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Longer titles found: Brainstem auditory evoked potential (view), Brainstem death (view), Brainstem glioma (view), Brainstem stroke syndrome (view), Auditory brainstem response (view), Medullary pyramids (brainstem) (view), Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (view), Auditory brainstem implant (view), Bone conduction auditory brainstem response (view), Athabaskan brainstem dysgenesis syndrome (view), Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (view)

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cord or to the brainstem An integrating center, the point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem synapse Efferent

Respiratory compensation is the modulation by the brainstem respiratory centers, which involves altering alveolar ventilation to try to bring the plasma

corticobulbar tracts) may directly innervate motor neurons of the spinal cord or brainstem (anterior (ventral) horn cells or certain cranial nerve nuclei), whereas

The ventral trigeminal tract connects the two major components of the brainstem trigeminal complex – the principal, or main sensory nucleus and the spinal

nucleus of the vagus nerve (CN X) situated in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem ventral to the floor of the fourth ventricle. It contains nerve cell bodies

acusticum") is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), it forms the cochlear

where many cranial nerves run together, such as the jugular fossa. A brainstem lesion could also cause impaired functioning of multiple cranial nerves

roughly vertical column of grey matter in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. Their axons form the bulk of the enclosed solitary tract. The solitary

ipsilateral and unopposed contralateral eye deviation. Axial section of the brainstem (pons) at the level of the facial colliculus Fourth ventricle. Posterior

posterior), between the foramen magnum and tentorium cerebelli, containing the brainstem and cerebellum Animation. Illustration. Superior view and lateral view

Retrieved 2012-01-08. "Perimeter Institute reaches out to young students with BrainSTEM". Waterloo Region Record. Waterloo Region Record. 11 September 2013. Retrieved

rational thought at the highest level, our deep and powerful reptilian brainstem urges us to attain power and status at all costs. To belittle, crush and

Harley reports typical causes as traumatic, neoplastic (most commonly brainstem glioma), as well as idiopathic. Sixth nerve palsy causes the eyes to deviate

neurotransmitters, especially GABA. The posterior lobe receives input mainly from the brainstem (i.e., reticular formation and inferior olivary nucleus) and cerebral

which rootlets of the oculomotor nerve emerge from the substance of the brainstem and aggregate into a single fascicle. The ventral tegmental area lies

neurotransmitters, especially GABA. The posterior lobe receives input mainly from the brainstem (i.e., reticular formation and inferior olivary nucleus) and cerebral

circuit, which is a pacemaker that produces an oscillating rhythm in the brainstem and controls autonomous breathing. The RRG neurons are present, but are

that descend through the brainstem and spinal cord. Interruption of the sympathetic chain at any level (from the brainstem to the ciliary ganglion) will

section of the brainstem. Midsagittal section of the brainstem. Arbor vitae labelled at the center. Midsagittal section of the brainstem. Coronal section

presence of α-neoendorphin immunoreactive fibers throughout the human brainstem. According to a study done by Duque, Ewing, Arturo Mangas, Pablo Salinas

the "Toby Danger" episode of Freakazoid!, wrote the lyrics to the song "Brainstem" and served as the chief model for the Warner Bros. character the Brain

syndrome or raised intracranial pressure. The brainstem nuclei of these nerves, as in certain patterns of brainstem stroke such as Foville's syndrome. White

synaptic terminals originating from the superior olive region of the brainstem. The protein is additionally expressed in keratinocytes, the pituitary

protein misfolding. In ataxin-7 gene has shown to cause cerebellar and brainstem degeneration as well as retinal conerod dystrophy. Polyglutamine (polyQ)

Noh, J. (Jun 2009). "Tonotopic reorganization of developing auditory brainstem circuits". Nature Neuroscience. 12 (6): 711–7. doi:10.1038/nn.2332. PMC 2780022

the superior medullary velum) in the midbrain before emerging from the brainstem posteriorly/dorsally.[citation needed] In other words, trochlear nucleus

disequilibrium or ataxia depending on the amount of extension on the brainstem. With brainstem extension, midfacial and corneal hypesthesia, hydrocephalus, and

hemorrhage, or edema pushes the uncus over the tentorial notch against the brainstem and related cranial nerves. This can compress the oculomotor nerve (CN

were disorganized and intertwined among one another as they entered the brainstem, and there was fusion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve complex. The

lateral to the nucleus of tractus solitarius. Trigeminal nerve nuclei Brainstem Nuclei Archived 2007-04-13 at the Wayback Machine George Paxinos (2004)

homeostasis, such as the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem. These receptors are highly expressed on pancreatic beta cells and are

early stages of hindbrain development. Producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex

such as a Tympanogram, Otoacoustic emissions testing and/or Auditory Brainstem Response testing can provide further insight into the child's auditory

together with the ascending arousal system which includes components in the brainstem, hypothalamus and basal forebrain, are the interconnected neural systems

the neurons in the mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA) of the brainstem, which have been mapped as the region of the brain that is responsive

disorder that results in horizontal saccades. It is caused by damage to the brainstem paramedian pontine reticular formation cells or the cerebellar neurons

axons of these neurons synapse in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the brainstem. Peripherally, the neurons found in the superior ganglion form two branches

of the Recti medialis and lateralis of the eye. Axial section of the Brainstem (Pons) at the level of the Facial Colliculus Vestibulo-ocular reflex Brain

writer-in-residence of its 2011 Origins Project. In 2013, Hawking spoke at the BrainSTEM: Your Future is Now festival at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical

migraine patients to develop a stroke. Spreading depolarization within brainstem tissues regulating functions crucial for life has been implicated in sudden

p. 51. ISBN 9780781783835. Retrieved 7 March 2018. Pontine arteries supply pons. The arteries of the base of the brain. Human brainstem blood supply

particular areas of the neocortex with one another and with the thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord, especially in primates. His studies have involved the

especially a Marcus Gunn pupil, can be indicative of optic nerve damage, brainstem death, or optic tract damage in between. Diagram of hippocampus Schematic

light-near dissociation involve damage to the brainstem,[citation needed] where a tonic pupil is not produced. Brainstem causes of light-near dissociation include

org/web/20111109232230/http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/13VNAN.html http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section17/Plate17331

the fine motor skills of the arm and hand are regulated by different brainstem networks than walking or posture. She serves as a member of the Editorial

pontine cell group receives inputs from the hypothalamus and several brainstem areas extending from the midbrain to the medulla. It has reciprocal connections

four domains of neurological function: eye responses, motor responses, brainstem reflexes, and breathing pattern. The rationale for the development of

correction and relays this information to the brainstem and motor cortex. Cerebellar output to the brainstem is thought to be specifically related to postural

Rhomboid fossa. (Trigonum hypoglossi labeled at center left.) Human caudal brainstem posterior view description (trigonum nervi hypoglossi is #6) Details Identifiers

left, between anterior perforated substance and olfactory tract.) Human brainstem anterior view. (Olfactory trigone is #4, at upper right) Details Identifiers

occur in the brain. Specifically, cell sizes in brainstem nuclei are reduced, the configuration of brainstem dendrites are altered and neurons respond in

the brain lesion different symptoms are more frequent:[citation needed] Brainstem tegmentum. - Ocular: pupillary changes. Extraocular muscle palsy; gaze

response increases. The most widely accepted model of the M-cell system, or brainstem escape network, is that the M-cell initiates a fixed action pattern to

quinacrine, chloroquine. It is associated with brain dysfunction and brainstem dysfunction. It may be confused as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

VMH are able to block the propagation of seizure discharge to enter the brainstem seizure system. In West Germany, at least 70 men had their VMN operated

Rhomboid fossa. (Medial eminence visible but not labeled.) Human caudal brainstem posterior view description (Eminentia medialis is #2) Details Identifiers

the brainstem in God's neck and that by following Michelangelo's lines in God's neck, one can outline an anatomically correct image of the brainstem, cerebellum

Anterior olfactory nucleus Human brainstem anterior view (Anterior olfactory nucleus is not labeled, but region is visible at center top, approximately

Thomas H.; Fitzgerald, David B. (2013). "Imaging White Matter in Human Brainstem". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7: 400. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00400

Raphe nuclei in the obscurus, pallid us, and magnus descend into the brainstem and spinal cord, while the raphe ponds, raphe dorsals, and nucleus centralism

(2004). "Revised Nomenclature for Avian Telencephalon and Some Related Brainstem Nuclei" (PDF). The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 473 (3): 377–414

associated with brainstem damage. These result from a rapid myelinolysis of the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts in the brainstem. In about ten per

characterized by progressive ataxia and atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000128881 – Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38:

a genus of sea sponges Calyx of Held, a large synapse in the auditory brainstem structure Eubela calyx, species of sea snail Renal calyx, a chamber in

in the brainstem. Baroreceptor information flows from these NSS neurons to both parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons within the brainstem.[citation

chordoma in 17-year-old male patient, sagittal view. Tumor in the nasopharynx extending from nasal cavity to brainstem posteriorly is clearly visible.

process dihydrofolate metabolic process 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process brainstem development ribonucleotide metabolic process cerebellum development nucleoside

involving the trigeminal motor nucleus would cause ipsilateral hemiparesis. Brainstem Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves at wustl.edu Archived 2007-04-13 at the Wayback

involving the trigeminal motor nucleus would cause ipsilateral hemiparesis. Brainstem Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves at wustl.edu Archived 2007-04-13 at the Wayback

process dihydrofolate metabolic process 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process brainstem development ribonucleotide metabolic process cerebellum development nucleoside

Neural compression may affect the medulla and nerve roots from the lower brainstem, particularly those that might affect swallowing and the cough reflex

surface of left frontal lobe. Straight gyrus is shown in orange. Human brainstem anterior view. Straight gyrus is numbered as #1 Details Identifiers Latin

Lazarus Island, Singapore Lazarus sign, a reflex movement in brain-dead or brainstem failure patients Lazarus taxon, a taxon that disappears for one or more

gaze centres results in the right pattern of 3D activity in the brainstem. The brainstem premotor centers (INC, riMLF, etc.) project to the motoneurons

heterogeneous collection of more than two dozen nuclei on each side of the upper brainstem (pons, midbrain and in the posterior hypothalamus), collectively referred

org/web/20130330093937/http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/16Pontine.html https://web.archive.org/web/20080221222726/http://isc.temple

indicates Lac-Phe activated neural populations in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Acyl group Lactoyl, the acyl group derived from lactic acid Alpha-amino

of interneurons in the ventral respiratory group of the medulla of the brainstem Coordination complex, a central atom or ion and a surrounding array of

Berridge, 2000). A brainstem mechanism for pleasure may seem more surprising than forebrain hot spots to anyone who views the brainstem as merely reflexive

Parenchymal Blood Vessels of the Upper Brainstem, Its Nuclear Configuration and Vascular Supply (1976). The Upper Brainstem in the Human. Springer Berlin Heidelberg:

cardiac rhythm cessation. Many rabbis, such as rabbi Moshe Tendler consider brainstem death (believing this is the opinion held by his father-in-law Moshe Feinstein)

Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center https://web.archive.org/web/20130930044559/http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/15Salivatory.html

enlarged lateral ventricles and underdevelopment of the cerebellum and brainstem. This is presumably due to loss of uptake of essential polyunsaturated

activity had already initiated from the brainstem. The discovery of the filter effect activating as soon as the brainstem perceives a sound was carried out

Berridge, 2000). A brainstem mechanism for pleasure may seem more surprising than forebrain hot spots to anyone who views the brainstem as merely reflexive

2021). "Sneezing reflex is mediated by a peptidergic pathway from nose to brainstem". Cell. 184 (14): 3762–3773.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.017. PMC 8396370

S, Das VE (May 2009). "Signal processing and distribution in cortical-brainstem pathways for smooth pursuit eye movements". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1164

1981 to 1984 he published 35 papers. He retired in 1984 and suffered a brainstem stroke in 1987. He recovered, continuing research for a few more years

mouse POU domain gene Brn-3a causes selective loss of neurons in the brainstem and trigeminal ganglion, uncoordinated limb movement, and impaired suckling"

shape Cuneate nucleus, a part of the brainstem Cuneate fasciculus, a tract from the spinal cord into the brainstem This disambiguation page lists articles

4171C>A/MT-ND1 mutation also leads to a Leigh-like phenotype as well as bilateral brainstem lesions affecting the vestibular nuclei, resulting in vision loss, vomiting

the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus to the vasomotor center in the brainstem (in order to mediate blood pressure homeostasis), and from chemoreceptors

stiffness begins in one limb and remains most prominent there. Sphincter and brainstem issues often occur with stiff-limb syndrome. Progressive encephalomyelitis

pressure on the third nerve, also known as the sympathetic nerve, on the brainstem. Myasthenia gravis is a common neurogenic ptosis that could also be classified

developed by Anthropic Claud, a given name Claude's syndrome, a form of brainstem stroke syndrome This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

increased effects. Rhombencephalitis involves bacterial invasion of the brainstem and trigeminal nerve, and has a wide variety of symptoms that may vary

neurons of the NOT, LTN, and MTN converge on the oculomotor plant in the brainstem, where their activity is integrated to drive the eye movements. This occurs

antagonistic system with sympathetic outflow from the vasomotor center of the brainstem, the parasympathetic outflow arising from the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal

the central and peripheral nervous system. It is present in neurons, brainstem, vascular endothelial cells, muscle, gastrointestinal tracts, genitourinary

Piriform cortex Human brainstem anterior (piriform cortex not labeled, but most of it is visible near #7) Details Identifiers Latin cortex piriformis

of the human brain, with Pinky jumping in at the chorus to shout "Brainstem! Brainstem!". "A Meticulous Analysis of History" is set to "When I Was a Lad"

blindness. Systemic complications include local anesthetic toxicity, brainstem anesthesia, and stimulation of the oculocardiac reflex. Most commonly

arises near the end of the basilar artery. It passes laterally around the brainstem. This is immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from

white matter combined. The ratio of the basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem combined is 11.35. The total number of glia cells in the human brain is

thalamic reticular nuclei, and local LGN interneurons. Regions in the brainstem that are not involved in visual perception also project to the LGN, such

depth perception and scene or object stability. Several centers in the brainstem are involved. Horizontal conjugate gaze is controlled by the nuclei of

year old a social worker volunteer, who suffers from a chronic illness, brainstem glioma, partially resected at age 16 with a life expectancy of 3 to 10

the lateral recess, which end in the foramen of Luschka. Human caudal brainstem posterior view (Lateral aperture is #18) Details Identifiers Latin apertura

Postsynaptic density Ultra-structural analysis of synapses in the brainstem of wild-type (WT)mice at embryonic day 18.5. Synapses of WT neurons in the

(particularly temporalis muscle and masseter muscle) are inhibited. This is a brainstem reflex. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page

depth perception and scene or object stability. Several centers in the brainstem are involved. Horizontal conjugate gaze is controlled by the nuclei of

motor cortex region active during singing, which projects directly to brainstem motor neurons and is also important for keeping songs stereotyped and

cerebral cortex or the interlocking nuclear patterns of the diencephalon and brainstem, to the microscopic, such as the distinctions between individual neurons

mostly automatic task, controlled by circuits in the spinal cord and brainstem, it is now clear that cortical areas are also involved, updating motor

S2CID 42002789. Zhang, Wenjun (March 2009). "Neuropathic pain is maintained by brainstem neurons co-expressing opioid and cholecystokinin receptors". Brain. 132

Sjoerdsma A (May 1969). "Further studies on tryptophan hydroxylase in rat brainstem and beef pineal". Biochemical Pharmacology. 18 (5): 1071–81. doi:10

the abducens nerve which exit from the pontomedullary junction of the brainstem, travels through the cavernous sinus and enter the orbit through the superior

constriction is extremely important to detect as it can be an early sign of brainstem herniation. Clinical exam may reveal sectoral paresis of the iris sphincter

others are distinctly calmer. Deafness in horses can be diagnosed by brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP), which is minimally invasive and requires

occasionally during deep N.R.E.M., "transient patterns of neural activation in brainstem structures [resembling] micro-wake "fragments" can occur". These have

2006.08.017. PMID 17056290. Font, Enrique (1991-11-26). "Localization of brainstem motoneurons involved in dewlap extension in the lizard, Anolis equestris"

under subcortical origin, specifically under nonsegmented myoclonus or brainstem myoclonus. Symptoms within this classification include the startle response

from deaf white cats, as this would pass the trait along. BAER-testing (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response) is used to test deafness in cats. Scientists

in an injection or in oral capsules. Dopamine antagonists act on the brainstem and are used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer, radiation

refer to: Alpha motor neuron (α-MNs), large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord Amnionless, a gene for a protein necessary for efficient

Chief of Navy, Australia Dorsal cochlear nucleus, a structure on the brainstem Dynamic circuit network, a computer network technology Data Communication

trauma, it acts as a fulcrum following the downward displacement of the brainstem. This can cause injury to the pupillomotor fibres of the oculomotor nerve

axon terminal synapse (15–30 μm in diameter) found in another auditory brainstem structure, namely the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). As with the

refer to: Alpha motor neuron (α-MNs), large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord Amnionless, a gene for a protein necessary for efficient

pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata, decreasing thalamus and brainstem inhibition. As the pathway from the striatum to the medial globus pallidus

axon terminal synapse (15–30 μm in diameter) found in another auditory brainstem structure, namely the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). As with the

in an injection or in oral capsules. Dopamine antagonists act on the brainstem and are used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer, radiation

reflex Atlas image: n2a4p4 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Brainstem, Cranial Nerve Nuclei, Sagittal Section, Medial View" Stained brain slice

virus infections. In November 2020, they reported that neurons in the brainstem dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) of the vagus nerve transmit signals to the

while striatum and brainstem initiate the eye movements. Reduced recruitment of prefrontal cortex while relatively intact brainstem functions during task

and regulated by chemoreceptors for PaCO2, PaO2, and pH located in the brainstem, and in the aortic and carotid bodies as well as by neural impulses from

Molecular Pathology is primarily used to detect cancers such as melanoma, brainstem glioma, brain tumors as well as many other types of cancer and infectious

filter paper. Bedside tests for hearing loss using automated auditory brainstem response and congenital heart defects using pulse oximetry are included

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, a collection of neurons located in the brainstem Peritoneal pull-through vaginoplasty, a surgical procedure used in gender-affirming

regulated by GABAergic populations in both the preoptic area and the brainstem; increasing evidence suggests a role for the melanin-concentrating hormone

an aircraft carrier Lateral superior olive, an auditory nucleus in the brainstem Lutetium orthosilicate, an inorganic scintillator Landing Signal Officer

clouds, a weather phenomenon Pontine micturition center, part of the brainstem Posteromedial cortex, the rear (posterior) portion of the centerline (medial)

in the motor cortex, and extrapyramidal tracts, which originate in the brainstem (see schematic). An example of the former is the corticospinal tract,

unconsciousness. (These movements, which are not seizures, occur because of brainstem hypoxia and not due to cortical discharge as is the case for epileptiform

May 2008). "Functional neuroanatomy of the human premotor oculomotor brainstem nuclei: insights from postmortem and advanced in vivo imaging studies"

the central nervous system, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, brainstem, and motoneurons of the ventral spinal cord. At the subcellular level

triggered in the baroreceptor ending are then directly conducted to the brainstem where central terminations (synapses) transmit this information to neurons

S2CID 11590885. Parvizi J, Damasio AR (2003). "Neuroanatomical correlates of brainstem coma". Brain. 126 (Pt 7): 1524–1536. doi:10.1093/brain/awg166. PMID 12805123

Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority, an energy regulatory body in Botswana Brainstem evoked response audiometry, a screening test to monitor for hearing loss

PianoEncyclopedia.com Bidelman, Gavin M. (2013). "The Role of the Auditory Brainstem in Processing Musically Relevant Pitch". Frontiers in Psychology. 4: 264