to evaluate. The "Free Parameter" method is another method (called "snake oil" by H. Wilf) to evaluate

Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero (316 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

value ΔΦ (and not necessarily only π) and the duty cycle is also a free parameter. CSRZ can be used to generate specific optical modulation formats, e

Quantum triviality (1,706 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

picture one derives at the classical level, where the Higgs mass is a free parameter. Quantum triviality can also lead to a calculable Higgs mass in asymptotic

Osipkov–Merritt model (1,064 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The density and potential need not be self-consistently related. A free parameter adjusts the degree of velocity anisotropy, from isotropic to completely

Log-normal distribution (12,551 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In probability theory, a log-normal (or lognormal) distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally

Parametric equation (2,909 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle y=x^{2}} can be (trivially) parameterized by using a free parameter t, and setting x = t , y = t 2 f o r − ∞ < t < ∞ . {\displaystyle x=t

Accretion disk (4,358 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is the scale height of the disk, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } is a free parameter between zero (no accretion) and approximately one. In a turbulent medium

Force-free magnetic field (773 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\alpha =0.} The force-free parameter can be a function of position but must be constant along field lines. When the force-free parameter α {\displaystyle \alpha

Radial basis function kernel (1,160 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

distance between the two feature vectors. σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is a free parameter. An equivalent definition involves a parameter γ = 1 2 σ 2 {\displaystyle

Fuzzy cold dark matter (555 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

are the simplest class of the ultralight dark matter models; the only free parameter is the particle mass. (In "ultralight dark matter models", the dark

Sigmoid function (2,080 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

hyperbolic tangent mentioned above. Here, m {\displaystyle m} is a free parameter encoding the slope at x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} , which must be greater

Superfluid vacuum theory (2,772 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

this mass is introduced as a free parameter by means of the Higgs potential, which thus makes it yet another free parameter of the Standard Model. Within

Barrier function (596 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

problem is formulated, viz. minimize f(x) + μ g(x) where μ > 0 is a free parameter. This problem is not equivalent to the original, but as μ approaches

Woltjer's theorem (327 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

that force-free magnetic fields in a closed system with constant force-free parameter α {\displaystyle \alpha } represent the state with lowest magnetic energy

Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model (7,734 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

parameters, therefore with this choice the Weinberg angle is not a free parameter – it is defined as tan ⁡ θ W = g 1 / g 2 {\displaystyle \tan \theta

De Sitter invariant special relativity (3,598 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

semidirect product R2 limit would be understood as the limit that the free parameter μ, the ratio of the height range μm to the length range m, approaches

Levenshtein distance (2,434 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

) , {\displaystyle (\log n)^{O(1/\varepsilon )},} where ε > 0 is a free parameter to be tuned, in time O(n1 + ε). It has been shown that the Levenshtein

Immirzi parameter (1,524 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

distances. On the other hand, the Immirzi parameter seems to be the only free parameter of vacuum LQG, and once it is fixed by matching one calculation to an

Bayes factor (2,505 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

points towards M2. M2 is a more complex model than M1 because it has a free parameter which allows it to model the data more closely. The ability of Bayes

Weinberg angle (992 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

predicted by the Standard Model: The Weinberg angle θw is an open, free parameter, although it is constrained and predicted through other measurements

Chandrasekhar–Kendall function (890 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

} is the magnetic field and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the force-free parameter, with the assumption of divergence free field, ∇ ⋅ H = 0 {\displaystyle

Mel scale (1,478 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The break frequency (e.g. 700 Hz, 1000 Hz, or 625 Hz) is the only free parameter in the usual form of the formula. Some non-mel auditory-frequency-scale

Hawking radiation (5,968 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

originally discovered by Bekenstein and Hawking, unless the value of a free parameter is set to cancel out various constants such that the Bekenstein–Hawking

Mathematical universe hypothesis (2,306 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

notes: sec. V.E that a constructive mathematics formalized measure of free parameter variations of physical dimensions, constants, and laws over all universes

Wetting (7,619 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

0 , L ] {\displaystyle x\in I=[0,L]} where L {\displaystyle L} is a free parameter. The free energy to be minimized is F [ y , L ] = ∫ 0 L ( γ L G 1 +

Natural evolution strategy (1,172 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

}\log \pi (x_{k}\,|\,\theta )} . The choice of utility function is a free parameter of the algorithm. input: f , θ i n i t {\displaystyle f,\;\;\theta _{init}}

Kurtosis (5,310 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Setting a2 = 2m − 3 makes the variance equal to unity. Then the only free parameter is m, which controls the fourth moment (and cumulant) and hence the

Elo rating system (11,643 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

≥ 0 {\displaystyle \kappa \geq 0} is a parameter. Introduction of a free parameter should not be surprising as we have three possible outcomes and thus

Seesaw mechanism (1,378 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

spinor is uncharged under all standard model gauge symmetries, B is a free parameter which can in principle take any arbitrary value. The parameter M is

Random forest (6,483 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{f}})^{2}}{B-1}}}.} The number B of samples (equivalently, of trees) is a free parameter. Typically, a few hundred to several thousand trees are used, depending

System of linear equations (5,636 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\mathbf {w} } remains and hence an infinitude of potential values of the free parameter vector w {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} } give an infinitude of solutions

Fast inverse square root (4,650 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{2}(1+m_{x})\approx m_{x}+\sigma } where σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is a free parameter used to tune the approximation. For example, σ = 0 {\displaystyle \sigma

Support vector machine (9,068 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

prediction for that sample, and ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } is a free parameter that serves as a threshold: all predictions have to be within an ε {\displaystyle

Transformer (deep learning architecture) (13,111 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

\theta ={\frac {t}{r^{k}}},r=N^{2/d}} . Here, N {\displaystyle N} is a free parameter that should be significantly larger than the biggest k {\displaystyle

Bi-elliptic transfer (2,056 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is the common apoapsis radius of the two transfer ellipses and is a free parameter of the maneuver, a 1 {\displaystyle a_{1}} and a 2 {\displaystyle a_{2}}

Nonstandard finite difference scheme (757 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

NS-FD model which has the same solution as the wave equation, put a free parameter, call it u, in place of v Δ t / Δ x {\displaystyle v\Delta t/\Delta

Cosmic microwave background (13,196 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

George Gamow estimates 7 K based on a model that does not rely on a free parameter: 2181 1955 – Émile Le Roux of the Nançay Radio Observatory, in a sky

Regularization (mathematics) (4,623 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

minimizes the empirical error, but may fail. By limiting T, the only free parameter in the algorithm above, the problem is regularized for time, which may

Letter frequency (2,534 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

rank function being the best. Another rank function with no adjustable free parameter also fits the letter frequency distribution reasonably well (the same

Okapi BM25 (1,331 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

query term at all. The scoring formula of BM25+ only has one additional free parameter δ {\displaystyle \delta } (a default value is 1.0 in absence of a training

Cosmic inflation (12,602 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

invariance corresponds to the idealized de Sitter universe). The other free parameter is the tensor to scalar ratio. The simplest inflation models, those

CHSH inequality (6,470 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

a given ρ {\displaystyle \rho } that yields Smax with at least one free parameter. The projective measurement that yields either +1 or −1 for two orthogonal

Reconstruction filter (1,267 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

bicubic interpolation, with kernel a cubic spline – this latter has a free parameter, with each value of the parameter yielding a different interpolation

Higgs boson (26,523 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

this parameter is ~246 GeV/c2. It has units of mass, and is the only free parameter of the Standard Model that is not a dimensionless number. Quadratic

Lift (force) (13,294 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

nonzero circulation to be represented. However, the potential jump is a free parameter that is not determined by the potential equation or the other boundary

Lift (force) (13,294 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

nonzero circulation to be represented. However, the potential jump is a free parameter that is not determined by the potential equation or the other boundary

Minimum description length (2,929 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}} which could either be fixed or added as a free parameter. Then the set of hypotheses H {\displaystyle {\cal {H}}} reduces to

Lambda-CDM model (10,918 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

compelling. We recall that the MOND predictions do not involve any free parameter. Kroupa, P.; Famaey, B.; de Boer, Klaas S.; Dabringhausen, Joerg; Pawlowski

Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (5,083 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Furthermore, there are no supersymmetric parameters to make the Higgs mass a free parameter in the MSSM (though not in non-minimal extensions). This means that

Slope One (1,456 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

simpler form of regression with a single free parameter ( f ( x ) = x + b {\displaystyle f(x)=x+b} ). The free parameter is then simply the average difference

Models of DNA evolution (6,331 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

number that can be calculated from the rate matrix (it is not a separate free parameter). The value of β can be found by forcing the expected rate of flux of

Loop quantum gravity (16,616 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to the area of the event horizon, the result depended on a crucial free parameter in the theory, the above-mentioned Immirzi parameter. However, there

Gauss–Manin connection (1,100 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

x^{3}+y^{3}+z^{3}-\lambda xyz=0\;} . Here, λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is a free parameter describing the curve; it is an element of the complex projective line

Exponential family (11,203 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Bernoulli trials, n, is treated as a fixed constant – excluded from the free parameter(s) θ {\displaystyle \theta } – since the allowed number of trials sets

ANAIS-112 (3,696 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

∆E is the energy interval width, and ∆t the time bin width. R0 is a free parameter, while Sm is either fixed to 0 (for the null hypothesis) or left unconstrained

Calling convention (4,158 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

space for locals pop EBP ; restore old frame pointer ret paramsize ; free parameter space and return. The 64-bit version of the x86 architecture, known

Postulates of special relativity (3,158 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

formula equivalent to the Lorentz transformation, up to a non-negative free parameter, follows from just the relativity postulate itself, without first postulating

Polynomial kernel (1,158 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

vectors of features computed from training or test samples and c ≥ 0 is a free parameter trading off the influence of higher-order versus lower-order terms in

Simon model (719 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

network, appropriate to capture Pareto and Zipf's laws. (ii) The only free parameter of the model α {\displaystyle \alpha } reflects the relative growth

Zero-point energy (26,815 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is approximately 246 GeV/c2. It has units of mass, and is the only free parameter of the Standard Model that is not a dimensionless number. The Higgs

Masud Ahmad (1,912 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

which he predicted that, keeping the π and the ρ trajectories, the zero-free parameter fits for the sum and the difference of the differential cross sections

Runaway greenhouse effect (4,811 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

present at the tropopause. Taking the outgoing longwave radiation as a free parameter, these equations will intersect only once for a single value of the

Avoided crossing (2,614 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \alpha _{k-1}} then both of the equations above have one single free parameter. In general it is not possible to find one α k {\displaystyle \alpha

Partition function (mathematics) (3,384 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

\{X_{1},X_{2},\dots \}} , while β {\displaystyle \beta } is a real-valued free parameter (conventionally, the inverse temperature). The sum over the x i {\displaystyle

Coherent state (7,370 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

correspondence principle. It is a minimum uncertainty state, with the single free parameter chosen to make the relative dispersion (standard deviation in natural

BIO-LGCA (4,574 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

when changing their direction of motion, β {\displaystyle \beta } is a free parameter inversely proportional to the randomness of particle reorientation (analogous

Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy (2,776 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

above the oxide surface ( d f {\displaystyle d_{\textit {f}}} ) to be a free parameter. The FLIC curves shift to the left as the distance of the fluorophore

Formulations of special relativity (2,621 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

postulate, the Lorentz transformations can be obtained. However, there is a free parameter k, which renders it incapable of making experimental predictions unless

Overlap fermion (699 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

operator and s ∈ ( − 1 , 1 ) {\displaystyle s\in \left(-1,1\right)} is a free parameter that can be tuned to optimise locality of D ov {\displaystyle D_{\text{ov}}}

Physics applications of asymptotically safe gravity (1,181 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and the infrared value α IR {\displaystyle \alpha _{\text{IR}}} is a free parameter. In the second case, however, the fixed point value of α {\displaystyle

Model photosphere (1,349 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

stellar wind parameters (mass-loss rate, wind speed) can be specified as free parameter, or, alternatively, calculated from the hydrodynamic equation consistently

Lasso (statistics) (8,051 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

is the coefficient vector, and t {\displaystyle t} is a prespecified free parameter that determines the degree of regularization. Letting X {\displaystyle

Line representations in robotics (1,276 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

(parallel z {\displaystyle z} axes), then d {\displaystyle d} (below) is a free parameter. the y {\displaystyle y} -axis follows from the x {\displaystyle x}

Vasiliev equations (9,794 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

fields with s=0,1,2,3,... . there is an important option to introduce a free parameter in the four-dimensional equations, which is related to the parity breaking

Central differencing scheme (1,470 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

per step, and works well with multigrid acceleration techniques Has a free parameter in conjunction with the fourth-difference dissipation, which is needed

Jacobi elliptic functions (13,097 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

u}}\operatorname {am} (u,m).} In the above, the value m {\displaystyle m} is a free parameter, usually taken to be real such that 0 ≤ m ≤ 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq m\leq

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (7,969 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

exponent α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the same as above, and becomes a free parameter in the fitting. Using FCS, the anomalous exponent has been shown to

Denavit–Hartenberg parameters (3,986 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

there is no unique common normal (parallel z axes), then d (below) is a free parameter. The direction of xn is from zn–1 to zn, as shown in the video below

Substitution model (8,854 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

and Y (or 0 and 1) to take on values other than 0.5 by adding single free parameter; this model is variously called CFu or GTR2 (in IQ-TREE). For many analyses

Lambert's problem (2,309 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

point F 2 {\displaystyle F_{2}} on the other branch of the hyperbola as free parameter the x-coordinate of F 2 {\displaystyle F_{2}} is (note that A {\displaystyle

Grunsky matrix (6,334 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

terms of a simple function of a2 and a free complex parameter. The free parameter can be chosen so that the bound becomes a function of half the modulus

Disparity filter algorithm of weighted network (985 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

own heterogeneity by using a Maximum Likelihood procedure to set its free parameter a {\displaystyle a} , which represent the strength of the self reinforcing

Wilks' theorem (2,053 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

1 (only one of the p i j {\displaystyle p_{ij}} may be considered a free parameter under the null hypothesis H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} ). Writing n i j

Gunduz Caginalp (3,671 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

so that it is possible to vary ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } as a free parameter without varying d 0 {\displaystyle d_{0}} if the scaling is done appropriately

Behavioral momentum (2,297 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

\over Bo}\right)}\ =\ -\left({f \over r^{b}}\right)} (1) The free parameter b indicates the sensitivity of resistance to change to the rate of reinforcement

Unified scattering function (2,509 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

level i is composed of structural levels i-1. If this is not true, a free parameter can substitute for Rg,i-1 as described in. Eq. 14 is quite flexible

Bayesian model reduction (1,324 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the evidence for the full model, which included the parameter as a free parameter. Conversely, the stronger the evidence for the reduced model, the more

Binary tiling (3,089 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

in a monohedral tiling. In defining the binary tilings, there is a free parameter, the distance between the vertical sides of the tiles. All tiles in

Human performance modeling (7,504 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

model's output, free parameters are flexible to incorrectly fit data. -Free Parameter: The parameters of a model whose values are estimated from the data

List of uniform polyhedra by Schwarz triangle (2,780 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

zigzags (skew apeirogons) as faces, ten of which are families that have a free parameter (the angle of the zigzag). In eight cases this parameter is continuous;

Diósi–Penrose model (3,105 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

from standard quantum mechanics, the model can be tested. The only free parameter of the model is the size of the mass density distribution, given by

Random feature (1,705 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

is the squared Euclidean distance and σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is a free parameter defining the shape of the kernel. It can be approximated by a random

Eleven-dimensional supergravity (3,575 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

simple compared to supergravity theories in other dimensions. The only free parameter is the Planck mass, setting the scale of the theory. It has a single

Alternatives to general relativity (15,207 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

generalization of general relativity. These all contain at least one free parameter, as opposed to general relativity which has no free parameters. Although