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Color normalization (1,898 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

24, 1990). Color Normalization and Object Localization (PDF) (Report). Burger, Wilhelm; Mark J. Burge (2008). Digital Image Processing: An algorithmic

Spatial normalization (504 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In neuroimaging, spatial normalization is an image processing step, more specifically an image registration method. Human brains differ in size and shape

Histogram of oriented gradients (2,886 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

gradients (HOG) is a feature descriptor used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of object detection. The technique counts occurrences

Sombrero function (252 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

is shaped like a sombrero hat. This function is frequently used in image processing.[failed verification] It can be defined through the Bessel function

ITK-SNAP (1,033 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Josien P. W.; Reinhardt, Joseph M. (eds.). Medical Imaging 2007: Image Processing. Vol. 6512. pp. 65123F. Bibcode:2007SPIE.6512E..3FS. doi:10.1117/12

Ordered dithering (1,694 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

to simply add the threshold value to every pixel (without performing normalization by subtracting 1⁄2), or equivalently, to compare the pixel's value to

Ranklet (624 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Rank-based (non-parametric) features have become popular in the field of image processing for their robustness in detecting outliers and invariance to monotonic

David Heeger (1,400 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and neurophysiological characteristics of autism. In the fields of image processing, computer vision, and computer graphics, Heeger has worked on motion

International Conference on Machine Learning (528 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Laboratory's K-means clustering via PCA (ICML 2004); Google's Batch Normalization; Google Brain's EfficientNet (ICML 2019); OpenAI's Improved Denoising

Bilateral filter (1,351 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

_{x_{i}\in \Omega }I(x_{i})f_{r}(\|I(x_{i})-I(x)\|)g_{s}(\|x_{i}-x\|),} and normalization term, W p {\displaystyle {W_{p}}} , is defined as W p = ∑ x i ∈ Ω f

Scale-space axioms (1,454 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In image processing and computer vision, a scale space framework can be used to represent an image as a family of gradually smoothed images. This framework

Hermitian wavelet (658 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle n^{\textrm {th}}} probabilist's Hermite polynomial. Each normalization coefficient c n {\displaystyle c_{n}} is given by c n = ( n 1 2 − n

Feature scaling (1,049 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

variables or features of data. In data processing, it is also known as data normalization and is generally performed during the data preprocessing step. Since

CONN (functional connectivity toolbox) (790 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

anatomical data across different subjects (functional or anatomical normalization). In addition, the BOLD signal at white matter and ventricles can be

Flat-field correction (1,156 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Carlo; L. Mancini; F. Marone; J. Sijbers (2015). "Dynamic intensity normalization using eigen flat fields in X-ray imaging". Optics Express. 23 (21):

Image registration (2,591 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

matching via large deformation diffeomorphisms". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 9 (8): 1357–1370. Bibcode:2000ITIP....9.1357J. doi:10.1109/83.855431

Adaptive histogram equalization (1,269 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) is a computer image processing technique used to improve contrast in images. It differs from ordinary histogram equalization

Batch normalization (5,892 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Batch normalization (also known as batch norm) is a normalization technique used to make training of artificial neural networks faster and more stable

Perl Data Language (964 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

manipulate those arrays as vector objects. It also provides tools for image processing, machine learning, computer modeling of physical systems, and graphical

Lead-DBS (1,076 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

such as SPM, FSL, 3DSlicer, OSS-DBS, FreeSurfer, FieldTrip or Advanced Normalization tools. Lead-DBS was originally developed at the Charité Berlin beginning

List of algorithms (7,951 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

cat's visual cortex and developed for high-performance biomimetic image processing. Radial basis function network: an artificial neural network that uses

Discrete wavelet transform (5,217 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

be found in signal processing of accelerations for gait analysis, image processing, in digital communications and many others. It is shown that discrete

Cross-correlation (4,073 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

}{\operatorname {arg\,max} }}((f\star g)(t))} Terminology in image processing For image-processing applications in which the brightness of the image and template

Scale space implementation (3,290 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

discrete signals. There are many other multi-scale signal processing, image processing and data compression techniques, using wavelets and a variety of other

Mach bands (759 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

intensities are linearly interpolated such as in Gouraud shading. Computer image processing systems use edge-detection in a way analogous to the brain, using unsharp

Roger Melen (1,503 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

sensors, ultrasonic imaging systems, implantable cochlear devices, image processing technology, and vehicular information systems. He has been recognized

Heat kernel signature (2,370 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

HKS for a shape and its scaled version are not the same without pre-normalization. A simple way to ensure scale invariance is by pre-scaling each shape

Scale space (6,616 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

multi-scale signal representation developed by the computer vision, image processing and signal processing communities with complementary motivations from

AlexNet (2,531 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

1990 for speech processing (essentially a 1-dimensional CNN), and for image processing, was first used in the Cresceptron of 1992. During the 2000s, as GPU

Fourier analysis (4,788 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

equations, number theory, combinatorics, signal processing, digital image processing, probability theory, statistics, forensics, option pricing, cryptography

Diffusion map (2,482 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Completion by Diffusion Maps and Spectral Relaxation". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 22 (8): 2983–2994. Bibcode:2013ITIP...22.2983G. doi:10.1109/tip.2013

Lanczos resampling (1,496 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

interpolation or a preservation of sharp transients in the data. For image processing, the trade-off is between the reduction of aliasing artefacts and the

Tensor operator (9,007 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Reisert; H. Burkhardt (2009). S. Aja-Fernández (ed.). Tensors in Image Processing and Computer Vision. Springer. ISBN 978-184-8822-993. D.H. Laidlaw;

MOVIE Index (632 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Spatio-Temporal Quality Assessment of Natural Videos". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 19 (2): 335–350. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.153.9018. doi:10.1109/TIP.2009.2034992

Vanishing gradient problem (3,711 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

within a ball of radius g max {\displaystyle g_{\text{max}}} . Batch normalization is a standard method for solving both the exploding and the vanishing

Discrete Fourier transform (12,334 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

over a finite time interval (often defined by a window function). In image processing, the samples can be the values of pixels along a row or column of a

Discrete cosine transform (11,964 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

multiview image compression, progressive image transmission Image processing — digital image processing, image analysis, content-based image retrieval, corner

Gated recurrent unit (1,290 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

altogether, replaces tanh with the ReLU activation, and applies batch normalization (BN): z t = σ ( BN ⁡ ( W z x t ) + U z h t − 1 ) h ~ t = ReLU ⁡ ( BN

Kharkiv National University of Radioelectronics (566 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

acoustic and electromagnetic waves; methods of normalization, recognition, analysis and image processing in computer vision systems; thermal methods of

Local outlier factor (1,649 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

range of [0:1]. Interpreting and Unifying Outlier Scores proposes a normalization of the LOF outlier scores to the interval [0:1] using statistical scaling

Astroinformatics (2,708 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and Anomaly detections by advanced Statistical approaches, digital image processing and machine learning. The output of these processes is used by astronomers

Convolutional neural network (15,553 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

standard in deep learning-based approaches to computer vision and image processing, and have only recently been replaced—in some cases—by newer deep learning

Phase correlation (1,774 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Phase Correlation to Subpixel Registration," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, V. 11, No. 3, Mar. 2002, pp. 188-200. E.g. M. Sjödahl and L.R. Benckert

Transformer (deep learning architecture) (13,105 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

steps), before decaying again. A 2020 paper found that using layer normalization before (instead of after) multiheaded attention and feedforward layers

Rossmo's formula (1,252 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

j}\leq 1} . p i , j {\displaystyle p_{i,j}} is not well suited for image processing because of the asymptotic behavior near the coordinates of a crime

Softmax function (5,270 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

these values by dividing by the sum of all these exponentials. The normalization ensures that the sum of the components of the output vector σ ( z )

Data lineage (5,937 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

challenge took nearly 20 hours to execute on 50 cores, and a large-scale image processing task to estimate geographic information took 3 days to complete using

Scale-invariant feature transform (9,260 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Kirchner, Matthew R. "Automatic thresholding of SIFT descriptors." In Image Processing (ICIP), 2016 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 291-295. IEEE, 2016

Exponential family (11,203 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

cross-entropies of exponential families (PDF). IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. doi:10.1109/ICIP.2010.5652054. Archived from the original (PDF) on

DNA microarray (5,426 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

methods: Sequential comparative hybridizations analyzed by computerized image processing can identify and quantitate regulated RNAs". DNA. 2 (4): 309–327. doi:10

Discrete sine transform (2,049 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Potential Applications in Compressive Sensing". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 28 (7): 3571–3583. Bibcode:2019ITIP...28.3571A. doi:10.1109/TIP.2019

Wasserstein GAN (2,884 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

x_{i}^{*}(t+1)} , so this allows rapid convergence. This is the spectral normalization method. Instead of strictly bounding ‖ D ‖ L {\displaystyle \|D\|_{L}}

Optical character recognition (4,093 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

recognition directly but to invite software developers to develop image processing algorithms, for example, through the use of rank-order tournaments

Normalization (machine learning) (5,359 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

learning, normalization is a statistical technique with various applications. There are two main forms of normalization, namely data normalization and activation

Medical image computing (8,477 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

analysis, as well as into the statistical modeling. In longitudinal image processing, segmentation and analysis methods of individual time points are informed

Index of computing articles (1,384 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

– IEEE 802.2 – IEEE 802.3 – IEEE floating-point standard – iMac – Image processing – iMovie – Indentation style Inform – Instruction register – Intel

Ant colony optimization algorithms (9,484 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

loopback and unloopback vibrators 10×10 The ACO algorithm is used in image processing for image edge detection and edge linking. Edge detection: The graph

Path integral formulation (14,277 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

e^{\frac {i(x-y)^{2}}{2T}},} which, with the same normalization as before (not the sum-squares normalization – this function has a divergent norm), obeys a

Weight initialization (2,917 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

careful weight initialization to decrease the need for normalization, and using normalization to decrease the need for careful weight initialization,

Transcriptomics technologies (12,545 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

datasets can be uploaded via the Gene Expression Omnibus. Microarray image processing must correctly identify the regular grid of features within an image

Rectifier (neural networks) (3,056 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

tend to push weights in one direction (positive or negative). Batch normalization can help address this.[citation needed] ReLU is unbounded. Redundancy

Bootstrap aggregating (2,430 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

intelligence List of datasets for machine-learning research List of datasets in computer vision and image processing Outline of machine learning v t e

CIELAB color space (2,883 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

gamut, Bruce Lindbloom. Jain, Anil K. (1989). Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing. New Jersey, United States of America: Prentice Hall. pp. 68, 71, 73

Andrew Nicolaides (1,467 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Biasi, GM et al.: "Carotid plaque characterization using digital image processing and its potential in future studies of carotid endarterectomy and angioplasty

Sinc function (3,296 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Construction of Multivariate Sinc Functions". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 21 (6): 2969–2979. Bibcode:2012ITIP...21.2969Y. doi:10.1109/TIP.2011

Jeffrey W. Berger (1,352 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

DS, Javornik NB, Berger JW. Computer-assisted, interactive fundus image processing for macular drusen quantitation. Ophthalmology. 1999 Jun;106(6):1119-25

GPT-2 (3,269 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

intelligence List of datasets for machine-learning research List of datasets in computer vision and image processing Outline of machine learning v t e

Backpropagation (7,840 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

not. Backpropagation learning does not require normalization of input vectors; however, normalization could improve performance. Backpropagation requires

CT scan (16,226 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

a level that corresponds to bone). With the help of edge detection image processing algorithms a 3D model can be constructed from the initial data and

List of statistics articles (8,280 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

software Epidemic model Epidemiological methods Epilogism Epitome (image processing) Epps effect Equating – test equating Equipossible Equiprobable Erdős–Rényi

Anomaly detection (4,426 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

outlier detection Ensemble techniques, using feature bagging, score normalization and different sources of diversity Histogram-based Outlier Score (HBOS)

Graph Fourier transform (1,845 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

for Compression of Piecewise Smooth Images". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 24 (1): 419–433. Bibcode:2015ITIP...24..419H. doi:10.1109/TIP.2014

Ray tracing (graphics) (7,821 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

(February 1982), "Ray Casting for Modeling Solids", Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 18 (2): 109–144, doi:10.1016/0146-664X(82)90169-1 Whitted T. (1979)

ImageNet (4,186 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

classified by the full ImageNet schema. The 2010s saw dramatic progress in image processing. The first competition in 2010 had 11 participating teams. The winning

Coefficient of variation (4,017 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

not scale invariant. See Normalization (statistics) for further ratios. In signal processing, particularly image processing, the reciprocal ratio μ /

Cartography (7,619 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly

Record restoration (2,242 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

C. Haber (2003). "Reconstruction of mechanically recorded sound by image processing" (PDF). Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. 51 (December): 1172

Learning to rank (4,442 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

intelligence List of datasets for machine-learning research List of datasets in computer vision and image processing Outline of machine learning v t e

Decision tree learning (6,489 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Requires little data preparation. Other techniques often require data normalization. Since trees can handle qualitative predictors, there is no need to

Point-set registration (9,086 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

estimation using deep learning. For 2D point set registration used in image processing and feature-based image registration, a point set may be 2D pixel coordinates

Graph neural network (4,802 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

where I {\displaystyle \mathbf {I} } denotes the identity matrix. This normalization ensures that the eigenvalues of D ~ − 1 2 A ~ D ~ − 1 2 {\displaystyle

Glossary of artificial intelligence (29,511 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

property or characteristic of a phenomenon. In computer vision and image processing, a feature is a piece of information about the content of an image;

Support vector machine (9,071 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

classification. There are a few methods of standardization, such as min-max, normalization by decimal scaling, Z-score. Subtraction of mean and division by variance

Fuzzy set (7,752 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

discussion on fuzzy cardinality and quantification. Some applications in image processing". Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 257: 85–101. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2013.05.009

Stochastic gradient descent (7,031 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Hinton (2016-11-16). Lecture 6.5 — RMSprop, Adam, Dropout and Batch Normalization. YouTube. University of Toronto. Event occurs at 36:37. Retrieved 2025-06-15

DNA sequencer (3,850 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

process consists of two main steps: image processing and signal processing. The software also applies normalization, signal correction, base-calling and

Calculus of variations (9,530 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

problems in differential equations; Total variation denoising, an image processing method for filtering high variance or noisy signals. Calculus of variations

Computational anatomy (16,879 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Templates Using Large Deformation Kinematics". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 5 (10): 1435–1447. Bibcode:1996ITIP....5.1435C. doi:10.1109/83.536892

Automatic summarization (6,821 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

conforming to narrative characteristics" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 25 (12). IEEE: 5828–5840. Bibcode:2016ITIP...25.5828M. doi:10.1109/TIP

Geographic information system (13,378 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

adjacency or inclusion. More advanced data processing can occur with image processing, a technique developed in the late 1960s by NASA and the private sector

Principal component analysis (14,851 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \alpha _{k}} tend to stay about the same size because of the normalization constraints: α k ′ α k = 1 , k = 1 , … , p {\displaystyle \alpha _{k}'\alpha

Coherent states in mathematical physics (5,762 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

2D wavelets, and some generalizations of them, are widely used in image processing. The construction of coherent states using group representations described

Active contour model (4,058 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(2008). "Localizing Region-Based Active Contours". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 17 (11): 2029–2039. Bibcode:2008ITIP...17.2029L. doi:10.1109/TIP.2008

Active contour model (4,058 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(2008). "Localizing Region-Based Active Contours". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 17 (11): 2029–2039. Bibcode:2008ITIP...17.2029L. doi:10.1109/TIP.2008

Direct methods (electron microscopy) (4,358 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

2010. Written in C++, C, and Fortran 77, EDM is capable of performing image processing of high resolution electron microscopy images and diffraction patterns

Capsule neural network (4,008 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

similar to the Hough transform, the RHT and RANSAC from classic digital image processing. The outputs from one capsule (child) are routed to capsules in the

Riemann mapping theorem (7,486 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

mathematical physics, as well as in engineering disciplines, such as image processing. In the early 1980s an elementary algorithm for computing conformal

Generative adversarial network (13,865 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

applies a "style latent vector" via affine transform ("adaptive instance normalization"), similar to how neural style transfer uses Gramian matrix. It then

Copula (statistics) (9,349 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

copula-based multivariate statistical distributions". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 26 (7): 3187–3195. Bibcode:2017ITIP...26.3187L. doi:10.1109/tip.2017

Kalman filter (20,447 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

filtered Compressed Sensing". 2008 15th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. pp. 893–896. arXiv:0804.0819. doi:10.1109/ICIP.2008.4711899. ISBN 978-1-4244-1765-0

Singular spectrum analysis (6,713 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

very broad: climatology, marine science, geophysics, engineering, image processing, medicine, econometrics among them. Hence different modifications of

MRI artifact (8,124 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

effective in higher image quality and morphometric analysis. Post-scan image processing systems enable noise reduction while retaining contrast. The subsequent

Artificial intelligence engineering (4,108 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

databases, APIs, and real-time streams. This data undergoes cleaning, normalization, and preprocessing, often facilitated by automated data pipelines that

Diffusion model (14,123 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

_{t}}}\|x_{t}-{\sqrt {1-\beta _{t}}}x_{t-1}\|^{2}+C} where C {\displaystyle C} is a normalization constant and often omitted. In particular, we note that x 1 : T | x