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basal of the three lineages. The phylogeny of the Obazoa is shown in the cladogram. Brown, M.W.; Sharpe, S.C.; Silberman, J.D.; Heiss, A.A.; Lang, B.F.;

Pancrustacea hypothesis that maxillopods are not monophyletic (in the following cladograms Maxillopoda subclasses are highlighted). In addition, there appeared some

one of two major lineages of extant vascular plants. As shown in the cladogram below, the euphyllophytes have a sister relationship to the lycopodiophytes

Phaetusa (large-billed tern) Genus Larosterna (Inca tern) Part of the cladogram of the genera in the order Charadriiformes based on the analysis by Baker

Mammalia) it is considered to be a subgroup of the mammalian crown group. The cladogram below follows Luo et al. (2016): Rowe, T. (1988). "Definition, diagnosis

Tarsophlebiidae in it but Rehn (2003) placed it among the Zygoptera. Cladogram of Epiprocta after Rehn et al. 2003: Epiproctophora is used as the clade

Myliobatiformes (/mɪliˈɒbətɪfɔːrmiːz/), commonly known as stingrays, are one of the four orders of batoids, cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. They

constitute the Zingiberineae (Cladogram I) and also the basal Strelitziineae (Strelitziaceae-Lowiaceae) sister group (Cladogram II) were strongly supported

the ancestral features that were present in the ancestral saurian. The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle

clade with Colossosauria and Saltasauroidea, presenting the informal cladogram of stable titanosaur clades below. Sanz, J.L.; Powell, J.E.; Le Loeuff

The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills

are the sister group to pigeons within Columbimorphae as shown in the cladogram below: This is unlike most studies, which consider cuckoos to be related

The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills

States, extending into the Middle-Late Permian in Eurasia. Below is a cladogram from Schoch (2018) showing the phylogenetic position of Olsoniformes within

are the sister group to pigeons within Columbimorphae as shown in the cladogram below: This is unlike most studies, which consider cuckoos to be related

sister group to Synapsida within Amniota, based on inner ear anatomy. The cladogram presented here illustrates the phylogeny (family tree) of amniotes, and

Afroinsectiphilia, a clade within Afrotheria. The generally accepted cladogram of living Afrosoricida is: Infraclass Eutheria: placental mammals Superorder

group, though they had Aeolosaurini within Colossosauria. The informal cladogram of titanosaur relationships they proposed is shown below. França, M.A

the Ichthyosporea and the Filozoa, they form the Holozoa. An up to date cladogram is The alternative hypothesis is the Teretosporea clade. Hehenberger,

Dryolestidae is an extinct family of Mesozoic mammals, known from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous of the North Hemisphere. The oldest known

Portugal. Their closest relatives are believed to be Paulchoffatiidae. Cladogram after Carvalho et al. 2025 Carvalho, Victor F.; Camilo, Bruno; Araújo

Caviramus were moved into their own family, Raeticodactylidae. The below cladogram follows that analysis. In 2020 however, a study upheld by Matthew G. Baron

basal position than other brasilodontids, just outside Prozostrodontia. Cladogram from Martinelli et al., 2017: Bonaparte, J. F., Soares, M. B. & Schultz

all the species except the 6 recognised New Zealand wrens. Source for cladogram: They are the suboscines, which have different syrinx structures than

Pseudoscorpions, also known as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small, scorpion-like arachnids belonging to the order Pseudoscorpiones, also known

Caviramus were moved into their own family, Raeticodactylidae. The below cladogram follows that analysis. In 2020 however, a study upheld by Matthew G. Baron

gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators. Below is a cladogram showing the relationships of the major crocodilian groups based on molecular

being placed as non-saurian diapsids or as basal archosauromorphs. The cladogram shown hereafter is the result of an analysis of sauropterygian relationships

armadillos. The name is the Latinised form of the Kalini word for "armadillo". Cladogram of living Cabassous The genus contains the following four species: Wikimedia

Cladogram based on Oliveros et al. (2019)

Ordovician) Chasmataspidida Caster & Brooks, 1956 (Lower Ordovician) Cladogram after Lasmdell 2020. Paleontology portal Arthropods portal Synziphosurine

respectively][citation needed] A "classical" cladogram (data from 2012, 2015) is: However, a cladogram (data from 2015, 2016) with the root in Excavata

Arhynchobdellida, the proboscisless leeches, are a monophyletic order of leeches. They are defined by the lack of the protrusible proboscis that defines

Galechirus Galeops Galepus Infraorder Dicynodontia Cladogram modified from Cisneros et al., 2015. Cladogram modified from Angielczyk and Kammerer (2017): Theriodont

phylogenetic tree of the Macraucheniidae, after McGrath et al. 2018:. Cladogram of Macraucheniidae after Lobo, Gelfo & Azevedo (2024): Paleontology portal

of South Africa. It is currently the earliest known lepidosauromorph. Cladogram after Ford, et al. 2021: Ford, David P.; Evans, Susan E.; Choiniere, Jonah

multituberculates independently acquired a middle ear from other mammal groups. Cladogram after Carvalho et al. 2025: The name "Eobaatar" (from ancient Greek "ἠώς"=

becomes a junior synonym to the Strepsirrhini. Below is a simplified cladogram. A 2018 study puts Donrussellia as sister to crown primates. Adapiforms

genera in the Lymnaeidae does not reflect evolutionary relationships. A cladogram based on sequences of 16S, internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2

reported from Switzerland. It is generally considered a basal sphenodontian. Cladogram following Chambi-Trowell et al., 2021. A. B. Heckert. 2004. Late Triassic

Ichthyostegalia. The cladogram is based on a phylogenetic analysis of 46 taxa using 204 characters by B. Swartz in 2012. The following cladogram follows the results

fossil record and were characterized by a strong sexual dimorphism. A cladogram of Proboscidea based on the phylogenetic analysis of Hautier et al. 2021

very large species. Together, both comprise the suborder Latimerioidei. Cladogram after Toriño et al., 2021. Ferrante, C.; Cavin, L. (2023). "Early Mesozoic

Microhyrax was a prehistoric genus of herbivorous hyrax-grouped mammal. It lived during the Eocene period from 55.8 to 40.4 million years ago in modern-day

Chlorokybophyceae) are at the base of charophytes (streptophytes). The cladograms below show consensus phylogenetic relationships based on plastid genomes

and mammaliaforms, the roots were incompletely divided. The following cladogram is from the phylogenetic analysis of Wallace et al., 2019. Pseudotherium

multituberculates. Cladogram from Luo et al 2017, showing a monophyletic Haramiyida outside of crown Mammalia unrelated to Multituberculata: Cladogram from Han

remaining five families. The phylogeny of the families is shown in the cladogram. The fossil form Leefructus, described in 2011, has been recognized as

Known fossils are of Late Devonian age (382 to 359 million years ago). A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Serrulacaulis in the core of

Proganochelys. It may serve as a synapomorphy for this proposed clade. The cladogram shown below follows the most likely result found by an analysis of turtle

supported by among other characters, the growth pattern of the teeth. Cladogram after Simoes et al. 2022. Paleontology portal Reynoso, Victor-Hugo (1996)

Lichida is an order of typically spiny trilobite that lived from the Furongian to the Devonian period. These trilobites usually have 8–13 thoracic segments

be a relatively basal sphenodontian that lies outside Eusphenodontia. Cladogram following Sues and Schoch, 2023: Evans, S. E.; Prasad, G.V.R.; Manhas

Maddin et al. (2013) recovered the same results. Cladogram after Huttenlocker et al. (2007): Cladogram after Fröbisch and Reisz (2008): Adam K. Huttenlocker

be a relatively basal sphenodontian that lies outside Eusphenodontia. Cladogram following Sues and Schoch, 2023: Paleontology portal Rhynchocephalia Evans

Temminck, 1836. The cladogram below is based on a study of the babblers by Tianlong Cai and collaborators published in 2019. The cladogram below shows the

brasiliensis, helped differentiate these two co-occurring sphenodontian taxa. Cladogram following Chambi-Trowell et al., 2021 Chambi-Trowell, Sofia A. V.; Martinelli

colleagues in 2018 had recovered it within the family Nyctosauridae, the cladogram of which can be seen below: In 2020, Averianov and Arkhangelsky reconsidered

Calostemmateae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram: Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1996. Meerow & Snijman 2006. Meerow,

sister group to pigeons within Columbimorphae instead as shown in the cladogram below: Columbea Otidae Metaves Prum, R. O. et al. A comprehensive phylogeny

Deheubarthia was a genus of Early Devonian land plant with branching axes. A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Deheubarthia in the core of a

been from the Lochkovian to the Pragian, 420 to 411 million years ago. A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Gosslingia in the core of a paraphyletic

axes. Known fossils are of Emsian age (411 to 393 million years ago). A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Anisophyton in the core of a

class Zosterophyllopsida. They bore branches and scalariform tracheids. A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Crenaticaulis in the core of

helodermatids and the group containing monitor lizards and snakes. Below is a cladogram from the 1998 anaylis: In a 2008 analysis, the basal positioning of Telmasaurus

fossils are of Lochkovian to Pragian age (420 to 411 million years ago). A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Thrinkophyton in the core of

of India) – a bat Rumiodon (Paleogene of Peru) – placement uncertain Cladogram after, showing a paraphyletic Herpetotheriidae. Asher et al. 2007, p. 318

Fossils came from Pragian age rocks (413 to 411 million years ago). A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Tarella in the core of a paraphyletic

that many of the Partula species are not monophyletic. The resulting cladogram is shown below. Partula species on Tahiti were usually found on the undersides

found from the Pragian to the Emsian (413 to 393 million years ago). A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Oricilla in the core of a paraphyletic

Cladogram of Procolophonoidea, excluding members of Procolophonidae Cisneros et al. 2004

Dam. The probable relationships within Equisetopsida are shown in the cladogram below. The position where Ibyka would be added. Thomas N. Taylor, Edith

1960s. The probable relationships within Equisetidae are shown in the cladogram below. The position where Ibyka would be has been added. Taylor, Thomas

out of every three species of land vertebrate is a bird species. The cladogram presented here illustrates the "family tree" of sauropsids, and follows

inclusive group. The cladogram below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Lee et al., 2014: The following cladogram below follows the results

The Strepsiptera (/strɛpˈsɪptərə/) are an order of insects with eleven extant families that include about 600 described species. They are endoparasites

found from the Pragian to the Emsian (413 to 393 million years ago). A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Oricilla in the core of a paraphyletic

inclusive group. The cladogram below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Lee et al., 2014: The following cladogram below follows the results

Ages and the subsequent recession of seagrasses—their main food source. Cladogram on the relations of the hydrodamalines based on a 2004 study by Hitoshi

Schlickum, 1964: synonym of † Ferrissia wittmanni (Schlickum, 1964) A cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome-c

suggested that Ocepechelon was the most basal dermochelyid known. Below is a cladogram from the description of Ocepechelon, by Bardet et al. (2013). However

gliding habits similar to that of colugos. In the following simplified cladogram, the crown primates are classified as highly derived Plesiadapiformes

Genus-level cladogram of the Capromyidae with their relationship to Carterodon and Euryzygomatomyinae. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial

Notosuchus terrestris, and Crocodylus niloticus." Below is a modified cladogram that depicts the preferred reference phylogeny, chosen from Fernández

Amphitheriidae is the only family of the order Amphitheriida.  Cladogram after Panciroli et al. 2018: Cladogram after Magallanes et al, 2024: Panciroli E; Roger B

Genus-level cladogram of the Myocastorini. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.

Genus-level cladogram of the Capromyidae with their relationship to Carterodon and Euryzygomatomyinae. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial

Rio de Janeiro. The cladogram below follows Franca et al. (2016), placing Muyelensaurus as a basal lithostrotian. The cladogram below follows Mocho et

Figure 1. Cladogram of the Arthoniales, rooted with Curvularia brachyspora, Cudonia circinans and Seynesia erumpens as the outgroup. The cladogram shows the

vertebrae. Below is a phylogenetical cladogram showing the position of Epachthosaurus within Titanosauria: The cladogram below follows Mocho et al. (2019)

Priacanthus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Priacanthidae, the bigeyes. As of 2012 there are 12 species in the genus. The

more advanced than Dilong. However, in 2013 Loewen et al. published a cladogram placing Juratyrant as a sister taxon to Stokesosaurus inside Proceratosauridae

Priacanthus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Priacanthidae, the bigeyes. As of 2012 there are 12 species in the genus. The

trematosaurian temnospondyl within the family Trematosauridae. Below is a cladogram from Steyer (2002) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trematosaurids:

that other barinophytes did not have naked stems. Two very different cladograms have been produced showing the evolutionary relationships of taxa assigned

membership of Gallodactylidae back to just Gallodactylus and Cycnorhamphus. Cladogram following the latest version of Andres' data set, published by Longrich

Genus-level cladogram of the Capromyidae with their relationship to Carterodon and Euryzygomatomyinae. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial

Molecular analysis has clarified the group's phylogeny, as shown in the cladogram. The Endopterygota are distinguished from the Exopterygota by the way

vertebrae. Below is a phylogenetical cladogram showing the position of Epachthosaurus within Titanosauria: The cladogram below follows Mocho et al. (2019)

considerably throughout the Devonian, only the limbed tetrapods survived beyond. Cladogram from Swartz, 2012: Clement, A. M.; Cloutier, R.; Lu, J.; Perilli, E.;

structure as opposed to the branches found in the Dendrobranchiata. The cladogram below shows Pleocyemata as the sister clade to Dendrobranchiata within

to Concornis and Cathayornis (or Sinornis). The cladogram below is from Wang et al., 2015: The cladogram below is from Wang et al., 2022: Key to letters:

Anhangueridae, and as the sister taxon of several Anhanguera species. Their cladogram is shown on the left. In 2020 however, a study by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo

1982): synonym of Margarya monodi (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1905) The cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome-c

temnospondyl amphibians within the family Trematosauridae. Below is a cladogram from Steyer (2002) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trematosaurids:

denticles. Below is a cladogram from Steyer (2002) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trematosaurids: Trematosaurus in a cladogram after Novikov (2018)

collaborators that was published in 2019. It is shown in the cladogram below: The cladogram below shows the relationships between the genera. These were

sister groups after all, the clade has been abandoned. A recent possible cladogram is shown which would show that the Lophotrochozoa emerged within Platyzoa

is a cladogram conducted by Hartman et al. 2019, in which Unenlagia is found to be a more derived member alongside Dakotaraptor: This cladogram is from

related to Elephantiformes than to other supposed members of the group. Cladogram after Hautier et al. 2021: J. Shoshani; W. J. Sanders; P. Tassy (2001)

related to the species "Sinopterus" gui and Nemicolopterus crypticus. Their cladogram is shown on the left. Later, in 2017, in another phylogenetic analysis

Anhangueridae as a derived member of the more inclusive group Anhangueria. Their cladogram is shown on the left. In 2020, a different topology by Borja Holgado and

Amphitherium itself. Cladogram after Panciroli et al. 2018: However, some studies have not found a close relationship with Amphitherium. Cladogram after Lasseron

Gomphotheriidae. Cladogram showing its phylogenetic position according to Mothé et al. 2016: Some other studies have assigned it to Amebelodontidae. Cladogram after

including humans †Amphipithecidae †Eosimiidae †Aseanpithecus Below is a cladogram with some of the extinct simian species with the more modern species emerging

a new phylogeny and classification for the subfamily. Their preferred cladogram is shown below. The 2016 study was unable to fully resolve the two genera

Genus-level cladogram of the Myocastorini. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.

Below is a cladogram showing the placement of Alioramini within the Tyrannosaurinae, according to Brusatte & Carr (2016). Another cladogram showing the

Genus-level cladogram of the Capromyidae with their relationship to Carterodon and Euryzygomatomyinae. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial

Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers (includes Dendrocolaptidae) The cladogram below showing the family level phylogenetic relationships of the Tyrannides

of eusauropods in the Late Jurassic period. Cladogram of Eusauropoda after Gomez et al. (2024): Cladogram of Sauropoda after Holwerda et al. (2021)::

alphaproteobacterium HIMB59, basal to the remainder The above results in a cladogram of the Pelagibacterales as follows: A 2011 study by researchers of the

agreement with several groupings of classes and phyla. One feature of the cladogram obtained with this method is the clustering of cell wall morphology (with

to its own genus, Trematosuchus, by D.M.S. Watson in 1919. Below is a cladogram from Steyer (2002) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trematosaurids:

associated with the origin of feathers. Below is a cladogram from Nesbitt (2011): Below is a cladogram from Sengupta et al. (2017), based on an updated

dobruskii). A more recent phylogenetic study reinforces this placement. The cladogram on the left follows the 2014 phylogenetic analysis by Brian Andres and

Amaryllideae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram: There are four subtribes: Amaryllidinae Pax Boophoninae D.Müll.-Doblies

consistently recovered as the earliest diverging member of Archosauromorpha. The cladogram below follows an analysis by Ezcurra (2016), and highlights the position

all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell. The following cladogram is based on the analysis by Hartman et al. (2019), which found flight

trematosaurian temnospondyl within the family Trematosauridae. Below is a cladogram from Steyer (2002) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trematosaurids:

the family Entelodontidae and the genus Andrewsarchus. "A 'consensus cladogram' for artiodactyls". Archived from the original on 2012-05-16. Retrieved

Species-level cladogram of the genus Proechimys. The cladogram has been reconstructed from morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b)

the Trematosaurinae had more "normal" crocodile-like skulls. Below is a cladogram from Steyer (2002) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trematosaurids:

Cyrtantheae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram: There are over 50 recognized species, all native to central and southern

birds, more advanced than Deinonychosauria and Oviraptorosauria. The cladogram below follows an analysis by Yuong-Nam Lee, Rinchen Barsbold, Philip J

phylogenetic relationships recovered within Dicranidae are shown in the cladogram below. The orders Bryoxiphiales, Pseudoditrichales and Mitteniales were

but studies now place it as an atypical member of the Motacillidae. The cladogram below showing the relationships between families is based on a study of

important impact of the subfamily Polycnemoideae on the classification (see cladogram): if Polycnemoideae are considered a part of Chenopodiaceae, then Amaranthaceae

Garryaceae, Griselinia, Corokia, and Kaliphora, among others. Likely cladogram for Cornales: Molecular data suggest four clades are within the Cornales:

Lycorideae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram: There are two genera: Lycoris Ungernia Herbert, William. 1820. Botanical

Genus-level cladogram of the Echimyinae. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.

lacks vascular tissue and has branched stems bearing sporangia. For the cladogram, see the Horneophytopsida article. Fanning, U.; Edwards, D. & Richardson

sapiens is the only surviving subspecies. A cladogram indicating common names (cf. more detailed cladogram below): Hominidae was originally the name given

with Plesiobaena, Boremys, Scabremys, Baena and Chisternon. Below is a cladogram made by Sullivan et al. in 2013 showing the relations of Denazinemys:

osborni was estimated to have a weight of about 391 kilograms (862 lb). Cladogram after Lu, Deng and Pandolfi, 2023: Prothero, 2005, p. 184. Prothero, 2005

Elliotherium, Pachygenelus, Diarthrognathus, and Tritheledon. The below cladogram was found by Martinelli and Rougier in 2007 and modified by Soares et

parareptile or a diapsid, and therefore unrelated to captorhinids. The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Robert

Amphitheriidae. Cladogram after Panciroli et al. 2018: However, some studies have not found a close relationship with Palaeoxonodon. Cladogram after Lasseron

a high coronoid eminence that Chinlea does not. Of the species on the cladogram, Chinlea is the only one not known to continue into the Jurassic, and

Genus-level cladogram of the Echimyini. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.

following cladogram: A 2020 molecular phylogenetic study showed that genera accepted in 2000 required further revision. A summary cladogram from the study

Genus-level cladogram of the Capromyidae with their relationship to Carterodon and Euryzygomatomyinae. The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial

Its precise nature and hence classification remains unclear. For the cladogram, see the Horneophytopsida article. Edwards, D. (1979). "A late Silurian

characteristic of WWPC species. A hybrid origin has been suggested. A simplified cladogram is shown below: Within the purple pink clade (PPC), C. crispus is consistently

Species-level cladogram of the genus Proechimys. The cladogram has been reconstructed from morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b)

Majungasaurus than to Carnotaurus. The cladogram below shows the result of the study's phylogenetic analysis. The following cladogram is a consensus tree primarily

monophyletic and is placed as a sister order to Pandanales, as shown in Cladogram I. The data for the evolution of the order is collected from molecular

a simplified cladogram after Galton & Upchurch (2004), reflecting its early placement as a plateosaurid. Below is a simplified cladogram after Müller

Genus-level cladogram of tribe Rhinantheae. The cladogram has been reconstructed from nuclear and plastid DNA molecular characters (ITS, rps16 intron

short stems. The genus was tentatively placed in the "zosterophylls". A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Gumia in a paraphyletic stem

of eupolypods I. The following cladogram for the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), based on the consensus cladogram in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny

taxon of Ornithocheirus. Their cladogram is shown on the left. In 2018, Jacobs et al. also recovered a similar cladogram compared to Andres and Myers (2013)

in their Sawdoniales, well nested within the zosterophylls. A summary cladogram produced by Crane et al. in 2004, shows Protobarinophyton in the core

Genus-level cladogram of tribe Rhinantheae. The cladogram has been reconstructed from nuclear and plastid DNA molecular characters (ITS, rps16 intron