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Find link is a tool written by Edward Betts.Longer titles found: Axiom of empty set (view)
searching for Empty set 224 found (792 total)
alternate case: empty set
Face (geometry)
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not all authors allow the polytope itself and the empty set as faces of a polytope, where the empty set is for consistency given a "dimension" of −1. ForLattice (order) (5,834 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
is both an upper bound and a lower bound of the empty set. This implies that the join of an empty set is the least element, denoted ⋁ ∅ = 0 , {\textstyleAbsolute scale (511 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
count of the elements in a set, with its natural origin being zero, the empty set. Some sources tell us that even time can be measured in an absolute scaleFinite-state machine (4,528 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
\Sigma } is the input alphabet (a finite non-empty set of symbols); S {\displaystyle S} is a finite non-empty set of states; s 0 {\displaystyle s_{0}} is anInteresting number paradox (1,320 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
is interesting. The "proof" is by contradiction: if there exists a non-empty set of uninteresting natural numbers, there would be a smallest uninterestingLebesgue covering dimension (1,483 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
of this refinement. The empty set has covering dimension −1: for any open cover of the empty set, each point of the empty set is not contained in anyCofinality (1,345 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
cofinality relies on the axiom of choice, as it uses the fact that every non-empty set of cardinal numbers has a least member. The cofinality of a partiallyComputational problem (984 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
can be viewed as a set of instances or cases together with a, possibly empty, set of solutions for every instance/case. The question then is, whether thereGenerating set of a group (1,746 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
called generators or group generators. If S {\displaystyle S} is the empty set, then ⟨ S ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle S\rangle } is the trivial group { eMathematical Operators (Unicode block) (204 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article
Variation sequences Base character Base +VS01 Description U+2205 EMPTY SET ∅ ∅︀ zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form U+2229 INTERSECTION ∩ ∩︀ withTotally disconnected space (886 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
topological space, the singletons (and, when it is considered connected, the empty set) are connected; in a totally disconnected space, these are the only connectedShotgun formation (1,522 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
defense knows a pass is more than likely coming, particularly from an empty set lacking any running backs, and there is a higher risk of a botched snapZero (linguistics) (473 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article
expected. It is usually written with the symbol "∅", in Unicode U+2205 ∅ EMPTY SET (∅, ∅, ∅, ∅). A common ad hoc solutionArrangement of hyperplanes (1,806 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
intersections of pairs of hyperplanes, etc. (excluding, in the affine case, the empty set). These intersection subspaces of A are also called the flats of A. TheDiameter (789 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
characters (such as U+00D8 Ø LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE or U+2205 ∅ EMPTY SET) that resemble it but have unrelated meanings. It has the compose sequencePrincipal homogeneous space (1,684 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
trivial. Equivalently, a principal homogeneous space for a group G is a non-empty set X on which G acts freely and transitively (meaning that, for any x, yTopology (4,208 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
family of subsets of X. Then τ is called a topology on X if: Both the empty set and X are elements of τ. Any union of elements of τ is an element of τSurreal number (11,658 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
S i {\textstyle \bigcup _{i<0}S_{i}} is the empty set; the only subset of the empty set is the empty set, and therefore S0 consists of a single surrealLive-variable analysis (811 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
equations starts with initializing all in-states and out-states to the empty set. The work list is initialized by inserting the exit point (b3) in theDynamic semantics (1,853 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle \varphi } without getting trivialized, i.e. without returning the empty set. If the input context passes the test, it remains unchanged. If it failsNo symbol (1,671 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
U+29B0 ⦰ REVERSED EMPTY SET Other glyphs exist but are incorrectly oriented, for example U+2298 ⊘ CIRCLED DIVISION SLASH U+2205 ∅ EMPTY SET U+03F4 ϴ GREEKCWI-2 (550 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA E6 | U+03BC | GREEK SMALL LETTER MU ED | U+2205 | EMPTY SET F8 | U+2218 | RING OPERATOR F9 | U+00B7 | MIDDLE DOT FA | U+2022 | BULLETAntichain (1,090 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
A000372 in the OEIS). Even the empty set has two antichains in its power set: one containing a single set (the empty set itself) and one containing noCarathéodory's extension theorem (2,617 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
\Sigma _{0}} . Since every non-empty set in Σ 0 {\displaystyle \Sigma _{0}} is infinite, then, for every non-empty set A ∈ Σ 0 {\displaystyle A\in \SigmaSunny Day Real Estate (4,208 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
name "Empty Set". Post-release, the band changed their name from Empty Set to Chewbacca Kaboom, upon realization that a band with the name Empty Set alreadyScott Sigler (1,944 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
short stories, and thousands of podcast episodes. He is a co-founder of Empty Set Entertainment, which publishes his young adult Galactic Football LeagueRon Asheton (1,514 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
band New Order), Destroy All Monsters, Dark Carnival, New Race and The Empty Set. More recently he played with Wylde Ratttz, a band composed of some ofCenterpoint (geometry) (538 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
the median, a centerpoint need not be one of the data points. Every non-empty set of points (with no duplicates) has at least one centerpoint. Closely relatedDistributive lattice (2,059 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
operations are joins and meets of finite sets of elements, including the empty set. If empty joins and empty meets are disallowed, the resulting free distributivePolyhedral combinatorics (2,304 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
pairs of vertices. Note that this definition also includes as faces the empty set and the whole polytope P. If P itself has dimension d, the faces of PAdditive combinatorics (762 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the structural conclusion is then of the form that either A or B is the empty set; however, in literature, such problems are sometimes considered to beDimension (3,930 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Moreover, the boundary of a discrete set of points is the empty set, and therefore the empty set can be taken to have dimension −1. Similarly, for the classNP-equivalent (450 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
nonempty subset of the integers that adds up to zero (or returning the empty set if there is no such subset). This optimization problem is similar to theConvex polytope (3,271 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
definition of a face given above allows both the polytope itself and the empty set to be considered as faces, ensuring that every pair of faces has a joinRelevance logic (3,947 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
for a propositional language is a quadruple (W,R,*,0), where W is a non-empty set, R is a ternary relation on W, and * is a function from W to W, and 0Polyhedral complex (318 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle \sigma _{1}} and σ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{2}} . Note that the empty set is a face of every polyhedron, and so the intersection of two polyhedraSet (abstract data type) (2,958 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
Dynamic set structures typically add: create(): creates a new, initially empty set structure. create_with_capacity(n): creates a new set structure, initiallyShift space (3,124 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle A^{\mathbb {G} }} , where A {\displaystyle A} is any non-empty set and G {\displaystyle \mathbb {G} } is any monoid. Let G {\displaystyleBounding sphere (1,515 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
In mathematics, given a non-empty set of objects of finite extension in d {\displaystyle d} -dimensional space, for example a set of points, a boundingKlein quadric (379 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
in a point, and planes in different classes meet in a line or in the empty set. Let these classes be C and C′. The geometry of S is retrieved as follows:Tychonoff's theorem (2,102 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Cartesian product of a family of nonempty sets is nonempty; but since the empty set is most certainly compact, the proof cannot proceed along such straightforwardTrue arithmetic (1,133 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle \kappa } . As there are continuum many types over the empty set, true arithmetic also has 2 ℵ 0 {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0}}} countableTuring jump (896 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the Turing jump of the empty set. It is read zero-jump or sometimes zero-prime. Similarly, 0(n) is the nth jump of the empty set. For finite n, these setsBasic Latin (Unicode block) (724 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article
(2015-10-30). "L2/15-268: Proposal to Represent the Slashed Zero Variant of Empty Set" (PDF). "UTS #51 Emoji Variation Sequences". The Unicode Consortium. EdbergMultitape Turing machine (543 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
notation of a Turing machine: Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } is a finite, non-empty set of tape alphabet symbols; b ∈ Γ {\displaystyle b\in \Gamma } is the blankDescriptive interpretation (390 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
model) of these sciences, only insofar as these sciences are true. Any non-empty set may be chosen as the domain of a descriptive interpretation, and all n-aryProslogion (1,095 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
nonexistent. Therefore, God exists. Source: R – not empty set of mind-independent real things S – not empty set of (individual) people P – set of sentencesLévy–Steinitz theorem (323 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
of vectors in a finite-dimensional real Euclidean space is either the empty set or a translate of a linear subspace (i.e., a set of the form v + M, whereProbability measure (976 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
, 1 ] , {\displaystyle [0,1],} returning 0 {\displaystyle 0} for the empty set and 1 {\displaystyle 1} for the entire space. μ {\displaystyle \mu } mustSemiautomaton (1,646 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
T)} where Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } is a non-empty set, called the input alphabet, Q is a non-empty set, called the set of states, and T is the transitionTheory of pure equality (761 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
non-logical axioms at all. This theory is consistent but incomplete, as a non-empty set with the usual equality relation provides an interpretation making certainLarry Miller (guitarist) (521 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article
Quartet, Empool, Destroy All Monsters, Sproton Layer, M3, Nonfiction, The Empty Set, Larynx Zillion's Novelty Shop, The Mister Laurence Experience, and TinnQuasinorm (936 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
subsets are itself L p ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) {\displaystyle L^{p}([0,1])} and the empty set) and the only continuous linear functional on L p ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) {\displaystyleFréchet filter (932 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
(that is, the set X ∖ A {\displaystyle X\setminus A} ) is finite. If the empty set is allowed to be in a filter, the Fréchet filter on X {\displaystyle X}Irreducible component (951 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
interested in applications to algebraic topology, explicitly exclude the empty set from being irreducible. This article will not follow that convention.Morse theory (3,404 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
) = 0 , {\displaystyle f(p)=0,} then M a {\displaystyle M^{a}} is the empty set. After a {\displaystyle a} passes the level of p , {\displaystyle p,}Bowyer–Watson algorithm (658 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
add all the points one at a time to the triangulation badTriangles := empty set for each triangle in triangulation do // first find all the trianglesMetric outer measure (500 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
be a set function defined on a class Σ of subsets of X containing the empty set ∅, such that τ(∅) = 0. One can show that the set function μ defined byTopological property (2,428 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
sets. Equivalently, a space is connected if the only clopen sets are the empty set and itself. Locally connected. A space is locally connected if every pointDouble turnstile (460 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
expression φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is a semantic consequence of the empty set. You can also use this symbol as follows: ⊭ to denote the statement 'doesSigma-ideal (551 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
_{n\in \mathbb {N} }A_{n}\in N.} Briefly, a sigma-ideal must contain the empty set and contain subsets and countable unions of its elements. The conceptAbstract and concrete (1,189 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
causal power has the ability to affect something causally. Thus, the empty set is abstract because it cannot act on other objects. One problem with thisData-flow analysis (3,561 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
equations starts with initializing all in-states and out-states to the empty set. The work list is initialized by inserting the exit point (b3) in theAbsorbing set (7,718 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
subset. First examples Every set absorbs the empty set but the empty set does not absorb any non-empty set. The singleton set { 0 } {\displaystyle \{\mathbfAlmost everywhere (1,261 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
and U ⊆ V then V ∈ F The intersection of any two sets in F is in F The empty set is not in F A property P of points in X holds almost everywhere, relativeScott Sigler bibliography (200 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
Narrated by Podcast dates Notes 2001 - 2017 EARTHCORE iPublish - Re-write: Empty Set Entertainment (May 30, 2017) 978-0759550421 - 978-1939366979 Scott SiglerProperty of Baire (556 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
open sets is again almost open. Since every open set is almost open (the empty set is meager), it follows that every Borel set is almost open. If a subsetInductive set (344 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
same construction in a more concrete form: the elements are sets, the empty set ∅ {\displaystyle \emptyset } among them, and the successor of every elementHausdorff maximal principle (2,015 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
a maximal chain.) This form follows from the original form since the empty set is a chain. Conversely, to deduce the original form from this form, considerUtility functions on indivisible goods (1,808 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle u(\emptyset )=0} , where ∅ {\displaystyle \emptyset } is the empty set. A cardinal utility function implies a preference relation: u ( A ) >Silent letter (6,310 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
linguistics, a silent letter is often symbolised with a null sign U+2205 ∅ EMPTY SET, which resembles the Scandinavian letter Ø. A null or zero is an unpronouncedAnne Waldman (3,153 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
to be Born, Coffee House Press, 2016 Dream Book of Fez, The Lune, 2016 Empty Set, Overpass Books, 2016 The Iovis Trilogy, Coffee House Press, 2011 Manatee/HumanityBottom type (996 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Scala and represents the intersection of all other types as well as an empty set. In Julia, the bottom type is Union{}. In TypeScript, the bottom typeConvex cone (3,945 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
authors even require 0 ∈ C {\displaystyle 0\in C} , thus excluding the empty set. Therefore, [ 0 , ∞ ) {\displaystyle [0,\infty )} is a cone, ∅ {\displaystylePre-measure (510 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle \Sigma } includes R {\displaystyle R} ). The infimum of the empty set is taken to be + ∞ . {\displaystyle +\infty .} (Note that there is someMonotonic function (2,471 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
that is, for each element y ∈ Y , {\displaystyle y\in Y,} the (possibly empty) set f − 1 ( y ) {\displaystyle f^{-1}(y)} is a connected subspace of X . {\displaystyleDependence relation (486 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle S} spans X . {\displaystyle X.} If X {\displaystyle X} is a non-empty set with a dependence relation ◃ {\displaystyle \triangleleft } , then X {\displaystyleExcluded point topology (397 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
exclusion of a particular point defines openness. Formally, let X be any non-empty set and p ∈ X. The collection T = { S ⊆ X : p ∉ S } ∪ { X } {\displaystyleStrong antichain (280 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
ordered by inclusion, and closed under subsets, but does not contain the empty set, this is simply a family of pairwise disjoint sets. A strong upwards antichainDenotational semantics (3,784 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{N} \rightharpoonup \mathbb {N} )} , starting with the empty function (empty set). F could be defined in code as follows (using Map<int,int> for N ⇀ NGreatest element and least element (2,870 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
partially ordered. For example, suppose that R {\displaystyle R} is a non-empty set and define a preorder ≤ {\displaystyle \,\leq \,} on R {\displaystyleLeast-upper-bound property (1,470 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
least upper bound property is called a linear continuum. Let S be a non-empty set of real numbers. A real number x is called an upper bound for S if x ≥Dense set (1,911 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
dense open subsets of a topological space is again dense and open. The empty set is a dense subset of itself. But every dense subset of a non-empty spaceLine segment (1,526 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{(c_{x}-a_{x})^{2}+(c_{y}-a_{y})^{2}}}{\Biggr \}}.} A line segment is a connected, non-empty set. If V is a topological vector space, then a closed line segment is a closedEmpty domain (546 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
In first-order logic, the empty domain is the empty set having no members. In traditional and classical logic domains are restrictedly non-empty in orderShapley value (4,860 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle v(\emptyset )=0} , where ∅ {\displaystyle \emptyset } denotes the empty set. The function v {\displaystyle v} is called a characteristic functionPregeometry (model theory) (2,037 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
the closure of singletons are singletons and the closure of the empty set is the empty set. Given sets A , D ⊆ S {\displaystyle A,D\subseteq S} , A {\displaystyleSmooth scheme (1,047 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
all (n−m) × (n − m) minors of the matrix of derivatives are zero is the empty set. Equivalently, the ideal in the polynomial ring generated by all gi andPlanar ternary ring (1,982 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
algebraic structure ( R , T ) {\displaystyle (R,T)} consisting of a non-empty set R {\displaystyle R} and a ternary mapping T : R 3 → R {\displaystyle T\colonRegular expression (8,860 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
alphabet Σ, the following constants are defined as regular expressions: (empty set) ∅ denoting the set ∅. (empty string) ε denoting the set containing onlyComparison of topologies (995 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
topology on X is the trivial topology; this topology only admits the empty set and the whole space as open sets. In function spaces and spaces of measuresDifference bound matrix (4,744 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
all encodes the empty set. We first give the canonical DBM for the empty set. We then explain why each of the DBM encodes the empty set. This allow toGeneralized nondeterministic finite automaton (496 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
is a convention to ignore the transitions that are labelled with the empty set when drawing generalized nondeterministic finite state machines. A GNFAMaximal independent set (5,451 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
to find a single MIS using the following algorithm: Initialize I to an empty set. While V is not empty: Choose a node v∈V; Add v to the set I; Remove fromScott domain (1,027 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the empty set certainly has some upper bound, we can conclude the existence of a least element ⊥ {\displaystyle \bot } (the supremum of the empty set) fromEntity integrity (228 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
its content, that is, by a unique and minimal value. The PK is a not empty set of attributes (or columns). The same format applies to the foreign keyGraph theory (6,208 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
assumed to be non-empty, but E {\displaystyle E} is allowed to be the empty set. The order of a graph is | V | {\displaystyle |V|} , its number of verticesGraph theory (6,208 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
assumed to be non-empty, but E {\displaystyle E} is allowed to be the empty set. The order of a graph is | V | {\displaystyle |V|} , its number of verticesAlfred Tarski (5,757 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
truth value True with the domain set and the truth-value False with the empty set, then the following operations are counted as logical under the proposal:Candidate key (1,380 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
every subset of the heading has the uniqueness property, including the empty set. The set of all candidate keys can be computed e.g. from the set of functionalAtom (order theory) (361 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
context of order theory of the ability to select an element from a non-empty set. The terms coatom, coatomic, and coatomistic are defined dually. ThusArgumentum a fortiori (1,115 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
powerset P(A). (Even if A were empty, the powerset would still contain the empty set.) There cannot exist a one-to-one correspondence between A and P(A). BecauseDan Hoerner (549 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
After being joined by drummer William Goldsmith, they started the band Empty Set. After the band recorded a two song demo, they changed their name to ChewbaccaWeight function (1,154 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
B w ( a ) . {\displaystyle \sum _{a\in B}w(a).} If A is a finite non-empty set, one can replace the unweighted mean or average 1 | A | ∑ a ∈ A f ( aSphere (5,344 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the case of a unit sphere. Unlike a ball, even a large sphere may be an empty set. For example, in Zn with Euclidean metric, a sphere of radius r is nonemptySaul Kripke (6,542 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
pair ⟨ W , R ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle W,R\rangle } , where W is a non-empty set, and R is a binary relation on W. Elements of W are called nodes or worldsKleinian group (2,297 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
contracts down to the empty set; these groups are called singly degenerate. If both components of the regular set contract down to the empty set, then the limitSchröder–Hipparchus number (1,391 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
including the associahedron itself as a face, but not including the empty set. For instance, the two-dimensional associahedron K4 is a pentagon; itLarry Auerbach (798 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
on television). The series concluded with Auerbach walking from empty set to empty set, turning off the lights, accompanied by Tony Bennett's song, "We'llWilliam Goldsmith (1,483 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
tenacity and strong focus. The band went through many names, such as Empty Set, Chewbacca Kaboom and One Day I Stopped Breathing, before settling downErdős–Szemerédi theorem (2,727 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
states that there exist positive constants c and ε such that, for any non-empty set A ⊂ ℕ, max ( | A + A | , | A ⋅ A | ) ≥ c | A | 1 + ε {\displaystyle \max(|A+A|Top type (992 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
owl:Thing, where all classes are subclasses of owl:Thing. (the bottom type or empty set corresponds to owl:Nothing). Singly rooted hierarchy System.Object PythonDijkstra's algorithm (5,645 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
node ← start frontier ← priority queue containing node only expanded ← empty set do if frontier is empty then return failure node ← frontier.pop() if nodeTree stack automaton (876 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
grammars (or linear context-free rewriting systems). For a finite and non-empty set Γ, a tree stack over Γ is a tuple (t, p) where t is a partial functionBorel subgroup (948 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the corresponding Dynkin diagram; the Borel subgroup corresponds to the empty set and G itself corresponding to the set of all nodes. (In general, eachMethod of conditional probabilities (3,157 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
process for constructing an independent set S: 1. Initialize S to be the empty set. 2. For each vertex u in V in random order: 3. If no neighbors of u arePolyhedral terrain (224 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
particular line in a connected set (i.e., a point or a line segment) or the empty set. Without loss of generality, we may assume that the line in question isGlossary of order theory (4,204 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Another common term for this element is top. It is the infimum of the empty set and the supremum of P. The dual notion is called zero. Up-set. See upperKuratowski closure axioms (3,812 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
(X)\to \wp (X)} with the following properties: [K1] It preserves the empty set: c ( ∅ ) = ∅ {\displaystyle \mathbf {c} (\varnothing )=\varnothing } ;Apriori algorithm (1,316 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
k + 1 return Union(Lk) over all k Generate_candidates(L, k) result ← empty_set() for all p ∈ L, q ∈ L where p and q differ in exactly one element c ←Pseudorandom number generator (3,559 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
depending on context. A ⊆ R {\displaystyle A\subseteq \mathbb {R} } – a non-empty set (not necessarily a Borel set). Often A {\displaystyle A} is a set betweenSunny Day Real Estate discography (189 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
First New Song in 10 Years". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 26, 2024. Empty Set – Empty Set, 1992, retrieved 2022-04-21 Sunny Day Real Estate – Demo, 1993,Three-dimensional space (4,825 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
paraboloid Hyperbolic paraboloid The degenerate quadric surfaces are the empty set, a single point, a single line, a single plane, a pair of planes or aSaturated family (410 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\mathcal {G}}} of subsets of X {\displaystyle X} containing at least one non-empty set, the saturated hull of G {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} is well-definedFinale (The Office) (5,419 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
came to an end on March 16, 2013. Wilson later tweeted a picture of the empty set after all filming had been finished. Originally, the episode was supposedPrime number (14,179 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle n} are any number of copies of 2 or 3 together with a (possibly empty) set of distinct Pierpont primes, primes of the form 2 a 3 b + 1 {\displaystyleWeak ordering (4,360 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
of the permutohedron (including the permutohedron itself, but not the empty set, as a face). The codimension of a face gives the number of equivalenceClause (logic) (466 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
{\displaystyle l_{1}\vee \cdots \vee l_{n}} A clause can be empty (defined from an empty set of literals). The empty clause is denoted by various symbols such as ∅Timestamp-based concurrency control (1,409 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
initially empty set of transactions upon which it depends, D E P ( T i ) = [ ] {\displaystyle DEP(T_{i})=[]} , and an initially empty set of old objectsSLD resolution (1,574 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
procedure to the remaining unselected subgoals. The empty clause is simply an empty set of subgoals, which signals that the initial conjunction of subgoals inFair division (2,964 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
functions are assumed to be normalized, so that every person values the empty set as 0 ( V i ( ∅ ) = 0 {\displaystyle V_{i}(\emptyset )=0} for all i), andCorporate election (8,639 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
that the elect people is an empty set. Another reason given to reject that corporate election is an election of an empty set is seen in the election ofReed's law (571 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
whether to include that element, or not. However, this includes the (one) empty set, and N singletons, which are not properly subgroups. So 2N − N − 1 subsetsKnapsack problem (7,770 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle m[0]=0\,\!} (the sum of zero items, i.e., the summation of the empty set). 2. m [ w ] = max ( v 1 + m [ w − w 1 ] , v 2 + m [ w − w 2 ] , . .Constraint programming (2,322 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
may prove that the problem has no solution by reducing a domain to the empty set, but may also terminate without proving satisfiability or unsatisfiabilityConvex optimization (3,166 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
problem is said to be unbounded. Otherwise, if C {\displaystyle C} is the empty set, then the problem is said to be infeasible. A convex optimization problemDogville (2,713 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 October 2016. Corliss, Richard (4 April 2004). "Empty Set, Plot to Match". Time. Retrieved 13 October 2016. Axmaker, Sean (15 AprilSheaf (mathematics) (11,083 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
usually not a sheaf as it fails to satisfy the locality axiom on the empty set (this is explained in more detail at constant sheaf). Presheaves and sheavesThe Stooges (5,770 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
musician in various ensembles, including New Race, Dark Carnival and the Empty Set. Williamson worked with Pop as a producer and engineer during his earlyAida (musical) (3,819 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
production. The original Atlanta staging conceived of the play with a nearly empty set, displaying only a six-ton gold pyramid-shaped set piece in the centerGranger causality (3,375 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{P} } refers to probability, A {\displaystyle A} is an arbitrary non-empty set, and I ( t ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}(t)} and I − X ( t ) {\displaystyleConstruction of the real numbers (4,189 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
may be obtained by associating − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } with the empty set and ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } with all of Q {\displaystyle {\textbf {Q}}}N-ary group (1,167 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
case, there can be zero or one identity elements: the empty set is a 2-ary group, since the empty set is both a semigroup and a quasigroup, and every inhabitedRay class field (773 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
generated by the mth roots of unity. The ray class field for (m) and the empty set of places is its maximal totally real subfield -- the field Q ( cos Constant sheaf (1,006 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
sheaf because it fails the local identity axiom on the empty set. This is because the empty set is covered by the empty family of sets, ∅ = ⋃ U ∈ { } UDynamical system (7,094 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
a tuple (T, X, Φ) where T is a monoid, written additively, X is a non-empty set and Φ is a function Φ : U ⊆ ( T × X ) → X {\displaystyle \Phi :U\subseteqHyperarithmetical theory (2,292 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
follows. If δ = 0 then 0 ( δ ) = 0 {\displaystyle 0^{(\delta )}=0} is the empty set. If δ = λ + 1 then 0 ( δ ) {\displaystyle 0^{(\delta )}} is the TuringVector space (11,491 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
distinguish them from scalars. A vector space over a field F is a non-empty set V together with a binary operation and a binary function that satisfyConvex curve (4,174 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
intersects the curve in one of four ways: its intersection can be the empty set, a single point, a pair of points, or an interval. In the cases whereTree (set theory) (1,558 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
(T,<)} is a set-theoretic tree. Its root is the unique function on the empty set, and its height is κ {\displaystyle \kappa } . The union of all functionsKripke semantics (4,779 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
W , R ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle W,R\rangle } , where W is a (possibly empty) set, and R is a binary relation on W. Elements of W are called nodes or worldsAlgebra (14,097 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
structures and the operations they use. An algebraic structure is a non-empty set of mathematical objects, such as the integers, together with algebraicContinuous function (9,530 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
with the indiscrete topology (in which the only open subsets are the empty set and X) and the space T set is at least T0, then the only continuous functionsConvergence space (2,542 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle X,} closed under finite intersections, and does not have the empty set as an element (i.e. ∅ ∉ F {\displaystyle \varnothing \not \in {\mathcalGroupoid (6,214 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
with a binary partial function [citation needed]. Precisely, it is a non-empty set G {\displaystyle G} with a unary operation − 1 : G → G {\displaystyleRegular polyhedron (3,128 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
maximal element), its faces, edges, vertices and the null polytope or empty set. These abstract elements can be mapped into ordinary space or realisedSemiring (8,021 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
languages (that is, ordinary union as sets). The zero of this semiring is the empty set (empty language) and the semiring's unit is the language containing onlyHalfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block) (453 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article
Barbara; Freytag, Asmus; Iancu, Laurențiu; Sargent, Murray (2015-10-30). "L2/15-268: Proposal to Represent the Slashed Zero Variant of Empty Set" (PDF).LL parser (4,481 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
and Fi(Ai) for every rule as follows: initialize every Fi(Ai) with the empty set add Fi(wi) to Fi(Ai) for every rule Ai → wi, where Fi is defined as follows:Homotopy theory (3,791 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle i:S^{n-1}\to D^{n}} where S − 1 {\displaystyle S^{-1}} is the empty set. A Hurewicz fibration is a Serre fibration and the converse holds forQuadric (7,423 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
^{2}+X_{1}^{2}-X_{2}^{2}-X_{3}^{2}\end{cases}}} The first case is the empty set. The second case generates the ellipsoid, the elliptic paraboloid or theStar height (1,352 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
\scriptstyle \emptyset } is the special regular expression denoting the empty set and ε the special one denoting the empty word; E and F are arbitrary regularOverlapping interval topology (295 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
a<0<b} , together with [ − 1 , 1 ] {\displaystyle [-1,1]} itself and the empty set. Any two distinct points in [ − 1 , 1 ] {\displaystyle [-1,1]} are topologicallyImieliński–Lipski algebra (947 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
'Spring') OR (GRADE = 'A' AND SEMESTER <> 'Spring') SQL query Q will return empty set (no results) under 3-valued semantics currently adopted by all variantsBenford's law (7,418 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
is true but trivial: All binary and unary numbers (except for 0 or the empty set) start with the digit 1. (On the other hand, the generalization of Benford'sIndependent set (graph theory) (3,561 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
not have a d-claw subgraph. Consider the algorithm that starts with an empty set, and incrementally adds an arbitrary vertex to it as long as it is notNet (mathematics) (7,342 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
filter was developed in 1937 by Henri Cartan. A directed set is a non-empty set A {\displaystyle A} together with a preorder, typically automaticallyDFA minimization (3,043 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
let reachable_states := {q0} let new_states := {q0} do { temp := the empty set for each q in new_states do for each c in Σ do temp := temp ∪ {δ(q,c)}Hahn decomposition theorem (1,767 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle A_{n}} . This supremum might a priori be infinite. As the empty set ∅ {\displaystyle \varnothing } is a possible candidate for B {\displaystyleIndependent set (graph theory) (3,561 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
not have a d-claw subgraph. Consider the algorithm that starts with an empty set, and incrementally adds an arbitrary vertex to it as long as it is notExtensive-form game (3,759 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the "nodes of the player". (A game of complete information thus has an empty set of Chance nodes.) Each node of the Chance player has a probability distributionMorley rank (627 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
theorem and in the larger area of model theoretic stability theory. The empty set has Morley rank −1, and conversely anything of Morley rank −1 is emptyGeneralized Stokes theorem (4,822 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
have zero integral over cycles, i.e. if the boundaries sum up to the empty set: ∂Σc Mc = ∅. De Rham's theorem shows that this homomorphism is in factOutline of object recognition (2,912 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Each node in the tree represents a set of matches. Root node represents empty set Each other node is the union of the matches in the parent node and oneCauchy space (705 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
assumed to be proper/non-degenerate (i.e. a filter may not contain the empty set). A Cauchy space is a pair ( X , C ) {\displaystyle (X,C)} consistingDeterministic finite automaton (3,736 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle b=0} , "blank"; Σ = ∅ {\displaystyle \Sigma =\varnothing } , empty set; δ = {\displaystyle \delta =} see state-table above; q 0 = A {\displaystyleArgumentation framework (3,211 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
arguments and a binary relation on this set), V {\displaystyle V} is a non empty set of values, val {\displaystyle {\textit {val}}} is a mapping that associatesSharkovskii's theorem (1,418 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
1-2|x-1/2|)} for h ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle h\in [0,1]} , except for the empty set of periods which is achieved by T : R → R {\displaystyle T:\mathbb {R}Young tableau (2,871 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
matrix while BA is the 0-by-0 matrix, but both A and B have the same (empty) set of entries; for skew tableaux however such distinction is necessary evenArithmetic (16,399 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
natural number is represented by a unique set. 0 is usually defined as the empty set ∅ {\displaystyle \varnothing } . Each subsequent number can be definedReal analysis (7,671 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
sets that are closed and bounded, and therefore compact, include the empty set, any finite number of points, closed intervals, and their finite unionsQuasitransitive relation (833 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
transitive. A quasitransitive relation needn't be acyclic: for every non-empty set A, the universal relation A×A is both cyclic and quasitransitive. A relationDarryl Neudorf (1,219 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
age of fifteen, he became the drummer for a post-punk collective called Empty Set. The band consisted of his kid sister/vocalist Adele Neudorf, bassistMeasurable cardinal (1,774 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
there is an atomless probability measure on the power set of some non-empty set. Solovay (1971) showed that existence of measurable cardinals in ZFC,Curse of dimensionality (4,182 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
start with pairs of two, then three, then four until they result in an empty set of pairs. The complexity of this algorithm can lead to calculating allComposition of relations (2,858 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the identity map on X {\displaystyle X} is the neutral element, and the empty set is the zero element. Finite binary relations are represented by logicalEspecially for You (The Smithereens album) (2,346 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article
who recorded his own version of the song on his album Remnants of the Empty Set in 1986 featuring Dennis Diken on drums. DiNizio explained that it wasDennis Diken (1,293 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article
"The Sun's Gonna Shine in the Morning" With Jimmy Silva Remnants of the Empty Set, 1986 (PopLlama) Fly Like a Dog, 1987 (PopLlama) With Scott McCaugheyBlackadder Goes Forth (4,889 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
running the video and audio in slow motion and fading another video of the empty set over the top to make it appear as if the characters had disappeared. ThisGeorge Boole (7,414 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
British mathematician George Boole, which attempts to incorporate the "empty set". Laws of thought Principle of wholistic reference List of Boolean algebraTwelvefold way (5,609 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
surjective unless X is (also) empty. For every non-empty set N there are no functions from N to the empty set (there is at least one value of the function thatTreap (3,214 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
input sets as result, while the difference function should return the empty set. Let d be the size of the symmetric difference. The modified merge algorithmsRandom sample consensus (4,146 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
maybeModel := model parameters fitted to maybeInliers confirmedInliers := empty set for every point in data do if point fits maybeModel with an error smallerShattered set (1,422 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
omitted. The extreme of this is S_C(0) (the shattering coefficient of the empty set), which must always be 2 0 = 1 {\displaystyle 2^{0}=1} . These statementsOriginal Sin (James novel) (451 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
reviewed the book for the London Review of Books and wrote "This is an empty set, a set defined by its architecture... An increasingly silly catalogueHomology (mathematics) (8,273 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
a shape that has "no boundary," in the sense that its boundary is the empty set. For example, since S 1 , S 2 {\displaystyle S^{1},S^{2}} , and T 2 {\displaystyleVirtually (522 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Any finite group (since the trivial subgroup is the free group on the empty set of generators). Any virtually cyclic group. (Either it is finite in whichThe Lost Honour of Katharina Blum (film) (1,900 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
desks, which was not the case in West Germany at the time. This abstract, empty set design was influenced by the American painter Allen Tucker. Hans WernerSeries (mathematics) (12,839 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article
) i ∈ I , {\displaystyle \left(a_{i}\right)_{i\in I},} from some non-empty set I {\displaystyle I} into a Hausdorff abelian topological group X . {\displaystylePositional notation (7,495 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle \nu _{1},\ldots ,\nu _{n}\in \mathbb {N} } , then with the non-empty set of denominators S := { p 1 , … , p n } {\displaystyle S:=\{p_{1},\ldotsPithos (2,979 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
which there is no evidence, is unlikely. They were perhaps brought in empty, set in place, and then filled from smaller pithoi with some of the numerousWeighted matroid (1,652 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
using the following simple greedy algorithm: Initialize the set A to an empty set. Note that, by definition of a matroid, A is an independent set. For eachUltrafilter (2,962 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\mathcal {U}}} consisting of subsets of X {\displaystyle X} such that: The empty set is not an element of U {\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}} . If A {\displaystyleHistory of computer science (5,468 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, inclusion, and the empty set. He anticipated Lagrangian interpolation and algorithmic information theoryFrölicher space (289 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the mathematician Alfred Frölicher. A Frölicher space consists of a non-empty set X together with a subset C of Hom(R, X) called the set of smooth curvesLaws of Form (6,798 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle u(x)=\max(\{0\}\cup x)} , where x {\displaystyle x} is a (possibly empty) set of boolean values. This reveals that u {\displaystyle u} is either theAlain Badiou (8,127 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
prohibition (cf. p. 190 in Being and Event). (This axiom states that every non-empty set A contains an element y that is disjoint from A.) Badiou's philosophyWell-ordering principle (1,184 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
contradiction that the above theorem is false. Then, there exists a non-empty set of positive integers C = { n ∈ N ∣ 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n ≠ n ( n + 1 )Two-way finite automaton (1,619 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
{\displaystyle Q} is the finite, non-empty set of states Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } is the finite, non-empty set of input symbols L {\displaystyle L} isAronszajn tree (971 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
levels Uα by transfinite induction on α as follows starting with the empty set as U0: If α + 1 is a successor then Uα+1 consists of all extensions ofProjective plane (6,933 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
degenerate plane according to (Albert & Sandler 1968). They are: the empty set; a single point, no lines; a single line, no points; a single point, aEuclidean algorithm (15,349 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
well-ordering property of the non-negative integers, which asserts that every non-empty set of non-negative integers has a smallest member. The fundamental theoremRegular open set (552 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
\mathbb {R} } but not a regular closed set because its interior is the empty set ∅ , {\displaystyle \varnothing ,} so that Int { x } ¯ = ∅ ¯ = ∅ ≠ {Topologies on spaces of linear maps (6,521 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Throughout, the following is assumed: T {\displaystyle T} is any non-empty set and G {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} is a non-empty collection of subsetsInterlocking interval topology (168 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
The open sets in this topology are taken to be the whole set S, the empty set ∅, and the sets generated by X n := ( 0 , 1 n ) ∪ ( n , n + 1 ) = { xTuring degree (3,130 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the arithmetical hierarchy and finitely iterated Turing jumps of the empty set. Simpson (1977b) showed that the first-order theory of D {\displaystyleEvent-driven architecture (2,743 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
representation in the form of an event structure and ending with a non-empty set of reactions to that event. The first logical layer is the event producerMeagre set (2,925 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
1899. The meagre terminology was introduced by Bourbaki in 1948. The empty set is always a closed nowhere dense (and thus meagre) subset of every topologicalArithmetical hierarchy (4,583 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
∅ ( n ) {\displaystyle \emptyset ^{(n)}} (the nth Turing jump of the empty set) is many-one complete in Σ n 0 {\displaystyle \Sigma _{n}^{0}} . The setFirst-order inductive learner (1,312 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
Literal is operational Return Literal Initialize OperationalLiterals to the empty set For each clause in the definition of Literal Compute information gainHomogeneous coordinate ring (1,275 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
construction. The irrelevant ideal J generated by all the Xi corresponds to the empty set, since not all homogeneous coordinates can vanish at a point of projectiveCombinatory logic (5,301 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
the calculus. Then A does not belong to the deductive closure X of the empty set, thus X ⊮ A {\displaystyle X\not \Vdash A} , and A is not intuitionisticallyPost's theorem (3,832 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article
\emptyset ^{(n)}} , that is, finitely iterated Turing jumps of the empty set. (The empty set could be replaced with any other computable set without changingMedial graph (851 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article
using n colors in the directed medial graph of G so that each (possibly empty) set of monochromatic edges forms a directed Eulerian graph, where the weight