16-bit computing – link to binary

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The 16-bit word length thus became more common in the 1960s, especially on minicomputer systems. Early 16-bit computers ({{Circa}} 1965–70) include the [[IBM 1130]],<ref>{{cite web |website=IBM Archives |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/1130/1130_intro.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318090458/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/1130/1130_intro.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 18, 2005 |title=The IBM 1130 computing system}}</ref> the [[HP 2100]],<ref>{{cite web |website=Computer History Museum |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/minicomputers/11/337/2385 |title=HP 2116}}</ref> the [[Data General Nova]],<ref>{{cite web |website=Computer History Museum |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102646102 |title=Data General Nova minicomputer |access-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517042928/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102646102 |archive-date=2013-05-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[PDP-11|DEC PDP-11]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Jamie Parker|title=Digital at work: snapshots from the first thirty-five years|date=September 1992|publisher=Digital Press|isbn=978-1-55558-092-6|pages=58–61}}</ref> Early [[Microprocessor#16-bit designs|16-bit microprocessors]], often modeled on one of the mini platforms, began to appear in the 1970s. Examples ({{Circa}} 1973–76) include the five-chip [[IMP-16|National Semiconductor IMP-16]] (1973),<ref name="Belzer">{{cite book |last1=Belzer |first1=Jack |last2=Holzman |first2=Albert G. |last3=Kent |first3=Allen |title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology |volume= 10 – Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification |date=1978 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780824722609 |page=402 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBsUXrgKBKkC&pg=PA402}}</ref> the two-chip [[NEC]] μCOM-16 (1974),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi748E.pdf |title=1970s: Development and evolution of microprocessors |website=Semiconductor History Museum of Japan |access-date=2019-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627161417/http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi748E.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Belzer"/> the three-chip [[MCP-1600|Western Digital MCP-1600]] (1975), and the five-chip [[Toshiba]] T-3412 (1976).<ref name="Belzer"/>

Early single-chip 16-bit microprocessors ({{Circa}} 1975–76) include the [[Panafacom]] MN1610 (1975),<ref>{{cite web|title=16-bit Microprocessors|url=http://www.cpu-museum.com/161x_e.htm|publisher=CPU Museum|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="fujitsu">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.pfu.fujitsu.com/en/profile/history.html|publisher=PFU|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Belzer"/> [[National Semiconductor PACE]] (1975), [[General Instrument CP1600]] (1975), [[Texas Instruments TMS9900]] (1976),<ref name="Belzer"/> [[Ferranti F100-L]], and the [[HP 2100#Descendants and variants|HP BPC]]. Other notable 16-bit processors include the [[Intel 8086]], the [[Intel 80286]], the [[WDC 65816/65802|WDC 65C816]], and the [[Zilog Z8000]]. The [[Intel 8088]] was [[binary ~~compatible~~]] with the Intel 8086, and was 16-bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide, and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16-bit quantities, even though its external bus was 8 bits wide.

Early single-chip 16-bit microprocessors ({{Circa}} 1975–76) include the [[Panafacom]] MN1610 (1975),<ref>{{cite web|title=16-bit Microprocessors|url=http://www.cpu-museum.com/161x_e.htm|publisher=CPU Museum|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="fujitsu">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.pfu.fujitsu.com/en/profile/history.html|publisher=PFU|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Belzer"/> [[National Semiconductor PACE]] (1975), [[General Instrument CP1600]] (1975), [[Texas Instruments TMS9900]] (1976),<ref name="Belzer"/> [[Ferranti F100-L]], and the [[HP 2100#Descendants and variants|HP BPC]]. Other notable 16-bit processors include the [[Intel 8086]], the [[Intel 80286]], the [[WDC 65816/65802|WDC 65C816]], and the [[Zilog Z8000]]. The [[Intel 8088]] was [[binary]] compatible with the Intel 8086, and was 16-bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide, and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16-bit quantities, even though its external bus was 8 bits wide.

16-bit processors have been almost entirely supplanted in the [[personal computer]] industry, and are used less than 32-bit (or 8-bit) CPUs in embedded applications.

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 The 16-bit word length thus became more common in the 1960s, especially on minicomputer systems. Early 16-bit computers ({{Circa}} 1965–70) include the [[IBM 1130]],<ref>{{cite web |website=IBM Archives |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/1130/1130_intro.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318090458/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/1130/1130_intro.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 18, 2005 |title=The IBM 1130 computing system}}</ref> the [[HP 2100]],<ref>{{cite web |website=Computer History Museum |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/minicomputers/11/337/2385 |title=HP 2116}}</ref> the [[Data General Nova]],<ref>{{cite web |website=Computer History Museum |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102646102 |title=Data General Nova minicomputer |access-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517042928/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102646102 |archive-date=2013-05-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[PDP-11|DEC PDP-11]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Jamie Parker|title=Digital at work: snapshots from the first thirty-five years|date=September 1992|publisher=Digital Press|isbn=978-1-55558-092-6|pages=58–61}}</ref> Early [[Microprocessor#16-bit designs|16-bit microprocessors]], often modeled on one of the mini platforms, began to appear in the 1970s.  Examples ({{Circa}} 1973–76) include the five-chip [[IMP-16|National Semiconductor IMP-16]] (1973),<ref name="Belzer">{{cite book |last1=Belzer |first1=Jack |last2=Holzman |first2=Albert G. |last3=Kent |first3=Allen |title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology |volume= 10 – Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification |date=1978 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780824722609 |page=402 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBsUXrgKBKkC&pg=PA402}}</ref> the two-chip [[NEC]] μCOM-16 (1974),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi748E.pdf |title=1970s: Development and evolution of microprocessors |website=Semiconductor History Museum of Japan |access-date=2019-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627161417/http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi748E.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Belzer"/> the three-chip [[MCP-1600|Western Digital MCP-1600]] (1975), and the five-chip [[Toshiba]] T-3412 (1976).<ref name="Belzer"/>
-Early single-chip 16-bit microprocessors ({{Circa}} 1975–76) include the [[Panafacom]] MN1610 (1975),<ref>{{cite web|title=16-bit Microprocessors|url=http://www.cpu-museum.com/161x_e.htm|publisher=CPU Museum|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="fujitsu">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.pfu.fujitsu.com/en/profile/history.html|publisher=PFU|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Belzer"/> [[National Semiconductor PACE]] (1975), [[General Instrument CP1600]] (1975), [[Texas Instruments TMS9900]] (1976),<ref name="Belzer"/> [[Ferranti F100-L]], and the [[HP 2100#Descendants and variants|HP BPC]]. Other notable 16-bit processors include the [[Intel 8086]], the [[Intel 80286]], the [[WDC 65816/65802|WDC 65C816]], and the [[Zilog Z8000]]. The [[Intel 8088]] was [[binary compatible]] with the Intel 8086, and was 16-bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide, and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16-bit quantities, even though its external bus was 8&nbsp;bits wide.
+Early single-chip 16-bit microprocessors ({{Circa}} 1975–76) include the [[Panafacom]] MN1610 (1975),<ref>{{cite web|title=16-bit Microprocessors|url=http://www.cpu-museum.com/161x_e.htm|publisher=CPU Museum|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="fujitsu">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.pfu.fujitsu.com/en/profile/history.html|publisher=PFU|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Belzer"/> [[National Semiconductor PACE]] (1975), [[General Instrument CP1600]] (1975), [[Texas Instruments TMS9900]] (1976),<ref name="Belzer"/> [[Ferranti F100-L]], and the [[HP 2100#Descendants and variants|HP BPC]]. Other notable 16-bit processors include the [[Intel 8086]], the [[Intel 80286]], the [[WDC 65816/65802|WDC 65C816]], and the [[Zilog Z8000]]. The [[Intel 8088]] was [[binary]] compatible with the Intel 8086, and was 16-bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide, and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16-bit quantities, even though its external bus was 8&nbsp;bits wide.
 -bit processors have been almost entirely supplanted in the [[personal computer]] industry, and are used less than 32-bit (or 8-bit) CPUs in embedded applications<!-- Outdated info?: ARM has supplanted most all 16-bit (and in iPhone for many generations now?); for example, the 16-bit [[XAP processor]] is used in many [[application-specific integrated circuit|ASICs]]-->.