anti-communist

329 results back to index


Killing Hope: Us Military and Cia Interventions Since World War 2 by William Blum

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bolshevik threat, centre right, collective bargaining, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, deindustrialization, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, kremlinology, land reform, liberation theology, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, nuremberg principles, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, South China Sea, trickle-down economics, union organizing

., at the same time taking care to warn of "the Bolshevik threat" to all that is decent from the likes of Nicaraguan rebel Augusto Sandino. By the end of the Second World War, every American past the age of 40 had been subjected to some 25 years of anti-communist radiation, the average incubation period needed to produce a malignancy. Anti-communism had developed a life of its own, independent of its capitalist father. Increasingly, in the post-war period, middle-aged 9 Washington policy makers and diplomats saw the world out there as one composed of "communists" and "anti-communists", whether of nations, movements or individuals. This comic-strip vision of the world, with righteous American supermen fighting communist evil everywhere, had graduated from a cynical propaganda exercise to a moral imperative of US foreign policy.

Clearly, if my thesis could receive such a non-response from such a person, I and my thesis faced an extremely steep uphill struggle. In the 1930s, and again after the war in the 1940s and '50s, anti-communists of various stripes in the United States tried their best to expose the crimes of the Soviet Union, such as the purge trials and the mass murders. But a strange thing happened. The truth did not seem to matter. American Communists and fellow travelers continued to support the Kremlin. Even allowing for the exaggeration and disinformation regularly disbursed by the anti-communists which damaged their credibility, the continued ignorance and/or denial by the American leftists is remarkable.

The problem was that the dictators targeted for overthrow were all members in good standing of the United States' anti-Communist, "Free-World" club. (The American attitude toward Trujillo was later modified-) Moreover, Figueres had on occasion expressed criticism of the American policy of supporting such dictatorships while neglecting the economic and social problems of the hemisphere. These considerations could easily outweigh the fact that Figueres had established his anti-Communist credentials, albeit not of the "ultra" variety, and was no more a "socialist" than US Senator Hubert Humphrey. Although Figueres spoke out strongly at times against foreign investment, as president he was eminently accommodating to Central America's bêtes noires, the multinational fruit companies.7 In addition to providing support to Figueres's political opponents,8 the CIA, reported The Invisible Government, tried: to stir up embarrassing trouble within the Communist Party in Costa Rica, and to attempt to link Figueres with the Communists.


pages: 407

Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces, and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy by Rory Cormac

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial rule, currency manipulation / currency intervention, disinformation, drone strike, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, Etonian, fake news, false flag, illegal immigration, land reform, Malacca Straits, Mikhail Gorbachev, operational security, precautionary principle, private military company, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Stuxnet, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, union organizing, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

CREST: Prole Administrative Mailing Staff to Deputy Director, Plans, ‘Termination of OBLIVIOUS Project’, 14/6/56; DNSA: Database: The Soviet Estimate: US Analysis of the Soviet Union, 1947–1991: CIA. Director of Central Intelligence, ‘Anti-Communist Resistance Potential in the SinoSoviet Bloc—Annex a, Albania’, 4/3/58. DNSA: Database: The Soviet Estimate: US Analysis of the Soviet Union, 1947–1991: CIA, Director of Central Intelligence, ‘Anti-Communist Resistance Potential in the Sino-Soviet Bloc’, 12/4/55. FO371/135615, ‘UK Policy Towards the East European Satellites’, SC(58)46, 17/10/58. DNSA: Database: The Soviet Estimate: US Analysis of the Soviet Union, 1947–1991: CIA, Director of Central Intelligence, ‘Anti-Communist Resistance Potential in the Sino-Soviet Bloc—Annex a, Albania’, 4/3/58.

Thatcher effectively told him to stop living in the past and leave covert action to SIS and special forces.The Second World War had long ended and such activity was now much riskier.46 Meanwhile back in the Cercle, Brian Crozier encouraged fellow members to ‘provoke the disintegration of the Soviet system and the Soviet empire’.47 Their plans included rigging the 1980 West German election through bribery and black propaganda to ensure the anti-communist Franz Josef Strauss became chancellor, as well as influencing the situation in Rhodesia and South Africa from what Crozier termed ‘a European Conservative viewpoint’. They lobbied support for rebel groups in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and specifically worked with anti-communists in Angola, Namibia, and Mozambique. Throughout the decade, the Cercle tried to wage propaganda operations against the Soviet Union and across Western Europe, playing a key role, for example, in one international campaign blaming the KGB for controlling international terrorism.

Aldrich, ‘Putting Culture into the Cold War’, pp.109–33. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, p.151. Selverstone, Constructing the Monolith, p.41. Defty, Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda, p.44; Footitt, ‘A Hideously Difficult Country’, p.156. Schwartz, Political Warfare against the Kremlin, p.44. Vaughan, ‘Cloak without Dagger’, p.59. Lane, ‘Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone Augustine (1897–1964)’, ODNB. Lomas, Intelligence, Security, and the Attlee Governments, p.86. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, p.135; Defty, Brittan, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda, pp.42–3. Goodman, Joint Intelligence Committee, p.242. Ibid., p.243. Ibid.; Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, pp.135–6.


pages: 559 words: 178,279

The Cold War: Stories From the Big Freeze by Bridget Kendall

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, collective bargaining, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Great Leap Forward, Howard Zinn, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, land reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, open borders, Prenzlauer Berg, Ronald Reagan, Suez canal 1869, white flight

He had been a prisoner in his own palace, threatened with death, so he was definitely an anti-Communist Pope, there was absolutely no doubt about it. And so the Church was very militant at the time. Giorgio Napolitano The Church was very active in supporting the Christian Democrats. There was a special organisation called Comitati Civici, which was not a political party, but it was a strong element beside the Christian Democrat Party throughout the campaign. Of course, Comitati Civici was violently anti-left and anti-Communist, and they based their propaganda on the pillars of family and religion, and they gave a big contribution to the victory of the Christian Democrats.

From 1949, the Cold War spread further round the globe with the emergence of another Communist giant – Mao Zedong’s ‘Red’ China. The disclosure, that same year, that the Soviet Union had acquired atomic weapons, and the start of the Korean War in 1950, brought tensions to a new peak. Revelations of Soviet espionage and fears of infiltration whipped up an anti-Communist crusade in the United States. Strident anti-capitalist rhetoric and paranoia about all things Western accompanied a new wave of Stalinist repression inside the Soviet Union, while in Eastern Europe new Communist regimes set about murdering and jailing their enemies. And even though the death of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in 1953 brought hopes of a thaw and better East–West relations, that did not last.

We hope you will be too. ‘Then all hell broke loose’ The Greek Civil War (1944–9) IT IS OFTEN said that the Cold War emerged out of the power vacuum left by the Second World War, following the Nazi retreat from a devastated Europe. Yet in Greece the fault line between East and West, between Communist and anti-Communist, was already opening up well before the formal German surrender in the early summer of 1945. The main Greek Civil War ran from 1946 to 1949, pitting Communist-backed fighters of the Democratic Army of Greece against Western-backed government forces. But our story begins earlier, with the so-called December Events, or Dekemvriana: the Battle of Athens at the end of 1944.


The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, business climate, colonial rule, death from overwork, declining real wages, deliberate practice, disinformation, European colonialism, friendly fire, Gini coefficient, guns versus butter model, income inequality, income per capita, land bank, land reform, land tenure, low interest rates, military-industrial complex, new economy, RAND corporation, Seymour Hersh, strikebreaker, systematic bias, union organizing

Many people were denounced as “Communists” in personal disputes, and “on the basis of one word or the pointing of a finger, people were taken away to be killed.”12 The killing was on such a huge scale as to raise a sanitation problem in East Java and Northern Sumatra, where the smell of decaying flesh was pervasive and rivers were impassable because of the clogging by human bodies.13 This slaughter was described by the anti-Communist Indonesia expert Justus M. van der Kroef as “a frightful anti­-Communist pogrom” where, “it is to be feared, innocent victims of mere hearsay were killed” (as opposed, presumably, to the guilty Communist men, women and children who fully deserved their fate).14 In 1968 there was a renewal of mass executions, and in one single case in early 1969 army and local civic guards in Central Java “were said to have killed some 3,500 alleged followers of the PKI by means of blows of iron staves in the neck.”15 According to van der Kroef, it was a period of “endless and often arbitrary arrests, brutalization of prisoners, and an atmosphere of distrust in which exhibitions of violent anti-communism are believed to be the best way to convince suspicious local military of one’s bona fides.”16 The number killed in the Indonesian bloodbath has always been uncertain, but an authoritative minimum was established in October 1976 when Admiral Sudomo, the head of the Indonesian state security system, in an interview over a Dutch television station, estimated that more than 500,000 had been slaughtered.17 He “explained” to Henry Kamm of the New York Times that these deaths had been a result of an “unhealthy competition between the parties” who were causing “chaos”.18 Other authorities have given estimates running from 700,00019 to “many more than one million.”20 For the period of the massacres, the official figures for people arrested, exclusive of the 500,000 or more “Communists” killed, is 750,000.21 AI estimated in 1977 that there were still between 55,000 and 100,000 political prisoners.

Only on the assumption that Arabs intrinsically lack human rights, so that even the slightest attention to their fate is excessive, whereas the principles of Western ideology are so sacrosanct that even a vast chorus of condemnation of an enemy still does not reach some approved standard—that is, only by a combination of chauvinist and racist assumptions that are quite remarkable when spelled out clearly, though standard among the Western intelligentsia. 1.8 Cambodia: Why the Media Find It More Newsworthy Than Indonesia and East Timor The way in which the media have latched on to Cambodian violence, as a drowning man seizes a lifebuoy, is an object lesson as to how the U.S. media serve first and foremost to mobilize opinion in the service of state ideology. When somewhere between 500,000 and a million people were butchered in the anti-Communist counterrevolution of 1965-1966 in Indonesia, almost total silence prevailed in Congress and in editorials in the U.S. press—a few tut-tuts, many more “objective” statements of how this is beneficially affecting the structure of power in Southeast Asia, how it shows the effectiveness of our Vietnam strategy, which is providing a “shield” for “democracy in Asia,” and some suggestions that the “Communists” got what they deserved in a spontaneous uprising of “the people.”58 This bloodbath involved approved victims and a political change consistent with U.S. business and strategic interests—what we refer to as a “constructive bloodbath” in the text below.

The Vietnamese elite had a deep contempt for their own people and were quite prepared to cooperate with a “superior” culture and power in destroying their own society. The world-view of this elite was formed out of its own institutional interests, increasingly tied to the largesse of the external power and to the anti-Communist and counterrevolutionary ideology of the Godfather. There is a close similarity of ideology among the predominantly military leaders of the U.S. client states, based on an incredibly simple Manichean view of the forces of evil (Communism) versus the forces of good (the United States, military officers, and free enterprise), all of it about on a John Birch Society level of sophistication.


Active Measures by Thomas Rid

1960s counterculture, 4chan, active measures, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, call centre, Charlie Hebdo massacre, Chelsea Manning, continuation of politics by other means, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, East Village, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, end-to-end encryption, facts on the ground, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, guest worker program, information security, Internet Archive, Jacob Appelbaum, John Markoff, Julian Assange, kremlinology, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, operational security, peer-to-peer, Prenzlauer Berg, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, technoutopianism, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, zero day

No historian has ever uncovered what happened in America’s first great disinformation scandal.20 Just before the Soviet Union collapsed, Stanislav Levchenko, the KGB defector, and his American co-author speculated that Grover Whalen became the first U.S. victim of a shrewd Soviet intelligence operation designed to remove a particularly fierce anti-Communist voice. But they were wrong, led astray by their own professional biases. In fact, the Soviets were the victim, and Whalen merely an unexpected pawn in a bigger game. By early 1930, most European countries had recognized the Soviet Union, which was founded in 1922, and yet the United States had still not reestablished diplomatic relations with Russia since the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917. The United States’ anti-Communist leanings were stronger than Europe’s. Even much of organized labor was sharply anti-Communist. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) purged “Reds” from its ranks21 and regularly warned of Soviets stirring trouble.

The specific objective of CADROIT was to “promote and sustain popular anti-Communist resistance in East Germany (including East Berlin).”10 It was in the U.S. national interest, according to this argument, to prevent the “complete Sovietization” of East Germany, and to minimize the economic, political, and military help that the GDR would be able to contribute to the Soviet Union. By 1956, the CIA was spending $250,000 per year on the project, which was considered highly effective. “The UfJ has achieved an international reputation as an efficient anti-Communist organization,” the CIA case officer boasted in a memo intended to justify an increase in funding for “psychological and political warfare” in Berlin, adding that articles praising the legal society and its activities had appeared in Time, The New Yorker, New Statesman, Reader’s Digest, and The Nation, as well as in leading publications in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy, and France.11 In the last week of July 1952, the UfJ organized a major, contentious event, the International Congress of Free Jurists, the goal of which was to expose crimes and injustices of all kinds committed in the name of communism.12 “Congress sponsored by Committee of Jurists, a most reputable anti-Commie organization,” U.S. diplomats in Berlin cabled to Washington.13 They expected that 107 jurists from 43 countries would attend.

The Stasi targeted Jürgen Fuchs, a writer and peace activist in West Berlin, in an operation called OPPONENT; the goal of this “Zersetzung,” as the Stasi wrote in one particularly chilling memo, was to coerce Fuchs to turn inward, to continuously occupy him with everyday annoyances in order to make him insecure, to discredit him in public, and eventually to incapacitate him with respect to his attacks against the GDR.51 The Stasi was particularly concerned about a small West Berlin–based group with an “anti-Communist orientation,” known as the Arbeitskreis, or Working Group for a Nuclear-Weapons-Free Europe. The group, founded in 1981, advocated for a united Europe with no nuclear weapons on either side of the border that divided the two Germanys. To Wolf’s men, this goal was tantamount to attempted “anti-Communist repurposing” of the peace movement. When the Arbeitskreis prepared a peace conference for May 1983, titled “Second European Conference for a Nuclear-Weapons-Free Europe,” East German state security saw the group as persistently attempting to “continue a process of division in the peace movement, to distract from the fight against NATO’s missile policy, and to penetrate Socialist countries.”52 The HVA therefore considered the group a threat, classified it as an “enemy object,” and ran operations against it. 20.


Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America by Peter Dale Scott, Jonathan Marshall

active measures, air freight, anti-communist, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Mikhail Gorbachev, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, trade route, union organizing

Summarizing the research o f a former CIA and DEA agent, he wrote: American authorities were instrumental in the revival o f the Sicilian mafia [although] they persuaded the Italian government to mount a successful crackdown on the heroin smugglers [into the United States]. This left the Corsicans, who had also been buttressed by the CIA as an anti-Communist force, as the major providers o f illicit heroin to the United States. The Corsicans had two powerful advantages: their connections to the Southeast heroin market through the French colonial presence in Indochina and their influence on the French secret services through the Corsicans’ involvement in official anti-Communist agitation.17 Introduction / 5 It would be foolish to assume that these connections are a matter o f past history, even if the CIA has severed its Mafia links.

Thus it was easy for Frank Castro’s Cuban CORU group (see Chapter 2) to pick up Ricord’s right-wing intelligence connections in Latin America, such as Paraguay’s intelligence chief Pastor Coronel.31 In the second half o f the 1970s, especially after the Carter administration distanced itself from both right-wing Latin American dictatorships The Cali Connection and the United States / 87 and ex-CIA Cuban terrorists, these rejected U.S. allies moved into closer association with each other. By 1980, as we saw in Chapter 2, they were meeting annually at the conferences o f the Argentinian-backed Latin American Anti-communist Confederation (CAL), the regional section o f the World Anti-Communist League (WACL). The Argentinians were mounting a continental WACL-CAL strategy o f right-wing hegemony based on drug alliances. The most noted example was the 1980 Cocaine Coup o f Luis Garcia Meza in Bolivia; but WACL also supported the new ARENA party o f Col.

He is reported to have paid the sum o f $100,000 to the FRS. . . .21 One o f Pastora’s former pilots, Gerardo Duran, was arrested in January 1986 in Costa Rica for flying cocaine destined for the United States.22 The Kerry Report / 13 Marcos Aquado, a top Pastora aide who dealt with Morales, later told the subcommittee that the traffickers “ took advantage o f the anti-communist sentiment which existed in Central America . . . and they undoubtedly used it for drug trafficking.‫ ״‬And he claimed, somewhat less persuasively, that the traffickers “ fooled people” in Pastora’s movement by claiming they were flying arms when their real cargo was cocaine.23 The more explosive finding o f the subcommittee concerned the CIA’s role in this affair.


After the Cataclysm by Noam Chomsky

8-hour work day, anti-communist, British Empire, death from overwork, disinformation, facts on the ground, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, land reform, mass immigration, RAND corporation, Seymour Hersh, union organizing

The media favorite, Barron-Paul, is based largely on visits to refugee camps arranged in part by a representative of the Thai Ministry of the Interior, whose “knowledge and advice additionally provided us with invaluable guidance.”22 In the camps to which they gained access with the help of this Thai official, who is responsible for internal security matters including anti-Communist police and propaganda operations, they “approached the camp leader elected by the Cambodians and from his knowledge of his people compiled a list of refugees who seemed to be promising subjects”23—one can easily imagine which “subjects” would seem “promising” to these earnest seekers after truth, to whom we return. Citing this comment,24 Porter points out that “the Khmer camp chief works closely with and in subordination to Thai officials who run the camps and with the Thai government-supported anti-Communist Cambodian organization carrying out harassment and intelligence operations in Cambodia.”

The United States was deeply concerned to prevent any negotiated political settlement because, as is easily documented, its planners and leaders assumed that the groups that they backed could not possibly survive peaceful competition. Once again the United States succeeded in preventing a peaceful settlement. In South Vietnam, it stood in opposition to all significant political forces, however anti-Communist, imposing the rule of a military clique that was willing to serve U.S. interests. By January 1965, the United States was compelled to undermine its own puppet, General Khanh; he was attempting to form what Ambassador Taylor called a “dangerous” coalition with the Buddhists, who were not acting “in the interests of the Nation,” as General Westmoreland explained.

A complete captive of the assumptions of the war propagandists, Peters is unable to comprehend that opponents of the war were insisting that Vietnam should be left to the Vietnamese, not to whatever fate is determined for them by the likes of Walt Rostow, Henry Kissinger, or the myriad sycophants of the Peters variety. To regard that commitment as “racist” reveals moral standards that are quite on a par with the intellectual level indicated by Peters’ belief that opponents of the war must now “concede” that there were many anti-Communists in Vietnam, a great insight, no doubt. His implication that the United States was fighting for “democracy” for the yellow people in South Vietnam is ideological claptrap, refuted by the consistent U.S. support for terror regimes in South Vietnam (and indeed throughout the subfascist empire, as illustrated throughout Volume I).


pages: 846 words: 250,145

The Cold War: A World History by Odd Arne Westad

Able Archer 83, Albert Einstein, American ideology, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bolshevik threat, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, collective bargaining, colonial rule, continuous integration, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, energy security, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, full employment, Great Leap Forward, household responsibility system, imperial preference, Internet Archive, land reform, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, long peace, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, new economy, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, oil shock, out of africa, post-industrial society, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, South China Sea, special economic zone, Strategic Defense Initiative, Suez crisis 1956, union organizing, urban planning, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

The Americans maintained that they would repatriate only those who wanted to go back. Meanwhile, the prisoner of war camps in the south developed into veritable battlegrounds of their own, where Communist groups fought anti-Communist wardens put in place by the Americans and the South Koreans. In one of them, In early 1952, the brigade leader, Li Da’an, wanted to tattoo every prisoner in Compound 72 with an anti-Communist slogan.… He ordered the prisoner guards to beat those who refused the tattoo.… One prisoner, however, Lin Xuepu, continued to refuse.… Li Da’an finally dragged Lin up to the stage.… “Do you want it or not?”

The United States government believed that Che’s defeat meant that its policy of arming and supporting strong local leaders was working. It was nationalist anti-Communists who would defeat the Left, not US interventions. This conclusion fitted an intervention-weary Vietnam War generation of US leaders well. It also went with what some Americans thought were the general lessons of the mid-1960s, from Ghana to Indonesia, where local armies had overthrown their Leftist governments with US encouragement but little direct US support. Meanwhile, a successful direct US intervention in the small Dominican Republic in 1965 had been justified by anti-Communist rhetoric, but could as well be seen as one in a series of such invasions in the Caribbean going back to well before the Cold War.

At Tehran in November 1943, Yalta in February 1945, and Potsdam in July 1945, the leaders of the three major Allied powers participated. But in addition there were a number of bilateral meetings: Churchill traveled to meet Roosevelt three times before the prime minister’s first visit to Moscow in August 1942. Churchill’s visit with Stalin was essential. If the head of world Communism and the dyed-in-the-wool anti-Communist could reach practical agreements, then the alliance between the three incongruous partners would probably hold, at least for the duration of the war against Germany. The positive outcome of the first meeting in Moscow showed the degree to which Britain and the USSR, both struck by German power, depended on some form of cooperation for survival.


pages: 564 words: 182,946

The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961-1989 by Frederick Taylor

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, cuban missile crisis, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, German hyperinflation, Kickstarter, land reform, mass immigration, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, oil shock, open borders, plutocrats, RAND corporation, restrictive zoning, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Sinatra Doctrine, the market place, young professional, éminence grise

He had little time for the absolutist Right. On the other hand, he was also a firm Catholic anti-Communist. He looked at central and eastern Germany and saw an ‘unreliable’ electorate that was not only predominantly Protestant but had tended to support radicalism, of the brown-shirted or red-flagged persuasion. Adenauer was a patriot, but was not prepared to sacrifice his vision of a Western-orientated, Christian Germany on the altar of unity. It was the firebrand Social Democrat leader Kurt Schumacher who, though also fiercely anti-Communist, yearned to restore German unity. Schumacher was a Prussian from the east, born in what had become Poland.

Then, in May 1947, the existing Mayor was forced to resign, and Reuter was offered the top post. The Communists hated no one more than an apostate. The Soviet commandant refused to recognise Reuter’s election. He had to stand down in favour of the SPD veteran Louise Schröder, but remained the key figure around whom Berlin’s anti-Communists rallied. Reuter’s understanding, as an ex-KPD insider, of the mentality of apparatchiks such as Ulbricht, proved invaluable. Frustrated by their inability to run Berlin as they wished, the Communists started arresting their opponents, not just in the Soviet Zone but also in the West. Paul Markgraf, a former Wehrmacht captain, captured at Stalingrad and transformed into a keen Communist, was appointed Police President of Berlin by the Soviets in May 1945.

When the Magistrat met on 26 August, a huge and intimidating crowd of SED supporters showed up, waving red flags and shouting slogans such as ‘Down with the bankrupt Magistrat!’, ‘No Marshall Plan’, and ‘No more airfields’. The SED called for the Magistrat to resign. It would be replaced by a special commission, whose job would be to enact emergency measures and co-operate with the ‘great Soviet Union’.7 That evening, 30,000 anti-Communist Berliners gathered on the parkland in front of the Reichstag to hear a speech from Ernst Reuter: We Berliners have said No to Communism and we will fight it with all our might as long as there is a breath in us…the Magistrat and the City Assembly together with the freedom-loving Berlin population will build a dam against which the red tide will break in vain.


pages: 476 words: 144,288

1946: The Making of the Modern World by Victor Sebestyen

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, centre right, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, disinformation, Etonian, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, imperial preference, Kickstarter, land reform, long peace, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, operation paperclip

Formerly, Biriya had been a talented professional flautist and leader of the Tabriz street cleaners’ union. Officially, his title was Minister of Propaganda but, more importantly, he ran the secret police, whose members were trained by Russian advisors from the NKVD. They had been arresting opponents for the last few days, roughing up well-known anti-communists and other potential opponents. Three days earlier, members of Pishevari’s ragbag People’s Army had taken over the police stations in Tabriz and the surrounding area, the central post office and the radio station, the classic revolutionary targets, and blocked all principal roads into the city.

He was summoned to appear before Barraclough and two other British officers and told gruffly that he could not sit in their presence. The Brigadier read out a letter dismissing him and banning him from all political activity. He was ordered to leave Cologne and return to his home village, Rhöndorf. Not long afterwards the British, on advice from the Americans, realised how much they needed him as a reliable, anti-communist voice, and encouraged him to set up the Christian Democratic Union, which presided over the German ‘economic miracle’ of the 1950s and has been in power for most of the period since the war. Despite his treatment, Adenauer nonetheless preferred the British to the Americans, who had originally appointed him mayor before they handed over the responsibility to the UK.

Even private companies were firing staff on political grounds.3 In Britain the fear of communist incursions never reached American levels of frenzy and hysteria, but Attlee chaired a Cabinet Committee on Subversion, a few score civil servants were investigated by MI5, some academics lost their posts at Oxbridge colleges, and employees at the John Lewis Partnership department store had to sign an anti-communist pledge. But the British were, as usual, fairly relaxed about ideology. Most people were ‘simply too preoccupied to worry,’ as the novelist Pamela Hansford Johnson recalled: ‘The ordinary person was too busy coping with the daily problems . . . he sees the ruins of the War all around him – along the railway lines as he goes to work, on the bus routes.


pages: 972 words: 259,764

The Road Not Taken: Edward Lansdale and the American Tragedy in Vietnam by Max Boot

American ideology, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, Charles Lindbergh, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, Day of the Dead, desegregation, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, drone strike, electricity market, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Golden Gate Park, Herman Kahn, jitney, land reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Potemkin village, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, War on Poverty, white picket fence, Works Progress Administration

To keep Italy, economically and morally lacerated after two decades of Fascist wantonness, from going Communist, the newly formed National Security Council approved a program of covert action to buttress the conservative premier Alcide De Gasperi and his Christian Democratic Party against the Popular Democratic Front established by the Communist and Socialist parties in an election scheduled for April 18, 1948. The CIA provided as much as ten million dollars in cash to finance the Christian Democratic campaign. In addition to bankrolling anti-Communist politicians, the CIA worked in cooperation with the State Department and the Voice of America to launch an all-out propaganda blitz to warn Italians against embracing Communism. Anti-Communist appeals from well-known entertainers such as Bing Crosby and Dinah Shore were supplemented by shipments of the film Ninotchka, Greta Garbo’s 1939 satire of Soviet life. The newspaper publisher Generoso Pope, who subsequently founded the National Enquirer, chipped in with a campaign asking fellow Italian Americans to send letters and telegrams to their friends and relatives in the old country urging them to vote against Communism.

You don’t seem to understand that, if the U.S. bureaucracies had done their work, we wouldn’t have over 2,000 American kids killed in combat so far.”13 Lansdale wanted to change the direction of the war but felt powerless to do so: “It is senseless to ask me to throw myself or any of the team in the path of this thing, just to have a spectacle of a big ‘spla-a-a-t,’ which would be us.”14 “I’m getting to hate some of my fellow Americans,” Ed wrote home, “and that’s not good.”15 Lansdale vented his frustrations at the embassy’s Fourth of July party in 1966 by trying to teach “some four-letter Anglo-Saxon words, ending in ‘Cabot,’ ” to the ambassador’s red-feathered parrots, an act of comical sabotage in which he was caught by one of the embassy staff.16 Writing from Washington, where he had returned, the former team member Mike Deutch urged Lansdale to stay in Vietnam. “However much you suffer, the alternative (coming back in defeat, retiring to a bit of writing on MacArthur Blvd., or getting entangled in domestic politics with Bo’s political friends) is even less palatable.” (Bohannon was a right-wing anti-Communist, Deutch a liberal anti-Communist.) The message of “stay the course” was reinforced by Pat Kelly: “I predict that if you did chuck it all and go back to Washington, within three months, the old fire-horse in you would have taken over completely and you’d be raring to get back and perhaps not able to do so. That frustration would dwarf what you now feel.”17 Lansdale took this advice and in the summer of 1966 put off plans for his departure until after the American midterm election in November at the earliest.

I have seen for myself the countryside of both countries, where rice farmers continue to eke out a living as their ancestors had done in Lansdale’s day—and since time immemorial. Mount Arayat in Luzon and Dien Bien Phu in northern Vietnam are by and large quiet today, eerily so, but in Lansdale’s time they were abattoirs where Communist and anti-Communist troops fought to the death. Visiting such remote locales gave me a sense of the challenges of topography and weather that confronted combatants on both sides, along with a sense of atmosphere that informs the following account. My work in the archives and in the field was supplemented by a careful reading of the latest academic literature and interviews with numerous individuals who knew Lansdale.


pages: 215 words: 60,489

1947: Where Now Begins by Elisabeth Åsbrink

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, British Empire, disinformation, Grace Hopper, Gunnar Myrdal, haute couture, illegal immigration, Mahatma Gandhi, Mount Scopus, trade route

The pent-up stillness of a pendulum about to strike back. Poland On January 19, elections are held in Poland. But over the course of the last few weeks, half-a-million people have been accused of collaboration with the Nazis and disenfranchised by way of punishment. Over 80,000 members and supporters of the anti-Communist party Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe [Polish People’s Party] are arrested on the eve of the elections. Around a hundred of them are murdered by Poland’s secret police. As a result, the Communists win a landslide victory. At the 1945 Yalta Conference, Stalin promised free elections in Poland — but for the multiparty system, today is the moment of death.

The country that once wielded world dominion is relinquishing it; the country that commanded the seas and the trade routes, held the balance of power, and disseminated its language, sport, arms, education system, currency, and soldiers across the globe is now cutting ties and turning in on itself. An incomprehensible week. Budapest The purge of anti-Communist elements starts on February 25 with the arrest of Béla Kovács, leader of the small farmers’ party, FKGP. He is accused of conspiracy against the Soviet occupation power and sentenced to spend the rest of his life in Siberia. He is the first, but not the last. MARCH Hollywood Billie Holiday is in Hollywood to film New Orleans.

When the Soviet Union prevents the countries of Eastern Europe from receiving Marshall Aid, the crack between east and west widens into a chasm. Only 12 weeks have passed since February 21, when Great Britain declared it would no longer support Greece and Italy, and as a result of a geopolitical domino effect the world is changed. Sofia While Secretary of State George C. Marshall is giving his speech, the anti-Communist leader Nikola Petkov is arrested in the Bulgarian Parliament. He is accused of spying, tortured, and sentenced to death by hanging. Cairo And on the same day, the leaders of the Arab League meet in Cairo: the Grand Mufti, and leaders from Syria, Transjordan, the Lebanon, Iraq, and Egypt. There are movements pulling in opposite directions in the conflict over Palestine.


pages: 300 words: 87,374

The Light That Failed: A Reckoning by Ivan Krastev, Stephen Holmes

active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, anti-globalists, bank run, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, Brexit referendum, corporate governance, David Brooks, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, illegal immigration, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, kremlinology, liberal world order, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Armstrong, nuclear winter, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open borders, post-truth, postnationalism / post nation state, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, shared worldview, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, the market place, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Twitter Arab Spring, WikiLeaks

This dilemma is especially acute for post-communist societies. That is because the West that the dissidents urged their fellow citizens to imitate in 1989 no longer exists today, three decades later. Their model society was the globally dominant and adamantly anti-communist West of the Cold War. But the very process that allowed the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to join the anti-communist West ensured that anti-communism would no longer be the West’s defining ideology. We might consider this a grand version of bait-and-switch, although it was obviously in no way intentional or planned. Those who were most eager to imitate and join the West in 1989, in any case, were bound to think differently about Westernization a few decades later when Atlanticism was on its death bed and both Western Europe and the United States were in the throes of simultaneous economic and political crises.

Given the prominent public role played at the time by creative thinkers and savvy political activists such as Václav Havel and Adam Michnik, the events of 1989 are sometimes remembered as revolutions of the intellectuals. And it’s true that of the 232 participants in the round table talks between the governing Polish Communist Party, pretending to represent the working class, and the anti-communist Solidarity trade union, representing actual workers, 195 would identify themselves as intellectuals.8 But if they were bookish, they were anything but dreamers. What ensured that these revolutions would remain ‘velvet’ was their background hostility to utopias and political experiments. By 1989, moreover, regime insiders themselves had fully switched from utopian faith to mechanical rituals and from ideological commitment to corruption.

The well-known American legal scholar and former chief counsel for US Citizenship and Immigration Services, Stephen Legomsky, once observed that ‘countries do not immigrate, people do’.20 In the case of post-communist Central and Eastern Europe, he was wrong. LIFE IS ELSEWHERE On 13 December 1981, General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared a state of emergency in Poland and tens of thousands of participants in the anti-communist Solidarity movement were arrested and interned. A year later the Polish government proposed releasing those willing to sign a loyalty oath as well as those prepared to emigrate. In response to these alluring offers, Adam Michnik penned two open letters from his prison cell. One was titled ‘Why You Are Not Signing’ and the other ‘Why You Are Not Emigrating’.21 His arguments for not signing were quite straightforward.


pages: 891 words: 253,901

The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government by David Talbot

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, colonial rule, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, independent contractor, information retrieval, Internet Archive, land reform, means of production, Naomi Klein, Norman Mailer, operation paperclip, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Ted Sorensen

As an OSS analyst stationed in London and Paris during the war, Schlesinger held strongly anti-Communist views; after the war, Schlesinger became a leading architect of Cold War liberalism, joining the anti-Soviet propaganda campaign that was secretly funded by the CIA and endorsing efforts to root out Communist Party influence in the labor movement, cultural arena, and academic circles. Schlesinger was a passionate believer in New Deal liberalism, which he saw as the only way to civilize capitalism. And he was an equally ardent anti-Communist, viewing the anti-Red crusade as a way to protect the American left, by ridding it of the Stalinist contamination that had seeped into Democratic Party circles during FDR’s necessary wartime alliance with Moscow.

In June 1949, Dulles organized the National Committee for a Free Europe in conjunction with an illustrious board that included General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Hollywood director Cecil B. DeMille, and Time-Life publishing magnate (and close friend) Henry Luce. Ostensibly a private philanthropic group, the committee was actually a CIA front that channeled funds to anti-Communist European émigrés and financed major propaganda efforts like Radio Free Europe. At least $2 million of the money poured into the committee’s clandestine projects came from the Nazi gold that Dulles had helped track down at the end of the war. In the early years of the Cold War, the Nazi treasure looted from Jewish families and German-occupied nations would become a key source of funding for Dulles’s secret operations.

., the future historian and Kennedy White House aide. Field proposed that the OSS subsidize the recruitment of left-wing German refugees in France, who would be dropped inside liberated areas of Germany, where they would begin to establish the country’s new political foundations. Schlesinger, a man of the left, but an ardent anti-Communist, immediately sniffed out Field’s proposal as a scheme to give the Soviet Union a head start in the occupation of Germany. Schlesinger took a strong disliking to Field. Years later, he would describe him as a “Quaker Communist, filled with idealism, smugness and sacrifice.” Or, as another observer put it, Field exuded “the arrogance of humility.”


pages: 622 words: 194,059

An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood by Neal Gabler

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, centralized clearinghouse, Charles Lindbergh, company town, half of the world's population has never made a phone call, haute couture, Louis Pasteur, Norman Mailer, power law, security theater, Upton Sinclair, working poor

“This is a scandalous business—an overt surrender to the Commie line that anti-Communism and anti-Semitism are somehow intertwined,” Eugene Lyons, a vehemently anti-Communist journalist and league member, wrote Edwin Lukas of the AJC, “and could only have been started by a dope acting as stooge for some Partyliner.” “I agree that ‘investigation of anti-communists’ is not a ‘Jewish problem,’ ” Lukas replied. “That is, it is not a Jewish problem so long as the forces that seek to eliminate communist activity from the stream of American life do not turn their anti-communist activities into an anti-semitic drive.… I might also suggest to you, in all candor, that if the investigation of anti-communists is not to be undertaken by a Jewish organization as a ‘Jewish problem,’ it would follow—as day follows night—that the fighting of Communism is not to be undertaken by a Jewish organization (i.e., the American Jewish League Against Communism.)

Screenwriter Hy Kraft, who was active in the Anti-Nazi League, said his group met as much opposition from the “rich Jewish community” as from the Bund itself. “We met with them several times, but we could never get them committed to our program.” Instead, the CRC’s main objective seemed to be to convince the group to change its name from the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League to the Hollywood Anti-Nazi, Anti-Communist League. The Jewish radicals had their own answers for why the Jewish executives remained supine. Some speculated that the Jews didn’t want to call attention to themselves, lest they come under attack as foreigners and subversives. Some saw it as the Jews’ way of proving they were less Jews than they were Americans.

After the Legionnaires had filled him in on the situation, “I told the producers we had reliable information that a number of film actors and screen writers and a few producers either were members of the Communist Party, followed the Communist line, or were used as dupes, and that there was evidence that the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League was under the control of Communists.” When the producers allegedly admitted they knew about these elements but that the radicals were under contract, Dies blithely suggested the industry start making some anti-Communist movies. Dies hadn’t made any connection yet between Hollywood sedition and Judaism, but at least a few of the Hollywood Jews knew he was on a witch-hunt. Art Arthur, a producer at Twentieth Century-Fox, recommended they take the offensive against HUAC. Writing to Sidney Wallach of the American Jewish Committee, Arthur said they should take the allegations linking Judaism to communism and “not only reply to them—but make each of them a springboard for a true report of what Jews mean to America, just who and what they are, etc.


Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower by William Blum

anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, collective bargaining, Columbine, disinformation, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, it's over 9,000, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, Oklahoma City bombing, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Timothy McVeigh, union organizing

Twenty former South Vietnamese officers who have admitted to committing torture and other human-rights violations during the Vietnam War are residing legally in California.8 Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, numerous other Vietnamese in California carried out a violent terrorist campaign against their countrymen who were deemed not sufficiently anti-communist, sometimes merely for calling for resumption of contacts with Hanoi; others were attacked simply for questioning the terrorists' actions. Under names such as "Anti-Communist Viets Organization" and "Vietnamese Organization to Exterminate Communists and Restore the Nation", on hundreds of occasions they assaulted and murdered, burned down businesses and vehicles, forced Vietnamese newspapers to cease publishing, issued death threats, engaged in extortion and many other aspects of organized crime... all with virtual impunity, even with numerous witnesses to some murders.

"They returned desperate and destructive," he said, "and adopted killing and explosives as their profession, according to the training they received from the American intelligence."23 And there has been more of the same in other places, from the men Ronald Reagan fancied as "freedom fighters". "This is an insane instance of the chickens coming home to roost," said a US diplomat in Pakistan in 1996. "You can't plug billions of dollars into an anti-Communist jihad, accept participation from all over the world and ignore the consequences. But we did. Our objectives weren't peace and grooviness in Afghanistan. Our objective was killing Commies and getting the Russians out."24 CHAPTER 3 : Assassinations I don't want to wipe out everyone...Just my enemies.

The students have also been taught to hate and fear something called "communism", later something called "terrorism", with little, if any, distinction made between the two, thus establishing the ideological justification to suppress their own people, to stifle dissent, to cut off at the knees anything bearing a likeness to a movement for social change which—although the military men might not think in such terms—might interfere with Washington's global agenda. Those on the receiving end of anti-communist punishment would have a difficult time recognizing themselves from this piece of philosophy from an SOA class: "Democracy and communism clash with the firm determination of the Western countries to conserve their own traditional way of life."2 This reads as if dissidents came from some faraway land, with alien values and no grievances that could be comprehended as legitimate by the "Western" mind.


pages: 393 words: 115,178

The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program That Shaped Our World by Vincent Bevins

Albert Einstein, American ideology, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, capitalist realism, centre right, colonial rule, crony capitalism, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, income inequality, land reform, market fundamentalism, megacity, military-industrial complex, Nelson Mandela, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, South China Sea, structural adjustment programs, union organizing

He noted, correctly, that “There was a great deal more contact between the anti-Communist forces in that country and at least one very high official in Washington before and during the Indonesian massacre than is generally realized… it is doubtful if the coup would have ever been attempted without the American show of strength in Vietnam or been sustained without the clandestine aid it has received indirectly from here.” Reston said that the “savage transformation of Indonesia from a pro-Chinese policy under Sukarno to a defiantly anti-Communist policy under General Suharto is, of course, the most important” of a number of “hopeful political developments in Asia” that he saw as outweighing Washington’s more widely publicized setbacks in Vietnam.52 Reston knew Washington’s foreign policy establishment very well.

Other titles: Washington’s anticommunist crusade and the mass murder program that shaped our world Description: New York: PublicAffairs, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2019046069 | ISBN 9781541742406 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781541724013 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: United States—Foreign relations—1945–1989. | Developing countries—Foreign relations—United States. | United States—Foreign relations—Developing countries. | Anti-communist movements—Developing countries—History—20th century. | Autonomy and independence movements—History—20th century. | Political violence—Developing countries—History—20th century. | Indonesia—History—Coup d’état, 1965. | Cold War. | United States. Central Intelligence Agency—History—20th century.

After the issue came out, a cable from the embassy told the State Department that embassy staff knew it was “impossible to believe that Aidit made such a statement” because according to the military’s version, he allegedly referenced a fake document, one they knew “was obviously being disseminated as part of an anti-Communist ‘black propaganda’ operation.”21 December 13 Jakarta—Francisca kept working in the days after October 1, 1965. Zain stopped working after The People’s Daily was closed down by the military. But Francisca kept going to the Afro-Asian Journalist Association office every day, and the staff continued working on preparations for their next edition, and for the Tricontinental Conference planned for Havana in 1966.


pages: 756 words: 228,797

Ayn Rand and the World She Made by Anne C. Heller

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, American ideology, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Bolshevik threat, Charles Lindbergh, conceptual framework, Future Shock, gentleman farmer, greed is good, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, Milgram experiment, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, open borders, price stability, profit motive, public intellectual, rent control, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, the scientific method, theory of mind, Thorstein Veblen, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, wage slave, War on Poverty, Works Progress Administration, young professional

Lenin said that Chernyshevsky’s novel, a nineteenth-century tale of superhuman sacrifice in the service of a coming revolution, converted him to Communism at age fourteen, and he named his own seminal revolutionary tract What Is to Be Done? in tribute. It’s little wonder, then, that Rand once referred to her own novels as anti-Communist propaganda, or that she henceforth viewed national politics as a morality play whose theme is individual freedom in contest with overt or hidden mob force. She continued to write stories, though no copies and few accounts of these exist. She would have needed the company of her heroes that fall and winter, because she was losing her only friend.

She had been introduced to Wick by her Hollywood admirer Gouverneur Morris, who, like Ivan Lebedeff and a few others who took the time to read her work and talk to her, was deeply impressed by her personal history, the quality of her mind, and her passionate intellectual commitment to individual achievement. After reading a draft of We the Living (“the Uncle Tom’s Cabin of Soviet Russia,” he called it), he sent sections to the famous libertarian newspaperman H. L. Mencken. Mencken, an avid defender of American civil liberties, pronounced the work “excellent” but warned that its anti-Communist message might hurt it with publishers. Whatever the demand for Russian stories such as Red Pawn, Mencken’s letter implied, receptivity might not extend to open criticism of the Soviet state. This was Rand’s second explicit warning that the Depression was beginning to produce political monsters of a kind she thought she had left behind in Russia.

Kira’s ex-socialite mother quickly joins a Red teachers’ union to achieve better living conditions for her family. Kira’s uncle Vasili—once a prosperous merchant, like Rand’s father and grandfather—proudly goes on strike and lets his capitalist skills dwindle with his spirit. Kira’s cousin Irina Dunaeva, an artist like Rand’s sister Nora, endures arrest and Siberian exile for the crime of hiding her anti-Communist boyfriend in her room. Irina’s brother, a villainous upstart named Victor, gains political power by turning his sister in. Irina’s crime is a clear remembrance of Rand’s Russian flame Lev Bekkerman’s youthful act of courage. In fact, We the Living can be partly seen as her attempt to come to terms with Lev, as well as a meditation on the psychological roots of the Russian Revolution.


pages: 556 words: 141,069

The Profiteers by Sally Denton

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Berlin Wall, Boycotts of Israel, clean water, company town, corporate governance, crony capitalism, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, energy security, Fall of the Berlin Wall, G4S, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Joan Didion, Kitchen Debate, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, new economy, nuclear winter, power law, profit motive, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, trickle-down economics, uranium enrichment, urban planning, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, wikimedia commons, William Langewiesche

Now that he was suddenly the most famous builder in the world, the Soviets supposedly sought his expertise. Hoover Dam was not yet completed, but he felt confident he could leave the project not only in Crowe’s capable hands but also in those of his three sons now installed on the job. Given Bechtel’s—and Six Companies’—rabidly antilabor, anti-Communist, anti-Socialist corporate culture, it seems implausible that Stalin would invite Dad to visit Russian technological sites. The United States had not officially recognized the Soviet Union since the US intervention against the Bolsheviks in their 1917 civil war. All that would soon change, thanks to FDR, who, in a few months, would formally acknowledge Stalin’s Communist government and dispatch the first American diplomats to Moscow since the coup.

The 1953 CIA-supported coup installed one of the most vicious and brutal dictatorships in the region, and “Bechtel’s 12-volume industrial-development plan for the country has strengthened, not loosened, the Shah’s grip,” investigative journalist Mark Dowie concluded twenty years later. CHAPTER EIGHT Going Nuclear While Allen Dulles was masterminding the “New ‘Cold War’ Plan Under Secret Agents,” as the Boston Globe headlined it, John McCone, who had become an extreme hard-line anti-Communist and major defense contractor, was moving up the ranks in Washington. In 1950 US defense secretary James Forrestal had appointed McCone undersecretary of the US Air Force, which had been formed three years earlier out of what had been a division of the US Army, and where he was in charge of procurement and where, according to an FBI report, “he favored his friends in the granting of contracts.”

“The strong-willed, stern-looking multimillionaire was not of the stuff to inspire love among the bureaucrats,” wrote two journalists of McCone’s unpleasant demeanor. A man so rigid that he flinched when addressed by his first name. “When he smiles, look out,” a CIA official was once quoted as saying. Along the way, McCone developed close personal relationships with like-minded anti-Communist crusaders—most notably, in addition to Dulles and Forrestal, the five-star general who would soon be president, Dwight Eisenhower. This powerful clique, comprised of devotees of media baron Henry Luce’s pleas for internationalism as an extension of American influence throughout the world, embodied what Luce called “The American Century.”


pages: 495 words: 144,101

Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right by Jennifer Burns

Abraham Maslow, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, Apollo 11, bank run, barriers to entry, centralized clearinghouse, collective bargaining, creative destruction, desegregation, feminist movement, financial independence, gentleman farmer, George Gilder, Herbert Marcuse, invisible hand, jimmy wales, Joan Didion, John Markoff, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge worker, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, lone genius, Menlo Park, minimum wage unemployment, Mont Pelerin Society, new economy, Norman Mailer, offshore financial centre, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, public intellectual, RAND corporation, rent control, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, side project, Stewart Brand, The Chicago School, The Wisdom of Crowds, union organizing, urban renewal, We are as Gods, white flight, Whole Earth Catalog

When Zinovy announced his departure for a political meeting one evening, Alisa boldly asked to accompany him. Surprised yet pleased, Zinovy agreed to take her, and afterward the two had their first real conversation. He listened to Alisa respectfully and offered his own opinions. Zinovy was an anti-Communist and, as the mature Rand phrased it, “pro-individualist.” So was she. In her adventure stories heroic resisters struggling against the Soviet regime now replaced knights and princesses. She filled her diary with invective against the Communists, further bolstered by her father’s position. Their new connection was a source of great joy for Alisa, who remembered it was “only after we began to be political allies that I really felt a real love for him. . . . ” She also discovered that her father had an “enormous approval of my intelligence,” which further confirmed her emerging sense of self.9 As in Petrograd, she remained unpopular with her classmates.

She told DeWitt Emery, “When you read it, you’ll see what an indictment of the New Deal it is, what it does to the ‘humanitarians’ and what effect it could have on the next election—although I never mentioned the New Deal by name.”48 Rand’s belief that fiction could have important political consequences sprang from her Russian background and her careful observations of the New York left. As anti-Communists were hustled out of Leningrad State University, Rand had realized that the most innocuous of literary works could have political meaning. She kept this in mind during her first years in the United States, when she sent her family American novels to translate into Russian. These books were an important source of income for the Rosenbaums, but they had to pass the Soviet censors.

For her part, Rand felt betrayed by Read’s failure to understand the principles at stake in their work and wounded by his disregard for their “ghost” agreement.47 Only weeks later Read added insult to injury when he sent Rand a sheaf of anonymous comments on her short article, “Textbook of Americanism.” Rand had written the piece for The Vigil, the official publication of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, the Hollywood anti-Communist group that had recruited her to its board. “Textbook” was a very brief piece that included her first published discussion of rights. Written in the style of a catechism, the piece defined a right as “the sanction of independent action.” Rand offered a secular defense of natural rights, which were “granted to man by the fact of his birth as a man—not by an act of society.”


pages: 497 words: 161,742

The Enemy Within by Seumas Milne

active measures, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, collective bargaining, corporate governance, disinformation, Edward Snowden, electricity market, Etonian, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, invisible hand, Kickstarter, Leo Hollis, market fundamentalism, Mikhail Gorbachev, Naomi Klein, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, strikebreaker, union organizing, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, éminence grise

Back in Sheffield, the NUM president could only shrug off the latest broadside from his former ally. Scargill described Srebny’s remarks as ‘a remarkable change of mind’, but said he would be delighted to see the cash come to Britain if the Soviet coal union would formally confirm that it had been intended for the NUM after all.23 At which point, enter on cue, stage right, anti-communist Soviet miners demanding their money back. On the eve of the NUM Durham conference, Yuri Butchenko, a twice-imprisoned dissident from the tiny Siberia-based Kuzbass Union of Workers, was paraded before the press in the National Liberal Club in London by Roy Lynk, leader of the breakaway Union of Democratic Mineworkers.

They should ‘resume relations’ with this heavily penetrated outfit, he argued, ‘as indeed had happened between the NTS and the CIA’.25 Miller, some of whose undercover schemes are known to have been directly funded by the CIA during the 1980s, was busy all through the summer of 1990 stoking up the anti-Scargill campaign. A few weeks before he appeared with Yuri Butchenko at the Liberal Club, the NTS’s London man had brought over a couple of other anti-communist activists from the Russian coalfields to get to work on the Scargill Affair. The pair, Sergei Massalovitch and Nikolai Terokin, were whisked down to Weymouth to address the UDM’s annual conference. Next day, the front page of the Daily Mirror triumphantly reported that these Soviet ‘miners’ leaders’ had confirmed its allegations about the Soviet money.

As embarrassing disclosures of CIA funding and interference in the ICFTU and its associated union groupings proliferated in the 1960s and 1970s, other state-funded Western outfits – like the Reaganite National Endowment for Democracy (NED) and the German Friedrich Ebert Foundation – increasingly took the lead in guiding and underwriting the more pliable international union structures.3 PSI, the organization Windsor went to work for in the early 1970s, was an ICFTU-linked body then representing nearly ten million public service workers. Its core outlook, despite the participation of some left-of-centre unions, was strongly anti-communist. Harry Batchelor, a former PSI assistant general secretary who worked closely with Windsor in the 1970s and early 1980s, recalls that one of PSI’s main jobs at that time was to stop ‘communist organizations trying to get members in developing countries’. Along with other ICFTU-linked outfits, PSI had proved to be an irresistible front for Western intelligence meddling.4 In one particularly notorious case, PSI played a central role in joint US–British intelligence operations to bring down successive left-wing governments led by Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana (now Guyana) in the 1950s and 1960s.


pages: 742 words: 202,902

The Brilliant Disaster: JFK, Castro, and America's Doomed Invasion of Cuba's Bay of Pigs by Jim Rasenberger

affirmative action, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, Gunnar Myrdal, Kitchen Debate, land reform, Neil Armstrong, Seymour Hersh, Ted Sorensen, Torches of Freedom, William of Occam

As it happened, Castro’s arrival in the United States came on a very difficult day for Eisenhower. That morning, the president had learned in a phone call that his longtime secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, was resigning, effective immediately. For eight years, Dulles had been the ballast, if not the rudder, of Eisenhower’s anti-Communist foreign policy. Now he was in Walter Reed Army Hospital with terminal abdominal cancer. That John Foster Dulles should end his career on the very day Fidel Castro landed in America is one of those coincidences that would seem, like so many others of the next two years, to have been plotted by a roomful of cackling Soviet scriptwriters bunked up in a commune near the Kremlin.

His own colleagues at the CIA tended to dismiss him as a know-it-all who blew a lot of smoke—literally. He had a passion for cigars that rivaled Castro’s. Maybe it was the cigars that got to Droller’s head. In any case, he came out of the three-hour meeting in a state of near intoxication. “Castro is not only not a Communist,” he exclaimed to López-Fresquet, “but he is a strong anti-Communist fighter.” A year later, Gerry Droller, alias Frank Bender, would be working with a task force at the CIA to remove Fidel Castro from power and, if possible, eliminate him from the face of the Earth. AMONG THE IRONIES attending Castro’s 1959 trip to America were the great lengths to which U.S. federal security agents and local police went to keep him alive.

But before the interview was done, Urrutia was committing an impeachable offense of his own, admitting that Communists were, in fact, doing “irreparable harm” inside Cuba. Castro immediately began taking steps to throw Urrutia out of office. “I am not Communist, and neither is the revolutionary movement,” Castro insisted. “But we do not have to say we are anti-Communists, just to curry favor with foreign governments.” Castro replaced Urrutia with Osvaldo Dorticós, a known Communist sympathizer. ONE OF THE puzzles of Fidel Castro’s behavior during 1959 is why, after winning himself a store of American goodwill that spring, he seemed so determined to squander it that summer.


pages: 913 words: 219,078

The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War by Benn Steil

Albert Einstein, Alistair Cooke, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, British Empire, business cycle, Carmen Reinhart, centre right, currency manipulation / currency intervention, deindustrialization, democratizing finance, disintermediation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, foreign exchange controls, full employment, imperial preference, invisible hand, Kenneth Rogoff, kremlinology, land reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, new economy, open economy, Potemkin village, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, structural adjustment programs, the market place, trade liberalization, Transnistria, Winter of Discontent, Works Progress Administration, éminence grise

French ambassador General Georges Catroux had met privately with Molotov in Moscow on February 19, 1947, stressing the importance of “the Soviet Union and France . . . work[ing] out a common position” on reparations from current production “prior to the Council of Ministers” meeting.54 But the anti-communist Bidault considered it “madness” to allow the Soviets, who were “already draining the resources of Germany’s Eastern Zone . . . to despoil the rest of it as well.”55 As for internationalization of the Ruhr, he felt he could no longer “go on defending it” once it became clear that “Russia [would] use it as an argument for getting even further into Germany.”

Politburo member Lavrentiy Beria, master of the Soviet internal-security system, called him “the greatest idiot” he had ever seen, but Stalin found him a most useful one after the war’s end.82 Thanks to the treachery of British MI6 intelligence agent Kim Philby, the Soviets were also able to identify, and then capture or murder, most of eastern Germany’s Catholic wartime anti-Nazi—and anti-Communist—resistance leaders.83 So Stalin was well prepared for the present stalemate with the Americans, who had few natural allies in the east. What he was unprepared for was the role his own actions would play in hardening the hostilities between eastern and western Germany, making impossible the progressive unification under Communist leadership that he was now seeking.

While telling Ulbricht in early 1946 that he wanted Germany to be “democratic,” allowing approved non-Communist parties to participate, he also demanded a “purge of the state administration, public ownership of enterprises . . . expropriation of big landowners” and obedience to directives from Moscow.84 In April he forced a merger of the KPD and the Social Democratic SPD into the KPD-dominated Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands—SED). This only increased anti-Russian anger in Germany, where Berliners referred to Communists as “SEDisten”—Sadists.85 Facing a huge anti-Communist electoral turnout on October 20 of that year, particularly in Soviet-occupied East Berlin, Stalin now stiffened his opposition to Washington’s federalization proposals, which would have strengthened local control and weakened his own. And in the wake of the crushing defeat—the SED finishing third, with under 20 percent of the vote—he became ruthlessly pragmatic.


pages: 572 words: 134,335

The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class by Kees Van der Pijl

anti-communist, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, book value, Boycotts of Israel, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, collective bargaining, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, deskilling, diversified portfolio, European colonialism, floating exchange rates, full employment, imperial preference, Joseph Schumpeter, liberal capitalism, mass immigration, means of production, military-industrial complex, North Sea oil, plutocrats, profit maximization, RAND corporation, scientific management, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, trade liberalization, trade route, union organizing, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, War on Poverty

While AFL organizer Jay Lovestone recruited many of his agents from the former exiles around Socialist Commentary, the journal in its new set-up became the mouthpiece of the right-wing of the Labour Party and developed a close collaboration with the New Leader, an anti-Communist American magazine which from 1950 on was sponsored by the CIA. Flanders, who was in the United States studying the American trade-union movement, contributed anti-Communist articles to both publications, while Denis Healey, the future Labour minister became London correspondent for the New Leader in 1954.54 The TUC leadership not only played a critical role in splitting the WFTU, but also propagated the American methods of scientific management that its representatives had become fascinated by in the course of Washington-sponsored junkets.55 The ruling Labour Party, apart from playing a major part in shaping the institutional framework of Atlantic integration, complemented TUC activities on the European continent by supporting the pro-American split-offs in European Social Democratic parties.

Discussions with Moscow not only touched upon trade, but in a more general way pertained to the envisaged position of Russia in the open world projected by American post-war planners.75 Penetration and modification of Soviet conduct rather than confrontation was the key aspect of the universalism crystallizing at the peak of the Roosevelt offensive. Pioneer-spirited solidarity like Ambassador Joseph Davies’s proposal in the 1942 postscript to his Mission to Moscow to send American engineers to Russia here paved the way for long-term considerations of an apparently generous, but basically anti-communist nature. Sumner Welles in 1944 put the tremendous possibilities for trade with the Soviet Union in the perspective of a gradual abandoning by the Russians of ‘many of the more radical forms of political organization which time and experience have proved to be inefficient’.76 The Morgenthau Plan which envisioned the deindustrialization of Germany also had the aspect of depriving the USSR of German reparations, and thus driving it to seek American credits.

Displaying considerable boldness in this respect, CDU propaganda even claimed that its social doctrine went beyond Marxism.7 Meanwhile, the SPD, the most powerful party on the Left, allowed itself be incorporated in the Western occupation policy without claiming a share of power. Schumacher, its leader, was obstinate to both the Americans and the Russians. According to McCloy, he was ‘one of the most effective anti-Communists in Germany’, but in international affairs, his attitude according to Acheson was ‘just the same as if he were a Communist’.8 In the US zone, in line with the prevailing attitude in the United States, no Socialists were allowed in the government bodies created by the military authorities. Only in the British zone were German administrative organs allowed, and in 1946, the Socialist, Victor Agartz, was made the head of the economic council of the British zone after protests over the background of the initial incumbent, rayon magnate and International Chamber of Commerce stalwart, Abraham Frowein.9 Very much in the same vein as the German Christian Democrats, the Italian DC, which had been one among several parties of comparable strength in the Badoglio coalition, tried to outflank the Communists in terms of proposed social reforms.


Culture of Terrorism by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Bolshevik threat, Bretton Woods, Caribbean Basin Initiative, centre right, clean water, David Brooks, disinformation, failed state, Farzad Bazoft, guns versus butter model, land reform, Monroe Doctrine, risk tolerance, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, union organizing

Arms were sent to the contras through a shadowy network of CIA subsidiaries and “private” organizations controlled by U.S. ex-generals in close coordination with the White House.2 Notorious international terrorists were enlisted in the cause, for example, Luis Posada Carriles, a CIA-trained Cuban exile sprung from a Venezuelan prison where he was charged with planning the 1976 bombing of a Cubana airliner with 73 civilians killed, then taken to El Salvador to help organize the contra supply network from the U.S.-controlled Ilopango Air Base.3 The Reagan administration took over the World Anti-Communist League, a collection of Nazis who had been recruited by the U.S. as part of its global campaign against the anti-fascist resistance in the immediate post-World War II period, fanatic anti-Semites, death squad assassins, torturers and killers from around the world, backed by U.S. client states such as South Korea and Taiwan.

This organization was converted into an instrument of international terrorism from Mozambique to Nicaragua.4 Profits from U.S. arms sales to Iran via Israel with Saudi Arabian funding, undertaken for entirely different purposes to which we return, were diverted to the contras through Swiss banks, along with tens of millions of dollars from long-term clients such as Taiwan and Saudi Arabia, and targets of opportunity such as the Sultan of Brunei. In what the Far Eastern Economic Review describes as a particularly “remarkable case of arms diplomacy,” the U.S. succeeded in arranging a cooperative effort of China and Taiwan “to help the anti-Communist Nicaraguan resistance [sic],” in a November 1984 deal arranged by Oliver North whereby China shipped arms to the contras through Canadian arms dealers and Portugal, funded by Taiwan.5 The level of support developed through these state-private networks was so large that when $10 million solicited by the State Department from the Sultan was misplaced, the loss was not even noticed.

It may also be recalled that the previous state of grim suffering and death in Nicaragua, to which we must again reduce them, elicited scarcely a flicker of interest among the educated classes in the United States, just as the perpetuation of these circumstances in Honduras and elsewhere evokes no concern today. Rather, it was the effort to overcome the grim consequences of a century of U.S. dominance that aroused horror and indignation (concealed in the usual “anti-Communist” disguise), along with a dedicated commitment to restore Nicaragua to the “Central American mode,” in the approving words of the editors of the Washington Post, to which we return. Terrorist attacks on “soft targets” such as health clinics and schools serve obvious purposes. The perceived threat of the Sandinistas was that despite their meager resources and the horrifying conditions left by the final phase of the U.S.


pages: 627 words: 127,613

Transcending the Cold War: Summits, Statecraft, and the Dissolution of Bipolarity in Europe, 1970–1990 by Kristina Spohr, David Reynolds

anti-communist, bank run, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, computer age, conceptual framework, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, guns versus butter model, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, liberal capitalism, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Nixon shock, oil shock, open borders, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, shared worldview, Strategic Defense Initiative, Thomas L Friedman, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

Likewise, the Russians had a clear idea of the man with whom they were dealing in Washington. Anatoly Dobrynin, Soviet ambassador to the United States, warned his masters that Nixon’s transition from anti-communist stalwart to champion of accommodation was more apparent than real. In his view, Nixon was ‘petty and distrustful with a huge ego’. Moreover, Nixon continued to be motivated by his ‘long-standing anti-communist ideology’ and retained what Dobrynin called a ‘heightened suspiciousness…regarding the Soviet Union’s motives’.7 Neither side believed for a moment that the other might suddenly concede fundamental interests, thereby ending their competition.

DzD VI/1, doc. 167, 669–71. 2 Beijing, 1972 Yafeng Xia and Chris Tudda It seemed like fantasy. On 21 February 1972 President Richard Nixon stood up at a banquet in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, to toast the leaders of communist China. In his speech, broadcast around the world by satellite and shown live on morning television in America, the president—formerly an inveterate anti-communist—waxed eloquent and emotional. ‘What legacy shall we leave our children?’ he asked. ‘Are they destined to die for the hatreds which have plagued the old world, or are they destined to live because we had the vision to build a new world? There is no reason for us to be enemies. Neither of us seeks the territory of the other; neither of us seeks domination over the other; neither of us seeks to stretch out our hands and rule the world.’

Compared with what the summiteers hoped for, one would also have to say that the results of Moscow were modest. Nevertheless, the agreements signed in the Kremlin proved a significant benchmark for superpower relations over the subsequent two decades. Underlying Motivations Neither Nixon nor Brezhnev was a natural dove. In fact, Nixon had made his political name as an anti-communist crusader, rising to prominence in Congress on the back of his campaign to prove that Alger Hiss, a State Department official under suspicion of spying for the Soviet Union, had lied about his activities. Dwight D. Eisenhower selected Nixon as his running mate in the 1952 presidential election in order to reassure Republican conservatives.


pages: 392 words: 106,532

The Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis

Able Archer 83, American ideology, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, European colonialism, full employment, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, land reform, long peace, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Potemkin village, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Sinatra Doctrine, Strategic Defense Initiative

Nehru’s had to do with the United States and Pakistan. The British had granted India and Pakistan independence in 1947, and Nehru had hoped to keep the subcontinent they shared out of the Cold War. The Pakistanis, however—concerned about Indian ambitions—had sought support from the Americans by portraying themselves as tough anti-communists with a British-trained military who could provide bases along the sensitive southern border of the U.S.S.R. The contrast with Nehru—also British-trained, but socialist, pacifist, and determined not to take sides in the Cold War—could hardly have been greater. By the end of 1954, Pakistan had maneuvered its way into the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) and the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO), both designed by Secretary of State Dulles to surround the Soviet Union with American-sponsored military alliances.

Autonomy, in what might have seemed to be inhospitable circumstances, was becoming attainable. Tails were beginning to wag dogs. III. “NON-ALIGNMENT” was not the only weapon available to small powers seeking to expand their autonomy while living in the shadow of superpowers: so too was the possibility of collapse. There was no way that staunch anti-communists like Syngman Rhee in South Korea, Chiang Kai-shek on Taiwan, or Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam could plausibly threaten to defect to the other side (although Diem, desperate to hang on to power as the Americans were abandoning him in 1963, did implausibly attempt to open negotiations with the North Vietnamese).19 Nor could such dedicated anti-capitalists as Kim Il-sung in North Korea or Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam credibly raise the prospect of alignment with the United States.

After Ho Chi Minh’s victory over the French in 1954, they, together with the Americans, the British, the Russians, and the Chinese Communists, had agreed at Geneva that the country should be partitioned at the 17th parallel. Ho then established a communist state in the north, while the Americans took over the search for an anti-communist alternative in the south. They finally settled, in 1955, on Ngo Dinh Diem, an exile untainted by cooperation with France whose Catholicism, they expected, would make him a reliable ally. But Diem, like Rhee, was also an authoritarian, and by the beginning of the 1960s his South Vietnamese government had become an embarrassment to the Americans—and a target for renewed insurgency from North Vietnam.


pages: 615 words: 187,426

Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping by Roger Faligot

active measures, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business intelligence, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, illegal immigration, index card, information security, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, new economy, offshore financial centre, Pearl River Delta, Port of Oakland, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, South China Sea, special economic zone, stem cell, union organizing, young professional, éminence grise

Hong Kong: nest of spies The principles of “keeping a low profile” and “concealing your true abilities” had first been set in motion by the communist and other secret services half a century earlier, in the wake of the communist victory. British Special Branch was first set up in 1933 as an anti-communist squad within the Criminal Investigation Department of the then Hong Kong police, in charge of the anti-communist struggle. In 1949, alongside MI5 and under the direction of Peter Erwin, it developed into a political police force, charged with fighting Chinese communists.5 London realized that Mao, now in Beijing, had given up the idea of sending the PLA to invade Hong Kong when Marshal Lin Biao and his troops stopped 20 kilometres short of the Perfumed Harbour, red flag flying proudly in the breeze, weapons in hand.

Working day and night it took us only two days to complete the job.”32 Zhou and his comrades were right to act as they did. Gu Shunzhang immediately switched his allegiance to the services of Chen Lifu and Xu Enzeng, the master spies of the nationalist movement. In addition, he agreed to head up a special anti-communist section, and to author an instruction manual for the fight against the communist secret service. In the hours that followed, roundups made it clear that the magician really had revealed everything he knew about the underground organization of the CCP. In spite of all the precautions that the communists had taken, there were multiple arrests in different cities.

He remained a communist and was a commander during Mao’s Long March. Six months later, a report by the new French chief of police, Louis Fabre—Fiori finally having been removed from office for corruption and collusion with the Green Gang—brought news of Gu Shunzhang, who had become head of a special anti-communist brigade. The French report gave details of the Blue Shirts, the 3,000-strong paramilitary organization led by the Chen brothers, and revealed the organizational structure of their special services: 1. An intelligence service composed of: a) a military intelligence section (Wang Pai-ling); b) a secret intelligence service (Kou Chien-chung, Kuomintang Central Committee); 2.


The Chomsky Reader by Noam Chomsky

American ideology, anti-communist, Bolshevik threat, British Empire, business climate, cognitive dissonance, conceptual framework, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, European colonialism, feminist movement, Herman Kahn, Howard Zinn, interchangeable parts, land reform, land tenure, means of production, Monroe Doctrine, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, strikebreaker, theory of mind, Thomas L Friedman, union organizing, War on Poverty, zero-sum game, éminence grise

And it practically sorts out friends and foes by their role in maintaining an integrated global economy in which American capital can operate with relative freedom. Any nation’s attempt to extricate itself from the global marketplace is anathema and is labeled “Communist.” No fate is worse for the anti-Communist than a nation opting out of such a “Free World” market. Should a nation try to opt out, or take significant steps to control its own resources for the native population, the U.S. reaction is swift and savage. Chomsky shows the remarkably consistent means the United States uses to undercut such revolutionary regimes—or even a potential for them.

.… What the Russian autocrats and their supporters fear most is that the success of libertarian Socialism in Spain might prove to their blind followers that the much vaunted “necessity of a dictatorship” is nothing but one vast fraud which in Russia has led to the despotism of Stalin and is to serve today in Spain to help the counterrevolution to a victory over the revolution of the workers and peasants. After decades of anti-Communist indoctrination, it is difficult to achieve a perspective that makes possible a serious evaluation of the extent to which Bolshevism and Western liberalism have been united in their opposition to popular revolution. However, I do not think that one can comprehend the events in Spain without attaining this perspective.

“Some kind of regional association … among the non-Communist countries of Asia might become an important means of developing a favorable atmosphere for such trade among themselves and with other parts of the world.” As John Dower, among others, has emphasized, “The United States has never intended to carry the burden of anti-Communist and anti-Chinese consolidation alone. It has always seen the end goal as a quasi-dependent Asian regionalism.” The Pentagon Papers enrich the available documentation on this matter in a rather interesting way. Continuing with NSC 48/1, it is recommended that under certain restrictions trade with Communist China should be permitted, for the health of the Japanese and American economies.


pages: 1,150 words: 338,839

The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made by Walter Isaacson, Evan Thomas

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, Charles Lindbergh, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cuban missile crisis, George Santayana, guns versus butter model, kremlinology, land reform, liberal world order, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, old-boy network, Ronald Reagan, Steve Jobs, Suez crisis 1956, Ted Sorensen, uranium enrichment, éminence grise

After passing the Senate on a close vote, the measure went to the House, where even more anti-Communist rhetoric proved necessary. “The economic arguments,” explained Congressman Christian Herter, a respected Republican internationalist from Massachusetts, “are on the whole much less convincing than the feeling that the loan may serve us in holding up the hand of a nation whom we may need badly because of impending Russian troubles.” Added Speaker Sam Rayburn, a Texas Democrat: “I do not want Western Europe, England and all the rest pushed toward an ideology I despise.” Acheson concluded that the anti-Communist rhetoric was necessary to win support for the British package.

The creed of Soviet containment that they formulated reflected their instinct for the pragmatic center. On one side were the liberal visionaries who believed that the Grand Alliance that had won the war could work together to preserve the peace if only Washington would make concessions to Stalin’s legitimate security needs. On the other side were the fanatic anti-Communists who viewed the coming East-West showdown as a holy war. Having seen firsthand the reality of the Soviet system, Harriman and Kennan and Bohlen came to believe that it was dangerous to put much faith in postwar cooperation, and they soon persuaded Acheson, McCloy, and others. Yet as pragmatic men, they were not primarily worried about Marxism or Communist ideology; far from being McCarthyites, they became some of the prime targets of the Redbaiting scares.

Among the first eight officers chosen for his program were Bohlen and Kennan. Bohlen, not surprisingly, chose to pursue his Soviet studies in Paris, at the École Nationale. The emphasis there was on language, history, and culture. Facts about the Soviet government or its Communist ideology, Bohlen recalled, “came from books, almost all anti-communist, that we were supposed to read on our own time.’ With little apparent effort, he consistently ranked at the top of his class. With the depressed French currency, life in Paris was easy at first. Bohlen and his Harvard friend Edward Page (later a member of the Moscow embassy staff) lived in a luxurious apartment on the Rue de Lille, ate in the finest restaurants, and “enjoyed all that Paris offers young bachelors.”


Rethinking Camelot by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, cuban missile crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, Howard Zinn, land reform, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Norman Mailer, Paul Samuelson, Ronald Reagan

To select an example at random, after Indonesia committed the error of carrying out a massacre in front of TV cameras and brutally beating two US journalists in Dili, East Timor, in November 1991, the editors of the Washington Post, to their credit, suggested that the US “should be able to bring its influence to bear on this issue,” noting that for 16 years Washington had been supporting an Indonesian invasion and forced annexation that had killed “up to a third of the population.” The reasons, the Post explained, is that “the American government was in the throes of its Vietnam agony, unprepared to exert itself for a cause” that could harm relations “with its sturdy anti-Communist ally in Jakarta. But that was then. Today, with the East-West conflict gone, almost everyone is readier to consider legitimate calls for self-determination.”18 The relation of Indonesia’s invasion to the East-West conflict was a flat zero. Unexplained is why, in the throes of its Vietnam agony, the US found it necessary to increase the flow of weapons to its Indonesian client at the time of the 1975 invasion, and to render the UN “utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook” to counter the aggression, as UN Ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan proudly described his success in following State Department orders.

The assault that followed left three countries utterly devastated with millions dead, untold numbers of maimed, widows and orphans, children being killed to this day by unexploded bombs, deformed fetuses in hospitals in the South—not the North, spared the particular atrocity of chemical warfare—and a record of criminal savagery that would fill many a docket, by the standards of Nuremberg. By 1967, the bitterly anti-Communist French military historian and Indochina specialist Bernard Fall warned that “Vietnam as a cultural and historic entity...is threatened with extinction...[as]...the countryside literally dies under the blows of the largest military machine ever unleashed on an area of this size.” After the January 1968 Tet Offensive, the onslaught became even more violent, along with “secret bombing” of Laos and later Cambodia that added hundreds of thousands of additional casualties—“secret,” because the media refused to find out what was happening, or to make public what they knew.

Theodore Sorenson traces RFK’s first break with Johnson policy to February 1966, when RFK called for a negotiated settlement (but not withdrawal, never an option).16 The basic reasoning behind the war was indicated years later by McGeorge Bundy. In retrospect, he felt that “our effort” in Vietnam was “excessive” after October 1965, when “a new anti-communist government took power in Indonesia and destroyed the communist party,” incidentally, slaughtering several hundred thousand peasants and securing Indonesia’s riches for foreign corporations. As Bundy now recognized, with Vietnam already in ruins and Indonesia protected against infection, it may have been “excessive” to continue to demolish Indochina at inordinate cost to ourselves.


pages: 1,509 words: 416,377

Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty by Bradley K. Martin

anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, Dr. Strangelove, failed state, Ford Model T, four colour theorem, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, illegal immigration, informal economy, kremlinology, land reform, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Neil Armstrong, Potemkin village, profit motive, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , special economic zone, stakhanovite, two and twenty, UNCLOS, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Everything was lost except the underwear we had on. Probably it was a villager, one of those people who were calling us anti-communists. After our property was set on fire, Mother kept demanding an investigation. The Central Party said she was crazy and put her in a mental hospital when I was seven, in 1976. For three years she stayed there while my brother and I dined only on small rations. I had eyesight problems. I couldn’t see. I couldn’t attend the elementary school because schoolmates would call me anti-communist and teachers would hit me. My brother taught me a little. But if anyone had offered us help, that person would have gotten in trouble.

As the decade of the 1920s neared its end, Kim was a junior founding member of a communist youth group. He wrote later that the league’s charter members, meeting secretly in the cellar of a shrine in Jilin’s Beishan Park, “sang the Internationale side by side.”81 During that period he directly involved himself in pro-Soviet activity. Anti-communist Chinese warlords angered Moscow by seizing Manchurian rail-ways that had been under joint Chinese and Soviet management. Kim and his friends distributed handbills supporting the Soviet position. “Some politically ignorant young Chinese gave us a wide berth, vilifying us as evil people who were helping the ‘trespassers,’” Kim recalled.

Collaborating with the Americans this time, they had reduced the South Korean people to a ragged and hungry population of slaves, he charged in a June 1946 speech.65 In another speech in August 1946, he referred to right-wing Southern leaders as pro-Japanese, reactionary country-sellers who put patriots in prison while kisaeng houses increased in number daily66 Often during this period Kim spoke of the need to expand his provisional government into a Korea-wide “democratic people’s republic,” which he defined as a leftist regime, different from the capitalist-parliamentary model seen in the South.67 Once rid of the anti-communist, and to his mind unpatriotic, leaders in the South and their American protectors, Korea must be reunited. Expanding his rule to cover the entire peninsula was to remain Kim’s unchanging goal, second only to consolidating and maintaining power in the North, until the final days of the long life and career of this supremely determined and stubborn man.


The Basque History of the World by Mark Kurlansky

anti-communist, borderless world, Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Bilbao, joint-stock company, open economy, spice trade, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

Then salvation came to Franco from unexpected places such as Prague, taken over by a Communist coup in 1948. The world was being divided into Communists and anti-Communists, and Franco was a long-standing anti-Communist—one of his few consistencies. The two Germanies declared separate capitals in 1949. In June 1950, the United States went to war in Korea. Two months after the Korean War began, the U.S. Congress authorized $62 million in credit for Franco’s anti-Communist Spain. The following year France removed the diplomatic status of the Basque government office in Paris, expelling Basques from the city they had helped liberate and turning the building, near the Eiffel Tower, back into the Spanish Embassy.

The rest was being shipped abroad, 65 or 75 percent to British steel mills, which was contrary to Foral tradition. For centuries the Fueros had regulated iron mining as Basqueland’s most valuable resource, forbidding the exploitation of Vizcayan iron by non-Basques. The Carlists were vehement anti-Communists, but they were among the first to speak out against the mistreatment of industrial workers. V. Manterola wrote in his Carlist newspaper, La Reconquista, “The factory worker is a virtual slave, turned into a machine by Liberalism, good only to produce, but without regard for his morale.” IN 1869, THE Spanish government instituted secular marriage.

The only developmental assistance was for roads, port facilities, and ancillary defense industries that the Americans would need to operate. They did give military equipment, but only used and dated leftovers from World War II and the Korean War. But the pacts were of enormous symbolic importance. The Basques were stunned by the betrayal. Aguirre, himself a passionate anti-Communist, accepted the Cold War logic that the United States feared an unstable Spain, but he complained that the move was a “weakening of moral force in the fight against totalitarianism.” Other Basques, however, especially younger ones, were furious. Xabier Arzalluz, today the most powerful Basque politician, was a young law student in Zaragoza at the time.


Turning the Tide by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Bolshevik threat, British Empire, collective bargaining, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cuban missile crisis, declining real wages, disinformation, failed state, feminist movement, guns versus butter model, Howard Zinn, land reform, launch on warning, means of production, Monroe Doctrine, Paul Samuelson, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Strategic Defense Initiative, union organizing

The reason is that democracies may tend to be responsive to popular needs, while “the United States has been concerned with fostering the most favourable conditions for her private overseas investment”:95 ...United States concern for representative democracy in Latin America is a facet of her anti-communist policy. There has been no serious question of her intervening in the case of the many right-wing military coups, from which, of course, this policy generally has benefited. It is only when her own concept of democracy, closely identified with private, capitalistic enterprise, is threatened by communism [or to be more accurate, by independent development, whether capitalist, socialist, or whatever] that she has felt impelled to demand collective action to defend it.

Furthermore, polio and malaria have been eliminated, and the causes of death have shifted from those associated with underdevelopment (diseases of early infancy, etc.) to those of the developed world (congenital abnormalities, diabetes, etc.).98 These are the crimes for which Cuba must pay dearly; the real ones are of little interest to policy makers, except for their propaganda effect. As for the NLF in South Vietnam, its crime was explained ruefully by the bitterly anti-Communist journalist Denis Warner: “in hundreds of villages all over South-East Asia the only people working at the grass roots for an uplift in people’s living standards are the Communists,”99 the reason for the popular support that forced the US to resort to violence and to undermine any political settlement.

Here, as elsewhere, the US “wanted stability, benefited from the on-going system, and was therefore content to work with the military-oligarchy complex that ruled most of Central America from the 1820s to the 1980s.”27 Historian Thomas Anderson comments that “the whole political labyrinth of El Salvador can be explained only in reference to the traumatic experience of the uprising and the matanza,” while Jeane Kirkpatrick assures us that “To many Salvadorans the violence of this repression seems less important than the fact of restored order and the thirteen years of civil peace that ensued,” an accurate rendition of the views of those Salvadorans who count.28 No problems arose in one of the world’s most miserable countries until 1960, when a junior officer’s coup established a “moderately leftist government [that] lasted for only a few weeks before other officers, responding to pressures from the oligarchy and the United States, staged a countercoup,” a foretaste of what was to come 20 years later. The US Embassy urged support for the military regime, stating that the internal security forces “are behind the present government, are strongly anti-Communist, and constitute major force for stability and orderly political and economic development.” Their rule was necessitated by “subversive anti-government activities” such as “underground propaganda,” the Embassy explained, offering an insight into the concept of “subversion” as understood by the Kennedy liberals.


pages: 872 words: 259,208

A History of Modern Britain by Andrew Marr

air freight, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, battle of ideas, Beeching cuts, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bletchley Park, Bob Geldof, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Brixton riot, clean water, collective bargaining, computer age, congestion charging, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Etonian, falling living standards, fear of failure, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial independence, floating exchange rates, full employment, gentleman farmer, Herbert Marcuse, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Kickstarter, liberal capitalism, Live Aid, loadsamoney, market design, mass immigration, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, millennium bug, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, new economy, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, open borders, out of africa, Parkinson's law, Piper Alpha, post-war consensus, Red Clydeside, reserve currency, Right to Buy, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, upwardly mobile, Winter of Discontent, working poor, Yom Kippur War

Orphaned at eight, ‘Ernie’ began as a Somerset labourer and worked his way up to become the organizer of dockworkers, until in 1921 he helped merge those men into the new Transport and General Workers’ Union. A powerful figure in the General Strike, he ran the union until he was brought into the Churchill cabinet in 1940, a parliamentary seat being hurriedly found for him in Wandsworth. As the most powerful trade union leader of the inter-war years, Bevin was a passionate anti-Communist and a patriot who believed ‘my boys’ in the T & G were the very best of Britain. In the wartime government he had almost dictatorial powers to direct workers into factories, mines and fields. If total war consisted in gathering together a country’s total human and physical resources and then directing them at the enemy, Bevin was the Great Director.

It was not only the huge state bureaucracy still interfering in so much daily life, controlling everything from how long you could turn your heater on, to what plays you could see and whether or not you could leave the country. It was not the 25,000 regulations and orders never seen in peacetime before, administered by a government which though anti-Communist, still urged people to learn from the ‘colossal’ industrial achievements of Soviet Communism.25 It was not the smashed and broken homes. It was not even all those war dead – for this war had involved far fewer soldiers than the First World War, and far fewer dead – 256,000 as against nearly a million, as well as the 60,000 British civilians who had died in air-raids.

There was also fear – the clear evidence that delaying independence would result in mass and probably uncontrollable protest. Attlee wanted a united, independent India, Muslims and Hindus in one vast state connected by trade and military agreement with Britain. Apart from anything else, he believed this would function as a major anti-communist bulwark in Asia, at just the time when the Russians were looking south and China was in revolutionary turmoil. Attlee would get some of what he wanted, but not all. Sir Stafford Cripps led the first Labour delegation to post-war India but it was not socialist politicians who negotiated the end of British control in India.


pages: 589 words: 197,971

A Fiery Peace in a Cold War: Bernard Schriever and the Ultimate Weapon by Neil Sheehan

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, European colonialism, it's over 9,000, John von Neumann, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, Norman Macrae, nuclear winter, operation paperclip, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, social contagion, undersea cable, uranium enrichment

Copies were sent to U.S. diplomatic missions around the world and distributed among the leadership in Washington. James Forrestal, the fiercely anti-Communist secretary of the Navy, soon to become the nation’s first secretary of defense with the creation of the Defense Department under the National Security Act of 1947, had hundreds of copies made for circulation within the Navy and, according to an acquaintance, “sent it all over town.” It was also leaked to the press to prepare the public for a change, the American people having heard little during the war years except praise for their gallant Soviet ally. Time, the magazine of another fervent anti-Communist, Henry Luce, carried a full-page article illustrated by a map entitled “Communist Contagion.”

Short of now going to war with the Soviet Union to wrest Eastern Europe from Stalin, the most that could be done was to try to mitigate his treatment of its peoples. Roosevelt believed that reason and restraint worked best with Stalin. His scrappy successor had a different attitude. Truman was, to begin with, much more militantly anti-Communist. The day after Hitler invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Truman, then a senator from Missouri, had advocated keeping both German and Russian blood flowing: “If we see that Germany is winning we ought to help Russia, and if Russia is winning we ought to help Germany, and that way let them kill as many as possible, although I don’t want to see Hitler victorious under any circumstances.

Then there were the grateful Berliners, men and women, unloading the sacks of coal and crates of foodstuffs alongside the American and British and French soldiers who had not long ago been their enemies, and the films of the children cheering and waving at the pilots who tossed them candy. It was heady and emotional and more powerful anti-Communist propaganda than anyone in Washington could have imagined. The blockade and the airlift turned many who were undecided among the peoples of Europe against the Soviets and propelled the nations of Western Europe and Britain and the United States toward closer cooperation. The Russians were laying siege to a city and attempting to conquer it with the weapons of starvation and cold, but the American and British airmen were defeating them by keeping the people of this beleaguered Berlin warm and well fed.


pages: 736 words: 233,366

Roller-Coaster: Europe, 1950-2017 by Ian Kershaw

airport security, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, British Empire, business cycle, centre right, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, Exxon Valdez, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, feminist movement, first-past-the-post, fixed income, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, income inequality, Jeremy Corbyn, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, labour market flexibility, land reform, late capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, liberation theology, low interest rates, low skilled workers, mass immigration, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open borders, post-war consensus, precariat, price stability, public intellectual, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Sinatra Doctrine, Suez crisis 1956, The Chicago School, trade liberalization, union organizing, upwardly mobile, washing machines reduced drudgery, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, young professional

Although a return to pluralist politics soon followed, the influence of the military lurked as a constant threat and a second, more right-wing, strongly anti-communist coup followed a decade later. Despite its doubtful democratic credentials, Turkey’s strategic position ensured strong American backing. Like Turkey, Greece – deeply polarized and poverty-stricken – had a pivotal position in NATO’s Cold War defence strategy. Greece was heavily dependent upon extensive American aid, while the CIA gave support to the strongly anti-communist military and security services. The complex internal politics of the country were strongly influenced by the deep split between the socialist left (the Communist Party had meanwhile been banned) and the conservative right, the historic enmities with Turkey (though relations improved somewhat during the 1950s) and continued tension in the British colony of Cyprus, where the majority of the population favoured union with Greece while the Turkish minority wanted partition.

Given the levels of anti-Americanism prevalent within parts of the European left, most notably in France, the efforts were not without success. The United States countered with its own propaganda initiatives. In terms of intellectual influence, the most important was the Congress for Cultural Freedom, set up in June 1950 and soon disseminating anti-communist views throughout Western Europe. The Congress, secretly funded by the CIA, was backed by a number of leading anti-communist intellectuals. They included the philosophers Bertrand Russell, Benedetto Croce, Karl Jaspers and A. J. Ayer, Arthur Koestler (famous for his brilliant anti-Soviet novel Darkness at Noon, published in 1940), the distinguished French political writer Raymond Aron and the Oxford historian Hugh Trevor-Roper.

The Korean peninsula was then divided more or less in half at a demarcation line on the 38th parallel by an agreement between the Americans and Soviets to split the administration of the country temporarily. By 1948 expectations of a reunited Korea had disappeared. The division congealed into a communist republic in the north, effectively a Soviet satellite and seen by Moscow as part of the Soviet sphere of influence, and a vehemently anti-communist republic in the south, dominated by American interests. But the victory of communism in China in September 1949, after more than two decades of bitter civil war with Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists (which had run alongside the immensely bloody war against the Japanese invaders between 1937 and 1945), had left the Korean peninsula exposed.


pages: 400 words: 121,708

1983: Reagan, Andropov, and a World on the Brink by Taylor Downing

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, Herman Kahn, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, kremlinology, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, nuclear paranoia, nuclear winter, RAND corporation, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Seymour Hersh, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, Yom Kippur War

None of his films in these years was a box office success, and one of them has been listed among the fifty worst of all time.7 In 1948 he and Wyman divorced–she sued him on the grounds of mental cruelty for not taking her views and thoughts seriously. All of this pushed him to take on a more political role. He became well known as an anti-communist crusader and devoted more time to the Screen Actors Guild. When in 1952 he married Nancy Davis, this seemed to encourage the trajectory. She had been an aspiring actress when they met but now devoted herself to supporting her husband and pushing him to be ever more ambitious. It was the part of dutiful and adoring wife that she now wanted to play, and she continued in this role, creating a truly close and loving relationship with her spouse, for the rest of her life.

The constant shrinkage of economic growth combined with the growth of military production is putting a heavy strain on the Soviet people.’ Reagan was confident that the socialist system faced collapse and that the ‘march of freedom and democracy’ would ‘leave Marxism-Leninism on the ash-heap of history’.27 Of course, not everyone went along with Reagan’s anti-communist crusade. In the mid-term elections in November 1982 the Democrats captured twenty-six seats in the House of Representatives, threatening the Republican majority. By early 1983 Reagan’s opponents were still fiercely fighting the budget cuts that were necessary to fund the huge increase in defence spending.

For Reagan and for many Americans, the issue of these Christians and their desire to leave the Soviet Union was of fundamental importance. The fate of individuals was a vital part of political discourse. To the Soviet leadership, looking at a President who had spent much of his life mounting an anti-communist crusade and whose ideology was deeply opposed to theirs, it was an irrelevance. Shultz later placed great importance on this meeting. But its significance lay only in the long term. In the short term it completely failed to provide Reagan with any deeper understanding of his adversary, or any greater grasp of how the Kremlin leaders were responding to his own anti-Soviet rhetoric.


pages: 240 words: 74,182

This Is Not Propaganda: Adventures in the War Against Reality by Peter Pomerantsev

4chan, active measures, anti-communist, Bellingcat, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, citizen journalism, data science, Day of the Dead, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, Etonian, European colonialism, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, illegal immigration, mass immigration, mega-rich, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, post-truth, side hustle, Skype, South China Sea

This sort of activity led Freedom House, a Washington-based organisation that rates press freedom, to downgrade the US’s standings in 2017: ‘Fake news and aggressive trolling of journalists … contributed to a score decline in the United States’ otherwise generally free environment.’ Freedom House was created in 1941 as a tool with which to fight totalitarian regimes. It advocated for Soviet dissidents in the Cold War. Now it increasingly focuses on abuses of freedom inside the US (not for the first time: in the 1950s Freedom House also fought publicly against the anti-Communist witch-hunts of US Senator Joseph McCarthy). Having established a scale of attribution, François began poring over legal documents. States had a legal obligation, enshrined in their UN commitments, to protect their citizens’ fundamental rights. There was certainly nothing that defended a state’s ‘right’ to use automated and fake personas to drown out, threaten and demean its critics.

The students take copious notes, which they keep breaking away from as Srdja cracks another joke and they double up with laughter. Srdja will often start his workshops with something seemingly light, like laughtivism: the use of humorous stunts in revolutionary campaigns. He might mention, for example, how Polish anti-Communist activists in the 1980s would go out on the streets with wheelbarrows filled with televisions during the Soviet news hour to express their rejection of state media. Laughtivism, explains Srdja, fulfils a double role. The first is psychological: laughter removes the aura of impenetrability around an authoritarian leader.

Pavlovsky’s agency, the Fund for Effective Politics, went about smearing the opposition Communist Party in an early echo of today’s ‘fake news’ and ‘sock puppets’. Pavlovsky created posters that purported to be from the Communist Party and which claimed they would nationalise people’s homes. He filmed actors posing as Communist Party members angrily burning anti-Communist pamphlets. He hired astrologers who would go on TV and predict that electing the Communists would lead to nightmare scenarios – even war with Ukraine. Yelstin won an unlikely victory. Pavlovsky had conjured up a new notion of ‘the majority’, but as this was no more than an emotional trick with little political content it fell apart soon afterwards, and work immediately began on a new one.


pages: 236 words: 77,546

The Cult of Smart: How Our Broken Education System Perpetuates Social Injustice by Fredrik Deboer

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, assortative mating, basic income, Bernie Sanders, collective bargaining, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, fiat currency, Flynn Effect, full employment, gentrification, Great Leap Forward, helicopter parent, income inequality, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, liberal capitalism, longitudinal study, meta-analysis, new economy, New Urbanism, obamacare, Own Your Own Home, phenotype, positional goods, profit motive, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Richard Florida, school choice, Scientific racism, selection bias, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, Steven Pinker, survivorship bias, trade route, twin studies, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, winner-take-all economy, young professional, zero-sum game

My parents were radicals, unapologetic leftists who infused our household with radical ideals and revolutionary symbols. My father had been a red diaper baby. His father, who died long before I was born, had been an avowed socialist professor and an explicit target of the Broyles Bills, a set of proto-McCarthyite anti-communist legislation in Illinois. His mother was a fierce activist and champion of civil rights and civil liberties. She won a lifetime achievement award from the state ACLU, and in the speech given on her behalf, she was said to have a habit of “slipping the knife in so gently.” My mother was a local environmental activist and champion of public schools; the local arboretum was renamed in her honor after she fought to save it, and a tree still stands with her name at my old elementary school.

Following the election of Donald Trump, the DSA saw a huge surge in membership, with thousands of people, most of them under 30, paying dues and joining their local DSA affiliates. To me, this evoked complicated feelings. I was raised to distrust DSA; the organization, after all, was founded by Michael Harrington to be an explicitly anti-communist socialist organization. In my youth DSA was the group that was forever policing the boundaries of the left, trying to pull radicals back from the fringe, moderating our policy ambitions, and forever denouncing enemies of American foreign policy as dictators or terrorists. But after 2016 I came to realize quickly that this new DSA not only didn’t share these tendencies, but they didn’t know that they were ever a part of the organization.

See postsecondary education Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) Afghanistan, U.S. invasion of afterschool programs Alexander, Scott Alter, Jonathan alternative charter schools. See also charter schools alt-right American dream. See also “good life,” the Annie E. Casey Foundation anti-capitalist thinking anti-communist legislation anti-democratic rule anti–Iraq War movement anti-poverty programs anti–Vietnam War movement Asian Americans athletic ability automation Baby Boom bachelor’s degree backfill Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother (Chua) behavioral genetics and combating pseudoscience and denial of race science and equal opportunity and heritability of intelligence and individual versus group differences and phrenology Three Laws of Behavioral Genetics unshared environment being a person under socialism benchmarks and criterion referencing and No Child Left Behind and “no excuses” model of education Bergmann, Linda bias selection bias survivorship bias Big Ten schools Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Common Core influence of Bill of Rights Black Death “blame public schools” school of thought “blame the teachers first” school of thought and education reform movement and meritocracy and standardization Blank Slate, The (Pinker) blank-slate philosophy of education and absolute learning and behaviorism cruelty of and Dewey, John and equality of opportunity and matching schools to students and relative learning and tracking Booker, Cory Breitbart Brookings Institution Brown v.


pages: 474 words: 130,575

Surveillance Valley: The Rise of the Military-Digital Complex by Yasha Levine

23andMe, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Adam Curtis, Airbnb, AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, Anne Wojcicki, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, Boston Dynamics, British Empire, Californian Ideology, call centre, Charles Babbage, Chelsea Manning, cloud computing, collaborative editing, colonial rule, company town, computer age, computerized markets, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, digital map, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, dual-use technology, Edward Snowden, El Camino Real, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Elon Musk, end-to-end encryption, fake news, fault tolerance, gentrification, George Gilder, ghettoisation, global village, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Google Hangouts, Greyball, Hacker Conference 1984, Howard Zinn, hypertext link, IBM and the Holocaust, index card, Jacob Appelbaum, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Gilmore, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Laura Poitras, life extension, Lyft, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Mitch Kapor, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, Norbert Wiener, off-the-grid, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), packet switching, PageRank, Paul Buchheit, peer-to-peer, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, plutocrats, private military company, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Ross Ulbricht, Satoshi Nakamoto, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, slashdot, Snapchat, Snow Crash, SoftBank, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Susan Wojcicki, Telecommunications Act of 1996, telepresence, telepresence robot, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Hackers Conference, Tony Fadell, uber lyft, vertical integration, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, WikiLeaks

Ralph McGehee, a former CIA agent who wrote about his experiences in Deadly Deceits, described this effort as more than just rolling back Soviet influence in specific countries. It was an attempt to fight ideas with ideas. “Within the Agency the international organizations division was coordinating an extensive propaganda effort aimed at developing an international anti-communist ideology.” Ralph W. McGehee, Deadly Deceits: My 25 Years in the CIA (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1983). 37. Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974); Gene Sosin, Sparks of Liberty: An Insider’s Memoir of Radio Liberty (University Park: Penn State University Press, 1999).

Sun-Myung Moon’s Unification Church, and the Central Intelligence Agency (SAC, San Francisco, “Memorandum to Director, FBI, Subject: Moon Sun-Myung, IS—Korea,” October 6, 1975, https://surveillancevalley.com/content/citations/moon-sun-myung-fbi-6-october-1975.pdf). Through the 1960s, Radio Free Asia served as a psychological operations component of the Vietnam War. According to the FBI, it “produced anti-communist programs in Washington and beamed them into China, North Korea and North Vietnam” (Scott Armstrong and Charles R. Babcock, “Ex-Director Informs on KCIA Action,” Washington Post, May 6, 1977). It enjoyed high-level support from within the first Nixon administration and even featured Congressman Gerald Ford on its board (Robert Parry, “Dark Side of Rev.

See race Agent Orange, 14–15 Air Force, US: Social Radar initiative, 189–190 Algeria: Arab Spring, 248 Allo app, 258 al-Qaeda, 142, 199, 265 Amazon CIA as client for, 180 monitoring and profiling individuals, 169–170 Signal app data, 265 American Airlines, 81–82 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 245 American Institutes for Research (AIR), 29–30 Angry Birds, 169 anonymous communication. See Tor/Tor Project Anonymous movement, 212 ANS CO+RE Systems, 122 ANSNET, 122 Anthropometric Survey of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, 53–54 anticipatory intelligence, 189–190 anti-communist activities and sentiment covert government initiatives, 23–24 Radio Free Asia, 254–255 Simulmatics Corporation work, 65–66 Stewart Brand, 107–108 tabulating racial data on immigrants, 55–56 William Godel’s counterinsurgency efforts, 22 See also Cold War antisurveillance movement. See privacy AOL, 154–156 Appelbaum, Jacob background, 239–242 Julian Assange and WikiLeaks, 242–245, 247 Moxie Marlinspike’s Signal, 257 privacy movement, 245–247 32C3, 221–222 Tor encryption, 260 training Arab Spring protesters in social media use, 250 training political activists around the world, 251–253 Apple “1984” ad, 115–116 personal computers, 124–126 Signal data, 265 Arab Spring protests, 247–251, 254 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) anthropomorphic data on Thais, 53–54 anti-communist operations, 23–24 Brand’s advocacy for, 105–106 collaborative computer technology for civilian use, 57–59 Command and Control Research program, 48–51 communications technology research, 35–37 computer and networking technology development for counterinsurgency, 51–59 creation and objectives of, 16–18 cybernetics, 111–112 defoliation in Vietnam, 15 history of NSA involvement, 191 Nicholas Negroponte, 130 Project Agile, 13–15, 24, 27, 31–33, 52, 65–66, 145 Project Camelot, 67–68, 160 psychological warfare programs, 28–31 Stanford Industrial Park presence, 145 student protests against, 69–71 surveillance systems in Vietnam, 24–25 Tunney’s congressional investigation of domestic surveillance, 90–93 See also ARPANET ARPANET ARPA and communes, 111–112 as tool of repression, 8 Cambridge Project, 68 connecting the network, 59–62 early Internet development, 6–7 exposé on domestic data files, 87–90 Godel’s counterinsurgency operations, 21 government spying on civilians, 187–188 Larry Page’s connection, 144 privatization of the technology, 117–121 routing system protocol design, 93–97 spying on Americans with, 73–75 student protests targeting, 62–64 Tunney hearings on domestic surveillance, 90–93 Ars Technica, 196–197 art galleries, crypto culture and, 210–211 artificial intelligence (AI), cybernetics and, 47 Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford University, 104–107 artillery, 38–39 Assange, Julian, 220–222, 242–247 Atlantic Monthly, 82–84 Atlantis, 261 Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 109 Augmentation Research Center, 50–51, 112 backbone of the Internet, 119–123, 127, 191–192 backdoor hacks: Tor Project, 223 BackRub, 149 Bamford, James, 238 Baran, Paul, 61 Barlow, Perry, 228 Bechtolsheim, Andy, 151 Beck, Glenn, 199 Bell Labs, 145 Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 248 Beria, Lavrentiy, 37 Berman, Ken, 228–230, 246–247 Bezos, Jeff, 169–170, 180 Bitcoin, 201–202, 205 Blue, Violet, 240 Blue Origin missile company, 180 Bolt, Beranek and Newman, 92–93, 191 Brand, Stewart, 101(quote), 104–116, 131–132, 134, 137, 152 Brantingham, Jeffrey, 165–168 Brautigan, Richard, 112, 183–184 Brin, Sergey, 5, 139–140, 139(quote), 140–141, 147–153, 157, 163–164, 173–175, 208 Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) China’s censorship of radio and Internet, 234–236 Cold War origins of, 231–233 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 254 Internet Freedom policies and digital weapons, 234–236 Jacob Appelbaum and, 241–242 Radio Free Asia, 258 Russian Deployment Plan, 236–239 Tor, WikiLeaks, and US Intelligence, 245–247 Tor Project funding, 222–224, 228–230, 236 Burton, Fred, 182 Bush, George W., 141–142, 193 Cambridge Project, 63–65, 68, 90, 130, 160–161 Carnegie Mellon University, 147, 263–264 censorship China’s censorship of CIA radio propaganda and Internet, 234–236 Russian Deployment Plan, 236–239 Tor Project as weapon against Internet censorship, 236–239 training Arab Spring protesters in social media use, 250 US foreign policy targeting China’s Internet censorship, 234–236 Census, US, 54–55 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) anti-terrorist activities, 142 ARPA’s Command and Control, 49–50 as Amazon client, 180 congressional hearings on domestic surveillance, 91–92 congressional investigations of radio networks, 233 counterinsurgency in North Vietnam and Laos, 21 covert communication, 224–225 exposé on domestic surveillance, 89 Godel’s work with, 19 Google’s involvement with, 5 hacking tools targeting smartphones, 265–266 Internet Freedom weapons, 235 Keyhole Incorporated, 174–176 LSD study, 108 Oakland’s DAC, 3–4 open source intelligence, 188–189 origins of the BBG, 231–233 predictive policing, 167 protesters targeting the Cambridge Project, 69–70 Radio Free Asia, 234, 254–255 Snowden’s employment, 197–198 spying on Americans with ARPANET, 73–75 Tor Project funding, 230 Cerf, Vint, 93–96, 120–121, 176 Chen, Adrian, 201 child pornography network, 205, 262 Chile: Project Camelot, 67–68 China anti-censorship activities, 234–239 CIA propaganda targeting, 232–234 using Tor anonymity in, 205 Chomsky, Noam, 71 Ciabattari, Scott, 179 civil rights activists, 8, 76–78, 187 Clapper, James R., 193 Clinton, Bill, 127 cloud computing: Google penetration into the private sector, 178–179 Cohen, Jared, 181 Cold War anti-communist operations, 23–24 CIA radio propaganda, 232–233 origins of the BBG, 231–233 Combat Development and Test Center, 24–25, 53 Command and Control Research program (ARPA), 15, 48–51, 53, 59, 64–65 communes, 109–112 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (1994), 227–228 communications technology.


Year 501 by Noam Chomsky

air traffic controllers' union, anti-communist, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, Bolshevik threat, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, Caribbean Basin Initiative, classic study, colonial rule, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, declining real wages, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, European colonialism, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Howard Zinn, invisible hand, land reform, land tenure, long peace, mass incarceration, means of production, Monroe Doctrine, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, non-tariff barriers, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, price stability, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Simon Kuznets, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, trickle-down economics, union organizing, War on Poverty, working poor

The regular channel for the State Department, Reston admonished Americans not to let the bad news in Vietnam displace “the more hopeful developments in Asia,” primary among them being “the savage transformation of Indonesia from a pro-Chinese policy under Sukarno to a defiantly anti-Communist policy under General Suharto”: Washington is being careful not to claim any credit for this change in the sixth most populous and one of the richest nations in the world, but this does not mean that Washington had nothing to do with it. There was a great deal more contact between the anti-Communist forces in that country and at least one very high official in Washington before and during the Indonesian massacre than is generally realized. General Suharto’s forces, at times severely short of food and munitions, have been getting aid from here through various third countries, and it is doubtful if the coup would ever have been attempted without the American show of strength in Vietnam or been sustained without the clandestine aid it has received indirectly from here.

According to Brands’s reconstruction of events, by early 1964 the US was engaged in “quiet efforts to encourage action by the army against the PKI,” ensuring that when the expected conflict broke out, “the army [would know] it had friends in Washington.” The goal of the continuing civic action and military training programs, Secretary of State Dean Rusk commented, was “strengthening anti-Communist elements in Indonesia in the continuing and coming struggle with the PKI.” Chief of Staff Nasution, regarded by US Ambassador Howard Jones as “the strongest man in the country,” informed Jones in March 1964 that “Madiun would be mild compared with an army crackdown today,” referring to the bloody repression of 1948.

A congressional report also held that training and continued communication with military officers paid “enormous dividends.” The same reasoning has long been standard with regard to Latin America, with similar results.9 Across a broad spectrum, commentators credited the US intervention in Vietnam with having encouraged these welcome developments, providing a sign of American commitment to the anti-Communist cause and a “shield” behind which the generals could act without undue concern about Sukarno’s Chinese ally. A Freedom House statement in November 1966 signed by “145 distinguished Americans” justified the US war in Vietnam for having “provided a shield for the sharp reversal of Indonesia’s shift toward Communism,” with no reservations concerning the means employed.


pages: 558 words: 168,179

Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right by Jane Mayer

Adam Curtis, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, American Legislative Exchange Council, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Bakken shale, bank run, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, carried interest, centre right, clean water, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, collective bargaining, company town, corporate raider, crony capitalism, David Brooks, desegregation, disinformation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, energy security, estate planning, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, George Gilder, high-speed rail, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, independent contractor, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, job automation, low skilled workers, mandatory minimum, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, military-industrial complex, Mont Pelerin Society, More Guns, Less Crime, multilevel marketing, Nate Silver, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, plutocrats, Powell Memorandum, Ralph Nader, Renaissance Technologies, road to serfdom, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, school choice, school vouchers, Solyndra, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, the scientific method, University of East Anglia, Unsafe at Any Speed, War on Poverty, working poor

As the journalist Mark Ames recounts, LeFevre escaped prosecution by becoming a witness for the state, but he continued on a wayward path, claiming to have supernatural powers and struggling through bankruptcy and an infatuation with a fourteen-year-old girl. Later, at the height of Senator Joe McCarthy’s anti-Communist crusades, LeFevre became an FBI informant, accusing Hollywood figures of Communist sympathies and leading a drive to purge the Girl Scouts of Reds. A stint writing editorials for the archconservative Gazette-Telegraph in Colorado Springs enabled him to drum up funds to launch the Freedom School on a rustic, five-hundred-acre campus nearby.

Richard Helms, who later became director of the CIA, recalled Scaife, who had been a colleague, as “a lightweight.” The family brush with the spy service, however, ignited Richard Scaife’s lifelong infatuation with intelligence intrigue, conspiracy theories, and international affairs. Scaife writes that it also gave rise to his strongly anti-Communist views. In his memoir, he recalls his father admonishing the family while on furlough from the war that the scourge of Communism loomed large, not just abroad, but at home in America. “My political conservatism which eventually unmasked me as the villain behind the ‘vast right-wing conspiracy’ of Hillary Clinton’s imagination—but only her imagination,” he writes, began “before I had reached my twelfth birthday” over a lunch with his father at New York’s Colony Club in 1944.

In August, Powell delivered a seething memo that was nothing less than a counterrevolutionary call to arms for corporate America, warning the business community that its very survival was at stake if it didn’t get politically organized and fight back. The five-thousand-word memo was marked “confidential” and titled “Attack on American Free Enterprise System.” A virtual anti–Communist Manifesto, it laid out a blueprint for a conservative takeover. As Kim Phillips-Fein describes it in her history, Invisible Hands, Powell’s memo transformed corporate America into a “vanguard.” Also heeding the battle cry were the heirs to some of America’s greatest corporate fortunes, including Scaife, who were poised to enlist their private foundations as the conservative movement’s banks.


pages: 780 words: 168,782

Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century by Christian Caryl

Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, British Empire, colonial rule, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, export processing zone, financial deregulation, financial independence, friendly fire, full employment, Future Shock, Great Leap Forward, household responsibility system, income inequality, industrial robot, Internet Archive, Kickstarter, land reform, land tenure, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, liberation theology, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, Mont Pelerin Society, Neil Kinnock, new economy, New Urbanism, oil shock, open borders, open economy, Pearl River Delta, plutocrats, price stability, rent control, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , single-payer health, special economic zone, The Chicago School, union organizing, upwardly mobile, Winter of Discontent, Xiaogang Anhui farmers, Yom Kippur War

When the doddering Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and his Politburo colleagues decided to send their troops across the border on Christmas Day 1979 to quash a revolt against the country’s recently installed communist regime, Western observers instinctively recalled earlier episodes of the Cold War. Moscow’s grab for Kabul, they said, was simply a repetition of earlier interventions in Hungary in 1956 or Czechoslovakia in 1968, when Russian tanks had crushed local anti-Communist rebellions. The powers that be in Washington immediately assumed that the Russians were seizing an opportunity to make an aggressive thrust toward the strategically vital Persian Gulf. The old men in the Kremlin actually had more modest motives: they were desperate to shore up the crumbling twenty-month-old Communist regime, which had succeeded in the course of its brief life in alienating just about everyone in the country.

Nineteen seventy-five was also the year that the shah decided to complete his country’s political transformation. Though he was ostensibly an ally of the United States, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi often expressed his contempt for what he saw as the indiscipline and moral laxity of the liberal democracies. Though a staunch anti-Communist, he believed in central planning and the Soviet Union’s apparent success in mobilizing resources for the common good. Having spent decades curtailing the opportunities for political expression of his subjects, he now moved to bring that process to its logical culmination by declaring Iran to be a one-party state.

As good students of history, they knew how religion had served in the past as a force for the mobilization of Polish national feeling, and they understood that a revival of such sentiments could easily direct itself against the Kremlin. The KGB station chief in Warsaw quickly dispatched a character study of the new pontiff to his masters in Moscow. The contents of the memo had been supplied by the SB, the KGB’s Polish sister service: Wojtyła holds extreme anti-communist views. Without openly opposing the Socialist system, he has criticized the way in which the state agencies of the Polish People’s Republic have functioned, making the following accusations: that the basic human rights of Polish citizens are restricted; that there is an unacceptable exploitation of the workers, whom “the Catholic Church must protect against the workers’ government”; that the activities of the Catholic Church are restricted and Catholics treated as second-class citizens; that an extensive campaign is being conducted to convert society to atheism and impose an alien ideology on the people; that the Catholic Church is denied its proper cultural role, thereby depriving Polish culture of its national treasures.4 Yuri Andropov, the head of the KGB, immediately dispatched a cable to his rezident in Warsaw that berated the man for allowing this debacle to happen.


pages: 372 words: 115,094

Reagan at Reykjavik: Forty-Eight Hours That Ended the Cold War by Ken Adelman

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, F. W. de Klerk, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Haight Ashbury, It's morning again in America, Kitchen Debate, kremlinology, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, old-boy network, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Saturday Night Live, Sinatra Doctrine, Strategic Defense Initiative, summit fever, War on Poverty, Yogi Berra

Having run the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies in Moscow since founding it in 1967, this wily survivor had advised a succession of general secretaries, Gorbachev being his fifth. Arbatov, with excellent English and considerable media savvy, had become the go-to Soviet spokesman for American news operations. Well informed and always available, he became a familiar face on Nightline and even managed to charm no less an anti-Communist than the Reverend Billy Graham. Arbatov called himself a scholar and journalist, and could win over an audience with an appearance of academic balance. But that was only an appearance. In actuality, he was an unyielding party propagandist and a powerful traditionalist on the Communist Party’s Central Committee.

That constituted a big win for the Reagan doctrine, which supported the rollback of Communist regimes anywhere, and represented a big loss for the Brezhnev doctrine, which supported the permanency of Communist regimes everywhere, if need be by the dispatch of Soviet troops. In the spring of 1988 Reagan and Gorbachev began anticipating their third summit in three years. This too was gearing up to be some show, with the world’s foremost anti-Communist entering the Communist epicenter, the man who had dubbed the Soviet Union an “evil empire” and the “center of evil in the modern world” being its welcomed guest. THE PRESIDENT LEFT THE White House on May 25, weeks after a military dustup with Iran and days after endorsing Vice President George H.

—and led by an adept organizer, Lech Wałęsa. Boxed in by heavenly and earthly resistance, onetime-strongman General Wojciech Jaruzselski staged the freest elections held anywhere behind the Iron Curtain. The results were as lopsided as they had always been, but this time in the opposite direction. The anti-Communists of Solidarity won 99 of the 100 contested seats in the upper chamber, and 160 of the 161 in the Sejm, the lower chamber. Ideas have consequences. The idea that Communist domination could be successfully challenged spread like wildfire. If it could happen in Poland, people across the region began asking each other, why couldn’t it happen here?


pages: 459 words: 144,009

Upheaval: Turning Points for Nations in Crisis by Jared Diamond

anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, British Empire, California gold rush, carbon tax, clean water, correlation coefficient, cuban missile crisis, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Gini coefficient, high-speed rail, illegal immigration, interchangeable parts, invention of writing, Jeff Bezos, low interest rates, medical malpractice, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, post-work, purchasing power parity, rising living standards, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Spirit Level, Timothy McVeigh, traffic fines, transcontinental railway, women in the workforce, World Values Survey

Optimism, and a sigh of relief about the end of the economic chaos that had prevailed under Allende, arose among those Chileans outside the sectors of Chilean society that were being tortured or killed. Like many Chileans, the U.S. government supported Pinochet for more than half of the duration of his military dictatorship—in the U.S.’s case, because of his strong anti-communist stance. U.S. government policy was to extend economic and military aid to Chile, and publicly to deny Pinochet’s human rights abuses, even when those being tortured and killed were American citizens. As American Secretary of State Henry Kissinger expressed it, “… however unpleasantly they [the junta] act, this government [i.e., Pinochet’s] is better for us than Allende was.”

Army officers infiltrated the PKI, which in turn infiltrated the army. To remedy its military weakness, in 1965 the PKI with Sukarno’s support proposed arming peasants and workers, ostensibly to serve as a fifth national armed forces branch along with the army, navy, air force, and police. In frightened response, anti-communist army officers reportedly set up a Council of Generals to prepare measures against the perceived growing communist threat. This three-way struggle came to a climax around 3:15 A.M. during the night of September 30–October 1, 1965, when two army units with leftist commanders and 2,000 troops revolted and sent squads to capture seven leading generals (including the army’s commander and the minister of defense) in their homes, evidently to bring them alive to President Sukarno and to persuade him to repress the Council of Generals.

Was Communist China involved in planning and supporting the coup? Why didn’t the coup leaders include Suharto on their list of generals to be kidnapped? Why didn’t the coup forces capture the Kostrad headquarters on one side of the central square? Did President Sukarno know of the coup in advance? Did General Suharto know of the coup in advance? Did anti-communist generals know of the coup in advance but nevertheless allow it to unfold, in order to provide them with a pretext for previously laid plans to suppress the PKI? The last possibility is strongly suggested by the speed of the military’s reaction. Within three days, military commanders began a propaganda campaign to justify round-ups and killings of Indonesian communists and their sympathizers on a vast scale (Plate 5.4).


Pirates and Emperors, Old and New by Noam Chomsky

American ideology, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, drone strike, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, land reform, liberation theology, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, union organizing, urban planning

-organized international terror network is the World Anti-Communist League, a collection of Nazis, anti-Semites, death squad assassins, and some of the worst killers and thugs around the world, mobilized by the Reagan Administration into an effective network of murderers and torturers, worldwide in scope. Last month, the League attracted some attention in the course of the Hasenfus affair in Nicaragua. The New York Times, as usual reporting government propaganda as fact, claimed that the League had been purged of its more nefarious elements when General Singlaub took it over in the 1980s. The World Anti-Communist League had just then completed its annual conference in Europe (not reported in the media here to my knowledge).

In the introduction to their recent book on the League, Scott Anderson and John Anderson comment that the Anti-Defamation League of B’nai Brith, a leading component of the domestic Israeli lobby, refused to provide them with information on this notorious collection of anti-Semites, who now serve a useful purpose within the Reaganite international terror network that they generally support.13 All of this, and much more, reveals a sophisticated understanding of how to conduct international terrorism, on a scale with few historical precedents. The sordid record of the World Anti-Communist League should remind us that while Reaganite thuggery is unusual, it is not unique in U.S. history. Immediately after World War II, the U.S. turned to the task of suppressing the anti-fascist resistance throughout much of the world, often in favor of fascists and collaborators. One component of this global program was the recruitment of Nazi gangsters such as Klaus Barbie, “the Butcher of Lyons,” who had been responsible for horrendous atrocities in France and was duly placed in charge of spying on the French for American intelligence.

., where the category virtually disappeared, even if we count the largest component, which goes to a rich country for strategic reasons, and to Egypt because of its collaboration in the same enterprise. The decline of options was fully recognized. President Mahathir of Malaysia spoke for many when he said that: Paradoxically, the greatest catastrophe for us, who had always been anti-communist, is the defeat of communism. The end of the Cold War has deprived us of the only leverage we had—the option to defect. Now we can turn to no one.20 Not really a paradox, but the natural course of real-world history. Similar fears were widely expressed. The Gulf war was bitterly condemned throughout the South as a needless show of force, evading diplomatic options; there was considerable evidence for such an interpretation at the time, more since.


pages: 356 words: 95,647

Sun in a Bottle: The Strange History of Fusion and the Science of Wishful Thinking by Charles Seife

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Brownian motion, correlation does not imply causation, Dmitri Mendeleev, Dr. Strangelove, Ernest Rutherford, Fellow of the Royal Society, Gary Taubes, Isaac Newton, ITER tokamak, John von Neumann, Mikhail Gorbachev, Norman Macrae, Project Plowshare, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, the scientific method, Yom Kippur War

Oppenheimer and Teller would soon become bitter enemies. The two were very different. Oppenheimer, gaunt and aristocratic, was quite unlike the limping, bushy-browed Teller.7 The most striking difference was their politics. Oppenheimer, a leftist who flirted with Communism, was bound to clash eventually with Teller, the rabid anti-Communist. However, in July 1945 the Teller-Oppenheimer feud was yet to ignite. It was a triumphant time for both physicists. The Los Alamos scientists had nearly overcome all the technical problems that faced them; they had manufactured and machined enough plutonium to build a “gadget” named Jumbo and had built an intricate cage of explosives that would force all the metal to assemble into a critical mass and explode.

“Now I began to see a distorted human being, petty, perhaps nearly paranoid in his hatred of the Russians, and jealous in personal relationships,” wrote the Los Alamos physicist John Manley. The scientists battled about whether or not to pursue fusion weapons, and the fight worked its way up to the president. Truman deliberated. Would he back the Super project or not? The pressures were building. Anti-Communist hysteria was sweeping the country, and the populace would clamor for a fusion bomb if they knew it existed. They soon knew. On November 18, 1949, the Washington Post carried an alarming story on page 1. “[Scientists] are working and ‘have made considerable progress’ on ‘what is known as a super-bomb’ with ‘1000 times’ the effect of the Nagasaki weapon,” the article read.

In the 1952 short A is for Atom, a giant glowing golem, arms crossed, represented “the answer to a dream as old as man himself, a giant of limitless power at man’s command.” And Eisenhower, for all his talk of nuclear annihilation, envisioned an earthly utopia if we put the power of the atom “into the hands of those who will know how to strip its military casing and adapt it to the arts of peace.” The paranoid, anti-Communist Edward Teller was the man who most desperately tried to bring us to the promised land. He and his allies lobbied for more and more money to figure out how to harness the immense power of fusion. Lewis Strauss, the AEC chairman and Teller backer, promised the world a future where the energy of the atom would power cities, cure diseases, and grow foods.


pages: 482 words: 122,497

The Wrecking Crew: How Conservatives Rule by Thomas Frank

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, British Empire, business cycle, classic study, collective bargaining, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, David Brooks, disinformation, edge city, financial deregulation, full employment, George Gilder, guest worker program, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, invisible hand, job satisfaction, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage debt, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, new economy, P = NP, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, Ralph Nader, rent control, Richard Florida, road to serfdom, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, stem cell, stock buybacks, Strategic Defense Initiative, Telecommunications Act of 1996, the scientific method, too big to fail, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, union organizing, War on Poverty

Poser’s participation in “Youth for Freedom” gives us a hint of the shadowy world of extremism which the IFF brushed up against. For example, in 1987 the group sent a delegation to the annual meeting of the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), a body comprising three main groups: representatives of Asian dictatorships, death-squad organizers from Latin America, and surviving remnants of the Nazi empire in eastern Europe. (Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, Inside the League: The Shocking Exposé of How Terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American Death Squads Have Infiltrated the World Anti-Communist League [New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1986].) Another example: Dr. Myron Kuropas, a Ukrainian nationalist who sat on the advisory board of International Freedom Review, and who later turned out to be something of an anti-Semite.

“What makes UNITA [Savimbi’s guerrilla group] unique in a world replete with resistance movements is that this one vehemently espouses its belief in free enterprise, balanced budgets, self-reliance, regular free and secret elections, and decentralization of power and private property.” Peter Worthington, “Anti-Communist Guerrillas on the Verge of Success,” Wall Street Journal, August 20, 1985. 38. Kirkpatrick, wingers: Phil McCombs, “The Salute to Savimbi: Bush, Kirkpatrick Join a Conservative Chorus,” Washington Post, February 1, 1986. Norquist: As described in Easton, Gang of Five, p. 171. Abramoff: The movie was Red Scorpion. 39.

An editorial in National Review for March 7 of that year speculated in its highfalutin way that, “granted the propriety of this field of activity, it might still have seemed to the public and to Congress, if the facts had been openly before them, that some other campus organizations should have shared in the largesse, and that among the young Lochinvars sent to do battle in the international conclaves a few hard anti-Communists and even an occasional enthusiastic pro-American might have been included.” The explanation for the CIA’s blundering, the wingers decided, was liberal bias. As Howard Phillips himself put it in the Washington Post for July 3, 1974, the NSA incident revealed the CIA to be “an instrument of establishment liberalism.”


pages: 913 words: 299,770

A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn

active measures, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, American ideology, anti-communist, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bernie Sanders, British Empire, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, company town, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cotton gin, death from overwork, death of newspapers, desegregation, equal pay for equal work, feminist movement, friendly fire, full employment, God and Mammon, Herman Kahn, Howard Zinn, Ida Tarbell, illegal immigration, jobless men, land reform, Lewis Mumford, Mercator projection, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, minimum wage unemployment, Monroe Doctrine, new economy, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, profit motive, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Savings and loan crisis, scientific management, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Timothy McVeigh, transcontinental railway, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, very high income, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, work culture , Works Progress Administration

When he began attacking generals for not being hard enough on suspected Communists, he antagonized Republicans as well as Democrats, and in December 1954, the Senate voted overwhelmingly to censure him for “conduct . . . unbecoming a Member of the United States Senate.” The censure resolution avoided criticizing McCarthy’s anti-Communist lies and exaggerations; it concentrated on minor matters—on his refusal to appear before a Senate Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections, and his abuse of an army general at his hearings. At the very time the Senate was censuring McCarthy, Congress was putting through a whole series of anti-Communist bills. Liberal Hubert Humphrey introduced an amendment to one of them to make the Communist party illegal, saying: “I do not intend to be a half patriot. . . .

Such a coalition could best be created by a liberal Democratic President, whose aggressive policy abroad would be supported by conservatives, and whose welfare programs at home (Truman’s “Fair Deal”) would be attractive to liberals. If, in addition, liberals and traditional Democrats could—the memory of the war was still fresh—support a foreign policy against “aggression,” the radical-liberal bloc created by World War II would be broken up. And perhaps, if the anti-Communist mood became strong enough, liberals could support repressive moves at home which in ordinary times would be seen as violating the liberal tradition of tolerance. In 1950, there came an event that speeded the formation of the liberal-conservative consensus—Truman’s undeclared war in Korea. Korea, occupied by Japan for thirty-five years, was liberated from Japan after World War II and divided into North Korea, a socialist dictatorship, part of the Soviet sphere of influence, and South Korea, a right-wing dictatorship, in the American sphere.

Despite the failure to find subversion, the broad scope of the official Red hunt gave popular credence to the notion that the government was riddled with spies. A conservative and fearful reaction coursed the country. Americans became convinced of the need for absolute security and the preservation of the established order. World events right after the war made it easier to build up public support for the anti-Communist crusade at home. In 1948, the Communist party in Czechoslovakia ousted non-Communists from the government and established their own rule. The Soviet Union that year blockaded Berlin, which was a jointly occupied city isolated inside the Soviet sphere of East Germany, forcing the United States to airlift supplies into Berlin.


Gorbachev by William Taubman

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Able Archer 83, active measures, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, card file, conceptual framework, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Donald Trump, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, haute couture, indoor plumbing, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Neil Kinnock, Potemkin village, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Saturday Night Live, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, trade liberalization, young professional

KGB agents had reserved the first three rows of the hall for preselected orators. Yeltsin describes them as “flushed, quaking,” like wolfhounds “before the hunt.” “You have ground everything into dust and ashes,” snarled a former district party boss. “A party crime” and “blasphemy” was the way another district chief characterized Yeltsin’s behavior. Anti-Communists, another speaker charged, were trying to turn Yeltsin into “a Jesus Christ who has been tortured for his frightfully revolutionary love of social renewal and democracy.”95 When it was over, Yeltsin dragged himself up to the platform, with Gorbachev supporting his elbow. This time he was utterly abject before “Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, whose authority is so high in our organization, in our country, and in the entire world.”

She put on a powerful performance—strong arguments, skills of an experienced debater—of the sort “you’d never see in a theater.” She “never looked at a note,” and knew the numbers of missiles each side had by heart. But unlike Mitterrand, she “couldn’t hide her thoughts and schemes.” She was a “raging anti-Communist,” who agreed in the end to “live and let live.” She set out to “unmask” Soviet sins, then “panicked” at the prospect that the summit would seem to “fail.”56 A cozy dinner with the Gorbachevs at a prerevolutionary villa in the country, obviously meant to echo their luncheon at the prime minister’s Chequers estate, also went swimmingly.

But Chancellor Kohl did not use his “authority, political weight and influence” in the way Gorbachev wanted; a mere seventeen days after their conversation, he began a process that ended with West Germany swallowing East Germany the following fall. Long before then, all the other Communist regimes in Eastern Europe had collapsed. In Poland, even before the Berlin Wall fell, the anti-Communist movement, Solidarity, triumphed in June 1989 elections, and a non-Communist prime minister, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, took power in August. In Hungary, the Communist party endorsed a multiparty political system in June. In Bulgaria, the grizzled party boss, Todor Zhivkov, fell on the same day as the Berlin Wall (although he was replaced by a Communist reformer).


pages: 496 words: 131,938

The Future Is Asian by Parag Khanna

3D printing, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Basel III, bike sharing, birth tourism , blockchain, Boycotts of Israel, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, carbon footprint, cashless society, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, colonial rule, commodity super cycle, computer vision, connected car, corporate governance, CRISPR, crony capitalism, cross-border payments, currency peg, death from overwork, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Didi Chuxing, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, driverless car, dual-use technology, energy security, European colonialism, factory automation, failed state, fake news, falling living standards, family office, financial engineering, fixed income, flex fuel, gig economy, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, green transition, haute couture, haute cuisine, illegal immigration, impact investing, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, initial coin offering, Internet of things, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, light touch regulation, low cost airline, low skilled workers, Lyft, machine translation, Malacca Straits, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Masayoshi Son, megacity, megaproject, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, money market fund, Monroe Doctrine, mortgage debt, natural language processing, Netflix Prize, new economy, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, Parag Khanna, payday loans, Pearl River Delta, prediction markets, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Scramble for Africa, self-driving car, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, smart cities, SoftBank, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, synthetic biology, systems thinking, tech billionaire, tech worker, trade liberalization, trade route, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, upwardly mobile, urban planning, Vision Fund, warehouse robotics, Washington Consensus, working-age population, Yom Kippur War

Likewise in Thailand, a brief experiment with democracy was followed by a succession of military dictatorships that coexisted with the respected monarchy of King Bhumibol. In the Philippines, President Ferdinand Marcos took office in 1965 and soon declared martial law in the country, citing unrest caused by a Communist insurgency. The United States supported these anti-Communist, military-backed regimes in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, which together with Malaysia and Singapore in 1967 formed the anti-Communist Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In Southwest Asia, British and French dominions—Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon—gained (or regained) independence by the late 1940s. The Arab League was founded in 1945 to give voice to pan-Arab nationalism.

British fears that Germany might conquer the Soviet Union and proceed to take control of Iran’s oil refineries prompted a joint Anglo-Soviet invasion that created a corridor for US supplies to the Soviets. The British conscripted hundreds of thousands of troops from India, while the Soviets utilized Central Asian cotton and tank production to overwhelm Iranian forces and hold off the Nazis. In the early 1930s, Japan, which had an anti-Communist alliance with Germany, seized on the ongoing conflict between China’s Communists and Nationalists to invade Manchuria again. Appropriating the same language of regional unity it had used to rally pan-Asianism, Japan conjured up an imperialist vision of a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.”

On the whole, whether by liberation or partition, independence brought triumphant moments for Asians even though it meant adopting a new form of rigidly bordered, and contested, statehood. During the numerous Cold War proxy struggles across the region, US, Soviet, and Chinese factions competed for influence. The United States supported anti-Communist authoritarian regimes such as that of Indonesia’s Sukarno and helped suppress the Communist Hukbalahap insurgency in the Philippines. It also led the formation in 1954 of the region’s primary security pact, known as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)—meant to be an Asian version of the NATO alliance—that included disparate regional states such as Australia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand.


Corbyn by Richard Seymour

anti-communist, banking crisis, battle of ideas, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, capitalist realism, centre right, collective bargaining, credit crunch, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, fake news, first-past-the-post, full employment, gender pay gap, gentrification, housing crisis, income inequality, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, land value tax, liberal world order, mass immigration, means of production, moral panic, Naomi Klein, negative equity, Neil Kinnock, new economy, non-tariff barriers, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, pension reform, Philip Mirowski, post-war consensus, precariat, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, rent control, Snapchat, stakhanovite, systematic bias, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, Winter of Discontent, Wolfgang Streeck, working-age population, éminence grise

Baldwin, one of the more astute Conservative leaders, had understood the elements of this shift well; although a growing layer of British society had been moving to the left since the turn of the century, much of the remainder was available to be corralled into an anti-socialist electoral bloc led by the most combative defenders of private property. As such, the subtlety of the Conservatives in this period had been to allow just so much reform – be it pensions or the extension of the franchise to female voters – as would take the edge off any radicalising tendencies, while also banging the anti-communist drum louder than anyone else. Despite the Conservatives’ political dominance of the interwar period, for example, there is some evidence that the growing welfare consensus which Baldwin felt compelled to accept was having some mildly redistributive effects.24 The Liberals, torn between Victorian nostrums of ‘free trade’ and fiscal abstinence on the one hand, and a ‘new liberalism’ enjoining welfarism and state intervention on the other, were unable to lead this bloc, and their period in ‘National’ government was just as fatal, in its way, as the more recent rose garden nuptials between David Cameron and Nick Clegg.

At any rate, the architects of the nationalisation programme, such as Herbert Morrison, were reluctant to extend it, arguing that Labour had to ‘consolidate’ its gains before attempting further transformation. Even the Labour Left began to retreat and soften its positions, partially in view of the growing anti-communist climate of the Cold War. Later, post-war social democrats of the Labour Right, such as Anthony Crosland and Hugh Gaitskell, argued that with a ‘mixed economy’ and some degree of political liberalism, Labour had actually achieved socialism. Capitalism, if not in fact done away with, was grievously weakened by the encroachments on its power by organised labour and the social-democratic state.

Even the famously liberal Home Secretary Roy Jenkins tilted the balance of criminal justice policy in an authoritarian direction with his contribution to Britain’s repertoire of ‘anti-terrorism’ laws, the 1974 Prevention of Terrorism Act authorising internment and jury-less trials in Northern Ireland, while the Criminal Law Act introduced further restrictions on organised labour.33 The authoritarianism of New Labour was of a different order, but hardly unthinkable in light of the record of social democracy in its heyday. The post-war consensus was also bought in part with American dollars, which ensured Britain’s orientation in a new axis of power which demanded continuity in foreign policy justified by a staunch anti-communist line. Despite manifesto commitments and pre-election insinuations, Labour’s Ernest Bevin had promised on election day, 1945, that the new government’s foreign policy would not differ from the previous one. His first parliamentary speech as foreign minister made clear that he accepted the policy of his Conservative predecessor, Anthony Eden.34 He did not dissimulate.


pages: 357 words: 99,456

Hate Inc.: Why Today’s Media Makes Us Despise One Another by Matt Taibbi

4chan, affirmative action, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Chelsea Manning, commoditize, crack epidemic, David Brooks, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, financial deregulation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, green new deal, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, immigration reform, interest rate swap, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Marshall McLuhan, microdosing, moral panic, Nate Silver, no-fly zone, Parents Music Resource Center, Peter Thiel, pink-collar, Ponzi scheme, pre–internet, profit motive, quantitative easing, Ralph Nader, rent-seeking, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Saturday Night Live, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, social contagion, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, Tipper Gore, traveling salesman, unpaid internship, WikiLeaks, working poor, Y2K

They even used it as a club to police people who weren’t socialists (I would see this years later, when Howard Dean was asked a dozen times a day if he was “too left” to be a viable candidate). But the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet empire took a little wind out of the anti-communist religion. Chomsky and Herman addressed this in their 2002 update of Manufacturing Consent, in which they wrote: The force of anti-communist ideology has possibly weakened with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the virtual disappearance of socialist movements across the globe, but this is easily offset by the greater ideological force of the belief in the “miracle of the market…” The collapse of the Soviets, and the weakening of anti-communism as an organizing principle, led to other changes in the media.

They learn to recognize, almost more by smell than reason, what is and is not a “good story.” Chomsky and Herman described this policing mechanism using the term “flak.” Flak was defined as “negative responses to a media statement or program.” They gave examples in which corporate-funded think tanks like The Media Institute or the anti-communist Freedom House would deluge media organizations that ran the wrong kinds of stories with “letters, telegrams, phone calls, petitions, lawsuits” and other kinds of pressure. What was the wrong kind of story? Here we learned of another part of the propaganda model, the concept of worthy and unworthy victims.

The uglier truth, that we committed genocide on a fairly massive scale across Indochina—ultimately killing at least a million innocent civilians by air in three countries—is pre-excluded from the history of that period. Instead of painful national reconciliation surrounding episodes like Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, the CIA-backed anti-communist massacres in places like Indonesia, or even the more recent horrors in Middle Eastern arenas like Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, we mostly ignore narrative-ruining news about civilian deaths or other outrages. A media that currently applauds itself for calling out the lies of Donald Trump (and they are lies) still uses shameful government-concocted euphemisms like “collateral damage.”


pages: 228 words: 68,880

Revolting!: How the Establishment Are Undermining Democracy and What They're Afraid Of by Mick Hume

anti-communist, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, central bank independence, colonial rule, David Brooks, disinformation, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Jeremy Corbyn, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, non-tariff barriers, Occupy movement, open borders, plutocrats, post-truth, public intellectual, Slavoj Žižek, the scientific method, We are the 99%, World Values Survey

It also gives them the power to restrict or override those rights if they so choose. In recent decades, for example, the US Supreme Court has generally been seen as a champion of free speech upholding the First Amendment to the Constitution, reflecting the more liberal times. Yet in past periods of social tension, such as the anti-communist scares that followed both world wars in America, the Supreme Court refused to uphold the First Amendment rights of those individuals it viewed as subversive or ‘un-American’. America’s version of democracy, as Larry Diamond from the Hoover Institute at Stanton concedes, involves ‘having 9 unelected justices with lifetime tenure and no political accountability to anyone but themselves decide such basic questions as when a woman can have an abortion or where a child can go to school’.36 The fact that most Americans might have supported the Supreme Court’s past liberal judgments on abortion or segregated schooling does not alter the fundamentally undemocratic nature of that system, or the potential dangers of entrusting the liberties of more than three hundred million American citizens to the verdict of nine justices appointed by the President and approved by the US Senate.

Now the liberal Left became increasingly wary of giving too much power to ordinary voters, supposedly misled by demagogues and the mass media and hooked on consumerist advertising. As the intellectual Left lost contact and support among the masses, it lost faith in democracy. In America, the Left blamed the supposedly gullible masses for the McCarthyite anti-Communist witch-hunts. In the UK and Europe, a Left that was losing touch with the working class and turning on its popular base would help pioneer the displacement of politics into the undemocratic world of Euro courts and commissions. Some forty-five years after the Second World War, Western capitalist democracy arguably reached its highest point of historical supremacy with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the rival Soviet bloc.

That is not the same thing as being instructed and sanitised by the dead hand of self-appointed experts in what is good for us or which is the right direction in which to travel. We might do well to recall the words of Moses Finley, the US-born classical scholar who came to the UK and became a Brit after being hounded out during America’s anti-Communist witch-hunts of the 1950s. Imagining how he would respond to Plato’s prejudice favouring a government of intellectuals and experts, Finley the ancient Greek expert put the case for a modern democracy in which the experts are under the direction of society, rather than the other way around: ‘When I charter a vessel or buy passage on one, I leave it to the captain, the expert, to navigate it – but I decide where I want to go, not the captain.’13 3 ‘Globalisation means democracy and national sovereignty are outdated’ What use is it to talk about popular democracy, a system created in the tiny ancient city-state of Athens 2,500 years ago, as fitting a twenty-first-century world of global interconnectedness and uncertainty, where the push of a button in an Asian financial market can cause a currency crisis in Europe in the middle of the night?


pages: 868 words: 147,152

How Asia Works by Joe Studwell

affirmative action, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, borderless world, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, collective bargaining, crony capitalism, cross-subsidies, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, failed state, financial deregulation, financial repression, foreign exchange controls, Gini coefficient, glass ceiling, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, land reform, land tenure, large denomination, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, market fragmentation, megaproject, non-tariff barriers, offshore financial centre, oil shock, open economy, passive investing, purchasing power parity, rent control, rent-seeking, Right to Buy, Ronald Coase, South China Sea, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, TSMC, urban sprawl, Washington Consensus, working-age population

It was a rural arrangement in which market forces tended to maximise output. There has been no equivalent policy change of such magnitude and effect anywhere else. The vehicle for the change was a series of land reform programmes undertaken in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Although the first was orchestrated by communists, and the second, third and fourth by anti-communists, the objective was the same in all cases. It was, roughly speaking, to take available agricultural land and to divide it up on an equal basis (once variation in land quality was allowed for) among the farming population. This, backed by government support for rural credit and marketing institutions, agronomic training and other support services, created a new type of market.

In the US domestic politics of the 1950s, the pro-market ideas of Ladejinsky and his ilk were represented by the country’s insular right-wing politicians as socialism by the back door. After the victory of the Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in November 1952, the political atmosphere in Washington swung decisively against those supporting forced land redistribution. Joe McCarthy’s ‘anti-communist’ cabal had been growing in strength since 1950 and Eisenhower’s election lent it support. In November 1954, Ladejinsky was turned down for a routine job reassignment at the Department of Agriculture on ‘security’ grounds. The reasons cited for this by the Secretary of Agriculture, Ezra Taft Benson, were that Ladejinsky had three sisters in the Soviet Union (making him, it was argued, a potential subject of coercion), that he had visited there in 1939, and that he had worked briefly as a translator for the American office of a Soviet trading firm after he first arrived in the US.

Benson also made clear to journalists that he did not like the idea of land reform, though he conceded that he understood little of the details of its implementation in north-east Asia.126 Ladejinsky refused to resign and was fired, although he was defended by some more thoughtful Republicans, who stood up for him against Benson and Eisenhower. For instance, Walter Judd, a Republican congressman, described Ladejinsky’s work as ‘about the only successful anti-communist step we have taken in Asia’.127 Ladejinsky went on to take up a job resettling refugees in south Vietnam, and later to positions at the Ford Foundation and the World Bank. He died in 1975. Poor excuses Two main excuses are used by those countries in south-east Asia which have failed to institute effective land reform.


The Craft: How Freemasons Made the Modern World by John Dickie

anti-communist, bank run, barriers to entry, Boris Johnson, British Empire, classic study, cuban missile crisis, General Motors Futurama, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, Isaac Newton, Jeremy Corbyn, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Mahatma Gandhi, offshore financial centre, Picturephone, Republic of Letters, Rosa Parks, South Sea Bubble, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, white flight, women in the workforce

Through the Plan, as through his hints about burning pots of beans, Gelli let it be known that he had no qualms about the dirty work involved in the anti-Communist crusade. But the Strategy of Tension was not a P2 conspiracy. Or Gelli’s ultimate aim. Whether they were P2-ists or not, the secret servicemen who enacted these despicable perversions of justice were doing what they would have done anyway: as they saw it, it was their job to stop Communism. Gelli helped them, but he was not their mastermind. Instead, Gelli’s objective was to appeal to powerful men within the amorphous centre. To do that, he had to be anti-Communist enough to be credible, and cynical enough to be useful. The Plan for Democratic Rebirth was designed for that purpose: it was a calling card to win friends who had ‘built dazzling political and economic careers’ in the amorphous centre.

Evidently Gamberini thought of Masonry in terms diametrically opposed to what P2 became. Which makes it all the stranger that this honest man entrusted such power to a devious character like Gelli. The explanation lies in other weaknesses of Freemasonry that Gamberini was incapable of recognising. Like many Italian Masons, he was a passionate anti-Communist. He welcomed an open battle with Communist intolerance, since it would help free the Craft of ‘false Brothers’ who deluded themselves that they could remain neutral. In Gamberini’s mind, anti-Communism was a Masonic test of manhood. Masons everywhere have always had a tendency to think of themselves as the ethical crème de la crème.

The Plan’s Rotarians look a lot like Gamberini’s vision of what true Freemasons should be. Gelli is concerned to keep the Grand Orient leadership on board, and attract men within the institutions who are intrigued by Gamberini’s ideas about what P2 could help Masonry achieve. It would also win over some sincere anti-Communists and those who might sympathise with Grand Master Gamberini’s vision of using Masonry to inject a new ethical energy into the state. But that was not the core of P2’s mission. Indeed, the Plan’s real intentions were not made explicit. It is important to keep in mind that the Plan was not particularly secret: it was not some coded instruction booklet sent out by an evil mastermind to his slavish co-conspirators.


pages: 289 words: 81,679

Why the Jews?: The Reason for Antisemitism by Dennis Prager, Joseph Telushkin

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, ghettoisation, Herbert Marcuse, Mikhail Gorbachev, Norman Mailer

The Communists emerged victorious, and under their rule, the Jews suffered terribly since, in addition to traditional Russian (and Ukrainian, and Lithuanian, and other) antisemitism, it was a basic tenet of Marxism and Leninism that the Jews should disappear through assimilation (see Chapter 11). Thus, the Russian Jewish radicals helped increase antisemitism both among Communists and among anti-Communists: among Communists by advocating the persecution of religious and Zionist Jews, and among anti-Communists by the Jew-hatred that the Jewish Communists aroused. The only Jews who did not suffer from antisemitism, at least not immediately, were the Jewish Bolsheviks. As Moscow’s chief rabbi, Jacob Mazeh is reported to have said to Trotsky in 1920, after the latter refused to help Jews suffering from the civil war pogroms: “The Trotskys make the revolutions, and the Bronsteins pay the price” (Trotsky’s original name was Bronstein).

Certainly, much of the Russian populace identified Marxism with Jews. Since a vast number of Russians and Ukrainians did not support communism, popular identification of Jews with communism exacerbated already deep antisemitism among those two peoples. During the 1918-20 civil war that followed the Bolshevik Revolution, the anti Communist Ukrainian fighters (the “Whites” who fought the Red Army) murdered fifty thousand Ukrainian Jews. Their anti-Jewish passions were raised by General Simon Petlura, who constantly referred to the Bolshevik armies under the leadership of “the Jew Trotsky.” Russian and Ukrainian Jews found themselves in the oft-repeated modern Jewish horror story of being hated by both the far Left and the far Right.


pages: 277 words: 70,506

We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News by Eliot Higgins

4chan, active measures, Andy Carvin, anti-communist, anti-globalists, barriers to entry, belling the cat, Bellingcat, bitcoin, blockchain, citizen journalism, Columbine, coronavirus, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deepfake, disinformation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, fake news, false flag, gamification, George Floyd, Google Earth, hive mind, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, off-the-grid, OpenAI, pattern recognition, post-truth, rolodex, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Skype, Tactical Technology Collective, the scientific method, WikiLeaks

After Charlottesville, a fresh branch of the alt-right rose – groups such as the Proud Boys, Patriot Prayer and Anti-Communist Action, that denied bigotry, characterising themselves as defenders of free speech and old-fashioned values, a bulwark against the radical left. This was not the whole truth. In leaked private posts, Robert found that some spoke of ‘hiding our power levels’, meaning disguising their true views to avoid alienating the masses. ‘Why not make a nationalist party?’ the founder of Anti-Communist Action wrote in one message exchange. ‘We can promise strong military spending and border security to win over the conservatives, and promise science funding and space exploration to win over the reddit crowd, as well as universal healthcare to get the lefties onboard. … We just hide our power levels.’56 Those Discord chat logs – leaked by a left-wing crowdfunded media collective, Unicorn Riot – proved to be a goldmine.

Index ABC News here al-Abdallah, Hadi here ‘active measures’ here Adams, Ray here Addounia TV here Adra here Afghanistan here Agnes, Mother here, here Al Aan here Al Dabaa here Al-Arabiya here Al-Hamza Brigade here Al-Jazeera here, here Al-Jīnah mosque here Al-Qaeda here, here, here Al-Saiqa Brigade here Aleppo here, here, here, here Aleppo University here Alexeyevka here Allen, Timmi here, here, here, here alt-right and alt-left here, here Amanpour, Christiane here Amnesty International here, here, here, here, here ANNA news agency here Anti-Communist Action here anti-Semitism here, here, here, here, here Antonova, Natalia here, here Apushka here ARD here Ardern, Jacinda here Arias, Fernando here Armed Conflict & Event Data Project here artificial intelligence (AI) here, here Aryan Liberty Net here al-Assad, Bashar here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and chemical attacks here, here, here, here, here, here and disinformation here, here Assange, Julian here Associated Press here, here, here, here Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab here, here Australian Financial Review here Averyanov, Andrey here Balkan conflict here Baltic states here Baltimore riots here Bambuser here, here, here Ban Ki-moon here Bank of America here Bataclan concert hall here Batbo here Battle of the Camel here Bazzell, Michael here BBC here, here, here, here, here, here, here Beam, Louis here Beeley, Vanessa here Bellingcat crowdfunding here, here, here ethics here funding here, here motto here, here name and mission here payments for closed sources here personality types here risks here spirit of collaboration here staffing here, here supervisory board here training programme here transparency principle here, here Bellingcat Anti-Equality Monitoring Group here Bellingcat Online Investigation Toolkit here BellingChat here Benetech here Benghazi here Benjamin, Carl (‘Sargon of Akkad’) here Bhatti, Tariq here Biggers, Chris here Bikov, V.


pages: 122 words: 38,022

Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right by Angela Nagle

4chan, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, affirmative action, anti-communist, battle of ideas, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, capitalist realism, citizen journalism, crony capitalism, death of newspapers, DIY culture, Donald Trump, Evgeny Morozov, feminist movement, Gabriella Coleman, game design, Hacker Ethic, Herbert Marcuse, hive mind, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, lolcat, mass immigration, moral panic, Nelson Mandela, Norman Mailer, Occupy movement, Oklahoma City bombing, open borders, Overton Window, post-industrial society, pre–internet, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Bannon, The Wisdom of Crowds, WikiLeaks

It is significant here too that, despite the constant accusations of ‘Cultural Marxism’ by the Trumpian online right, the countercultural aesthetics of anti-conformism in the US were later cultivated by the US government as part of a culture war against communism. Through the Congress for Cultural Freedom, a covert cultural soft-power initiative, it was the Cold War anti-communist liberals who used non-conformism, self-expression and individualism to rival the collectivist, conformist, productivist and heavily restricted Soviet Union, which still revered the uniformed pre-60s anti-individualist forms of culture like army choirs, marching bands, orchestras and ballet. By the time Buchanan gave his speech in 1992, the Cold War was over and the economic program of the Western democratic left had suffered a catastrophic defeat during the Reagan and Thatcher years.

To understand these fault lines it is worth remembering that after the cultural revolution of the 60s in the US, it wasn’t the old-fashioned conservatives (whose entire way of being was seen as hopelessly square and un-modern) who really succeeded in taking on the cultural left but the much more intellectually equipped and rhetorically gifted neoconservatives. Partisan Review magazine, also a project of the anti-communist Cold War left soft-power CCF initiative, published an essay by Norman Podhoretz about the ‘the know-nothing bohemians’. In it, he described ‘the beat generation’s worship of primitivism and spontaneity’ that suggested a desire to ‘kill those incomprehensible characters who are capable of getting seriously involved with a woman, a job, a cause.’


Chasing the Moon: The People, the Politics, and the Promise That Launched America Into the Space Age by Robert Stone, Alan Andres

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Apollo Guidance Computer, Charles Lindbergh, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, Easter island, feminist movement, Gene Kranz, General Motors Futurama, invention of the telephone, Lewis Mumford, low earth orbit, military-industrial complex, more computing power than Apollo, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, Norman Mailer, operation paperclip, out of africa, overview effect, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, the scientific method, traveling salesman, Works Progress Administration

Von Braun gave a well-received speech to the El Paso Rotary Club in January 1947, but not long after, reports appeared in newspapers that revealed that some Operation Paperclip engineers had to be sent back to Germany after troublesome details about their Nazi past had come to light. Most press accounts stressed the Germans’ eagerness to work for the United States—their anti-communist sympathies were often cited—and indicated their hope to become American citizens. Nevertheless, the same month that von Braun addressed the El Paso Rotary, the president of the American and World Federations for Polish Jews said, “It is a sad reflection and insult to the consciousness of humanity [to welcome] these evil representatives of Nazi science…to this country with open arms.”

One viewer who saw “Man in Space” lived at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, and after the broadcast Disney received a request from the Eisenhower White House for the loan of an exhibition print of the program so that it could be screened for Pentagon officials. In nearly all of his entertainment, Disney promoted commonly accepted traditional American values. Though he kept his personal political attitudes out of the spotlight, Disney’s were conservative and anti-communist. Von Braun’s association with Disney therefore subtly bestowed an imprimatur of American respectability on the former official of the Third Reich. And in a final act of assimilation, a month after “Man in Space” aired, von Braun and more than one hundred other Germans working at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville appeared in a newsreel taking an oath of allegiance as they became U.S. citizens.

The charismatic Valentina Tereshkova was a twenty-six-year-old former textile-factory worker and amateur skydiver, who was personally selected by Khrushchev to be the first woman in space, a decision conceived entirely as propaganda. Predictably, members of the American press once again asked whether women astronauts might be allowed in the American space program, most notably writer and politician Clare Boothe Luce, wife of conservative Time Life publisher Henry Luce. Surprising many of her anti-communist friends, she criticized NASA’s lack of will and apparent sexism while noting that Tereshkova’s flight was symbolic of the emancipation of women in Russia, where 31 percent of engineers and 74 percent of doctors and surgeons were female. A year earlier, Congress had held hearings about the astronaut selection process and whether women might be qualified, but nothing had changed.


Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism by Harsha Walia

anti-communist, antiwork, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, blood diamond, borderless world, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, California gold rush, clean water, climate change refugee, collective bargaining, colonial rule, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, crack epidemic, dark matter, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, drone strike, Elon Musk, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, extractivism, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Food sovereignty, G4S, gentrification, George Floyd, global pandemic, global supply chain, Global Witness, green new deal, guest worker program, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, joint-stock company, land reform, late capitalism, lockdown, mandatory minimum, mass immigration, mass incarceration, means of production, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, pension reform, Rana Plaza, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Shoshana Zuboff, social distancing, special economic zone, Steve Bannon, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, surveillance capitalism, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, wages for housework, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), which emphasized solidarity with migrant Chinese, Filipinx, and Japanese farmworkers, was consistently attacked over the course of three decades by the anticommunist American Protective League and the white supremacist KKK operating in the state. In one incident, over one hundred vigilantes attacked three hundred IWW members and their families and submerged young children in cauldrons of boiling coffee.74 Under the aegis of the Growers and Shippers’ Protective League, the Imperial Valley Anti-Communist Association was created in 1934 to tag unionization drives on the farms and fields as “a red menace.”75 At the time, close to seventy thousand Mexican, Black, and Filipinx workers in the Cannery and Agricultural Workers’ Industrial Union were staging almost fifty different workplace walkouts, including the historic cotton strike, during which twelve thousand mostly Mexican cotton pickers walked off the fields and shut down three hundred square miles of production.76 These strikers faced farmer-organized and state-deputized vigilante beatings, arson of their labor camps, arrests, and murder.

This analysis has come from prisoners, who name the distinction between the ‘free world’ and the space behind the walls of the prison.”6 The association of Blackness with both crime and welfare benefits concomitantly legitimized policies that grew the carceral state while shrinking the welfare state. At a civilian level, the rise of a new era of white power movements alongside anticommunist groups was not a coincidence; white supremacists portrayed communism as a ruse of class equality masquerading for racial equality. The World Anti-Communist League, founded in 1966, is illustrative, bringing together white power movements and anticommunists to support the Vietnam War, Rhodesian independence, and an end to civil rights legislation. The border was drawn into this web of criminalization. In 1969, Operation Intercept was a crackdown on the “marijuana problem,” with Nixon exaggerating claims of drug smuggling and alleging 80 percent of marijuana in the US came from Mexico.7 Led by Joe Arpaio, Intercept followed the 1964 termination of the bracero program, which had brought millions of Mexican workers into the US, and the implementation of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which repealed national origins quotas but limited Mexican immigration through provisions capping legal immigration from the Western Hemisphere.

See International Monetary Fund Immigration and Customs Enforcement abolition of, 83 ACCESS program of, 29 Arpaio and, 41 arrests by, 84–85 bond money and, 82 CoreCivic and, 82 creation of, 21, 55 deaths in custody of, 19 detention by, 80–81 Secure Communities and, 58 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 41 Immigration and Naturalization Service, 55 immigration detention, 19–20, 172, 219 as border governance, 80–81 budgets for, 48 Calais refugees and, 105 children in, 19–20, 22, 27 conditions of, 11, 19, 41, 93 Covid-19 and, xv deaths in, 19, 27, 99 expansion of, xv, 3, 45–46, 60 gender and, 81 geopolitics of, 47 Haitian refugees and, 47–48, 208 hunger strikes in, 38, 94, 103, 115 iceboxes and, 44 in Bangladesh, 66 indefinite, 98 in Greece, 113, 115 in Hungary, 116 in Libya, 109, 116–117, 120 in Malaysia, 136 in Morocco, 112 in Niger, 120 kafala system and, 151–153 mandatory, 102 mining and, 95 neoliberalism and, 5 offshore, 4, 88, 93–96, 98–104, 109, 112 of Muslims, 54–56 of Palestinians, 57 organizing against, 1, 22 private prisons and, 81–82 protests against, 214 torture in, 30 “zero tolerance” and, 58 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 43 Immigration Restriction Act, 96 Immigration Restriction League, 207 Imperial Valley Anti-Communist Association, 35 India, 57, 88, 172–173, 214, 219. See also Hindutva Africa and, 71 CAA in, 190 caste in, 175–176 far right in, 9, 169, 171–178, 189 Islamophobia in, 175 kafala system and, 151–153 Kashmir and, 98, 172, 177, 192 Look East policy, 192 migrants from, 136 Muslim people in, 171–174, 178, 189–191 Myanmar and, 191–192 NRC in, 189–190 statelessness in, 9, 189–190 World Bank and, 70 India–Bangladesh border, 178 Indiana, 29 Indian Act, 83 Indian Citizenship Act, 25 Indian Ocean, 148, 150 Indian Removal Act of 1830, 24 Indian Wars, 24, 26, 78 Indigenous people, xix, 171, 186, 195, 196, 205, 209–211, 215, 218–219 debt and, 65 far right and, 9 free trade agreements and, 49, 51 gender and, 24–25, 27, 50–51 in Australia, 95–96 in Bolivia, 218 in Brazil, 180–182 in Canada, 1, 25, 73, 82–83, 156, 158–160, 162, 164 in Central America, 27, 43, 73 in Honduras, 44, 45 in Latin America, 27 in Mexico, 25, 27, 50–51 in Nauru, 98 in Papua New Guinea, 94–95, 98 in Spain, 112 in the United States, xvii, 13, 21–28, 32–33, 35–36, 82, 84, 200, 212–213 resource colonialism and, 95 surveillance of, 57 Indonesia, 73, 100–101, 136, 147, 151, 165, 187, 214 Industrial Police, 62 Industrial Workers of the World, xviii, 34–35, 85 Instacart, xv, 214 Institute of Race Relations, 119 Intercede, 165 International Black Women for Wages for Housework, 141 International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group, 57 International Court of Justice, 97 International Democratic Union, 170 International Domestic Workers Federation, 144 International Finance Corporation, 70 International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, 173 International Labour Organization, 133, 138, 142, 144 International Monetary Fund, 49, 63–64, 113, 121, 143 International Organization for Migration, 66, 86, 106, 120 International Trade Union Confederation, 145, 152 International Wages for Housework, 141 Inuit people, 186 Ipili people, 94–95 Iran, 60, 88, 93, 122, 149 Iran-Contra scandal, 44 Iraq Blackwater in, 4 drone strikes in, 60 Kuwait and, 193 migrant workers in, 135–136 Muslim ban and, 60 refugees from, 20, 57, 100, 106, 114, 116 troops redeployed from, 109 US Border Patrol in, 3, 36, 89 US invasion of, 56 Ireland, 111 Irish people, 95 Irom Sharmila, 176 ISIS, 56 Islam, 126, 148, 150, 187–188 Islamophobia, 159, 197, 205.


Culture Shock! Costa Rica 30th Anniversary Edition by Claire Wallerstein

anti-communist, bilateral investment treaty, call centre, card file, Day of the Dead, Easter island, fixed income, Kickstarter, liberal capitalism, out of africa, Silicon Valley, sustainable-tourism, trade route, urban sprawl

Historically poor, rural, and lacking in mineral riches, it has a tradition of self-reliance and individualism, an enormous middle class (ostentatious displays of wealth are frowned upon) and a hatred of violence: the army was abolished in 1948, former president Oscar Arias Sánchez won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987, and the country is the seat of the United Nations’ University for Peace. Costa Rica is also a country of paradoxes. It is socialist yet fiercely anti-Communist, it is a ‘green idyll’ yet with one of the region’s highest rates of deforestation, it is urbanised but with a rural mindset. Paul Theroux, in The Old Patagonian Express: By Train Through the Americas, noted how Costa Ricans ‘go to bed early and rise at dawn; everyone—student, labourer, businessman, estate manager, politician—keeps farmer’s hours’.

Figueres had gained notoriety as the first political exile since the Tinoco years, after he had attacked Calderón on a radio programme in 1942. Other political groups—from oligarchs to idealists— joined Figueres’ party in the single hope of toppling Calderón, Overview of the Land and History 23 and the by now staunchly anti-communist United States lent its support. One of Figueres’ main gripes with communism, according to political scientist Olivier Dabene and quoted by the Biesanz family in The Ticos, is that it was a ‘subversive, imported ideology’, that couldn’t meet the needs of the Tico idiosincracia. While Figueres’ aims might not have seemed so very different from those of Calderón’s, Ticos have always been wary of foreign ideas and influences that don’t take Costa Rica’s unique characteristics into account.

The most famous of his works, Mamita Yunai, was a ‘denunciation of the abuses’ suffered by the country’s mainly black banana workers. He won the prestigious Magón National Culture Prize in 1965 and died the following year. José ‘Don Pepe’ Figueres Ferrer Coffee farmer who led the civil war of 1948 and became the architect of the present Costa Rican state and constitution. A virulent anti-communist, Don Pepe served as president three times, and was responsible for abolishing the army, nationalising the banks, giving the vote to women and blacks and overseeing the country’s 1970s cultural revolution. He died in 1990. Fast Facts 251 Carlos Gagini An intellectual, anti-imperialist and linguist, he was a proponent of the international language Esperanto and compiled a dictionary of the Costa Rican indigenous Térraba language.


pages: 286 words: 79,601

Great American Hypocrites: Toppling the Big Myths of Republican Politics by Glenn Greenwald

affirmative action, anti-communist, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, national security letter, Oklahoma City bombing, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Timothy McVeigh

The last thing in the picture is ol’ Coop [Gary Cooper] putting the United States Marshal’s badge under his foot and stepping on it. I’ll never regret having run [screenwriter and accused Communist] Carl Foreman out of this country.” Wayne’s boast that he ran Foreman “out of this country” referenced the fact that, in the 1950s, Wayne became a fervent and paranoid anti-Communist McCarthyite. He actively assisted the House Un-American Activities Committee in its effort to ferret out suspected Communist sympathizers in Hollywood. He made a practice of accusing Hollywood figures of being Communists based on the flimsiest of evidence, proclaiming in one interview: The only guy that ever fooled me was the director Edward Dmytryk.

He started talking about the masses, and as soon as he started using that word—which is from their book, not ours—I knew he was a Commie. In 1960, Frank Sinatra—at the request of his political ally, then-senator and presidential candidate John Kennedy—hired a Hollywood writer, Albert Maltz, one of the “Hollywood Ten” who had been blacklisted during the height of the anti-Communist hysteria. Wayne led the charge in attacking Sinatra: “I wonder how Sinatra’s crony Senator John Kennedy feels about him hiring such a man.” Wayne became even more extremist later in life, and his delusions of grandeur as a Warrior for Freedom grew steadily. He told a Time reporter in 1969: “I think those blacklisted people should have been sent over to Russia.

According to his 1979 Newsweek obituary, Wayne’s initial script for The Green Berets was such a transparent and inaccurate piece of pro-war propaganda that even the U.S. military was uncomfortable with it: “The Army rejected the initial script because Wayne’s Green Berets were too gung-ho in their anti-Communist enthusiasm.” After much controversy, The Green Berets was finally made, one of the very few films about the Vietnam War that Hollywood produced during the time the war lasted. The film glorified the war in every way. Wayne played a swaggering, courageous colonel assigned to the dangerous mission of kidnapping a North Vietnamese general, and uttered tough-guy lines such as “Out here, due process is a bullet.”


The China Mission: George Marshall's Unfinished War, 1945-1947 by Daniel Kurtz-Phelan

anti-communist, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, clean water, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, facts on the ground, failed state, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, Kwajalein Atoll, land reform, long peace, South China Sea

The Americans, of course, had their own reasons for advocating a negotiated solution. Chiang could not win a civil war—they were sure of that. The CCP might not be able to win either, but in a warring, divided China, the Nationalist government’s position would likely erode over time, even with substantial U.S. assistance. Ivan Yeaton, the staunch anti-Communist heading up the Dixie Mission, submitted an analysis ahead of Marshall’s arrival: “The Generalissimo’s military strength if not constantly revitalized will slowly crumble when forced into a long drawn-out civil war of attrition while the Communists’ deep-rooted political strength in their stabilized bases will best develop and spread under military and civil suppression together.”

The situation was deteriorating rapidly. Political democratization and military demobilization had both stalled, amid a flurry of fresh reservations and mutual recrimination. The Communists were issuing anti-Chiang screeds and ranting about his “lust for battle and slaughter.” The Generalissimo was giving fiery anti-Communist speeches and interviews. The embassy made a hurried recommendation: wait on announcing the aid Marshall had secured until his return, so as not to “seriously weaken his hand in reversing the present trend and bringing parties back to path on which he had set them.” Marshall assented. He would hold off on an announcement until he could see the situation for himself.

That had been part of the logic of a coalition, a way of compelling reform on recalcitrant Nationalists. Marshall had been far from alone in seeing a coalition as the best, and perhaps only, way forward. Even Chiang’s staunchest advocates—Luce, Congressman Judd, the Flying Tigers commander Claire Chennault, a slew of anti-Communist officers—had called for a coalition as essential to Chiang’s survival and China’s renewal. Now, however, many were denying they had ever considered it. It had been a year since Marshall had gotten Truman’s phone call tapping him for this mission. After nearly as long watching him in action, Melby found Marshall wearied by the prospect of moving forward.


pages: 589 words: 162,849

An Impeccable Spy: Richard Sorge, Stalin’s Master Agent by Owen Matthews

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial rule, company town, disinformation, fake news, false flag, garden city movement, Internet Archive, Kickstarter, military-industrial complex, post-work, South China Sea, urban planning

But once Clausen surrendered the book code that he had used to encrypt his telegrams, Japanese military intelligence was able to read almost every word of Sorge’s secret correspondence with his masters in Moscow. The confessions and the transcripts, which fill two thick volumes of testimony, were published in full after the war. This evidence was later cited at length by McCarthy-era anti-communists in the United States as a lurid blueprint of how Soviet intelligence could penetrate the highest levels of a government. Two things are missing in the vast trove of confessions and decrypts gathered by the Japanese police, as well as from the hundred-odd books that have been written about Sorge, mostly by Japanese historians, since his execution in Sugamo prison in Tokyo in November 1944.

For years the popular press – in particular the Daily Mail – had been sounding alarmist warnings to their working-class readers of the dangers of foreign subversives in their midst. In 1924 the paper published the sensational Zinoviev letter, a document purporting to be a directive from the Comintern to the Communist Party of Great Britain ordering them to hasten the radicalisation of British workers. The letter was in fact a forgery, but it sowed anti-communist hysteria and helped to instil a deep aversion in the Parliamentary Labour Party to compromising contacts with Moscow that would last until the end of the Cold War.66 In May 1927 police raids on the Soviet Trade Mission operating out of a building at 49 Moorgate, London, had revealed an extensive espionage network that caused Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to break off diplomatic relations with the USSR.

The memory of the single police raid on the Soviet Trade Mission in Moorgate, London, in 1927 that had smashed almost the entire Soviet espionage apparatus in England at a single stroke must have been still fresh in Berzin’s mind. And unfortunately – for the Soviets – it was the British who ran the most effective counter-intelligence and anti-communist operations in its colonial outposts in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore. Moscow had sensibly decided that its diplomatic quarters abroad were no longer safe centres from which to control agents. More, doubts were also accumulating about the basic competence of the Comintern as a spy agency.11 Berzin’s task, therefore, was to create an entirely new network of illegal agents run by a variety of undercover espionage officers posing as journalists, brokers, merchants and academics.


The Economic Weapon by Nicholas Mulder

anti-communist, Boycotts of Israel, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, deglobalization, European colonialism, falling living standards, false flag, foreign exchange controls, global pandemic, guns versus butter model, Monroe Doctrine, power law, reserve currency, rising living standards, Suez crisis 1956, transatlantic slave trade, éminence grise

An initial list of firms to which the law applied had already been drawn up in late March, containing dozens of majority French–owned firms in the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire.56 Octave Homberg, the banker in charge of the French financial blockade, wrote to Clemenceau that the 3 April law would “prevent the export from France of the assets of enterprises situated in Russia, in Turkey, in Romania and in Serbia, where French capital has an interest, and in which the enemy is looking to acquire a preponderant influence.”57 Since the Ministry of Finance was already paying rentiers interest on defaulted Russian state debt, its financial controls affected stakes in Russian industrial, mining, railway, timber, oil, and agricultural enterprises that were easy to sell and hence likely to end up in enemy hands.58 But by preventing French savers from selling the defaulted debt elsewhere, even at a steep discount, the financial blockade reinforced the loss of wealth inflicted by the Bolshevik default. This spurred fierce popular anti-communist sentiment that would leave a deep mark on French politics in the interwar period. Allied anxieties about Eastern resources increased further on 7 May, when delegations from the four Central Powers signed the Treaty of Bucharest with Romania. Among its economic clauses was the Romanian government’s extension of a ninety-year lease of its oil reserves to German firms.

As such, the postwar blockades and embargoes of the 1919–1921 period also need to be seen as core dimensions of domestic conflict in the aftermath of the Armistice.6 Robert Gerwarth has emphasized how civic strife in this era brought forth a “new logic of violence,” a desire to exterminate enemies both internal and external.7 The years following the world war were indeed filled with highly visible forms of violence: street fighting on the barricades of Berlin and Munich, Fascist squadristi breaking up Italian farm and factory occupations, Freikorps soldiers roving through Baltic swamps on anti-communist crusades, ethnic clashes in the Caucasus, and desperate refugees huddled on the quays of a burning Smyrna. The drama of these events has tended to hide the effects of the slow grind of deprivation and deflation enforced from afar—first by inter-Allied bodies during the Peace Conference, then, as the spread of revolution was blocked, against the Soviet state in Russia.8 Postwar economic pressure had another effect that persisted in the interwar period: it began to dissolve the timeworn distinction between the state of war and that of peace.

Visitors to Russia recounted scenes of deep misery among the civilian population. In April, the Russian Red Cross in Petrograd appealed to its American counterpart for grain and supplies to feed children in the capital. This led to fierce discussion on the SEC about how to reconcile humanitarian considerations and anti-communist goals. Cecil’s private secretary, Walford Selby, harshly rebuffed the Soviet call for assistance, which he thought a “pathetic appeal to which a deaf ear may be turned.”33 Selby saw the Bolsheviks themselves as entirely to blame for the situation in Russia and suggested that nothing should be sent to Russia until they had relinquished power.


The Transformation Of Ireland 1900-2000 by Diarmaid Ferriter

anti-communist, Bob Geldof, British Empire, Celtic Tiger, collective bargaining, deliberate practice, edge city, falling living standards, financial independence, ghettoisation, greed is good, hiring and firing, housing crisis, immigration reform, income per capita, land reform, manufacturing employment, moral panic, New Journalism, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, open economy, Plato's cave, postnationalism / post nation state, sensible shoes, the market place, upwardly mobile, urban renewal, wage slave, women in the workforce

Hogan’s chief concern had been to depict those sympathetic to communism in the IRA as a threat to democracy and religion, believing there could be no ‘Christian communists’ in Ireland, to which Peadar O’Donnell replied by accusing him of being the theoretician of fascism in Ireland.160 In any case, the enormous popularity enjoyed by the Blueshirts ensured anti-communist hysteria became populist and afforded Eoin O’Duffy a political platform he embraced with gusto. It is important to locate Hogan’s intellectual outpourings in the almost frenzied and paranoid atmosphere of the early 1930s, which facilitated the emergence of the Blueshirts, a group which by 1934 had between thirty and forty thousand members and undoubtedly possessed certain fascist traits, though not in the sense of German or Italian fascism.

Even though there were those in the US who wished to isolate Ireland as a result of neutrality, there was a perceived security need to tie Ireland into the American-sponsored reconstruction, while, interestingly, there was also a perception that excluding Ireland would intensify anti-partitionism. It was also significant that the US ambassador in Dublin from 1948 to 1950, George Garrett, erroneously believed that Ireland was as vulnerable as any other country to communist infiltration owing to its economic depression, despite Ireland’s seemingly impeccable anti-communist credentials. Over four years, despite the government’s arrogant insistence that they should get grants rather than loans (and the US was by no means disposed towards being overly generous), a token grant of only $18 million was given, with the bulk of $149 million coming in loans. ‘the quality of the thought that informs public policy’ The Marshall Aid period was significant in that it focused much attention on the difficulties of directing the economy away from protection towards more openness.

It was also the case that politicians like Seán MacEntee and newspapers like the Standard went out of their way to encourage witchhunts in order to uncover any who might be remotely tainted with communist associations, Jim Larkin being the most obvious victim in 1943. The sheer virulence (and sometimes violence) of attitudes towards communists was striking; a year after Archbishop McQuaid had raised £40,000 in a matter of days to fight communism in Italy, up to 150,000 are estimated to have joined an anti-communist march in Dublin, led by the city’s Lord Mayor, with a platform dominated by trade unionists. The Irish Workers’ League could not publish their paper, Irish Workers’ Voice, in Ireland because of the fears of printers, and members were also physically beaten, as happened in the early 1950s when they were campaigning for peace and the banning of atomic weapons.


Saving America's Cities: Ed Logue and the Struggle to Renew Urban America in the Suburban Age by Lizabeth Cohen

activist lawyer, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, benefit corporation, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, charter city, deindustrialization, desegregation, Edward Glaeser, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, ghettoisation, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, hiring and firing, housing crisis, income inequality, indoor plumbing, Jane Jacobs, land reform, Lewis Mumford, megastructure, new economy, New Urbanism, Peter Eisenman, postindustrial economy, race to the bottom, rent control, Robert Gordon, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, subprime mortgage crisis, tech worker, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Victor Gruen, Vilfredo Pareto, walkable city, War on Poverty, white flight, white picket fence, young professional

Logue threw himself into this yearlong roller-coaster ride of a unionization struggle, which he later recalled as “a time with a lot of idealism, a lot of ‘we’re going to do what we can to make the world better.’” He was rewarded upon graduation with a full-time job as general organizer for the local.13 As an activist on the New Haven labor scene, Logue had a clear political position: pro-labor and anti-communist. Although he wasn’t religious himself, Logue’s Catholic upbringing propelled his anti-communism, just as it helped inspire his commitment to social justice.14 But mostly, he was a New Dealer to the core, convinced that the best way to improve ordinary people’s lives was to empower the federal government to be a force for good.15 In New Haven, that approach meant much more than organizing workers.

For decades Rodell annoyed the Yale University Corporation and administration by being a persistent gadfly, most infuriatingly when he canceled his classes during the Local 142 strike of November 1941.24 With the encouragement of Rodell and other leftists on the law school faculty, Logue and his friends worked energetically to challenge the university not only on its labor practices, but also for its racial and religious discrimination—through quotas in admissions and prejudices in faculty hiring—and for its weak defense of academic freedom in the increasingly anti-communist atmosphere of the 1940s. As its president Charles Seymour famously said, “There will be no witch-hunts at Yale because there will be no witches. We do not intend to hire Communists.” Logue may have personally disliked communism, but he adamantly rejected red-baiting of any kind.25 On and off campus during these immediate postwar years, Logue developed a political identity as a pro-labor liberal and a committed racial integrationist.

He founded a Yale chapter of the national American Veterans Committee (AVC), a progressive movement of veterans committed to challenging the conservative American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars. When the AVC went through a bruising battle between its liberal and communist wings, Logue characteristically chose the anti-communist side.26 But opting for the more moderate path in the AVC did not stop Logue from bravely championing the cause of racial integration, raising havoc at the slightest hint of discrimination or injustice. In fact, Logue’s very first publication, in 1946, was a book review of Robert C. Weaver’s Negro Labor in the left-wing magazine The Progressive, in which Logue called for government pressure to deliver “social justice” to African American workers, “now, not soon.”


pages: 767 words: 208,933

Liberalism at Large: The World According to the Economist by Alex Zevin

"there is no alternative" (TINA), activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, bank run, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, business cycle, capital controls, carbon tax, centre right, Chelsea Manning, collective bargaining, Columbine, Corn Laws, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, desegregation, disinformation, disruptive innovation, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Snowden, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, guns versus butter model, hiring and firing, imperial preference, income inequality, interest rate derivative, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Jeremy Corbyn, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, Julian Assange, junk bonds, Khartoum Gordon, land reform, liberal capitalism, liberal world order, light touch regulation, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market bubble, Martin Wolf, means of production, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, new economy, New Journalism, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, no-fly zone, Norman Macrae, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, Philip Mirowski, plutocrats, post-war consensus, price stability, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, railway mania, rent control, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Seymour Hersh, Snapchat, Socratic dialogue, Steve Bannon, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trade route, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, unorthodox policies, upwardly mobile, War on Poverty, WikiLeaks, Winter of Discontent, Yom Kippur War, young professional

He recommended that there be no rearmament outside the League, and that Britain ‘constantly … make it clear to Germany we are anxious and willing’ to include it in a ‘system of collective security’ – by, inter alia, ceding a share of colonies to it, and that ‘indeed, we should expect to see, an extension of German influence in Central Europe’.160 Hitler’s Anschluss of Austria, which followed in March 1938, brought a more sombre vision of a German-dominated Mitteleuropa – ‘vast totalitarian Empire’, anti-communist, anti-Semitic, set to crush France and encircle Britain, like ‘one gigantic rock of Gibraltar’ – yet, at the same time, the feeble hope that united action might still ‘compel Herr Hitler to give Czechoslovakia not intolerable terms’.161 The capitulation of France and Britain six months later at Munich was thus foretold.

Then, of course, he was officially not the third man; his work for us in the first and longer part of his engagement was excellent and, as Elizabeth herself told the Observer on Sunday, properly impartial and judgematical. At the very end, he did flag, as we said in our piece, but for personal not political causes; and, when he went, we had for some time been wondering what to do about him, simply on journalistic grounds.164 From his father’s house in Ajaltoun, Philby had sent back faultlessly anti-communist articles, the sort he thought would rhyme with British upper-class prejudices, on Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Yemen. When his output flagged, Tyerman sent down Midgley – Philby’s friend from Cambridge, with him in Berlin in Easter 1933 when the Nazis came to power – to encourage him, as well as Barbara Smith; they got drunk instead at hotel bars, Smith chasing a baby fox around Philby’s Beirut flat months before he disappeared in 1963.

Brazenly overlapping with studies for Crozier’s ISC, his Economist articles spread the alarm about supposed communist threats in Spain, Portugal, Northern Ireland, Iran, South Africa and Nicaragua.38 In all this, he showed that, in the free world, it was possible to do well by doing good: free trips from the Shah; quid-pro-quos for a cheery gloss on apartheid South Africa’s invasion of Angola; a £20,000 salary to edit VISION, a magazine owned by the Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza.39 Moss left the Economist in 1980, using contacts he had made there to publish his first novel, The Spike. Here the hero is journalist Robert Hockney, ex-Berkeley radical turned anti-communist crusader, whose erotic adventures are rendered in as much graphic detail as his quest to expose media outlets and think tanks as thinly disguised KGB fronts.40 Macrae-economics: Considering Japan and West Germany Norman Macrae was the mirror image of Beedham and Moss, complementing their geopolitical engagements with his own take on global capitalism.41 His manner was quite different, however.


pages: 497 words: 143,175

Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies by Judith Stein

1960s counterculture, accelerated depreciation, activist lawyer, affirmative action, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, blue-collar work, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, centre right, collective bargaining, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, desegregation, do well by doing good, Dr. Strangelove, energy security, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, feminist movement, financial deregulation, floating exchange rates, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, income per capita, intermodal, invisible hand, knowledge worker, laissez-faire capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal capitalism, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, Martin Wolf, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, post-industrial society, post-oil, price mechanism, price stability, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, reserve currency, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, Simon Kuznets, strikebreaker, three-martini lunch, trade liberalization, union organizing, urban planning, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, working poor, Yom Kippur War

Richard Scammon and Ben Wattenberg hectored their party to attend to a new conservative majority anxious about crime, militant activism, and permissive values.1 But the king of right wing Republicans, National Review editor William Buckley, believed that it was not the moment for conservatives. Nixon himself thought that members of the right wing Young Americans for Freedom were “nuts and second-raters.”2 The president did not want the “hard right-wing, Bircher, or anti-Communist” in the new majority he was trying to build.3 Howard K. Smith, a principal commentator for ABC news, remarked in 1971, “No matter how often we reporters pronounce the old FDR Coalition dead—the blacks, the poor, labor, and so on—every election it seems to pull together enough to keep the Democrats the majority party.”4 One way to cut through this dispute is to separate notions of social and economic liberalism.

In November 1973, Sheik Yamani, sounding a little like Qaddafi, boasted that Saudi Arabia could blow up its wells or cut production by 80 percent and still do very well.37 The sheik demanded the withdrawal of Israeli troops from all of the lands taken after the 1967 war, including Jerusalem, before his country would return to the production levels of September. The kingdom had reduced its oil production from 8.3 million to 6.2 million barrels a day.38 To underscore his point, anti-Communist King Faisal sent a congratulatory message to Leonid Brezhnev on the anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution.39 (Saudi Arabia did not even have diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.) But Kissinger would not link the specifics of the Arab-Israeli settlement with the oil question. “If we once begin to let ourselves be blackmailed, this weapon will be used time and time again at every stage of the negotiations.”40 King Faisal discovered that his oil would not get him Jerusalem, but the United States did begin negotiating.

In defending Helsinki as well as his record, the president stated that “there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, and there never will be under a Ford administration.” Upon further questioning, Ford dug himself in deeper, claiming that “I don’t believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union.” He simply meant that the Poles retained the hope of freedom, and, given Ford’s anti-Communist credentials, few outside the media took note of it. But overnight the press magnified the misstatement; Ford refused to modify it and the president seemed, at the very least, a bumbler. The controversy stopped his momentum, but even before the press worked over his remarks, Carter was generally considered to have won the debate, if by a small margin.


pages: 498 words: 184,761

The Riders Come Out at Night: Brutality, Corruption, and Cover-Up in Oakland by Ali Winston, Darwin Bondgraham

affirmative action, anti-communist, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Bear Stearns, Black Lives Matter, Broken windows theory, Chelsea Manning, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, COVID-19, crack epidemic, defund the police, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Ferguson, Missouri, friendly fire, full employment, gentrification, George Floyd, global pandemic, Golden Gate Park, mass incarceration, Nelson Mandela, Occupy movement, Oklahoma City bombing, old-boy network, Port of Oakland, power law, Ronald Reagan, San Francisco homelessness, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, transcontinental railway, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, white flight, WikiLeaks, Yogi Berra

Snyder attempted to restart printing while out on bond, but members of the American Legion, with tacit approval from Oakland’s highest officials (OPD chief Petersen himself was a Legionnaire), threatened to destroy the press. Just the week before, the Legion, a veterans’ organization founded with xenophobic and anti-Communist views, stormed Loring Hall in downtown Oakland, where several German immigrant aid societies and the Communist Workers Party leased space alongside Snyder’s newspaper. The Legion, which claimed many Oakland cops as members, would offer its services repeatedly to the police as an extralegal shock force.22 “I am of the opinion that the American Legion boys were thinking that they were doing justice,” said Oakland council member and commissioner of public safety Fred Morse, dismissing complaints about the Loring Hall attack.

Like the Chandlers, the Knowlands used the Tribune to cheerlead the real estate industry and entrench Republican dominance in local and state politics, while shielding institutions—including the Oakland Police Department—from scrutiny.17 The Tribune proved crucial for Knowland’s first Senate reelection campaign. He ran on an anti-union, anti-Communist platform that tracked with the newspaper’s opposition to widespread labor agitation and a general strike that tied up downtown Oakland beginning on Monday morning, December 3, 1946. The citywide industrial action was the last general strike in American history, and although it stemmed from campaigns to unionize downtown department stores Kahn’s and Hastings, Oakland’s strike was the last of a wave of similar actions that swept across the United States from 1945 through 1946.

Entrenched state and municipal power structures, like the one in Oakland, realized that such restructuring according to the demands of people of color and white progressives meant relinquishing their own power and privilege. Oakland’s civic fathers declined to use federal resources to reshape the local economy more equitably. Many of Oakland’s political elite gravitated to the hard-line law-and-order and anti-Communist politics championed by California governor Ronald Reagan and President Richard Nixon during their ascent in the 1960s and early 1970s. As governor, Reagan and Oakland attorney Edwin Meese killed the Oakland Economic Development Council, the nonprofit that had channeled more than $20 million in federal grants to the city’s poor, when they vetoed its 1971 block grant.43 As president, Nixon would complete the demobilization of the poverty war’s foot soldiers while ramping up federal spending on police and prisons as part of his nascent War on Drugs.44 Instead of doing their best to reshape the local economy and provide opportunities for the poor to thrive, Oakland’s leaders chose to have the police contain the increasingly destitute and frustrated Black masses.


From Peoples into Nations by John Connelly

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, bank run, Berlin Wall, Cass Sunstein, centre right, collective bargaining, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, crony capitalism, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial independence, German hyperinflation, Gini coefficient, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, joint-stock company, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, land reform, land tenure, liberal capitalism, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral hazard, oil shock, old-boy network, open borders, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Peace of Westphalia, profit motive, purchasing power parity, Ronald Reagan, strikebreaker, the built environment, The Chicago School, trade liberalization, Transnistria, union organizing, upwardly mobile, wikimedia commons, women in the workforce

Like his followers, the Captain seemed little concerned with death; in fact, the organization he led was a death cult. The standard practice of legionary hit squads was to surrender to authorities after carrying out their crimes. King Carol had tacitly financed the Legion, which seemed to him an anti-Communist ally on the right. He had hoped it would serve him, because Codreanu respected the monarchy as a fundamental institution of the Romanian nation. Yet now Carol recognized that fascism was untamable and would subvert the existing order. In the fall, responding to a flare-up of unrest, he had Codreanu and several followers arrested and then executed, supposedly for trying to escape.

This demand implied Soviet influence in these countries’ internal politics but did not require the creation of the outright Soviet replica regimes that took shape in the region after 1948.2 For the time being, domestic factors stood against anyone dreaming of such a transformation. Eastern Europe had been the most anti-Communist territory on the continent, and to try to force Communism on it would make it more so. In the minds of most East Europeans, the Russian Revolution had inaugurated not liberation but cataclysms of suffering the likes of which Europe had never seen. For Hungarian and Polish peasants, Bolshevism evoked a system out to take their land and close their churches.

This was the East European predicament, to be trapped in a geopolitical situation that impeded entry into Europe as a place of law, democracy, and commitment to social welfare.26 But the cultural ties to the West were relatively new for Romanian elites, dating back only a century. Before that, a rhetoric had governed of fraternal ties to Russia as a fellow Orthodox country. When in February 1947, the compliant Romanian government under Petru Groza signed the Paris peace treaty confirming the retrieval of Northern Transylvania from Hungary, the anti-Communist Constantin Rădulescu-Motru praised Groza for observing a tradition of submitting to great powers and renouncing independence in exchange for “stability and institutional continuity.”27 Contempt for old elites derived not only from blunders of international politics, however. Beyond failing to protect their countries from the onslaught of well-armed and rapacious neighbors, the prewar leaders had neglected grievous social problems, instead monopolizing and reproducing privilege for themselves.


pages: 1,057 words: 239,915

The Deluge: The Great War, America and the Remaking of the Global Order, 1916-1931 by Adam Tooze

anti-communist, bank run, banking crisis, British Empire, centre right, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, credit crunch, failed state, fear of failure, first-past-the-post, floating exchange rates, Ford Model T, German hyperinflation, imperial preference, labour mobility, liberal world order, low interest rates, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, negative equity, price stability, reserve currency, Right to Buy, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the payments system, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, union organizing, zero-sum game

On the day after the protest by the Western Powers about the ‘outrages’ in Nanjing, before the powerful Shanghai trade union movement could organize resistance, Chiang delivered his decisive blow.66 On 12 April, declaring that the Chinese revolution must liberate itself from Russian tutelage, he launched a bloody anti-Communist purge in Shanghai. With the Japanese keen to support Chiang’s anti-Communist drive and the Americans refusing to condone the use of force, London backed down. The Chinese Communist Party, having integrated its organization into that of the Guomindang, was defenceless. When the left wing of the Guomindang in Wuhan turned against them as well, their position was hopeless.

But outside Russia the far left was everywhere defeated.2 Across the world, as in Argentina and the United States, the resources of the state and the property-owning classes were mobilized to defend established order aggressively. In Italy in 1922, in Bulgaria and Spain in 1923, a new type of authoritarian, paramilitary, anti-communist dictatorship was established. But in most places the violence ebbed away. The new authoritarianism, to which the left soon applied the generic label ‘fascism’, remained confined to the periphery. In most places, as in the United States, the Red Scare, anti-foreign witchhunts, and nightly gatherings under the sign of the burning cross, came in retrospect to seem like a carnivalesque distraction from the real business of restoring normalcy.

The activity of his squadistri since 1919 could not but be distasteful to anyone committed to the rule of law. But by 1922 Mussolini was distancing himself from the more disreputable elements of his own movement and he clearly enjoyed the backing of some of the most influential groups in Italian society. Whatever else one might say about them, the Fascists were solidly anti-Communist. Above all, from the French point of view, Mussolini’s entire career was built on his war record. No one had been more vocal in his railings against ‘peace without victory’. Worries about the aggressive impulses of Fascism would come later. In 1923 Mussolini was not about to stand in the way of French enforcement action against Germany.10 That was all that Paris needed to know.


pages: 769 words: 224,916

The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century by Steve Coll

American ideology, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, borderless world, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, business climate, colonial rule, Donald Trump, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial independence, forensic accounting, global village, haute couture, high-speed rail, independent contractor, intangible asset, Iridium satellite, Khyber Pass, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, low earth orbit, margin call, Mount Scopus, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shock, Oscar Wyatt, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, urban planning, Yogi Berra

Unbeknownst to the American public, for example, Reagan had authorized an attempt to free American hostages held in Lebanon by selling weapons to the kidnappers’ sponsors in Iran; Adnan Khashoggi, who worked closely with the Saudi royal family, was centrally involved in those secret transactions. Also, the previous June, after a request by Reagan’s national security advisor Robert McFarlane, King Fahd had secretly agreed to funnel $1 million per month into a Cayman Islands bank account in support of Nicaragua’s anti-communist rebels, known as the Contras; this contribution allowed President Reagan to evade congressional restrictions on such aid. Saudi Arabia had no particular interest in the Nicaraguan cause, according to the kingdom’s longtime ambassador in Washington, Bandar Bin Sultan (“I didn’t give a damn about the Contras—I didn’t even know where Nicaragua was,” he said later).

He was the eldest of fifty-four children, the leader of the sprawling Bin Laden family, the chairman of several multinational corporations, and a genuine friend to King Fahd, but Salem was also decidedly the king’s subordinate; he might just as well have been called to Washington to organize a night on the town as to participate in clandestine statecraft.16 There was one portfolio of secrets binding King Fahd and President Reagan that winter that unquestionably involved Salem Bin Laden, however. These concerned the covert aid provided by the United States and Saudi Arabia to anti-communist rebels fighting Soviet forces in Afghanistan. The United States and Saudi Arabia each had already channeled several hundred million dollars in cash and weapons to the Afghan rebels since the Soviet invasion in 1979. It seems probable that when Salem reached Washington that winter, he would have passed to King Fahd, if not directly to the White House, the video evidence he had just gathered documenting Osama’s humanitarian work on the Afghan frontier.

The king grasped that he had to respond to Nasser’s popularity, but he lacked the necessary insight and skill. He veered erratically, embracing Nasser at one point but later participating in a botched conspiracy to murder him.14 In Washington, President Eisenhower and his aides set out to make Saud into a staunch anti-communist ally. After Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal with Saud’s vocal support, Britain and France responded with an ill-judged invasion; after their defeat, Eisenhower saw a vacuum in the Arab world that American power might fill. He particularly coveted the use of an air base near the Saudi oil fields.


Powers and Prospects by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, colonial rule, declining real wages, deindustrialization, deskilling, Fall of the Berlin Wall, invisible hand, Jacques de Vaucanson, John von Neumann, language acquisition, liberation theology, Monroe Doctrine, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, old-boy network, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, theory of mind, Tobin tax, Turing test

The technique is an understandable one; it is not easy to think of an alternative, given the acknowledged inability to ‘appeal directly to the masses’ and ‘get control of mass movements’ as the ‘Communists’ can do, using the unfair advantages they gain from ‘defending the interests of the poor’—‘Communist’ here used in the technical sense that covers also militant anti-Communists with the wrong priorities. The Problem Solved By the early 1960s, US experts were urging their contacts in the Indonesian military to ‘strike, sweep their house clean’ (Guy Pauker of the Pentagon-sponsored RAND Corporation in a study published by Princeton University Press); ‘if the officer corps appreciated its historic role, it could be the nation’s salvation’, he wrote in a University of California study.

Years later, top planners spelled out their delayed reaction to the ‘dramatic events’. McGeorge Bundy, National Security Adviser under Kennedy and Johnson and former Harvard dean, finally came to realise, he said, that ‘our effort’ in Vietnam should perhaps have been brought to an end after October 1965, when ‘a new anti-communist government took power in Indonesia and destroyed the communist party’. With Indonesia now protected from infection, it may have been ‘excessive’, he felt, to continue to demolish Indochina at inordinate cost to ourselves. The rest of the region was being immunised in a similar if not quite so spectacular way, while the virus of independent nationalism in Indochina was destroyed so completely that by the early 1970s, the business press recognised that the US had basically won the war.

As for the ‘quietly determined’ leader Suharto with his ‘almost innocent face’ and ‘scrupulously constitutional’ reliance on ‘law not on mere power’ (Time), the ‘Indonesian moderate’ admired by the New York Times who was presiding over the massacres and ‘encouraging as wide as possible participation . . . as a way of committing fence-sitters to the victory of the anti-communist cause’ (Cribb), he retained his moderate status as he proceeded to compile one of the world’s worst human rights records in Indonesia, not to speak of some exploits beyond. ‘Many in the West were keen to cultivate Jakarta’s new moderate leader, Suharto’, after the dramatic events of 1965–6, the Christian Science Monitor reported years later, though some recognised that his human rights record is ‘checkered’ (Times Southeast Asia correspondent Philip Shenon).


pages: 325 words: 99,983

Globish: How the English Language Became the World's Language by Robert McCrum

Alistair Cooke, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, British Empire, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, colonial rule, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, Etonian, export processing zone, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ford Model T, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, invention of movable type, invention of writing, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, jimmy wales, knowledge economy, Livingstone, I presume, Martin Wolf, Naomi Klein, Norman Mailer, Parag Khanna, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, sceptred isle, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, Steven Pinker, the new new thing, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile

.), Barney Balaban (Paramount), James Grainger (RKO), Milton Rackmil (Universal), Harry Cohn (Columbia), Walt and Roy Disney. Motivated by anti-Communist zeal, this powerful group would play a crucial role in the dissemination of American cultural values, and language, across the world. It was the beginning of postwar Globish. The drive to insert the idea of ‘freedom’ into American movies acquired a new momentum in December 1955 when a secret meeting, convened by the joint chiefs of staff, placed the idea of ‘Militant Liberty’ at the top of a covert Hollywood agenda supported by a posse of anti-Communist directors and stars led by John Ford and John Wayne, no less. To demonstrate how to insert the Militant Liberty programme into the movies, Wayne invited the meeting to his house.

At first, the opposition of the United States and NATO to the threat of the USSR and the Soviet bloc divided the international community into two halves, anglophone and non-anglophone. Of course at the local level language and culture continued to flourish but now, with the spread of television, radio and the movies, there was an alternative cultural narrative available. In this ‘hot’ phase of the Cold War, the American mobilisation of an anti-Communist campaign, led by the CIA, inspired a full-scale culture war that pushed the English language, in all its varieties, into the front line. ‘By 1953,’ writes Tony Judt, ‘at the height of the Cold War, US foreign cultural programmes employed 13,000 people worldwide and cost $129m.’ This struggle for hearts and minds sowed the seeds of the world’s English in parts of the world previously unreceptive to British or American cultural colonialism.


pages: 415 words: 103,801

The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern China by Jonathan Kaufman

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, colonial rule, company town, cotton gin, Deng Xiaoping, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ford Model T, gentleman farmer, Great Leap Forward, Honoré de Balzac, indoor plumbing, joint-stock company, life extension, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Mikhail Gorbachev, old-boy network, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, plutocrats, rent control, Steve Jobs, trade route

Chiang and the Nationalist troops surrounded the Communists in Shanghai, declared martial law, and began executing Communist supporters—as many as 12,000 in three weeks. Chiang issued a secret order to all provinces under the control of his forces to purge Communists. More than 10,000 Communists across the country were also arrested and killed. Over the next year, anti-Communist suppression campaigns killed 300,000 people. Mao escaped. He fled Shanghai and led a small peasant army in retreat—the start of what would become the People’s Liberation Army. The International Settlement was untouched. The British soldiers watched the massacres from a distance and wrote home praising the luxury of their rooms in Marble Hall and the “excellent” and exotic Baghdad-influenced cuisine.

Lawrence’s decision in the 1950s and 1960s to relentlessly increase the generation and distribution of power paved the way for air-conditioned movie theaters and well-lit shopping malls, elevators and escalators that climbed the city’s ever-taller buildings, a dazzlingly bright skyline and bustling streets. It turned the wrecked and depleted city Lawrence returned to after World War II into “a neon-emblazoned outpost of capitalist modernity on the edge of monochromatic China.” Horace and Lawrence Kadoorie, declared an Australian publisher after meeting them, were the two most effective anti-Communists Asia had produced. Lawrence called himself the last Victorian. He had been born in 1899, in the final years of Victoria’s reign. He shared with the Victorians the optimism of empire—that he knew what was best for Hong Kong and for the Chinese. Colonialism might have been in retreat and discredited—leaving a legacy of ethnic conflict and war in India, the Middle East, and Africa—but here in Hong Kong, Lawrence believed, the last outpost of the British Empire was succeeding.

“non-involvement in political issues”: Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong (London: I. B. Tauris, 2004), 158, Kindle location 3771–86. “neon-emblazoned outpost of capitalist modernity”: Mark Lambert Clifford, “Let There Be Light: China Light & Power and the Making of Modern Hong Kong,” PhD thesis, University of Hong Kong, March 2019. two most effective anti-Communists Asia had produced: Jonathan Swift, “It Started with a Spilled Barrel,” Reader’s Digest, no date, copy in author’s possession. See also Lawrence Kadoorie memo prepared for meeting with British secretary of state Oliver Lyttleton, December 14, 1951, Hong Kong Heritage Project. “no doubt that Hong Kong is run by an elite”: Vaudine England, “Lord Kadoorie,” Discovery (Hong Kong), March 1986, 58–59.


pages: 173 words: 55,328

Last Best Hope: America in Crisis and Renewal by George Packer

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, anti-bias training, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, blue-collar work, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, collective bargaining, coronavirus, COVID-19, crony capitalism, defund the police, deindustrialization, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ferguson, Missouri, fulfillment center, full employment, George Floyd, ghettoisation, gig economy, glass ceiling, informal economy, Jeff Bezos, knowledge economy, liberal capitalism, lockdown, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, meritocracy, minimum wage unemployment, new economy, Norman Mailer, obamacare, off-the-grid, postindustrial economy, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, QAnon, ride hailing / ride sharing, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Bannon, too big to fail, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Upton Sinclair, white flight, working poor, young professional

Adjacent to the traditionalists were the anti-Communists. Many of them were former Marxists, like Whittaker Chambers and James Burnham, who carried their apocalyptic baggage with them when they moved from left to right. Politics for them was nothing less than the titanic struggle between good and evil, God and Man. The main target of their energy was the ameliorative creed of Eleanor Roosevelt and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., good old liberalism, which they believed to be nothing but a paler communism—“the ideology of Western suicide,” Burnham called it. The anti-Communists, like the traditionalists, were skeptics of democracy—its softness would doom it to destruction when World War III broke out.


pages: 613 words: 151,140

No Such Thing as Society by Andy McSmith

"there is no alternative" (TINA), anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Bob Geldof, Boris Johnson, British Empire, Brixton riot, Bullingdon Club, call centre, cuban missile crisis, Etonian, F. W. de Klerk, Farzad Bazoft, feminist movement, fixed income, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, full employment, glass ceiling, God and Mammon, greed is good, illegal immigration, index card, John Bercow, Kickstarter, liberal capitalism, light touch regulation, Live Aid, loadsamoney, long peace, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, mortgage debt, mutually assured destruction, negative equity, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, old-boy network, popular capitalism, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Sloane Ranger, South Sea Bubble, spread of share-ownership, Stephen Fry, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, The Chicago School, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban decay, Winter of Discontent, young professional

Politically, there was no reason for a Conservative government to object. These were mostly ethnic Chinese families who had formed Vietnam’s entrepreneurial class, which was why a communist regime was driving them out. Once settled, they could be expected to look after themselves, contribute to the economy and be staunchly anti-communist. Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington was keen to comply, partly for the sake of the UK’s international reputation, but principally because refugees were pouring into Hong Kong, which was then a British colony, and whose government was pleading for help. Home Secretary William Whitelaw was conscious that public opinion had been aroused by the television pictures of desperate families in overcrowded boats.

By 1979, the junta felt the need to try to improve its international image by releasing some prisoners and reducing the rate at which new victims disappeared. It also supplied bookshops across Europe with complimentary copies of a book called The Strategists of Fear, by a well-known French historian and anti-communist, Pierre de Villemarest, which attributed Argentina’s bad reputation to poison being spread by rich Jews living in Buenos Aires, aided by their co-religionists in Europe and their contacts in the White House.7 In 1981, this much criticized regime suddenly found itself back in the sunlight because Ronald Reagan had taken office in Washington.

When he refused to give way to any more, John Biggs-Davison, the MP for Epping Forest, rose to demand of the Speaker: ‘If defeatism of this kind is to be spoken, should it not be done in secret session?’ Struggling to be heard above the commotion, Whitney replied: ‘It’s not a question of defeatism – it is a question of realism.’22 Whitney, incidentally, was also on the right of the Tory party; he thought that CND was run by Communists and believed in good relations with anti-Communist regimes. After that lead from the Commons, it was no surprise that the first opinion poll, broadcast by ITV on the Monday night, 5 April, showed that 70 per cent of the public thought the distant islands worth fighting for, even if that meant sinking Argentine ships and putting British lives at risk.


pages: 535 words: 144,827

1939: A People's History by Frederick Taylor

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Brexit referendum, British Empire, collective bargaining, delayed gratification, facts on the ground, false flag, full employment, guns versus butter model, intentional community, mass immigration, rising living standards, the market place, women in the workforce

The regime had a fixed routine of things to say, and it just kept saying them in various forms, hammering home the message every day. The morning edition of the local newspaper in Freiburg on 23 December 1938 carried material culled straight from the DNB’s press releases, sent through from Berlin several times a day, as it was required to do. The front page led with a story about a proposed anti-communist pact for the Far East between Japan, its puppet state of Manchukuo, and the Kuomintang government (with which Japan was currently at war, having occupied huge swathes of Chinese territory) in the interests of joint suppression of communism in the region. Pure propaganda. The Japanese were in trouble in China and wanted to drive a wedge between the various Chinese factions resisting their invasion.* Then, underneath that, the Führer showing his popular touch by celebrating Christmas with construction workers at his almost-completed new Reich Chancellery building.

Stalin was now faced with a direct border between the German sphere of influence and his own territory, enabling the possibility of direct invasion. Moreover, after the Munich Agreement, first Britain and then France had signed ‘friendship treaties’ with Hitler, raising, if one worried about such things, a possibility of their joining with Germany against Russia (Chamberlain, in particular, was a passionate anti-Communist). A Soviet arrangement with the Nazi state started to look like a rational course of action for Stalin. As Europe’s two main ‘black sheep’, Germany and Soviet Russia had been keen trading partners immediately after the First World War, as well as political and military collaborators. Under secret clauses of the Treaties of Rapallo and then Berlin between the two countries in 1922 and 1926, Weimar Germany had built up extra military forces forbidden under the Treaty of Versailles, trained a clandestine air force (likewise forbidden), and even experimented with chemical weapons, on Soviet soil before 1933.

Under secret clauses of the Treaties of Rapallo and then Berlin between the two countries in 1922 and 1926, Weimar Germany had built up extra military forces forbidden under the Treaty of Versailles, trained a clandestine air force (likewise forbidden), and even experimented with chemical weapons, on Soviet soil before 1933. Trade between Russia and Germany continued to be brisk until the virulently anti-communist Nazis came to power. In 1932, 46 per cent of the Soviet Union’s imports of industrial machinery had originated from Germany; by 1938, that figure was down to 4.7 per cent, with German goods replaced by American and British products.2 However, by 1938 the Soviets wanted German technology and weaponry, and the Nazis needed raw materials, which Russia had in plentiful supply.


pages: 618 words: 146,557

Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979-89 by Rodric Braithwaite

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, clean water, en.wikipedia.org, friendly fire, full employment, Khyber Pass, Mikhail Gorbachev, trade route, V2 rocket

It was in the universities that Afghanistan’s first political movements were created. A Communist Party, the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan, was set up in 1965 by Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmal (1929–96), and Hafizullah Amin, all of whom were to play a major role in the run-up to the Soviet invasion. A number of students who were later to become prominent in the anti-Communist and anti-Soviet struggle also fledged their political wings there: Rabbani (1940–), Hekmatyar (1947–), Abdul Rasul Sayyaf (1946–), and Ahmad Shah Masud (1953–2001) all studied together in Kabul University. Students rioted in 1968 against conservative attempts to limit the education of women. In 1969 there were further riots, and some deaths, when high school students protested against the school management.

Ways should be found, said Brzezinski, to make the Soviets pay.27 It was not as if the Americans had so far been idle. Even before the Herat rising in March 1979, well before there had been any question of Soviet troops entering Afghanistan, the CIA had put forward proposals for helping the growing anti-Communist rebellion. President Carter decided at the end of March that the Soviet presence in Afghanistan must be reversed. American officials were already drawing the parallel with Vietnam. In the summer Carter authorised the CIA to spend $500,000 on helping the Afghan rebels. Brzezinski later claimed that this was not a deliberate move to provoke the Soviets to intervene, but that ‘we knowingly increased the probability that they would’.28 The Saudis and the Chinese looked as if they too would help.

Assassinated. 1933–73 Zahir Shah succeeds (dies in exile in 2007). 1959 President Eisenhower visits Afghanistan. 1965 Afghan Communist Party founded. 1973 Daud proclaims himself President. April 1978 Afghan Communists seize power, kill Daud. March 1979 Anti-Communist rising in Herat. September 1979 President Taraki arrested and killed by Prime Minister Amin. December 1979 Soviets enter Afghanistan. Amin killed, replaced by Babrak Karmal. January 1980 UN condemns Soviet invasion. February 1980 Massive demonstrations in Kabul.


pages: 486 words: 150,849

Evil Geniuses: The Unmaking of America: A Recent History by Kurt Andersen

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air traffic controllers' union, airline deregulation, airport security, Alan Greenspan, always be closing, American ideology, American Legislative Exchange Council, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, artificial general intelligence, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bear Stearns, Bernie Sanders, blue-collar work, Bonfire of the Vanities, bonus culture, Burning Man, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, centre right, computer age, contact tracing, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate raider, cotton gin, COVID-19, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, deep learning, DeepMind, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, Elon Musk, ending welfare as we know it, Erik Brynjolfsson, feminist movement, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, Future Shock, game design, General Motors Futurama, George Floyd, George Gilder, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, High speed trading, hive mind, income inequality, industrial robot, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jitney, Joan Didion, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kevin Roose, knowledge worker, lockdown, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, mass immigration, mass incarceration, Menlo Park, Naomi Klein, new economy, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, obamacare, Overton Window, Peter Thiel, Picturephone, plutocrats, post-industrial society, Powell Memorandum, pre–internet, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, Right to Buy, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Robert Gordon, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Seaside, Florida, Second Machine Age, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, social distancing, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, stock buybacks, strikebreaker, tech billionaire, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, universal basic income, Unsafe at Any Speed, urban planning, urban renewal, very high income, wage slave, Wall-E, War on Poverty, We are all Keynesians now, Whole Earth Catalog, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, working poor, young professional, éminence grise

The Nixonians condensed that into an effective alliterative caricature of McGovernism—Acid, Amnesty, and Abortion.*5 Paradoxically, the other big reason President Nixon got reelected by such an enormous margin in 1972 was because on policy he did not swim against the lingering, dominant leftward ideological tide. Unlike Goldwater, he wasn’t committed to a superaggressive global anti-Communist crusade but instead oversaw the slow-motion U.S. surrender in Vietnam (“peace with honor”) and the remarkable U.S. diplomatic opening to Communist China and détente with the Soviet Union. Unlike the Goldwater right (as I’ll discuss in the next chapter), he definitely did not try to roll back Johnson’s Great Society social welfare programs, let alone FDR’s New Deal.

Ronald Reagan’s job from the 1930s through the mid-1960s had been to perform for cameras, reciting words written by other people, so cynics are apt to look no further than that for an explanation of his subsequent political success—good-looking TV dummy, strings pulled by right-wing puppet-masters. But that’s not correct. Reagan was no intellectual, but he’d always been a cheerful, politically engaged ideologue, and by the time he ran for office, he was more fluent in political economics than most politicians. At age thirty-five, after morphing from sincere left-winger to sincere anti-Communist liberal, he continued making political ads decrying corporations’ “bigger and bigger profits” and Republican tax cuts for “the higher income brackets alone,” and he repeatedly got reelected president of his show business union, the Screen Actors Guild. But before he was fifty, after reading books like Hayek’s libertarian manifesto The Road to Serfdom and giving hundreds of speeches a year as GE’s $1 million–a–year traveling ambassador, he’d turned into a sincere right-winger.

As Reagan settled into office and became presidential, liberal dread concerning domestic policy was reduced by the nature of his appointees—who mostly were, like his vice president, moderate Establishment types, normal Republicans, not crazies.*1 In addition, Democrats had taken their eyes off the ball of the political economy and focused more of their dread of what this old-school anti-Communist president would or could do abroad—fund death squads and counterrevolution in Central America, upset the precarious nuclear balance with the USSR, trigger World War III. Reagan was also very lucky very quickly in ways that made him more popular. The very day he was inaugurated, Iran released their American hostages.


pages: 467 words: 149,632

If Then: How Simulmatics Corporation Invented the Future by Jill Lepore

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Buckminster Fuller, Cambridge Analytica, company town, computer age, coronavirus, cuban missile crisis, data science, desegregation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, Elon Musk, fake news, game design, George Gilder, Grace Hopper, Hacker Ethic, Howard Zinn, index card, information retrieval, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, job automation, John Perry Barlow, land reform, linear programming, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, Maui Hawaii, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, New Journalism, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, packet switching, Peter Thiel, profit motive, punch-card reader, RAND corporation, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, SimCity, smart cities, social distancing, South China Sea, Stewart Brand, technoutopianism, Ted Sorensen, Telecommunications Act of 1996, urban renewal, War on Poverty, white flight, Whole Earth Catalog

The convention was televised live, coast to coast, a first. Eisenhower won on the first ballot. To balance the ticket, party leaders connived to anoint as his running mate the shovel-jawed young California senator Richard M. Nixon, a Whitaker and Baxter protégé. Eisenhower was sixty-two; Nixon, thirty-nine. Eisenhower was a liberal, Nixon a ferocious anti-Communist. Whitaker and Baxter ran the Eisenhower-Nixon campaign in California. The Republicans had put together a formidable ticket. The Democrats were vulnerable. Truman had assumed the presidency in 1945 with FDR’s death and had been elected in 1948. He campaigned for a Fair Deal. But in 1952 he was unpopular, not least because voters blamed him for the United States’ involvement in the Korean War.

And he was no longer a member of the Left.28 Two weeks after Pool delivered his statement, the review board reversed its decision and granted him his long-sought security clearance: “The Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force therefore withdraw any objection to your employment on classified military information.”29 Pool wrote to Nixon to thank him.30 Pool had come by his security clearance and his anti-Communist credentials the hard way, and he would cling to them, and burnish them, all his life, like medals earned on a battlefield. Saul Bellow, who’d known Pool since they were undergraduates and fellow Trotskyites at the University of Chicago, later memorialized him as “Ithiel Regler” in a novel called A Theft.

deitchman: We are very familiar with that.29 Project Camelot convinced many behavioral scientists to stop taking money from the Department of Defense. Not Pool. The anxious young man who’d been denied a security clearance because of suspicion that he was a Communist, years before, had long since settled into his convictions: he wore his anti-Communist credentials like so many ribbons and medals. In 1966, a turning point in U.S. involvement in Vietnam, Pool, for all his gentleness of manner, fiercely committed himself both to the cause of counterinsurgency and to the role of behavioral scientists in pursuing that cause. In an angry and overheated essay, “The Necessity for Social Scientists Doing Research for Governments,” Pool insisted that nothing was more noble or wise or more true to both science and citizenship than projects like Camelot.


pages: 823 words: 206,070

The Making of Global Capitalism by Leo Panitch, Sam Gindin

accounting loophole / creative accounting, active measures, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bilateral investment treaty, book value, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, classic study, collective bargaining, continuous integration, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, dark matter, democratizing finance, Deng Xiaoping, disintermediation, ending welfare as we know it, eurozone crisis, facts on the ground, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global value chain, guest worker program, Hyman Minsky, imperial preference, income inequality, inflation targeting, interchangeable parts, interest rate swap, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land reform, late capitalism, liberal capitalism, liquidity trap, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, military-industrial complex, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Myron Scholes, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, non-tariff barriers, Northern Rock, oil shock, precariat, price stability, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, scientific management, seigniorage, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, special economic zone, stock buybacks, structural adjustment programs, subprime mortgage crisis, Tax Reform Act of 1986, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, the payments system, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transcontinental railway, trickle-down economics, union organizing, vertical integration, very high income, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, Works Progress Administration, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

The 1947 Taft-Hartley Act constrained union solidarity by banning secondary picketing and reinforcing state right-to-work laws. Moreover, the anti-Communist “witch-hunt” was already well in train by this time, especially in relation to the labor movement. Taft-Hartley included a provision that required officers of local, national, and international unions to file an affidavit swearing they were not members of the Communist Party. By 1949 Communist-led unions were being expelled from the AFL and CIO, while anti-Communist rhetoric was used to repress or at least marginalize rank-and-file militancy in the trade unions generally. Alongside the stick came the carrot.

Also essential to the success of the project was marginalizing the most radical impulses in the labor movement and channeling the expectations and demands of workers and farmers towards making gains within the boundaries of a growing capitalism. A great deal has been written on the isolation of Communist unions and parties, including the role played by the the AFL and CIO in establishing, with CIA funding, non-Communist—and anti-Communist—unions.40 But no less crucial was the consolidation of the “politics of productivism” among the majority of European workers, “superseding class conflict with economic growth.”41 This was in fact the crucial condition both for the distinctive development of the European welfare states and for the regional integration of their economies, which culminated in the European Common Market.

When the IMF came up with an $18 billion rescue package for Indonesia at the end of October, the Treasury now directly committed a further $3 billion from the ESF as a “second line of defense,” while insisting (over the misgivings of the State and Defense departments not to undermine such an old anti-Communist ally in the region) that the usual IMF conditionality of severe austerity be supplemented with a host of micro–structural adjustment requirements, including the closure of the banks closely linked to Suharto’s inner circle. The contagion had by then already spread to South Korea, as European as well as Japanese banks stopped turning over the massive short-term loans they had provided to Korean banks—and through them to the heavily indebted Korean chaebols.


Reaganland: America's Right Turn 1976-1980 by Rick Perlstein

8-hour work day, Aaron Swartz, affirmative action, air traffic controllers' union, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, Alistair Cooke, Alvin Toffler, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, Apollo 13, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boeing 747, Brewster Kahle, business climate, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, currency peg, death of newspapers, defense in depth, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, energy security, equal pay for equal work, facts on the ground, feminist movement, financial deregulation, full employment, global village, Golden Gate Park, guns versus butter model, illegal immigration, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, index card, indoor plumbing, Internet Archive, invisible hand, Julian Assange, Kitchen Debate, kremlinology, land reform, low interest rates, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, multilevel marketing, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, oil shock, open borders, Peoples Temple, Phillips curve, Potemkin village, price stability, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, rent control, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Robert Solow, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Suez crisis 1956, three-martini lunch, traveling salesman, unemployed young men, union organizing, unpaid internship, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, wages for housework, walking around money, War on Poverty, white flight, WikiLeaks, Winter of Discontent, yellow journalism, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

She churned out pamphlets, study guides, newsletters. Her husband produced the American Bar Association’s “Report on Communist Tactics, Strategy, and Objectives.” She hosted an anti-Communist radio show. In 1964, she self-published A Choice, Not an Echo, a 123-page paperback, with which she devoted herself to the election of Barry Goldwater, persuading rich angels to buy cartons of the book in bulk; with her anti-Communist underground as its distribution network, delegates to the Republican convention complained of receiving as many as fifty copies in the mail. By fall, there were 3.5 million in circulation.

But Frank Church was also up for reelection in an increasingly right-wing state. On July 17, his Democratic colleague Richard Stone, who was also up for reelection—facing a Florida electorate full of Cuban-American anti-Communist diehards—said at the SALT II hearings that he had learned that a Soviet combat brigade some two thousand troops strong had recently arrived in Cuba. The charge was particularly sensitive because, that same day, Nicaragua’s anti-Communist strongman Anastasio Somoza Debayle surrendered Managua to a government backed by Cuba. Church and his ranking Republican colleague Jacob Javits issued a joint statement denying the brigade’s existence, and Church returned to his work presiding over the hearings with a diligence and passion longtime Capitol Hill watchers described as awe-inspiring.

Viguerie went to school on the august forebears who had mastered the arcane science of selling magazine subscriptions, encyclopedias, and charitable contributions by “direct mail”—what another mentor, Walter H. Weintz of Reader’s Digest, called the “solid gold mailbox.” “RAVCO” (for Richard A. Viguerie Company) began building a client base: the World Anti-Communist League, the National Right to Work Committee, the National Rifle Association, No Amnesty for Deserters, Citizens for Decent Literature—and George C. Wallace, for whose 1968 presidential campaign RAVCO raised some $6 million, an unheard-of 76 percent of the total. Each client—especially Wallace—helped Viguerie’s mailing lists grow and grow and grow.


pages: 273 words: 34,920

Free Market Missionaries: The Corporate Manipulation of Community Values by Sharon Beder

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, battle of ideas, business climate, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, full employment, Herbert Marcuse, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, invisible hand, junk bonds, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, minimum wage unemployment, Mont Pelerin Society, new economy, old-boy network, popular capitalism, Powell Memorandum, price mechanism, profit motive, Ralph Nader, rent control, risk/return, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, shareholder value, spread of share-ownership, structural adjustment programs, The Chicago School, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Torches of Freedom, trade liberalization, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, two and twenty, Upton Sinclair, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, young professional

A 1951 poll found that 76 per cent of those asked approved of big business compared with 10 per cent who disapproved.72 A million-dollar public relations campaign by organized labour in 1953 failed to counter the pro-free enterprise public relations effort. Anti-communist sentiment, fed by the revolution in China and developments in the Soviet Union, as well as McCarthy’s anti-communist campaign in the US, tainted the unions in the public eye and caused division within the labour movement, weakening the power of the unions.73 By 1955, studies found that the community was much more supportive of industry. A majority of those surveyed agreed that the interests of employers and workers were the same, and the vast majority of Americans said they approved of large corporations.

Moon Company 50 Cadbury Schweppes 211 Campaign for Economic Literacy 215 Canada economic education 81, 209, 220, 223–224 political appointments 158 Washington consensus 149 Canadian Bankers Association 218, 224 Canadian Broadcasting 80 Canadian Foundation for Economic Education (CFEE) 81, 218, 221, 223–224 Capital Ownership Group (COG) 184 capitalism terminology 58 employee share ownership 177–181 free market gospel 7, 8 people’s capitalism 171–186 and Protestantism 231 wider share ownership 173–177, 184–186 see also business values; free market Car Owners’ Association 133 Carter, Jimmy 121 Cato Institute 118, 119, 121, 129, 130, 131, 175, 223 Caygill, David 153 INDEX 253 Center for Economic Education and Entrepreneurship 220 Center for Education and Research in Free Enterprise 73 Center for Strategic and International Studies 223 Center for the Study of Private Enterprise 73–74 Centre 2000 85, 132, 137, 161 Centre for Commercial Freedom 135 Centre for Economic Development in Australia (CEDA) 84, 161 Centre for Economic Education 224 Centre for Independent Studies (CIS) 85, 127–130, 137, 156, 161, 214 see also Lindsay, Greg Centre for International Economics 138 Centre for Policy Studies (CPS) 111–112, 113, 114 Centre for Policy Studies (CPS) (Australia) 127, 132, 161 Centre for Strategic and International Studies 135 Chase Manhattan 146 Chicago Boys 145, 146 Chicago School 96, 102–103, 134, 147–148, 149, 154 see also University of Chicago children economic literacy programs 218–224 enterprise education 209–218 games 87, 203–204, 211 share ownership 194–195, 202–204 see also education Chile 97, 100, 134, 145–146, 148 China, revolution 59 Chipman, Lauchlan 127 Chrysler 45, 94, 209 churches 25, 35, 36, 88, 129 CIG 85 CIO 33–34 civil service Australia 89, 130, 131, 135, 138, 158–160, 163 New Zealand 154–155, 163 United Kingdom 89, 163 United States 118 see also bureaucracy Citigroup Foundation 223 Citizens for a Sound Economy 171 Clark, Fred G. 47 Clinton, Bill 172, 177 Clorox Company 69 Coca-Cola/ Coca-Cola Amatil 50, 73, 135, 181 Colgate-Palmolive-Peet 15 comic books 15, 35, 38, 42, 51, 204 Committee for Constitutional Government 48–49 Committee for Corporate Support of American Universities 72 Committee for Economic Development 46, 75 Committee for Economic Development in Australia (CEDA) 136 communism 25, 57, 59, 71, 195 see also socialism Compass 172 competition Advertising Council campaign 33 anti-competitive behaviour 21–22 contestability theory 102 in educational materials 55, 56, 203, 217, 222, 223, 224 ideology 3, 7–8, 46, 54, 55, 95, 109, 138, 151, 264 monopolies 40, 102 National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) campaign 35 Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) 223 Compton Advertising 65–68 see also Cummins, Barton Confederation of Australian Industry (CAI) 132 Confederation of British Industry (CBI) 79, 81, 178, 179, 195, 214 conferences 35, 36, 50, 54, 72, 84, 85, 86, 89, 110, 111, 117, 119, 129, 131, 133, 134, 136, 221, 223, 224 Connecticut Light & Power Company 58 consultants economic see economic advisers management 138, 158 public relations 3–4, 15, 25, 26, 30, 58, 79 see also pollster’s role consumers 20, 63, 65, 67, 74, 110, 222 choice/democracy 8, 20, 31, 54, 55, 67, 103, 104, 194, 216, 217, 229 education 51–52, 70, 211 consumerism 74 contestability theory 102–103 Continental Group 69 Continental Institute 69 Conzinc Riotinto Australia (CRA) 127, 129, 130, 133, 135 Coolidge, Calvin 4 Coors, Joseph 109 corporate power, growth 1, 229–230 Costello, Peter 133, 135 Council for Financial Aid to Education 50 Council on Foreign Relations 75 Crane, Jasper 94 Crane Metals 213 Crossroads 132–133, 137, 161 Cruden Investments 201 Cummins, Barton 65–66, 86 Deane, Roderick 134, 155, 156 Deloitte 210 democracy v corporate public relations 1, 2–4 decline in voter participation 79 and free market missionaries 7 NAM message 20–21 polling as democracy 32 shareholder democracy 8, 191–204 shift to corporate rule 229–230 voting franchise 2 see also consumers, choice Deustche Bank 146 254 FREE MARKET MISSIONARIES Deustche Telekom 196 deregulation 74, 95, 102, 103, 105, 117, 118, 128, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 145, 149, 158, 164 labour market 95, 96, 150, 151, 154, 158 financial markets 155, 157 developing countries, and Washington consensus 150–152 development banks 150 direct mailing 16–17 Dollars at Work 42 Douglas, Roger 132, 133, 134, 152–153, 163 Dow Chemical 70, 73, 119 Drexel Burnham Lambert 197 DuPont 3, 15, 26, 31, 38, 45, 50, 54, 56, 58, 94, 193 Eastman Kodak 15, 85, 119 economic advisers 145–165 Australia 138, 155–165 Chile 145–148 New Zealand 152–155, 156 outcomes 163–165 Washington Consensus 148–152 Economic Discussion Groups 36 economic literacy programs 214–218 see also education Economic Literacy Project 214 economics economic education see education classical theory 6–9, 102, 103 see also economics, neo-classical model contestability theory 102–103 economic literacy 39–42, 214–218 economic rationalism (Australia) 130–131, 162 see also neoliberalism employee education 54–59 Great Nebraskan National Economics Test 218 Keynesianism 95–96, 99, 100, 103, 146 liberalism 95 neo-classical model 94–95, 105, 159, 220 neoconservatism see economics, neoliberalism neoliberalism 93–105 see also economics, economic rationalism; ideology, free market outcomes of economics education 59, 74–75 planning 96, 103 post-war free market campaigns 45–59 public choice theory 103–105, 128, 223 as religion 6–9, 230–231 standards in teaching 218–223 supply-side economics 100–102, 110 ‘Ten Pillars of Economic Wisdom’ 47–48 Washington Consensus 148–152 Economics Education Review 85 Economics International 210 Economics Quotient (EQ) 68 EconomicsCanada 220 education 1970s economic education 63–75 Australian economic education 81–89 children and enterprise 209–218 consumer education 51–52 economic literacy 39–42, 214–218 economics in schools 49–54, 209–224 employee economics education 54–59 international free market education 79–89 outcomes of economics education 59, 74–75 post-war free market education 45–59 proliferating associations 47–49 share ownership 202–204 standards in economics 218–223 Test of Economic Literacy (TEL) 216–217 Eisenhower, Dwight 34, 59 Elders IXL 130 see also Elliott, John electricity companies 194, 196 Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) 133, 155 Eli Lilly 70, 119 Elliott, John 130, 133, 137 Employee Share Alliance (ESA) 179 employees and Advertising Council campaign 34 economics education 54–59, 70 employee share ownership 177–181 and NAM campaign 17 see also Trade Unions Empower America 171 Enterprise America 71 Enterprise Australia 79, 85–89 Enterprise Insight 213–214 Enterprise Week 87, 214 environmental pollution 8 environmentalists 64 Epstein, Richard 129–130 Ernst & Young 212 Esso 85, 133 E*Trade 191 European Policy Forum 135 European Union 185–186 Evans, Ray 133 Exxon 70, 119, 209 Facts about Business 80 Falklands War 99, 113 Federal Reserve (US) 98, 100 Federation of Small Businesses 214 Fernyhough, John 134 Feulner, Edward 109–110, 116 Fighters for Freedom 48 films 1970s campaigns 67, 70, 71, 72 1980s critique of capitalism 175 anti-communist messages 71 Australian free market education 82, 85, 87 NAM campaigns 16, 17, 18, 19, 35 post-war campaigns 36–37, 38, 42 for schools 47, 51, 52, 54, 57 Finance Canada 224 Financial Services Forum 172 Firestone Tire and Rubber 50 INDEX 255 Fisher, Anthony 111, 114, 127 Fletcher Challenge 156 Flynn, John 48–49 Forbes Magazine 101, 174 Forbes, Steve 171 Ford, Gerald 121 Ford Foundation 132, 184 Ford Motor Company 3, 19, 26, 31, 37, 50, 73, 85, 118, 119 Foreign & Colonial 202 foreign languages, NAM campaign 17 Fortune Magazine 31 174 Foundation for Economic Education (Brisbane) 85, 128 Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) 26, 45–49, 50, 53, 93–94, 111, 130, 158 Foundation for Enterprise Development 180 Foundation for Teaching Economics (FTE) 218–219, 222–223 France 138, 153, 177, 186, 196–197 Fraser, Malcolm 83, 87, 127, 134 free enterprise see free market free market 1970s economic education 63–75 Advertising Council campaigns 32–35, 64, 65–69, 74–75 economic freedom 8, 9, 21, 29, 35, 36, 37, 42, 45, 48, 50, 56, 65, 86, 96, 105, 122, 171, 221 education programmes 45–59, 209–218 see also education vs. government 8, 14, 21, 23–6 ideology 1–2, 6–9, 14, 22, 46, 49, 53–4, 56, 59, 65, 75, 93–105, 110, 112, 115–6, 130–1, 176, 217, 229 see also economics, economic rationalism; economics, neoliberalism influence mechanisms 119–122 international message 79–89 and mergers 21 mystique 145 National Association of Manufacturers campaigns see National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) orthodoxy 109 policies 93–105 policy dissemination 109–122 post-war campaigns 29–42 post-war education programmes 45–59 pre-war business promotion 13–26 and public opinion 24–25 scriptures 6–9 and social justice 151–152, 153, 154, 163–164, 165, 192 vs. unions 23–26 see also individual freedom, and free market; political freedom, and free market Freedom Forum 34, 71 Freedom Works 171 Freedoms Foundation 54 The Freeman 53 Friedman, Milton 70, 94, 96–98, 99, 100, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 127, 129, 131, 132, 145 Friedman, Rose 94 Funston, George Keith 195 games 70, 87, 202, 203–204, 211 Garnaut, Ross 157 Gates, Jeff 185 GATT 154, 159 General Electric (GE) 3, 31, 33, 37, 38, 51, 55, 73, 116, 119, 193, 222, 223 General Foods 15, 33 General Mills 51 General Motors 14, 18–19, 22, 23, 30, 31, 33, 37, 45, 50, 51, 70, 119, 193–194 Georgia-Pacific 209 Georgia State University 74 Germany 81, 138, 196 Gibbs, Alan 156 Gilbert, Wayne 156 Gillette 222, 223 Goldman Sachs 212 Goldsmith, Walter 113 Goodrich 33, 45 Goodrich, David 45 Goodyear 3, 73 government see also deregulation; regulation; taxation capture by business 3, 5 during the Depression 14, 222 and economic advisers/ consultants 138, 145–163 and financial markets 149 Hayek on 93, 94 intervention, opposition to 4, 8, 9, 14, 21, 23–26, 34, 36, 37, 38, 65, 83, 84, 85, 89, 93, 95, 96, 98, 114, 118, 128, 130, 131, 132 Keynesianism 95 and Monetarism 97–100 post-war period 23–26 privatization see privatization and public choice theory 104, 105 Reagan era 116 role 7, 8, 23, 33, 41, 96, 103 and supply-side economics 100 and think tanks 111–114, 120–122, 127, 131–135 and unions 24 and Washington Consensus 149 Great Depression 5, 13, 14, 29, 46, 49, 97, 98, 195, 222 Great Nebraskan National Economics Test 218 Greenpeace 153 Greiner, Nick 130, 132, 159, 160 Gulf Oil 50 H.


George Marshall: Defender of the Republic by David L. Roll

anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, Cornelius Vanderbilt, David Brooks, Defenestration of Prague, Donald Trump, European colonialism, fear of failure, invisible hand, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, one-China policy, one-state solution, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Simon Kuznets, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, Suez canal 1869, trade liberalization, Works Progress Administration, yellow journalism

Moreover, he was worried that the Soviets might renege on their promise to keep advancing from the east through Poland into Germany. Since August the Red Army had halted on the east bank of the Vistula River outside Warsaw, supposedly because they exhausted their supplies and outran their lines of communication. In fact, they paused at the Vistula to allow the Nazis to crush an uprising by the anti-Communist Polish Home Army in Warsaw. In a message to Roosevelt on December 27, Stalin accused the U.S. and its Western allies of supporting the uprising in Warsaw, calling the Polish army a “criminal terrorist network.”78 In view of the Red Army halt and Stalin’s accusations, Stimson “became convinced,” according to Marshall, that the Soviets “were going back on us,” meaning they intended to stand still on the Vistula in the east while the U.S. suffered even more casualties taking on the full brunt of the Wehrmacht in the west.79 Stimson asked Marshall to revisit the manpower problem.

She spent the last fourteen months of the war living on the Long Island estate of H. H. Kung, supposedly a direct descendant of Confucius, who was married to her sister Ai-ling (her other sister, Ching-ling, was the widow of Sun Yat-sen). During that time Madame and the ten lobbying firms on retainer by the Nationalist government worked to create and build a pro-Chiang, anti-Communist movement in the United States—part of the China Lobby. Marshall’s trust in and regard for Chiang when he landed in Nanking to begin his mission to China are difficult to assess. He swore to his interviewer that he always was “fond” of Chiang and that his views toward him were not influenced by Stilwell.

In April he took aim at Marshall by name, calling him “completely unfit” and suggesting that he lost China because he studied the writings of Owen Lattimore, director of the Johns Hopkins School of International Relations, a target of the China Lobby who McCarthy accused of being a “top Russian spy” or at least a concealed Communist.149 A year later beneath a packed gallery McCarthy stood almost alone on the Senate floor. For three hours he read, apparently for the first time, from a 60,000-word savage diatribe against Marshall that had been ghostwritten for him by his wife, Jean Kerr, his staff, and Forrest Davis, a newspaperman known for his strong anti-Communist views who was a speechwriter for Senator Robert Taft. McCarthy began his speech by linking Marshall to “the highest circles” of “a conspiracy of infamy so black that, when it is finally exposed, its principals shall be forever deserving of the maledictions of honest men.” The objective of the “great conspiracy,” as to which Marshall was an alleged principal, was to “diminish the United States in world affairs,” to weaken it militarily, and to cause “talk of surrender in the Far East.”


Necessary Illusions by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, centre right, collective bargaining, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, full employment, Howard Zinn, Khyber Pass, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, land reform, long peace, military-industrial complex, New Journalism, Ronald Reagan, Strategic Defense Initiative, strikebreaker, union organizing

“concept of democracy” is “closely identified with private, capitalistic enterprise,” and it is only when this is threatened by what is regularly called “Communism” that action is taken to “restore democracy”; the “United States concern for representative democracy in Latin America [as elsewhere] is a facet of her anti-communist policy,” or more accurately, the policy of opposing any threat to U.S. economic penetration and political control. And when these interests are safeguarded, democratic forms are not only tolerated, but approved, if only for public relations reasons. Costa Rica fits the model closely, and provides interesting insight into the “yearning for democracy” that is alleged to guide U.S. foreign policy.

With the “democratic renewal” that we proudly hail, there were some halting efforts to explore the “political space” that perhaps had opened. In February 1988, two journalists who had returned from exile opened the center-left weekly La Epoca, testing Guatemalan “democracy.” A communique of the Secret Anti-Communist Army (ESA) had warned returning journalists: “We will make sure they either leave the country or die inside it.”44 No notice was taken in the United States. In April great indignation was aroused when La Prensa could not publish during a newsprint shortage. For the Washington Post, this was another “pointed lesson in arbitrary power … by denying La Prensa the newsprint.”

The State Department recommended convincing the government to take measures to “Limit the international movement of communists, Increase penalties for communist activities, Eliminate communists from union leadership, Restrict communist propaganda,” while continuing U.S. propaganda programs “to increase public support for anti-communist measures.” In short, the United States should foster democracy. It should not be assumed that these are only the thoughts of the Republican Eisenhower administration. If anything, the Kennedy liberals were even more concerned to ensure that democratic forms remain within appropriate bounds.6 In later years, Don Pepe continued to serve the cause of the United States, as standard bearer of the Free World, while advocating probity in government, class collaboration, and economic development sensitive to the needs of business and foreign investors.


pages: 546 words: 176,169

The Cold War by Robert Cowley

Able Archer 83, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, cuban missile crisis, defense in depth, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Doomsday Clock, Dr. Strangelove, friendly fire, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, launch on warning, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, RAND corporation, refrigerator car, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, transcontinental railway

Their ideological activity was shouted out in slogans and posters, including drawings of the Soviet and North Korean dictators, Joseph Stalin and Kim Il Sung. They demonstrated for better conditions, drilled with homemade rifles, and forcibly resisted United Nations screening, to the point of murdering those who wavered. In the compounds they controlled, riots on command slowed down the U.N. process of screening out anti-Communist prisoners from the hard core. When the leader of Compound 62 declared that screening was unnecessary because all 5,600 prisoners demanded to be returned to North Korea, the 3rd Battalion of the American 27th Infantry Regiment was sent to subdue them on February 18, 1952. As more than a thousand prisoners in Compound 62 ran yelling from their tents brandishing improvised weapons and throwing rocks, the men of the 27th hurled grenades and finally opened fire.

What was the Soviet capability for offensive action, not only against Berlin and West Germany but also against Western Europe itself? How much was the GDR contributing to the Soviet nuclear program? After the anti-government riots that had spread across East Germany in June 1953, how strong did anti-Communist sentiment remain? Could it still be exploited? The spy game became even more risky thanks to moles in the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and the West German Foreign Intelligence Service. Between 1953 and 1955, they betrayed the West's spy network in the Soviet bloc and for a time almost eliminated it.

As it was, ranking American visitors to BOB headquarters were buoyed by a rousing delivery of his signature speech about “protecting the United States against its enemies.” Startled Europeans tended to see the passionate lover of pearl handles and battle hyperbole as dangerously half-cocked himself: the archetypal anti-Communist cowboy. John Kennedy approved. The young president and Ian Fleming fan would speak of the pear-shaped Harvey, with his bulging eyes and froglike voice, as a kind of American James Bond. Actually, the “memorably bizarre figure”—as described by Evan Thomas's account of CIA all-stars, The Very Best Men— occupied the opposite end of the manly-beauty spectrum from braw Bond.


pages: 396 words: 116,332

Political Ponerology (A Science on the Nature of Evil Adjusted for Political Purposes) by Andrew M. Lobaczewski

anti-communist, corporate raider, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, false flag, information security, John Nash: game theory, means of production, phenotype, Project for a New American Century

In contemporary political discourse, adherents of some political ideologies tend to associate fascism with their enemies, or define it as the opposite of their own views. There are no major self-described fascist parties or organizations anywhere in the world. However, at the present time, in the U.S., the system is far more fascist than democratic, which probably explains the existence of the years of anti-Communist propaganda. That would demonstrate an early process of ponerization of Western democracy which, at present, has almost completed the transformation to full-blown fascism. (Wikipedia, Fascism, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism) [Editor’s note.] * * * [52]: The law [is] harsh, but [it is] the law

Studies on the basis of tests detecting brain tissue damage will indicate such pathology in the second person, but not in the first; in the second case we are dealing with behavior which may be strongly reminiscent of psychopathy, but the substratum is different. If a carrier of an essential psychopathy gene was a member of the decidedly anti-communist government party before the war, he will be treated as an “ideological enemy” during the pathocracy’s formative period. However, he soon appears to find a modus vivendi with the new authorities and enjoys a certain amount of tolerance. The moment when he becomes transformed into an adherent of the new “ideology” and finds the way back to the ruling party is only a matter of time and circumstance.

Attempts to understand this language produce a certain feeling of helplessness which gives rise to the tendency of creating one’s own doctrines, built from the concepts of one’s own world and a certain amount of appropriately co-opted pathocratic propaganda material. Such a doctrine, for example, would be the American anti-Communist propaganda. Such twisted and distorted concepts makes it even more difficult to understand that other reality. May the objective description adduced herein enable them to overcome the impasse thus engendered. In countries subjected to pathocratic rule, this knowledge and language, especially human experience, create a mediating concatenation in such a way that most people could assimilate this objective description of the phenomenon without major difficulties with the help of active apperception.


pages: 395 words: 115,753

The Metropolitan Revolution: The Rise of Post-Urban America by Jon C. Teaford

anti-communist, back-to-the-city movement, big-box store, conceptual framework, desegregation, Detroit bankruptcy, East Village, edge city, estate planning, gentrification, Golden Gate Park, Gunnar Myrdal, Haight Ashbury, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Jane Jacobs, Joan Didion, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, plutocrats, Potemkin village, rent control, restrictive zoning, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, young professional

During the intervening four decades, more than 1.3 million newcomers legally entered the United States from China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.34 The ouster of the Taiwan-based Republic of China from the United Nations in 1971, the fall of Saigon in 1975, the gradual establishment of relations between the United States and Communist China during the 1970s, and British plans to relinquish Hong Kong to Communist China all seemed to threaten the interests of anti-Communist Asian capitalists and encouraged an influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States, the one eminently secure bastion of anti-Communist capitalism in the world. Many of the Chinese immigrants were not wealthy, but a good portion of the newcomers had money and skills that they sought to invest and utilize in America. The influence of the new Chinese Americans was especially evident in the suburbs of the San Gabriel Valley, east of Los Angeles, and specifically in the city of Monterey Park.

Many well-educated Asians gained entry under the provisions of the Hart-Celler Act. Unlike the stereotypical immigrants of the past, they were middle class and college trained. Moreover, America’s refugee policy opened the floodgates to displaced capitalists whose entrepreneurial skills and ambitions clashed with Communist dogma. Vehement anti-Communists, these newcomers posed no threat to the nation’s prevailing ideology but instead reinforced the image of the United States as the world’s chief bulwark of capitalism. The illegal immigrants were for the most part desperately poor, compelled by economic necessity to defy the law. Because of their precarious legal status, they could be readily exploited by American employers, paid less than minimum wage, and forced to work in conditions that no native-born American would tolerate.


pages: 450 words: 113,173

The Age of Entitlement: America Since the Sixties by Christopher Caldwell

1960s counterculture, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, Black Lives Matter, blue-collar work, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, classic study, computer age, crack epidemic, critical race theory, crony capitalism, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Attenborough, desegregation, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, Edward Snowden, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Firefox, full employment, Future Shock, George Gilder, global value chain, Home mortgage interest deduction, illegal immigration, immigration reform, informal economy, James Bridle, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, junk bonds, Kevin Kelly, Lewis Mumford, libertarian paternalism, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, mass incarceration, messenger bag, mortgage tax deduction, Nate Silver, new economy, Norman Mailer, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, open immigration, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, post-industrial society, pre–internet, profit motive, public intellectual, reserve currency, Richard Thaler, Robert Bork, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Silicon Valley, Skype, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, tech billionaire, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, Whole Earth Catalog, zero-sum game

Racial integration turned into the all-embracing ideology of diversity. Women’s liberation moved on to a reconsideration of what it meant to be a woman (and, eventually, a man). Immigration became grounds for reconsidering whether an American owed his primary allegiance to his country or whether other forms of belonging were more important. Anti-communist military adventures gave way, once communism began to collapse in 1989, to a role for the United States as the keeper of the whole world’s peace, the guarantor of the whole world’s prosperity, and the promulgator and enforcer of ethical codes for a new international order, which was sometimes called the “global economy.”

For two decades America’s bureaucratic and corporate experts had met every challenge they had been set, from a two-front war against Germany and Japan to the construction of an interstate highway system. Much as Johnson had revived Kennedy’s stalled civil rights initiatives and turned them into a massive constitutional reform, he took Kennedy’s inchoate plans to make a manly anti-communist stand somewhere in Southeast Asia (Laos had been the first country on which Kennedy’s whimsy landed) and turned them into a focused military campaign. President Kennedy had recruited Robert McNamara, the president of the Ford Motor Company, to be his secretary of defense. McNamara had won the esteem of the country’s leaders, and the authority to manage its now-nuclearized armed forces, on the strength of his corporate career.

It was the most comprehensive ideological capture of institutional power in the history of the United States. Those who pooh-poohed P.C. assumed that the partisan arrangements that had governed Western thinking in the Cold War would last forever. True, the “conservative” “hawks” had outlasted the “liberal” “doves” and the anti-communists the communists. And true, most of the groups now clamoring for rights and recognition had belonged, in one way or another, to the dovish side in that conflict. But that had been a matter of expedience. Campaigners for civil or women’s or gay rights had never had any particular affinity for Marxist ideas of economic organization and the Soviet state that defended them.


pages: 401 words: 119,043

Checkpoint Charlie by Iain MacGregor

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, Bob Geldof, British Empire, index card, Kickstarter, Live Aid, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Kinnock, open borders, Ronald Reagan, Ted Sorensen

“We never saw the regime, or the Wall, falling; on the contrary—everyone was getting used to it being around for a long time. And the late 1970s and early 1980s, when I was writing my own analysis of East German life, it was quite a refreshing point of view. Unlike West German journalists who were closely monitored, and also many of whom were what I called ‘anti-anti-Communists,’ due to the predominant rhetoric being so anti-Communist [that] they were trying to put the other side. I just traveled around and talked to people. It gave me a pretty good sense of how nasty it was. So that, as you know, was what resulted in my being banned from the country.” * * * For Mark Wood, traversing through Checkpoint Charlie was a routine of his working life that hardly ever changed.

Mao Zedong had grown cold to Khrushchev’s leadership for several reasons: his denouncement of Stalin’s rule in 1956; his lack of ambition to take the revolution to the capitalist West; and, crucially, his decision to visit the USA when invited by Eisenhower in September 1959, before he had even gone to China to celebrate Mao’s tenth year in power. The two leaders were now barely on speaking terms, preferring to communicate through their respective foreign ministries. Closer to home, the thought of a West Germany led by the anti-Communist Konrad Adenauer being allowed tactical nuclear weapons by their NATO allies appalled the Soviets as much as it did the East Germans. Ulbricht began pressuring the Soviet leader for a solution to the growing problem of the refugee crisis, too. On June 15, 1961, in an international press conference, he uttered the prophetic words “Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!”


pages: 235 words: 68,317

The Rum Diary by Hunter S. Thompson

anti-communist, job-hopping, New Urbanism

I went to the kitchen and drank two mouthfuls of warm rum, then I took a shower and got dressed. When I left, the food on her table was untouched. See you about eight, I said. Call the paper if you need anything. I will, she said. Goodbye. I spent most of the day in the library, taking notes on previous anti-communist investigations and looking for background material on people involved in hearings that were scheduled to start on Thursday. I avoided Sala, hoping he wouldn't come looking for me to ask for news of Chenault. At six o'clock Lotterman called from Miami, telling Schwartz to handle the paper and saying he'd be back on Friday with good news.

It took me a while to compose myself, but finally I decided that the morning had never happened. Nothing had changed. I would see Yeamon and get her off my hands. If he didn't come into town, I would drive out there after work. When I felt myself under control I went back to the office. At two-thirty I had to go to the Caribe to talk to one of the Congressmen who had come down for the anti-communist investigation. I drove over there and talked to the man for two hours. We sat on the terrace and drank rum punch, and when I left he thanked me for the valuable information I had given him. Okay, Senator, I said. Thanks for the story -- it's a hot one. Back at the office I was hard-pressed to get four paragraphs out of the entire conversation.


pages: 262 words: 66,800

Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future by Johan Norberg

agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, availability heuristic, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, British Empire, business climate, carbon tax, classic study, clean water, continuation of politics by other means, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, demographic transition, desegregation, Donald Trump, Edward Jenner, Flynn Effect, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Island, Hans Rosling, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, income inequality, income per capita, indoor plumbing, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, Kibera, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, meta-analysis, Mikhail Gorbachev, more computing power than Apollo, moveable type in China, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, open economy, place-making, Rosa Parks, sexual politics, special economic zone, Steven Pinker, telerobotics, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transatlantic slave trade, very high income, working poor, Xiaogang Anhui farmers, zero-sum game

The exception was Romania, where crowds booed the dictator Nicolae Ceau?escu at a mass rally he had ordered, and security forces fired on the protesters, until the morning after, when the military switched sides and sent its tanks against the Central Committee. Ceausescu was executed days later. Many anti-communist dictatorships supported by the United States also realized that patience with authoritarianism was growing thin. In 1989 Brazil saw the first election for president by popular vote since the military coup of 1964. After a fraudulent presidential election in Mexico in 1988, when the computers ‘broke down’ as the opposition candidate was about to win, political and electoral reforms set the country on the path to democracy.

In some instances they were referred to medical institutions, where they could be sterilized and sometimes castrated and lobotomized. During the Cold War, homosexuals were often seen as security risks, either because their behaviour made them more susceptible to political radicalism generally or because it made them vulnerable to blackmail, which might make them help the enemy. The rabid anti-communist Senator Joseph McCarthy was among those making a connection between communists and so-called ‘cocksuckers’ – even though homosexuality was of course illegal in the Soviet Union. Under President Eisenhower hundreds of homosexuals were dismissed from federal employment. Similar purges took place in the British government.


pages: 376 words: 121,254

Cocaine Nation: How the White Trade Took Over the World by Thomas Feiling

anti-communist, barriers to entry, Caribbean Basin Initiative, crack epidemic, deindustrialization, drug harm reduction, gentrification, illegal immigration, informal economy, inventory management, Kickstarter, land reform, Lao Tzu, mandatory minimum, moral panic, offshore financial centre, RAND corporation, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Stanford prison experiment, trade route, upwardly mobile, yellow journalism

What is beyond doubt is that it put cocaine within the reach of many more Americans, and paved the way for the crack epidemic that swept through the inner cities of the United States in the 1980s. The cocaine-Contra scandal might have undermined the United States’ determination to scupper the cocaine trade, but it also brings to mind earlier cases in which the US government has allowed drug traffickers to sell drugs in the United States, usually in pursuit of the same anti-communist goals that animated their strategy in Nicaragua. The Italian-American Mafioso Lucky Luciano was the first beneficiary of collusion between the US government’s spies and its gangsters, as the government turned to the Italian Mafia for help in invading Sicily in 1943. United States intelligence agencies not only arranged for Luciano, then the world’s pre-eminent heroin dealer, to be released from prison; they also allowed him to rebuild his drug-smuggling business, watched as heroin flowed into New York and Washington DC, and then lied about what they had done.

AUC leader Carlos Castaño revealed that three quarters of the AUC’s funds came from the production and trafficking of cocaine. Like the guerrillas, the paramilitaries went through bitter internal struggles over their relationship to the cocaine business. Castaño made his fortune working with the Norte del Valle cartel, but he was first and foremost an anti-communist, who saw the cocaine business as a means to a political end. When the AUC struck a deal with the government, by which the paramilitaries would leave the fighting to the regular armed forces, its political task was complete, and Castaño’s card was marked. He was killed shortly afterwards by his brother Vicente.

Former DEA agent Celerino Castillo III has written that ‘we spent billions trying to beat down an ideology in Central America, while the cartels rented nations as transit routes’.9 Of course, there are limits to American indulgence of drug trafficking: the case of Manuel Noriega, the military dictator who ruled Panama between 1983 and 1989, shows what US agencies are prepared to do when anti-communist allies in Central America overstep the mark. Noriega had been trafficking drugs, and working for the CIA, since the late 1960s. The United States’ security agencies had long overlooked Noriega’s cocaine trafficking for the Medellín cartel because of the strategic role the Panamanian played in supporting the Contras in Nicaragua.


pages: 434 words: 127,608

The Myth of the Blitz by Angus Calder

anti-communist, Arthur Marwick, British Empire, collective bargaining, Etonian, first-past-the-post, full employment, Monroe Doctrine, post-war consensus, Red Clydeside

Anderson, who was in charge of shelters, was a po-faced right-wing bureaucrat who was completely out of touch with public opinion – but, thank God, we got rid of him and Morrison came in, did a good job. Even then, though, there were still people in high places who thought we should really be fighting Russian Bolshevism – and weren’t they sick when Hitler invaded the Soviet Union and Churchill forgot all his own long anti-Communist record and embraced our new and noble ally …!’ These left-wing embellishments do not weaken the Myth – they enhance some aspects of it. The British working class and its political leaders are seen as forcing into retreat, through 1940, forces which had betrayed what Churchill would always call Britain’s long history, of opposition to tyranny.

When complete ‘national unity’ was less necessary, before and after that phase, it could be taken for granted, and extended to embrace even conscientious objectors. But with France falling in conditions which suggested general collapse of morale and widespread treachery, people in Britain looked at their neighbours suspiciously, and it was inevitable that some should express strong feeling against pacifists. There was also strong anti-Communist feeling, nurtured for years not only on Britain’s Right but within the Labour Party. It is interesting to consider why so little official action was directly taken against the CP and its members in 1940; after all, the Joint Intelligence Committee, the senior body of British military and civilian intelligence, meeting on 2 May to consider the implications of the Scandinavian débâcle, concluded that German success in Norway and Denmark had been due to the subversive activities of a well-organised ‘fifth column’ and suggested that, besides enemy aliens, Fascist and IRA supporters, the CP – ‘well organised with 20,000 pledged subscribing members – the Daily Worker circulation is 90,000’ – was a possible source of recruits for such a ‘fifth column’ in Britain.28 Communist Party membership had in fact been rising since the start of the war, particularly in Scotland and the Midlands, and had been reported in a Party pamphlet published in March 1940 to be ‘close to 20,000’.

They began to cheer fervently.4 Such behaviour lent credibility to the thesis which became popular in the summer of 1940 that there were ‘guilty men’ in the Conservative Party, Chamberlain himself the most notable, who had appeased Hitler before the war, who had not really wanted to fight him since war began, and whose apathy (or anti-Communist, pro-Nazi leaning) was responsible for the débâcle at Dunkirk. When Nicholas Harman in 1980 published a ‘debunking’ account of Dunkirk, he subtitled his book The Necessary Myth. Of course, the best possible face had to be put on the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force: ‘If the British told, and enjoyed, and embroidered, some versions of the truth, they did so because that helped them to stay in the war.’


pages: 303 words: 74,206

GDP: The World’s Most Powerful Formula and Why It Must Now Change by Ehsan Masood

Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, bank run, banking crisis, biodiversity loss, Bob Geldof, Bretton Woods, centre right, clean water, colonial rule, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Diane Coyle, energy security, European colonialism, financial engineering, government statistician, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, Mahbub ul Haq, mass immigration, means of production, Meghnad Desai, Mohammed Bouazizi, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Skype, statistical model, the scientific method, The Spirit Level, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, zoonotic diseases

“No British patriot can feel sore at any lack of recognition in this book,” he wrote—though Harrod still chided his American colleague for not giving more weight to the role of “innate British character,” which had helped Britain to export the rule of law, democracy, and universities all over the world.14 Rostow’s formula for how nations could prosper without going communist also attracted VIP fan mail. His admirers included President Eisenhower and the more stridently anti-communist vice-president, Richard Nixon. This was all the more remarkable as Nixon was a critic of managing economies through growth, and would taunt Kennedy as a “growth-man” during the 1960 presidential election campaign.15 Nixon wrote to Rostow congratulating him and saying he planned to use some of Rostow’s arguments during an upcoming visit to Moscow.16 That is not to say that everyone was impressed.

Visitors to MIT’s Sloan Building on Memorial Drive in Cambridge, where the center was located overlooking the Charles River, would be greeted by a security guard—and its office space included a restricted area containing a vault for classified documents. Millikan and the MIT leadership had initially wanted the State Department to come on board, but the department declined, afraid that its involvement with MIT would attract yet more unwelcome attention from McCarthy, the FBI and the US Congress’s various anti-communist committees. The university itself was under intense scrutiny as, in the MIT center’s founding year, one of its top mathematicians, Dirk Struik, had been splashed all over the national news after being indicted, wrongly, for indoctrinating students with communism. But the CIA had less, if any, hesitation toward paying the bills, so long as MIT’s researchers were happy to help the agency find answers to questions.


pages: 211 words: 78,547

How Elites Ate the Social Justice Movement by Fredrik Deboer

2021 United States Capitol attack, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, Bernie Sanders, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, collective bargaining, coronavirus, COVID-19, data science, David Brooks, defund the police, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, effective altruism, false flag, Ferguson, Missouri, George Floyd, global pandemic, helicopter parent, income inequality, lockdown, obamacare, Occupy movement, open immigration, post-materialism, profit motive, QAnon, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, social distancing, TikTok, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, We are the 99%, working poor, zero-sum game

A legacy organization borne from some classic leftist infighting in the 1970s, the DSA saw a sharp uptick in membership during Sanders’s run for the presidency. The organization tripled in membership size between early 2016 and early 2017. The evolution of DSA serves as an object lesson in the drift of the left-of-center over the past few decades. As someone raised in a communist household, I had always resented DSA, which was founded to be the anti-communist socialist organization. DSA members were forever denouncing communist states and their various abuses; I thought of them as people who fell all over themselves to reassure you that they were not the wrong kind of radical, to the detriment of actually achieving radical ends. Yet when I talk to people about DSA now, they have no idea that DSA was once well-known as the conservative socialist institution.

Reading Ochs’s lyrics, I think of nothing so much as the nasty online battles in 2016 between supporters of socialist Bernie Sanders and liberal Hillary Clinton. Ochs depicts liberals are soft-left squishes, the type to endorse diversity in the abstract but to recoil from people of color moving next door and to cheer the anti-communist elements of America’s labor movement. In a telling line, he sings, “I cheered when Humphrey was chosen, my faith in the system restored.” Humphrey, here, refers to Hubert Humphrey, Lyndon Baines Johnson’s vice president and the moderate choice who denied anti–Vietnam War candidate Eugene McCarthy the nomination.


pages: 473 words: 132,344

The Downfall of Money: Germany's Hyperinflation and the Destruction of the Middle Class by Frederick Taylor

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, British Empire, central bank independence, centre right, collective bargaining, falling living standards, fiat currency, fixed income, full employment, German hyperinflation, housing crisis, Internet Archive, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, mittelstand, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, quantitative easing, rent control, risk/return, strikebreaker, trade route, zero-sum game

He wore a tie in the fashion of Oscar Wilde, organised champagne parties, and provided for his embarrassed father.3 Elsewhere in the country, young bank workers, like the ‘high-rollers’ of Wall Street and the City of London in the early 2000s, were able to use their access to foreign currency to live the high life. In Hamburg, the bank clerk Hermann Zander, after completing his brief post-war service with the anti-Communist Freikorps, settled into a career as a foreign exchange dealer with the Commerzbank. He described his privileged situation during the hyperinflation in jaunty terms: This is the time when we had the ever quicker developing inflation, during which I had the opportunity to make diversions into Valuta (foreign currency).

On the same day that President Ebert and Stresemann’s government jointly announced the end of support for the resistance struggle in the Ruhr, the Bavarian government responded to the new emergency by transferring presidential powers within the state away from Ebert in Berlin to Gustav von Kahr, currently District President of Upper Bavaria (which included Munich), former Premier of the state (1920-21), and champion of anti-Communist order. Under paragraph 48 of the Weimar constitution, the President in Berlin could assume semi-dictatorial powers. Now, according to the Bavarians’ peculiar interpretation of their own legal rights, Kahr as ‘General State Commissioner’ superseded the national President and could exercise these powers in his place without consulting anyone.

A successful uprising in the world’s second largest industrial country would bolster the Trotskyite cause within the Bolshevik leadership. It would also, incidentally, ensure that the new ‘bourgeois’ Stresemann government, which was clearly attempting to find a modus vivendi with the arch-capitalist British, would not abandon the Rapallo Treaty and become part of a possible anti-Communist block. Hence the Moscow leadership’s authorisation of a secret fund, to be controlled by the Soviet ambassador in Berlin, for the promotion of the so-called ‘German October’ – or, rather, in Trotsky’s case, a ‘German November’, for he argued that the Communist coup should take place on the ninth of that month, the fifth anniversary of the revolution that overthrew the Kaiser in 1918.


pages: 691 words: 203,236

Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities by Eric Kaufmann

4chan, Abraham Maslow, affirmative action, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-communist, anti-globalists, augmented reality, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, centre right, Chelsea Manning, cognitive dissonance, complexity theory, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, David Brooks, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, Great Leap Forward, Haight Ashbury, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, immigration reform, imperial preference, income inequality, it's over 9,000, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, liberal capitalism, longitudinal study, Lyft, mass immigration, meta-analysis, microaggression, moral panic, Nate Silver, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, open borders, open immigration, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Overton Window, phenotype, postnationalism / post nation state, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, Silicon Valley, Social Justice Warrior, statistical model, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, the built environment, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, transcontinental railway, twin studies, uber lyft, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, white flight, working-age population, World Values Survey, young professional

Truman also highlighted the importance of the US as a ‘moral leader’, reflecting an enhanced missionary nationalism in the face of the communist threat. From the American state’s viewpoint, the country was defined by its liberal-democratic ideology and political traditions. Its ethnic composition was immaterial. Changes were also afoot on the right. In the early 1950s, Irish-American Senator Joseph McCarthy made his name by instigating an anti-communist witch-hunt of largely WASP federal bureaucrats. This meant anti-communism displaced WASPness as a litmus test of Americanism. Ironically, the WASP liberals who prised open the doors of opportunity to those of immigrant stock like McCarthy had become targets of a Catholic patriot. McCarthy’s reconfiguration of right-wing nationalism indirectly benefited its first Catholic president, John F.

Recall that anti-communism, by shifting the litmus test of Americanism from Anglo-Protestant ethnicity to universalist ideology, permitted non-WASPs like Joseph McCarthy or semi-WASPs like Barry Goldwater to convincingly engage in the politics of patriotism. Neoconservatism’s roots likewise lay in the immigrant, anti-communist, ex-leftist ‘New York Intellectual’ tradition. Stalin’s Show Trials of the 1930s, and, later, the excesses of the 1960s campus revolts prompted many formerly left-wing, predominantly Jewish, intellectuals to move right. Figures such as Irving Kristol and Norman Podhoretz, writing in journals such as Commentary and the Public Interest, along with Catholic ‘theocons’ brought new vigour to American conservatism.

It originated in the 1910s, expanded in the 1960s and attained pre-eminence in high-cultural institutions in the 1980s. In universities, left-modernism continued to consolidate its hold into the 2000s and has become such a dominant force on campus that activist staff, administrators and students have begun restricting academic freedom – albeit in a less brutal manner than that carried out by McCarthyite anti-communists of the 1950s. Let’s begin at the epicentre. WHO IS RACIST? On 16 September 2017, Bret Weinstein, a professor of biology at Evergreen State College in Washington state, resigned his post and settled out of court for $500,000 with the university for failing to protect him and his wife from verbal and physical abuse.


pages: 105 words: 18,832

The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View From the Future by Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway

Anthropocene, anti-communist, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Great Leap Forward, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Kim Stanley Robinson, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, means of production, military-industrial complex, oil shale / tar sands, Pierre-Simon Laplace, precautionary principle, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, stochastic process, the built environment, the market place

The supporters of the Sea Level Rise Denial Bill don’t call it that, of course, but that’s what it is. We figured future historians would call a spade a spade. I N t e r v I e w w I t h t h e A u t h O r s 69 5. Why did you decide to situate the narrator in China in the Second (or Neocommunist) People’s Republic? NO: The doubt-mongers we wrote about in Merchants of Doubt were anti-communists who opposed environmental regulations for fear that government encroachment in the marketplace would become a backdoor to communism. They believed that political freedom was tied to economic freedom, so restrictions on economic freedom threatened political freedom. Their views came out of the Cold War—particularly the writings of Milton Friedman and Friedrich von Hayek—but the essential idea remains a tenet for many people on the right wing of the American political spectrum today.


pages: 870 words: 259,362

Austerity Britain: 1945-51 by David Kynaston

Alistair Cooke, anti-communist, Arthur Marwick, British Empire, Chelsea Manning, collective bargaining, continuous integration, deindustrialization, deskilling, Etonian, full employment, garden city movement, hiring and firing, industrial cluster, invisible hand, job satisfaction, labour mobility, Lewis Mumford, light touch regulation, mass immigration, moral panic, Neil Kinnock, occupational segregation, price mechanism, public intellectual, rent control, reserve currency, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, shared worldview, stakhanovite, strikebreaker, the market place, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, very high income, wage slave, washing machines reduced drudgery, wealth creators, women in the workforce, young professional

And she made an equally pertinent further point: such parents in this situation would, if they could afford it, look instead to the private sector.11 10 The Whole World Is Full of Permits There was much on the Labour Party’s mind by 1947/8 as – following the great burst of legislation since 1945 – it sought to orientate itself for the 1950s. Would it, for instance, tamely line up behind Ernest Bevin’s strong pro-American, anti-Communist line? Over Easter 1947, shortly after President Harry Truman had proclaimed his fiercely anti-Soviet Doctrine, denouncing Communism for its inherent expansionism and promising on the part of the free world an ‘enduring struggle’ against it, three youngish Labour MPs (Richard Crossman, Michael Foot and Ian Mikardo) wrote an almost instantly published pamphlet, Keep Left.

A Communist candidate today [1987] would be more than satisfied with that figure, but in 1948 it was seen as disastrous. Overall, the onset of the Cold War could not but affect the temper of British public life. As early as May 1947, Attlee began to chair a Special Cabinet Committee on Subversive Activities; in early 1948 the government established the Information and Research Department (IRD), essentially an anti-Communist propaganda unit; and on 15 March, soon after the Prague coup, Attlee announced that members of the CP and those ‘associated with it’ would henceforth be forbidden from undertaking work deemed ‘vital to the security of the State’. The immediate consequences were dramatic. There began the process of systematically investigating individual civil servants; new academic appointments were more or less closed for Communists or Communist sympathisers; and the BBC summarily dismissed Alex McCrindle, a Communist actor known to millions as ‘Jock’ in Dick Barton.

Civil servants continued, as they had been since the spring of 1948, to be vetted; scare tactics resulted in the removal of most Communists from the National Union of Teachers (NUT) Executive; the historian George Rudé was dismissed from his teaching post at St Paul’s public school and found it impossible to secure either an academic or a BBC position; the Transport and General Workers’ Union’s implacably right-wing leader, Arthur Deakin, banned Communists from holding office in his union; the educationalist Brian Simon thought he had got a job at Bristol University, but it proved a mirage after his CP membership was discovered; it was on pain of dismissal that any John Lewis employee did not sign an anti-Communist declaration; and so on. Yet for all that, the witch-hunt could have been much more extreme. ‘The Cold War mentality which developed in Britain did not reach the state of paranoia which sometimes afflicted the United States,’ the cultural historian Robert Hewison persuasively writes. ‘No House of Commons committee solemnly examined the works of art chosen for exhibition abroad by the British Council, in search of Communist tendencies . . .


pages: 306 words: 79,537

Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Explain Everything About the World (Politics of Place) by Tim Marshall

9 dash line, Admiral Zheng, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, California gold rush, Charlie Hebdo massacre, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, drone strike, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Hans Island, Kickstarter, LNG terminal, market fragmentation, megacity, Mercator projection distort size, especially Greenland and Africa, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, oil shale / tar sands, Scramble for Africa, South China Sea, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, transcontinental railway, Transnistria, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, zero-sum game

Late in the last century overstretch, spending more money than was available, the economics of the madhouse in a land not designed for people, and defeat in the mountains of Afghanistan led to the fall of the USSR and saw the Russian Empire shrink back to the shape of more or less the pre–Communist era with its European borders ending at Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, in support of the Communist Afghan government against anti-Communist Muslim guerrillas, had never been about bringing the joys of Marxist-Leninism to the Afghan people. It was always about ensuring that Moscow controlled that space in order to prevent anyone else from doing so. Crucially, the invasion of Afghanistan also gave hope to the great Russian dream of its army being able to “wash their boots in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean,” in the words of the ultra-nationalistic Russian politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky, and thus achieve what it never had: a warm-water port where the water does not freeze in winter, with free access to the world’s major trading routes.

Their political disguise was as the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola). Many of the civil wars of the 1960s and 1970s followed this template: if Russia backed a particular side, that side would suddenly remember that it had socialist principles, while its opponents would become anti-Communist. The Mbundu had the geographical but not the numerical advantage. They held the capital, Luanda; had access to the oil fields and the main river, the Cuanza; and were backed by countries that could supply them with Russian arms and Cuban soldiers. They prevailed in 2002, and their top echelons immediately undermined their own somewhat questionable socialist credentials by joining the long list of colonial and African leaders who enriched themselves at the expense of the people.


Off the Edge: Flat Earthers, Conspiracy Culture, and Why People Will Believe Anything by Kelly Weill

4chan, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic bias, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Big Tech, bitcoin, Comet Ping Pong, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, cryptocurrency, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, fake news, false flag, income inequality, Internet Archive, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Mars Society, mass immigration, medical malpractice, moral panic, off-the-grid, QAnon, recommendation engine, side project, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, tech worker, Tesla Model S, TikTok, Timothy McVeigh, Wayback Machine, Y2K

Kaysing accused the US government of staging the moon landings as a means of distracting from the war and claiming superiority over the Soviet Union after an embarrassing defeat in Vietnam by communist forces. Americans were already primed to believe wild claims relating to the Cold War and communism. Although anti-communist conspiracy theories flourished in the 1950s (the second Red Scare saw a government crackdown on Americans with supposed communist sympathies), by the 1960s many of the more popular theories took a critical eye of US wartime activities. Conspiracy theorists accused the United States of concealing atrocities during the Vietnam War, sometimes rightly.

Much of the underlying conspiratorial architecture remained the same, though, as if truthers had been too busy to reimagine world-domination plots and had simply swapped out “the Jews” for another demonized entity. Sometimes, this 178 OFF THE EDGE was almost certainly intentional; for instance, the far-right anti-communist John Birch Society often invoked Jewish families and the myth of Judeo-Bolshevism in its appeals to paranoia. Conspiracy theories are not all inherently antisemitic, scholar Jovan Byford writes, “but it is also true that discernible within many conspiracy narratives, even those that are not explicitly targeting Jews, are worrying, and often subtle, reminders of the conspiracy theory’s earlier, overtly antisemitic incarnations.”


pages: 516 words: 159,734

War Without Mercy: PACIFIC WAR by John Dower

anti-communist, Bartolomé de las Casas, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, colonial rule, European colonialism, ghettoisation, Gunnar Myrdal, land reform, Monroe Doctrine, plutocrats, Scientific racism, seminal paper, South China Sea, Torches of Freedom, transcontinental railway

The demonic Westerners could suddenly become transformed into their tutelary guise, extirpating evil feudalistic and militaristic influences from Japan, and leading the folk procession along the road to democracy. The Japanese, on the other hand, retained in Western eyes characteristics of the herd, the undifferentiated mass. Formerly “all bad,” they now became all (or almost all)—what? Diligent, peace-loving, pro-American–and anti-Communist. With the “anti-Communist” allure of postwar Japan, one moves on to a fuller appreciation of the true resilience of code words concerning the Other. Not only are such concepts capable of evoking constructive as well as destructive responses; they are also free-floating and easily transferred from one target to another, depending on the exigencies and apprehensions of the moment.

The total number of Chinese killed is controversial, but a middle-range estimate puts the combined deaths from both the shelling and subsequent atrocities at two hundred thousand.26 Much smaller killings occurred in other Chinese cities that fell into Japanese hands, including Hankow and Canton. In attempting to consolidate their control over northern China, the Japanese subsequently turned to “rural pacification” campaigns that amounted to indiscriminate terror against the peasantry. And by 1941–42, this fundamentally anti-Communist “pacification” campaign had evolved into the devastating “three-all” policy (sankō seisaku: “kill all, burn all, destroy all”), during which it is estimated that the population in the areas dominated by the Chinese Communists was reduced, through flight and death, from 44 million to 25 million persons.27 Outside of China, massacres small and large by Japanese ground forces were reported from every country that fell within the Co-Prosperity Sphere.28 After the British surrendered Singapore in February 1942, the overseas Chinese there became an immediate target of Japanese oppression, and upwards of five thousand were summarily executed in the course of a few days.


pages: 514 words: 153,092

The Forgotten Man by Amity Shlaes

Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, bank run, banking crisis, Charles Lindbergh, collective bargaining, currency manipulation / currency intervention, electricity market, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Glass-Steagall Act, Ida Tarbell, invisible hand, jobless men, Lewis Mumford, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, plutocrats, short selling, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, Upton Sinclair, wage slave, Works Progress Administration

His change of heart at the news of the Soviet-Nazi Pact changed the course of both the ACLU and American history. Baldwin now brought strong anti-Communists onto his board. In 1940 the ACLU expelled a board member, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, who was a Communist; Baldwin concluded that “an organization devoted to civil liberties should be directed only by consistent supporters of civil liberty.” At the end of 1959, Baldwin told scholar Lewis Feuer, “We went wrong, we were starry-eyed. We didn’t see the potentiality of totalitarianism.” Some have called Baldwin’s anti-Communist shift early McCarthyism, but it gave the ACLU a legitimacy that would enable it to play an important role in civil rights battles after World War II.

The transcript of these questions, published within a week in Pravda, give as clear a snapshot as any document of the tactical and strategic goals of Soviet foreign policy. Stalin wanted to make the point that he had a genuine labor following in the United States, and he wanted to sideline those organizations that had sidelined him—with the aid of his interlocutors. He had already skewered the anti-Communist American Federation of Labor. Now he set about doing so again: “How do you explain the fact that on the question of recognizing the USSR, the leaders of the American Federation of Labor are more reactionary than many bourgeois?” Brophy allowed that the AFL had a “peculiar philosophy.” Dunn took time to point out that the AFL was too close to capitalists—especially Matthew Woll, AFL vice president.


pages: 469 words: 145,094

Endgame: Bobby Fischer's Remarkable Rise and Fall - From America's Brightest Prodigy to the Edge of Madness by Frank Brady

anti-communist, Charles Lindbergh, El Camino Real, illegal immigration, index card, long peace, offshore financial centre, Ponzi scheme, Socratic dialogue

Sitting with those magazines, it was as if he were studying the chess equivalent of Plutarch’s lives of the Roman generals or Vasari’s lives of the artists. Quite simply, they inspired. Then, in the summer of 1954, Bobby had an opportunity to see in action some of the greats he’d been reading about. It turned out that the Soviet team would be playing for the first time on United States soil. In that era of anti-Communist hysteria, when anyone in America who read Karl Marx’s Das Kapital or wore a red tie was thought to be a Communist, the president of the U.S. Chess Federation, Harold M. Phillips, a lawyer who’d defended Morton Sobell in the Rosenberg espionage case, confided almost with relish that he expected to be called in front of Senator McCarthy’s House Un-American Activities Committee hearings and accused of being a Communist simply because he’d tendered the chess invitation to the Russians.

She was shaking, not because she was concealing anything, but because of the scenario that had just taken place: two law enforcement agents, men who towered over her relatively tiny frame of five feet, four inches, coming at her in a confrontational way in the street. Regina’s political activities—any or all of which could be considered “subversive,” taking into account the near hysterical anti-Communist climate of the day—were fodder for the FBI: her six years in Moscow, her mercurial ex-husband in Chile, her work at defense plants, her association with rabble-rousers, her affiliation with left-wing political organizations, and her active participation in protests—such as a vigil she joined on the night of the execution of the convicted spies Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.

Thorbergsson clearly favored the idea of all the games being staged in Iceland. Going back to Bobby’s chalet, the two analyzed some games, and Thorbergsson continued his volley of subtle arguments for why Bobby should play exclusively in Iceland. A gentle man, Thorbergsson had lived in Russia and was a rabid anti-Communist. He saw Bobby’s playing for the World Championship as a political act as much as a cultural one; and he used that line of reasoning with Bobby, maintaining that it would be morally wrong to allow the championship to be played within the Soviets’ sphere of influence. In an essay, he’d later write: “The Russians have for decades enslaved other nations and their own nationals.


pages: 621 words: 157,263

How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism by Eric Hobsbawm

anti-communist, banking crisis, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, British Empire, continuation of politics by other means, creative destruction, currency manipulation / currency intervention, deindustrialization, discovery of the americas, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, Gunnar Myrdal, Herbert Marcuse, labour market flexibility, liberal capitalism, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, means of production, new economy, public intellectual, Simon Kuznets, Thorstein Veblen, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, Vilfredo Pareto, zero-sum game

Perhaps this did not greatly affect the bulk of the continent’s intellectuals, but it should warn us against too facile an application of the European political alignments in Latin America. Moreover, that continent was not effectively involved in World War Two. The situation was more complex in Asia and (insofar as it was politically mobilised), Africa, where there was no local fascism15 – though Japan, a militantly anti-communist power, was allied with Germany and Italy – and where Britain, France and the Netherlands were the obvious main adversaries for anti-imperialists. The bulk of secular intellectuals were certainly opposed to European fascism, given its racialist attitude to peoples of yellow, brown and black skins.

It is therefore likely that Gramsci will continue to be read mainly for the light his writings throw on politics, in his own words, the ‘body of practical rules for research and of detailed observations useful for awakening an interest in effective reality and for stimulating more rigorous and more vigorous political insights’. I do not believe that those looking for such insights will only be found on the left, although for evident reasons those who share Gramsci’s objectives are most likely to look to him for guidance. As Joseph Buttigieg notes, American anti-communists are worried because Gramsci can still inspire the post-Soviet left, even when Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky and Mao no longer can. Yet, while one hopes that Gramsci may still be a guide to successful political action for the left, it is already clear that his international influence has penetrated beyond the left, and indeed beyond the sphere of instrumental politics. 2 338 The Reception of Gramsci It may seem trivial that an Anglo-Saxon reference work can – I quote the entry in its entirety – reduce him to a single word: ‘Antonio Gramsci (Italian political thinker, 1891–1937), see under HEGEMONY’.3 It may be absurd that an American journalist quoted by Buttigieg believes that the concept of ‘civil society’ was introduced into modern political discourse by Gramsci alone.4 Yet the acceptance of a thinker as a permanent classic is often indicated by just such superficial references to him by people who patently know little more about him than that he is ‘important’.

Thus it was very much easier to rouse passionate concern for environmental and ecological questions on the intellectual left than in purely proletarian organisations. The combination of both groups was politically most powerful –where it still occurred: under left-wing auspices in Brazil, under anti-communist ones in Poland, both in the 1980s. The gap, or the lack of coordination between them, whether permanent or not, was therefore likely to affect the practical prospects of transforming society by the action of Marxist movements. At the same time experience suggested that political movements based primarily on intellectuals were unlikely to produce mass parties like the traditional socialist or communist parties of labour, held together by the solid bonds of class consciousness and class loyalty; or indeed any mass parties.


pages: 538 words: 145,243

Behemoth: A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World by Joshua B. Freeman

anti-communist, British Empire, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Charles Babbage, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, Corn Laws, corporate raider, cotton gin, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, factory automation, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frederick Winslow Taylor, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, high-speed rail, household responsibility system, indoor plumbing, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, joint-stock company, knowledge worker, mass immigration, means of production, mittelstand, Naomi Klein, new economy, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Pearl River Delta, post-industrial society, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, strikebreaker, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, urban planning, Vanguard fund, vertical integration, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration, zero-sum game

, 85–86; Applebaum, Iron Curtain, 459; Pittaway, “Hungary’s Socialist Industrial Landscape,” 88–89. 48.Paweł Jagło, “Defense of the Cross,” in Nowa Huta 1949+, 39–40; Lebow, Unfinished Utopia, 161–69. 49.Paweł Jagło, “Anti-Communist Opposition,” in Nowa Huta 1949+; Stenning, “Placing (Post-) Socialism,” 105–06; Chicago Tribune, June 10, 1979. 50.Kraków environmentalists often blamed the steel mill for the severe air pollution in the city, but prevailing winds took emissions from Nowa Huta eastward, away from the city, not toward it. Local plants, industry west of Kraków, coal-burning furnaces, and growing traffic were more responsible. Maria Lempart, “Myths and facts about Nowa Huta,” in Nowa Huta 1949+, 50. 51.Judt, Postwar, 587–89; Stenning, “Placing (Post-)Socialism,” 106; Jagło, “Anti-Communist Opposition.” 52.The official government-recognized union tacitly supported the 1988 strike, though with its own, more modest demands.

Maria Lempart, “Myths and facts about Nowa Huta,” in Nowa Huta 1949+, 50. 51.Judt, Postwar, 587–89; Stenning, “Placing (Post-)Socialism,” 106; Jagło, “Anti-Communist Opposition.” 52.The official government-recognized union tacitly supported the 1988 strike, though with its own, more modest demands. The discussion of Solidarity in Nowa Huta is drawn primarily from Lebow, Unfinished Utopia, 169–76, and my interview with Lebiest et al. See also Jagło, “Anti-Communist Opposition”; New York Times, Nov. 11, 1982, Apr. 29, 1988, May 3, 1988, and May 6, 1988; and Judt, Postwar, 605–08. 53.Interview with Lebiest et al. 54.“Poland Fights for Gdansk Shipyard,” BBC News, Aug. 21, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6956549.stm; “Gdansk Shipyard Sinking from Freedom to Failure,” Toronto Star (accessed May 6, 2016), https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2014/01/27/gdansk_shipyard_sinking_from_freedom_to_failure.html). 55.New York Times, Nov. 27, 1989; interview with Lebiest et al.; Jagło, “Steelworks,”19–20; Stenning, “Placing (Post-)Socialism,” 108–10, 116. 56.New York Times, Oct. 6, 2015, and Oct. 7, 2015. 57.Harold James, Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 39; Werner Abelshauser, The Dynamics of German Industry: Germany’s Path toward the New Economy and the American Challenge (New York: Berghahn Books, 2005), 3, 85–86, 89. 58.Though in some respects the Wolfsburg plant was modeled on River Rouge, Volkswagen did not integrate backward to make all its parts, instead purchasing many from a network of closely connected suppliers.


pages: 475 words: 156,046

When They Go Low, We Go High: Speeches That Shape the World – and Why We Need Them by Philip Collins

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, classic study, collective bargaining, Copley Medal, Corn Laws, crony capitalism, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, Donald Trump, F. W. de Klerk, fear of failure, Fellow of the Royal Society, full employment, Great Leap Forward, invention of the printing press, Jeremy Corbyn, late capitalism, Mahatma Gandhi, meritocracy, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, Neil Armstrong, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, plutocrats, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Rosa Parks, stakhanovite, Ted Sorensen, Thomas Malthus, Torches of Freedom, World Values Survey

Reagan fortified the American arsenal of weapons and its reserve of troops against a Soviet Union that he described, in a speech in March 1983, as ‘the evil empire’. Providing aid to anti-communist movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America became known as the Reagan Doctrine. In November 1984 Reagan won a second landslide, carrying 49 of the 50 US states and 525 of the 538 electoral votes, the largest number ever won by an American presidential candidate. His second term was tarnished by the Iran–Contra affair, an arms-for-hostages deal with Iran to funnel money toward anti-communist insurgencies in Central America. Though he initially denied knowing about it, Reagan later announced that it had been a mistake.

Populism has wormed its way into democratic politics and planted an insidious lack of confidence in the institutions of democracies. Western nations are oddly apt to blame themselves for the world’s troubles. Self-criticism is, of course, one of the attributes of a democracy, but self-loathing is not. The colonial adventures of the nineteenth century, the anti-communist conflicts that upheld dubious regimes in the twentieth century and the various military disasters in the Middle East of recent years provide a ready historical roster of Western culpability. It sounds vainglorious and imperial to state baldly that democratic societies are superior to their non-democratic counterparts, but it is true all the same and the arguments that democracies make for war show why it is true.


pages: 539 words: 151,425

Lords of the Desert: The Battle Between the US and Great Britain for Supremacy in the Modern Middle East by James Barr

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, false flag, illegal immigration, imperial preference, Khartoum Gordon, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Suez crisis 1956, trade route

An earthy bruiser who had started out in life as a farmhand, Bevin had briefly caused consternation in the Foreign Office when it transpired that he ate food off his knife. That disquiet evaporated as he revealed himself a robust defender of the country’s interests. Critical of the Atlantic Charter from the outset and an implacable anti-communist, he believed that an ongoing British presence in the Middle East would assure the country’s continued international relevance and prevent the expansion of Soviet influence southwards into Africa and beyond. As there was mounting opposition in Egypt to the continued presence of British forces, Bevin hoped to switch Britain’s military base from one bank of the Suez Canal to the other.

He was in contact with the Rashidian family by radio and occasionally met Asadollah in Geneva.7 Up to this point both sets of spies had been unwilling to disclose their assets to the other. Darbyshire now shared the identities of the Rashidians with Wilber, but Wilber kept back the names of the two men who ran a network disseminating anti-communist propaganda and were the CIA’s most important agents, Ali Jalali and Faruq Keyvani, though Darbyshire would later claim that he guessed who they were. Agreeing that what mattered in Iranian politics was now the shah, the Majlis and the mob, he and Wilber came up with a ‘quasi-legal’ takeover which entailed a propaganda blitz, large-scale bribery of the Majlis and a march on the parliament that would scare its deputies into passing a vote of no-confidence against Mosaddeq, paving the way for the appointment of Zahedi, who would by then be touting decrees showing that he enjoyed the shah’s support.8 The combined planning was straightforward.

Eveland’s uncertainty about British motives for supporting the coup was shared at the top. When, the same day in Washington, Foster and Allen Dulles discussed whether the coup should go ahead, Allen Dulles told his brother that he was ‘suspicious of our cousins and if they want a thing . . . we should look at it hard’. Although both men felt that it would be ‘good to have an anti-communist government in Syria’, they agreed with their operatives on the ground that it would be ‘a mistake to try to pull it off’.1 Although Eisenhower’s administration resisted further British pressure to launch the coup during November, the situation in Syria concerned them. Following the failed coup the national-socialist Baathists had successfully demanded a purge of their right-wing opponents, strengthening its own grip upon the government.


The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East by Andrew Scott Cooper

addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Boycotts of Israel, energy security, falling living standards, friendly fire, full employment, Future Shock, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, interchangeable parts, Kickstarter, land reform, MITM: man-in-the-middle, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, RAND corporation, rising living standards, Robert Bork, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, strikebreaker, unbiased observer, uranium enrichment, urban planning, Yom Kippur War

Kissinger also recited Helms’s opinion that “there is room to question whether the direct military threat to Iran from the Persian Gulf is as great as the Shah fears.” One month later, at 3:00 P.M. on May 14, President Nixon welcomed to the White House foreign ministers in town for a meeting of the Central Treaty Organization, CENTO, the alliance of anti-communist “northern tier” countries: Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and Great Britain. At the end of the formal discussions he beckoned Ardeshir Zahedi into a small room off the Oval Office. He wanted the foreign minister to pass on a message to the Shah. Nixon’s subsequent remarks suggested he was fed up with the bureaucratic wrangling over arms sales.

The Pakistani army had gone on a rampage in East Pakistan, slaughtering at least half a million people and triggering a mass exodus of 10 million refugees into India. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi made it clear that she would not stand idly by while her country was swamped by millions of refugees. Khan was a favorite of the Nixon White House and the president refused Gandhi’s appeal to intervene. Pakistan, like Iran, was one of the so-called Northern Tier anti-Communist states that blocked the Soviet Union from the Mediterranean and Persian Gulf. Mrs. Gandhi had recently committed the ultimate sin in Nixon’s eyes by concluding a treaty of friendship with the Soviets. He intended to bring “the bitch,” as he called the prime minister, to heel. It was Nixon’s belief that Mrs.

Foremost among them was Henry Kissinger. To Kissinger and other pessimists the countries of Southern Europe were like dominoes ready to fall. Advocates of the domino theory feared that Portugal was on the verge of becoming the first Communist state in Western Europe. Western Europe could be splintered between an anti-Communist north and Socialist and Communist-ruled south. NATO would be paralyzed. Détente would collapse. Faced with the grim prospect of a Communist takeover of Southern Europe, Henry Kissinger, the student of great power politics, finally grasped the damage high oil prices were inflicting on the economies and political structures of the Western democracies.


pages: 91 words: 24,469

The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics by Mark Lilla

affirmative action, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Donald Trump, ending welfare as we know it, Gordon Gekko, It's morning again in America, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, new economy, New Urbanism, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes, Silicon Valley, Social Justice Warrior

Sunset By evoking an image of a better, morally undemanding life in a less political America, Reagan managed to unite the Republican Party, which after Watergate was a fractious and undisciplined body, much as the Democratic Party is today. It grouped together liberal patricians from the East, resentful Southerners and Midwestern blue-collar ethnics who had abandoned the Democratic Party, single-minded free marketeers, anti-communist crusaders, unhinged conspiracy theorists, religious leaders repelled by the cultural changes of the 1960s, and—a not insignificant group—conservative women who considered feminism an attack on themselves as mothers and homemakers. It was an ideologically and temperamentally diverse coalition.


pages: 333 words: 86,662

Zeitgeist by Bruce Sterling

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, cotton gin, Frank Gehry, Grace Hopper, informal economy, invisible hand, Iridium satellite, jitney, market bubble, Maui Hawaii, new economy, offshore financial centre, PalmPilot, rolodex, sexual politics, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Ted Kaczynski, the scientific method, undersea cable, upwardly mobile, urban decay, Y2K

Starlitz said nothing. “Have you ever heard of the ‘Turkish Gray Wolves’?” “They shot the pope,” Starlitz recited by reflex. “Yes, Mehmet Ali Ağca. That business was about banks. The Vatican’s Banco Ambrosiano. A very holy bank. They were laundering money for the Polish anti-Communists, while they also brokered arms for the anti-Communist Turks. They got very excited about Poland, and neglected to pay the Gray Wolves. So, the pope was punished for defaulting.” Starlitz grunted. “Ozbey gave Ağca the pistol that shot the pope. He didn’t call himself ‘Ozbey’ then. Ozbey has at least six official identities.


pages: 369 words: 94,588

The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism by David Harvey

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, bank run, banking crisis, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, call centre, capital controls, cotton gin, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, equal pay for equal work, European colonialism, failed state, financial innovation, Frank Gehry, full employment, gentrification, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Guggenheim Bilbao, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, indoor plumbing, interest rate swap, invention of the steam engine, Jane Jacobs, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Just-in-time delivery, land reform, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, market bubble, means of production, megacity, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Money creation, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Myron Scholes, new economy, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, place-making, Ponzi scheme, precariat, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special drawing rights, special economic zone, statistical arbitrage, structural adjustment programs, subprime mortgage crisis, technological determinism, the built environment, the market place, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Timothy McVeigh, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, white flight, women in the workforce

These policies were hardly great success stories, precipitating great tragedies such as the grand famine caused by Mao’s Great Leap Forward in China (which temporarily halted the otherwise rapid increase in life expectancies) and sparking political resistance that was in some instances ruthlessly crushed. Insurgent movements against dispossession other than in the labour process have therefore in recent times generally taken an anti-communist path. This has sometimes been ideological but in other instances simply for pragmatic and organisational reasons, deriving from the very nature of what such struggles were and are about. The variety of struggles against the capitalist forms of dispossession was and is simply stunning. It is hard to even imagine connections between them.

Index Numbers in italics indicate Figures; those in bold indicate a Table. 11 September 2001 attacks 38, 41–2 subject to perpetual renewal and transformation 128 A Abu Dhabi 222 Académie Française 91 accumulation by dispossession 48–9, 244 acid deposition 75, 187 activity spheres 121–4, 128, 130 deindustrialised working-class area 151 and ‘green revolution’ 185–6 institutional and administrative arrangements 123 ‘mental conceptions of the world’ 123 patterns of relations between 196 production and labour processes 123 relations to nature 123 the reproduction of daily life and of the species 123 slums 152 social relations 123 subject to perpetual renewal and transformation 128 suburbs 150 technologies and organisational forms 123 uneven development between and among them 128–9 Adelphia 100 advertising industry 106 affective bonds 194 Afghanistan: US interventionism 210 Africa civil wars 148 land bought up in 220 neocolonialism 208 population growth 146 agribusiness 50 agriculture collectivisation of 250 diminishing returns in 72 ‘green revolution’ 185–6 ‘high farming’ 82 itinerant labourers 147 subsidies 79 AIG 5 alcoholism 151 Allen, Paul 98 Allende, Salvador 203 Amazonia 161, 188 American Bankers Association 8 American Revolution 61 anarchists 253, 254 anti-capitalist revolutionary movement 228 anti-racism 258 anti-Semitism 62 après moi le déluge 64, 71 Argentina Debt Crisis (2000–2002) 6, 243, 246, 261 Arizona, foreclosure wave in 1 Arrighi, Giovanni: The Long Twentieth Century 35, 204 asbestos 74 Asia Asian Currency Crisis (1997–98) 141, 261 collapse of export markets 141 growth 218 population growth 146 asset stripping 49, 50, 245 asset traders 40 asset values 1, 6, 21, 23, 26, 29, 46, 223, 261 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) 200 Athabaska tar sands, Canada 83 austerity programmes 246, 251 automobile industry 14, 15, 23, 56, 67, 68, 77, 121, 160–61 Detroit 5, 15, 16, 91, 108, 195, 216 autonomista movement 233, 234, 254 B Baader-Meinhof Gang 254 Bakunin, Michael 225 Balzac, Honoré 156 Bangalore, software development in 195 Bangkok 243 Bank of England 53, 54 massive liquidity injections in stock markets 261 Bank of International Settlements, Basel 51, 55, 200 Bank of New England 261 Bankers Trust 25 banking bail-outs 5, 218 bank shares become almost worthless 5 bankers’ pay and bonuses 12, 56, 218 ‘boutique investment banks’ 12 de-leveraging 30 debt-deposit ratio 30 deposit banks 20 French banks nationalised 198 international networks of finance houses 163 investment banks 2, 19, 20, 28, 219 irresponsible behaviour 10–11 lending 51 liquidity injections by central banks vii, 261 mysterious workings of central banks 54 ‘national bail-out’ 30–31 property market-led Nordic and Japanese bank crises 261 regional European banks 4 regular banks stash away cash 12, 220 rising tide of ‘moral hazard’ in international bank lending practices 19 ‘shadow banking’ system 8, 21, 24 sympathy with ‘Bonnie and Clyde’ bank robbers 56 Baran, Paul and Sweezey, Paul: Monopoly Capital 52, 113 Barings Bank 37, 100, 190 Baucus, Max 220 Bavaria, automotive engineering in 195 Beijing declaration (1995) 258 Berlin: cross-border leasing 14 Bernanke, Ben 236 ‘Big Bang’ (1986) 20, 37 Big Bang unification of global stock, options and currency trading markets 262 billionaire class 29, 110, 223 biodiversity 74, 251 biomass 78 biomedical engineering 98 biopiracy 245, 251 Birmingham 27 Bismarck, Prince Otto von 168 Black, Fischer 100 Blackstone 50 Blair, Tony 255 Blair government 197 blockbusting neighbourhoods 248 Bloomberg, Mayor Michael 20, 98, 174 Bolivarian movement 226, 256 bonuses, Wall Street 2, 12 Borlaug, Norman 186 bourgeoisie 48, 89, 95, 167, 176 ‘boutique investment banks’ 12 Brazil automobile industry 16 capital flight crisis (1999) 261 containerisation 16 an export-dominated economy 6 follows Japanese model 92 landless movement 257 lending to 19 the right to the city movement 257 workers’ party 256 Bretton Woods Agreement (1944) 31, 32, 51, 55, 171 British Academy 235 British empire 14 Brown, Gordon 27, 45 Budd, Alan 15 Buenos Aires 243 Buffett, Warren 173 building booms 173–4 Bush, George W. 5, 42, 45 business associations 195 C California, foreclosure wave in 1, 2 Canada, tightly regulated banks in 141 ‘cap and trade’ markets in pollution rights 221 capital bank 30 centralisation of 95, 110, 113 circulation of 90, 93, 108, 114, 116, 122, 124, 128, 158, 159, 182, 183, 191 cultural 21 devalued 46 embedded in the land 191 expansion of 58, 67, 68 exploitations of 102 export 19, 158 fixed 191, 213 industrial 40–41, 56 insufficient initial money capital 47 investment 93, 203 and labour 56, 88, 169–70 liquid money 20 mobility 59, 63, 64, 161–2, 191, 213 and nature 88 as a process 40 reproduction of 58 scarcity 50 surplus 16, 28, 29, 50–51, 84, 88, 100, 158, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 206, 215, 216, 217 capital accumulation 107, 108, 123, 182, 183, 191, 211 and the activity spheres 128 barriers to 12, 16, 47, 65–6, 69–70, 159 compound rate 28, 74, 75, 97, 126, 135, 215 continuity of endless 74 at the core of human evolutionary dynamics 121 dynamics of 188, 197 geographic landscape of 185 geographical dynamics of 67, 143 and governance 201 lagging 130 laws of 113, 154, 160 main centres of 192 market-based 180 Mumbai redevelopment 178 ‘nature’ affected by 122 and population growth 144–7 and social struggles 105 start of 159 capital circulation barriers to 45 continuity of 68 industrial/production capital 40–41 inherently risky 52 interruption in the process 41–2, 50 spatial movement 42 speculative 52, 53 capital controls 198 capital flow continuity 41, 47, 67, 117 defined vi global 20 importance of understanding vi, vii-viii interrupted, slowed down or suspended vi systematic misallocation of 70 taxation of vi wealth creation vi capital gains 112 capital strike 60 capital surplus absorption 31–2, 94, 97, 98, 101, 163 capital-labour relation 77 capitalism and communism 224–5 corporate 1691 ‘creative-destructive’ tendencies in 46 crisis of vi, 40, 42, 117, 130 end of 72 evolution of 117, 118, 120 expansion at a compound rate 45 first contradiction of 77 geographical development of 143 geographical mobility 161 global 36, 110 historical geography of 76, 117, 118, 121, 174, 180, 200, 202, 204 industrial 58, 109, 242 internal contradictions 115 irrationality of 11, 215, 246 market-led 203 positive and negative aspects 120 and poverty 72 relies on the beneficence of nature 71 removal of 260 rise of 135, 192, 194, 204, 228, 248–9, 258 ‘second contradiction of’ 77, 78 social relations in 101 and socialism 224 speculative 160 survival of 46, 57, 66, 86, 107, 112, 113, 116, 130, 144, 229, 246 uneven geographical development of 211, 213 volatile 145 Capitalism, Nature, Socialism journal 77 capitalist creed 103 capitalist development considered over time 121–4 ‘eras’ of 97 capitalist exploitation 104 capitalist logic 205 capitalist reinvestment 110–11 capitalists, types of 40 Carnegie, Andrew 98 Carnegie foundation 44 Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 195 Carson, Rachel: Silent Spring 187 Case Shiller Composite Indices SA 3 Catholic Church 194, 254 cell phones 131, 150, 152 Central American Free Trade Association (CAFTA) 200 centralisation 10, 11, 165, 201 Certificates of Deposit 262 chambers of commerce 195, 203 Channel Tunnel 50 Chiapas, Mexico 207, 226 Chicago Board Options Exchange 262 Chicago Currency Futures Market 262 ‘Chicago School’ 246 Chile, lending to 19 China ‘barefoot doctors’ 137 bilateral trade with Latin America 173 capital accumulation issue 70 cheap retail goods 64 collapse of communism 16 collapse of export markets 141 Cultural Revolution 137 Deng’s announcement 159 falling exports 6 follows Japanese model 92 ‘Great Leap Forward’ 137, 138 growth 35, 59, 137, 144–5, 213, 218, 222 health care 137 huge foreign exchange reserves 141, 206 infant mortality 59 infrastructural investment 222 labour income and household consumption (1980–2005) 14 market closed after communists took power (1949) 108 market forcibly opened 108 and oil market 83 one child per family policy 137, 146 one-party rule 199 opening-up of 58 plundering of wealth from 109, 113 proletarianisation 60 protests in 38 and rare earth metals 188 recession (1997) 172 ‘silk road’ 163 trading networks 163 unemployment 6 unrest in 66 urbanisation 172–3 and US consumerism 109 Chinese Central Bank 4, 173 Chinese Communist Party 180, 200, 256 chlorofluoral carbons (CFCs) 74, 76, 187 chronometer 91, 156 Church, the 249 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 169 circular and cumulative causation 196 Citibank 19 City Bank 261 city centres, Disneyfication of 131 City of London 20, 35, 45, 162, 219 class consciousness 232, 242, 244 class inequalities 240–41 class organisation 62 class politics 62 class power 10, 11, 12, 61, 130, 180 class relations, radical reconstitution of 98 class struggle 56, 63, 65, 96, 102, 127, 134, 193, 242, 258 Clausewitz, Carl von 213 Cleveland, foreclosure crisis in 2 Cleveland, foreclosures on housing in 1 Clinton, Bill 11, 12, 17, 44, 45 co-evolution 132, 136, 138, 168, 185, 186, 195, 197, 228, 232 in three cases 149–53 coal reserves 79, 188 coercive laws of competition see under competition Cold War 31, 34, 92 Collateralised Bond Obligations (CBOs) 262 Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs) 36, 142, 261, 262 Collateralised Mortgage Obligations (CMOs) 262 colonialism 212 communications, innovations in 42, 93 communism 228, 233, 242, 249 collapse of 16, 58, 63 compared with socialism 224 as a loaded term 259–60 orthodox communists 253 revolutionary 136 traditional institutionalised 259 companies joint stock 49 limited 49 comparative advantage 92 competition 15, 26, 43, 70 between financial centres 20 coercive laws of 43, 71, 90, 95, 158, 159, 161 and expansion of production 113 and falling prices 29, 116 fostering 52 global economic 92, 131 and innovation 90, 91 inter-capitalist 31 inter-state 209, 256 internalised 210 interterritorial 202 spatial 164 and the workforce 61 competitive advantage 109 computerised trading 262 computers 41, 99, 158–9 consortia 50, 220 consumerism 95, 109, 168, 175, 240 consumerist excess 176 credit-fuelled 118 niche 131 suburban 171 containerisation 16 Continental Illinois Bank 261 cooperatives 234, 242 corporate fraud 245 corruption 43, 69 cotton industry 67, 144, 162 credit cards fees vii, 245 rise of the industry 17 credit crunch 140 Credit Default swaps 262 Crédit Immobilièr 54 Crédit Mobilier 54 Crédit Mobilier and Immobilier 168 credit swaps 21 credit system and austerity programmes 246 crisis within 52 and the current crisis 118 and effective demand problem 112 an inadequate configuration of 52 predatory practices 245 role of 115 social and economic power in 115 crises crises of disproportionality 70 crisis of underconsumption 107, 111 east Asia (1997–8) 6, 8, 35, 49, 246 financial crisis of 1997–8 198, 206 financial crisis of 2008 34, 108, 114, 115 general 45–6 inevitable 71 language of crisis 27 legitimation 217 necessary 71 property market 8 role of 246–7 savings and loan crisis (US, 1984–92) 8 short sharp 8, 10 south-east Asia (1997–8) 6, 8, 35, 49, 246 cross-border leasing 142–3 cultural choice 238 ‘cultural industries’ 21 cultural preferences 73–4 Cultural Revolution 137 currency currency swaps 262 futures market 24, 32 global 32–3, 34 options markets on 262 customs barriers 42, 43 cyberspace 190 D Darwin, Charles 120 DDT 74, 187 de-leveraging 30 debt-financing 17, 131, 141, 169 decentralisation 165, 201 decolonisation 31, 208, 212 deficit financing 35, 111 deforestation 74, 143 deindustrialisation 33, 43, 88, 131, 150, 157, 243 Deleuze, Gilles 128 demand consumer 107, 109 effective 107, 110–14, 116, 118, 221, 222 lack of 47 worker 108 Democratic Party (US) 11 Deng Xiaoping 159 deregulation 11, 16, 54, 131 derivatives 8 currency 21 heavy losses in (US) 261 derivatives markets creation of 29, 85 unregulated 99, 100, 219 Descartes, René 156 desertification 74 Detroit auto industry 5, 15, 16, 91, 108, 195, 216 foreclosures on housing in 1 Deutsches Bank 20 devaluation 32, 47, 116 of bank capital 30 of prior investments 93 developing countries: transformation of daily lives 94–5 Developing Countries Debt Crisis 19, 261 development path building alliances 230 common objectives 230–31 development not the same as growth 229–30 impacts and feedbacks from other spaces in the global economy 230 Diamond, Jared: Guns, Germs and Steel 132–3, 154 diasporas 147, 155, 163 Dickens, Charles: Bleak House 90 disease 75, 85 dispossession anti-communist insurgent movements against 250–51 of arbitrary feudal institutions 249 of the capital class 260 China 179–80 first category 242–4 India 178–9, 180 movements against 247–52 second category 242, 244–5 Seoul 179 types of 247 under socialism and communism 250 Domar, Evsey 71 Dongguan, China 36 dot-com bubble 29, 261 Dow 35,000 prediction 21 drug trade 45, 49 Dubai: over-investment 10 Dubai World 174, 222 Durban conference on anti-racism (2009) 258 E ‘earth days’ 72, 171 east Asia crash of 1997–8 6, 8, 35, 49, 246 labour reserves 64 movement of production to 43 proletarianisation 62 state-centric economies 226 wage rates 62 eastern European countries 37 eBay 190 economic crisis (1848) 167 economists, and the current financial crisis 235–6 ecosystems 74, 75, 76 Ecuador, and remittances 38 education 59, 63, 127, 128, 221, 224, 257 electronics industry 68 Elizabeth II, Queen vi-vii, 235, 236, 238–9 employment casual part-time low-paid female 150 chronic job insecurity 93 culture of the workplace 104 deskilling 93 reskilling 93 services 149 Engels, Friedrich 89, 98, 115, 157, 237 The Housing Question 176–7, 178 Enron 8, 24, 52, 53, 100, 261 entertainment industries 41 environment: modified by human action 84–5 environmental movement 78 environmental sciences 186–7 equipment 58, 66–7 equity futures 262 equity index swaps 262 equity values 262 ethanol plants 80 ethnic cleansings 247 ethnicity issues 104 Eurodollars 262 Europe negative population growth in western Europe 146 reconstruction of economy after Second World War 202 rsouevolutions of 1848 243 European Union 200, 226 eastern European countries 37 elections (June 2009) 143 unemployment 140 evolution punctuated equilibrium theory of natural evolution 130 social 133 theory of 120, 129 exchange rates 24, 32, 198 exports, falling 141 external economies 162 F Factory Act (1848) 127 factory inspectors 127 ‘failed states’ 69 Fannie Mae (US government-chartered mortgage institution) 4, 17, 173, 223 fascism 169, 203, 233 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 8 rescue of Continental Illinois Bank 261 Federal Reserve System (the Fed) 2, 17, 54, 116, 219, 236, 248 and asset values 6 cuts interest rates 5, 261 massive liquidity injections in stock markets 261 rescue of Continental Illinois Bank 261 feminists, and colonisation of urban neighbourhoods 248 fertilisers 186 feudalism 135, 138, 228 finance capitalists 40 financial institutions awash with credit 17 bankruptcies 261 control of supply and demand for housing 17 nationalisations 261 financial services 99 Financial Times 12 financialisation 30, 35, 98, 245 Finland: Nordic cris (1992) 8 Flint strike, Michigan (1936–7) 243 Florida, foreclosure wave in 1, 2 Forbes magazine 29, 223 Ford, Henry 64, 98, 160, 161, 188, 189 Ford foundation 44, 186 Fordism 136 Fordlandia 188, 189 foreclosed businesses 245 foreclosed properties 220 fossil fuels 78 Foucault, Michel 134 Fourierists 168 France acceptance of state interventions 200 financial crisis (1868) 168 French banks nationalised 198 immigration 14 Paris Commune 168 pro-natal policies 59 strikes in 38 train network 28 Franco-Prussian War (1870) 168 fraud 43, 49 Freddie Mac (US government-chartered mortgage institution) 4, 17, 173, 223 free trade 10, 33, 90, 131 agreements 42 French Communist Party 52 French Revolution 61 Friedman, Thomas L.: The World is Flat 132 futures, energy 24 futures markets 21 Certificates of Deposit 262 currency 24 Eurodollars 262 Treasury instruments 262 G G7/G8/G20 51, 200 Galileo Galilei 89 Gates, Bill 98, 173, 221 Gates foundation 44 gays, and colonisation of urban neighbourhoods 247, 248 GDP growth (1950–2030) 27 Gehry, Frank 203 Geithner, Tim 11 gender issues 104, 151 General Motors 5 General Motors Acceptance Corporation 23 genetic engineering 84, 98 genetic modification 186 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 186 gentrification 131, 256, 257 geographical determinism 210 geopolitics 209, 210, 213, 256 Germany acceptance of state interventions 199–200 cross-border leasing 142–3 an export-dominated economy 6 falling exports 141 invasion of US auto market 15 Nazi expansionism 209 neoliberal orthodoxies 141 Turkish immigrants 14 Weimar inflation 141 Glass-Steagall act (1933) 20 Global Crossing 100 global warming 73, 77, 121, 122, 187 globalisation 157 Glyn, Andrew et al: ‘British Capitalism, Workers and the Profits Squeeze’ 65 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 156 gold reserves 108, 112, 116 Goldman Sachs 5, 11, 20, 163, 173, 219 Google Earth 156 Gould, Stephen Jay 98, 130 governance 151, 197, 198, 199, 201, 208, 220 governmentality 134 GPS systems 156 Gramsci, Antonio 257 Grandin, Greg: Fordlandia 188, 189 grassroots organisations (GROS) 254 Great Depression (1920s) 46, 170 ‘Great Leap Forward’ 137, 138, 250 ‘Great Society’ anti-poverty programmes 32 Greater London Council 197 Greece sovereign debt 222 student unrest in 38 ‘green communes’ 130 Green Party (Germany) 256 ‘green revolution’ 185–6 Greenspan, Alan 44 Greider, William: Secrets of the Temple 54 growth balanced 71 compound 27, 28, 48, 50, 54, 70, 75, 78, 86 economic 70–71, 83, 138 negative 6 stop in 45 Guggenheim Museu, Bilbao 203 Gulf States collapse of oil-revenue based building boom 38 oil production 6 surplus petrodollars 19, 28 Gulf wars 210 gun trade 44 H habitat loss 74, 251 Haiti, and remittances 38 Hanseatic League 163 Harrison, John 91 Harrod, Roy 70–71 Harvey, David: A Brief History of Neoliberalism 130 Harvey, William vii Haushofer, Karl 209 Haussmann, Baron 49, 167–8, 169, 171, 176 Hawken, Paul: Blessed Unrest 133 Hayek, Friedrich 233 health care 28–9, 59, 63, 220, 221, 224 reneging on obligations 49 Health Care Bill 220 hedge funds 8, 21, 49, 261 managers 44 hedging 24, 36 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 133 hegemony 35–6, 212, 213, 216 Heidegger, Martin 234 Helú, Carlos Slim 29 heterogeneity 214 Hitler, Adolf 141 HIV/AIDS pandemic 1 Holloway, John: Change the World without Taking Power 133 homogeneity 214 Hong Kong excessive urban development 8 rise of (1970s) 35 sweatshops 16 horizontal networking 254 household debt 17 housing 146–7, 149, 150, 221, 224 asset value crisis 1, 174 foreclosure crises 1–2, 166 mortgage finance 170 values 1–2 HSBC 20, 163 Hubbert, M.


Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent by Robert F. Barsky

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, centre right, feminist movement, Herbert Marcuse, Howard Zinn, information retrieval, language acquisition, machine translation, means of production, military-industrial complex, Murray Bookchin, Norman Mailer, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, strong AI, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, theory of mind, Yom Kippur War

Others were involved in everything from ordinary labo[r] to petty commerce to school teaching (for those who managed to work their way through school themselves)" (13 Feb. 1996). Many were involved in the radical political movements that thrived during the Depression. Chomsky explains: "Some were in the Communist Party, some militantly anti-Communist Party (from the left), some Roosevelt Democrats, and everything else from left-liberal to anti-Bolshevik left (whether the Communist Party fits in that spectrum is not obvious, in my opinion)" (31 Mar. 1995). That such diversity of political affiliation should exist within a single family was not unusual among Russian emigrés of the file:///D|/export2/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=9296&filename=page_14.html [4/16/2007 3:04:44 PM] Document Page 15 time, and Noam and David undoubtedly benefited from being exposed to a wide range of opinion.

They lead Chomsky to confrontations with groups and individuals who are concerned only with serving the interests of power, who promote the cause of one group while turning a blind eye to the larger principles at stake. By the mid- to late 1970s, Chomsky had already experienced such clashes on numerous fronts. He had faced pro-Israeli groups, anti-Communist groups, pro-Cold War groups, just as, during the Second World War, people such as Dwight Macdonald had faced anti-Nazi groups who denounced the refusal of Macdonald and the others to support the Allied side. Chomsky adamantly rejected the assumption that a given group might have an intrinsic right to act aggressively simply file:///D|/export3/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=9296&filename=page_165.html [4/16/2007 3:21:11 PM] Document Page 166 Figure 17 Chomsky listening attentively to a talk given in Nanaimo, British Columbia, 1989.


In Europe by Geert Mak

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, classic study, clean water, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, European colonialism, Ford Model T, German hyperinflation, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, Louis Blériot, Mahatma Gandhi, Marshall McLuhan, mass immigration, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, millennium bug, new economy, New Urbanism, post-war consensus, Prenzlauer Berg, Sinatra Doctrine, Suez canal 1869, the medium is the message, urban renewal

When Churchill's government was replaced by a Labour cabinet in July 1945, they reacted immediately: within a few days, the celebrated Lend-Lease agreement had been withdrawn. Strict conditions were established for receiving Marshall Plan aid. In May 1947, the communists were removed from the government of France; a month later the Italian government also took on a clearly anti-communist aspect. When the Korean War broke out in 1950 and the Netherlands did not wish to send combat troops to this ‘decisive struggle’ against communism, the United States immediately threatened to stop all Marshall Plan assistance to that country. Later, President Truman would admit that the Marshall Plan was intended in part to curb the popularity of the left: ‘Without the Marshall Plan, it would have been difficult for Western Europe to remain free of the tyranny of communism.’

Within the ‘islands of young people’, Marxism and Maoism often served as anti-ideologies, radical ways to distance oneself from the charged past of older generations. Both constituted attractive methods to press modern society into a mould that was easy to grasp, and also the ideal weapon to provoke and oppose the anti-communist establishment. ‘Real’ workers – as long as they fitted within that theoretical framework – were cherished by the young rebels. Parisian students embraced the Renault workers from Flins. My acquaintances in Amsterdam adopted working-class accents. Joschka Fischer, who would become Germany's foreign minister, went to work on the production line at Opel in 1970 in order to ‘live alongside the workers’.

Tito, it turned out, had left behind enormous foreign debt, and inflation quickly escalated. Savings and pensions melted away, huge shortages of food and fuel arose, the old certainties were proving worthless. As had happened earlier in other Eastern Bloc countries, this resulted in a huge protest movement. But here, however, the anti-communist rebellion also led to new conflicts along old ethnic divides. Under Tito the expression of nationalist sentiments had been strictly taboo, but some Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian intellectuals continued to foster such ideas on the sly. To remain in power, therefore, the former communist apparatchiks once again conjured up the ideals of nationalism, and with considerable success.


America in the World by Robert B. Zoellick

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, banking crisis, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, classic study, Corn Laws, coronavirus, cuban missile crisis, defense in depth, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, energy security, European colonialism, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, foreign exchange controls, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, hypertext link, Ida Tarbell, illegal immigration, immigration reform, imperial preference, Isaac Newton, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, linear model of innovation, Mikhail Gorbachev, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Norbert Wiener, Paul Samuelson, public intellectual, RAND corporation, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, scientific management, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, Strategic Defense Initiative, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, transcontinental railway, undersea cable, Vannevar Bush, War on Poverty

A few days later, Herter wrote Clayton: “I find the economic arguments in favor of the loan much less convincing to this group than the feeling that the loan may serve us in good stead in holding up the hand of a nation we may need badly as a friend because of impending Russian troubles.” Clayton took the hint. As the debate moved into the summer, the anti-Communist argument became louder. On the afternoon of July 13, 1946, the House approved the British loan 219–155. As Gregory Fossedal summarized in his book Our Finest Hour, on Clayton and the Marshall Plan, “The core idea of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan—U.S. aid as a lever both to win economic reforms and to thwart communist imperialism—had met its first test in Congress and the country.”25 General Lucius Clay and Germany Conditions in Germany also required a reassessment of initial U.S. plans.

The U.S. military, the pride of a victorious nation in 1945, looked unprepared just five years later. The country also recognized that it needed quality conventional forces as well as nuclear weapons.67 Bush’s message about the importance of rational planning and the inevitability of human progress was drowned out by a political search for internal enemies. In late 1953, the anti-Communist Red Scare turned on Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific chief of the Manhattan Project. Bush was a political conservative, and he understood the need for security against subversion. Yet he viewed the witch hunt against Oppenheimer as settling scores because of the scientist’s opposition to the hydrogen bomb.

Wars of national liberation assailed regimes that tried to hold back the new wave. Vice President Nixon’s visit to Latin America prompted violence, demonstrating vividly that the United States was falling behind even in its home hemisphere. A recent revolution turned Cuba Communist. Guided by anti-Communist economic thinkers such as Walt Rostow, the can-do Kennedy men embraced a modernization theory that mapped enterprising courses for both nation building and counterinsurgency.13 When Kennedy accepted the nomination at the Democratic Convention in 1960, he rallied Americans toward a “New Frontier.”


pages: 522 words: 162,310

Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire: A 500-Year History by Kurt Andersen

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, animal electricity, anti-communist, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, augmented reality, back-to-the-land, Bernie Sanders, British Empire, Burning Man, California gold rush, Celebration, Florida, centre right, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, corporate governance, cotton gin, Credit Default Swap, David Brooks, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, disinformation, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, Donner party, Downton Abbey, Easter island, Edward Snowden, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, failed state, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, God and Mammon, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Herman Kahn, high net worth, illegal immigration, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, large denomination, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, McMansion, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Minecraft, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, off-the-grid, Oklahoma City bombing, placebo effect, post-truth, pre–internet, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, reality distortion field, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart meter, Snapchat, South Sea Bubble, Steve Jobs, sugar pill, Ted Kaczynski, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, transcontinental railway, urban renewal, We are all Keynesians now, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, Y2K, young professional

There were riots, a lynching, and between 1910 and 1920, the miraculous disappearance of almost a million German-born Americans from the census rolls. But the sheer number of German-Americans also made it harder to indulge the panic fully, and the United States was officially at war for only nineteen months. The first big anti-Communist panic, in the 1910s and ’20s after the Soviet Union was established, promptly edged into anti-Semitism and vice versa. And by the way, weren’t a lot of those German-Americans who worried us during the war also Jewish? Fear of Jewish influence had its American moment as soon as the Jewish population hit 2 percent—about the same threshold at which American anti-Catholic hysteria kicked in a century earlier.

In short, each of us contains a thetan, one of the ethereal beings who created the universe but each of whom, after being shipped to Earth and hit with nuclear bombs by the evil dictator of the Galactic Confederacy, was brainwashed to forget its godlike origins and believe in the false reality most people consider real. I could devote an entire chapter to L. Ron Hubbard. — IN THE SPRING of 1957, a few months before Wilhelm Reich died in prison, another persecuted, angry, reckless, middle-aged anti-Communist zealot died in a different federal facility, Bethesda Naval Hospital—Senator Joseph McCarthy, the man who had proudly given his name to McCarthyism. Almost immediately after World War II, our most important ally, the Soviet Union, became our most serious adversary-cum-enemy. For Americans in 1950, it was not delusional to worry about international Communist aggression or Soviet espionage in the United States.

An influential pamphlet called Red Channels listed 151 show business subversives, people responsible for “commercially sponsored dramatic series…used as sounding boards, particularly with reference to current issues in which the [Communist] Party is critically interested: ‘academic freedom,’ ‘civil rights,’ ‘peace.’ ” Various blacklists eventually included more than three hundred names. The Soviets tested their first atomic bomb. The anti-Communist hysteria quickened and spread. “Loyalty boards” were set up in every federal department, and thousands of U.S. government employees were fired or forced out. In 1950, after just three years in office, the junior senator from Wisconsin made the Communist conspiracy his issue. “Karl Marx dismissed God as a hoax,” McCarthy explained in a speech.


Beyond the Wall: East Germany, 1949-1990 by Katja Hoyer

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial independence, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, full employment, land reform, mass immigration, mass incarceration, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, open borders, Prenzlauer Berg, remote working, restrictive zoning, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, union organizing, work culture

It culminated in the feverish search for communist conspirators during the era of McCarthyism in the early 1950s. As a result, US President Harry S. Truman put enormous pressure on the receptive West German Chancellor Adenauer to begin the serious build-up of armed forces in his country and integrate it into the anti-communist defence bloc of NATO, which had been set up in 1949. Adenauer knew he needed European consent for this, particularly from his highly sceptical French neighbours. A brilliant negotiator, as charismatic as he was authoritative, Adenauer sat down with the French and began to persuade them of the efficacy of closer West European cooperation.

From August 1953, the KVP was slowly transformed into a military force with officer schools set up to train its first set of new leaders. In October 1955, Willi Stoph ordered it to be boosted to around 150,000 men in total. Following the formation of the West German army, the Bundeswehr, in November 1955 and its immediate integration into the anti-communist military alliance of NATO, the KVP became the Nationale Volksarmee (NVA), National People’s Army, on 18 January 1956. Ten days later, it joined NATO’s communist counterpiece, the Warsaw Treaty Organization, often referred to as the ‘Warsaw Pact’. With its official foundation, the NVA also received new uniforms.

The psychological impact of a life lived in a Germany where communists were the enemy and were incarcerated or worse was immense. This was not something that Hitler had introduced. Ulbricht had been hunted by the government of Wilhelm II and then the Weimar authorities before the Nazis drove the anti-communist persecution to unprecedented heights. He had spent time in prison; many of his comrades had been murdered by Germans. It is hardly surprising that upon his return in 1945, he suspected that at the very least residual hatred towards ‘the reds’ lingered. In addition, much of his time in Moscow was overshadowed by fear as the vast majority of those who arrived with him in the 1930s fell victim to the Stalinist purges.


pages: 319 words: 95,854

You Are What You Speak: Grammar Grouches, Language Laws, and the Politics of Identity by Robert Lane Greene

anti-communist, British Empire, centre right, discovery of DNA, European colonialism, facts on the ground, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, illegal immigration, machine translation, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Parag Khanna, Ronald Reagan, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Steven Pinker, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

The first is, alas, represented best by one of the finest writers in twentieth-century English letters, George Orwell. Orwell, born Eric Blair, called himself a “democratic Socialist” (always capitalized thus in his writing). Though a man of the left who volunteered with the Republicans in Spain, he was stridently anti-Soviet and anti-Communist, modeling his most famous character, Big Brother, after Stalin. Left or right, he hated any kind of totalitarianism. At the end of his 1948 novel Nineteen Eighty-four, Orwell added an appendix on “Newspeak,” the propaganda-laced language designed by the totalitarian state of Oceania. Newspeak was to gradually replace English (Oldspeak), and it was described as the only language that shrank in vocabulary and expressiveness every year.

After all, if nationalism has caused so many wars, and if language has been a touchstone of nationalism, shouldn’t we get rid of the idea of standard languages so that this bloody thing called nationalism can stop plaguing the planet? This is one question where I have more sympathy with traditionalists and less with linguists, who tend toward the antinationalist Left. Writers such as Eric Hobsbawm, the Marxist historian famous for coining the “invention of tradition,” and Ernest Gellner (an anti-communist, incidentally), whose industrialist theories of nationalism we saw earlier, may have come up with utilitarian explanations of nationalism. (In Hobsbawm’s case, conscious manipulation by the ruling classes; in Gellner’s case, the demands of industrial society.) They may even have found some kernel of truth.


pages: 351 words: 96,780

Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance by Noam Chomsky

"World Economic Forum" Davos, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, cuban missile crisis, declining real wages, disinformation, Doomsday Clock, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, invisible hand, launch on warning, liberation theology, long peace, market fundamentalism, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Strategic Defense Initiative, uranium enrichment

Abrams is joined by Otto Reich, who was charged with running an illegal covert domestic propaganda campaign against Nicaragua, appointed temporary assistant secretary for Latin American affairs under Bush II, then designated special envoy for Western Hemisphere affairs. To replace Reich as assistant secretary, the administration nominated Roger Noriega, who “served in the State Department during the Reagan administration, helping forge fiercely anti-Communist policies toward Latin America”; in translation, terrorist atrocities.75 Secretary of State Powell, now cast as administration moderate, served as national security adviser during the final stage of the terror, atrocities, and undermining of diplomacy in the 1980s in Central America, and the support for the apartheid regime in South Africa.

Russia might have accepted a treaty banning these delivery systems, knowing that it was far behind. In his authoritative history of the arms race, McGeorge Bundy reports that he could find no record of any interest in pursuing this possibility.16 Recently released Russian archives yield some new understanding of these matters, though also leaving “unresolved mysteries,” the bitterly anti-Communist Soviet scholar Adam Ulam observed. One such mystery is whether Stalin was serious in a March 1952 proposal that appeared to allow unification of Germany, as long as Germany did not join a military alliance directed against the Soviet Union—hardly an extreme condition a few years after Germany had, once again, virtually destroyed Russia.


pages: 323 words: 100,772

Prisoner's Dilemma: John Von Neumann, Game Theory, and the Puzzle of the Bomb by William Poundstone

90 percent rule, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, cuban missile crisis, Douglas Hofstadter, Dr. Strangelove, Frank Gehry, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, Herman Kahn, Jacquard loom, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, means of production, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Norbert Wiener, RAND corporation, Richard Feynman, seminal paper, statistical model, the market place, zero-sum game

—for the advantages of individual transportation by automobile.... The really relevant point is: Is the price worth paying? For the U.S. it is. For another country, with no nuclear industry and a neutralistic attitude in world politics it may not be. As intense as was von Neumann’s dislike of communism, he had no use for Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-Communist campaigns. One of the charges brought against Oppenheimer was that he had opposed the hydrogen bomb program, a project close to von Neumann’s heart. It says a good deal for von Neumann’s integrity that he defended Oppenheimer so vigorously. He testified that Oppenheimer was both loyal and trustworthy, and got in a few bright comebacks at the expense of the prosecutors.

An editorial in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called the appointment “a strange one.... there is nothing in his record to show that Dr. von Neumann has ever had any executive experience …” The Post-Gazette writer theorized that von Neumann had been selected either to placate Oppenheimer supporters or to swing some votes to the Republicans in New York State. (The White House described von Neumann as a political independent.) Von Neumann’s Senate confirmation hearings began January 10, 1955. He described himself candidly as “violently anti-Communist, and a good deal more militaristic than most.” He mentioned that his closest relatives in socialist Hungary were “only cousins.” His appointment was confirmed on March 14, 1955. Von Neumann and family moved to Washington. They lived in a comfortable yellow house at 1529 Twenty-ninth Street N.W. in fashionable Georgetown.


Europe: A History by Norman Davies

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, centre right, charter city, classic study, clean water, Columbian Exchange, conceptual framework, continuation of politics by other means, Corn Laws, cuban missile crisis, Defenestration of Prague, discovery of DNA, disinformation, double entry bookkeeping, Dr. Strangelove, Edmond Halley, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, equal pay for equal work, Eratosthenes, Etonian, European colonialism, experimental economics, financial independence, finite state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, gentleman farmer, global village, Gregor Mendel, Honoré de Balzac, Index librorum prohibitorum, interchangeable parts, invention of agriculture, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Kepler, John Harrison: Longitude, joint-stock company, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, land reform, liberation theology, long peace, Louis Blériot, Louis Daguerre, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Murano, Venice glass, music of the spheres, New Urbanism, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, Peace of Westphalia, Plato's cave, popular capitalism, Potemkin village, purchasing power parity, Ralph Waldo Emerson, road to serfdom, sceptred isle, Scramble for Africa, spinning jenny, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, Thales of Miletus, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, Transnistria, urban planning, urban sprawl, W. E. B. Du Bois

Two attempts by the ex-Emperor Charles to. recover his Hungarian throne were rebuffed, as were attempts by the parliament to shake off military control. Although the ‘Fascist’ label was not yet used, and may not be entirely appropriate, Admiral Horthy is sometimes counted as ‘Europe’s first Fascist’. Not for the last time, however, an extreme communist adventure had provoked a strong anti-communist reaction (see Appendix III, p. 1318).11 The Polish-Soviet War of 1919–20 had implications for the whole of Europe. Contrary to the Bolshevik version of events, it was not organized by the Entente; it was not part of Allied intervention in Russia; and it did not begin with Piłsudski’s attack on Kiev in April 1920.

Totalitarianism refers not to the achievements of regimes but to their ambitions. What is more, the totalitarian disease generated its own antibodies. Gross oppression often inspired heroic resistance. Exposure to bogus philosophy could sometimes breed people of high moral principle. The most determined ‘anti-communists’ were ex-communists. The finest ‘anti-Fascists’ were sincere German, Italian, or Spanish patriots. From the historical point of view, one of the most interesting questions is how far communism and fascism fed off each other. Before 1914, the main ingredients of the two movements—socialism, Marxism, nationalism, racism, and autocracy—were washing around in various combinations all over Europe.

Henceforth, the German president could ‘use armed force to restore order and safety and suspend ‘the fundamental rights of the citizen’. It was an instrument which others could exploit to overthrow democracy. The sequence of events was crucial. The storm raged for three years: deepening recession, growing cohorts of unemployed, communists fighting anti-communists on the streets, indecisive elections, and endless Cabinet crises. In June 1932 another minority Chancellor, Franz von Papen, gained the support of the Reichstag by working with the Nazi deputies. Six months later, he cooked up another combination: he decided to make Hitler Chancellor, with himself as Vice-Chancellor, and to put three Nazi ministers out of twelve into the Cabinet.


pages: 267 words: 106,340

Europe old and new: transnationalism, belonging, xenophobia by Ray Taras

affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, carbon footprint, centre right, collective bargaining, Danilo Kiš, energy security, full employment, Gunnar Myrdal, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Kickstarter, low skilled workers, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Naomi Klein, North Sea oil, open economy, postnationalism / post nation state, Potemkin village, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, World Values Survey

The tension between new Europe and Russia had to be relaxed if CFSP was to take hold. But it was to persist for years, as eastern Europeans could not comprehend why the west did not seem very Russophobic. CONFLICT OVER A CONSTITUTION EU enlargement was set for May 1, 2004. Some of new Europe’s more radical Eurosceptics and anti-communists—the two often were the same people, nationalists hostile to any type of external interference in their countries—pounced on the May Day accession. Eastern Europe, they claimed, was trading in domination by Moscow for domination by Brussels. Their suspicions were further raised by the start of discussions about an EU constitution.

In a speech in the European Parliament, a politician from one of the coalition parties praised the dictatorships of António Salazar of Portugal and Francisco Franco of Spain; he also published an openly anti-Semitic booklet. During a dry summer, a group of coalition legislators called upon the Parliament to pray for rain. A similar group proposed that the Parliament vote to declare Jesus Christ the King of Poland.” Michnik attacked the anti-communist witch hunt launched under the Kaczyńskis: “The latest idea of the Polish governing coalition is ‘lustration,’ which means looking for and eventually barring from public life all people found to have been secret collaborators with the security services between 1944 and 1990. The search will last as long as 17 years and will affect approximately 700,000 people.”90 For Michnik, then, Poland’s “governing coalition employs a peculiar mix of the conservative rhetoric of George W.


pages: 410 words: 106,931

Age of Anger: A History of the Present by Pankaj Mishra

anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Brexit referendum, British Empire, classic study, colonial rule, continuation of politics by other means, creative destruction, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Evgeny Morozov, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, George Santayana, global village, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, informal economy, invisible hand, liberal capitalism, Mahatma Gandhi, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Nelson Mandela, Oklahoma City bombing, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, planetary scale, plutocrats, power law, precariat, public intellectual, Republic of Letters, Scientific racism, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, smart cities, Snapchat, stem cell, technological solutionism, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, traveling salesman, urban planning, Vilfredo Pareto, wage slave, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

The collapse of communist regimes in 1989 further emboldened the bland fanatics, who had been intellectually nurtured during the Cold War in a ‘paradise’, as Niebuhr called it, albeit one ‘suspended in a hell of global insecurity’. The old Hegelian-Marxist teleology was retrofitted rather than discarded in Fukuyama’s influential end-of-history hypothesis. * * * Writing during the heyday of Modernization Theory, the French critic Raymond Aron, though resolutely anti-communist, termed American-style individualism the product of a short history of unrepeatable national success, which ‘spreads unlimited optimism, denigrates the past, and encourages the adoption of institutions which are in themselves destructive of the collective unity’. By the late 1980s, however, there were very few voices warning against the triumphalist faith that history had resolved its contradictions and ended its struggles in the universal regime of free-market individualism.

Tocqueville summed up the ‘modernization’ efforts of Frederick of Prussia in the eighteenth century: Beneath this completely modern head we will see a totally gothic body appear; Frederick had only eliminated from it whatever could hinder the action of his own power; and the whole forms a monstrous being which seems to be in transition between one shape and another. Nevertheless, starting in the 1950s, the yearning among many Western intellectuals to play Voltaire to the new, postcolonial modernizing leaders in the East made the latter seem like versions of Peter the Great and Catherine. These bookish proponents of modernization counselling their anti-communist clients – immortalized in Graham Greene’s The Quiet American (1955) – were far more influential than the liberal internationalists of our own time who helped package imperialist ventures as moral crusades for freedom and democracy. For their clients wore Western-style suits, if not military uniforms, spoke Western languages, relied on Western theories, and routinely called upon Western writers and intellectuals for advice about how to break open the window to the West.


pages: 572 words: 179,024

Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base by Annie Jacobsen

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Berlin Wall, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, disinformation, drone strike, Jim Simons, Maui Hawaii, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, operation paperclip, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, Project Plowshare, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, South China Sea, Strategic Defense Initiative, uranium enrichment, urban sprawl, zero day

This meant Bissell was in charge of the Agency’s clandestine service, its paramilitary operations. The office had previously been known as the Office of Policy Coordination, or OPC. As deputy director of plans, Richard Bissell would be doing a lot more than playing a gentleman’s spy game from the air. The CIA’s paramilitary operations spilled blood. During these covert anti-Communist operations, men were dying in droves from Hungary to Greece to Iran, and all of these operations had to be planned, staged, and approved by the deputy director of plans. In such a position there was writing on the wall, script that Richard Bissell did not, or chose not to, see. The man he was replacing was Frank Wisner, his old friend and the man who first introduced Bissell to the CIA.

All around the edge of the lair were powerful spotlights that could be turned on with the flip of a switch, blinding unsuspecting deer that had come to graze and making it easier to kill them. It was an important night for Johnson, one that would set the rest of his life on a certain path. October 4, 1957, was the night the Russians launched Sputnik, and the senator began an exuberant anti-Communist crusade. That very night, once the guests had gone home and the staff of black waiters had cleaned up, Johnson retired to his bedroom with newfound conviction. “I’ll be dammed if I sleep by the light of a Red Moon,” he told his wife, Lady Bird. At the time, Lyndon Johnson was not just any senator.

“We are beginning to win this struggle,” Vice President Hubert Humphrey boasted on NBC’s Today show in November of 1967. While closed-door hearings for the Senate Armed Services Committee revealed that U.S. bombing campaigns were having little to no effect on winning the war, Humphrey told America that more Communists were laying down arms than picking them up. That our anti-Communist “purification” programs in Vietnam were going well. Later that same month, America’s top commander, General Westmoreland, dug his own grave. He told the National Press Club that the Communists were “unable to mount a major offensive.” That America might have been losing the war in 1965, but now America was winning in Vietnam.


pages: 603 words: 182,826

Owning the Earth: The Transforming History of Land Ownership by Andro Linklater

agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bear Stearns, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, British Empire, business cycle, colonial rule, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, electricity market, facts on the ground, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, income inequality, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, John Perry Barlow, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kibera, Kickstarter, land reform, land tenure, light touch regulation, market clearing, means of production, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, mortgage debt, Northern Rock, Peace of Westphalia, Pearl River Delta, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, quantitative easing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, refrigerator car, Right to Buy, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, spinning jenny, Suez canal 1869, The Chicago School, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, three-masted sailing ship, too big to fail, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, ultimatum game, wage slave, WikiLeaks, wikimedia commons, working poor

The indictment was motivated by his Ukrainian upbringing, endemic anti-Semitism—the report of the Agricultural Department’s security expert noted that “Jews who turned into Reds or fellow travelers were the worst kind of traitors”—and most damagingly by the charge in the Chicago Tribune, that Ladejinsky had pushed through a program “to take property from its owners and redistribute it in the name of social justice.” No doubt to Benson’s surprise, his action provoked furious protests from an unexpected quarter, right-wing, anti-Communist Republicans, including the hawkish secretary of state, John Foster Dulles. A Congressional investigation excoriated Benson and his department’s unconstitutional security procedures, and Eisenhower himself complained, “Why doesn’t Benson just admit he made a mistake and apologize?” Under pressure, the agriculture secretary withdrew the allegations, but they had exposed to public attention a contradiction at the heart of Ladejinky’s program—redistribution betrayed the principle that a basic purpose of government was to protect property.

Quite simply, taking advantage of the Green Revolution was so expensive due to the cost of mechanization, fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation, (unless a river could be diverted, access to piped water or a well was essential), a peasant had to think like a capitalist, aiming to maximize profits from a parcel of land whose use belonged to his family. A string of anti-Communist governments, including those of Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, favored the Green Revolution for that very reason. “Even if it wasn’t such a spectacular producer,” said Rafael Salas, the minister in charge of introducing IR 8 to the Philippines, “one would advocate pushing the miracle rice culture if only to train the Filipino farmer into thinking in terms of techniques, machines, fertilizers, schedules and experiments.”

a direct comparison with North Korea: The differences between South Korea’s development path and those of Japan and Taiwan are explored in “Contesting Models of East Asian Development and Financial Liberalization: A Case Study of South Korea” by Amiya Kumar Bagchi. Social Scientist 36, no. 9–10 (Sep.–Oct., 2008), 4–23. The prize in the competition: Ladejinsky’s supporters claimed his program was “the only successful anti-communist step we have taken in Asia,” quoted in The Hungry World: America’s Cold War Battle Against Poverty in Asia by Nick Cullather (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 95. “Small-scale production”: Lenin’s interest in agriculture surfaced in ch. 2 of The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), expressing his belief that rich peasants had become capitalist.


pages: 604 words: 177,329

The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 by Lawrence Wright

airport security, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Fall of the Berlin Wall, invisible hand, Khyber Pass, lone genius, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, no-fly zone, PalmPilot, rolodex, Silicon Valley, uranium enrichment, urban planning, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

It had also earned the fury of King Farouk, Egypt’s dissolute monarch, who had signed an order for his arrest. Powerful and sympathetic friends hastily arranged his departure. At the time, Qutb (his name is pronounced kuh-tub) held a comfortable post as a supervisor in the Ministry of Education. Politically, he was a fervent Egyptian nationalist and anti-communist, a stance that placed him in the mainstream of the vast bureaucratic middle class. The ideas that would give birth to what would be called Islamic fundamentalism were not yet completely formed in his mind; indeed, he would later say that he was not even a very religious man before he began this journey, although he had memorized the Quran by the age of ten, and his writing had recently taken a turn toward more conservative themes.

“Either Communism must die, or Christianity must die, because it is actually a battle between Christ and the anti-Christ,” Billy Graham would write a few years later—a sentiment that was very much a part of the mainstream Christian American consensus at the time. Qutb took note of the obsession that was beginning to dominate American politics. He was himself a resolute anti-communist for similar reasons; indeed, the communists were far more active and influential in Egypt than in America. “Either we shall walk the path of Islam or we shall walk the path of Communism,” Qutb wrote the year before he came to America, anticipating the same stark formulation as Billy Graham. At the same time, he saw in the party of Lenin a template for the Islamic politics of the future—the politics that he would invent.

Despite their zealotry, they were essentially theological amateurs. Abu Hajer had the greatest spiritual authority, by virtue of having memorized the Quran, but he was an electrical engineer, not a cleric. Nonetheless, bin Laden made him head of al-Qaeda’s fatwa committee—a fateful choice. It was on Abu Hajer’s authority that al-Qaeda turned from being the anti-communist Islamic army that bin Laden originally envisioned into a terrorist organization bent on attacking the United States, the last remaining superpower and the force that bin Laden and Abu Hajer believed represented the greatest threat to Islam. Why did these men turn against America, a highly religious country that so recently had been their ally in Afghanistan?


pages: 618 words: 180,430

The Making of Modern Britain by Andrew Marr

anti-communist, antiwork, Arthur Marwick, banking crisis, Bernie Madoff, Bletchley Park, British Empire, business climate, Corn Laws, deep learning, Etonian, garden city movement, guns versus butter model, illegal immigration, imperial preference, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, New Journalism, New Urbanism, plutocrats, public intellectual, Red Clydeside, rent control, strikebreaker, trade liberalization, V2 rocket, wage slave, women in the workforce

The rise of the Nazis, and the rise of anti-Jewish right-wing parties in France and other continental countries, has put inter-war Britain in a benign light. This was the country to which persecuted or worried Jews fled, after all. But the picture is too simple. For Britain had some ferociously anti-Semitic groups too. The British fascist groups were mostly small and inclined to fight one another. They emerged out of the Great War alongside anti-communist organizations – the Middle Classes Union, for instance, and the British Empire Union – and angry groups such as the Silver Badge Party of ex-servicemen, run by the eccentric aviator Pemberton Billings, who during the Great War had caused a sensation by claiming the Germans had a ‘Black Book’ containing the names of 47,000 highly placed perverts, and that the Kaiser’s men were undermining Britain by luring her men into homosexual acts.

A few months later a large gathering of clergy and Christian intellectuals at Malvern concluded that private ownership of industry might itself be wrong. Left-wing Penguin books sold spectacularly well. As soon as the Soviet Union was drawn into the war, Churchill elegantly pirouetting from his famous anti-communist beliefs to a gracious welcome for the new ally, the wind of change started to feel like a hurricane. The Asiatic monster Stalin was lauded as an efficient tough-guy who got things done. At Earls Court a celebration of the new alliance, organized by communists, featured the Bishop of Chelmsford and the band of the Coldstream Guards.

Index abdication crisis (1936) ref1, ref2 Abyssinia ref1 Addison Act (1919) ref1 Addison, Christopher ref1 adultery ref1 advertising ref1 air races ref1 air travel ref1 arguments over airspace ref1, ref2 early passenger services ref1 establishment of Imperial Airways and routes ref1 and flying boats ref1 air-raid protection (ARP) wardens ref1 aircraft production ref1 and Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Aitken, Sir Max see Beaverbrook, Lord Alexander, Sir Harold ref1, ref2 Alexandra, Queen ref1, ref2 Allenby, General ref1, ref2 Amritsar massacre (1919) ref1 Anglo-Persian Oil Company ref1 anti-communist organizations ref1 anti-Semitism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Anti-Slavery Society ref1 appeasement ref1, ref2 arguments for ref1 Chamberlain’s meeting with Hitler ref1 and Halifax’s visit to Germany ref1 and Munich ref1 public support for ref1, ref2 Arab revolt (1917) ref1, ref2 architecture ref1, ref2, ref3 aristocracy ref1, ref2 defending of position against House of Lords reform ref1 in economic retreat ref1 and far-right politics ref1 Lloyd George’s attacks on ref1, ref2 post-war ref1 selling of estates ref1, ref2 Armistice Day ref1 Armour, G.D. ref1 Arnim, Elizabeth von ref1 art: Edwardian ref1 inter-war ref1, ref2 Artists’ Rifles ref1 Asquith, Helen (first wife) ref1 Asquith, Herbert ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 downfall ref1, ref2 and First World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Home Rule ref1 and House of Lords reform ref1, ref2 loses seat in 1918 election ref1 and loss of son ref1 marriages ref1, ref2 and press ref1 relationship with Venetia Stanley ref1 succession as prime minister ref1 and tariff reform ref1, ref2 and women’s suffrage ref1, ref2 Asquith, Margot (second wife) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Asquith, Raymond (son) ref1 Asquith, Violet (daughter) ref1 Ataturk, Kemal ref1 Atlantic Charter ref1 Attlee, Clement ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Auchinleck, General Claude ref1, ref2 Audemars, Edmond ref1 Australia and First World War ref1 Automobile Association ref1 Automobile Club ref1 Aveling, Edward ref1 back-to-nature movement ref1 Baden-Powell, Sir Robert ref1, ref2 Balcon, Michael ref1 Baldwin, Stanley ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and abdication crisis ref1, ref2, ref3 and broadcasting ref1 characteristics ref1 and Churchill ref1 conflict with Rothermere and Beaverbrook ref1, ref2 and General Strike ref1, ref2 and India ref1 and Lloyd George ref1 and protectionism ref1 resignation ref1 succession as prime minister ref1 Balfour, A.J. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Balfour, Betty ref1 Balfour Declaration (1917) ref1 Bank of England ref1, ref2, ref3 banks ref1 Barnes, Fred ref1 Barry, Sir John Wolfe ref1 Basset Hound Club Rules and Studbook ref1, ref2 Battle of the Atlantic ref1, ref2 Battle of Britain ref1 Battle of the Somme (film) ref1 battleships ref1 see also Dreadnoughts Bauhaus movement ref1 Bax, Arnold ref1 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) ref1, ref2 and abdication crisis ref1 creation ref1 development under Reith ref1, ref2 early announcers and tone of voice ref1 and General Strike (1926) ref1 receives first Royal Charter (1927) ref1 and Second World War ref1 ‘BBC English’ ref1 beach holidays ref1 Beamish, Henry Hamilton ref1 Beatty, Admiral David ref1, ref2, ref3 Beaufort, Duke of ref1 Beaverbrook, Lord (Max Aitken) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 Beck, Harry ref1 Beckwith-Smith, Brigadier ref1 BEF (British Expeditionary Force) and First World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3 Belgian Congo ref1 Bell, Bishop ref1 Belloc, Hilaire ref1 Benn, Tony ref1 Bennett, Arnold ref1 Whom God Hath Joined ref1 Benz, Karl ref1 Beresford, Lord Charles ref1 Besant, Annie ref1 Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor ref1, ref2 Bevan, Nye ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Beveridge, William ref1, ref2 Bevin, Ernie ref1, ref2 Billings, Pemberton ref1 ‘bird flu’ ref1 birth control see contraception Bismarck ref1 black Americans arrival in Britain during Second World War ref1 Black and Tans ref1 Blackshirts ref1, ref2, ref3 Blake, Robert ref1 Bland, Hubert ref1, ref2 Bland, Rosamund ref1 Blast (magazine) ref1 Blatchford, Robert ref1, ref2 Bletchley Park ref1 Bluebird Garage ref1 Blunt, Wilfred Scawen ref1, ref2 ‘Bob’s your uncle’ phrase ref1 Boer War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Boggart Hole riot (Manchester) (1906) ref1, ref2 Bolsheviks ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Bomber Command ref1, ref2 ‘Bomber Harris’ see Harris, Sir Arthur Bonar Law, Andrew ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 Booth, Charles ref1, ref2 Boothby, Bob ref1 Bottomley, Horatio ref1 Bowser, Charlie ref1 Boy Scouts see scouting movement Boys Brigade ref1 Bradlaugh, Charles ref1 Braithwaite, W.J. ref1 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) ref1 Bristol Hippodrome ref1 British Broadcasting Corporation see BBC British Empire ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 British Empire Exhibition (1924) ref1 British Empire Union ref1 British Eugenics Education Society ref1 British Expeditionary Force see BEF British Gazette ref1, ref1 British Grand Prix ref1 British Legion ref1 British Union of Fascists see BUF Britons, The ref1 Brittain, Vera ref1 Britten, Benjamin ref1 broadcasting ref1 see also BBC Brooke, Sir Alan ref1, ref2, ref3 Brooke, Raymond ref1 Brooke, Rupert ref1 Brown, Gordon ref1 Brownshirts ref1 Buchan, John Prestor John ref1 BUF (British Union of Fascists) ref1, ref2, ref3 Burma ref1 Butler, R.A. ref1, ref2 Cable Street, Battle of (1936) ref1, ref2 Cadogan, Sir Alexander ref1 Cambrai, Battle of (1917) ref1 Campbell, Donald ref1 Campbell, Malcolm ref1 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry ref1, ref2 camping and caravanning ref1 Camping Club of Great Britain and Ireland ref1 Canterbury, Archbishop of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Carnarvon, Lord ref1 cars ref1, ref2, ref3 benefits of ref1 developments in ref1, ref2 first accident involving a pedestrian and ref1 Fordist mass-production ref1 motorists’ clothing ref1 rise in number of during Edwardian era ref1 Carson, Edward ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Casement, Sir Roger ref1, ref2 Cat and Mouse Act ref1 cavity magnetron ref1 Cecil, Hugh ref1 CEMA ref1 censorship Second World War ref1, ref2 Chamberlain, Arthur ref1 Chamberlain, Joe ref1 background and early political career ref1 and Boer War ref1 breaks away from Liberals ref1 characteristics ref1 fame of ref1 sets up Liberal Unionist organization ref1 stroke ref1, ref2 and tariff reform debate ref1, ref2, ref3 Chamberlain, Neville ref1, ref2, ref3 and appeasement ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 as Chancellor ref1 and Churchill ref1 downfall and resignation ref1, ref2 failure of diplomacy towards Hitler ref1 and Munich ref1 and Second World War ref1, ref2 Channel Islands ref1 Channon, Sir Henry (‘Chips’) ref1 Chaplin, Charlie ref1, ref2 Chatsworth ref1 Chequers ref1 Cherwell, Lord (Frederick Lindemann) ref1 Cheshire, Leonard ref1 Chesterton, G.K. ref1, ref2 Childers, Erskine execution of by IRA ref1 The Riddle of the Sands ref1 Chindits ref1 Christie, Agatha ref1, ref2 Churchill, Clementine ref1 Churchill, Randolph ref1, ref2 Churchill, Winston ref1, ref2 and abdication crisis ref1 as air minister ref1 anti-aristocracy rhetoric ref1 at Board of Trade ref1 and Boer War ref1 and Bolsheviks ref1 and bombing of German cities during Second World War ref1 and Chamberlain ref1 as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Baldwin ref1 and Empire theatre protest ref1 and eugenics ref1, ref2 as First Lord of the Admiralty and build-up of navy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and First World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and Gallipoli campaign ref1 and General Strike ref1, ref2 and George V ref1 and German invasion threat prior to First World War ref1 and Hitler ref1, ref2 and Home Rule ref1, ref2, ref3 and India ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Lloyd George ref1, ref2, ref3 loses seat in 1922 election ref1 political views and belief in social reform ref1 public calls for return to government ref1 rejoins Tory Party ref1 relationship with Fisher ref1 relationship with United States during Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 resignation over India (1931) ref1 and return to gold standard ref1, ref2 and Rowntree’s book on poverty ref1 and Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 and Sidney Street siege ref1 speeches during Second World War ref1, ref2 steps to becoming Prime Minister ref1 suffragette attack on ref1 and tariff reform ref1, ref2 threatening of European peace by Hitler warning and calls for rearmament ref1, ref2, ref3 and Tonypandy miners’ strike (1910) ref1 cinema ref1 Citizens’ Army ref1 City of London Imperial Volunteers ref1 civil service ref1 Clark, Alan The Donkeys ref1 Clark, Sir Kenneth ref1, ref2 Clarke, Tom ref1 class distinctions in Edwardian Britain ref1 divisions within army during First World War ref1 impact of Second World War on ref1, ref2 and politics in twenties ref1 clothing motorists’ ref1 and Second World War ref1 and status in Edwardian Britain ref1 in twenties ref1 Clydebank, bombing of ref1 Clydeside ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 coal miners strike (1912) ref1 Coliseum (London) ref1 Collins, Michael ref1, ref2, ref3 Colville, Jock ref1, ref2, ref3 Common Wealth ref1, ref2 Communist Party of Great Britain ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 communist revolution, fear of ref1 communists ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Conan Doyle, Arthur ref1, ref2 The Hound of the Baskervilles ref1 Concorde ref1, ref2, ref3 Congo Reform Association ref1 Connolly, James ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Connor, William (‘Cassandra’) ref1 Conrad, Joseph ref1, ref2 Heart of Darkness ref1 The Secret Agent ref1 conscientious objectors First World War ref1 Second World War ref1 Conservatives ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12 contraception ref1, ref2, ref3 Coolidge, President Calvin ref1, ref2 Cooper, Duff ref1, ref2, ref3 Corrigan, Gordon ref1 Coventry, bombing of ref1, ref2 Coward, Nöel ref1 crash (1929) ref1, ref2 Cripps, Sir Stafford ref1, ref2 Crookes, Sir William ref1 Crooks, Will ref1 Crystal Palace fire (1936) ref1 Curzon, Lord ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Czechoslovakia ref1, ref2 Dacre, Harry ref1 Daily Express ref1, ref2, ref3 Daily Mail ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Ideal Home Exhibition ref1 Northcliffe’s article on shells crisis during war ref1 Daily Mirror ref1, ref2 Daimler, Gottfried ref1 ‘Daisy, Daisy, Give Me Your Answer Do’ ref1, ref2 Darwin, Charles ref1 Darwin, Erasmus ref1 Darwin, Major Leonard ref1 Davidson, J.C.C. ref1, ref2 Davison, Emily Wilding ref1 Davos Ski Club ref1 De Havilland ref1 De La Warr Seaside Pavilion (Bexhill) ref1 de Nyevelt, Baron de Zuylen ref1 de Valera, Eamon ref1, ref2, ref3 Debrett’s Peerage ref1 Defence of the Realm Act see DORA Dickens, Charles ref1 Dimond, Phyllis ref1 distributism ref1 Distributist League ref1 ditchers ref1, ref2 divorce ref1 Divorce Law Reform Association ref1 Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers’ Union ref1 dockers’ strikes ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Doenitz, Admiral ref1 DORA (Defence of the Realm Act) ref1, ref2, ref3 Douglas, Clifford ref1 Dowding, Sir Hugh ‘Stuffy’ ref1, ref2 Dreadnoughts ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Dresden, bombing of (1945) ref1 drug taking, in twenties ref1 Dunkirk ref1, ref2, ref3 Dunlop, John Boyd ref1 Dyer, General ref1 Easter Rising (1916) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Eckersley, Peter ref1, ref2, ref3 economy and gold standard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 impact of crash (1929) ref1 post-First World War ref1, ref2 Eden, Anthony ref1, ref2, ref3 Edinburgh Castle pub (London) ref1 Edmunds, Henry ref1 education Edwardian era ref1 inter-war years ref1, ref2 Education Act (1902) ref1 Edward VII, King ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Edward VIII, King ref1 abdication ref1, ref2 affair with Mrs Dudley Ward ref1 enthusiasm for Nazi Germany ref1 love for Wallis Simpson ref1, ref2 and social reform ref1 Egypt ref1, ref2, ref3 Eighth Army ref1, ref2 Eisenhower, General ref1 El-Alamein, Battle of ref1, ref2 elections (1906) ref1 (1910) ref1, ref2 (1918) ref1 (1922) ref1, ref2 (1923) ref1 (1924) ref1 (1931) ref1 (1935) ref1 Elgar, Sir Edward ref1 Eliot, T.S. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 ‘Burnt Norton’ ref1 The Wasteland ref1 Ellis, Havelock ref1 emigration Edwardian era ref1 inter-war years ref1 Empire Day ref1 Empire theatre (London) ref1 Enigma ref1, ref2 ENSA (Entertainments National Service Association) ref1 eugenics ref1 evolution ref1 explorers ref1 Fabian Society ref1, ref2, ref3 Fairey Battle bombers ref1, ref2 fascism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 see also BUF Fawcett, Millicent Garrett ref1, ref2 Feisal, Emir ref1, ref2 Fenians ref1 film industry see cinema Film Society ref1 finger prints ref1 Finland ref1 First World War (1914) ref1, ref2 aftermath ref1 and alcohol ref1 Balkans campaign ref1 Baltic plan ref1 and Battle of Jutland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and BEF ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 British blockade of Germany ref1, ref2, ref3 and burial of the Unknown Soldier ref1 class divisions in army ref1 collapse of German army ref1 comparison with Second World War ref1 conscription ref1; criticism of by UDC ref2 Dardanelles campaign ref1, ref2, ref3 death toll and casualties ref1, ref2, ref3 early military failures ref1 and film industry ref1 and Fisher ref1 food shortages and rationing ref1 formation of coalition government ref1, ref2 French campaign ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Gallipoli campaign ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 German raids ref1 and Haig ref1 impact of on British people ref1 and Middle East ref1 munitions factories ref1 Orpen’s paintings of ref1 and Passchendaele ref1 post-war attack on military chiefs ref1 post-war impact of ref1 preparations for ref1 and press/journalists ref1 public support for ref1 recruitment ref1, ref2 revisionists and ref1 Sassoon’s protest at ref1 scenario if Germany had won ref1 at sea ref1 seeking alternative strategies to Flanders campaign ref1 shells crisis and Daily Mail article ref1 sinking of German battleships by Germany at end of ref1 sinking of Lusitania ref1 slaughter in ref1 steps leading to and reasons for Britain’s declaration of war on Germany ref1 struggle to comprehend meaning of ref1 surrender of Germany ref1; trench warfare ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 U-boat campaign ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and United States ref1, ref2, ref3 use of convoys ref1 use of horses ref1 and women ref1, ref2 Fisher, First Sea Lord ‘Jackie’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Fleming, Sir Alexander ref1 Fleury ref1 flying boats ref1 flying circuses ref1 folk dancing ref1 food imports ref1 Foot, Michael ref1 Ford, Ford Madox ref1 Ford, Henry ref1, ref2 Forde, Florrie ref1 Formby, George ref1 ref2 43 (nightclub) ref1, ref2 France and First World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3 franchise ref1 and women ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 free trade ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 French, Sir John ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Fyfe, Hamilton ref1, ref2 gaiety, in twenties ref1 Gallacher, William ref1 Gallipoli crisis ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Galsworthy, John ref1 Galton, Francis ref1, ref2 gambling ref1 Gandhi, Mohandas ref1, ref2 garages ref1 garden cities ref1, ref2 Gardiner, Rolf ref1 Garnett, Theresa ref1 Garsington Manor ref1 Gaumont Palaces ref1 Gawthorpe, Nellie ref1 General Strike (1926) ref1, ref2, ref3 and BBC ref1 gentlemen’s clubs ref1 George III, King ref1 George IV, King ref1, ref2 George V, King ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 George VI, King ref1 German Naval Law (1912) ref1 Germany ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 of (1914) ref1 building of battleships ref1 early state-welfare system ref1 and eugenics ref1 fear of invasion by in Edwardian Britain ref1 and First World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 national welfare system ref1 navy ref1 and planned Irish uprising ref1 and Versailles Treaty ref1 Wandervogel youth groups ref1 see also Second World War ‘GI brides’ ref1 Gibbon, Lewis Grassic ref1, ref2 Gibbs, Philip ref1, ref2, ref3 Gibson, Guy ref1 Gifford, Grace ref1 Gill, Eric ref1 GIs ref1 Gladstone, William ref1, ref2 Glasgow ‘forty hours strike’ (1919) ref1 Goering, Hermann Wilhelm ref1, ref2 gold standard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Gort, Field Marshal ref1 Gough, General Hubert ref1, ref2 Graf Spee ref1 Graves, Robert ref1 Goodbye to All That ref1 Grayson, Victor ref1, ref2 Great Depression ref1, ref2 Great War see First World War Greece and Second World War ref1 Greenshirts (Social Credit) ref1, ref2, ref3 Gregory, Maundy ref1, ref2, ref3 Gresley, Sir Nigel ref1 Grey, Sir Edward ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Grieve, Christopher Murray see McDiarmid, Hugh Grigg, John ref1 Guest, Freddy ref1, ref2 Guilty Men ref1 Gunn, Neil ref1 guns and Edwardian Britain ref1 Haggard, Sir Rider ref1 Haig, Sir Douglas ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Halifax, Lord (Irwin) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Handley Page, Frederick ref1, ref2 Hanfstaengel, Ernst ‘Putzi’ ref1 Hankey, Maurice ref1 Hannington, Wal ref1 Hardie, Keir ref1, ref2, ref3 Hardy, Thomas ref1 Hargrave, John ref1, ref2, ref3 Harmsworth, Alfred see Northcliffe, Lord Harmsworth, Harold see Rothermere, Lord Harris, Sir Arthur (‘Bomber Harris’) ref1, ref2 Harrisson, Tom ref1 Hart, Basil Liddell ref1 Hastings, Max ref1 headwear ref1 hedgers ref1, ref2 Henderson, Arthur ref1 Henderson, Sir Nevile ref1 Hepworth, Cecil ref1 Hindenburg, General ref1 Hipper, Admiral ref1, ref2 Hippodrome (London) ref1 Hitchcock, Alfred ref1 Hitler, Adolf ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 appeasement towards ref1 and Churchill ref1, ref2 and Edward VIII ref1 and Halifax visit ref1 and Lloyd George ref1 and Munich meeting ref1 and Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 suicide of ref1 support of by ‘Cliveden set’ ref1 and Unity Mitford ref1, ref2 Ho Chi Minh ref1 Hobhouse, Emily ref1 Hoesch, Leopold von ref1 Holden, Charles ref1 Hollywood ref1 Holtzendorff, Admiral Henning von ref1 Home Guard ref1, ref2, ref3 Home Rule (Ireland) ref1, ref2 honours selling for cash by Lloyd George ref1 Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act (1925) ref1 Hood (battleship) ref1 Hoover Building ref1 Hore-Belisha, Leslie ref1 Houdini, Harry ref1 House of Lords ref1 reform of by Liberals ref1, ref2 housing ref1, ref2, ref3 Housing Manual (1919) ref1 Howard, Ebenezer ref1 Howard, Peter ref1 Hughes, Billy ref1 hunger marches ref1 Hurricanes ref1, ref2 ‘Hymn of Hate’ ref1 Hyndman, Henry ref1 Ibn Saud ref1 illegitimacy ref1 Illustrated London News ref1, ref2, ref3 immigration Edwardian Britain ref1 inter-war years ref1 Immigration Act (1924) (US) ref1 Imperial Airways ref1 income tax ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Independent Labour Party (ILP) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 India ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Indian National Congress ref1 industry Second World War ref1 Victorian Britain ref1 Inskip, Sir Thomas ref1 Instone ref1 International Brigade ref1 International Congress of Eugenics ref1 International Fascist League ref1 ‘ Invasion of 1910, The’ ref1 invasion fear of in Edwardian Britain ref1 IRA (Irish Republican Army) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Iraq ref1, ref2, ref3 Ireland ref1 civil war (1922) ref1 a nd Easter Rising (1916) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and First World War ref1 formation of independent Da´il in southern ref1 and Home Rule ref1, ref2 and Second World War ref1 war against British and negotiation of peace treaty (1921) ref1 Irish nationalists ref1, ref2, ref3 Irish Republican Army see IRA Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Irish Volunteers ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Ironside, Lord ref1 Irwin, Lord see Halifax, Lord Islam ref1 Ismay, General ref1 Italian futurists ref1 Italians interment of during Second World War ref1 ‘ It’s a Long Way to Tipperary’ ref1 Jackson, Derek ref1 James, Henry ref1, ref2 Japanese and Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Jarrow Crusade (1936) ref1 jazz ref1 Jellicoe, John ref1, ref2, ref3 Jerusalem ref1 Jewish People’s Council Against Fascism ref1 Jews ref1, ref2 see also anti-Semitism ‘ jingo’ ref1 Johnston, Edward ref1 Johnston, Tom ref1 journalism ref1 see also press Joyce, James ref1 Joynson-Hicks, Sir William ref1, ref2 Jutland, Battle of ref1, ref2, ref3 Kandahar Ski Club ref1 Karno, Fred ref1 Keating, Sean ref1 Kemal, Mustapha ref1 Kendall, Mary ref1 Kennedy, Joseph ref1 Kenney, Annie ref1 Kent, Duke of ref1 Keppel, Alice ref1 Key, Edith ref1 Keynes, John Maynard ref1, ref2, ref3 Kibbo Kift ref1, ref2, ref3 Kinship in Husbandry ref1 Kipling, Rudyard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Kitchener, Lord ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 Knight, John ref1 Krupskaya, Nadezhda ref1 Labour Party ref1, ref1, ref1, ref1, ref1, ref1, ref1, ref1 Labour Representation Committee ref1, ref2 Lancastria, bombing of ref1 Land Army girls ref1 land speed records ref1 Landsdowne House ref1 Landsdowne, Lord ref1, ref2 Lane, Allen ref1 Lansbury, George ref1 Larkin, James ref1 Laszlo, Philip de ref1 Lauder, Harry ref1, ref2, ref3 Lawrence, D.H. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Lawrence, Katie ref1 Lawrence, T.E. ref1, ref2, ref3 Le Queux, William ref1 League of Isis ref1 League of Nations ref1, ref2 Lebanon ref1 Lee, Arthur ref1 Leeper, Reginald ref1 Leese, Arnold ref1 Left Book Club ref1 Leigh-Mallory, Air Vice Marshal ref1 Lenin, Vladimir ref1, ref2, ref3 Lenton, Lilian ref1 Leopold, King of Belgium ref1 Letchworth ref1, ref2 Lewis, Rosa ref1 Liberal Party ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Liberal Unionist organization ref1 Liddell-Hart, Basil ref1 Lissauer, Ernst ref1 literature ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Little Tich ref1 Liverpool strikes ref1 Liverpool Mersey Tunnel ref1 Llanfrothen Burial Case ref1 Lloyd George, David ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 anti-landlord rhetoric ref1, ref2 and Boer War ref1, ref2 as Chancellor of the Exchequer ref1 in charge of munitions ref1, ref2 and Churchill ref1, ref2, ref3 downfall ref1, ref2 and First World War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and Hitler ref1 hostility towards Haig ref1 and Ireland ref1 Orange Book ref1 and People’s Budget ref1, ref2 personal life ref1 political career ref1 as prime minister and wartime regime under ref1, ref2, ref3 rise to power ref1, ref2 and Second World War ref1 selling of honours for cash ref1 share dealing ref1 and tariff reform debate ref1 vision of welfare system ref1 visit to Germany ref1 wins 1918 election ref1, ref2 and women’s vote ref1 Lloyd, Marie ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Lockyer, Sir Norman ref1 London ref1 fog in Edwardian era ref1 music halls ref1 as refuge for revolutionaries abroad in Edwardian era ref1 London Blitz ref1 London Pavilion theatre ref1 London Transport ref1 London Underground map ref1 Loos, Battle of ref1 Lubetkin, Berthold ref1 Ludendorff ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Luftwaffe ref1, ref2, ref3 Lunn, Arnold ref1, ref2 Lunn, Sir Henry ref1 Lusitania ref1 Lynn, Vera ref1 MacColl, Ewan ref1 MacCormick, John ref1, ref2 McDiarmid, Hugh (Grieve) ref1 MacDonagh, Michael ref1 MacDonald, Ramsay ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 background ref1 and formation of National Government ref1, ref2 and Mosley ref1 vilification of ref1, ref2 MacInnes, Colin ref1 McKenna, Reginald ref1 Mackenzie, Compton ref1, ref2 Maclean, John ref1, ref2 Macmillan, Harold ref1 McNabb, Father Vincent ref1 McShane, Harry ref1 Madoff, Bernard ref1 ‘mafficking’ ref1 Major, John ref1 Malins, Geoffrey ref1 Mallard locomotive ref1 ‘Manchester Rambler, The’ ref1 Manners, Lady Diana ref1, ref2 marching ref1 Marconi, Guglielmo ref1 Marconi scandal (1911) ref1 Markiewicz, Countess ref1, ref2 Marlborough, Duke of ref1 Martin, Captain D.L. ref1 Marx, Eleanor ref1 Marx, Karl ref1 Mass Observation system ref1, ref2 Matcham, Frank ref1 Maude, Aylmer ref1 Maurice, Sir Frederick ref1 Maxse, Leo ref1, ref2 Maxton, Jimmy ref1, ref2 May, Phil ref1 medical science ref1 Melba, Dame Nellie ref1 Melbourne, Lord ref1 memorials ref1 Mendelsohn, Erich ref1 metro-land ref1 Meyrick, Kate ref1, ref2, ref3 Middle Classes Union ref1 Middle East ref1, ref2 Mill, John Stuart ref1 Millais, Sir John Everett ref1 Milner, Lord ref1, ref2, ref3 miners dispute (1926) ref1, ref2 Mitchell, Hannah ref1 The Hard Way Up ref1 Mitchell, Reginald ref1, ref2, ref3 Mitford, Deborah ref1 Mitford, Diana see Mosley, Diana Mitford girls ref1 Mitford, Jessica ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Mitford, Nancy ref1, ref2 Wigs on the Green ref1 Mitford, Pamela ref1 Mitford, Tom ref1 Mitford, Unity ref1, ref2, ref3 modernism ref1, ref2, ref3 Montacute House (Somerset) ref1 Montagu, Edwin ref1, ref2, ref3 Montgomery, General Bernard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Morel, Edmund ref1, ref2 Morrel, Ottoline ref1, ref2 Morris, William (car maker) ref1, ref2 Morris, William (craftsman) ref1 Morrison, Herbert ref1, ref2 Morton, Desmond ref1 Morton, E.V. ref1 Mosley, Cimmie (first wife) ref1, ref2 Mosley, Diana (née Mitford) (second wife) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Mosley, Oswald ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 and anti-Semitism ref1 background and early life ref1 and Battle of Cable Street ref1 and fascism ref1 funding from Mussolini ref1 imprisonment ref1 launching of British Union of Fascists ref1 and MacDonald ref1 marriage to Diana Mitford ref1 and New Party ref1 and Olympia riot (1934) ref1 plans and ideas ref1 resignation from Labour ref1 and Rothermere ref1 Muir, Edwin ref1, ref2 Munich ref1 Munnings, Alfred ref1 Murdoch, Rupert ref1 Murray, Lord ref1 music ref1, ref2 music hall ref1 Mussolini, Benito ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 national debt, post-war ref1 National Government ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 National Insurance Bill (1911) ref1 National Party of Scotland ref1 National Unemployed Workers Movement (NUWM) ref1 National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) ref1 navy see Royal Navy Navy League ref1 Nazi Germany ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 see also Hitler, Adolf Nehru, Jawaharlal ref1 Nesbit, Edith (Daisy) ref1, ref2, ref3 The Amulet ref1 Five Children and It ref1 The Railway Children ref1 Nevill, Captain ref1 New Party ref1, ref2 newspapers see press Nicholson, William ref1, ref2 nightclubs ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 1922 committee ref1 Nivelle, General ref1, ref2 No-Conscription Fellowship ref1 Nordics ref1 Norman, Sir Montagu ref1, ref2, ref3 Northcliffe, Lord (Alfred Harmsworth) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 background ref1 and Daily Mail ref1 Daily Mail article on shells shortage ref1 and downfall of Asquith ref1 last days and death ref1 Motor Cars and Driving ref1 northern industrial cities, decline of ref1 Northern Ireland ref1 see also Ireland Norway and Second World War ref1, ref2 nostalgia ref1 nuclear bomb ref1, ref2 nudism ref1 O’Connor, General ref1, ref2 Ogilvie-Grant, Mark ref1 Olympia Garage ref1 organic food movement ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Orpen, William ref1, ref2 Orwell, George ref1, ref2, ref3 Homage to Catalonia ref1 The Road to Wigan Pier ref1 Ottoman Empire ref1, ref2, ref3 outdoors ref1 Owen, Frank ref1 Owen, Wilfred ref1, ref2, ref3 Oxford Automobile Company ref1 Oxford Union debate (1933) ref1, ref2 Paget, Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur ref1, ref2 Palace Theatre (London) ref1 Palestine ref1 Panahards ref1, ref2 Pankhurst, Adela ref1 Pankhurst, Christabel ref1, ref2, ref3 Pankhurst, Emmeline ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Pankhurst, Sylvia ref1 paperbacks ref1 Paris peace conference ref1, ref2 Park, Keith ref1 Parliament during Second World War ref1 Passchendaele ref1 Patton, General ref1, ref2 Peace Pledge Union ref1, ref2 Pearl Harbor ref1, ref2, ref3 Pearse, Padraig ref1, ref2 Pearson, George ref1 peerages ref1 selling for cash ref1 peers ref1 Penguin Books ref1 pensions ref1 People’s Budget (1909) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Pétain, Marshal ref1 pianos ref1 Pick, Frank ref1 Piper, John ref1 Pistols Act (1903) ref1 Plunkett, Joseph ref1, ref2 Plymouth, bombing of ref1 political extremism ref1 Ponzi, Charles ref1 Poor Law Guardians ref1, ref2 poor/poverty ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Rowntree’s investigation and book on conditions in York ref1 Pound, Ezra ref1, ref2, ref3 Cantos ref1 Powell, Enoch ref1 Powys, John Cowper ref1, ref2 Preece, Sir W.H. ref1 press ref1, ref2 and abdication crisis ref1 and Daily Mail ref1 destruction of Liberal government by ref1 and First World War ref1 see also Beaverbrook, Lord; Northcliffe, Lord; Rothermere, Lord Price, G.


pages: 956 words: 267,746

Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion ofSafety by Eric Schlosser

Able Archer 83, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, cuban missile crisis, Dr. Strangelove, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Haight Ashbury, Herman Kahn, impulse control, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, launch on warning, life extension, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, nuclear taboo, nuclear winter, packet switching, prompt engineering, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Stanislav Petrov, Stewart Brand, Strategic Defense Initiative, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, too big to fail, two and twenty, uranium enrichment, William Langewiesche

Spaatz, who replaced Arnold as the Army Air Forces commander, was an outspoken supporter of world government. General George C. Kenney, the head of the recently created Strategic Air Command, spent most of his time working on the military staff of the United Nations. General Leslie Groves—the military director of the Manhattan Project, who was staunchly anti-Communist and anti-Soviet—argued that the atomic bomb’s “very existence should make war unthinkable.” He favored international control of nuclear weapons and tough punishments for nations that tried to make them. Without such a system, he saw only one alternative for the United States. “If there are to be atomic bombs in the world,” Groves argued, “we must have the best, the biggest, and the most

The Soviet-backed coup revived memories of the Nazi assault on the Czechs in 1938, the timidity of the European response, and the world war that soon followed. President Truman’s tough words were not backed, however, by a military strategy that could defend Western Europe. During the early months of 1947, as Truman formulated his anti-Communist doctrine, the Pentagon did not have a war plan for fighting the Soviet Union. And the rapid demobilization of the American military seemed to have given the Soviets a tremendous advantage on the ground. The U.S. Army had only one division stationed in Germany, along with ten police regiments, for a total of perhaps 100,000 troops.

Although Schlesinger’s order raised questions about who was actually in command, it seemed like a good idea at the time. The Wrong Tape One month after the inauguration of President Jimmy Carter, a member of his national security staff, General William E. Odom, attended briefings on the SIOP at the headquarters of the Strategic Air Command in Omaha. Odom was considered a staunch anti-Communist, one of the hard-liners in the new administration. He was a Soviet expert, fluent in Russian, who’d attended West Point and trained as a tactical nuclear targeting officer for the Army. His visit to SAC headquarters occurred in February 1977. Eight years had passed since Henry Kissinger began to push for more flexibility in the SIOP.


pages: 453 words: 114,250

The Great Firewall of China by James Griffiths;

A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, bike sharing, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Chelsea Manning, Citizen Lab, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital rights, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, end-to-end encryption, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, gig economy, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, jimmy wales, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mitch Kapor, mobile money, Occupy movement, pets.com, profit motive, QR code, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Snapchat, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, technoutopianism, The future is already here, undersea cable, WikiLeaks, zero day

Despite the public protests in Hong Kong and elsewhere, Falun Gong’s main role in fighting the Party and the Firewall is largely unknown, even to those who benefit from it. For years, Falun Gong practitioners have been among the most active in undermining the Firewall and working to reverse the censorship it carries out. To do so, they have relied on an alliance of conservative anti-Communist US lawmakers, internet freedom advocates and software engineers. One group of allies they could not enlist – indeed, who often worked against them, hand in hand with the censors – was Silicon Valley’s biggest companies. Chapter 5 Searching for an opening Google, Yahoo and Silicon Valley’s moral failing in China The small crowd wore heavy coats, hats and scarves to guard against the bitter cold of the Beijing winter.

On important dates, larger protests are staged outside China’s embassy in Washington DC and consulates in other major cities across the US. In private, Falun Gong practitioners have formed an effective lobby in Washington, where they have found a ready audience for their pro-religious freedom, anti-Communist message. This audience has included many neoconservative politicians, who advocate for internet freedom policies and have embraced Falun Gong as a victim of the Great Firewall. Censorship circumvention was a natural fit for Falun Gong. Following the crackdown, Falun Gong became one of the most sensitive and most censored topics on the Chinese internet, outdoing Tiananmen Square and Tibet.


pages: 426 words: 117,722

King Richard: Nixon and Watergate--An American Tragedy by Michael Dobbs

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, coronavirus, COVID-19, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, Donald Trump, MITM: man-in-the-middle, RAND corporation, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Ted Sorensen, éminence grise

For eleven tension-filled days, waves of American B-52s supported by thousands of tactical aircraft had pounded North Vietnamese ports and airfields and power plants, as well as air defenses around Hanoi. The North Vietnamese had earlier agreed to release all American prisoners of war and permit the anti-Communist South Vietnamese leader, Nguyen Van Thieu, to remain at least temporarily in office. They refused to make further substantive concessions but did allow some token modifications to the peace agreement that were sufficient for Nixon to claim he had achieved his goal of negotiating a “peace with honor.”

Many years later, Colson acknowledged that he helped to bring out “the dark side of Nixon,” but “it was always close to the surface. He was a gut fighter…His first reaction was to fight back.” Time had been very friendly to Nixon during his political ascent, putting him on the cover numerous times and praising his anti-Communist rhetoric. The magazine was generally regarded as a conservative publication, with its finger on the pulse of mainstream America. But the once symbiotic, mutually beneficial relationship between ambitious politician and influential media outlet had frayed to breaking point in recent years. Sensitive to even mildly critical coverage, Nixon had rejected attempts by Time editors and reporters to gain favorable access.


Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health by Laurie Garrett

accounting loophole / creative accounting, airport security, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, biofilm, clean water, collective bargaining, contact tracing, desegregation, discovery of DNA, discovery of penicillin, disinformation, Drosophila, employer provided health coverage, Fall of the Berlin Wall, germ theory of disease, global pandemic, Gregor Mendel, illegal immigration, indoor plumbing, Induced demand, John Snow's cholera map, Jones Act, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, mass incarceration, Maui Hawaii, means of production, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mouse model, Nelson Mandela, new economy, nuclear winter, Oklahoma City bombing, phenotype, profit motive, Project Plowshare, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, stem cell, the scientific method, urban decay, urban renewal, War on Poverty, working poor, Works Progress Administration, yellow journalism

There, with CIA assistance, Mobutu’s troops surrounded and murdered unarmed Lumumba on January 13, 1961, placing his body in the trunk of a car, much as a gang of Mafiosi might dispose of their enemies in a gangster hit. Mobutu seized power but was immediately opposed in armed insurrections in the Katanga and Shaba provinces. To ensure the political survival of the Mobutu regime during the tempestuous years of 1961 to 1967 the CIA flew in Cuban anti-Communist mercenaries, trained an elite corps of 243 Zaïrois soldiers in Israel, and occasionally dropped top units of the U.S. Special Forces into hotly contested areas. Belgium also bolstered Mobutu’s climb to power, deploying commando units to lead his troops in combat in rebellious Katanga. From the beginning Mobutu proved a wily leader.

Most psychiatric disorders were simply classified in one of five boxes: psychoses, senile dementia, schizophrenia, neuroses, and mental retardation. Notably absent was the world’s most common psychiatric disorder, depression. It was assumed that the only individuals who could be depressed under communism must be anti-Communists, not depressed. Throughout the former USSR and Eastern Europe psychiatry and psychology suffered similar fates in the past and were proving woefully inadequate to meet the tasks of the post-Soviet era.165 Dr. Toma Tomov of the Medical University in Sofia, Bulgaria, said that the real question was, “How does the Self gain esteem if the social organism is sick?

America’s government and many of its citizens became deeply paranoid—as, unbeknownst to most people in the United States at the time, did their counterparts in the USSR. A terrible so-called Red Scare affected every aspect of life in the United States during the later 1940s and the 1950s, whipped up by such noted anti-Communists as Senator Joseph McCarthy, Congressman Richard Nixon, the House Un-American Activities Committee, and columnists Drew Pearson and Walter Winchell. By the time World War II hero General Dwight D. Eisenhower moved into the White House in 1953, suspected “Communists” across the nation were being purged from their jobs and service in government at every tier.


pages: 159 words: 42,401

Snowden's Box: Trust in the Age of Surveillance by Jessica Bruder, Dale Maharidge

air gap, anti-communist, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Broken windows theory, Burning Man, Cambridge Analytica, cashless society, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, computer vision, crowdsourcing, deep learning, digital rights, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, end-to-end encryption, Evgeny Morozov, Ferguson, Missouri, Filter Bubble, Firefox, information security, Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, Jessica Bruder, John Perry Barlow, Julian Assange, Laura Poitras, license plate recognition, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, medical malpractice, messenger bag, Neil Armstrong, Nomadland, Occupy movement, off grid, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, Robert Bork, Seymour Hersh, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Skype, social graph, Steven Levy, surveillance capitalism, tech bro, Tim Cook: Apple, web of trust, WikiLeaks

We will never know what books or articles may have been written that would have shaped the world’s thinking on a particular topic if they are not written because potential authors are afraid that their work would invite retribution. This idea isn’t new. The so-called “chilling effects doctrine” emerged through legal decisions in cases related to anti-communist state measures in the 1950s and 60s. It urged the courts to exercise “suspicion” over any practices that “might deter” citizens from exercising their First Amendment rights freely. After the Snowden revelations, there was a sudden drop in online traffic to terrorism-related Wikipedia articles, according to research published by the Berkeley Technology Law Journal.


pages: 497 words: 124,144

Red Moon Rising by Matthew Brzezinski

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Columbine, company town, cuban missile crisis, guns versus butter model, Kitchen Debate, military-industrial complex, Neil Armstrong, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, skunkworks, trade route, Vanguard fund, walking around money, white picket fence

Fortunately for the Chief Designer, Khrushchev and the Central Committee were preoccupied with other, far more urgent matters. • • • On the morning of June 28, 1956, workers in the western Polish city of Poznan declared a general strike. It was the first labor unrest in the Soviet bloc, and by early afternoon the walkout had turned into the largest anti-Communist rally since the war. One hundred thousand people, a third of Poznan’s population, crammed Adam Mickiewicz Square, waving banners that read DOWN WITH DICTATORSHIP and, in a play on Lenin’s most famous revolutionary slogan, WE WANT BREAD, FREEDOM, AND TRUTH. As Kaganovich and Molotov had feared, the ill winds of liberalization let loose by Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization decree had blown westward from the snowcapped Caucasus to the plains of Poland.

(AP/Wide World Photos) Walt Disney (far left) visits Wernher von Braun at the Redstone Arsenal before hiring him as a scientific adviser and host for the Tomorrowland segments of his new Disneyland television program. In these broadcasts, many Americans learned about satellite technology for the first time. (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) The powerful and staunchly anti-Communist Dulles brothers. Allen Dulles (left), the director of Central Intelligence, and John Foster Dulles, the secretary of state, set the tone for the Eisenhower administration’s aggressive containment policies toward Moscow. (© Bettmann/CORBIS) Richard Bissell was the man behind the CIA’s top-secret U-2 and satellite reconnaissance programs.


pages: 378 words: 121,495

The Abandonment of the West by Michael Kimmage

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, City Beautiful movement, classic study, deindustrialization, desegregation, disinformation, Donald Trump, European colonialism, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global pandemic, global supply chain, Gunnar Myrdal, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, Paris climate accords, Peace of Westphalia, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, transatlantic slave trade, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus

For the government and the university, Rostow looked intently for Soviet economic vulnerabilities, doing what he could to inform the makers of American foreign policy about them. For much of the 1950s, Rostow taught at MIT. For a while, he was a visiting professor of American history at both Oxford and Cambridge.32 Rostow celebrated the rise of the economic West in The Stages of Economic Growth: An Anti-Communist Manifesto, which he published in 1960. (The book began as lectures to Cambridge undergraduates in 1958.) Rostow was not only rewriting Marx’s legendary Communist Manifesto of 1848 but also turning it inside out, outlining a response to Soviet foreign policy in the Third World in 1960. Since the rise of Chinese communism in 1949, the Soviet Union had been making strides in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.

On the history of the Aspen Institute, see “A Brief History of the Aspen Institute,” https://www.aspeninstitute.org/about/heritage/. 31. Henry Kissinger, “embodiment of mankind’s hopes,” quoted in Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy, 183. 32. W. W. Rostow and Max Millikan, A Proposal: Keys to an Effective Foreign Policy (New York: Harper, 1957), 8. 33. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: An Anti-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1959), 167. 34. On Herbert Hoover and civilization, see Melvyn P. Leffler, “Expansionist Impulses and Domestic Constraints, 1921–1923,” in William H. Becker and Samuel F. Wells Jr., eds., Economics and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 232–233.


Checkmate in Berlin: The Cold War Showdown That Shaped the Modern World by Giles Milton

Alistair Cooke, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, centre right, clean water, operation paperclip, post-war consensus, V2 rocket, wikimedia commons, éminence grise

Valerie was herself Russian, one of millions who had fled their homeland in the aftermath of the Bolshevik revolution. Her German husband, Paul, had converted to Russian Orthodoxy and was now a priest serving Berlin’s community of exiles. In Nazi Germany, these exiles had been given refuge because of their vehemently anti-Communist credentials. Now, those credentials placed them at grave risk. Just a few months before, the Hoeckes had moved out of Berlin and into a new home in the Russische Kolonie, a Russian-style suburb of Potsdam. It was safer than Berlin, but they felt increasingly exposed as the war rolled ever closer.

‘The Empire whose boundaries we struggle to extend is the Empire of true democracy, of peace and decency.’21 It was a policy that chimed perfectly with that of Lucius Clay, and the two men actively promoted the fusion of the British and American zones of Germany into the single unit, Bizonia, agreed upon the previous summer. Before long the French had also joined the zone and Bizonia became Trizonia. It was the clearest signal that Germany was splitting into east and west. When Lucius Clay studied the fast-changing geopolitical map that spring, he received an unpleasant surprise. Anti-Communist forces in Poland had been forced out of government; King Michael of Romania was being hounded into exile; the democratic parties in Czechoslovakia were in serious danger. Clay realised that ‘the Communists, under direct control of the Kremlin, dominated most of eastern Europe.’22 Stalin was also turning his attentions to Western Europe, encouraging a general strike in France and intervening in elections in Italy.


From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia by Pankaj Mishra

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, classic study, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, Deng Xiaoping, European colonialism, financial innovation, Great Leap Forward, invention of the telegraph, joint-stock company, Khartoum Gordon, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Monroe Doctrine, New Urbanism, plutocrats, profit motive, Scramble for Africa, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the scientific method, upwardly mobile, urban planning, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, young professional

In the 1970s a communist regime in Afghanistan, propped up by the Soviet Union, tried to modernize hastily and brutally what it saw as a feudal and backward society, uprooting people from their traditional cultures and forcing them into Western-style cities and occupations. There were many who resisted, and within just a few months, 12,000 people considered anti-communist, many of them members of the country’s educated elite, were killed in Kabul alone; many thousands more were murdered in the countryside. The rest of this appalling story of Afghanistan’s destruction is better known. The subsequent backlash from radical Islamists was supported by the United States, and turned, with the help of Pakistan’s Islamist dictator General Zia-ul-Haq and Saudi Arabia, into the first global jihad in Islam’s long history.

By its own reckoning, Turkey has resoundingly answered the question that haunted the Tanzimatists: can a Muslim country modernize itself enough to be counted as a member of Western civilization? The isolationist nationalism of Atatürk reflected this determination to enlist Turkey into the only club that mattered. While secluding itself from its Muslim neighbourhood, Turkey went on to propose itself as a reliable partner to NATO. Joining other anti-communist Cold War alliances it also befriended Israel, the outcast state for Muslims around the world. But Turkey, like Meiji Japan before it, may have finally come up against an explicitly racially motivated disinclination in the West against granting it full membership to their club. As its efforts to join the European Union are rebuffed, and anti-Muslim-immigrant sentiment rises in Europe, Turks have begun to wonder whether, although a modernized Islam seems to have adjusted itself to the West, the West may still be reluctant to include Islam in its self-perceptions.


pages: 1,744 words: 458,385

The Defence of the Realm by Christopher Andrew

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, Boeing 747, British Empire, classic study, Clive Stafford Smith, collective bargaining, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, Desert Island Discs, disinformation, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, false flag, G4S, glass ceiling, illegal immigration, information security, job satisfaction, large denomination, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Kinnock, North Sea oil, operational security, post-work, Red Clydeside, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, Torches of Freedom, traveling salesman, union organizing, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, Winter of Discontent, work culture

Intelligence on one of its members, Albert Allen, suggested that he ‘may have quarrelled with his former employers, a fact which might be disclosed from his correspondence, and should this be discovered, it is obvious that we might be able, by careful approach, to get valuable information from him’. Allen, whose real name was Arthur Lakey, was a former Special Branch sergeant who had been dismissed after the police strike of 1919. On 25 June 1928 he was approached by John Ottaway of the Observation section who introduced himself as ‘G. Stewart of the Anti-Communist Union’ and claimed that the Union had sent him to ask Allen about his involvement with the FPA. Allen agreed to provide information on the FPA, ARCOS and other Russian ‘intrigues’. Ottaway reported after the meeting that, as Harker had suspected, Allen’s ‘late masters evidently have let him down, and he seems embittered in consequence.’

The main thrust of the Service’s advice was that ‘full-time security officers with authority to follow up security instructions are a necessity in any Government Department which has a substantial amount of classified material to protect.’75 The part of government least interested in Security Service advice was the Houses of Parliament, whose security remained woeful until the beginning of the twenty-first century.76 In November 1954 the Security Service informed the Whitehall Personnel Security Committee that they had ‘moved somewhat from their original position’ on positive vetting and ‘now appreciated more fully the advantage to be derived’ from it.77 ‘At the risk of being smug,’ wrote Sir John Winnifrith in a memorandum on vetting to the Security Conference of Privy Counsellors in 1955, ‘I would like to say in the first place that, particularly given the speed with which it has been evolved, the present system is a pretty good one.’78 Eleven thousand working in the atomic field had so far been positively vetted, with 3,000 PVs still to be completed. In other sensitive posts, 7,000 had been PV’d, with another 6,000 to follow.79 There was no anti-Communist witch-hunt in Britain comparable to that led by Senator Joseph McCarthy in the United States. Two years after his election defeat, Attlee gave a withering response in an American journal to McCarthy’s criticism of the Purge Procedure he had introduced: ‘The Labour Party has had nearly 40 years of fighting Communism in Britain, and despite war and economic depression, the Communists have utterly failed.

Sillitoe informed Maxwell Fyfe at his room in the Commons: ‘Communist inspiration for and interest in the demand is clear; and, though we do not know the full story, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that, but for the Party’s efforts, the present demand might never have been formulated.’57 In the spring of 1956 the Security Service circulated to the Official Committee on Communism (Home) a memorandum on ‘Communism and the Trade Unions’ which set out what became a recurrent theme in its reporting on the subject: that CPGB strategy was to use industrial unrest as a means of capturing and consolidating positions of power and influence in the trade union movement. Partly as a result of this strategy, one in eight union officials and members of executive committees were either Party members or Communist sympathizers. The Minister of Labour discussed this report with three leading anti-Communist trade unionists, who argued that the most effective means of countering Communist influence in the union movement would be to publicize evidence of Communist ballotrigging. A working group with representatives of the Security Service was established under the aegis of the Official Committee on Communism (Home) with the aim of publicizing such abuses and halting the run of Communist successes in union elections.58 During his brief and ill-fated term as prime minister in succession to Churchill, Sir Anthony Eden took a close interest in the Service’s work on counter-subversion.59 In June 1956 he formally commended the Service memorandum on ‘Communism and the Trade Unions’.


pages: 1,037 words: 294,916

Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus by Rick Perlstein

"there is no alternative" (TINA), affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, anti-work, antiwork, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, business climate, card file, collective bargaining, company town, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, distributed generation, Dr. Strangelove, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, ending welfare as we know it, George Gilder, haute couture, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, Herman Kahn, index card, indoor plumbing, invisible hand, Joan Didion, liberal capitalism, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, military-industrial complex, mortgage debt, New Journalism, Norman Mailer, plutocrats, Project Plowshare, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, school vouchers, the medium is the message, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transcontinental railway, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, white picket fence, Works Progress Administration

The NSA thus ostensibly placed the voice of 1.3 million American college students behind its annual resolutions against nuclear testing, in favor of the Southern sit-ins and the immediate decolonization in the Third World, and for the abolition of HUAC. And this was unacceptable. Eight operatives led by Schuchman set up camp near the NSA conference with a mimeograph machine and created a simulacrum of a popular groundswell for proposals that the Peace Corps’s name be changed to the Anti-Communist Freedom Corps and that all volunteers be screened to make sure they were strong enough anticommunists. At parliamentary sessions YAFers monopolized the microphones, then group members would move out across the room in diamond formation, an old Communist trick to give the appearance of greater number to manufacture acclaim for their speakers.

“I was about to repeat my last year’s $100 contribution when I picked up your April 11th issue,” read one angry letter. “I will send my money to Robert Welch.” The argument raged in the editorial offices through 1961: Was the groundswell to their right an opportunity or a nightmare? “There now exists in this country a conservative anti-Communist apparat that we all have hoped for,” Marvin Liebman wrote to the NR circle despairingly. “It is controlled by Robert Welch.” Bill Rusher, esteemed among the staff for his political savvy, gravely worried that “as the scope and pace of the free world’s collapse becomes apparent to the American people and desire for a scapegoat takes hold” Welch might find himself at the head of a literal fascist movement—a prospect that horrified these conservative pragmatists as much as it did their liberal enemies.

WHY have you banned the showing at U.S. military bases of the film “Operation Abolition”—the movie by the House Committee on Un-American Activities exposing Communism in America? ... WHY has the Foreign Policy of the United States degenerated to the point that the C.I.A. is arranging coups and having staunch Anti-Communist Allies of the U.S. bloodily exterminated? The newspaper hit the streets as H. L. Hunt, whose son had helped bankroll the ad, took to the radio in full-throated bray to predict that Kennedy’s next move after passing the civil rights bill would be revoking the right to bear arms. “In dictatorships,” he said, “no firearms are permitted, because they would then have the weapons with which to rise up against their oppressors.”


pages: 1,073 words: 314,528

Strategy: A History by Lawrence Freedman

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, Black Swan, Blue Ocean Strategy, British Empire, business process, butterfly effect, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, circulation of elites, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, collective bargaining, complexity theory, conceptual framework, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate raider, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, defense in depth, desegregation, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, endowment effect, escalation ladder, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, framing effect, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Ida Tarbell, information retrieval, interchangeable parts, invisible hand, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, lateral thinking, linear programming, loose coupling, loss aversion, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, mental accounting, Murray Gell-Mann, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Nelson Mandela, Norbert Wiener, Norman Mailer, oil shock, Pareto efficiency, performance metric, Philip Mirowski, prisoner's dilemma, profit maximization, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, scientific management, seminal paper, shareholder value, social contagion, social intelligence, Steven Pinker, strikebreaker, The Chicago School, The Myth of the Rational Market, the scientific method, theory of mind, Thomas Davenport, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Torches of Freedom, Toyota Production System, transaction costs, Twitter Arab Spring, ultimatum game, unemployed young men, Upton Sinclair, urban sprawl, Vilfredo Pareto, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

Until these could be developed, guerrilla units would be crucial. In the third stage they would play no more than a supporting role. The most assiduous follower of Mao after his revolution was General Vo Nguyen Giap, a schoolteacher from Vietnam who fought against colonial France and then the U.S.-supported anti-communist government in the south. He immersed himself in Maoist theory and practice in China in 1940 and then returned to Vietnam to lead the fight against the Japanese and later the French. He is also reported to have described Lawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom as his “fighting gospel” that he was “never without.”

Like other counterinsurgent specialists, Galula found that his theory fitted neither the local political structures nor army culture.27 The main effect of the attempt by the French officer class to develop a counterinsurgency doctrine that matched the communists in its political intensity and ruthlessness was that they began to turn their ire on Paris for not supporting their efforts with sufficient vigor—even attempting a coup.28 An awareness of the need to give the anti-communist South Vietnamese government more legitimacy and turn its forces into agents of democracy and development reflected a theoretical objective that was far removed from the realities on the ground. It was understood that any fighting should be done by indigenous forces, but that left open the question of what should be done when these forces could no longer cope.

The young activists fresh from the freedom rides in the South, where they had often been in jail or suffered beatings, had little time for those who had spent their time trading theoretical blueprints for socialism. Although SDS was intended initially to be the student branch of the League for Industrial Democracy, another of John Dewey’s causes which now represented the pro-union, anti-communist strand in American socialism, it took off on its own trajectory. So the revolt was against not only the complacent liberalism and social conservatism of mainstream America but also the social democratic tradition. This tradition of mass parties organized to fight parliamentary elections on the basis of an agreed program reflecting a more or less coherent ideology had never really taken root in America.


Understanding Power by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Burning Man, business climate, business cycle, cognitive dissonance, continuous integration, Corn Laws, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, disinformation, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, gentrification, global reserve currency, guns versus butter model, Howard Zinn, junk bonds, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, liberation theology, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, mortgage tax deduction, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Paul Samuelson, Ralph Nader, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, school choice, Strategic Defense Initiative, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, systems thinking, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, union organizing, wage slave, women in the workforce

See, one of the interesting features of the 1980s is that to a large extent the United States had to carry out its foreign interventions through the medium of mercenary states. There’s a whole network of U.S. mercenary states. Israel is the major one, but it also includes Taiwan, South Africa, South Korea, the states that are involved in the World Anti-Communist League and the various military groups that unite the Western Hemisphere, Saudi Arabia to fund it, Panama—Noriega was right in the center of the thing. We caught a glimpse of it in things like the Oliver North trial and the Iran-contra hearings [Oliver North was tried in 1989 for his role in “Iran-contra,” the U.S. government’s illegal scheme to fund the Nicaraguan “contra” militias in their war against Nicaragua’s left-wing government by covertly selling weapons to Iran]—they’re international terrorist networks of mercenary states.

In January 1959, Cuba had a popular nationalist revolution. We now know from declassified U.S. government documents that the formal decision to overthrow Castro was made by the American government in March 1960—that’s very important, because at that point there were no Russians around, and Castro was in fact considered anti-Communist by the U.S. [Castro did not align with the Soviet Union until May 1961, after the U.S. had severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in January and had sponsored an invasion attempt in April.] 29 So the reason for deciding to overthrow the Castro government can’t have had anything to do with Cuba being a Russian outpost in the Cold War—Cuba was just taking an independent path, which has always been unacceptable to powerful interests in the United States.

They in fact said in their publications things like, “We have about five or six years to save the private enterprise system.” 74 Well, one thing they did was to launch a huge propaganda program in the United States, aimed at reversing these attitudes. 75 It was actually called at the time part of “the everlasting battle for the minds of men,” who have to be “indoctrinated in the capitalist story”; that’s a standard straight quote from the P.R. literature. 76 So in the early 1950s, the Advertising Council [an organization begun during World War II and funded by the business community to assist the government with propaganda services at home] was spending huge amounts of money to propagandize for what they called “the American way.” 77 The public relations budget for the National Association of Manufacturers I think went up by about a factor of twenty. 78 About a third of the textbooks in schools were simply provided by business. 79 They had 20 million people a week watching propaganda films about worker-management unity, after the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 allowed propaganda to be shown to basically captive audiences in companies. 80 They continued on with the “scientific methods of strikebreaking” that had been developed in the late 1930s: devoting huge resources into propaganda instead of goon-squads and breaking knees. 81 And it was all tied up with the “anti-Communist” crusade at the time—that’s the true meaning of what’s referred to as “McCarthyism,” which started well before Joseph McCarthy got involved and was really launched by business and liberal members of the Democratic Party and so on. 82 It was a way of using fear and jingoism to try to undermine labor rights and functioning democracy.


pages: 681 words: 214,967

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East by David Fromkin

anti-communist, British Empire, colonial rule, Khartoum Gordon, Khyber Pass, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, Suez canal 1869, trade route

Although the invitation to the congress had been phrased in the communist language of world revolution, Zinoviev, once at the congress, seemed to be calling on the assembled delegates for aid in a national struggle between Russia and Britain. In his opening address he cried out "Brothers, we summon you to a holy war, in the first place against English imperialism!"7 Since many of those who were called upon to join in the crusade were non-communist or even anti-communist, the Comintern felt obliged to defend itself against the accusation that it was cynically using them as instruments of Soviet foreign policy. Karl Radek told the congress that "The eastern policy of the Soviet Government is thus no diplomatic manoeuvre, no pushing forward of the peoples of the east into the firing-line in order, by betraying them, to win advantages for the Soviet republic . . .

The working arrangement that the Kremlin arrived at with Mustapha Kemal's Turkish Nationalist government allowed Soviet Russia to crush Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Kemal's overt anti-communism—on 28 January 1921 Kemalists killed seventeen Turkish communist leaders by drowning them in the Black Sea—was not allowed by Lenin or Stalin to stand in the way of agreement. In entering into a series of interlocking pacts with the anti-communist nationalist Moslem leaders of Turkey, Persia, and Afghanistan, Moscow seemed to be traveling along the path marked out at the Baku congress: abandoning revolutionary goals in favor of pursuing traditional Russian objectives in the Great Game. The Soviets encouraged revolutionary Kemalist Turkey to enter into a pact of her own, in Moscow, with traditionalist Afghanistan, the purpose of which (as indicated in Article Two) was to join hands in opposing aggression and exploitation by the British Empire.

The mission also ran contrary to what the Bolsheviks had preached before coming to power: they had claimed that they were in favor of allowing the non-Russian peoples of the Russian Empire freely to go their own way. Coming after the Russian reconquest of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, and after the un-veiling of Moscow's alliance with anti-communist leaders of Islam, the Soviet instructions to Enver raised the question of whether the Bolsheviks had subordinated, postponed, or even abandoned altogether the revolutionary ideals they had once espoused. Enver undoubtedly had his own views about this, but he hid them from his Bolshevik hosts as he set out for Bukhara in Central Asia.


pages: 745 words: 207,187

Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics and the Military by Neil Degrasse Tyson, Avis Lang

active measures, Admiral Zheng, airport security, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Arthur Eddington, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Carrington event, Charles Lindbergh, collapse of Lehman Brothers, Colonization of Mars, commoditize, corporate governance, cosmic microwave background, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, Dava Sobel, disinformation, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Dr. Strangelove, dual-use technology, Eddington experiment, Edward Snowden, energy security, Eratosthenes, European colonialism, fake news, Fellow of the Royal Society, Ford Model T, global value chain, Google Earth, GPS: selective availability, Great Leap Forward, Herman Kahn, Higgs boson, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, James Webb Space Telescope, Johannes Kepler, John Harrison: Longitude, Karl Jansky, Kuiper Belt, Large Hadron Collider, Late Heavy Bombardment, Laura Poitras, Lewis Mumford, lone genius, low earth orbit, mandelbrot fractal, Maui Hawaii, Mercator projection, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, operation paperclip, pattern recognition, Pierre-Simon Laplace, precision agriculture, prediction markets, profit motive, Project Plowshare, purchasing power parity, quantum entanglement, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, skunkworks, South China Sea, space junk, Stephen Hawking, Strategic Defense Initiative, subprime mortgage crisis, the long tail, time dilation, trade route, War on Poverty, wikimedia commons, zero-sum game

The president of the Aerospace Corporation demanded to know, “Why do we place an evil cast on military activities in space?” A senior airpower advocate and Reader’s Digest editor called the US space program too peaceable and “the wrong race with Russia.”137 Goldwater lost, overwhelmingly. Once elected, Johnson—an arm-twisting, New Deal kind of Democrat and as anti-Communist as his predecessors—presided over the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1964 Food Stamp Act, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and the 1968 Fair Housing Act, all part of his “War on Poverty.” On his watch, Medicare and Medicaid were introduced, the federal minimum wage was increased, thirty-five national parks were established, and the National Endowment for the Arts and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting were created.

Still, the question of survival remained sufficiently vital to force American presidents and Soviet leaders to sit in adjoining armchairs every once in a while and try to work something out. In the meantime, American and European citizens by the millions, Catholic bishops, former Cold Warriors, and even staunch anti-Communists began to press for an end to the arms race. By the fall of 1986, Gorbachev told his aides, “[O]ur goal is to prevent the next round of [the] arms race. . . . [T]he leitmotif here is the liquidation of nuclear weapons, and the political approach prevails here, not the arithmetical one.” By spring 1987, he and his foreign minister, Eduard Shevardnadze, shocked the Cold Warriors by agreeing to an earlier American proposal known as the zero option (devised by Richard Perle in 1981 and never intended to be acceptable).184 It would cancel US positioning of hundreds of intermediate-range missiles in Western Europe if the Soviet Union would destroy its own arsenal of more than a thousand of the same.

And in 1993, Sotheby’s in New York auctioned off two hundred pieces of the Soviet and Russian space programs, from logbooks and used space suits, to a slotted chess set designed to work in zero gravity, to a recovered burnt Soyuz capsule. That last item sold for $1.7 million. I was there. Not quite a garage sale, but the auction room smelled of victors divvying up the spoils of war—a long-fought Cold War victory. One heavy buyer was anti-Communist Texas billionaire and 1992 independent presidential candidate H. Ross Perot, who later donated his purchases to the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.71 By 1996 Russia owed Kazakhstan hundreds of millions of dollars in unpaid rent for use of the main space-launch facility at Baikonur, in what had suddenly, in December 1991, become a separate country.


pages: 142 words: 45,733

Utopia or Bust: A Guide to the Present Crisis by Benjamin Kunkel

Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Bear Stearns, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, creative destruction, David Graeber, declining real wages, full employment, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, liquidity trap, means of production, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, mortgage debt, Occupy movement, peak oil, price stability, profit motive, public intellectual, savings glut, Slavoj Žižek, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transatlantic slave trade, vertical integration, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, women in the workforce, Works Progress Administration, zero-sum game

Groys never discusses Adorno, a striking omission in light of his temper and range: Introduction to Antiphilosophy, Groys’s latest book in English, contains essays on Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Kojève, Derrida, and Walter Benjamin. Groys, like Adorno, possesses firm if abstract radical commitments and is a writer of relentlessly dialectical sentences in German. Otherwise they represent two poles of radical aesthetics. Adorno’s approach was historical materialist or Marxist yet anti-communist (at least where official Communist parties were concerned). Groys, by contrast, is more idealist in his belief that the radical artist can consciously understand and deliberately convey the meaning of his work—one reason, perhaps, why Groys has said he isn’t a Marxist—and yet more philo-communist.


pages: 165 words: 47,320

The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon

anti-communist, Golden Gate Park, jitney, job automation, Peace of Westphalia

After the confrontation, appalled at what had to be some military alliance between abolitionist Russia (Nicholas having freed the serfs in 1861) and a Union that paid lip-​service to abolition while it kept its own industrial laborers in a kind of wage-​slavery, Peter Pinguid stayed in his cabin for weeks, brooding. “But that sounds,” objected Metzger, “like he was against industrial capitalism. Wouldn't that disqualify him as any kind of anti-​Communist figure?” “You think like a Bircher,” Fallopian said. “Good guys and bad guys. You never get to any of the underlying truth. Sure he was against industrial capitalism. So are we. Didn't it lead, inevitably, to Marxism? Underneath, both are part of the same creeping horror.” “Industrial anything,” hazarded Metzger.


pages: 164 words: 44,947

Socialism Sucks: Two Economists Drink Their Way Through the Unfree World by Robert Lawson, Benjamin Powell

Airbnb, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, business cycle, cognitive dissonance, crony capitalism, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, equal pay for equal work, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, indoor plumbing, invisible hand, Kickstarter, means of production, Mont Pelerin Society, profit motive, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, single-payer health, special economic zone, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

Yaron is a gray-haired former-finance-professor-turned-philosopher who travels the world evangelizing for the ideas of Ayn Rand. In attendance were about thirty Chinese academics, graduate students, think-tank scholars, and journalists. Discussing the ideas of novelist Ayn Rand, one of the most ardent anti-Communists of the twentieth century, while in the heart of Beijing was pretty damned surreal for us, but we did our best, participating on a panel discussion about Austrian economics and Ayn Rand’s philosophy of objectivism. A couple of conference attendees drove us to dinner afterwards. As it happened, our route took us by Mao’s mausoleum.


pages: 525 words: 146,126

Ayn Rand Cult by Jeff Walker

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, buy and hold, credit crunch, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Doomsday Book, Elliott wave, gentleman farmer, George Gilder, Herbert Marcuse, Jane Jacobs, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, Michael Milken, Money creation, Mont Pelerin Society, price stability, Ralph Waldo Emerson, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Savings and loan crisis, school vouchers, Tipper Gore, Torches of Freedom

On his first published piece of writing, a letter-to-the-editor in his student newspaper, he scrawled, “To my father—Ayn Rand,” but he would later deny that he’d chosen ‘Branden’ because it anagrams ‘ben Rand’ (ben = ‘son of father named . . .’). Among personal associates he continued to be known familiarly as Nathan. Despite his self-depiction as swimming against the political tide at that time, he was actually beginning his university career and alliance with Rand in unison with a deafening crescendo of anti-Communist sentiment in the culture around him. In 1949 his own University of California imposed a loyalty oath on faculty—26 members then being dismissed, 37 others resigning in protest, and 47 scholars turning down academic appointments there. Two decades later Rand would be imposing an anti-Branden loyalty oath on the movement he had created around her.

“I spoke in college very loudly for my views at the beginning, and got thoroughly known,” he explains. “Therefore I sailed through with high grades, sometimes undeserved.” Professors “were standing on their heads trying to prove how fair they were.” One was philosopher Sidney Hook, a dedicated anti-Communist but equally as dedicated a social democrat, for whom Leonard became a favorite student. An Objectivist student once asked Peikoff what he had learned from his graduate school marathon. “It’s hard to put in ten years and gain nothing,” he replied, “but it’s minimal relative to the time and the money involved.


pages: 400 words: 129,841

Capitalism: the unknown ideal by Ayn Rand

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business cycle, data science, East Village, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, full employment, Isaac Newton, laissez-faire capitalism, means of production, minimum wage unemployment, profit motive, the market place, trade route, transcontinental railway, urban renewal, War on Poverty, yellow journalism

If a man hears the term “isolationists” applied to a number of individuals, he will observe that the essential characteristic distinguishing them from other individuals is patriotism—and he will conclude that “isolationism” means “patriotism” and that patriotism is evil. Thus the real meaning of the term will automatically replace the alleged meaning. If a man hears the term “McCarthyism,” he will observe that the best-known characteristic distinguishing Senator McCarthy from other public figures is an anti-communist stand, and he will conclude that anti-communism is evil. If a man hears the term “extremism” and is offered the innocuous figure of the John Birch Society as an example, he will observe that its best-known characteristic is “conservatism,” and he will conclude that “conservatism” is evil—as evil as the Communist Party and the Ku Klux Klan.

Whenever our public leaders attempt to explain it to us, they make the mystery greater. They tell us simultaneously that we are fighting for the interests of the United States—and that the United States has no “selfish” interests in that war. They tell us that communism is the enemy—and they attack, denounce, and smear any anti-communists in this country. They tell us that the spread of communism must be contained in Asia—but not in Africa. They tell us that communist aggression must be resisted in Vietnam—but not in Europe. They tell us that we must defend the freedom of South Vietnam—but not the freedom of East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Katanga, etc.


pages: 518 words: 143,914

God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World by John Micklethwait, Adrian Wooldridge

affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bonfire of the Vanities, Boris Johnson, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, David Brooks, Dr. Strangelove, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, ghettoisation, global supply chain, God and Mammon, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, industrial cluster, intangible asset, invisible hand, Iridium satellite, Jane Jacobs, joint-stock company, knowledge economy, liberation theology, low skilled workers, mass immigration, McMansion, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, new economy, oil shock, Peace of Westphalia, public intellectual, Robert Bork, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, Silicon Valley, stem cell, supply-chain management, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus

By the end of that decade, America had elected its first proudly born-again Christian, Jimmy Carter; Jerry Falwell had founded the Moral Majority; Iran had replaced the worldly shah with Ayatollah Khomeini; Zia-ul-Haq was busy Islamizing Pakistan; Buddhism had been formally granted the foremost place in Sri Lanka’s constitution; and an anti-Communist Pole had become head of the Catholic Church. What caused this shift in the 1970s? Believers see a populist revolt against the overreach of elitist secularism—be it America’s Supreme Court legalizing abortion or Indira Gandhi harrying Hindus. From a more secular viewpoint, John Lewis Gaddis, a Yale historian, points out that the religious revival in the 1970s coincided with the collapse of secular “isms.”

But the Pope seemed an ever less convincing target. After all, Catholics had proved their patriotism in the Second World War, and proved it again in the Cold War, sometimes going a little over the top, as with the McCarthy crusades. (Daniel Patrick Moynihan quipped that during the Cold War Fordham men checked the anti-Communist and patriotic credentials of Harvard men.) Catholics also moved into the American mainstream. The new universities turned “shanty Irish” into “lace-curtain Irish.” Meanwhile, the local Catholic church became more determinedly American, adopting American views on both the separation of church and state and religious pluralism.


pages: 464 words: 127,283

Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia by Anthony M. Townsend

1960s counterculture, 4chan, A Pattern Language, Adam Curtis, air gap, Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, anti-communist, Apple II, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Big Tech, bike sharing, Boeing 747, Burning Man, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, charter city, chief data officer, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, company town, computer age, congestion charging, congestion pricing, connected car, crack epidemic, crowdsourcing, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, digital map, Donald Davies, East Village, Edward Glaeser, Evgeny Morozov, food desert, game design, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, ghettoisation, global supply chain, Grace Hopper, Haight Ashbury, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, Herman Kahn, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, interchangeable parts, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Jacquard loom, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, jitney, John Snow's cholera map, Joi Ito, Khan Academy, Kibera, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lewis Mumford, load shedding, lolcat, M-Pesa, machine readable, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, messenger bag, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, off grid, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), openstreetmap, packet switching, PalmPilot, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Parag Khanna, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, place-making, planetary scale, popular electronics, power law, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, scientific management, self-driving car, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social graph, social software, social web, SpaceShipOne, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, telepresence, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, trade route, Twitter Arab Spring, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, undersea cable, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, Vannevar Bush, working poor, working-age population, X Prize, Y2K, zero day, Zipcar

Rallied by investigative journalist Natalia Morar and a handful of social-media mavens, Moldova’s “Twitter Revolution” followed the SMS-powered one in neighboring Ukraine a few years earlier.1 Protestors lit bonfires and waged angry demonstrations in the city center. That June, unable to elect a president, the parliament was dissolved. In the ensuing snap election a coalition of anti-Communist parties snatched a close victory. Within months, they had reached out to the West for help reforming and reinvigorating the economy. At the invitation of the World Bank, I was there to help the new government kick off “e-Transformation,” a project intent on leveraging smart technology to modernize the country’s archaic bureaucracy.

South Korea, Taiwan, China, and India have all created home-grown tech bubbles by turning the brain drain into “brain circulation,” according to AnnaLee Saxenian, who studies immigrant engineers in Silicon Valley.3 Moldova needs its expats to come home and plug themselves and their social networks back into the local economy. It also doesn’t hurt that overseas Moldovans are the country’s most strident anti-Communists, and participate actively in the civic life of the country on social sites like Facebook. While they are permitted to vote, they have to go to the embassy in their country of residence to do it. If e-Transformation can bring the polling booth to them directly, the revolution will be secured forever.


The Rough Guide to Prague by Humphreys, Rob

active transport: walking or cycling, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, centre right, clean water, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Frank Gehry, Johannes Kepler, land reform, Live Aid, Mikhail Gorbachev, Peace of Westphalia, sexual politics, sustainable-tourism, trade route, upwardly mobile

Tank 23 was special, however, as it was supposedly the first tank to arrive to liberate Prague, on May 9, hotfoot from Berlin. The real story of the liberation of Prague was rather different, however. When the Prague uprising began on May 5, the first offer of assistance actually came from a division of the anti-Communist Russian National Liberation Army (KONR), under the overall command of Andrei Vlasov, a high-ranking former Red Army officer who was instrumental in pushing the Germans back from the gates of Moscow, but who switched sides after being captured by the Nazis in 1942. The Germans were (rightly, as it turned out) highly suspicious of the KONR, and, for the most part, the renegade Russians were kept well away from the real action.

A darkly comic novel set in a Prague tenement block, dealing with Fascism and appeasement, by a JewishCzech Praguer who died in the camps in 1944. Peter Sís The Three Golden Keys. Short, hauntingly illustrated children’s book set in Prague, by Czech-born American Sís. Josef Škvorecký A relentless anti-Communist, Škvorecký is typically Bohemian in his bawdy sense of humour and irreverence for all high moralizing. The Cowards (which briefly saw the light of day in 1958) is the tale of a group of irresponsible young men in the last days of the war, an antidote to the lofty prose from official authors at the time, but hampered by its dated Americanized translation.


pages: 489 words: 136,195

Underland: A Deep Time Journey by Robert Macfarlane

Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, anti-communist, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, demand response, Google Earth, Lewis Mumford, megacity, Minecraft, oil rush, out of africa, planetary scale, precariat, sovereign wealth fund, supervolcano, the built environment, The Spirit Level, uranium enrichment

Weapons stores, sleeping places, even field hospitals were established in the rock, with sly systems of tunnels used to disperse woodsmoke from underground fires, so that the smoke did not rise in a column and betray a position. From the summer of 1942, seeking to counteract the growing partisan threat, Italian authorities started to create their own ‘anti-Communist’ militia among ethnic Slovenes, named first the ‘White Guard’ and then – under Nazi command – the ‘Slovene Home Guard’. A brutal civil war developed in the forests and the villages of the karst, aligned chiefly along Fascist-Communist divisions, but also inflaming hostilities between the partisans and Catholic activists in Slovenia.

abseiling 11, 166, 195, 357–9 Acheron, river 177, 178 Adige, river 180 Aeneas 16, 177 Aeschylus: Agamemnon 363 Africa gold mining 5–6 South see South Africa Aggy cave system, Wales 159–60 albedo 330 Albrecht, Glenn 104, 113, 317 Alcestis 191 alluvium 353 Alpine glaciers 14 Altamira, cave art 255 Alvarez, Al 155 Amsterdam 171 Andenes, Andøya 290, 298, 302 lighthouse 300, 314 Anderson, John 71 Andøya, Norway 286, 289–323 Andenes see Andenes, Andøya beach litter 319–20 the Edge 294–5, 298–306 fishing 291–2, 300–301, 303, 305, 306, 312–16 and the oil industry 295–8, 301–6, 317, 322 western mountains 318–19 animacy 112 annihilation products 68 scattered electrons 59 Antarctica British Antarctic Survey 346 glaciers 357 ice cap 340 Mulvaney and 346, 350–51, 352 search for oldest ice 352 West Antarctic Ice Sheet 379–80 anthrax 14, 329 Anthropocene/Holocene epoch 13–14, 75–8, 113, 310, 320–21, 338, 350, 362, 363–4, 394, 407 Anthropocene Working Group of the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy 75–6, 394 Antigone 191–2 Apusiajik glacier 341, 342–3, 346, 353, 355–62 365–6, 393 aquifers 178, 239 Arctic burial sites 329 heatwave (2016) 330–31 methane deposits 14 sea ice 330, 331, 334–5, 336, 339–40, 354, 358, 362, 372, 379–80, 394 see also Andøya, Norway; Baffin Island; Greenland; Lofoten islands Arctic Ocean 331, 360 Ariadne 191 ‘Ariadne’s thread’ 48, 49, 358 Ario System, Spain 195–6 Aristaeus 28 Artemis 191 Athapaskan oral traditions 380 Attout, Jacques 194–5 aurora borealis 122–3, 255, 346, 354, 365–6, 392 Auschwitz death camp 282–3 Australia Brisbane underland explorer 154 Nullarbor Plain 179 uranium mining 399 Austria 32 Aveline’s Hole, Mendips 25–6, 37, 417 Aymé, Marcel 143 bacteria 100 Baffin Island 335 Bailey, June 43 Ballinger, Pamela 225 Barents Sea 296–7 Barro Colorado Island 106–8 barrows 3, 27 Bronze Age 30, 33–4, 51–2, 80 Iron Age 80 Neolithic 30, 80 Priddy Nine Barrows 50–51, 52 Barton, Hazel 192 baryonic matter 57 Basovizza/Bazovica 226 Bataille, Georges 283 batin (occult forces of underland) 247 bears brown 26 polar 307, 344–5, 359 in rock art 26, 280, 282 bedding planes 11, 49, 417 Bede: The Reckoning of Time 81 beetle, Anophthalmus hitleri 185 Behar, Alberto 357–8 Bélanger, Pierre 149 Belgium, HADES facility 401 Benford, Gregory 412 Benjamin, Walter 132, 134, 135, 137 The Arcades Project 133–6, 150–51 Berger, John 279 Berkner Island 350–51 Bey, Hakim 142 biodiversity 76 biomass, global 100 Bjerck, Hein 254, 264, 266, 275–6 Blackwater 150 Blautopf, Germany 197 blindness 28 Bloubank dolomites 192 Blue Hole, Red Sea 198 Boesmansgat system 197 Bohr, Niels 337 Bohuslän, Sweden 265–6 boracite 60 Borges, Jorge Luis: ‘On Exactitude in Science’ 413 Borodale, Jane 27, 34 Borodale, Louis 34, 44 Borodale, Orlando 34 Borodale, Sean 27, 28, 29, 30, 34–40, 43–4, 45–52 Boulby, Yorkshire dark-matter detection laboratory 55, 60, 63–7, 73, 403 mine 60–63, 69–74, 78–80 Bradley, Richard: An Archaeology of Natural Places 265 Brisbane underland 154 Britain heatwaves revealing imprints of ancient structures 14 karst landscapes 179 see also Boulby, Yorkshire; Epping Forest; London; Mendip Hills, Somerset; Nine Wells Wood; Peak Cavern, Derbyshire; Pennine valley miners; Scotland; Somerset Levels; Wales; Yorkshire Dales British Antarctic Survey 346 Browne, Thomas: Urne-Buriall 31, 351 Brunel, Eliette 279–80 Budapest labyrinth 199–200 Bukkhammar Cave 264 bunkers 141, 170, 309 burial 4–5, 25–52 in Austria 32 barrows see barrows cairns 31, 265 catacombs see catacombs cemeteries 25–7, 30, 80, 139–40, 265 contamination from melting Arctic burial sites 329 Egyptian 5, 65–6 in Israel 32–3 marks of 5, 80 in Mendips 25–7, 30, 33–4 mounds see barrows and mummification 5 as an onwards journey 33–4, 265–6 ossuaries 140–41, 142 Parisian 136–7, 138, 139–43 see also catacombs: Paris and preservation 5, 27, 31 Rising Star cave, South Africa 30–31 in Thessaly (wall painting) 245–6 urns 31, 33, 51 of votive objects 26 waste disposal through see waste disposal Bushman’s Hole, South Africa 197 Cairngorms 209, 235, 345 cairns, burial 31, 265 calcite 4, 25, 37, 44, 417 flowstone 38 calcium carbonate 29, 32, 255 calcite see calcite see also limestone Calvino, Italo: Invisible Cities 148 Camp Century, Greenland 329–30, 348 Camus, Albert 381 Canada, surge pipe network 154–5 Canin 235, 240, 241 carbide lamps 136 carbon dioxide 42, 320 carbonic acid 28 Carroll, Lewis: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 309 Carslake, Bill 332, 345, 354, 358, 377, 387–8, 390, 391, 392 Carso, Italy 179–93, 200–210 Carter, Howard 411 casket, bronze, for deep disposal 19 Casteret, Norbert 193, 194 Castleton, Peak Cavern 40–43 catacombs 171 Odessa 158–9 Paris 136–7, 138, 140–43, 148–9, 151, 158, 166–9, 418 police (‘cataflics’/‘catacops’) 137, 142, 143 cataphilia 141–3 caves/caving abseiling into 11, 195 Aggy cave system, Wales 159–60 Ario System, Spain 195–6 Aveline’s Hole 25–6, 37, 417 Bukkhammar Cave 264 of the Canin 235, 240 in the Carso 184–5, 188–9, 201–8 cave diving 196–200 cave art see petroglyphs; rock art; wall paintings caving suits 27 China 11 Dark Star, Uzbekistan 192 difficulties/casualties 38–9, 41–3, 193–5, 196–8 expedition-style caving 195–6 and experiences of serenity/transcendence 198–200 extreme cavers 196–8 female cavers 192 with flood waters 7–8 Kollhellaren 257, 258–9, 264, 266–7, 269, 271, 273–9, 284 labyrinths see labyrinths in Mendips 25–6, 35–40 natural-gas cavern, Karakum Desert 246–7 Nidderdale system 121–2 Peak Cavern, Derbyshire 40–43 Pierre Saint-Martin chasm 193–5 proving through-flow and join-up 196 in Pyrenees 193–5 rescue missions 7–8, 41–3 Rising Star, South Africa 30–31, 192 Roman cave temples 184 Slovenian glacier-cave system 215, 218–21 Solsem Cave 264 spelea of Mithraism 191 submerged systems 196–7, 199–200 Thai football team in cave 7–8, 17 Wind Cave system, South Dakota 68, 192 cemeteries 25–7, 30, 80, 139–40, 265 Chambliss, Wayne 149 Charon (mythical ferryman) 177, 178 Chauvet, Jean-Marie 281–2 Chauvet Cave 255, 279–82, 418 Cherenkov radiation 59 Chernobyl radiation, fungi in 102–3 China cave network, Chongqing province 11 karst landscapes 179 Chinese-box structures 65–6 Christina (Kulusuk schoolteacher) 335–6 cities, underground 124, 129–71 Brisbane 154 and Calvino’s Eusapia 148 Derinkuyu 123–4 Las Vegas 150 London 149 Madrid 155 Minneapolis 155 Naples 149 Odessa 158–9 Paris see Paris, invisible city of subterranean town planning 139 urban exploration 154–7 and the verticality of cities 148–50, 160 Clare, John 317 clathrate 339–40 claustrophobia 12, 167 climate change 103, 336 global warming 336, 352, 379–80 coal mining 30 Cocytus, river 177 cod 254, 271, 291–2, 297, 301, 303, 313–14, 315, 321 coins 5 Communism 222 ‘anti-Communist’ militia among ethnic Slovenes 223 foibe massacres by Communist partisans, alleged 224–9, 417 Comoy, Lucian 180–81, 182–5, 189–90, 192–3, 201, 208–10, 214, 215, 216–18, 219–22, 226–7, 228–9, 231, 233–6, 240–41 Comoy, Maria Carmen 180, 181–3, 210, 216 conger eels 122 Connemara, Ireland 122 Crack the Surface 161 Creon 191–2 Cruikshank, Julie 380 Crutzen, Paul 75 cryo-hydrologic warming 357 cryosphere 329, 362 Cygnus constellation, the Swan 55, 66, 81 Czech Republic 14 D’Agata, John 401 Dambrosi, Sergio 200–208 Dante Alighieri 28, 30 dark matter 55–60 detection experiment, DRIFT 55, 60, 63–7, 73 halo 57 and WIMPs 58, 60, 65, 66, 81 Dark Star expeditions, Uzbekistan 192 ‘Darmon’ 165–6 de Bernières, Louis 99 death camps 282–3 Debord, Guy 155 Décure, Beauséjour 148–9 deep-mapping 17–18, 195 see also seismic mapping deep time 15–16, 77–8, 341–2, 353, 362, 377 Deepwater Horizon catastrophe 310–11 deforestation 76 Delhi 171 DeLillo, Don 154 Underworld 320 Demeter 28, 192 Denmark, ‘Northern Danes’ project 333 Derbyshire, Peak Cavern 40–43 Derinkuyu 123–4 Detroit 154 diesel 330 disposal 6, 8 casket for 19 and the ‘empire of things’ 320 of waste see nuclear/radioactive waste; waste disposal diver, red-throated 341 Doberdò, lake 216 Dolomites 185, 234 doomsday vault, Arctic 122–3 Douglas, Mary 380 Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan 28 Dreyer, Deon 197–8 drift 61–2, 78 DRIFT (directional recoil identification from tracks) 55, 60, 63–7 Dsankt 154 Duino castle 181 Earle, John 222 Eemian 349–50 Egypt burial practice 5, 65–6 mummification 5 Einstein, Albert 57 Onkalo model of 404, 419 Ekofisk oilfield 295 electrons 57, 59, 60, 65 Elson, Rebecca 58 Enceladus 340 Enki 16 Eocene epoch 137–8 Epping Forest 91–6, 99–101, 104–6, 109, 114–16 Eurydice 16, 28, 191 Farr, Martyn: The Darkness Beckons 196 Fascism 225 anti-Fascist activities of ‘heroes of Bazovica’ 226 ‘woodchopper’ anti-Fascist resistance groups 222 and Yugoslavia and the foibe massacres 185, 222–9, 417 see also Nazism fertilizers, nitrogen-rich 76 Fingal’s Cave, Norway 264 Finland folk epic, Kalevala 404–7, 416, 417 Olkiluoto Island see Olkiluoto Island, Finland Finstad, Roy 258, 259 firn 338 First World War 184–5, 217 conflict infrastructure 236 White War 209–10, 215, 237–8, 239 fishing in Andøya 291–2, 300–301, 303, 305, 306, 312–16 Norway’s industry of 291–2, 297, 300–301, 305 Fleet, river 164 flood waters 7–8, 71–2 Florida 179 flowstone 38 fluorspar 80, 82 foibe massacres 185, 222–9, 417 Forest of Dean 179 fossil-fuel burning 76 fossils 26, 30–31, 76, 192, 210 future fossils 78, 79, 401 trace fossils 79 France Chauvet cave art 255, 279–82, 418 French Resistance, Second World War 141, 170 Lascaux cave art 255, 282, 283 Paris see Paris, invisible city of Frederick (Greenlander) 335–6 Freud, Sigmund 188 The Interpretation of Dreams 178 Friedrich, Caspar David: Wanderer above a Sea of Fog 156 Frost, Robert: ‘Birches’ 87 fuel diesel 330 fossil-fuel burning 76 nuclear see nuclear fuel fungi 94, 95, 96, 103, 106, 110–11, 115 Armillaria solidipes (honey fungus) 102 fungal networks 11, 89–91, 93, 96, 97–8, 99–101, 103–5, 107–8, 109–10, 113, 116, 381 global biomass proportion 100 mushroom farming 141 radiation-resistant 102–3 as superheroes 94 tree–fungi mutualism 89–91, 97–8, 109–10 galaxy rotation 56–7 galena 81–2 Garner, Alan: The Weirdstone of Brisingamen 12 –13 Garrett, Bradley 160–66 Gautier, Théophile 193 Gaza 238 gender, and the underland 191–2 Germany Blautopf system 197 Nazi 222 see also Nazism Ghost Dance fault 7, 401 ‘ghost particles’ 58–60 Gilgamesh 16 glaciers/glaciation 26, 234, 255, 265, 316, 339, 352, 355–6, 380–81, 383 and alluvium 353 Alpine 14 Antarctica 357 Apusiajik glacier 341, 342–3, 346, 353, 355–62, 365–6, 393, 394 blue light in glaciers 356, 358, 385 calving 327, 331, 338, 342–3, 346, 357, 361, 373–5, 376–7, 381, 382, 383, 384–5, 416 fictional accounts of falling through ice and resurfacing 380–81 fracturing of compressed ice 339 Greenland 327, 330–31, 338, 341, 342–3, 344, 346, 353, 355–63, 365–6, 370–78, 382–91, 393, 394 Helheim glacier 375 Himalayan 14, 379 indigenous stories about 380 Karale glacier 372, 383 Knud Rasmussen 366, 370–78, 382–91 of malign reputation 374 meltwater see meltwater moulins 356–8, 366, 369, 375, 386–7, 388–91 Siachen glacier 329 Slovenian glacier-cave system 215, 218–21 sounds 339, 343, 346, 358, 366, 370, 373, 376–7, 386 speleo-glaciology 357–8 subglacial reservoirs 340 zones, ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ 355–6 Global Seed Vault, Spitsbergen 314, 409 global warming 336, 352, 379–80 see also climate change glow-worms 179 gneiss chamber, Japan 59 gold mining 5–6 Golden Bough 16 graffiti 143, 144, 147, 180 Graham, Stephen: Vertical 13, 149 Grail 180 graveyards see cemeteries gravity 63 and dark matter 56–7 gravitational lensing 57 Greenland 327–66, 369–94 Camp Century 14, 329–30, 348 glaciers 327, 330–31, 338, 341, 342–3, 344, 346, 353, 355–63, 365–6, 370–78, 382–91, 393, 394 ice cap 14, 328, 329–30, 332, 337, 338, 341, 350, 360, 362, 366, 375 icebergs see icebergs: Greenland Kulusuk 327–9, 331–7, 343, 393–4 mineral wealth 336 mining 336–7 NEEM project 349–50 grief 12, 31, 197, 364 grottisti 187 gruffy ground 46 Guadarrama mountains 230–31 Guillaumot, Charles-Axel 139 Guizhou, China 179 Gulf of Mexico, Deepwater Horizon catastrophe 310–11 Gulf Stream 256, 296, 317 Hades 16, 178, 184, 192 HADES facility, Belgium 401 halite 55, 60, 61, 63, 65, 70, 71, 74–5, 78, 79, 80, 403 Hamas 238 Hardy, Thomas: Under the Greenwood Tree 104–5 Harrison, Robert Pogue: The Dominion of the Dead 30, 44 heatwaves 3, 14 Arctic (2016) 330–31 Helheim glacier 375 hell 178, 375 ‘Door to Hell’/‘Hell’s Gate’ 247 see also Hades Henderson Island 320 Henry II 95 Heracles 191 hermit crabs 320 hiding 7, 100, 119, 120–22, 124, 184, 238 hidden cities see cities, underground Onkalo, the ‘hiding place’ for nuclear waste 398–404, 407–10, 415–19 Himalayas 6, 309 glaciers 14, 379 Hinkley Point nuclear power station 46 Hiroshima radiation, fungi in 102 Hitler, Adolf 309 ‘holobionts’ (Margulis) 104 Holocene epoch see Anthropocene/Holocene epoch Homo naledi 30–31 honey fungus, Armillaria solidipes 102 Horticultural Society of Paris, subterranean 141 Hugo, Victor: Les Misérables 139 hunger stones 14 hunter-gatherers 26–7 hyphae 89–91, 93, 97, 99, 100, 101, 106, 116 ice 337–40, 378–9 air bubbles in 338, 339–40, 351, 378, 379 ambiguous indigenous attitudes towards 380 Antarctic ice cap 340 bergs see icebergs black pyramid of 377–8, 381 blue colour of 338–9, 356, 358, 370, 373, 377, 385 compressed air in 339–40 core-drilling into 348–51, 352, 362–3 cryo-hydrologic warming 357 cryosphere 329, 362 crystals 298, 338, 370, 379, 385, 386 fictional accounts of falling through ice and resurfacing 380–81 glacial see glaciers/glaciation Greenland ice cap see Greenland: ice cap houses 352 ice-core science 348–51, 352, 362–3 language beached by 381 memory of 337–40 search for oldest ice 352 icebergs 327, 331, 355, 378, 379, 392, 393 Greenland 328, 329, 338, 344, 345, 346, 353, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 371, 372, 373, 374, 376, 378, 383, 392, 393 ilira (sense of fear and awe) 362 India 150 see also Himalayas inertia 15 inosculation 92 Internet 142 Inuit 335, 361 Inuktitut people 335 Isonzo, river 180, 217, 234, 241–2 Israel 32–3 Palestinian conflict 238–9 Istria 224 Italy 11, 222 the Carso 179–93, 200–210 ‘good-neighbour’ policy with Yugoslavia 224 Naples underland 149 Second World War 222–4 Japan, gneiss chamber 59 Java, mud volcano 247 ‘Jay’ (caver in Parisian catacombs) 136, 144, 145, 153, 157, 159–60, 170 Julian Alps 185, 215, 217–24, 229, 230–42 Kalevala (Finnish folk epic) 404–7, 416, 417 Kamilo Beach, Hawaii 320 Karakoram, Siachen glacier 329 Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan 246–7 Karale glacier 372, 383 Karoon 310 karst 178–9, 180, 182, 195 as an ‘occulting’ landscape 230 Slovenian 215, 217, 222–4, 230, 241 katabasis 16, 17, 177 kayaking 393–4 Keld Head 196 Kiefer, Anselm 229 Kimmerer, Robin Wall 103, 104–5, 111, 112, 380 Kingsdale Master Cave 196 Kircher, Athanasius 306 kists 19, 33, 51, 52 Knud Rasmussen 366, 370–78, 382–91 Kollhellaren 257, 258–9, 264, 266–7, 269, 271, 273–9, 284 Koop, Wera 181 Koyukon people 104 Kulusuk 327–9, 331–7, 343, 393–4 Kuusi, Matti 405 laboratories, deep-sunk 58–60 Boulby, Yorkshire 55, 60, 63–7, 68–9, 403 Camp Century, Greenland 330 Japan 59 South Dakota 59–60 labyrinths 4–5, 119–20, 178, 191, 245, 386 under Budapest 199–200 flooded 196–7, 199–200 Odessa 158–9 of Paris see Paris, invisible city of Lakota Sioux people 68 language and animacy of natural world 110 –12, 380 as an Anthropocene force 113 aversion to underland reflected in 13 decay chain of 414–15 ice’s beaching of 381 and karst topography 179 ‘mammal language’ (Prynne) 112 need for new underland language 111–13 and nominalism 113 nuclear semiotics 410–15 Potawatomi 111–12 speaking the Anthropocene 363–4 ‘thick speech’ 364 Larkin, Philip 77 Las Vegas underland 150 Lascaux, cave art 255, 282, 283 Le Guin, Ursula 105 lead 207 isotope 77 mining 30, 80 Leél-Őssy, Szabolcs 199–200 Leigh, Egbert Giles Jr 106 Lethe, river 177 lichen 94, 95, 277, 345, 359, 371, 408 limestone 5, 11, 25, 28–9, 31–3, 35–6, 80–81, 121–2, 158, 162 of the Carso 179, 180, 181, 184–5, 186, 208 and earth tides 185 and karst landscape 179, 181, 184, 186, 208, 215, 217, 224, 232, 234 Lutetian/Parisian 137–8, 143–4, 148–9, 152 pebbles 180 Slovenian 215, 217, 224, 232, 234 of southern central Europe during Second World War 222 and wall paintings 255, 280 West Bank 239 ‘Lina’ (explorer in Parisian catacombs) 136–7, 144–5, 146, 147, 151–2, 153, 157, 158, 159, 160, 167, 168, 170, 171–2 Lofoten islands 253–86 and oil 296, 297–8, 317 Lofoten Wall 257, 258 London City of London Corporation 95, 114 exploration 156–7, 160–61, 163–5 Mithraism 190 underland 149, 150, 156–7, 158, 163–4 London Bridge 160–61 London Consolidation Crew 163 Lönnrot, Elias 404–5 Lopez, Barry 354–5 Loubens, Marcel 193–5 Louis XVI 139 Lovelock, James 193 lumpfish 315–16 Macaulay, Thomas, ‘New Zealander’ 78 McBurney, Simon 281 McCarthy, Cormac 12 Maclean, Fitzroy 222 Madrid underland 155 Mallory, George 196 manholes 137, 142, 150, 153, 160, 163–4, 171 mantras 6, 262 Mantua, Grail 180 Margulis, Lynn 104 meditation 6 meltwater 221, 241, 330, 343, 350, 355, 356–7, 362 moulins 356–8, 366, 369, 375, 386–7, 388–91 memory-sites 226 Mendip Hills, Somerset 25–30, 33–40, 43–52 Aveline’s Hole 25–6, 37, 417 burial 25–7, 30, 33–4 karst landscape 179 methane deposits 14 Mexico City, Holocene conference 75 Mexico underland 162 and karst landscape 179 Meyers, Kent 57–8 mineralization 37 mines/mining Basovizza/Bazovica mineshaft 226 Boulby’s potash mine, Yorkshire 60–63, 69–74, 78–80 coal 30 copper, American open-pit toxic mine 247–8 creatureliness of mining operation 73 gneiss chamber in abandoned Japanese mine 59 gold, southern Africa 5–6 gold-mine laboratory, South Dakota 59–60 in Greenland 336–7 lead mining 30, 80 marks of mining 80 in Mendips 30 mining machines 73–4, 78, 81 Pennine valley miners 81–2 pit ponies 74 Roman mining 30, 46 slate 166 uranium 337, 399 Minneapolis underland 155 Minotaur 5 Mithraism 189–91 Mithras 184, 190, 205 Molchanova, Natalia 198–9 monoculture production 76 Mort, Helen 332, 359, 365, 382, 387, 390, 392 Morton, Timothy 320 Moscow 171 Moskenes, Norway 254, 257, 272, 371 Moskstraumen Maelstrom 257, 266, 271, 277, 279, 306–8, 309–10, 311–12 Moss, Eric 42, 43 Moss, Neil 40–43, 417 moulins 356–8, 366, 369, 375, 386–7, 388–91 mountain quarry vault, Wales 120–21 mud volcano, Java 247 Mulvaney, Robert 346–53, 362–3 mummification 5 Munch, Edvard: The Scream 412 muons 59, 64 muon tomography 64 Murray, W.


pages: 563 words: 136,190

The Next Shift: The Fall of Industry and the Rise of Health Care in Rust Belt America by Gabriel Winant

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, antiwork, blue-collar work, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, deindustrialization, desegregation, deskilling, emotional labour, employer provided health coverage, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ford paid five dollars a day, full employment, future of work, ghettoisation, independent contractor, invisible hand, Kitchen Debate, labor-force participation, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, mandatory minimum, manufacturing employment, mass incarceration, MITM: man-in-the-middle, moral hazard, new economy, New Urbanism, obamacare, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pink-collar, post-industrial society, post-work, postindustrial economy, price stability, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, the built environment, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban renewal, vertical integration, War on Poverty, white flight, Wolfgang Streeck, women in the workforce, work culture , working poor

Following quickly on Taft-Hartley’s heels was the failure of the labor movement’s attempt to organize the South and escape geographical confinement.20 McCarthyism capped off this reactionary cycle, purging what remained of 1930s radicalism from virtually every sphere of public life: workplaces, schools and colleges, culture industries, and state institutions. As historian David Caute observes, “The violent epicenter of the anti-Communist eruption in postwar America was the steel city of Pittsburgh, in western Pennsylvania.” Catholic priests and local officeholders, with the aid of federal agents, rallied to turn the region’s heavily southern and eastern European working class against the Soviets menacing these workers’ old countries.

Griffith, The Crisis of American Labor: Operation Dixie and the Defeat of the CIO (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988). 21. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (New York: Little, Brown, 1998); Landon Storrs, The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013); David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 216–217; Philip Jenkins, The Cold War at Home: The Red Scare in Pennsylvania, 1945–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999); Ronald W. Schatz, The Electrical Workers: A History of Labor at General Electric and Westinghouse, 1923–1960 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 188–224. 22.


pages: 177 words: 50,167

The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics by John B. Judis

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, capital controls, carbon tax, centre right, Charlie Hebdo massacre, collapse of Lehman Brothers, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, financial deregulation, first-past-the-post, fixed income, full employment, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, laissez-faire capitalism, Les Trente Glorieuses, mass immigration, means of production, neoliberal agenda, obamacare, Occupy movement, open borders, plutocrats, Post-Keynesian economics, post-materialism, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, white flight, Winter of Discontent

The National Front, which Le Pen founded in 1972, combined remnants of Poujade’s shopkeepers’ movement with critics of France’s decolonization, some of whom, like Le Pen, looked back favorably on Vichy France and downplayed the evils of Hitler’s Germany. During the 1970s, the FN, which was militantly anti-communist and anti-tax, barely counted in the polls. The FN got 0.76 percent in the 1974 presidential election. The Danish People’s Party was a spin-off from the Progress Party, which tax lawyer Mogens Glistrup founded in 1973. Glistrup, who eventually went to jail for tax evasion, called for abolishing the income tax.


pages: 190 words: 50,133

Lonely Planet's 2016 Best in Travel by Lonely Planet

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, British Empire, David Attenborough, haute cuisine, high-speed rail, Kwajalein Atoll, Larry Ellison, Maui Hawaii, sharing economy, South China Sea, Stanford marshmallow experiment, sustainable-tourism, tech billionaire, urban planning, Virgin Galactic, walkable city

To some, they are champions of a new, more secular Poland; to many, they’re the terror of the nation. Wherever you fall in the debate, you’ll never associate Poland with folk dancing again. Most bizarre sight Wrocław’s gnomes commemorate the 1980s thanks to Orange Alternative movement, an anti-Communist group known for its absurdist style of protest – including dwarf graffiti and gnome-hat demonstrations. Today more than 300 gnome statues wave from street corners and twirl their beards beneath window panes. Gnomes with canes and wheelchairs have been added to the elfin army, to draw attention to the challenges faced by people in Wrocław with disabilities


pages: 2,238 words: 239,238

The International Brigades: Fascism, Freedom and the Spanish Civil War by Giles Tremlett

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, friendly fire, Internet Archive, Ronald Reagan

He also joined the so-called ‘activist’ movement, by which ‘model’ soldiers aimed to serve and educate by example.21 Nan was strict, kind, efficient and dedicated to her work.22 There were many obstacles, apart from the dearth of supplies, horrific nature of the injuries and pressure of the job. She found herself dealing with anti-communist grumbling amongst the international nurses at one hospital and then, at another, was accused of Trotskyism and robbery by a paranoid, sexually jealous and morphine-addicted German doctor. The latter allegation came after a brief and much-regretted affair with a British patient, William Day, who later deserted.

Cast initially into poverty, Szurek later became famous amongst veterans for his response to a Polish general who tried to kiss him on the cheek at a reunion. ‘Not here,’ he said. ‘But here,’ pointing at his backside.60 Although the Polish Brigaders did not reach the same prominence in the country’s administration as their comrades elsewhere, they were honoured with monuments and street names. Under the virulently anti-communist right-wingers of the Law and Justice party, Poland’s sometimes controversial Institute for National Remembrance has recently called for these to be torn down. It claims that the Polish Brigaders ‘fought for the construction of the Stalinist state’ and that ‘relativising their activities [e.g. that not all were communists] will not change the fact that as a group they served the criminal communist ideology’.61 The political passions of the Cold War era saw some Brigade veterans on the other side of that conflict also pay a heavy price.

He did not mention the more numerous foreign fascist contingents of Axis-power soldiers and aviators, or African colonial troops, that had ensured his victory. This was by no means his only mention of the Brigaders. Franco often referred to them in his speeches as, having been shunned by Western democracies immediately after the Second World War, he tried to reposition himself during the Cold War as an anti-communist rather than anti-democrat. It is now too late to ask them, but it is reasonable to assume that veterans felt some satisfaction at angering him so many years later. In 2000, a group of Spanish hikers came across a crumbling, three-tier block of concrete in the otherwise wild and rugged surroundings of the Sierra de Pàndols, where much of the final fighting had taken place.


pages: 1,123 words: 328,357

Post Wall: Rebuilding the World After 1989 by Kristina Spohr

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, American Legislative Exchange Council, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Bonfire of the Vanities, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, central bank independence, colonial exploitation, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, G4S, Japanese asset price bubble, Kickstarter, mass immigration, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, open economy, operational security, Prenzlauer Berg, price stability, public intellectual, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, software patent, South China Sea, special economic zone, Thomas L Friedman, Transnistria, uranium enrichment, zero-coupon bond

Seeking a less confrontational relationship with the United States, Gorbachev was keen to talk with his American opposite number.[9] At first glance, however, US president Ronald Reagan seemed an unlikely partner. Born in 1911, and so the same age as the man Gorbachev had just replaced, Reagan was a vehement anti-communist who had intensified the arms race once he came to power in 1981. He was notorious for his denunciation of the USSR as an ‘evil empire’ and for his prediction that the ‘march of freedom and democracy’ would ‘leave Marxism–Leninism on the ash heap of history’.[10] This all-out ideological competition, he believed, justified the military build-up of his early years.

In this vein, the Reagan administration offered Deng in 1981 a ‘strategic association’ with the USA – effectively a de facto alliance. So at a time when Cold War tensions ratcheted up, Sino-American security cooperation expanded. Beijing got US weapons technology, while coordinating with the American anti-communist campaigns in Afghanistan, Angola and Cambodia.[57] Although Reagan himself visited China in 1984, he was happy to make as much use as possible of his vice president’s old-friend status with the Chinese. Bush paid two week-long visits to Beijing in May 1982 and October 1985. On the second occasion he was particularly bullish about Sino-American trade: ‘The sky’s the limit, the door’s wide open,’ he told a news conference, adding that he found ‘much more openness’ now than three years before.

In 1955 that iron fist was covered with a thin velvet glove in the form of an international alliance among independent states, ostensibly mirroring NATO and colloquially known in the West as the Warsaw Pact, but this was in fact a convenient cover for Soviet dominance. In 1956 the pact backed up the Red Army when it put down the anti-communist protests in Budapest; in 1968 it did the same to crush the Prague Spring. Ultimately the bloc was held together by fear of the tank. Of course, the United States was the unquestioned hegemon of NATO, essential provider of nuclear security and using bases on Allied soil. But, if Western Europe was part of an American ‘empire’, this was empire both by ‘invitation’ and by ‘integration’.


I You We Them by Dan Gretton

agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, British Empire, clean water, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, conceptual framework, corporate social responsibility, Crossrail, Desert Island Discs, drone strike, European colonialism, financial independence, friendly fire, ghettoisation, Honoré de Balzac, IBM and the Holocaust, illegal immigration, invisible hand, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, laissez-faire capitalism, Large Hadron Collider, liberation theology, Mikhail Gorbachev, Milgram experiment, military-industrial complex, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Pier Paolo Pasolini, place-making, pre–internet, restrictive zoning, Stanford prison experiment, University of East Anglia, wikimedia commons

Shell had had substantial oil interests in Russia, Grosni, Miakop and Baku, all of which were nationalised by the Soviet Union following the Russian Revolution of 1917. This led Deterding to form common cause with all those who were anti-communist, so he followed the progress of Hitler and his burgeoning National Socialist movement in Germany with great enthusiasm, as well as creating alliances with White Russian organisations. In 1924 he married Lydia Pavlovna Koudoyaroff, the daughter of a czarist Tashkent general, herself a staunch anti-communist and activist for the White Russian cause. Deterding also supported uprisings against the communists, such as the Georgian rebellion of 1924, which revolt, the New York Times noted in September 1924, was ‘being financed by … former proprietors of Baku oil wells’.

Rosenberg wrote in his diaries that he had ‘made a deal with Deterding in May 1934’ – the deal was that the Shell Group would ‘stock one million tons of oil products’ in underground tanks which the company would build across the Reich. But Deterding wasn’t satisfied with this; he saw Germany not only as an ally in the anti-communist cause, but as a huge potential market, and wasn’t remotely put off by increasing evidence of the Nazis’ brutality in dealing with their political opponents. He considered Hitler’s bloody purge of June 1934 (‘the Night of the Long Knives’) as a necessary step, and expressed that it had only ‘increased his respect and veneration for the Nazi leader’.

He was born into a German émigré family near Odessa in 1899, and became skilled in several languages. In 1919, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, he fled to Germany, and this experience, together with later Stalinist purges which claimed several relatives still in Ukraine, contributed to his extreme anti-communist views. From 1920 he studied theology, philosophy, history and national economy in Tübingen and Leipzig. He gained his doctorate in 1927 (on the history of Swabian emigration to Russia), and then travelled widely to the USA, Canada, Switzerland, Britain and France on research trips. He began to publish work on how ethnic Germans had successfully settled in Russia and America, praising their colonising skills.


pages: 171 words: 53,428

On Anarchism by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, crowdsourcing, feminist movement, land reform, means of production, Occupy movement, post-industrial society, profit motive, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

What the Russian autocrats and their supporters fear most is that the success of libertarian Socialism in Spain might prove to their blind followers that the much vaunted “necessity of a dictatorship” is nothing but one vast fraud which in Russia has led to the despotism of Stalin and is to serve today in Spain to help the counter-revolution to a victory over the revolution of the workers and peasants.27 After decades of anti-Communist indoctrination, it is difficult to achieve a perspective that makes possible a serious evaluation of the extent to which Bolshevism and Western liberalism have been united in their opposition to popular revolution. However, I do not think that one can comprehend the events in Spain without attaining this perspective.


pages: 184 words: 54,833

Why Orwell Matters by Christopher Hitchens

anti-communist, British Empire, colonial rule, deindustrialization, Etonian, hiring and firing, land reform, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, military-industrial complex, Nelson Mandela, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, public intellectual, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes

The British authorities, Labour and Tory, declined to acknowledge the Soviets’ guilt in the matter until July 1988, for fear of ‘heating up the Cold War’. The Russian Federation officially accepted responsibility in 1990 ... But the essential difference between Orwell and the evolution of the Cold War as a Western political orthodoxy can easily be illustrated by means of his marked disagreement with three leading anti-Communists: T. S. Eliot, James Burnham and — at a posthumous remove — Norman Podhoretz. I personally cannot read the Orwell-Eliot correspondence without experiencing a deep feeling of contempt. On one side — Orwell’s — it consists of a series of friendly and generous invitations: that Eliot should broadcast to India, or read his own work to an Indian audience; that he should join Orwell for lunch in the Fitzroy neighbourhood; that he should come to dinner at Orwell’s new family home and (if blitz conditions made this preferable) stay the night there as well.


The New Class War: Saving Democracy From the Metropolitan Elite by Michael Lind

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, anti-communist, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Cambridge Analytica, capital controls, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, centre right, collective bargaining, commoditize, corporate governance, cotton gin, crony capitalism, deindustrialization, disinformation, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, export processing zone, fake news, future of work, gentrification, global supply chain, guest worker program, Haight Ashbury, illegal immigration, immigration reform, independent contractor, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, Les Trente Glorieuses, liberal world order, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, means of production, Michael Milken, moral panic, Nate Silver, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shock, open borders, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, purchasing power parity, Ralph Nader, regulatory arbitrage, rent-seeking, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Silicon Valley, SoftBank, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, Timothy McVeigh, trade liberalization, union organizing, universal basic income, upwardly mobile, WikiLeaks, Wolfgang Streeck, working poor

In The New American Right (1955), Daniel Bell, Nathan Glazer, Peter Viereck, and others explained McCarthyism as an anti-intellectual revolt of working-class Americans afflicted by status anxiety.32 One of the contributors to The New American Right was the historian Richard Hofstadter, who adopted the term “pseudo-conservative” from the Adorno school.33 In several influential books and essays, Hofstadter tried to rewrite the history of the New Deal by downplaying the importance of organized farmers and organized industrial workers in order to make college-educated professional reformers the heroes of twentieth-century American history. To put it another way, Hofstadter sought to define the New Deal as a system based not on democratic pluralism under a broker state, but on top-down technocracy. Nils Gilman observes: “If populism as a general political phenomenon was a byword for the wrong sort of politics, anti-Communist liberals at the apogee of their mid-century technocratic self-confidence believed that ‘the right kind of revolution’ would be elite-led and technocratic—precisely what Hofstadter believed he saw foreshadowed in the Progressive movement, with its commitment to scientific management, evidence-based public policy, credentialing and professionalization, education as a mode of social control, and the idea of best practices (then called ‘one best system’).”34 As part of his project of rewriting America as a story of rational technocratic reform threatened by dangerous democracy, Hofstadter misled a generation of readers into thinking that the American agrarian populist crusade of the 1890s had been an essentially anti-Semitic and protofascist movement.35 Jon Wiener writes that Hofstadter “saw Joe McCarthy as a potential American Hitler and believed he had found the roots of American fascism among rural Protestants in the Midwest.


pages: 194 words: 56,074

Angrynomics by Eric Lonergan, Mark Blyth

AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, basic income, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, Branko Milanovic, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, central bank independence, collective bargaining, COVID-19, credit crunch, cryptocurrency, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, Erik Brynjolfsson, Extinction Rebellion, fake news, full employment, gig economy, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hiring and firing, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, income per capita, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, labour market flexibility, liberal capitalism, lockdown, low interest rates, market clearing, Martin Wolf, Modern Monetary Theory, precariat, price stability, quantitative easing, Ronald Reagan, secular stagnation, self-driving car, Skype, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, spectrum auction, The Future of Employment, The Great Moderation, The Spirit Level, universal basic income

But this has not hindered aggressive tribalism. Hungary’s President Orban is very explicit about his strategy. He says that he abandoned liberalism to win elections. Being anti-European, anti-immigrant, and sectarian, wins elections in Hungary. The moral case for freedom and free-markets made by this once youthful anti-communist is a distant dream. MARK: Okay, so let me summarize and set up where we are going next. When we analyze anger in our politics – especially public anger – it is important to keep tribal anger and moral outrage distinct. The financial crisis, the brutal recession in its wake, the euro crisis, rising income and wealth inequality, and an abject failure of political representation, are at the core of our problems.


pages: 486 words: 148,485

Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error by Kathryn Schulz

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Boeing 747, car-free, Cass Sunstein, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, conceptual framework, cosmological constant, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, David Sedaris, desegregation, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, lake wobegon effect, longitudinal study, mandatory minimum, mirror neurons, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Ronald Reagan, six sigma, stem cell, Steven Pinker, subprime mortgage crisis, Tenerife airport disaster, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, trade route

In 1925, Chambers, then a promising young undergraduate at Columbia University, dropped out of college and joined the Communist Party. For the remainder of his twenties and most of his thirties, Chambers was a committed atheist, an impassioned Communist—and, for five years, a Soviet spy. Then, in 1938, he broke with the party, found God, and turned virulently anti-Communist. Ten years later, he testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and, subsequently, in one of the most famous trials of the twentieth century: the federal case against Alger Hiss, Chambers’s former friend and alleged fellow spy. If Chambers’s faith in Communism was so profound that it led him to betray his country and risk his life, his break with it was equally absolute.

For this I had been a Communist, for this I had ceased to be a Communist. For this the tranquil strengthening years had been granted to me. This challenge was the terrible meaning of my whole life.” In this narrative, even Chambers’s false self—the devoted Communist—had to exist for a while in order to serve the greater purpose of his true self, the crusading anti-Communist. This narrative is appealing for the same reason that it is problematic: within it, we can do no wrong. Our false beliefs were foreordained, our apparent errors occurred strictly in the service of a larger truth. This idea is made explicit in the religious affirmation that “God makes no mistakes”: even the seeming trials and blunders of our lives are part of a larger plan.* As that implies, stories starring a true self are teleological; we end up exactly where we are meant to be.


The Old Patagonian Express by Paul Theroux

anti-communist, Atahualpa, company town, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Francisco Pizarro, it's over 9,000, Khyber Pass, Mahatma Gandhi, Maui Hawaii, place-making, Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcontinental railway

'Echeverría was a bandit Paul Theroux The Old Patagonian Express, By Train Through the Americas Page 51 and a hypocrite,' one man told me; 'Lopez Portillo is just the same - give him time.' Guatemalans were more circumspect: they shrugged, they spat, they rolled their eyes; they did not utter their political preferences. But who could blame them? For twelve years the country had been governed by a party of fanatical anti-communists - a party greatly fancied by America's Central Intelligence Agency, which has yet to perceive that fanatical anti-communists are almost invariably fanatical anti-democrats. In the late 1960's and early 1970's there was a wave of guerrilla activity - kidnappings, murders and bombings; but the army proved ineffectual against the guerrillas and in Guatemala due process of law had always been notoriously slow.


pages: 479 words: 144,453

Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow by Yuval Noah Harari

23andMe, Aaron Swartz, agricultural Revolution, algorithmic trading, Anne Wojcicki, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, autonomous vehicles, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, call centre, Chekhov's gun, Chris Urmson, cognitive dissonance, Columbian Exchange, computer age, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, don't be evil, driverless car, drone strike, European colonialism, experimental subject, falling living standards, Flash crash, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, glass ceiling, global village, Great Leap Forward, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, job automation, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, lifelogging, low interest rates, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, Minecraft, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, mutually assured destruction, new economy, Nick Bostrom, pattern recognition, peak-end rule, Peter Thiel, placebo effect, Ray Kurzweil, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, stem cell, Steven Pinker, telemarketer, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, too big to fail, trade route, Turing machine, Turing test, ultimatum game, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, zero-sum game

Ceauşescu and his cronies dominated 20 million Romanians for four decades because they ensured three vital conditions. First, they placed loyal communist apparatchiks in control of all networks of cooperation, such as the army, trade unions and even sports associations. Second, they prevented the creation of any rival organisations – whether political, economic or social – which might serve as a basis for anti-communist cooperation. Third, they relied on the support of sister communist parties in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe. Despite occasional tensions, these parties helped each other in times of need, or at least guaranteed that no outsider poked his nose into the socialist paradise. Under such conditions, despite all the hardship and suffering inflicted on them by the ruling elite, the 20 million Romanians were unable to organise any effective opposition.

The Soviet Union entered the war as an isolated communist pariah. It emerged as one of the two global superpowers, and the leader of an expanding international bloc. By 1949 eastern Europe became a Soviet satellite, the Chinese Communist Party won the Chinese Civil War, and the United States was gripped by anti-communist hysteria. Revolutionary and anti-colonial movements throughout the world looked longingly towards Moscow and Beijing, while liberalism became identified with the racist European empires. As these empires collapsed, they were usually replaced by either military dictatorships or socialist regimes, not liberal democracies.


pages: 608 words: 150,324

Life's Greatest Secret: The Race to Crack the Genetic Code by Matthew Cobb

a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, Claude Shannon: information theory, conceptual framework, Copley Medal, CRISPR, dark matter, discovery of DNA, double helix, Drosophila, epigenetics, factory automation, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, Gregor Mendel, heat death of the universe, James Watt: steam engine, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, military-industrial complex, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, phenotype, post-materialism, Recombinant DNA, Stephen Hawking, synthetic biology

All except the most naive or unworldly scientists came to recognise that the development and deployment of the atomic bomb showed that the Allies had something else in mind – the bomb was used to threaten the USSR. Von Neumann was quite comfortable with this. He had helped decide which two Japanese cities were to be smashed; as a committed anti-communist he accepted that the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs were primarily warnings to the USSR, and considered that the attendant death and destruction were quite justified.22 Wiener took a very different attitude. He was concerned about the moral issues raised by the use of the bomb against Japan, and by the potential for infinitely greater destruction in the future, to the extent that he considered abandoning science altogether.

The backdrop to the developments in cybernetics, and indeed the source of much of its funding, was the Cold War. In February 1949, the US lost its monopoly on nuclear weapons when the USSR exploded its first atom bomb. In 1950, the Cold War began to heat up as the Korean War broke out and the US fought a proxy war against the Russians and the Chinese. Shocked by these developments, the anti-communist John von Neumann pressed the US government to focus all its research effort on building a hydrogen bomb. Thanks in part to his lobbying, a major development programme began in which he was heavily involved, leaving little time for his other interests. The project culminated in the explosion of the first H-bomb in November 1952, with a yield that was nearly 1,000 times more destructive than that of Hiroshima.


pages: 717 words: 150,288

Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism by Stephen Graham

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", addicted to oil, airport security, Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, anti-communist, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, call centre, carbon footprint, clean tech, clean water, congestion charging, creative destruction, credit crunch, DARPA: Urban Challenge, defense in depth, deindustrialization, digital map, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, driverless car, edge city, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, failed state, Food sovereignty, gentrification, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Global Witness, Google Earth, illegal immigration, income inequality, knowledge economy, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, loose coupling, machine readable, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, McMansion, megacity, military-industrial complex, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, one-state solution, pattern recognition, peak oil, planetary scale, post-Fordism, private military company, Project for a New American Century, RAND corporation, RFID, Richard Florida, Scramble for Africa, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, SimCity, smart transportation, surplus humans, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Washington Consensus, white flight, white picket fence

Johnson administrations.26 Rostow’s incessant lobbying in that latter role was crucial to the gradually extension and increase of the systematic bombing of North Vietnamese civilian infrastructure, in the campaign called Rolling Thunder. As well as ‘bombing … countries back through several “stages of growth”’27 within his development model, this was seen as a means of undermining the Communist challenge to US power.28 Rostow, a rabid anti-Communist, regarded the eradication of Communism as necessary because he saw it as a repellent form of modernization. Rostow argued that ‘communism is best understood as a disease of the transition to modernization’.29 This wider notion–that bombing, as a form of punitive demodernization, can inaugurate a straightforward reversal of conventional, liberal economic models of linear economic and technological progress–is now so wide-spread as to be a cliché.

See urban warfare, training cities urban warfare, xvi, xxv-xxvi, 11–12, 18–19, 23, 58, 85–86, 125, 140, 153–54, 156, 239, 244, 246–47, 249; civil unrest as, 78, 218; conference on, 227; and domestic urban space, 23, 98; economy of, 252–54; great challenge of century, 19; Israel’s lessons on, 228–30, 233–34; training cities, 183–200 passim: Baladia, 191, 192, 193–95, 246, Baumholder, 186–87, early examples of, 185–86, mock cities needed, 184–85, new purpose of, 186, Playas, 196, 197, 198, RAND on, 187, 195–98, Urban Terrain Module, 199–200, Wired on, 190–91, Yodaville, 187, 188, 189, Zussman, 189–90; and urban culture, 33; video games for, 200–225 passim: Urban Resolve, 201–3. See also city, and war urbicide, 83–88 passim, 227, 267 US: airport security, 136, 137; anti-communist efforts, 13; army advert, 34; army bases as gated communities, 211–14; army recruits, 206, 207, 208; banned images of war dead, 72; and Canada border, 139–40, 250, 330; car culture, 302; CCTV in, 114 n.102; citizen soldiers of, xxv; city-destruction, 153; city as double target, 52; city-driven economy, 47, 49–50; cultural awareness, 34; data mining centres, 127; defense budget, 65, 75; defense industry flourishes, 196; defense overhauled by video game, 202; and de-modernization, xxiv; Department of Homeland Security, 80, 135, 196, 250, 258, 299; detainees worldwide, 112; energy policy, 311, 334; Enhanced Border Security and Visa Act, 136; ethnic cleansing of Iraq, 35; financial meltdown, 312; foreign-domestic convergence, 22, 24, 45, 52–53, 82; gated communities, xix, 106–7, 129, 144, 315; ‘giver’ vs ‘taker’ states, 49 n.60; grain production, 341; health care, 142; hegemony, 29, 59; undermined by urban warfare, 154, 157, 159, 163; waning of, 35; highway construction, 327 n.116; highway system, 14; Identity dominance, 126; info-psych-military concern, 71; infrastructural war champ, 271, 274, 276–78, 280, 286, 297; intolerance of, 178; vs Iraqi civilians, 30; Iraq war, 275–84, ‘bomb now die later’, 279–80; and Israel, 184, 193–95, 228–62 passim, 285: assassination raids, 248–50, catalyze Islamic extremism, 262, different threats to, 262, economic aid to, 230–31, helps invade Iraq, 229–30, 232, 238–41, 243, 248, new geometry of occupation, 251–52, non-lethal weapons, 244–46, urban warfare lessons, 228–30, 233–34, 246; Israel Homeland Security Foundation Act, 256; and Mexico border, xxiii, 22, 217 n.109, 250, 258, 372; military and Hollywood, 69; military police, 98–99; national identity threats, xx; NSA, 141–42; policing of protest, 123; Posse Comitas act, 21 n.88; prison population, 7, 109–10, 111; RESTORE Act, 141; rural soldiers of, 61; security precedent of, 134; social polarization, 7; suburban nation, 79–80; superpower no longer, 313; SUV and imperialism, 304, 306, 318; SUV popularity, 315; SWAT, 23; trade vs security, 134–35; urban archipelago, 50, 51, 52; urban military focus, 20–22; urban warfare training, xvi.


pages: 391 words: 22,799

To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise by Bethany Moreton

affirmative action, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, big-box store, Bretton Woods, Buckminster Fuller, collective bargaining, company town, corporate personhood, creative destruction, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, emotional labour, estate planning, eternal september, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Frederick Winslow Taylor, George Gilder, global village, Great Leap Forward, informal economy, invisible hand, liberation theology, longitudinal study, market fundamentalism, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage tax deduction, Naomi Klein, new economy, post-industrial society, postindustrial economy, prediction markets, price anchoring, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, Ralph Nader, RFID, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, strikebreaker, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, union organizing, walkable city, Washington Consensus, white flight, Whole Earth Catalog, work culture , Works Progress Administration

Harding University, “The Dream Continues,” promotional pamphlet, file “Publicity—Harding,” HU (1992). 84. Duke, Jr., “American Studies,” 22–23. 85. Gazette Press Services, “Harding Program Called Big Factory of Radical Right Propaganda in U.S,” AG, September 20, 1964, 1A–2A. 86. Newsweek, December 4, 1961, 20; quoted in Donald P. Garner, “George S. Benson: Conservative, Anti-Communist, Pro-Americanism Speaker” (Ph.D. diss., Wayne State University, 1963), 5 n2. 87. NYT, May 9, 1961; quoted in Garner, “George S. Benson,” 23 n. 88. This is a principal argument of both Royce Money, “Church-State Relations in the Churches of Christ since 1945: A Study in Religion and Politics” (Ph.D. diss., Baylor University, 1975) and Richard T.

See Clerks Catholics, 3, 11, 22, 107, 119, 222, 229, 232–235 Center for Entrepreneurship, 157–158, 160 Central Intelligence Agency, 152, 224, 227, 249 Chain stores, 125, 137, 187–188; characteristics of, 18, 22, 26, 52–53, 56, 78; antichain movement, 16, 18–26, 29–30, 51–52, 143, 160; Wal-Mart as, 19, 23–25, 27–28, 47; voluntary, 26–29 Chemical industry, 182, 193, 202, 205–208, 213–214, 232, 331n60 China, 6, 65, 164, 249, 251, 253, 343n21 Christ for the Cities, 229 Christian American Heritage Seminar, 162 Christian Anti-Communist Crusade, 166 Christian Booksellers Association, 87, 91 Christian broadcasting, 7, 20, 87, 95, 101, 131, 215, 235, 237–238, 331n58 Christian Broadcasting Network, 121, 224, 250 Christian Businessmen’s Association (Guatemala), 244 Christian Business Men’s Committee, 87, 110 Christian capÂ�italism, 86, 110 Christian conservatism, 1, 3, 32, 87, 90, 92, 95, 111–116, 119–121, 131, 215, 223, 239 Christian consumerism, 89–90, 107 Christian Coalition, 1, 90 Christian education, 131–132, 136, 154–155, 163, 171, 187, 222, 225, 234–235 Christian entrepreneurship, 179, 250, 262 Christian Financial Concepts, 331n58 Christian free enterprise, 5, 33, 110, 125, 153, 161, 174, 224, 269–271 Christianity: and commerce, 86–92, 99, 112, 165, 211, 223, 232, 250, 262, 270–271, 331n58; and Wal-Mart stores, 89–94, 99, 101–106, 117–1 18; attack on communism, 162, 164, 166–167, 223–224 Christianity Today, 87, 119, 121, 233 Christian managers, 33, 47 Christian publishing, 90–91 Christian serÂ�vice, 85, 89, 93, 101, 103, 106, 110–111, 113, 122, 125, 251, 270 Church of Christ, 92, 101, 163, 171, 228, 235, 338n50 Cities.


pages: 524 words: 155,947

More: The 10,000-Year Rise of the World Economy by Philip Coggan

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Ada Lovelace, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, Apollo 11, assortative mating, autonomous vehicles, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, basic income, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Bletchley Park, Bob Noyce, Boeing 747, bond market vigilante , Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, Carmen Reinhart, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, collective bargaining, Columbian Exchange, Columbine, Corn Laws, cotton gin, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, cross-border payments, currency peg, currency risk, debt deflation, DeepMind, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, Donald Trump, driverless car, Easter island, Erik Brynjolfsson, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, Fairchild Semiconductor, falling living standards, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, Fractional reserve banking, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, general purpose technology, germ theory of disease, German hyperinflation, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, global value chain, Gordon Gekko, Great Leap Forward, greed is good, Greenspan put, guns versus butter model, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Rosling, Hernando de Soto, hydraulic fracturing, hydroponic farming, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, income inequality, income per capita, independent contractor, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, inflation targeting, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, John Snow's cholera map, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Jon Ronson, Kenneth Arrow, Kula ring, labour market flexibility, land reform, land tenure, Lao Tzu, large denomination, Les Trente Glorieuses, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Blériot, low cost airline, low interest rates, low skilled workers, lump of labour, M-Pesa, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, McJob, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, mittelstand, Modern Monetary Theory, moral hazard, Murano, Venice glass, Myron Scholes, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, Northern Rock, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, Paul Samuelson, Paul Volcker talking about ATMs, Phillips curve, popular capitalism, popular electronics, price stability, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, railway mania, Ralph Nader, regulatory arbitrage, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, scientific management, Scramble for Africa, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, special drawing rights, spice trade, spinning jenny, Steven Pinker, Suez canal 1869, TaskRabbit, techlash, Thales and the olive presses, Thales of Miletus, The Great Moderation, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, universal basic income, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, V2 rocket, Veblen good, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, women in the workforce, world market for maybe five computers, Yom Kippur War, you are the product, zero-sum game

The economic crisis deteriorated, with urban prices more than doubling between March and October 1917.41 The provisional government proved to be a leadership without followers and the Bolsheviks were able to seize power with relative ease in November.42 In his eagerness to consolidate power, Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks, accepted a harsh peace at the hands of the Germans. Under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, Russia lost territory that supplied half its grain, coal and iron. A civil war with anti-communist forces followed, in which diseases and malnutrition killed 8 million people. By 1921, even after some of the territory lost to the Germans had been restored, Russian factory output was an eighth of its pre-war level. The Bolsheviks implemented their programme by nationalising industry, banking and transport.43 But in 1921, in the face of a naval mutiny, Lenin retreated from communist purity and agreed to a “new economic plan”.

The subsequent revolution saw the rise to power of an Islamist regime. Not only did this start a long clash between the Islamic world and the West, but it also, along with the hostage crisis that followed, doomed the presidency of Jimmy Carter and helped ensure the election of Ronald Reagan, a strong advocate of free markets and a fierce anti-communist. In May 1979, Margaret Thatcher, a politician with similar convictions, became British prime minister. Ronald Reagan’s electoral prospects were given another boost by the anti-inflationary policies of Paul Volcker. As mentioned in the last chapter, he became chairman of the Federal Reserve in August 1979 and swiftly pushed up interest rates to eye-watering levels.


pages: 186 words: 57,798

Nonviolence: The History of a Dangerous Idea by Mark Kurlansky

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial rule, continuation of politics by other means, desegregation, Dr. Strangelove, European colonialism, Khyber Pass, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, polynesian navigation, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, working poor

In 1939, when Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler in an attempt to keep the Nazis expanding westward rather than eastward, the preponderance of Western thinking started turning anti-fascist. Antifascism was a temporary condition that only lasted through World War II. After the war, the Allies administered Germany with a policy called de-Nazification that was discontinued in the late 1940s because as the Cold War intensified, the Allies wanted to make use of the strong anti-Communist leanings of Nazis. Numerous former high-ranking Nazis were left to assume important roles in the rebuilding of what became West Germany. A 1935 poll indicated that 75 percent of Americans were in favor of requiring a national referendum before going to war. When the same question was asked in 1939, only 59 percent were in favor of the referendum.


On Power and Ideology by Noam Chomsky

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, feminist movement, guns versus butter model, imperial preference, land reform, launch on warning, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, union organizing

This is a good definition of the term “Communism” as it is actually used in U.S. political discourse. In brief, the “Communists” are those who attempt to use their resources for their own purposes, thus interfering with the right to rob and to exploit, the central doctrine of foreign policy. Naturally, the U.S. is consistently “anti-Communist,” while only selectively anti-fascist. The first principle of U.S. foreign policy, then, is to ensure a favorable global environment for U.S.-based industry, commerce, agribusiness and finance. In the Third World, its primary concern is the defense of the Fifth Freedom from various enemies, primarily indigenous.


pages: 203 words: 63,257

Neutrino Hunters: The Thrilling Chase for a Ghostly Particle to Unlock the Secrets of the Universe by Ray Jayawardhana

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, cosmic microwave background, dark matter, Eddington experiment, Ernest Rutherford, Higgs boson, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, Johannes Kepler, Large Hadron Collider, Magellanic Cloud, New Journalism, race to the bottom, random walk, Richard Feynman, Schrödinger's Cat, seminal paper, Skype, South China Sea, Stephen Hawking, time dilation, undersea cable, uranium enrichment

Needless to say, the commotion surrounding Pontecorvo’s disappearance added to the Cold War intrigue of the period. Many people feared that Pontecorvo had been a Russian spy all along. Others thought he had run away because the secret services were on his tail, or because he wanted to escape from anti-Communist hysteria in the West. Still others speculated that Russian agents had somehow coerced Pontecorvo into switching allegiances. Whatever the reason, Pontecorvo’s disappearance was an extraordinary event, and one that both the American and British intelligence authorities downplayed in their public statements.


pages: 218 words: 61,301

War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning by Chris Hedges

anti-communist, Danilo Kiš, index card, military-industrial complex, Norman Mailer, Ronald Reagan

“The first act any new president of this country must do is travel to Sarejevo and beg for forgiveness, just as Willy Brandt did when he traveled to Warsaw,” Zivotić told me, referring to the West German chancellor who pursued a policy of reconciliation with the victims of German Nazism. “This is the only way we can heal ourselves.” Zivotić first came to prominence in 1968, when Yugoslav university students staged anti-Communist protests at the time of the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia. For their support of the students he and seven other philosophy professors were dismissed. He started the Free Belgrade University, which met secretly in houses and whose classes were often broken up by the police. He did not return to his University of Belgrade post until 1987, seven years after the death of Tito.


On Nature and Language by Noam Chomsky

Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, complexity theory, dark matter, disinformation, Fall of the Berlin Wall, language acquisition, launch on warning, Murray Gell-Mann, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, theory of mind, Turing test

But victors do not provide reparations, just as they do not face war crimes investigations or even see the need for apologies, beyond the most tepid acknowledgment of past “errors.” The matter is well understood in the South. Prime Minister Mahathir of Malaysia recently commented that paradoxically, the greatest catastrophe for us, who had always been anti-communist, is the defeat of communism. The end of the Cold War has deprived us of the only leverage we had – the option to defect. Now we can turn to no one. No paradox, but a natural expression of the actual “principles and values” that guide policy. The topic is of extreme importance to the vast majority of the people of the world, but it is little discussed in the sectors of privilege and power in the industrial West.


pages: 235 words: 65,885

Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Declines by Richard Heinberg, James Howard (frw) Kunstler

Adam Curtis, addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Asilomar, back-to-the-land, carbon tax, classic study, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, demographic transition, ending welfare as we know it, energy transition, Fractional reserve banking, greed is good, Haber-Bosch Process, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, land reform, Lewis Mumford, means of production, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, the built environment, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, urban planning

I was so amazed to hear an American president saying such things that I moved back to the US. But the Carter years were destined to be few. For over three decades the American Right had been searching for ways to overturn the New Deal. Corporate leaders backing the Republicans had managed to make common cause with the burgeoning Christian fundamentalist movement and the anti-Communist fringe; Nixon had perfected the strategy of bringing social conservatives from the old Confederacy into the Republican Party; and the party had found its perfect pitchman — a former movie actor and ex-spokesman for General Electric. Ronald Reagan and the Republican PR machine pushed all of the right buttons, even resorting to an “October surprise” to manipulate the Iranian hostage crisis to their benefit.


pages: 232 words: 67,934

The Immortalization Commission: Science and the Strange Quest to Cheat Death by John Gray

Alfred Russel Wallace, anthropic principle, anti-communist, death from overwork, dematerialisation, disinformation, George Santayana, laissez-faire capitalism, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, Nikolai Kondratiev, public intellectual, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, scientific worldview, the scientific method

Like magicians, spies – especially if they are agents of influence – aim to shape how the world is perceived. So it was with Duranty, who progressed from being a kind of occult prankster to covering up the Soviet famine and whitewashing Stalin’s show trials. Duranty first moved to the Soviet Union in 1921. Until then he had been fiercely anti-communist, writing a stream of anti-Soviet articles from the Paris office of the New York Times. On arriving in the Soviet Union he changed his tune, and by 1932, when he was awarded the Pulitzer prize for his reporting from the country, he was installed in a spacious Moscow apartment with a Russian cook, a housemaid and a chauffeur, along with a secretary who was also his lover and with whom he had a child he later refused to recognize.


pages: 254 words: 68,133

The Age of Illusions: How America Squandered Its Cold War Victory by Andrew J. Bacevich

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, clean water, Columbian Exchange, Credit Default Swap, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, gig economy, Glass-Steagall Act, global village, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Greenspan put, illegal immigration, income inequality, Jeff Bezos, Kickstarter, Marshall McLuhan, mass incarceration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Norman Mailer, obamacare, Occupy movement, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, planetary scale, plutocrats, Potemkin village, price stability, Project for a New American Century, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Saturday Night Live, school choice, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, traumatic brain injury, trickle-down economics, We are all Keynesians now, WikiLeaks

So its passing caught Rabbit’s fellow citizens unawares. Those charged with managing the Cold War were, if anything, even more surprised. The enterprise to which they had devoted their professional lives had suddenly vanished. Here was a contingency that the sprawling U.S. national security apparatus, itself a product of the anti-Communist crusade, had failed to anticipate. At one level, of course, the surprise could not have been more gratifying. In the epic competition pitting West against East, the God-fearing against the godless, and democracy against totalitarianism, “our side” had won. All-out nuclear war had been averted.


pages: 232 words: 68,570

Dead Mountain: The Untold True Story of the Dyatlov Pass Incident by Donnie Eichar

anti-communist, disinformation, off-the-grid, Skype, Tunguska event

For me, the city’s significance revolved entirely around the Dyatlov hikers and the university, but for most first-time visitors, the place held the psychic residue of a very different tragedy. In 1918, after the three-centuries-old Romanov dynasty had fallen to control of the Bolsheviks the previous year, Czar Nicholas and his family were imprisoned in Yekaterinburg’s Ipatiev House at the center of the city. In mid-July, as the country’s civil war continued to roil and the anti-Communist White Army threatened to take back the city, the order was given to execute the entire royal family. In the early morning hours of July 17, the czar and czarina, along with their five children and various attendants, were brought to the building’s basement where they were lined up—ostensibly for a family photograph—and executed at point-blank range.


May We Be Forgiven by A. M. Homes

anti-communist, Burning Man, dumpster diving, friendly fire, if you build it, they will come, Kickstarter, lateral thinking, Mason jar, Nelson Mandela, off-the-grid, Ronald Reagan, Skype, South China Sea

I begin by introducing the figure of Helen Gahagan Douglas, actress and wife of actor Melvyn Douglas, who served Congress for three terms in the 1940s—including while having an affair with then Congressman and future President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1950, Douglas ran for the United States Senate, against Nixon. Nixon took advantage of anti-communist sentiment, alluding to Gahagan Douglas’s “red” sympathies, and launched a smear campaign, circulating anti-Douglas pamphlets printed on pink paper. Helen Gahagan Douglas lost the election, but coined the nickname that Nixon never lived down, “Tricky Dick.” “Tricky Dick” was later used to refer to various Nixon behaviors, ranging from personal use of campaign funds to the spying, stealing, wiretapping, plotting to overthrow, and likely worse.

Monday’s class was described in my syllabus as “Nixon in China: The Week That Changed the World.” The line is a direct quote from the great man himself, describing his 1972 trip to China. The trip was actually an eight-day, carefully orchestrated, made-for-television view behind the Bamboo Curtain. An incredibly unlikely diplomatic achievement pulled off by a staunch anti-communist—in fact, when Nixon first presented the idea to his own men, they thought he’d lost his chips. In classic Nixon fashion, the President appeared to back off but instead worked through diplomatic back channels via Poland and Yugoslavia, taking advantage of a fissure in Soviet-Sino relations, and mindful that the country with the world’s largest population was “living in angry isolation.”


pages: 612 words: 181,985

Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America by Annie Jacobsen

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Apollo 11, death from overwork, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, experimental subject, military-industrial complex, operation paperclip, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, éminence grise

On May 11, 1948, military intelligence chief General Stephen J. Chamberlin, the man who had briefed Eisenhower in 1947, took matters into his own hands. Chamberlin went to meet FBI director J. Edgar Hoover to enlist his help with visas. Cold War paranoia was on the rise, and both men were staunch anti-Communists. The success of Operation Paperclip, said Chamberlin, was essential to national security. The FBI had the Communists to fear, not the Nazis. Hoover agreed. Paperclip recruits needed the promise of American citizenship now more than ever, Chamberlin said, before any more of them were stolen away by the Russians.

In the summer of 1946 a major event occurred that influenced the CIA’s future role in Operation Paperclip and Camp King. Major General Reinhard Gehlen, former head of the Nazis’ intelligence operation against the Soviets, arrived at Camp King. Gehlen had been in the United States under interrogation since 1945. Here at Oberursel, Army Intelligence decided to make Gehlen head of its entire “anti-Communist intelligence organization,” under the code name Operation Rusty. Eventually the organization would become known simply as the Gehlen Organization. A network of former Nazi intelligence agents, the majority of whom were members of the SS, began working out of offices at Camp King side by side with army intelligence officers.


What Makes Narcissists Tick by Kathleen Krajco

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, British Empire, experimental subject, junk bonds, Norman Mailer, risk/return

He soon abandoned her and their daughter. Typical narcissist. He was busy bestowing his memoir on us. We were so anxious to hear all about him, you see. Ding-ding-ding! But his little memoir and commentary on Soviet life must not have been too pro Soviet, for it got him into the Dallas area's tight-knit anti-Communist community of Russian immigrants. Ding. In other words, it was no longer useful to seem pro-communist. In other other words, Oswald is just a chameleon, like every narcissist. Narcissists can go from being a Nazi to a Communist and back again so fast it © 2004 – 2007, Kathleen Krajco — all rights reserved worldwide.

From an atheist to a Roman Catholic. Whatever. They put on the right trappings for their environment — sometimes to stand out and get attention, sometimes to look good and win praise. It should be no surprise that narcissists are chameleons, because with them it's about your image 28 , not what you are. These anti-Communist Russian immigrants describe him as belligerent and arrogant. They merely tolerated him for his wife's sake till they realized she would never leave him. When the world wasn't interested in his memoir, Oswald tried to work but somehow just couldn't get along with people well enough to hold down a job for long.


pages: 7,371 words: 186,208

The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times by Giovanni Arrighi

anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, barriers to entry, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, business logic, business process, classic study, colonial rule, commoditize, Corn Laws, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, deindustrialization, double entry bookkeeping, European colonialism, Fairchild Semiconductor, financial independence, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, gentrification, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, income inequality, informal economy, invisible hand, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kōnosuke Matsushita, late capitalism, London Interbank Offered Rate, means of production, Meghnad Desai, military-industrial complex, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shock, Peace of Westphalia, post-Fordism, profit maximization, Project for a New American Century, RAND corporation, reserve currency, scientific management, spice trade, Strategic Defense Initiative, Suez canal 1869, the market place, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trade liberalization, trade route, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, vertical integration, Yom Kippur War

The coming crisis of the US regime was signalled between 1968 and 1973 in three distinct and closely related spheres. Militarily, the US army got into ever more serious troubles in Vietnam; financially, the US Federal Reserve found it difficult and then impossible to preserve the mode of production and regulation of world money established at Bretton Woods; and ideologically, the US government’s anti-communist crusade began losing legitimacy both at home and abroad. The crisis deteriorated quickly, and by 1973 the US government had retreated on all fronts. For the rest of the 1970s, US strategies of power came to be characterized by a basic neglect of world governmental functions. It was as if the ruling groups within the United States had decided that, since the world could no longer be governed by them, it should be left to govern itself.

And yet, the US government perceived the Bandung spirit as a threat to the Cold War world order or, worse still, as nothing but a “communist smokescreen” (cf. Schurmann 1974: 296; McCormick 1989: 118-19). These difficulties in coping with the formation of a Third World, instead of lessening, increased with the taming of Soviet power and 332 THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY the cooling off of anti-communist passions. The main reason was that the full sovereignty of Third World states constituted a latent and growing challenge to US world power, potentially far more serious than Soviet power itself. This challenge was both economic and political. Economically, the remaking of Western Europe and Japan in the US image — that is, primarily, the extension to their working classes of Rostow’s (1960) “high mass consumption” or Aglietta’s (1979a) “Fordist consumption norm” — combined with the permanent USUSSR armaments race, put tremendous pressure on the world supplies of primary inputs.


Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (Updated Edition) (South End Press Classics Series) by Noam Chomsky

active measures, American ideology, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, centre right, colonial rule, David Brooks, disinformation, European colonialism, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, information security, Monroe Doctrine, New Journalism, public intellectual, random walk, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, Suez crisis 1956, the market place, Thomas L Friedman

Mission set about the task of liquidating the class enemy was a bit too much even for the British, who are not known for their gentlemanly decorum in such procedures; they were also not too happy about being displaced from yet another outpost of British influence and power. With the enthusiastic approval and direct participation of the U.S. Mission, tens of thousands were exiled, tens of thousands more were sent to prison islands where many were tortured or executed (or if lucky, only “re-educated”), the unions were broken, and even mild anti-Communist socialists were suppressed, while the U.S. shamelessly manipulated the electoral process to ensure that the right men won. The social and economic consequences were grim. A decade later, “between 1959 and 1963, Classics in Politics: The Fateful Triangle Noam Chomsky The Origins of the “Special Relationship” 64 almost a third of the Greek labor force emigrated in search of satisfactory employment.”31 The fascist coup of 1967, again with apparent U.S. backing, had its roots in the same events.

Predictably, our insistence that refugee reports be taken seriously and considered with the same caution and concern whatever their origin has repeatedly been interpreted as apologetics for some official enemy, a matter that merits little comment apart from an inquiry, which might be illuminating, into some of the techniques typically adopted by those whom Bakunin aptly called the “state worshipping” intellectuals; in the West, those who pretend to be anti-Communist while mimicking Stalinist practice. London Sunday Times, June 19, 1977. There is considerable further evidence in the testimony of Paul Eddy and Peter Gillman of the Sunday Times before the UN Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories (A/SPC/32/L.12, 11 Nov. 1977), including also interesting analysis of the efforts at rebuttal on the part of David Krivine of the Jerusalem Post and the Israeli government.

Some recent success stories had been Indonesia (Suharto) and Chile (Pinochet). For more detail, see pp. 457f., and my Culture of Terrorism (South End, 1988). On Israel’s involvement in the early phase of the Nicaraguan operations, in close collaboration with Argentine neo-Nazis, see Ariel Armony, Argentina, the United States, and the Anti-Communist Crusade in Central America, 19771984 (Ohio University Center for International Studies, Latin American Series #26, Athens, Ohio, 1997), 153f. On Israel’s warm relations with the anti-Semitic murderers and torturers who ruled Argentina at the time, specifically targeting Jews, see Towards a New Cold War, p. 292 Ozanne, FT.


pages: 272 words: 76,089

Billions & Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium by Carl Sagan

addicted to oil, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, classic study, clean water, cosmic abundance, dark matter, demographic transition, Exxon Valdez, F. W. de Klerk, germ theory of disease, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invention of radio, invention of the telegraph, invention of the telephone, Isaac Newton, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, pattern recognition, planetary scale, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, stem cell, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, zero-sum game

United States armed forces were intervening in Latin America not only before the Bolshevik Revolution but also before the * This list, which occasioned some surprise when published in America, is based on compilations by the House Armed Services Committee. 188 • Billions and Billions Communist Manifesto—which makes the anti-Communist justification for American intervention in Nicaragua a little difficult to rationalize; the deficiencies of the argument would be better understood, however, had the Soviet Union not been in the habit of gobbling up other countries. The American invasion of Southeast Asia—of nations that never had harmed or threatened the United States—killed 58,000 Americans and more than a million Asians; the U.S. dropped 7.5 megatons of high explosives and produced an ecological and economic chaos from which the region still has not recovered.


pages: 276 words: 71,950

Antisemitism: Here and Now by Deborah E. Lipstadt

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, belling the cat, Black Lives Matter, Boycotts of Israel, Cass Sunstein, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, fixed income, ghettoisation, Jeremy Corbyn, microaggression, Oklahoma City bombing, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, Timothy McVeigh, union organizing, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game

What is taking place in a number of former Soviet bloc countries—particularly those governed by parties with strong nationalist orientations—is serious. These countries are currently engaged in blatant and conscious efforts to rewrite their histories. They may not be motivated by antisemitism, but that is one of the end products of what they are doing. Strongly anti-Communist, these governments are often the ideological and political heirs of the nationalist groups that collaborated with the Nazis during the war against the hated Soviet Communists. Thirty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, their hatred of it and of communism persists. And who was behind the Communists?


pages: 276 words: 78,061

Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of Flags by Tim Marshall

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, colonial rule, Donald Trump, drone strike, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, It's morning again in America, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Mahatma Gandhi, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, megacity, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, Ronald Reagan, sceptred isle, Scramble for Africa, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, trade route, white picket fence

Neither is the US navy, which ensures that the Stars and Stripes is seen fluttering above its warships, which pass close enough to the islands to make the point. Somewhat harder to spot around the world than the Red Flag is the flag of Taiwan, or the Republic of China (ROC), as it also known. Having lost the civil war in the 1940s, the anti-Communist forces withdrew to the island off the mainland, which now has its own flag but wonders about its identity. The flag is known as the ‘Blue Sky, White Sun and a Wholly Red Earth’ and harks back to the flag of the defeated Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), which under Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan in 1949.


pages: 232 words: 76,830

Dreams of Leaving and Remaining by James Meek

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, bank run, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, centre right, Corn Laws, corporate governance, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, Etonian, full employment, global supply chain, illegal immigration, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Leo Hollis, low skilled workers, Martin Wolf, mega-rich, Neil Kinnock, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, obamacare, offshore financial centre, race to the bottom, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, Shenzhen special economic zone , Skype, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Stephen Hawking, working-age population

The inscription reads ‘Prisoners of various nationalities worked here on the construction of the local airfield; among them were soldiers of the Polish national army, many of whom were killed.’ The plaque bears the Christian cross and the Kotwica, the wartime symbol of the Polish resistance, later adopted by anti-communists. There is no Jewish star. The block in Brzeg where the former chocolate factory worker Anna Pasternak lives, a five-storey prewar German apartment building, had just been restored and painted cream and green, the stucco swags around the bullseye windows in the loft painstakingly re-created. A small red sign in front directs patrons to an Erotic Shop down a side street.


pages: 253 words: 80,074

The Man Who Invented the Computer by Jane Smiley

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Bletchley Park, British Empire, c2.com, Charles Babbage, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Fellow of the Royal Society, Ford Model T, Henri Poincaré, IBM and the Holocaust, Isaac Newton, John von Neumann, Karl Jansky, machine translation, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, Pierre-Simon Laplace, punch-card reader, RAND corporation, Turing machine, Vannevar Bush, Von Neumann architecture

., later said that he wasn’t impressed by Mauchly, but it also turned out that, according to IBM lawyers, antitrust laws forbade IBM from acquiring UNIVAC. In early 1950, Mauchly and Eckert’s company was denied security clearance and therefore banned from accepting top-secret military contracts—a significant portion of those available to private industry. The reasons for the denial of clearance were a mix of anti-Communist paranoia (a member of the engineering team had supported Henry Wallace; Mauchly himself had signed a petition in 1946 supporting civilian control of nuclear energy) and general suspicion—army intelligence asked the FBI to investigate the drowning of Mary Mauchly, which it did, exonerating Mauchly.


pages: 253 words: 75,772

No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State by Glenn Greenwald

air gap, airport security, anti-communist, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, cognitive dissonance, David Brooks, Edward Snowden, false flag, Gabriella Coleman, Julian Assange, Laura Poitras, Mark Zuckerberg, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, operational security, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Rubik’s Cube, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, Skype, Ted Kaczynski, WikiLeaks

Frank Church’s mid-1970s investigation into the FBI’s spying shockingly found that the agency had labeled half a million US citizens as potential “subversives,” routinely spying on people based purely on their political beliefs. (The FBI’s list of targets ranged from Martin Luther King to John Lennon, from the women’s liberation movement to the anti-Communist John Birch Society.) But the plague of surveillance abuse is hardly unique to American history. On the contrary, mass surveillance is a universal temptation for any unscrupulous power. And in every instance, the motive is the same: suppressing dissent and mandating compliance. Surveillance thus unites governments of otherwise remarkably divergent political creeds.


pages: 263 words: 79,016

The Sport and Prey of Capitalists by Linda McQuaig

anti-communist, Bernie Sanders, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, Cornelius Vanderbilt, diversification, Donald Trump, energy transition, financial innovation, Garrett Hardin, green new deal, Kickstarter, low interest rates, megaproject, Menlo Park, Money creation, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, Paris climate accords, payday loans, precautionary principle, profit motive, risk/return, Ronald Reagan, Sidewalk Labs, Steve Jobs, strikebreaker, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing

But none of these donors stands out like the Koch brothers, who built a family-owned, oil-related business into one of the richest corporate empires in history. Along with business acumen, the Kochs undoubtedly learned extremist political views from their father, Fred, one of the co-founders of the far-right, anti-Communist John Birch Society. Charles and David readily embraced their father’s passionate hatred of collective action and came to see entrepreneurs like themselves as the unsung heroes of the modern world, deserving much more deference as well as freedom from government regulation and taxation. Like their father, the Koch brothers have always been considerably to the right of mainstream right wingers.


A Schoolmaster's War by Jonathan Ree

anti-communist, Nelson Mandela, unemployed young men, V2 rocket

Simon, Jean (‘Claude’, 1921–1944): worked in a bank at Saint-Claude after leaving school, but by 1939 he was presiding over a Christian organisation (Jeunesse ouvrière chrétienne) that worked with unemployed young men in the Jura; in 1941 he turned against Pétain and the Vichy regime, and by 1942 was working with Pierre Larceneux in Lons; early in 1943 he received an order from the STO to go and work in Finland, to which he responded by going underground and helping Robert Paris to protect a maquis at Montmalin near Vadans, where he was recruited by HR, becoming his guide to the region, and one of his closest comrades, later following him to Montbéliard; after the arrest of Starr on 16 July he transferred John Young and Diana Rowden from Saint-Amour to Clairvaux-les-Lacs; he organised parachute drops and sabotages for HR, as well as the execution of Pierre Martin, and was murdered at the Café Grangier, Sochaux, Montbéliard, 27 January 1944. His remains were interred in Montbéliard but later transferred to Saint-Claude; he was commissioned second lieutenant in F Section posthumously, in February 1944. Sire, Pierre (‘Sire le triste’, 1900–?): anti-Communist director of Service de Coordination des Usines Peugeot du Doubs, who facilitated contacts between HR and Rodolphe Peugeot at his home in Valentigney, and later introduced him to Roger Fouillette; with his wife Marguerite (1900–?) and two daughters he was arrested by the Gestapo in 1944; his daughters were released immediately, and he escaped to the maquis and Switzerland, but Marguerite was held in prison for several months; after the Liberation he was accused of being a collaborationist.


pages: 269 words: 72,752

Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man by Mary L. Trump

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, coronavirus, COVID-19, Donald Trump, fear of failure, George Floyd, glass ceiling, global pandemic, impulse control, junk bonds, Maui Hawaii, messenger bag, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, zero-sum game

Donald and Cohn had crossed paths at Le Club, a swanky members-only restaurant and disco on East 55th Street that was frequented by Vanderbilts and Kennedys, an array of international celebrities, and minor royalty. Cohn was more than a decade removed from his disastrous involvement in Joseph McCarthy’s failed anti-Communist crusade. He’d been forced to resign from his position as the senator’s chief counsel, but not until he’d wrecked the lives and careers of dozens of men because of their alleged homosexuality and/or ties to communism. Like many men of his vicious temperament and with his influential connections, Cohn was subject to no rules.


pages: 286 words: 79,305

99%: Mass Impoverishment and How We Can End It by Mark Thomas

"there is no alternative" (TINA), "World Economic Forum" Davos, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, additive manufacturing, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, autonomous vehicles, bank run, banks create money, behavioural economics, bitcoin, business cycle, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, central bank independence, circular economy, complexity theory, conceptual framework, creative destruction, credit crunch, CRISPR, declining real wages, distributed ledger, Donald Trump, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, eurozone crisis, fake news, fiat currency, Filter Bubble, full employment, future of work, Gini coefficient, gravity well, income inequality, inflation targeting, Internet of things, invisible hand, ITER tokamak, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, job automation, Kickstarter, labour market flexibility, laissez-faire capitalism, Larry Ellison, light touch regulation, Mark Zuckerberg, market clearing, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Nelson Mandela, Nick Bostrom, North Sea oil, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, Own Your Own Home, Peter Thiel, Piper Alpha, plutocrats, post-truth, profit maximization, quantitative easing, rent-seeking, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart cities, Steve Jobs, The Great Moderation, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tyler Cowen, warehouse automation, wealth creators, working-age population

The rise in religious and race hate crimes in the UK after the Brexit result24 was equally shocking but may simply be a manifestation of the demonization of others that can so easily take place in a post-fact world. EXTREMISM CAN MORE EASILY FLOURISH IN A POST-FACT WORLD The historical examples of the persecution of the Jews under Hitler and the persecution of innocent US citizens during Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist campaign in the US illustrate what can happen when, in the words of Oxford Dictionaries, ‘objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief’. Post-fact politics thrive when a large group are left behind 2016 saw two political events that shocked large parts of the Establishment: • the UK referendum on EU membership; and • the US presidential election.


pages: 1,336 words: 415,037

The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life by Alice Schroeder

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Bob Noyce, Bonfire of the Vanities, book value, Brownian motion, capital asset pricing model, card file, centralized clearinghouse, Charles Lindbergh, collateralized debt obligation, computerized trading, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, corporate raider, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, desegregation, do what you love, Donald Trump, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, Everybody Ought to Be Rich, Fairchild Semiconductor, Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, financial engineering, Ford Model T, Garrett Hardin, Glass-Steagall Act, global village, Golden Gate Park, Greenspan put, Haight Ashbury, haute cuisine, Honoré de Balzac, If something cannot go on forever, it will stop - Herbert Stein's Law, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, index fund, indoor plumbing, intangible asset, interest rate swap, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, Jeff Bezos, John Bogle, John Meriwether, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, junk bonds, Larry Ellison, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, low interest rates, margin call, market bubble, Marshall McLuhan, medical malpractice, merger arbitrage, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, money market fund, moral hazard, NetJets, new economy, New Journalism, North Sea oil, paper trading, passive investing, Paul Samuelson, pets.com, Plato's cave, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, proprietary trading, Ralph Nader, random walk, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Scientific racism, shareholder value, short selling, side project, Silicon Valley, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, telemarketer, The Predators' Ball, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, tontine, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transcontinental railway, two and twenty, Upton Sinclair, War on Poverty, Works Progress Administration, Y2K, yellow journalism, zero-coupon bond

He talks about playing basketball in Omaha with a white team in 1964, traveling to Iowa for games, and hanging out at a bar on North 30th Street. The bartender wouldn’t serve him. 18. Howard Buffett quoted in Paul Williams, “Buffett Tells Why He Joined Birch Society,” Benson Sun, April 6, 1961. 19. The Christian Anti-Communist Crusade was founded in 1953 by “a crisp, energetic, self-confident Austrian,” Fred Schwarz, who was a physician, psychiatrist, and lay preacher. It used media to spread its anti-Communist philosophy. Cabell Phillips, “Physician Leads Anti-Red Drive with ‘Poor Man’s Birch Society,’” New York Times, April 30, 1961. See the CACC website, http://www.schwarzreport.org/. 20. Leila Buffett letter to Dr.

Doc Thompson played the mandolin while Warren sweated and sang, accompanying him on the ukulele. Warren felt comfortable with Doc Thompson, whose style reminded him of his father’s way of holding forth on how the world was going to hell because of the Democrats. Whittaker Chambers’s autobiography, Witness, describing his conversion from Communist spy to ardent Cold War anti-Communist, had just been released. Warren had read this book with great interest, in part because of its description of the Alger Hiss case. Chambers had accused Hiss of being a Communist spy, an accusation that had been pooh-poohed by people the Buffetts considered political enemies, the Truman crowd.

Howard joined a newly formed group, the John Birch Society, which combined paranoia about Communism with what he described as concern for the “moral and spiritual problem of America, which would be with us even if Communism were stopped tomorrow.”18 He covered his office walls with maps showing the menacing red advance of Communism. He and Doris helped bring the Christian Anti-Communist Crusade to Omaha19 and threw themselves behind a movement of ideological conservatives that was coalescing around Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. Howard was respected as a philosophical purist among the libertarian-leaning wing of the Republican Party, but anyone associated with the Birchers attracted both alarm and ridicule.


pages: 717 words: 196,908

The Idea of Decline in Western History by Arthur Herman

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, bread and circuses, British Empire, David Attenborough, Dr. Strangelove, European colonialism, Future Shock, George Santayana, ghettoisation, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Herbert Marcuse, hiring and firing, Joan Didion, laissez-faire capitalism, late capitalism, lateral thinking, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, mass immigration, means of production, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Murray Bookchin, Nelson Mandela, Norman Mailer, nuclear winter, plutocrats, post scarcity, profit motive, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, Suez canal 1869, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transcontinental railway, upwardly mobile, W. E. B. Du Bois

“If fear and destructiveness are the emotional sources of fascism,” Adorno concluded, “Eros belongs to democracy,” that is to say, to socialism.47 The Authoritarian Personality and its assumptions were all but demolished by other social scientists and critics.† But the term “authoritarian personality” caught on and proved useful for disarming critics of the Marxist Left. It allowed the Marxist to accuse his opponent, whether anti-Communist liberal or conservative, of being abnormal and actually an unconscious Nazi—just as Lombroso’s criminal was really a degenerate, “a sick man.” America, the totem of modern democratic culture, was actually “latently” fascist. The absence of a “genuine” fascist movement in America, like the absence of any “genuine” anti-Semitism, was in fact a sign of how far the corruption had spread.

In 1948 Sartre founded the Revolutionary Democratic Assembly (the RPR) to blaze a new trail for progressives and European intellectuals away from Cold War conflicts and toward “a new freedom reinforced by social justice.” But then Sartre began moving toward an anti-anti-Communism, lashing out at the hypocrisy of modern capitalist institutions while avoiding any direct criticism of the Soviet Union. By 1949 he was refusing to appear at RPR meetings, which were attended by leading anti-Communists and even socialists such as Sidney Hook. The real threat to Europe, he had decided, was Americanization as the final stage of bourgeois Western values, not Soviet domination. Then in 1952 he published an essay entitled “Communism and Peace,” in which he revealed that he embraced Merleau-Ponty’s decision that moral authenticity demanded that “we must carry out the policy of the Communist Party.”38 Beginning in 1952 Modern Times became virtually a party organ.


pages: 924 words: 198,159

Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army by Jeremy Scahill

"World Economic Forum" Davos, air freight, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, business climate, business intelligence, centralized clearinghouse, collective bargaining, Columbine, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, independent contractor, Kickstarter, military-industrial complex, multilevel marketing, Naomi Klein, no-fly zone, operational security, private military company, Project for a New American Century, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, school choice, school vouchers, Seymour Hersh, stem cell, Timothy McVeigh, urban planning, vertical integration, zero-sum game

According to an Amnesty International report in 2001, violations committed by the army and its associated paramilitaries included “extrajudicial executions, other unlawful killings, ‘disappearances’ and torture. . . . Whole villages were targeted by the armed forces and their inhabitants massacred.” As part of President Reagan’s policy of supporting anti-Communist forces, hundreds of millions of dollars in United States aid was funneled to the Salvadoran Army, and a team of 55 Special Forces advisers, led for several years by Jim Steele, trained front-line battalions that were accused of significant human rights abuses. There are far more Americans in Iraq today—some 140,000 troops in all—than there were in El Salvador, but U.S. soldiers and officers are increasingly moving to a Salvador-style advisory role.

After winning a Congressional seat as a Republican from Orange County in the early 1970s, he soon “established himself as one of the country’s most right-wing and outspoken congressmen.”21 He ran for President against Richard Nixon in 1972 as the candidate of the American Independent Party, founded in 1968 by segregationist politician George Wallace.22 The elder Schmitz also served as national director of the anti-communist John Birch Society before being kicked out for being too extreme.23 He made comments like, “Jews are like everybody else, only more so,” “Martin Luther King is a notorious liar,” “I may not be Hispanic, but I’m close. I’m Catholic with a mustache”24 and described the Watts riot as “a communist operation.”25 After President Richard Nixon announced he would visit “Red China” in 1971, Schmitz—who represented Nixon’s home district—called Nixon “pro-communist,” saying the visit was “surrendering to international communism.


pages: 601 words: 193,225

740 Park: The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building by Michael Gross

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Bear Stearns, Bonfire of the Vanities, California gold rush, Carl Icahn, company town, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate raider, cuban missile crisis, Donald Trump, Glass-Steagall Act, Irwin Jacobs, it's over 9,000, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, junk bonds, McMansion, Michael Milken, mortgage debt, Norman Mailer, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, plutocrats, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes, short selling, strikebreaker, The Predators' Ball, traveling salesman, Upton Sinclair, urban planning

It’s unclear what Djamgaroff was up to, but in October, instead of going to Europe as planned, Lele hied to Reno to establish Nevada residency for a divorce in which she charged her husband with cruelty. She wanted to be rid not only of him but of his name as well. Needless to say, she wasn’t planning on going back to Harrenreich. Djamgaroff moved out of 740 and started planning an anti-Communist convention. By 1937, both Lele Daly and her ex had been linked with others in gossip columns, but no weddings were in the offing, and she lived on at 740 Park for several more years. Djamgaroff resurfaced in 1942 as a “Russian mystery man” in a grand jury probe into pro-Nazi sedition. It emerged that he’d worked as a registered agent for the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo for $50,000 a year.

Four years later, Mary Weir, then forty-six, married a Polish émigré eighteen years her junior, a doctoral candidate at Columbia University who would soon become a notorious novelist. His name was Jerzy Kosinski. Later, Kosinski would claim he met his future wife when she wrote him a fan letter, praising a collection of anti-Communist essays, The Future Is Ours, Comrade, he’d written under a pen name, Joseph Novak. Kosinski would variously say that he used the pseudonym because his English wasn’t good, “to prevent myself becoming involved in controversies which might have led to the interruption of my academic work,” and to prevent his professors from knowing he was moonlighting.


CultureShock! Egypt: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette (4th Edition) by Susan L. Wilson

air freight, anti-communist, call centre, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, land reform, RAND corporation, Suez canal 1869, telemarketer, trade route

The Muslim Brotherhood is a political and religious organisation founded in Egypt in 1928. Generally antiWestern, it advocates a society based on Islamic principles of social justice as opposed to secular nationalism. Since the 1950s, the Brotherhood and many of its radical offshoots received funding from Saudi Arabia. Initially, this was due to their anti-Communist stance; later it was due to a need A Tour of Egypt 49 to counterbalance Iranian-backed Shi’ite radicals and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and its offshoots. The Islamic Group (Al-Gamaa’a al-Islamiyya) broke from the Brotherhood in the mid-1970s. Al-Gamaa’a al-Islamiyya is the group responsible for the attack that killed 18 Greek tourists in Cairo (April 1996), which was until November 1997 the largest casualty count from a single incident in Egypt’s modern history.


pages: 286 words: 82,970

A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order by Richard Haass

access to a mobile phone, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, carbon footprint, carbon tax, central bank independence, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, deindustrialization, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, energy security, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, floating exchange rates, global pandemic, global reserve currency, guns versus butter model, hiring and firing, immigration reform, invisible hand, low interest rates, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, no-fly zone, open economy, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, special drawing rights, Steven Pinker, Suez crisis 1956, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

The United States extended alliances and aid programs to countries on every continent, something that over time was mirrored to a considerable degree by the Soviet Union. For most of the Cold War, successive U.S. administrations paid little heed to the domestic nature of the recipient; what mattered most was foreign policy orientation and whether the government was judged to be sufficiently anti-Communist. This balance was based not just upon orders of battle (military inventories) and the building up of locals but also on a willingness to act directly if it was determined military action was called for. (The basic bargain of membership in the NATO alliance, one enshrined in Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, was that an attack on one constituted an attack on all.)


pages: 273 words: 87,159

The Vanishing Middle Class: Prejudice and Power in a Dual Economy by Peter Temin

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air traffic controllers' union, American Legislative Exchange Council, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, anti-communist, Bernie Sanders, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carried interest, clean water, corporate raider, Corrections Corporation of America, crack epidemic, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, Ferguson, Missouri, financial innovation, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, full employment, income inequality, independent contractor, intangible asset, invisible hand, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, mandatory minimum, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, mass incarceration, means of production, mortgage debt, Network effects, New Urbanism, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, obamacare, offshore financial centre, oil shock, plutocrats, Powell Memorandum, price stability, race to the bottom, road to serfdom, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, the scientific method, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, white flight, working poor

States are increasingly strapped for money given that Nixon’s New Federalism as implemented by Reagan and succeeding administrations deprives state government of resources. The combination of policies leads to increasing effectiveness of ALEC. Koch also formed a secret organization to advance the interests of large businesses and rich executives by following the model of the John Birch Society—a conservative, small-government and anti-communist organization founded around 1960—on a vastly expanded scale. Although this organization was designed to bring down much of our government, its aim was not to be called anarchism in order to avoid association with terrorists. As Charles wrote in 1976, “In order to avoid undesirable criticism, how the organization is controlled and directed should not be widely advertised.”


pages: 272 words: 83,378

Digital Barbarism: A Writer's Manifesto by Mark Helprin

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, carbon footprint, computer age, cotton gin, crowdsourcing, Easter island, hive mind, independent contractor, invention of writing, Jacquard loom, lateral thinking, plutocrats, race to the bottom, semantic web, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, the scientific method, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

At the time, I was living in New York, where I was born, working in the library of the New-York Historical Society on a novel, Winter’s Tale, that is, if anything, a 748-page tribute to a city with which I was as deeply and immoderately in love as if it were a woman. I bring this up because it bears upon the electronic culture, the machine, and the arguments that surround both. To wit, just as accusing someone of being a communist, or an anti-communist, so as to skate over the substance of his arguments is (or was) a common tactic, so in regard to anything having to do with mechanization the easiest reflex is to brand an opponent a Luddite. That is, someone who, like the early-nineteenth-century craftsmen who destroyed the powered looms threatening their way of life (and were severely repressed for doing so), rashly and irrationally fights the inevitable and the good.


pages: 227 words: 81,989

Homage to Catalonia by George Orwell

anti-communist

And meanwhile there is no possible doubt about the hatred and dissension that the ‘Trotsky-Fascist’ accusation is causing. Rank-and-file Communists everywhere are led away on a senseless witch-hunt after ‘Trotskyists’, and parties of the type of the POUM are driven back into the terribly sterile position of being mere anti-Communist parties. There is already the beginning of a dangerous split in the world working-class movement. A few more libels against life-long Socialists, a few more frame-ups like the charges against the POUM, and the split may become irreconcilable. The only hope is to keep political controversy on a plane where exhaustive discussion is possible.


pages: 330 words: 83,319

The New Rules of War: Victory in the Age of Durable Disorder by Sean McFate

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, Boeing 747, Brexit referendum, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, computer vision, corporate governance, corporate raider, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Donald Trump, double helix, drone strike, escalation ladder, European colonialism, failed state, fake news, false flag, hive mind, index fund, invisible hand, John Markoff, joint-stock company, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, nuclear taboo, offshore financial centre, pattern recognition, Peace of Westphalia, plutocrats, private military company, profit motive, RAND corporation, ransomware, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, Stuxnet, Suez crisis 1956, technoutopianism, vertical integration, Washington Consensus, Westphalian system, yellow journalism, Yom Kippur War, zero day, zero-sum game

Its secret mission was “to remove covertly, and without bloodshed if possible, the menace of the present Communist-controlled government of Guatemala” and “to install and sustain, covertly, a pro-US government.”11 In the summer of 1953, the CIA began its shadow war against Guatemala. Operatives covertly recruited students to paper Guatemala City with anti-Communist stickers, and they enlisted American pilots to buzz government facilities and drop leaflets, intimidating locals. In the months ahead, the CIA manufactured consent through directed rumor, pamphleteering, additional poster campaigns, graffiti, and intimidation. The CIA also created a fake guerilla radio station called Voz de Liberación (“Voice of Liberation”) just across the border in Honduras.


pages: 220 words: 88,994

1989 The Berlin Wall: My Part in Its Downfall by Peter Millar

anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, glass ceiling, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, kremlinology, Marshall McLuhan, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Prenzlauer Berg, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Sinatra Doctrine, urban sprawl, working-age population

They checked out all the tapes for the cassette player, playing a few snatches here and there, not to check for seditious sermons – God knows what they might have made of Cold War Nightlife if they had understood the words – but to hear new songs. They inspected our clothing, our socks, our underwear as if eager to find out whether Westerners had the same anatomy. They pored over our photograph albums. For hours. Honest. Not looking for evidence of anti-communist propaganda but out of genuine, ridiculously enthusiastic, almost childish human interest: ‘So that’s your nan, is it? How old is she then? And is that where you live in England? Does everybody have a house like that? What sort of car is that then? How much does that cost? How fast does it go?’


pages: 281 words: 86,657

The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City by Alan Ehrenhalt

anti-communist, back-to-the-city movement, big-box store, British Empire, crack epidemic, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Edward Glaeser, Frank Gehry, gentrification, haute cuisine, Honoré de Balzac, housing crisis, illegal immigration, Jane Jacobs, land bank, Lewis Mumford, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, McMansion, megaproject, messenger bag, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, Peter Calthorpe, postindustrial economy, Richard Florida, streetcar suburb, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, too big to fail, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, walkable city, white flight, working poor, young professional

Given these numbers, it is no surprise that Susan Hardwick, an immigration scholar at the University of Oregon, talks about the United States making a transition to a “suburban immigrant nation.” What is surprising is that all this is happening much faster than demographers predicted a decade ago. MORE AND MORE, Gwinnett County has come to be a magnet for newly arrived Asian immigrants. The first to come in large numbers were Vietnamese, many of them supporters of the fallen anti-Communist regime in Saigon, admitted as refugees under federal laws of asylum. Some had been senior officials of the South Vietnamese government, and had spent much of the previous two decades in jungle detention camps. Many more spoke French than English. Churches all over metropolitan Atlanta sponsored them, but large numbers eventually found their way to Gwinnett.


pages: 270 words: 81,311

In the Devil's Garden: A Sinful History of Forbidden Food by Stewart Lee Allen

anti-communist, British Empire, clean water, Day of the Dead, East Village, European colonialism, Filipino sailors, Golden Gate Park, haute cuisine, trade route

Relatively few pigs were actually handed out by the Americans. Those that were failed to survive because no one could afford the water-mist system the animals needed to survive in the heat. When school attendance dropped 25 percent because of the absent pig money, people tried to bring back the old black pigs. But the rabidly anti-Communist Haitian right-wing government had both pigs and their owners executed as Communists. The same officials, who were supposed to control prices for the American pig feed, then created shortages so they could enhance their profits. The peasants were soon locked out of the swine-breeding business, and ten years after the death of the last Haitian pig, almost all of them had been forced to sell their ancestral lands to make ends meet.


pages: 297 words: 83,651

The Twittering Machine by Richard Seymour

4chan, anti-communist, augmented reality, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Cal Newport, Californian Ideology, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, classic study, colonial rule, Comet Ping Pong, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, dark triade / dark tetrad, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, false flag, Filter Bubble, Gabriella Coleman, gamification, Google Chrome, Google Earth, hive mind, informal economy, Internet of things, invention of movable type, invention of writing, James Bridle, Jaron Lanier, Jeremy Corbyn, Jon Ronson, Jony Ive, Kevin Kelly, Kevin Roose, knowledge economy, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, meta-analysis, Mohammed Bouazizi, moral panic, move fast and break things, Network effects, new economy, packet switching, patent troll, Philip Mirowski, post scarcity, post-industrial society, post-truth, RAND corporation, Rat Park, rent-seeking, replication crisis, sentiment analysis, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skinner box, smart cities, Snapchat, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple, Timothy McVeigh, Twitter Arab Spring, undersea cable, upwardly mobile, white flight, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

In a vivid and telling stroke, they called for conservative activists to ‘create chaos for glory’.57 Andrew Breitbart, discussing the Sherrod case, asserted that her ‘racist’ speech showed that the NAACP had no right to judge Tea Party members as racist, and indeed was ‘a perfect rationalization for why the Tea Party needs to exist’. Rationalization was the key word here. Notably, while much alt-right trolling reheats anti-communist paranoia along with traditional fascist ideas, pro-Trump trolling campaigns are often aimed at conservatives who are critical of the alt-right. When The Daily Beast reported that Breitbart incited ‘hate mobs’ to threaten and dox critics on the Right, then editor Steve Bannon disavowed any responsibility.


pages: 309 words: 79,414

Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists by Julia Ebner

23andMe, 4chan, Airbnb, anti-communist, anti-globalists, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bellingcat, Big Tech, bitcoin, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Cambridge Analytica, citizen journalism, cognitive dissonance, Comet Ping Pong, crisis actor, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, deepfake, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dunning–Kruger effect, Elon Musk, fake news, false flag, feminist movement, game design, gamification, glass ceiling, Google Earth, Greta Thunberg, information security, job satisfaction, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, Network effects, off grid, OpenAI, Overton Window, pattern recognition, pre–internet, QAnon, RAND corporation, ransomware, rising living standards, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social intelligence, Social Justice Warrior, SQL injection, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Transnistria, WikiLeaks, zero day

Yet this is the first time they bring their activism to the real world. ‘A historic moment’, as some alt-right figures called it.8 ‘It goes without saying that many of these groups have their differences,’ the alt-right activist Hunter Wallace writes. But he explains why Southern heritage activists, the alt-right, white nationalists, anti-communists, cultural nativists, trolls and patriots should unite. By joining forces against their common enemies online and offline, he says, they can be stronger. ‘The Right can push the Left aside in the streets and break the spell of political correctness in mass social media spectacles. We can summon the culture war from online spaces into the streets and win that fight.’9 The Daily Stormer echoed this idea: ‘We need to do everything we can to get as many people to attend this rally as possible.


pages: 283 words: 87,166

Reaching for Utopia: Making Sense of an Age of Upheaval by Jason Cowley

"World Economic Forum" Davos, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, Bullingdon Club, Cambridge Analytica, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, coherent worldview, Corn Laws, corporate governance, crony capitalism, David Brooks, deindustrialization, deskilling, Donald Trump, Etonian, eurozone crisis, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, illegal immigration, Jeremy Corbyn, liberal world order, Neil Kinnock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, open borders, open immigration, plutocrats, post-war consensus, public intellectual, Right to Buy, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, technological determinism, University of East Anglia

We’re about eight Einsteins away from getting any kind of handle on the universe. Why is the universe so incredibly complicated? That makes me delay my vote on the existence of some intelligence.’ Magee was brought up in a working-class family in Hoxton, east London. Home was a men’s clothing shop, owned by his grandfather and worked in by his father, who was an anti-communist socialist, highly cultured, and ambitious for his son. Magee adored him but disliked his mother. ‘She was a loveless person who never loved anybody,’ he told me. ‘She had no affection for her children, and she told us so – she told me and my sister.’ He grew up in the street, surrounded by groups of other children.


pages: 318 words: 82,452

The End of Policing by Alex S. Vitale

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, Black Lives Matter, Broken windows theory, citizen journalism, Columbine, deindustrialization, desegregation, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, Edward Snowden, equal pay for equal work, Ferguson, Missouri, gentrification, ghettoisation, hiring and firing, Housing First, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, independent contractor, Laura Poitras, mandatory minimum, mass immigration, mass incarceration, moral panic, Occupy movement, open borders, open immigration, rent-seeking, Ronald Reagan, San Francisco homelessness, strikebreaker, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, traumatic brain injury, white flight

Though funded in part by federal grants, they maintained that they were a private entity and thus not subject to any kind of government oversight or accountability. This agency still exists.22 A major source of data for Red Squads were volunteers, usually tied to ultra-nationalist groups like the American Protective League, American Legion, and Catholic activists driven by Cardinal Spellman’s anti-communist crusades. These groups were sometimes given resources to expand their efforts, were often used as muscle to shut down meetings and beat and intimidate suspected communists, and were even given access to the files collected by police. The dissemination of this information was often crucial to the blacklisting process as these activists shared the information with local employers.


pages: 295 words: 87,204

The Capitalist Manifesto by Johan Norberg

AltaVista, anti-communist, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Boris Johnson, business climate, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charles Babbage, computer age, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, crony capitalism, data is not the new oil, data is the new oil, David Graeber, DeepMind, degrowth, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, export processing zone, failed state, Filter Bubble, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Google Glasses, Greta Thunberg, Gunnar Myrdal, Hans Rosling, Hernando de Soto, Howard Zinn, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, Indoor air pollution, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the printing press, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, liberal capitalism, lockdown, low cost airline, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, meta-analysis, Minecraft, multiplanetary species, Naomi Klein, Neal Stephenson, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, open economy, passive income, Paul Graham, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, planned obsolescence, precariat, profit motive, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, rent control, rewilding, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Coase, Rosa Parks, Salesforce, Sam Bankman-Fried, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Snapchat, social distancing, social intelligence, South China Sea, Stephen Fry, Steve Jobs, tech billionaire, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, ultimatum game, Virgin Galactic, Washington Consensus, working-age population, World Values Survey, X Prize, you are the product, zero-sum game

Most parts of the continent were integrated into vast trade networks where merchants, goods and currencies moved about freely.22 European colonizers undermined these markets in two ways: partly by dividing the continent and isolating the populations from each other, partly by creating centralized structures in each colony, where farmers and workers were plundered to enrich robber barons thousands of miles away. The next tragedy was that when African countries gained their independence after World War II, domestic elites did not dismantle colonial structures but took them over. Whether the new leaders called themselves liberation heroes, Marxists, nationalists or anti-communists, they became occupiers who continued to plunder their people. They seized natural resources to enrich themselves and forced the rural population to produce food at prices far below the market rate. What Western economists thought of as strongmen who would enforce stability and development were, in fact, looters who vacuumed their lands for assets.


pages: 337 words: 87,236

Fallen Idols: Twelve Statues That Made History by Alex von Tunzelmann

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", anti-communist, Apollo 11, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, British Empire, colonial rule, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, Donald Trump, double helix, Easter island, European colonialism, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ferguson, Missouri, George Floyd, global pandemic, Google Earth, lockdown, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, Ronald Reagan, Scramble for Africa, Suez crisis 1956, the map is not the territory, TikTok, transatlantic slave trade, W. E. B. Du Bois

Alas, the statues had been made of gypsum. Far from symbolizing the strength and permanence of the revolution, they dissolved in the rain.8 Some Lenin’s Plan statues were quickly knocked down: one of the French revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre, who was on Lenin’s approved list, was blown up by an anti-communist who equated the Bolshevik revolution with the Terror in France.9 Lenin was strongly opposed to statues of living Bolshevik leaders, including himself. Nevertheless, the first official sculpture of him was commissioned in February 1919 by the Moscow Soviet. Copies were sent to twenty-nine cities.


Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks by Keith Houston

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Boeing 747, Charles Babbage, classic study, computer age, cuban missile crisis, Donald Knuth, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, John Markoff, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Kickstarter, means of production, Multics, packet switching, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, trade route, wikimedia commons

* Levin’s column about ironics was also published by Encounter, a British literary and cultural journal that ran from 1953 to 1991, and that is worthy of a digression all of its own. Encounter had the bizarre distinction of having been set up and covertly funded by the US Central Intelligence Agency and the UK’s Secret Intelligence Service, with the aim of making up for the lack of anti-Communist rhetoric emanating from the popular—and left-wing—New Statesman. Its CIA funding became public knowledge in 1967, prompting the resignation of its editor and cofounder Stephen Spender (coincidentally, an Oxford contemporary of Tom Driberg), who claimed to have known nothing about the identity of his backers.51 * See chapter 7, “The Hyphen (-),” for details of the move to computerized printing


pages: 891 words: 220,950

Winds of Change by Peter Hennessy

anti-communist, Beeching cuts, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, Bretton Woods, British Empire, centre right, Corn Laws, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, Dr. Strangelove, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, floating exchange rates, full employment, government statistician, Great Leap Forward, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, land tenure, liberal capitalism, meritocracy, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Norman Macrae, North Sea oil, oil shock, reserve currency, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Scramble for Africa, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, Ted Sorensen, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, total factor productivity, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment

That is why I yearn so for European unity and (in view of France’s weakness [this was France pre-de Gaulle]) for British participation.’33 De Gaulle’s assumption of power in Paris on 1 June 1958 pleased Adenauer, who soon lost his fear of what he had heard of the General’s Germanophobia.34 Looking back from his Chequers bed three and a half years later, Macmillan noted that Adenauer certainly welcomed de Gaulle’s return to power – Catholic, anti-Communist, patriot. Recently, however, Adenauer’s feelings towards de Gaulle and France have not been so friendly. He may have heard reports of de Gaulle’s contemptuous references to ‘Les petits gens de Bonn’ … He may be genuinely alarmed at the effect on Britain of France’s rigid attitude on EEC and fear that Britain may not be so anxious to join in defence of the ‘Empire of Charlemagne’ and its outpost, Berlin.

‘The struggle’, Macmillan concluded gravely, ‘is joined, and it is a struggle for the minds of men.’80 Macmillan certainly believed what he said in Cape Town in the speech of his life, both about the decolonizing wind of nationalism and the perils of Soviet and Chinese influence seeping in once the Europeans had departed. But his tone and thrust in its anti-communist passages reflected the welcome if paradoxical and somewhat concealed support he was getting on post-imperial policy from that great preacher against other people’s versions of empire, the United States of America. One of the prices paid for the folly of the invasion of Egypt in November 1956 was at the United Nations, where the ‘British Empire was now not merely in the dock but reviled as a renegade’.81 After Suez, as more and more freed ex-colonies joined the United Nations, Britain ‘for the next fifteen years or so became Public Enemy Number One at the United Nations’,82 with the Americans conniving at the creation of various UN committees (the Committee of 17; later boosted to the Committee of 24) whose purpose was to hector the colonial powers into final retreats after the UN had passed Resolution 1514 in 1960 calling for universal colonial freedom.83 At the same time, Washington wanted a certain kind of unscrambling which, in practice, turned out to be very much the same kinds of departures and aftermaths Whitehall was seeking.


pages: 723 words: 211,892

Cuba: An American History by Ada Ferrer

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, company town, COVID-19, cuban missile crisis, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, equal pay for equal work, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francisco Pizarro, Great Leap Forward, Hernando de Soto, hiring and firing, Howard Zinn, Joan Didion, land reform, land tenure, mass immigration, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, rent control, Ronald Reagan, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, union organizing, upwardly mobile, Washington Consensus, wikimedia commons, women in the workforce, yellow journalism, young professional

But what the New York Times journalist stressed above all—other than the simple fact that Fidel was not dead—was that Castro had “strong ideas of liberty, democracy, social justice, the need to restore the Constitution, to hold elections.” While Castro’s program was “vague,” it represented “a new deal for Cuba, radical, democratic and therefore anti-Communist.”8 Cuban authorities denied the story immediately and categorically. One government official told the Times correspondent in Havana that the interview was full of “imaginary information,” embellished by “[Matthews’s] imagination.” Batista’s defense minister sent an official cable to the Times declaring that “the opinion of the Government, and, I am sure, of the Cuban public also, is that the interview and the adventures described by Correspondent Matthews can be considered as a chapter in a fantastic novel.

The US embassy in Havana advised Washington “to get used to the feeling of walking gently around the edges of a volcano that is liable to burst forth with sulphurous fumes at the slightest provocation.”25 Yet for all the observation, there was no consensus in the United States about Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution. One observer declared him a closet communist; another insisted on the opposite. The latter was the conclusion of the CIA’s top expert on Latin America: “Castro is not only not a Communist, he is a strong anti-Communist fighter.” The same uncertainty surrounded American appraisals of Castro’s attitude toward the United States. Some took Fidel at his word when he said that he was not anti-American; others disagreed. “Castro hates this Government like the Devil hates holy water,” said one southern Democrat.26 Part of the confusion originated with Fidel himself, with contradictory signals and statements that made it hard to decipher what exactly was unfolding.


Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System by Alexander Betts, Paul Collier

Alvin Roth, anti-communist, centre right, charter city, corporate social responsibility, Donald Trump, failed state, Filter Bubble, global supply chain, informal economy, it's over 9,000, Kibera, mass immigration, megacity, middle-income trap, mobile money, Mohammed Bouazizi, mutually assured destruction, open borders, Peace of Westphalia, peer-to-peer, race to the bottom, randomized controlled trial, rising living standards, risk/return, school choice, special economic zone, structural adjustment programs, tail risk, trade route, urban planning, zero-sum game

But in many fragile societies the ‘state’ as such is a shadow. Somali refugees are not fleeing persecution by the state, but the consequences of a society without a state. The resulting disorder and violence are no less force majeure; nor is the need for post-flight support less urgent. In such cases, the original anti-Communist emphasis upon resettlement away from the persecuting state has also lost much of its pertinence. In contrast to expectations during the Cold War, political transitions and opportunities for repatriation take place in both Price’s archetypal authoritarian regimes and many fragile states. Contrary to many international public policy assumptions, there are practically no weak states that should be permanently written off.


pages: 344 words: 93,858

The Post-American World: Release 2.0 by Fareed Zakaria

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, airport security, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, conceptual framework, Credit Default Swap, currency manipulation / currency intervention, delayed gratification, Deng Xiaoping, double entry bookkeeping, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, interest rate derivative, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), knowledge economy, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, mutually assured destruction, National Debt Clock, new economy, no-fly zone, oil shock, open economy, out of africa, Parag Khanna, postindustrial economy, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South China Sea, Steven Pinker, Suez crisis 1956, The future is already here, The Great Moderation, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, three-masted sailing ship, trade route, Washington Consensus, working-age population, young professional, zero-sum game

The percentage of people holding a favorable view of the United States has gone up considerably since the election of Barack Obama, but in many countries it is still below the levels seen in 2000. Josef Joffe, one of Germany’s leading international affairs commentators, observes that, during the Cold War, anti-Americanism was a left-wing phenomenon. “In contrast to it, there was always a center-right that was anti-communist and thus pro-American,” he explains. “The numbers waxed and waned, but you always had a solid base of support for the United States.” In short, the Cold War kept Europe pro-American. The year 1968, for example, saw mass protests against American policies in Vietnam, but it was also the year of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.


pages: 534 words: 15,752

The Sushi Economy: Globalization and the Making of a Modern Delicacy by Sasha Issenberg

air freight, Akira Okazaki, anti-communist, barriers to entry, Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, call centre, company town, creative destruction, Deng Xiaoping, Dutch auction, flag carrier, global supply chain, Golden arches theory, haute cuisine, means of production, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, standardized shipping container, telemarketer, trade route, urban renewal

News of a gold rush in Gloucester traveled so widely that one interloper came to believe that the path to his new world order ran through the town’s harbor. In 1976, Reverend Sun Myung Moon rented a Gloucester summer house and fished for tuna on the Annisquam River in his boat, the New Hope. Moon, a flamboyant Korean anti-Communist, had arrived in the United States in 1965 to launch a version of the Unification Church he had started in Seoul with himself at its messianic center. Under Moon’s “Divine Principle,” an interpretation of the Christian Bible, all economic, social, and religious activities are to be completely integrated—and Moon embarked on an ambitious corporate expansion fueled by missionary zeal.


pages: 334 words: 93,162

This Is Your Country on Drugs: The Secret History of Getting High in America by Ryan Grim

airport security, Alexander Shulgin, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Burning Man, crack epidemic, double helix, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, East Village, failed state, Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, global supply chain, Haight Ashbury, illegal immigration, John Gilmore, John Markoff, Kickstarter, longitudinal study, mandatory minimum, new economy, New Urbanism, Parents Music Resource Center, PIHKAL and TIHKAL, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Steve Jobs, Tipper Gore, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban decay, women in the workforce

But American demand for those drugs was then met by Afghanistan and Southeast Asia, and the Mexican growers adapted by moving to smaller, better hidden locations. Within about five years, their country was once again a major supplier. The Afghan and Southeast Asian crops were both encouraged by the CIA, which was happy to see its bands of local anti-Communist warriors with a steady stream of income. The Afghan crop initially supported the U.S.-backed mujahideen, who battled the Soviet Union. Today, it still supports an insurgency against an occupier, only this time that occupier is the United States. Once again, eradication is the favored policy. Wiping out any crop is nearly impossible, even under the best of circumstances, and on an international scale, it’s fraught with political difficulty.


pages: 423 words: 92,798

No Shortcuts: Organizing for Power in the New Gilded Age by Jane F. McAlevey

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, antiwork, call centre, clean water, collective bargaining, emotional labour, feminist movement, gentrification, hiring and firing, immigration reform, independent contractor, informal economy, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, Naomi Klein, new economy, no-fly zone, Occupy movement, precariat, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, single-payer health, The Chicago School, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, vertical integration, women in the workforce

Especially black workers, because the CIO would take on racism.”6 Nelson Lichtenstein’s State of the Union: A Century of American Labor,7 Judith Stepan-Norris and Maurice Zeitlin’s Left Out: Reds and America’s Industrial Unions,8 and Saul Alinsky’s John L. Lewis: An Unauthorized Biography9 all document that the left-wing organizers were the CIO’s best. All of these authors record at length how the head of the CIO, John L. Lewis, though a fierce anti-Communist and anti-socialist, relied heavily if not primarily on organizers from the left to win the hardest organizing drives and the biggest strikes. Alinsky describes how Lewis hired these organizers as a pragmatic expedient, and was confident he could “control them.” Today, people associate the name Reuther with the heyday of the United Auto Workers.


pages: 353 words: 91,211

The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900 by David Edgerton

agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, British Empire, Computer Numeric Control, conceptual framework, creative destruction, deglobalization, dematerialisation, desegregation, deskilling, Dr. Strangelove, endogenous growth, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, general purpose technology, global village, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, interchangeable parts, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, means of production, megacity, microcredit, Neil Armstrong, new economy, post-Fordism, post-industrial society, Productivity paradox, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, spinning jenny, tacit knowledge, technological determinism, the long tail, Upton Sinclair, urban planning

Its ambition was not merely to emulate, but to create a new and superior society, more innovative and more capable of using new technologies than crisis ridden, uncoordinated capitalism. The planned economies, with no significant private ownership, and no competition from capitalist enterprises for very long periods, would prove superior, it was claimed. From 1957, following the launch of Sputnik, many non-communists, indeed anti-communists in the West, came to believe that the Soviet Union had indeed cracked the problem of innovation and use of new technology. Khrushchev’s famous declaration in the early 1960s that the Soviet Union would overtake capitalism was not a personal exaggeration but an expression of a long-standing and deeply felt interpretation of the likely course of history.


pages: 306 words: 92,704

After the Berlin Wall by Christopher Hilton

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Great Leap Forward, land reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, Peter Eisenman, Prenzlauer Berg, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Silicon Valley, urban planning, urban renewal, women in the workforce

I started my work in the Berlin mission society in 1957 and in 1959 I became responsible for all the missionaries who were working in South Africa. The headquarters still remained in the GDR because, despite all the difficulties, it was easier to leave it there. Five times between 1959 and 1965 I asked for permission to travel to South Africa, which was politically an anti-communist country. I did not get it. I did receive an invitation to another part of Africa for a big ecumenical gathering – a gathering of all African Lutheran churches in Addis Ababa. I applied again and there was a church leader in East Berlin who had a way to the state people. He went to the Stasi and said “you should let him out.”


pages: 323 words: 94,406

To the Edge of the World: The Story of the Trans-Siberian Express, the World's Greatest Railroad by Christian Wolmar

anti-communist, Cape to Cairo, Crossrail, Kickstarter, land reform, mass immigration, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, railway mania, refrigerator car, stakhanovite, Suez canal 1869, trade route, transcontinental railway, urban planning

Rather strangely, as conspiracy theorists have subsequently pointed out, the takeover was announced by Kolchak just after the Middlesex battalion and General Alfred Knox, the head of the British Military Mission in Russia, arrived in the town. Knox was a Russia expert who had been the military attaché in Petrograd and a fervent anti-Communist who had previously gone to Tokyo to meet Kolchak and enlist him in the Intervention. Knox had form, too, in terms of political interference, having worked to try to overthrow the Kerensky regime, and he had actively supported various White senior figures. The fact that Kolchak’s action took place a week after the Armistice suggests, too, that there was British involvement in the decision.


China's Good War by Rana Mitter

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 9 dash line, Admiral Zheng, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, colonial rule, COVID-19, Deng Xiaoping, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, Internet Archive, land reform, liberal capitalism, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, sexual politics, South China Sea, Washington Consensus

We completely acknowledge the wartime contribution of the Nationalist government’s army’s patriotic generals [and officers], but before the war, Chiang Kai-shek’s government was carrying out the mistaken policy of a partial [pianmian] war of resistance (that is, just the military, without the people). From 1939 onward, it carried out a … War of Resistance, pursuing a reactionary policy that was anti-communist, anti-people, to the point that its military nearly lost all of its fighting strength.40 Even in the Mao era, the CCP had been willing to note the sacrifices of a few Nationalist figures and military heroes.41 But Hu was not willing to let this interpretation extend to his old enemies, the people who had besieged him in Yan’an nearly half a century earlier.


pages: 340 words: 90,674

The Perfect Police State: An Undercover Odyssey Into China's Terrifying Surveillance Dystopia of the Future by Geoffrey Cain

airport security, Alan Greenspan, AlphaGo, anti-communist, Bellingcat, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Citizen Lab, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, coronavirus, COVID-19, deep learning, DeepMind, Deng Xiaoping, Edward Snowden, European colonialism, fake news, Geoffrey Hinton, George Floyd, ghettoisation, global supply chain, Kickstarter, land reform, lockdown, mass immigration, military-industrial complex, Nelson Mandela, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, pattern recognition, phenotype, pirate software, post-truth, purchasing power parity, QR code, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, ride hailing / ride sharing, Right to Buy, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, South China Sea, speech recognition, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, trade liberalization, trade route, undersea cable, WikiLeaks

India, fearful of Chinese spying and cyber-infiltration, joined the United States in proposing bans on the Chinese-made apps TikTok and WeChat. In October 2020, China broadcast a video showing a simulated invasion of Taiwan, and sent fighter jets threateningly close to its airspace. China had long sought to “reclaim” Taiwan, ever since anti-communist forces were given control of the island in October 1945 and the Chinese Communist Party took power in mainland China in 1949.27 Throughout 2020, China undermined international law by claiming large swathes of the South China Sea, where it harassed American, Indian, Vietnamese, and other countries’ naval vessels.28 As China continued to strengthen its vast censorship apparatus, it imprisoned a tycoon and two professors who criticized Xi Jinping’s leadership and China’s response to Covid-19.29 In November, retaliating against Australia, China imposed tariffs of up to 212 percent on Australian wine, cutting off the industry’s biggest export market.


pages: 334 words: 91,722

Brexit Unfolded: How No One Got What They Want (And Why They Were Never Going To) by Chris Grey

"World Economic Forum" Davos, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, coronavirus, COVID-19, deindustrialization, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, game design, global pandemic, imperial preference, Jeremy Corbyn, John Bercow, lockdown, non-tariff barriers, open borders, post-truth, reserve currency, Robert Mercer

In particular, he might have sought to create a more consensual, less economically damaging, softer Brexit. This was sometimes expressed by comparison with ‘Nixon in China’ – a reference to the way that US President Richard Nixon had created a rapprochement with communist China during the 1972 visit – the point being that Nixon could only deliver this domestically because of his impeccably anti-communist credentials. In the same way, since Johnson, unlike May, had been the leading campaigner for Brexit, he had more credibility to take a softer line. Plus, if anyone could get away with a 180-degree revision of positions he had held just a few days before then, surely, some commentators argued, it was Johnson.


pages: 339 words: 92,785

I, Warbot: The Dawn of Artificially Intelligent Conflict by Kenneth Payne

Abraham Maslow, AI winter, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, AlphaGo, anti-communist, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, artificial general intelligence, Asperger Syndrome, augmented reality, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, Black Lives Matter, Bletchley Park, Boston Dynamics, classic study, combinatorial explosion, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, cuban missile crisis, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, driverless car, drone strike, dual-use technology, Elon Musk, functional programming, Geoffrey Hinton, Google X / Alphabet X, Internet of things, job automation, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, language acquisition, loss aversion, machine translation, military-industrial complex, move 37, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, nuclear taboo, nuclear winter, OpenAI, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, RAND corporation, ransomware, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, semantic web, side project, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, speech recognition, Stanislav Petrov, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, strong AI, Stuxnet, technological determinism, TED Talk, theory of mind, TikTok, Turing machine, Turing test, uranium enrichment, urban sprawl, V2 rocket, Von Neumann architecture, Wall-E, zero-sum game

Several hundred KGB analysts input the data, which came from across the Soviet government; and regular reports on the balance of power were sent to the Politburo. By 1983, Andropov, now leading the Soviet Union, had developed an acute fear that the Americans might make a sudden military move. For his part, President Reagan certainly bristled with anti-Communist sentiment, but he had no intention of starting a nuclear war. Andropov compounded the computer’s error, instructing all KGB stations abroad to find evidence of an impending American strike. Finding evidence, that is, to validate the VRYAN’s analysis. Meanwhile, and unaware of all this, the NATO allies launched into a large-scale wargame, Able Archer, intended to test their response to an international crisis; but not, emphatically, to cause one.


How to Stand Up to a Dictator by Maria Ressa

2021 United States Capitol attack, activist lawyer, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airport security, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, Big Tech, Brexit referendum, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, citizen journalism, cognitive bias, colonial rule, commoditize, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, delayed gratification, disinformation, Donald Trump, fake news, future of journalism, iterative process, James Bridle, Kevin Roose, lockdown, lone genius, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Milgram experiment, move fast and break things, natural language processing, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, obamacare, performance metric, QAnon, recommendation engine, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Steven Levy, surveillance capitalism, the medium is the message, The Wisdom of Crowds, TikTok, Twitter Arab Spring, work culture

It was a brutal and brazen act of politically motivated killing that should have generated widespread outrage and horror. But there again, the propaganda machine sprang into action. The Philippine government had created a very well funded military-led entity called the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC), which soon launched its own kind of anti-Communist, McCarthyist crusade. The graphic below compares the Facebook presence of Karapatan with that of the NTF-ELCAC. You can see that the reach of the human rights group is severely limited because it lacks the digital funnel to public hubs. NTF-ELCAC, on the other hand, uses a red-tagging network built on state accounts as well as its disinformation network.


pages: 1,590 words: 353,834

God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican by Gerald Posner

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, banking crisis, book value, Bretton Woods, central bank independence, centralized clearinghouse, centre right, credit crunch, disinformation, dividend-yielding stocks, European colonialism, forensic accounting, God and Mammon, Index librorum prohibitorum, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, liberation theology, low interest rates, medical malpractice, Murano, Venice glass, offshore financial centre, oil shock, operation paperclip, power law, rent control, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

Friendly with almost every key U.S. political power broker, Spellman was anticommunist and worked hard to arrange support among U.S. institutions for the church’s covert role in the first postwar Italian balloting. Upon returning from a visit to Rome, Spellman shared with friends that Pius was “extremely worried about the election results, and in fact had little hope of a success for anti-Communist parties.”105 The Curia dreaded a “disastrous failure at the polls which will put Italy behind the Iron Curtain,” noted a Vatican emissary, Bishop James Griffiths.106 In the year leading up to Italy’s elections, Pius and President Harry Truman exchanged a series of letters, some of which leaked to the press before the election.

That list included the name Nogara. That revelation, reported in this book for the first time, raises the question of whether the Vatican’s chief moneyman was a Nazi wartime spy. (21) A Croatian priest based in Rome, Krunoslav Draganović, was a member of the Ustaša, an anti-Semitic, anti-Serb, and anti-communist party in power in wartime Croatia. Draganović ran one of several postwar escape networks—sanctioned by high-ranking Vatican clerics and ultimately U.S. and British intelligence—through which hundreds of criminals found safe haven in South America and the Middle East. (22) The Vatican used gold as its chief hard asset.

See generally Dermot Keogh, “Ireland, The Vatican and the Cold War: The Case of Italy, 1948,” The Historical Journal 34, no. 4 (December 1991): 931–52. 117 John Tagliabue, “Giulio Andreotti, Premier of Italy 7 Times, Dies at 94,” The New York Times, May 6, 2013, 1. Mussolini had imprisoned De Gasperi in 1927, but released him two years later to the “custody” of Pope Pius XI. See Berry, Render Unto Rome, 25. 118 Cardinal Francis Spellman, “The Pope’s War on Communism,” Look, May 24, 1949. 119 “Vatican Decree in Scots Churches: Anti-Communist Move,” The Glasgow Herald, August 9, 1949, 5; “Catholic Communists to Be Excommunicated,” The Advocate, July 15, 1949, 3. Chapter 13: “He’s No Pope” 1 Simpson, Blowback, 67. 2 Martha Hopkins, “For European Recovery,” Library of Congress, Information Bulletin, Vol. 56, No. 11, June 23, 1997. 3 Article 37 in the armistice with Italy, on September 29, 1943, established the Allied Control Commission for Italy.


pages: 901 words: 234,905

The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature by Steven Pinker

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, behavioural economics, belling the cat, British Empire, clean water, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, conceptual framework, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Defenestration of Prague, desegregation, disinformation, Dutch auction, epigenetics, Exxon Valdez, George Akerlof, germ theory of disease, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, Gregor Mendel, Hobbesian trap, income inequality, invention of agriculture, invisible hand, Joan Didion, language acquisition, long peace, meta-analysis, More Guns, Less Crime, Murray Gell-Mann, mutually assured destruction, Norman Mailer, Oklahoma City bombing, PalmPilot, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, plutocrats, Potemkin village, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, public intellectual, QWERTY keyboard, Richard Feynman, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Bork, Rodney Brooks, Saturday Night Live, Skinner box, social intelligence, speech recognition, Stanford prison experiment, stem cell, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the new new thing, theory of mind, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Timothy McVeigh, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, ultimatum game, urban renewal, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

He also advocated increasing investment in prenatal care, medical care for children and adolescents, and universal quality education.53 As for Chagnon, Tierney calls him “a militant anti-Communist and free-market advocate.” His evidence? A quotation from Turner (!) stating that Chagnon is “a kind of right-wing character who has a paranoid attitude on people he considers lefty.” To explain how he came by these right-wing leanings, Tierney informs readers that Chagnon grew up in a part of rural Michigan “where differences were not welcomed, where xenophobia, linked to anti-Communist feeling, ran high, and where Senator Joseph McCarthy enjoyed strong support.” Unaware of the irony, Tierney concludes that Chagnon is an “offspring” of McCarthy who had “received a full portion of [McCarthy’s] spirit.”


pages: 374 words: 97,288

The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy by Aaron Perzanowski, Jason Schultz

3D printing, Airbnb, anti-communist, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bitcoin, blockchain, carbon footprint, cloud computing, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Donald Trump, Eben Moglen, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, general purpose technology, gentrification, George Akerlof, Hush-A-Phone, independent contractor, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, loss aversion, Marc Andreessen, means of production, minimum wage unemployment, new economy, Open Library, Paradox of Choice, peer-to-peer, price discrimination, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolodex, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, software as a service, software patent, software studies, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, subscription business, telemarketer, the long tail, The Market for Lemons, Tony Fadell, transaction costs, winner-take-all economy

Douglas observed, “Once the government can demand of a publisher the names of the purchasers of his publications ... fear of criticism goes with every person into the bookstall ... [and] inquiry will be discouraged.”43 The most blatant example of such criticism and the anti-democratic effect it can have arose during the anti-communist witch hunts of the 1950s and 1960s. At the McCarthy hearings, many of those called to testify were questioned on whether they had read Marx and Lenin.44 They were asked whether their spouses or associates had books by or about Stalin and Lenin on their bookshelves.45 Congress even passed a law requiring individuals to file written requests with the U.S.


Rogue States by Noam Chomsky

"there is no alternative" (TINA), Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, classic study, collective bargaining, colonial rule, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, declining real wages, deskilling, digital capitalism, Edward Snowden, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, floating exchange rates, land reform, liberation theology, Mahbub ul Haq, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, no-fly zone, oil shock, precautionary principle, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Silicon Valley, strikebreaker, structural adjustment programs, Tobin tax, union organizing, Washington Consensus

In general, “There is little interest in unmasking liberal internationalism as an imperialism that dare not speak its name,” surely not when considering the “specifically American vision of liberal internationalism that the end of the Cold War seemed to anoint.” Moyn points out correctly that it was Eastern European dissidents who “made it possible for ‘human rights’ to be reclaimed by liberals and the anti-Communist left in the 1970s,” leading to “the global radiance of human rights in our time.” Particularly radiant was “the idealism so powerful during Bill Clinton’s presidency,” when “for a moment in the 1990s, it looked as if the American school of thought known as ‘liberal internationalism’ was close to realizing its fondest dreams,” though regrettably the dreams did not outlast the Bush II era.


Who Rules the World? by Noam Chomsky

Able Archer 83, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, corporate governance, corporate personhood, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, liberation theology, Malacca Straits, Martin Wolf, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, one-state solution, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, precariat, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, structural adjustment programs, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, uranium enrichment, wage slave, WikiLeaks, working-age population

That was hardly an extreme condition in light of the history of the past half century, during which Germany alone had practically destroyed Russia twice, exacting a terrible toll. Stalin’s proposal was taken seriously by the respected political commentator James Warburg, but otherwise mostly ignored or ridiculed at the time. Recent scholarship has begun to take a different view. The bitterly anti-Communist Soviet scholar Adam Ulam has taken the status of Stalin’s proposal to be an “unresolved mystery.” Washington “wasted little effort in flatly rejecting Moscow’s initiative,” he wrote, on grounds that “were embarrassingly unconvincing.” The political, scholarly, and general intellectual failure left open “the basic question,” Ulam added: “Was Stalin genuinely ready to sacrifice the newly created German Democratic Republic (GDR) on the altar of real democracy,” with consequences for world peace and for American security that could have been enormous?


pages: 463 words: 105,197

Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society by Eric Posner, E. Weyl

3D printing, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, anti-communist, augmented reality, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Branko Milanovic, business process, buy and hold, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, collective bargaining, commoditize, congestion pricing, Corn Laws, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deep learning, DeepMind, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, endowment effect, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, feminist movement, financial deregulation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, gamification, Garrett Hardin, George Akerlof, global macro, global supply chain, guest worker program, hydraulic fracturing, Hyperloop, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, index fund, informal economy, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jean Tirole, Jeremy Corbyn, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, Landlord’s Game, liberal capitalism, low skilled workers, Lyft, market bubble, market design, market friction, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, negative equity, Network effects, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open borders, Pareto efficiency, passive investing, patent troll, Paul Samuelson, performance metric, plutocrats, pre–internet, radical decentralization, random walk, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Ronald Coase, Rory Sutherland, search costs, Second Machine Age, second-price auction, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, special economic zone, spectrum auction, speech recognition, statistical model, stem cell, telepresence, Thales and the olive presses, Thales of Miletus, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Future of Employment, The Market for Lemons, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, urban planning, Vanguard fund, vertical integration, women in the workforce, Zipcar

Wielding an iron fist, Lenin formed a powerful government, which not only controlled Russian territory, but also exported revolution to other countries, including to China. There, with Russian assistance, Mao Tse-tung’s Chinese Communist Party eventually defeated Chiang Kai-shek, who had taken over the anti-Communist branch of Sun’s Nationalist organization. Chiang fled to Taiwan. However, by this time the world was largely divided into capitalist and communist camps. The Georgist ideas of the Nationalist revolution withered under anticommunist dictatorship. Soon, two major economic systems subsequently vied for dominance—capitalism in the West, now moderated by regulation, redistribution, and antimonopoly laws, and Communist state planning in the Soviet Union and its allies.


pages: 363 words: 98,024

Keeping at It: The Quest for Sound Money and Good Government by Paul Volcker, Christine Harper

Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Bretton Woods, business cycle, central bank independence, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, Donald Trump, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, forensic accounting, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, global reserve currency, income per capita, inflation targeting, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, low interest rates, margin call, money market fund, Nixon shock, oil-for-food scandal, Paul Samuelson, price stability, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, reserve currency, Right to Buy, risk-adjusted returns, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Savings and loan crisis, secular stagnation, Sharpe ratio, Silicon Valley, special drawing rights, too big to fail, traveling salesman, urban planning

Hershey, “Martin Resigning from Fed; Denies Move Is Tied to Dispute with Volcker,” New York Times, March 22, 1986, 35, http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/22/business/martin-resigning-from-fed.html. hands full with Irangate: Irangate, also known as the “Iran-Contra affair,” was a political scandal that involved covert sales of arms to Iran, in violation of an arms embargo, to help fund anti-communist Contras in Nicaragua after Congress had prohibited further funding. it called for a G-5 meeting: Peter T. Kilborn, “Accord on Dollar Appears Remote,” New York Times, 13, February 22, 1987, https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/22/world/accord-on-dollar-appears-remote.html. the dollar was slipping below its band: Robert D.


pages: 379 words: 99,340

The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium by Martin Gurri

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Ayatollah Khomeini, bitcoin, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Burning Man, business cycle, citizen journalism, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, collective bargaining, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, currency manipulation / currency intervention, dark matter, David Graeber, death of newspapers, disinformation, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, facts on the ground, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, job-hopping, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, Nate Silver, Occupy movement, Port of Oakland, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Skype, Steve Jobs, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, too big to fail, traveling salesman, University of East Anglia, urban renewal, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, young professional

A fateful example of this type of two-way influence took place in June 1979, when Pope John Paul II travelled to communist Poland, his native land. At every step of the pope’s nine-day journey immense crowds gathered – and the crowd by its sheer size communicated a transcendent truth to the scattered members of the anti-communist opposition. I was there, along with friends from the resistance, at the Tenth Anniversary Stadium. We, and a million others. For the first time, I saw a sea of people, with my own eyes. We understood then, we and our kind – the “outcasts” and “instigators” of the nation – that we were not alone, that we had a purpose, that it was not over, and that no one had broken us, the Polish people, down.[37] Here we encounter the demonstration effect at its most vivid and powerful.


pages: 493 words: 98,982

The Tyranny of Merit: What’s Become of the Common Good? by Michael J. Sandel

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, ending welfare as we know it, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, global supply chain, helicopter parent, High speed trading, immigration reform, income inequality, Khan Academy, laissez-faire capitalism, meritocracy, meta-analysis, Nate Silver, new economy, obamacare, Occupy movement, open immigration, Paris climate accords, plutocrats, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, Rishi Sunak, Ronald Reagan, smart grid, social distancing, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, Yochai Benkler

This is the habit of defending one’s policies or political allies as being on “the right side of history” and criticizing opponents for being on “the wrong side of history.” One might think that debates about “the right side” and “the wrong side” of history would have been at their high point during the Cold War, when Communist and anti-Communist superpowers faced off against each other and claimed that their systems would win the future. Surprisingly, however, no American president used these terms in the context of Cold War debates. 54 It was not until the 1990s and 2000s that “the right side” and “the wrong side” of history became a staple of political rhetoric, and then mostly by Democrats.


pages: 479 words: 102,876

The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich by Daniel Ammann

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", accounting loophole / creative accounting, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, book value, Boycotts of Israel, business intelligence, buy low sell high, energy security, family office, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, oil shock, peak oil, purchasing power parity, Ronald Reagan, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez crisis 1956, trade liberalization, transaction costs, transfer pricing, Upton Sinclair, Yom Kippur War

He was working with the Iranians selling their oil, and our hostages—American citizens—were languishing under very difficult circumstances for a long, long time at that time.”35 It is one of the ironies of the case against Marc Rich that at about the same time, the Reagan administration secretly sold weapons to Iran and used the funds to support the anti-Communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua. President George H. W. Bush later pardoned several people involved in the Iran-Contra affair, among them Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger. A Political Case Rich and his companies sometimes pushed up against the boundaries of what is allowed in order to carry out their business.


pages: 335 words: 97,468

Uncharted: How to Map the Future by Margaret Heffernan

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Anne Wojcicki, anti-communist, Atul Gawande, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, chief data officer, Chris Urmson, clean water, complexity theory, conceptual framework, cosmic microwave background, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, data science, David Attenborough, discovery of penicillin, driverless car, epigenetics, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, George Santayana, gig economy, Google Glasses, Greta Thunberg, Higgs boson, index card, Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, job automation, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, late capitalism, lateral thinking, Law of Accelerating Returns, liberation theology, mass immigration, mass incarceration, megaproject, Murray Gell-Mann, Nate Silver, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, passive investing, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, prediction markets, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Rosa Parks, Sam Altman, scientific management, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, smart meter, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, TED Talk, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, Tim Cook: Apple, twin studies, University of East Anglia

Countries are different, personalities are different and everyone operating in the present is different to those from the past, so make decisions with information that their predecessors did not possess. But when the Arab Spring began in Tunisia in December 2010, analogies popped up like daisies. Just the term ‘Arab Spring’ evoked comparisons with the European revolutions of 1848 and the Prague Spring anti-Communist rising of 1968. Even more common were references to the fall of the Berlin Wall, another event that had defied prediction. In August 2011, one NGO commentator wrote: ‘The Arab Spring is truly historic. People are standing up in a region where customs have required deference to the wise and elder.


pages: 352 words: 98,561

The City by Tony Norfield

accounting loophole / creative accounting, air traffic controllers' union, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banks create money, Basel III, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, capital controls, central bank independence, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, continuation of politics by other means, currency risk, dark matter, Edward Snowden, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, financial intermediation, foreign exchange controls, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, G4S, global value chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, interest rate derivative, interest rate swap, Irish property bubble, Leo Hollis, linked data, London Interbank Offered Rate, London Whale, Londongrad, low interest rates, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, means of production, Money creation, money market fund, mortgage debt, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, Real Time Gross Settlement, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, seigniorage, Sharpe ratio, sovereign wealth fund, Suez crisis 1956, The Great Moderation, transaction costs, transfer pricing, zero-sum game

Despite the greater ability of US capital to provide funding for foreign investments after 1945, many of these flows to other countries took the form of direct investments by US industrial corporations and bank loans to foreign governments (influenced by the US state), rather than the shorter-term credit or issuing of foreign bonds and other securities in which London specialised.28 London’s international banking operations also had a wider geographical scope than those of the US, given sterling’s previous international role and the UK’s continued links with Empire and Dominion countries. After 1945, US moves into international markets were also restricted by Cold War political considerations. Britain was also anti-communist, but British capitalists could do business in communist countries without worrying about the kind of political repercussions that would have been faced in the US. As a consequence, even by 1957, sterling was still a major international currency and was used for financing some 40 per cent of world trade.29 The factors that favoured London as a leading financial centre are commonly taken to include the importance of English as a business language, the suitability of English law for commerce, the availability of a workforce with the relevant skills, a good communications infrastructure, and the ‘economies of scale’ that arise from the concentration of financial business in one location.30 Yet none of these particularly explains the relative strength of London over New York, although there was some split of financial business in the US between New York, Chicago and other centres, including San Francisco.


pages: 341 words: 98,954

Owning the Sun by Alexander Zaitchik

"World Economic Forum" Davos, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, business cycle, classic study, colonial rule, coronavirus, corporate personhood, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, desegregation, Donald Trump, energy transition, informal economy, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, knowledge economy, lone genius, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, Menlo Park, Mont Pelerin Society, Nelson Mandela, oil shock, Philip Mirowski, placebo effect, Potemkin village, profit motive, proprietary trading, Ralph Nader, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, supercomputer in your pocket, The Chicago School, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, Whole Earth Catalog

A Republican House subcommittee, meanwhile launched an investigation of Truman’s promotion of health insurance to determine if “known Communists and fellow travelers within Federal agencies are at work diligently with Federal funds in furtherance of the Moscow party line.” This was something more than the AMA resistance foreseen by Roosevelt. By fanning the first flickers of anti-communist hysteria, Truman had played sorcerer’s apprentice to the politics that allowed the opposition destroy the popular Roosevelt policy he’d adopted as his own. When Truman won reelection in 1948, the AMA added fresh coal to its red-baiting engine. Collecting an additional $25 in annual dues from membership, it set in motion the costliest lobbying and public relations campaign in the country’s history.


pages: 337 words: 96,666

Practical Doomsday: A User's Guide to the End of the World by Michal Zalewski

accounting loophole / creative accounting, AI winter, anti-communist, artificial general intelligence, bank run, big-box store, bitcoin, blockchain, book value, Buy land – they’re not making it any more, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carrington event, clean water, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, David Graeber, decentralized internet, deep learning, distributed ledger, diversification, diversified portfolio, Dogecoin, dumpster diving, failed state, fiat currency, financial independence, financial innovation, fixed income, Fractional reserve banking, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Haber-Bosch Process, housing crisis, index fund, indoor plumbing, information security, inventory management, Iridium satellite, Joan Didion, John Bogle, large denomination, lifestyle creep, mass immigration, McDonald's hot coffee lawsuit, McMansion, medical bankruptcy, Modern Monetary Theory, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral panic, non-fungible token, nuclear winter, off-the-grid, Oklahoma City bombing, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, paperclip maximiser, passive investing, peak oil, planetary scale, ransomware, restrictive zoning, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, Savings and loan crisis, self-driving car, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, supervolcano, systems thinking, tech worker, Ted Kaczynski, TED Talk, Tunguska event, underbanked, urban sprawl, Wall-E, zero-sum game, zoonotic diseases

This apocalyptic vision took hold not because it was scientifically sound, but because it served important interests. For the military top brass, it boosted the strategy of nuclear deterrence, striking fear in the hearts of rogue nations; and for anti-war and pro-USSR activists in the West, it helped rally the masses against the anti-communist hardliners in the government, portraying them as lunatics who wouldn’t hesitate to blow up the planet if it kept the Soviets out of Cuba or Afghanistan. Except, the prediction was almost certainly not true: a fully fledged thermonuclear exchange would be an unspeakable tragedy and would kill tens of millions, but most of the population would survive, and the survivors would likely face a fairly hospitable world.


The Jasons: The Secret History of Science's Postwar Elite by Ann Finkbeiner

anthropic principle, anti-communist, Boeing 747, computer age, Dr. Strangelove, guns versus butter model, illegal immigration, Maui Hawaii, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Murray Gell-Mann, mutually assured destruction, nuclear taboo, old-boy network, profit motive, RAND corporation, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Strategic Defense Initiative

“I wanted to be sure [the group] had the respect of the White House and the Pentagon,” he said. “And these senior people were well known in the Pentagon and the White House. So John Wheeler we got. And Eugene Wigner was not only an outstanding scientist, he had come from Hungary and the Communist world he knew very well and he was dead against them. And Teller was clearly anti-Communist, an outstanding scientist, he was very, very well known in the government. And then Hans Bethe. And Hans Bethe was a little more liberal but very highly respected in the government and an outstanding scientist. I think, for the Pentagon and the White House, feeling that the senior advisers could straighten us out if we did something wrong was probably pretty important.”


pages: 944 words: 243,883

Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power by Steve Coll

addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Atul Gawande, banking crisis, Benchmark Capital, Berlin Wall, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, company town, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, decarbonisation, disinformation, energy security, European colonialism, Evgeny Morozov, Exxon Valdez, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, Global Witness, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, Ida Tarbell, illegal immigration, income inequality, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inventory management, kremlinology, market fundamentalism, McMansion, medical malpractice, Mikhail Gorbachev, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, place-making, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, price mechanism, profit maximization, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Scramble for Africa, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, smart meter, statistical model, Steve Jobs, two and twenty, WikiLeaks

The Indonesian military’s brutality in Aceh traced to the authoritarian “New Order” government of Indonesian president Mohammed Suharto, a former general who took power during the 1960s after a violent purge of the Indonesian Communist Party. The United States saw Suharto as a vital link in its anti-Communist strategy in Southeast Asia. Indonesia is an unwieldy archipelago of about seventeen thousand islands spread out over three thousand square miles. Suharto consolidated his power by allowing the military to enrich itself during deployments around the country’s resource-rich islands; he also constructed a tight-knit circle of family and ethnic Chinese business cronies in the capital of Jakarta.

Later he founded Executive Outcomes and Sandline International, part of a network of corporations that provided mercenary military services to African governments in exchange for diamond mining and other business concessions. During the 1990s, Executive Outcomes won contracts with Angola, to battle a formerly anti-Communist rebel movement, and with Sierra Leone, to keep anti-government rebel marauders away from that West African country’s diamond mines. Mann grew wealthy, bought an estate in the English countryside, another in London, and married, apparently intending to settle down. He and his younger wife started a family, but in 2003, when he turned fifty-one, Mann became restless.


pages: 1,034 words: 241,773

Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress by Steven Pinker

3D printing, Abraham Maslow, access to a mobile phone, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Alignment Problem, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Arthur Eddington, artificial general intelligence, availability heuristic, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, biodiversity loss, Black Swan, Bonfire of the Vanities, Brexit referendum, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charlie Hebdo massacre, classic study, clean water, clockwork universe, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, conceptual framework, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, data science, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, distributed generation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, double helix, Eddington experiment, Edward Jenner, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end world poverty, endogenous growth, energy transition, European colonialism, experimental subject, Exxon Valdez, facts on the ground, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Flynn Effect, food miles, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, frictionless, frictionless market, Garrett Hardin, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Hacker Conference 1984, Hans Rosling, hedonic treadmill, helicopter parent, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Hobbesian trap, humanitarian revolution, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge economy, l'esprit de l'escalier, Laplace demon, launch on warning, life extension, long peace, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, Mahbub ul Haq, Martin Wolf, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nate Silver, Nathan Meyer Rothschild: antibiotics, negative emissions, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Norman Mailer, nuclear taboo, nuclear winter, obamacare, ocean acidification, Oklahoma City bombing, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, paperclip maximiser, Paris climate accords, Paul Graham, peak oil, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, post-truth, power law, precautionary principle, precision agriculture, prediction markets, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, radical life extension, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, rent control, Republic of Letters, Richard Feynman, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Rodney Brooks, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rory Sutherland, Saturday Night Live, science of happiness, Scientific racism, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, Social Justice Warrior, sovereign wealth fund, sparse data, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, supervolcano, synthetic biology, tech billionaire, technological determinism, technological singularity, Ted Kaczynski, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, total factor productivity, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, universal basic income, University of East Anglia, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, women in the workforce, working poor, World Values Survey, Y2K

UCDP, 1989–2016: UCDP One-Sided Violence Dataset v. 2.5-2016, Melander, Pettersson, & Themnér 2016; Uppsala Conflict Data Program 2017, “High fatality” estimates, updated with data provided by Sam Taub of UCDP, scaled by world population figures from US Census Bureau. The arrow points to 2008, the last year plotted in fig. 6–8 of Pinker 2011. The peaks in the graph correspond to mass killings in the Indonesian anti-Communist “year of living dangerously” (1965–66, 700,000 deaths), the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–75, 600,000), Tutsis against Hutus in Burundi (1965–73, 140,000), the Bangladesh War of Independence (1971, 1.7 million), north-against-south violence in Sudan (1956–72, 500,000), Idi Amin’s regime in Uganda (1972–79, 150,000), Pol Pot’s regime in Cambodia (1975–79, 2.5 million), killings of political enemies in Vietnam (1965–75, 500,000), and more recent massacres in Bosnia (1992–95, 225,000), Rwanda (1994, 700,000), and Darfur (2003–8, 373,000).15 The barely perceptible swelling from 2014 to 2016 includes the atrocities that contribute to the impression that we are living in newly violent times: at least 4,500 Yazidis, Christians, and Shiite civilians killed by ISIS; 5,000 killed by Boko Haram in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad; and 1,750 killed by Muslim and Christian militias in the Central African Republic.16 One can never use the word “fortunately” in connection with the killing of innocents, but the numbers in the 21st century are a fraction of those in earlier decades.

See food and food security; poverty hunter-gatherer peoples child mortality in, 55 diet of, 23 and egalitarianism vs. inequality, 102–3 life expectancy of, 53–4, 58, 457n4 persistence hunting, 353–4 reason and, 353–4 scientific skepticism among, 354 violence among, 199, 470n1 See also Hadza people; San people Huntington, Samuel, 200 Hussein, Leyla, 442–3 Hussein, Saddam, 199, 291, 366, 447 Hutu people, 161 Huxley, Aldous, 418 Ibsen, Henrik, 284 Iceland, 171, 475n30 ideas democracy as, 206 as historical forces, 347, 349–50, 405, 443, 448 and infectious disease improvement, 67 language and communication of, 27 as patterns in matter, 22 identity politics, 31, 342, 375 identity-protective cognition blue lies and, 358–9 cognitive dissonance and, 377 institutions of reason as mitigating, 27–8, 376–7 media and intellectuals and, 366–7 and politics as predicting scientific belief, 356–8 rationalization vs. reason and, 359 scientific literacy as no cure for, 403 and Tragedy of the Belief Commons, 358 unappreciated, 379, 383 See also cognitive biases Illusion of Explanatory Depth, 379–80 immigrants and immigration cuisines introduced by, 259–60 literature written by, 284 social spending and, 110 Trump and, 335, 336 immortality, 60–61 imperialism blamed on science, 34, 388, 399 Muslim countries and, 439 See also colonial governments income, 85–7, 86, 95–6 and class distribution, 114–15 disposable (after taxes and transfers) vs. market, 115–16, 116, 118, 254–5, 254 global distribution of, 111 after Great Recession, 115 happiness as increasing with, 268–71, 269 universal basic income, 119 India agriculture in, 76 Axial Age and, 23 calories available per person in, 70, 70 carbon emissions of, 143, 143–4 civil wars in, 160 colonial government of, 78 democratization and, 200, 203 education in, 238 equal rights, moderate support for, 222 escape from poverty of, 85, 86, 90 famine in, 69, 72, 78 GDP of, 85 globalization and, 111 industrialization and women in the workforce, 94 liberalization of economy, 90 liberal Muslim rule of 16th century, 442 nuclear power and, 150 nuclear weapons and, 307–8, 317, 318 partition of, 49, 160 per capita income of, 86 as permit bureaucracy (“license raj”), 90 population-control program of, 74 poverty in, 89 refugees and displaced persons, 160 secularization and, 436 social spending in, 109 and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 419 women’s rights and, 222 indigenous peoples, 123, 199. See also hunter–gatherer peoples Indochina wars (1946–54), 160 Indonesia anti-Communist purge (1965–66), 161, 484n77 democratization and, 200, 203, 442 military government of, 200 nuclear power and, 150 poverty in, 89 social spending in, 109 industrialization of the developing world, 92–4 ecomodernist appreciation for, 123–4 See also globalization; Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution agriculture and, 74–5 CO2 concentration, before and after, 136 energy capture and release and, 24 Gross World Product and, 81 working conditions, harsh, 94, 185–6, 230 inequality.


pages: 1,396 words: 245,647

The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom by Graham Farmelo

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, cuban missile crisis, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, Eddington experiment, Ernest Rutherford, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial independence, gravity well, Henri Poincaré, invention of radio, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Large Hadron Collider, Murray Gell-Mann, Neil Armstrong, period drama, Richard Feynman, Simon Singh, Stephen Hawking, strikebreaker, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, University of East Anglia

Dirac had written to tell Manci of the doctors’ assessment: Gabriel had been ‘badly brought up’.12 Soon after he arrived home that night, Dirac would have told his wife of her son’s progress, and they may well have discussed the news that had broken in European newspapers that day: the American Government had withdrawn Oppenheimer’s security clearance. The Oppenheimer case was the climax of the anti-Communist paranoia in 1950s America. It had begun with the start of the Cold War and intensified in the late summer of 1949, when the Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon at least two years earlier than the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) expected from its intelligence reports.13 The USA, terrified that its technological primacy would be eclipsed by the Soviet Union, feared that Communists held important positions in public life.

J. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Tilley, Peter 1 Times, The 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Tkachenko, Vladimir 1, 2n33 Todd, Horace 1n2 Tollast, Robert 1 Tolstoy, Count Leo 1 Anna Karenina 1 War and Peace 1 Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro 1 Tots and Quots dining club 1 Trans-Siberian Railway 1 transformation theory 1, 2, 3 transistors 1 Trieste symposium (1971) 1 Trinity College, Cambridge 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 Trotsky, Leon 1 Troyanovsky, Aleksandr 1, 2 Truman, Harry S. 1, 2, 3 ‘Tube Alloys’ project 1, 2, 3 tuberculosis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5n23 Turin Shroud 1, 2n28 Turing, Alan 1 Tyndall, Arthur 1, 2, 3, 4 uncertainty principle 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Under the Banner of Marxism journal 1 UNESCO 1 United States of America development of quantum mechanics 1 PD’s first visit (1929) 1, 2 PD’s 1931 visit 1, 2 depression in 1 Einstein emigrates to 1 prominent role in the Second World War 1 American-led experiments to build a nuclear bomb 1, 2 funding of theoretical physics 1 anti-Communist paranoia (1950s) 1 space programme 1 Judy settles in 1 PD’s regular visits 1 universe expanding 1, 2 ‘primitive atom’ theory 1, 2 University of Aarhus, Denmark 1 University of Bristol 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 University Engineering Society 1 Dirac Centenary Meeting (2002) 1 Faculty of Engineering 1 mathematics department 1 PD declines an honorary degree 1 PD takes the qualifying examinations early 1n40 PD’s FRS election 1 University of British Columbia 1 University of California at Berkeley 1, 2, 3 University of Cambridge see Cambridge University University of Florida, Gainesville 1 University of Geneva 1 University of Leiden, Netherlands 1 University of Liverpool 1 University of London 1 University of Madison, Wisconsin 1, 2 University of Manchester 1 University of Miami 1, 2, 3, 4n6, 5n47 University of Minnesota 1 University of Nebraska 1 University of Swansea 1 University of Texas at Austin 1, 2n6 Updike, John 1 uranium 1 235 isotope 1, 2, 3, 4 238 isotope 1, 2, 3 Urey, Harold 1 utilitarianism 1, 2, 3n53 vacuum concept 1, 2, 3 vacuum cleaner 1 Valais canton, Switzerland 1 Van Vleck, John 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10n5 Vancouver 1, 2 VE-Day celebrations 1 Veblen, Oswald 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Veltman, Martin 1, 2 Vermont 1, 2 Victoria, Queen 1 Vienna 1 Vietnam war 1, 2 Vieux, Annette (née Giroud; PD’s paternal great-grandmother) 1n10 Viktor Frankl Institute, Vienna 1 virtual states 1 Vladikavkas 1 Vladivostock 1 von Neumann, John 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 VSO (MI5 informant) 1, 2 Wakulla river 1 Waldegrave, William, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill 1, 2n51, 3n1 Wall Street crash (1929) 1 Waller, Ivar 1, 2, 3n5 Walters, Barbara: How to Talk to Practically Anybody about Practically Anything 1 Walton, Ernest 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Walton, Sir William 1 Washington, D.C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Watt, Dr Hansell 1, 2, 3 Wattenberg, Al 1 Waugh, Evelyn: Brideshead Revisited 1 wavicle 1 weak interaction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5n7 Wei Chi (a.k.a.


pages: 343 words: 102,846

Trees on Mars: Our Obsession With the Future by Hal Niedzviecki

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Ada Lovelace, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Robotics, anti-communist, big data - Walmart - Pop Tarts, big-box store, business intelligence, Charles Babbage, Colonization of Mars, computer age, crowdsourcing, data science, David Brooks, driverless car, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Flynn Effect, Ford Model T, Future Shock, Google Glasses, hive mind, Howard Zinn, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, independent contractor, Internet of things, invention of movable type, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John von Neumann, knowledge economy, Kodak vs Instagram, life extension, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Neil Armstrong, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Ponzi scheme, precariat, prediction markets, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, ride hailing / ride sharing, rising living standards, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Jobs, TaskRabbit, tech worker, technological singularity, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, TED Talk, Thomas L Friedman, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Virgin Galactic, warehouse robotics, working poor

Modern governments have pretty much always seen developing and maintaining technological prowess as an essential aspect of their role as stewards of the nation-state. In the midst of the Cold War, techno-achievement as orchestrated by entire nations became a crucial part of the rhetorical battle. After the 1957 Sputnik 1 launch sent the first man into space, many around the world, including anti-Communists, “came to believe that the Soviet Union had indeed cracked the problem of innovation and use of new technology.”20 It was the Soviet success in space that allowed Khrushchev to declare that the Soviet Union would inevitably triumph over capitalism. After all, the country’s technological prowess, unfettered by the relentless competition and money grubbing of the West, was increasingly renowned.


pages: 389 words: 109,207

Fortune's Formula: The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street by William Poundstone

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", Albert Einstein, anti-communist, asset allocation, Bear Stearns, beat the dealer, Benoit Mandelbrot, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black-Scholes formula, Bletchley Park, Brownian motion, buy and hold, buy low sell high, capital asset pricing model, Claude Shannon: information theory, computer age, correlation coefficient, diversified portfolio, Edward Thorp, en.wikipedia.org, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, financial engineering, Henry Singleton, high net worth, index fund, interest rate swap, Isaac Newton, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, John Meriwether, John von Neumann, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, margin call, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Michael Milken, Myron Scholes, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, offshore financial centre, Paul Samuelson, publish or perish, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, random walk, risk free rate, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, short selling, speech recognition, statistical arbitrage, Teledyne, The Predators' Ball, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transaction costs, traveling salesman, value at risk, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

Edgar Hoover had long denied the existence of a nationwide organized crime syndicate. This stance changed only modestly with the Kefauver hearings. Hoover biographers have theorized that the FBI head felt the Combination was too well connected to eliminate and he preferred not to pick a fight he couldn’t win; that the virulently anti-Communist Hoover harbored sympathy for self-made mob figures, whom he saw as examples of the American capitalist system; that Meyer Lansky or Frank Costello had a photograph of Hoover in a sexual situation with a male friend and were blackmailing him. The best-supported explanation (it need not exclude the other theories) is this: Hoover and his partner Clyde Tolson would regularly leave the office when the horses were running.


pages: 459 words: 109,490

Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible by Stephen Braun, Douglas Farah

air freight, airport security, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, failed state, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, Oklahoma City bombing, out of africa, plutocrats, private military company, Timothy McVeigh

“There are indications these funds could come from apparently illegal activities (weapons trafficking).”27 When the Angolan government discovered in 1998 that Bout had been dealing with the UNITA rebels at the same time, they cut him off, becoming one of the few customers to ever sever ties over his double dealings. Bout had discovered that he could more than double his earnings if he supplied UNITA. The movement’s leader, Jonas Savimbi, had flourished as the charismatic anti-Communist leader during the Reagan administration’s efforts to contest the dominance of Marxist revolutionary movements worldwide. Reagan even invited him to the White House, and hailed him as a hero. In June 1985 Savimbi hosted a secret meeting of the world’s “freedom fighters” at his jungle base in Jamba, including representatives of the Nicaraguan contras and the mujahideen of Afghanistan.


pages: 326 words: 29,543

The Docks by Bill Sharpsteen

affirmative action, anti-communist, big-box store, collective bargaining, Google Earth, independent contractor, intermodal, inventory management, jitney, junk bonds, Just-in-time delivery, new economy, Panamax, place-making, Port of Oakland, post-Panamax, RAND corporation, refrigerator car, strikebreaker, women in the workforce

One time we were marching, and the attitude of the guys was the cops would never shoot us. I couldn’t convince them otherwise, because they knew all the cops. Then they took all the old cops off the waterfront and sent some new ones down. Suddenly shots rang out. One of our guys falls right down, and he’s squirting blood. And, of course, my partner, who was a real anti-communist guy, said, ‘Hey, he’s been shot!’ I said, ‘Of course he’s been fucking well shot. I’ve been trying to tell you that.’↜” The strikers found ways to cope. They scattered dried peas or marbles in front of the mounted cops to knock the horses over or spook them enough so they wouldn’t move. When the cops lobbed tear gas at the strikers, using round glass containers that broke when they hit the pavement, the men tried to whack the balls back at the cops with brooms.


pages: 382 words: 107,150

We Are All Fast-Food Workers Now: The Global Uprising Against Poverty Wages by Annelise Orleck

"World Economic Forum" Davos, airport security, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, Bernie Sanders, big-box store, Black Lives Matter, British Empire, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, card file, clean water, collective bargaining, corporate social responsibility, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, export processing zone, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, food desert, Food sovereignty, gentrification, gig economy, global supply chain, global value chain, immigration reform, independent contractor, indoor plumbing, Jeremy Corbyn, Kickstarter, land reform, land tenure, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, McJob, means of production, new economy, payday loans, precariat, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , Skype, special economic zone, Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, union organizing, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, working poor

By 2017, anti-union GOP politicians controlled thirty-three statehouses and had majorities in thirty-two state legislatures. Freshly empowered, they began a fierce war on labor. Their primary weapons: “right-to-work” bills limiting workers’ ability to form unions, and state “preemption” bills that nullified local living-wage and paid-time-off ordinances. Right-to-work bills were first introduced amid the anti-Communist fervor of the 1950s and 1960s. For decades, they remained limited to the South and a few Rocky Mountain states. Where they became law, union membership plunged, poverty rates rose, gaps between men and women grew. In the 2010s, “right-to-work” returned with a vengeance, courtesy of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), a consortium of business leaders and conservative politicians that, by 2011, included one-quarter of the country’s state legislators and eighty-five members of Congress.


pages: 367 words: 108,689

Broke: How to Survive the Middle Class Crisis by David Boyle

anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bonfire of the Vanities, bonus culture, call centre, collateralized debt obligation, corporate raider, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, Desert Island Discs, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, financial independence, financial innovation, financial intermediation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frederick Winslow Taylor, gentrification, Goodhart's law, housing crisis, income inequality, Jane Jacobs, job satisfaction, John Bogle, junk bonds, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, Mary Meeker, mega-rich, Money creation, mortgage debt, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, new economy, Nick Leeson, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, Ocado, Occupy movement, off grid, offshore financial centre, pension reform, pensions crisis, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, Ponzi scheme, positional goods, precariat, quantitative easing, school choice, scientific management, Slavoj Žižek, social intelligence, subprime mortgage crisis, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Vanguard fund, Walter Mischel, wealth creators, Winter of Discontent, work culture , working poor

Few pundits had believed he would last more than eighteen months at the top, so in the run-up to the 1992 election, which he was so widely expected to lose, he struggled to articulate a new approach to public services. He came up with the idea of the Citizen’s Charter, and, although it was the butt of humour at the time, the principles were carried on by Tony Blair and Gordon Brown a decade and a half later. These were the great days of charters. The Czech dissident Charter 77 articulated the hopes of the anti-communist opposition before the end of the Cold War. The campaign group Charter 88 was riding high with its message of constitutional reform. Major’s Citizen’s Charter was designed to set out what people could expect from public services, and was pitched deliberately low-key to avoid the hectoring and aggression of the Thatcher years.


pages: 361 words: 107,679

Border: A Journey to the Edge of Europe by Kapka Kassabova

anti-communist, anti-globalists, Berlin Wall, Fall of the Berlin Wall, megaproject, Skype

A utopia that has gone wrong in exactly the ways in which it should have gone right deserves a minute of silence and a lot of reflection, and here it had gone even more wrong than elsewhere, which is why the locals had an insight into something usually experienced in war: collective heartbreak. There were no champagne socialists in the Village in the Valley, no anti-globalists, no anti-communists, no anti-capitalists. Just survivors. The women were old, the men were lonely, and the children were gone. Forgotten by justice, the survivors celebrated small successes, and life in the Village in the Valley was sweet and broken. ‘I’m in charge of a dying village, a death foretold,’ the mayor said.


pages: 351 words: 108,068

The Man Who Was Saturday by Patrick Bishop

airport security, Alistair Cooke, anti-communist, British Empire, collective bargaining, Etonian, pre–internet, Suez crisis 1956, Winter of Discontent

Ridley was an aristocratic Old Etonian free-marketeer, a chain smoker with a caustic tongue who did not mind making enemies, and at the time (though he changed his opinion radically later) pro-European. Goodhart came from a wealthy American banking family, brimmed with ideas and was a staunch anti-Communist. As Neave’s remark suggested, there was little chance of patronage or preferment to lure them into line and they could afford to play the maverick. Neave was now in a good place from which to exercise some influence in the leadership drama. A few days before – to his delight and surprise – he had been elected to the eighteen-member Executive of the 1922 Committee, which brought together all Tory backbenchers and acted as a forum in which they could make their views known to the party leadership.


pages: 370 words: 107,791

Burning Down the Haus: Punk Rock, Revolution, and the Fall of the Berlin Wall by Tim Mohr

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, cuban missile crisis, Edward Snowden, Fall of the Berlin Wall, gentrification, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, off-the-grid, place-making, Prenzlauer Berg, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, sexual politics, side project

Part of the objection was explicitly anti-capitalist: the punks knew Western news organizations leveraged interest in their articles to sell advertisements, and the punks didn’t want their story to become a commodity. But part of it was something else: what they were doing was for themselves, not for international consumption via Western media connections. They also feared—correctly, it turned out—that their motives would be misinterpreted in the West, that they might be seen as anti-communists who wanted German unification, when in fact the only Easterners interested in unification were the neo-Nazis that punks spent a good deal of time and energy combating. An article in the mOAning Star looking back at the Church from Below’s 1987 alternative Church Conference from Below dripped with sarcasm when addressing the notion that its organizers were Western puppets.


pages: 308 words: 103,890

Hell's Angels: A Strange and Terrible Saga by Hunter S. Thompson

air freight, anti-communist, Golden Gate Park, Mason jar, the market place, traffic fines, traveling salesman, urban sprawl

The Berkeley people argued long and well, but they never understood that they were talking on a different frequency. It didn’t matter how many beards, busts or acid caps they could muster; Sonny considered them all chickenshit—and that was that. The Angels, like all other motorcycle outlaws, are rigidly anti-Communist. Their political views are limited to the same kind of retrograde patriotism that motivates the John Birch Society, the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party. They are blind to the irony of their role … knight errants of a faith from which they have already been excommunicated. The Angels will be among the first to be locked up or croaked if the politicians they think they agree with ever come to power.


pages: 389 words: 108,344

Kill Chain: The Rise of the High-Tech Assassins by Andrew Cockburn

airport security, anti-communist, Bletchley Park, drone strike, Edward Snowden, friendly fire, Google Earth, license plate recognition, military-industrial complex, no-fly zone, RAND corporation, risk/return, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Suez crisis 1956, TED Talk, Teledyne, too big to fail, vertical integration, WikiLeaks

Not included among those documents, however, were CIA plans for “low methods” in Guatemala. Starting in 1952, according to internal agency documents, senior officials in the euphemistically named Directorate of Plans were compiling lists of “top flight communists whom the new government would desire to eliminate in event of successful anti-communist coup.” In a later initiative, headquarters ordered the coup-plotters to train two “assassination specialists,” a move encouraged by the State Department, while also demanding that a “list of names be compiled for study by staff officers to determine if they meet the latest criteria for inclusion on the Junta’s disposal list … it is requested that a final list of disposees be approved promptly to permit planning to proceed on schedule.”


pages: 344 words: 103,532

The Big U by Neal Stephenson

anti-communist, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, invisible hand, Neal Stephenson, Ronald Reagan, Snow Crash, Socratic dialogue

The outcome was predictable, and when the battered progressives returned to the main picket outside the Caf entrance, Yllas Freedperson exhorted them to hang tough, to further peace and freedom in the Plex by finding the violent people who had hurt them and bashing their brains out. Mobs of hungry students broke through the picket lines empty-handed, obviously bent on eating scab food. The unionists were still so pissed off from the earlier fight that more scuffling and debris-throwing ensued. Twenty TUGgies carrying anti-communist signs took advantage of the confusion to set up a barrier around the SUB information table and erect their OM generator, a black box with big speakers used to augment their own personal OMs, which they now OMed through megaphones. A picket-sign duel broke out; it became clear that the SUB had reinforced their picket signs to make them into dangerous weapons.


The Fiume Crisis by Dominique Kirchner Reill

1960s counterculture, anti-communist, British Empire, business climate, COVID-19, financial independence, full employment, sexual politics

Salvatore Bellasich, Request to Benito Mussolini to or­ga­nize Italians to send Fiume flags, October 15, 1919, cass. 242-1919, prot. 6484, AFV. Conclusion 1. The figure of Riccardo Zanella dominates the historiography of early twentieth-century Fiume autonomism and t­oday he is treated in some circles in Rijeka and Italy as an anti-­ Fascist, anti-­communist, liberal, multicultural localist (though ­there is much one could question about such a characterization). For more on Zanella by historians, see Amleto Ballarini, L’Antidannunzio a Fiume: Riccardo Zanella (Trieste: Italo Svevo, 1995); L’Autonomania fiumana (1867–1947) e la figura di Riccardo Zanella, Atti del convegno (Trieste: Italo Svevo, Notes to Pages 225–232 277 1996).


pages: 406 words: 108,266

Journey to the Edge of Reason: The Life of Kurt Gödel by Stephen Budiansky

Abraham Wald, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, business cycle, Douglas Hofstadter, fear of failure, Fellow of the Royal Society, four colour theorem, Georg Cantor, Gregor Mendel, Gödel, Escher, Bach, John von Neumann, laissez-faire capitalism, P = NP, P vs NP, Paul Erdős, rent control, scientific worldview, the scientific method, Thorstein Veblen, Turing machine, urban planning

I hope the Germans will not be so stupid as to let themselves be used as cannon fodder against the Russians.” A report went to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover quoting the offending passages. But Gödel was apparently not deemed a sufficient security threat to warrant further investigation.32 While regarding Senator Joseph McCarthy, the anti-Communist Republican demagogue, as “roughly the American Hitler,” and the Republican Party as “reactionaries,” Gödel’s disenchantment with what he called Truman’s “warmongering” led him to turn against the Democratic Party and their nominee Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 election.33 That year he received another honorary degree, this time from Harvard—as “Discoverer of the most significant mathematical truth of this century”—but complained afterward that he had to share the stage with Truman’s secretary of defense, Robert A.


pages: 400 words: 108,843

Kill Switch: The Rise of the Modern Senate and the Crippling of American Democracy by Adam Jentleson

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", active measures, activist lawyer, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, collective bargaining, cotton gin, COVID-19, desegregation, Donald Trump, global pandemic, greed is good, income inequality, invisible hand, obamacare, plutocrats, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, Ted Kaczynski, Timothy McVeigh, trade route, W. E. B. Du Bois

“Son, just so you understand: I don’t care what The New York Times says about me,” he said. “And nobody I care about cares what The New York Times says about me.”41 Helms’s defiance of the establishment made him a hero to grassroots conservatives. “Many of the donors were in their 70s and 80s, the anti-communist, John Birch Society people,” recalled Bob Hall, a liberal activist in North Carolina who worked against Helms in the 1970s. The same “donors who fought child labor laws in the 1930s were still around to bankroll his campaign.”42 As one of Helms’s top aides, James Lucier, explained, “What Helms has been doing is appealing to people by going around the leadership structures.


pages: 395 words: 103,437

Becoming Kim Jong Un: A Former CIA Officer's Insights Into North Korea's Enigmatic Young Dictator by Jung H. Pak

anti-communist, Boeing 747, clean water, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, cryptocurrency, death from overwork, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, facts on the ground, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Great Leap Forward, Mark Zuckerberg, Nelson Mandela, new economy, risk tolerance, Rubik’s Cube, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, uranium enrichment

Nearly 34,000 U.S. troops lost their lives, with about 110,000 wounded, missing, or captured. All actors committed atrocities, including mass executions of political prisoners and the killing of civilians. North Korea abducted South Koreans and conscripted them into the North Korean army, while people at home whom the regime considered anti-Communist were executed. The United States dropped more bombs on North Korea than it had in the entire Pacific theater in World War II. The historian Charles Armstrong wrote that the U.S. Air Force used 635,000 tons of bombs on Korea compared with 503,000 tons during World War II in the Pacific. Even battle-hardened General MacArthur, shortly after he was relieved of his duties by Truman, testified in the Senate, “I have never seen such devastation.


pages: 444 words: 111,837

Einstein's Fridge: How the Difference Between Hot and Cold Explains the Universe by Paul Sen

Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, anthropic principle, anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Brownian motion, Claude Shannon: information theory, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, cosmic microwave background, cosmological constant, Ernest Rutherford, heat death of the universe, invention of radio, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, John von Neumann, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Richard Feynman, seminal paper, Stephen Hawking, traveling salesman, Turing complete, Turing test

Unbeknownst to Hawking, however, the previous year a conversation had taken place in an office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, which hinted that might not be true. The participants were a young PhD student named Jacob Bekenstein and his supervisor, John Wheeler. John Wheeler was a contradiction. On the one hand, he was a conservative, anti-communist patriot who worked to develop America’s nuclear arsenal; on the other, his friends included Soviet scientists and Chilean Communists. Nearly always dressed in a suit and exuding the air of a corporate executive, he approved of the civil rights movements, of women’s rights, and the increased tolerance of diversity that symbolized the 1960s.


pages: 403 words: 105,550

The Key Man: The True Story of How the Global Elite Was Duped by a Capitalist Fairy Tale by Simon Clark, Will Louch

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, British Empire, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, colonial rule, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, dark triade / dark tetrad, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, fake news, forensic accounting, high net worth, impact investing, income inequality, Jeffrey Epstein, Kickstarter, load shedding, low cost airline, Mahatma Gandhi, megacity, Menlo Park, Michael Milken, Mohammed Bouazizi, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, planetary scale, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, profit maximization, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, SoftBank, sovereign wealth fund, Suez crisis 1956, TED Talk, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, trade route, Virgin Galactic, WikiLeaks, young professional

As for the origins of his vision in foreign policy, the United States developed the Marshall Plan after the Second World War to invest billions of dollars to rebuild Europe’s crushed economy and infrastructure. The policy evolved during the Cold War. In the 1970s, it created the Overseas Private Investment Corp., known as OPIC, to invest government money in companies around the world to spread prosperity and American influence. America’s pro-market, anti-Communist stance made it perfectly natural, imperative in fact, to make investing in companies part of its foreign policy. After the Cairo speech, OPIC devised a plan to channel U.S. government money into Middle Eastern companies. The objective was to tackle extremism by increasing trade and creating jobs.


pages: 322 words: 106,663

Women Talk Money: Breaking the Taboo by Rebecca Walker

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, call centre, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, export processing zone, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, financial independence, gentrification, George Floyd, global pandemic, high net worth, hockey-stick growth, hustle culture, impact investing, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, Maui Hawaii, microaggression, neurotypical, obamacare, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Rana Plaza, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, TED Talk, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, women in the workforce, working poor, Y Combinator

Mom shared little of that time, except to say that when she was released for a home visit and came to check on us, my infant brother was covered with mosquito bites and cried in discomfort. She was so heartbroken that she checked herself out of the facility and brought us all home. This was during the anti-communist witch hunts of the McCarthy period, with intense xenophobia, homophobia, and American nativism. People of Chinese descent were special targets of government surveillance and racism, under the constant threat of arrest and deportation. My parents had separately fled to the US in the 1940s as part of the exodus from civil war and revolution.


pages: 366 words: 110,374

World Travel: An Irreverent Guide by Anthony Bourdain, Laurie Woolever

anti-communist, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, bike sharing, Brexit referendum, British Empire, colonial rule, company town, COVID-19, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Easter island, European colonialism, flag carrier, gentrification, glass ceiling, Haight Ashbury, haute cuisine, Kibera, low cost airline, megacity, off-the-grid, Pier Paolo Pasolini, place-making, ride hailing / ride sharing, spice trade, tech bro, trade route, walkable city, women in the workforce

The Japanese dominated for nearly fifty years, starting in 1895, and stayed until 1945, bringing with them a lot of ugly-ass buildings, and some very bad history. “But Japan left behind a Japantown in Taipei, and an enduring overlay of influence, and an affection for sushi and izakayas, and a lot of bars. In 1949, Chiang Kai-sehk and his Chinese nationalists (I think you could charitably call them anti-Communists) retreated to Taiwan from the mainland, ceding their country to Mao Zedong. Two million of them flooded Taiwan, many from military or administrative backgrounds. The Chiang Kai-shek memorial in Zhongzheng honors this mercurial general, inarguably the most important figure in Taiwanese history.”


pages: 454 words: 107,163

Break Through: Why We Can't Leave Saving the Planet to Environmentalists by Michael Shellenberger, Ted Nordhaus

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, affirmative action, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, carbon credits, carbon tax, clean water, conceptual framework, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Easter island, facts on the ground, falling living standards, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, Indoor air pollution, insecure affluence, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, knowledge economy, land reform, loss aversion, market fundamentalism, McMansion, means of production, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microcredit, new economy, oil shock, postindustrial economy, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Florida, science of happiness, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, Ted Nordhaus, the strength of weak ties, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, trade liberalization, War on Poverty, We are as Gods, winner-take-all economy, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

These particular historical moments and many others forged the extraordinary affluence and economic growth that characterized the postwar era and made possible the liberal political consensus that largely defined both political parties until the mid-1970s. The period lasting roughly twenty-five years after World War II was characterized by a consensus between the two major parties about the great issues of the day. The mainstreams of both political parties were avowedly anti-Communist and internationalist, moderately integrationist, and accepting of a brand of benign corporate capitalism made possible by the postwar compact between big business and organized labor. The social upheavals of the 1960s and the economic upheavals of the 1970s fractured that consensus, but it remained operative and dominant in national politics and in the major wings of both political parties through the early 1970s.


pages: 965 words: 267,053

A History of Zionism by Walter Laqueur

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, British Empire, business cycle, illegal immigration, joint-stock company, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, means of production, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mount Scopus, new economy, plutocrats, profit motive, strikebreaker, Suez canal 1869, the market place, éminence grise

The Palestine dream will long have receded into history when in Biro Bidzhan there will be motor cars, railways and steamers, huge factories belching forth their smoke. … These settlers are founding a home in the taigas of Siberia not only for themselves but for millions of their people.’† Kalinin, president of the Soviet Union, predicted that in ten years Biro Bidzhan would be the cultural centre of the Jewish masses. Even staunch anti-Communists like Chaim Zhitlovsky, one of the theoreticians of Jewish Socialism, and Lestschinsky, the sociologist, were deeply impressed; Biro Bidzhan would be a Jewish republic, a centre of genuine Jewish Socialist culture. The dream of a Siberian Palestine did not last. Only a few thousand Jews came, and most of them turned back within a few months.

The economic situation of Hungarian and Czechoslovak Jewry was not bad on the whole, with the exception of some major islands of stark poverty (such as the Subcarpathian region). But the political status of Hungarian Jewry was in a state of uneasy balance. Some of them had taken a prominent part in the short-lived Communist régime of 1918-19. After the victory of the anti-Communist forces the community as a whole was made responsible for the actions of Bela Kun, Tibor Szamuely and their comrades. In Austria and Germany there was no official discrimination against Jews after the First World War. Victor Adler and Julius Deutsch became cabinet ministers. In Germany, the republican constitution was written by a Jew (Hugo Preuss) and Jewish social democrats such as Hilferding and Landsberg served as members of the central government.


pages: 1,042 words: 273,092

The Silk Roads: A New History of the World by Peter Frankopan

access to a mobile phone, Admiral Zheng, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Bartolomé de las Casas, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, British Empire, clean water, Columbian Exchange, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, disinformation, drone strike, dual-use technology, energy security, European colonialism, failed state, financial innovation, Isaac Newton, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Murano, Venice glass, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, South China Sea, spice trade, statistical model, Stuxnet, Suez crisis 1956, the built environment, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade route, transcontinental railway, uranium enrichment, wealth creators, WikiLeaks, yield management, Yom Kippur War

He was taken to the Kabul Hotel (now the luxury Kabul Serena Hotel), where he was held hostage for a few hours before being killed during a botched rescue operation.28 Although it was unclear who had been behind the ambassador’s kidnapping or what the motives were, it was enough to encourage the US to engage more directly with what was going on in the country. Aid to Afghanistan was immediately cut, and support given to the anti-Communists and others who opposed the new government.29 It marked the start of a long period during which the US willingly and actively sought to co-operate with the Islamists, whose interests in resisting the left-wing agenda were naturally aligned with those of the US. It took decades for the price of this deal to become apparent.

Ever since the Cuban missile crisis Washington had been spooked by the threat of Communism on the United States’ doorstep and was keen to fund dynamic groups capable of acting as effective bulwarks against left-wing rhetoric and politics – and would pass over their shortcomings in silence. The Contras, who were in fact a loose grouping of rebels often locked in fierce conflict with each other, were a major beneficiary of American anti-Communist doctrine – and foreign policy blindness. In a mirror image of how US private and public actions differed in the Middle East, aid was being passed to opposition forces in Central America despite legislation that specifically forbade the US government from doing so.132 Matters came to a head at the end of 1986, when a series of leaks revealed what had been going on.


pages: 1,056 words: 275,211

Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan by Herbert P. Bix

anti-communist, British Empire, colonial rule, defense in depth, European colonialism, Kwajalein Atoll, land reform, Malacca Straits, Monroe Doctrine, nuremberg principles, oil shock, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Suez canal 1869

Although he did not trust Nazi Germany, his opposition had never been to a military alliance with the Nazis that countered Soviet pressure on Manchukuo, but only to one that took Britain, France, and the United States as the main enemies.53 Thus, when Konoe was hinting he would resign, at the very end of 1938 and the beginning of 1939, Hirohito reportedly said to his new Chief Aide-de-Camp Hata: “If [the army] doesn’t want Prime Minister Konoe to resign that much, instead of persuading him to remain, go along with the decision of the Five Ministers Conference, made earlier, to strengthen the defense against Communism, and…make this anti-Communist alliance just against the Soviet Union. Go tell this to the General Staff.”54 Hirohito was then clearly not against the Tripartite Pact itself; he was only opposed to including Britain and France among its targets. A year and a half later, at the very moment President Roosevelt had increased his support for the hard-pressed British by making his Lend-Lease destroyers-for-bases deal, Hirohito, despite misgivings, abandoned his opposition and assented to the treaty.

In late August 1955, with Nikita Khrushchev in power and seeking a peace treaty with Japan, Hirohito spoke with Shigemitsu at his mansion in Nasu, Tochigi prefecture, and, according to Shigemitsu, stressed “the need to be friendly with the United States and hostile to communism. He said that [American] troops stationed in Japan must not withdraw.”16 Hatoyama and Shigemitsu soon tired of Hirohito’s uninvited anti-Communist admonitions and stopped consulting. Their effort to negotiate with Moscow over the normalization of relations failed when they insisted that the Soviets return the southern Kurile Islands, seized at the end of World War II. Hirohito, unhappy with their diplomatic line, was probably pleased to see both of them depart.


The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal by M. Mitchell Waldrop

Ada Lovelace, air freight, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Apple II, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Bill Atkinson, Bill Duvall, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, Bletchley Park, Boeing 747, Byte Shop, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, Compatible Time-Sharing System, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, cuban missile crisis, Dennis Ritchie, do well by doing good, Donald Davies, double helix, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dynabook, experimental subject, Fairchild Semiconductor, fault tolerance, Frederick Winslow Taylor, friendly fire, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, functional programming, Gary Kildall, Haight Ashbury, Howard Rheingold, information retrieval, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Ivan Sutherland, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Rulifson, John von Neumann, Ken Thompson, Leonard Kleinrock, machine translation, Marc Andreessen, Menlo Park, Multics, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, packet switching, pink-collar, pneumatic tube, popular electronics, RAND corporation, RFC: Request For Comment, Robert Metcalfe, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, Steve Crocker, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Ted Nelson, The Soul of a New Machine, Turing machine, Turing test, Vannevar Bush, Von Neumann architecture, Wiener process, zero-sum game

In late 1954 he was offered a seat on the Atomic Energy Commission-at that time the highest official position in the u.s. government available to a scientist. Stanislaw Ulam remembers his friend's agonizing over whether to accept. Like virtually everyone else in the U.S. scientific community, von Neumann had been repulsed by the AEC hearings in April and May of 1954, when the rabidly anti-Communist AEC chairman Lewis Strauss had had J. Robert Oppen- heimer's security clearance revoked to punish him for advocating a go-slow ap- proach to the development of the hydrogen bomb. As von Neumann and many others had vigorously testified at the hearings, a political and technical disagree- ment was hardly the same thing as treason.

But the number turned up so consistently that in 1956, when Miller reviewed the evidence for human information-processing limits, he would entitle his article "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" -and begin it with one of the most memorable laments in the scientific literature: "My problem is that I have been persecuted by an integer. For seven years this number has followed me around, has intruded in my most private data, and has assaulted me from the pages of our most public journals. . . . There is, to quote a famous senator [the rabidly anti-Communist Joseph McCarthy], a de- sign behind [the persistence of this number], some pattern governing its ap- pearances. "20 Or was there? He'd had something of a scare in 1953 or 1954, says Miller. "One of our graduate students, Dick Hayes, who is now at Carnegie Mellon University, was working with Lick to apply information theory to memory.


pages: 434 words: 117,327

Can It Happen Here?: Authoritarianism in America by Cass R. Sunstein

active measures, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airline deregulation, anti-communist, anti-globalists, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Black Lives Matter, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Cambridge Analytica, Cass Sunstein, cognitive load, David Brooks, disinformation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science, failed state, fake news, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Garrett Hardin, ghettoisation, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Isaac Newton, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, Long Term Capital Management, microaggression, Nate Silver, Network effects, New Journalism, night-watchman state, nudge theory, obamacare, Paris climate accords, post-truth, Potemkin village, random walk, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, Steve Bannon, TED Talk, the scientific method, Tragedy of the Commons, Tyler Cowen, War on Poverty, WikiLeaks, World Values Survey

Executive Order No. 9066, 7 Fed. Reg. 1407 (1942). 24. 323 US 214 (1944). See also Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 US 81 (1943) (upholding the constitutionality of the curfew order); Yasui v. United States, 320 US 114 (1943) (same). 25. Id., 219–20, 223–24. 26. Quoted in David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 33. 27. New York Times, September 21, 1950. 28. 68 Stat. 775, 50 USC § 841. 29. 341 US 494 (1951). 30. Id., 581 (Black, J., dissenting). 31. See, e.g, Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 US 1 (1961) (upholding the Subversive Activities Control Act’s requirement that Communist and Communist-front organizations register with the government); Adler v.


pages: 524 words: 120,182

Complexity: A Guided Tour by Melanie Mitchell

Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic management, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Benoit Mandelbrot, bioinformatics, cellular automata, Claude Shannon: information theory, clockwork universe, complexity theory, computer age, conceptual framework, Conway's Game of Life, dark matter, discrete time, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, Garrett Hardin, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, Gregor Mendel, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hacker News, Hans Moravec, Henri Poincaré, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, John Conway, John von Neumann, Long Term Capital Management, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, Menlo Park, Murray Gell-Mann, Network effects, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, Paul Erdős, peer-to-peer, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, power law, Ray Kurzweil, reversible computing, scientific worldview, stem cell, Stuart Kauffman, synthetic biology, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, Turing machine

During the next ten years, von Neumann went on to invent the field of game theory (producing what has been called “the greatest paper on mathematical economics ever written”), design the conceptual framework of one of the first programmable computers (the EDVAC, for which he wrote what has been called “the most important document ever written about computing and computers”), and make central contributions to the development of the first atomic and hydrogen bombs. This was all before his work on self-reproducing automata and his exploration of the relationships between the logic of computers and the workings of the brain. Von Neumann also was active in politics (his positions were very conservative, driven by strong anti-communist views) and eventually became a member of the Atomic Energy Commission, which advised the U.S. president on nuclear weapons policy. Von Neumann was part of what has been called the “Hungarian phenomenon,” a group of several Hungarians of similar age who went on to become world-famous scientists.


pages: 395 words: 116,675

The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge by Matt Ridley

"World Economic Forum" Davos, adjacent possible, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, AltaVista, altcoin, An Inconvenient Truth, anthropic principle, anti-communist, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, bitcoin, blockchain, Boeing 747, Boris Johnson, British Empire, Broken windows theory, carbon tax, Columbian Exchange, computer age, Corn Laws, cosmological constant, cotton gin, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of DNA, Donald Davies, double helix, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Eben Moglen, Edward Glaeser, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, Edward Snowden, endogenous growth, epigenetics, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, facts on the ground, fail fast, falling living standards, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, financial innovation, flying shuttle, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, George Santayana, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, Greenspan put, Gregor Mendel, Gunnar Myrdal, Henri Poincaré, Higgs boson, hydraulic fracturing, imperial preference, income per capita, indoor plumbing, information security, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Japanese asset price bubble, Jeff Bezos, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge economy, land reform, Lao Tzu, long peace, low interest rates, Lyft, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, mobile money, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, Necker cube, obamacare, out of africa, packet switching, peer-to-peer, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, precautionary principle, price mechanism, profit motive, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Richard Feynman, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, scientific management, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, smart contracts, South Sea Bubble, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stuart Kauffman, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, twin studies, uber lyft, women in the workforce

The very same philosophy of technocratic development came to be extremely useful to the Americans in the Cold War. They could disguise their support for anti-Soviet allies under a covering of neutral aid, distributing World Bank loans in places like Colombia both to promote development and to buttress anti-communist regimes. Once again, aid was used to strengthen autocrats. Part of the problem was that rich governments saw the nation state as the unit of development, rather than the individuals within and between such countries. Authoritarian regimes were discredited by the middle of the twentieth century in Europe and Japan.


pages: 390 words: 119,527

Armed Humanitarians by Nathan Hodge

Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, clean water, colonial rule, European colonialism, failed state, friendly fire, Golden arches theory, IFF: identification friend or foe, jobless men, Khyber Pass, kremlinology, land reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, no-fly zone, off-the-grid, old-boy network, operational security, Potemkin village, private military company, profit motive, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, satellite internet, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, walking around money

During the Suez Crisis in 1956, a Marine battalion evacuated U.S. nationals from Alexandria, Egypt; in 1964, Belgian paratroopers parachuted out of U.S. transport planes during a hostage crisis in Stanleyville, Congo; and in 1986, President Ronald Reagan sent U.S. warships to confront Libya. U.S. involvement during the Cold War was not limited to brief military interventions: As part of its proxy war with the Soviet Union the United States provided long-term support to anti-Communist guerrillas such as Angola’s UNITA, and for several decades the Army maintained a large listening post at Kagnew Station, near Asmara, Ethiopia (now part of Eritrea). In the 1990s, U.S. military involvement in Africa saw a steady uptick. In response to widespread disorder in Zaïre in 1991, U.S. aircraft transported Belgian troops and equipment to Kinshasa; in 1992, U.S. forces evacuated Americans from Sierra Leone after the government was overthrown; U.S. aircraft evacuated noncombatants and diplomats during the 1994 Rwanda genocide.


pages: 401 words: 115,959

Philanthrocapitalism by Matthew Bishop, Michael Green, Bill Clinton

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bernie Madoff, Big Tech, Bob Geldof, Bonfire of the Vanities, business process, business process outsourcing, Charles Lindbergh, clean tech, clean water, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Dava Sobel, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, digital divide, do well by doing good, don't be evil, family office, financial innovation, full employment, global pandemic, global village, Global Witness, God and Mammon, Hernando de Soto, high net worth, Ida Tarbell, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, James Dyson, John Elkington, John Harrison: Longitude, joint-stock company, junk bonds, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Larry Ellison, Live Aid, lone genius, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, market bubble, mass affluent, Michael Milken, microcredit, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, new economy, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, PalmPilot, peer-to-peer lending, performance metric, Peter Singer: altruism, plutocrats, profit maximization, profit motive, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, scientific management, seminal paper, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, SpaceShipOne, stem cell, Steve Jobs, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade liberalization, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, wealth creators, winner-take-all economy, working poor, World Values Survey, X Prize

As well as having a perceived free-market bias, law and economics is opposed by those, usually on the left, who believe that law should focus on absolutes of what is right, not engage in utilitarian calculations of economic benefits. Law and economics was helped in getting established by the John M. Olin Foundation, whose story is told in a 2005 book, A Gift of Freedom, by John J. Miller. After an early period when it acted as a conduit for CIA money to various anti-Communist organizations, says Miller, the foundation, endowed by munitions tycoon and free marketer Olin, grew into a “venture capital fund for the conservative movement.” The Olin Foundation also provided early support for the conservative thinker Allan Bloom, author of the hugely influential Closing of the American Mind, and funded institutions such as the Heritage Foundation and Federalist Society, which provided much of the ideological rigor in the Reagan revolution.


Little Failure: A Memoir by Gary Shteyngart

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, East Village, glass ceiling, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, launch on warning, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, Ronald Reagan, Yom Kippur War, young professional

But he doesn’t. I flop down on my bed with my biology text. How Does the Structure of a Paramecium Enable It to Function in Its Environment? How Is the Heart Adapted for Its Function? I’ve covered one of my walls with a poster of the troop uniforms of the different NATO nations, which I ordered out of an anti-Communist survivalist magazine. Above my new color TV I’ve hung a CIA recruiting poster. On a third wall: an ivy-covered quadrangle of the University of Michigan, my new reach school. My parents have started subscribing to Playboy, and once they’re through with the issues in their bedroom I stack them openly next to my bed.


pages: 463 words: 118,936

Darwin Among the Machines by George Dyson

Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, backpropagation, Bletchley Park, British Empire, carbon-based life, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, combinatorial explosion, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Danny Hillis, Donald Davies, fault tolerance, Fellow of the Royal Society, finite state, IFF: identification friend or foe, independent contractor, invention of the telescope, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, James Watt: steam engine, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, launch on warning, low earth orbit, machine readable, Menlo Park, Nash equilibrium, Norbert Wiener, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, packet switching, pattern recognition, phenotype, RAND corporation, Richard Feynman, spectrum auction, strong AI, synthetic biology, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Turing machine, Von Neumann architecture, zero-sum game

“On the opposite side, whenever I talked with the sharpest intellect whom I have known—with von Neumann—I always had the impression that only he was fully awake, that I was halfway in a dream.”7 Von Neumann saw his homeland disfigured by two world wars and a succession of upheavals in between. “I am violently anti-communist,” he declared on his nomination to membership in the Atomic Energy Commission in 1955, “in particular since I had about a three-months taste of it in Hungary in 1919.”8 During the communist takeover the family retreated to the Italian Adriatic and was never personally at risk. Von Neumann spent the years 1921 to 1926 as a student shuttling between the University of Budapest, the University of Berlin, and the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Federal Institute of Technology, or ETH) in Zurich, receiving both a degree in chemical engineering (assuring a livelihood) and a Ph.D. in mathematics (a field in which European positions were scarce).


pages: 411 words: 114,717

Breakout Nations: In Pursuit of the Next Economic Miracles by Ruchir Sharma

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, American energy revolution, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, book value, BRICs, British Empire, business climate, business cycle, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, centre right, cloud computing, collective bargaining, colonial rule, commodity super cycle, corporate governance, creative destruction, crony capitalism, deindustrialization, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, eurozone crisis, financial engineering, Gini coefficient, global macro, global supply chain, Goodhart's law, high-speed rail, housing crisis, income inequality, indoor plumbing, inflation targeting, informal economy, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, land reform, low interest rates, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Andreessen, market bubble, Masayoshi Son, mass immigration, megacity, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, middle-income trap, Nelson Mandela, new economy, no-fly zone, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, public intellectual, quantitative easing, reserve currency, Robert Gordon, rolling blackouts, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, software is eating the world, sovereign wealth fund, The Great Moderation, Thomas L Friedman, trade liberalization, Tyler Cowen, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working-age population, zero-sum game

Central European labor costs are only 27 percent of those in Western Europe, and even adjusted for the fact that Central European workers are less well trained and equipped—productivity is 40 percent lower—the labor in Central Europe is still less than half as expensive as in Western Europe. The Hungarian Exception While Poland and the Czech Republic were racing to forget the Communist past, Hungary was lost in it. Hungarian politics became a contest between former Communists and the anti-Communist opposition, which built its appeal around nationalist calls to revive Hungary as the star of the East, a nostalgic vision that harks back to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. No Hungarian party represented the forward-looking pragmatism of the Czech consensus that the first job was to control the budget and build the institutional basis of a free-market economy.


pages: 489 words: 111,305

How the World Works by Noam Chomsky, Arthur Naiman, David Barsamian

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, capital controls, clean water, corporate governance, deindustrialization, disinformation, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, glass ceiling, heat death of the universe, Howard Zinn, income inequality, interchangeable parts, Isaac Newton, joint-stock company, land reform, liberation theology, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, single-payer health, strikebreaker, Telecommunications Act of 1996, transfer pricing, union organizing, War on Poverty, working poor

This isn’t some remote place like East Timor we’re talking about—this is Europe—and it’s on the news every night. In a certain sense, what’s happening is that the British and American right wings are getting what they asked for. Since the 1940s they’ve been quite bitter about the fact that Western support turned to Tito and the partisans, and against Mikailhovich and his Chetniks, and the Croatian anti-Communists, including the Ustasha, who were outright Nazis. The Chetniks were also playing with the Nazis and were trying to overcome the partisans. The partisan victory imposed a communist dictatorship, but it also federated the country. It suppressed the ethnic violence that had accompanied the hatreds and created the basis of some sort of functioning society in which the parts had their role.


pages: 587 words: 119,432

The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall by Mary Elise Sarotte

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, conceptual framework, Deng Xiaoping, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, hindsight bias, Mikhail Gorbachev, open borders, Prenzlauer Berg, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, urban decay, éminence grise

He had intentionally closed the conference without determining the fate of the Wall.61 That task would, as a result, be left to the participants in the peaceful revolution later that night. At that very same moment, the mayor of West Berlin, Walter Momper, found himself on his Berlin’s side of the Wall. He was on the eighteenth floor of the Springer Building, a tall structure built by anti-Communist publisher Axel Springer to loom over the Wall. Momper was there to attend the Golden Steering Wheel Award ceremony for automotive design, which was hosted by the Springer publishing group. Earlier that day, he had heard a rumor that something about travel was being discussed at the central committee meeting in East Berlin.


pages: 349 words: 114,038

Culture & Empire: Digital Revolution by Pieter Hintjens

4chan, Aaron Swartz, airport security, AltaVista, anti-communist, anti-pattern, barriers to entry, Bill Duvall, bitcoin, blockchain, Boeing 747, bread and circuses, business climate, business intelligence, business process, Chelsea Manning, clean water, commoditize, congestion charging, Corn Laws, correlation does not imply causation, cryptocurrency, Debian, decentralized internet, disinformation, Edward Snowden, failed state, financial independence, Firefox, full text search, gamification, German hyperinflation, global village, GnuPG, Google Chrome, greed is good, Hernando de Soto, hiring and firing, independent contractor, informal economy, intangible asset, invisible hand, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Rulifson, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Laura Poitras, M-Pesa, mass immigration, mass incarceration, mega-rich, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, national security letter, Nelson Mandela, new economy, New Urbanism, no silver bullet, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, packet switching, patent troll, peak oil, power law, pre–internet, private military company, race to the bottom, real-name policy, rent-seeking, reserve currency, RFC: Request For Comment, Richard Feynman, Richard Stallman, Ross Ulbricht, Russell Brand, Satoshi Nakamoto, security theater, selection bias, Skype, slashdot, software patent, spectrum auction, Steve Crocker, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stuxnet, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, trade route, transaction costs, twin studies, union organizing, wealth creators, web application, WikiLeaks, Y2K, zero day, Zipf's Law

Although it was clear that a terrorist attack had been carried out, the inquiry says no immediate nationwide alert was given, no roadblocks or observation posts were set up, no attempt was made to mobilise helicopters nor did the operation centre take up offers from neighboring police districts. There's a curious thing Breivik said, after he had finished his killing, and called the police to come and arrest him: "My name is Commander Anders Breivik Behring in the Norwegian anti-communist resistance movement." From the translated Dagbladet article, "Breivik claimed that this movement was responsible for about 50 attacks in Europe since World War 2." Crooks and Liars It is becoming acceptable to say, out loud, that our politicians are thoroughly corrupt. That the police exist to protect criminals from us, rather than to protect us from criminals.


pages: 384 words: 112,971

What’s Your Type? by Merve Emre

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, behavioural economics, card file, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, emotional labour, fake news, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Gabriella Coleman, God and Mammon, Golden Gate Park, hiring and firing, Ida Tarbell, index card, Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, late capitalism, Lewis Mumford, means of production, Menlo Park, mutually assured destruction, Norman Mailer, p-value, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, planned obsolescence, Ralph Waldo Emerson, scientific management, Socratic dialogue, Stanford prison experiment, traveling salesman, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, women in the workforce

Yet to think of America as it was in the 1950s is not to think of free minds and creative sparks. “These are the fifties, you know. The disgusting, posturing fifties,” Hannah Arendt observed, the decade in which the stench of political paranoia was accented by cheap gasoline and apple pie. These were the years in which Berkeley’s President Sproul ordered every faculty member to sign an anti-communist oath and saw two of IPAR’s key staff members, Erik Erikson and R. Nevitt Sanford, resign in protest. Research into the self was booming in higher education, but the same institutions that sponsored this research were also fighting hard to suppress the typical traits of the creative individual: conviction, complexity, nonconformity.


On the Road: Adventures From Nixon to Trump by James Naughtie

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alistair Cooke, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, Donald Trump, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, gentrification, Haight Ashbury, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Julian Assange, Mikhail Gorbachev, Norman Mailer, obamacare, Oklahoma City bombing, plutocrats, post-work, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Seymour Hersh, South China Sea, Steve Bannon, trickle-down economics, white flight, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

Something took me straight from Lakeland to the cultural arguments about censorship that were boiling up in the United States. Nixon was on my mind because in that same month, May 1973, the Senate Watergate Committee began its televised hearings in the Senate Caucus Room on Capitol Hill. This was my primer. The room itself had been the pillared stage set for many dramas over the years – Joe McCarthy’s anti-communist hearings in the 1950s, which fuelled a notorious witch-hunt, the launch of both the Kennedys’ presidential campaigns in the 1960s – and now it was where the story behind the ‘third-rate burglary attempt’ and the subsequent White House cover-up began to be stripped of its flimsy garb. The three American networks and the viewer-subscribed Public Broadcasting Service – there being no cable news in those days – began to cover them live, gavel-to-gavel as they liked to put it, and we watched long extracts back home, with the incomparable Charles Wheeler, one of the BBC’s most eloquent foreign correspondents, as a guide through the complexities of the story.


pages: 382 words: 117,536

March of the Lemmings: Brexit in Print and Performance 2016–2019 by Stewart Lee

Airbnb, AltaVista, anti-communist, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, Bullingdon Club, Cambridge Analytica, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, Donald Trump, Etonian, fake news, Ford Model T, imposter syndrome, Jeremy Corbyn, New Journalism, off-the-grid, Overton Window, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Snapchat, Social Justice Warrior, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, white flight

A comment he made about the production company, Endemol, was described during the recording by host Jimmy Carr as the single joke ‘least likely to make the final edit of the show in the programme’s history’.2 Needless to say, due to Kim’s poor performance I was not asked back.3 Fans of unusual celebrity–dictator friendships with long memories will recall the physical comedian Norman Wisdom’s odd 1950s relationship with the totalitarian Albanian leader Enver Hoxha. In between mass executions of dissidents and incarcerations of anti-Communists, Hoxha even found time, in 1951, to accompany Wisdom and his family on a week’s holiday to the Isle of Wight amusement park Blackgang Chine.4 Beside the English Channel, the curious pair cavorted between the open legs of a giant fibreglass smuggler and frolicked in a fairy glade, all the while crying out, ‘Mr Grimsdale!


Cards of Identity by Nigel Dennis

anti-communist, centre right, the market place

Members would like to gasp, but dare not, for fear everything will start from the beginning again: but this is where Orfe suddenly seems to blaze up into an unexpected fire of majestic tolerance: he gives a light sweep of his white hand, as if to say: ‘What do noisy trifles matter to a man of my stature?’ and, raising his manuscript, begins to read aloud almost like any normal person: SECRET AGENT: Multiple Confessions and Singular Identities by Father Golden Orfe The monastery bell is striking nine and I must be off to testify before the International Anti-Communist Committee. My eight-cylinder Panther Perfecto, bought with the movie-royalties of my last confession, awaits me in the monastery garage; but I would like to write a few words about myself before driving away today. The nice thing about living in a monastery is that it makes one introspective: each day brings a new and fascinating aspect of oneself to light, arousing so many delightful sensibilities that tears come to my eyes when I must leave them even for a day on television.


pages: 380 words: 116,919

Britain's Europe: A Thousand Years of Conflict and Cooperation by Brendan Simms

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, Corn Laws, credit crunch, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, guns versus butter model, imperial preference, Jeremy Corbyn, land reform, Monroe Doctrine, moral panic, oil shock, open economy, plutocrats, race to the bottom, Ronald Reagan, sceptred isle, South Sea Bubble, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, éminence grise

Gaitskell’s cuts were to no avail, in any case, because in September 1951 Britain suffered a balance of payments crisis largely caused by massive defence expenditure, especially the huge cost of the British Army of the Rhine.31 At around the same time, Britain began to observe the recovery of the German economy – the Wirtschaftswunder – with awe.32 In October 1951, the Labour party went down to a narrow defeat in a general election in which foreign policy – the unpopular Korean War, the cost of rearmament and the shaky British position in the Middle East – were central issues.33 Thereafter, British domestic politics continued to polarize around Europe. The dividing lines ran not so much between the parties as within them.34 A full-scale battle erupted within Labour over Germany.35 The dominant anti-communists, such as Denis Healey and Hugh Gaitskell, strongly supported NATO and were prepared to tolerate German rearmament within a system of multilateral constraints. They pointed out that the European Defence Community corresponded to the old socialist principle of transcending narrow national boundaries and preoccupations.


pages: 412 words: 115,048

Dangerous Ideas: A Brief History of Censorship in the West, From the Ancients to Fake News by Eric Berkowitz

Albert Einstein, algorithmic management, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Bonfire of the Vanities, borderless world, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Charlie Hebdo massacre, Chelsea Manning, colonial rule, coronavirus, COVID-19, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, Filter Bubble, high-speed rail, Index librorum prohibitorum, Jeff Bezos, Julian Assange, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, Minecraft, New Urbanism, post-truth, pre–internet, QAnon, Ralph Nader, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, source of truth, Steve Bannon, surveillance capitalism, undersea cable, W. E. B. Du Bois, WikiLeaks

You’d already be dead.”66 If the main purpose of censorship during this period was, as Goldstein’s judge emphasized, to hasten “the day when the success of our arms shall be a fact,” then the Allies’ victory in 1918 should have brought a reduction of paranoia. It did not. The “war to end all wars” left the world more unsettled than it had been when the conflict began. As the United States contended with widespread labor unrest and anti-Communist hysteria, more draconian new speech restrictions were imposed, and the Supreme Court issued a series of key opinions that shaped the censorship landscape for the rest of the century. THE SUPREME COURT WEIGHS IN AMID ANTI-RADICAL HYSTERIA The armistice and subsequent treaties brought peace abroad but no peace of mind at home.


pages: 446 words: 118,445

The Great Air Race: Glory, Tragedy, and the Dawn of American Aviation by John Lancaster

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, anti-communist, interchangeable parts, Louis Blériot, transcontinental railway

Despite the victory in Europe eleven months earlier, the country was fearful, anxious, and in need of a little distraction. The influenza pandemic, which ultimately would kill about 675,000 Americans, only recently had begun to recede. Many cities were in turmoil, as nativist mobs fueled by racism and anti-communist paranoia visited their fury on immigrants, unions, and especially African Americans, several hundred of whom were lynched during the so-called Red Summer of 1919. And Washington was rife with rumor and speculation over the health of President Woodrow B. Wilson, who recently had suffered a stroke.


The Spinoza Problem by Irvin D. Yalom

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, German hyperinflation, Mount Scopus

The audience was stirring uneasily, and I was about to ask Carl to remove him—I hesitated only because, well, he’s from the army. But just then, as though he knew what I was thinking, he took hold of himself, regained restraint, and delivered a stunning fifteen-minute, far-ranging, impromptu speech. Nothing original in the content. His views—anti-Jews, pro-military, anti-Communist—parallel our own. But his delivery was astounding. After a few minutes, everyone, and I mean everyone, was transfixed, their attention riveted to his blazing blue eyes and to his every word. This man has a gift. I knew it instantaneously, and after the meeting I ran after him and gave him my pamphlet, My Political Awakening.


pages: 464 words: 121,983

Disaster Capitalism: Making a Killing Out of Catastrophe by Antony Loewenstein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, benefit corporation, British Empire, business logic, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Chelsea Manning, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, corporate social responsibility, Corrections Corporation of America, do well by doing good, Edward Snowden, facts on the ground, failed state, falling living standards, Ferguson, Missouri, financial independence, full employment, G4S, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Leo Hollis, mandatory minimum, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, open borders, private military company, profit motive, Ralph Nader, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Satyajit Das, Scramble for Africa, Slavoj Žižek, stem cell, the medium is the message, trade liberalization, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, work culture

He argued that the Haitian military, which had been accused of plentiful brutality against their own people, should receive training “which will contribute substantially to advancing a number of our important interests in the region.” Decades later, little had changed. The Duvaliers were devoutly anti-communist during the Cold War, and so Washington lavished them with financial support. Thanks to the financial and military support provided by the superpower, Haiti was ruled with an iron fist—dissent was crushed, the press was muzzled, and many thousands of people were killed. Peter Hallward wrote that in the 1970s, after Baby Doc had taken his lead from his father and declared himself “President for Life,” neoliberal policies were ruthlessly implemented, entrenching the state in poverty.


pages: 454 words: 122,612

In-N-Out Burger by Stacy Perman

Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, British Empire, commoditize, company town, corporate raider, El Camino Real, estate planning, Ford Model T, forensic accounting, Golden arches theory, Haight Ashbury, Maui Hawaii, McJob, McMansion, Neil Armstrong, new economy, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Upton Sinclair

For Rich, America was the greatest country on earth in which to live and work, and he felt obligated to do everything he could to support it. In 1980, he backed Republican David Dreier of the San Gabriel Valley during his inaugural congressional campaign with a $1,000 contribution. A staunch conservative, Dreier established his Republican bona fides as a supporter of tax cuts and President Reagan’s anti-Communist foreign policy. Soon Rich began contributing tens of thousands of dollars to Republican candidates and causes. In time, he became a member of the exclusive “Team 100.” The group of Republican donors—also known as “T–100”—all agreed to make an initial $100,000 contribution to the Republican Party in order to join.


pages: 414 words: 121,243

What's Left?: How Liberals Lost Their Way by Nick Cohen

"hyperreality Baudrillard"~20 OR "Baudrillard hyperreality", anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, centre right, critical race theory, DeepMind, disinformation, Etonian, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Farzad Bazoft, feminist movement, government statistician, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, kremlinology, liberal world order, light touch regulation, mass immigration, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, no-fly zone, plutocrats, post-industrial society, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, sensible shoes, the scientific method, union organizing, upwardly mobile, Yom Kippur War

Once again, neither Swain nor Schanberg was a supporter of the American war effort. Chomsky found the patient uncovering of an uncomfortable truth intolerable. While conceding that Year Zero was a ‘serious’ book, he and Edward Herman accused the priest of playing ‘fast and loose with quotes and with numbers’ and of having ‘an anti-communist bias and message’. The New York Review of Books, which had given Ponchaud deserved praise, was guilty of ‘extreme anti-Khmer Rouge distortions’. Its articles were a living example of how history was ‘manufactured’ to lull the masses into accepting capitalist propaganda as fact. By contrast, Chomsky and Herman hailed as brave dissidents two authors who reprinted the propaganda broadcasts of Pol Pot’s radio station.


pages: 410 words: 122,537

Engines of War: How Wars Were Won & Lost on the Railways by Christian Wolmar

anti-communist, British Empire, Cape to Cairo, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, Ford Model T, Khartoum Gordon, railway mania, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Suez canal 1869, V2 rocket

The Communists established control over much of the west of the country in the immediate aftermath of the October Revolution thanks to the use of the railways. Select bands of armed revolutionaries spread out on the railways from their headquarters in Petrograd to make contact with the 900 soviets – revolutionary groups of local citizens – that had sprung up in towns and cities around the country to put down anti-Communist forces opposed to the October revolution. John Keegan, in his classic work on the war, argues that ‘the Russian railways, during this brief but brilliant revolutionary period, worked for Lenin as the railways had not for Moltke in 1914. Decisive force had been delivered to key points in the nick of time, and a succession of local successes had been achieved that, in sum, brought revolutionary triumph.’10 The Bolsheviks, however, failed to press through their advantage as their peace agreement signed at Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 collapsed, which stimulated counter-revolution by White Russians in Ukraine and in the east, which remained an area in turmoil for several years.


pages: 420 words: 126,194

The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam by Douglas Murray

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, borderless world, Boris Johnson, British Empire, centre right, cognitive dissonance, deindustrialization, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, gentrification, glass ceiling, high net worth, illegal immigration, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, open borders, post-industrial society, white flight

In both cases a huge political and social price was paid by anybody accused of these evils. And yet unjustly accusing people of these evils carried no social or political price whatsoever. It was a cost-free exercise, which could bring only political and personal advantages. Nonetheless, while it may also be noted that no similar ‘anti-communist’ fervour was ever sustained in Western Europe, or was dismissed where it was suspected as akin to ‘witch-hunting’, anti-fascists in Europe were not always onto nothing – a fact that applies yet another layer of complexity onto Europe’s social problems. In the United States a popular protest movement of any kind, including one to do with immigration or Islam, is likely to attract some eccentric or even crazy people with kooky signs.


pages: 427 words: 127,496

Mossad: The Greatest Missions of the Israeli Secret Service by Michael Bar-Zohar, Nissim Mishal

airport security, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Boeing 747, Dr. Strangelove, false flag, illegal immigration, Stuxnet, traveling salesman, unit 8200, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

There they met another pilot—Colonel Ze’ev Liron (Londner), an Israeli Air Force officer. Liron, born in Poland and a Holocaust survivor, was the chief of Air Force intelligence. He had been asked by the Mossad to help in the Redfa case. Liron and Redfa had several tête-à-tête discussions. Liron pretended to be a Polish pilot working for an anti-Communist organization. Munir told him about his family, his life in Iraq, and his deep disappointment with his superiors who sent him to bomb Kurd villages. All the able Kurdish men had gone to fight, he said, and those who had stayed in the villages were women, children, and old people. These were the people he had to kill?


pages: 388 words: 125,472

The Establishment: And How They Get Away With It by Owen Jones

anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, autism spectrum disorder, bank run, battle of ideas, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bonus culture, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, citizen journalism, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, disinformation, don't be evil, Edward Snowden, Etonian, eurozone crisis, falling living standards, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, G4S, glass ceiling, hiring and firing, housing crisis, inflation targeting, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, James Dyson, Jon Ronson, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, light touch regulation, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, Monroe Doctrine, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, Neil Kinnock, night-watchman state, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, open borders, Overton Window, plutocrats, popular capitalism, post-war consensus, profit motive, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, rent control, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, short selling, sovereign wealth fund, stakhanovite, statistical model, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transfer pricing, Tyler Cowen, union organizing, unpaid internship, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, wealth creators, Winter of Discontent

No wonder, therefore, that the relationship between Thatcher and Reagan was so close. But even then, there were tensions and conflicts. Reagan was initially frosty about supporting Britain’s efforts to wrest the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982, because it was ruled by a US-backed and murderous anti-communist junta. When, the following year, Reagan ordered the invasion of the Caribbean island of Grenada, it suffered Thatcher’s disapproval. ‘This action will be seen as intervention by a Western country in the internal affairs of a small independent nation, however unattractive its regime,’ she messaged the US President, adding that she was ‘deeply disturbed’ by Reagan’s communications on the issue.5 Despite these hiccups, the 1980s witnessed the development of a new ideological bond between the British Establishment and US elite.


pages: 448 words: 124,391

All the President's Men by Carl Bernstein, Bob Woodward

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, housing justice, Seymour Hersh

They had given false names, had not cooperated with the police, possessed “$2300 in cold cash, and had a tendency to travel abroad.” They had been arrested in a “professional burglary” with a “clandestine” purpose. Silbert drew out the word “clandestine.” Judge James A. Belsen asked the men their professions. One spoke up, answering that they were “anti-communists,” and the others nodded their agreement. The Judge, accustomed to hearing unconventional job descriptions, nonetheless appeared perplexed. The tallest of the suspects, who had given his name as James W. McCord, Jr., was asked to step forward. He was balding, with a large, flat nose, a square jaw, perfect teeth and a benign expression that seemed incongruous with his hard-edged features.


pages: 525 words: 116,295

The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives by Eric Schmidt, Jared Cohen

access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, airport security, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, Andy Carvin, Andy Rubin, anti-communist, augmented reality, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, bitcoin, borderless world, call centre, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, clean water, cloud computing, crowdsourcing, data acquisition, Dean Kamen, disinformation, driverless car, drone strike, Elon Musk, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, false flag, fear of failure, Filter Bubble, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Hacker Conference 1984, hive mind, income inequality, information security, information trail, invention of the printing press, job automation, John Markoff, Julian Assange, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, Law of Accelerating Returns, market fundamentalism, Mary Meeker, means of production, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mobile money, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, Parag Khanna, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, Peter Singer: altruism, power law, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Robert Bork, self-driving car, sentiment analysis, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social graph, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, Susan Wojcicki, The Wisdom of Crowds, upwardly mobile, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, young professional, zero day

The Pul-e-Charkhi prison on the outskirts of Kabul is the country’s largest prison and among its most notorious. Commissioned in the 1970s and completed during the Soviet occupation, in its initial years tens of thousands of political prisoners were killed there annually and many more were tortured for anti-Communist sentiments. The prison earned a new distinction during the American occupation as a terrorist nerve center. Following a violent riot in 2008 in the prison’s Cell Block Three, Afghan authorities discovered a fully operational terror cell—in both senses of the word—that had been used by inmates to coordinate deadly attacks outside the prison walls.


pages: 419 words: 125,977

Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China by Leslie T. Chang

anti-communist, Deng Xiaoping, estate planning, fake news, financial independence, Great Leap Forward, index card, invention of writing, job-hopping, land reform, Mason jar, mass immigration, new economy, PalmPilot, Pearl River Delta, risk tolerance, Shenzhen special economic zone , special economic zone, vertical integration

Once when Irene was in middle school in Taiwan, her class went on a field trip. They saw an exhibit about a person who had been killed, with descriptions of his murder and photographs of his wounded corpse. “I thought, ‘the poor man,’ ” Irene recalled, “and then I saw the name of my dad.” She fainted. The pictures were part of the government’s anti-Communist propaganda, but Irene had never seen them before. She hadn’t even recognized her father’s face—only his name. Of the siblings who had left China, Irene was the only one who knew her mother as an adult. After her older sister and brothers left for America, she spent time alone with her mother and heard many of her stories.


pages: 428 words: 121,717

Warnings by Richard A. Clarke

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, active measures, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, anti-communist, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, carbon tax, cognitive bias, collateralized debt obligation, complexity theory, corporate governance, CRISPR, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, deep learning, DeepMind, discovery of penicillin, double helix, Elon Musk, failed state, financial thriller, fixed income, Flash crash, forensic accounting, friendly AI, Hacker News, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, knowledge worker, Maui Hawaii, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, money market fund, mouse model, Nate Silver, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, OpenAI, pattern recognition, personalized medicine, phenotype, Ponzi scheme, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart grid, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Stuxnet, subprime mortgage crisis, tacit knowledge, technological singularity, The Future of Employment, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, Tunguska event, uranium enrichment, Vernor Vinge, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, women in the workforce, Y2K

Some Americans also thought that the Soviets and Koreans knew what organizations the Americans looked at for warning and would exercise those units too, just to make it more difficult for us to tell if there were a real attack being planned. It was a dangerous game. If the “other side” mistook an exercise for war preparations, it might decide to go on alert, or perhaps launch a preemptive attack. This had, in fact, almost happened. Reacting to the harsh anti-Communist rhetoric of the new Reagan administration, the Soviet leadership had discussed in 1981 whether the new President intended to start a war. Then in March 1983, the United States and its NATO allies staged the most realistic nuclear war exercise that NATO had ever performed. The Soviets, already looking for a surprise attack, thought the Able Archer exercise was cover for a real attack.


pages: 413 words: 128,093

On the Grand Trunk Road: A Journey Into South Asia by Steve Coll

affirmative action, airport security, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, British Empire, colonial rule, disinformation, Fall of the Berlin Wall, foreign exchange controls, full employment, global village, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Khyber Pass, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, market bubble, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, New Urbanism, Ponzi scheme, Ronald Reagan, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, yellow journalism

If you drove out rutted roads through mud-walled slums to interview a celebrated mujaheddin commander such as Abdul Haq, who had a CBS-affiliated television cameraman to handle much of his public relations, you were likely to spend as much time talking about the comparative features of Japanese and American lap-top computers as about the conduct of an anti-Communist insurgency. Every major mujaheddin party, and some minor ones, acquired from the CIA television and radio studios, which they installed in dilapidated Peshawar compounds and used to produce videotapes or audiocassettes advertising imminent victory. In these places, you would tromp up barren stairwells at the heels of a rebel in muddy boots and then be ushered with a sort of whoosh into a carpeted, dustless digital studio blinking with mixers, dubbers, and stacks of amplifiers.


pages: 677 words: 121,255

Giving the Devil His Due: Reflections of a Scientific Humanist by Michael Shermer

Alfred Russel Wallace, anthropic principle, anti-communist, anti-fragile, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Boycotts of Israel, Chelsea Manning, clean water, clockwork universe, cognitive dissonance, Colonization of Mars, Columbine, cosmological constant, cosmological principle, creative destruction, dark matter, deplatforming, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, fake news, Flynn Effect, germ theory of disease, Great Leap Forward, gun show loophole, Hans Rosling, heat death of the universe, hedonic treadmill, helicopter parent, Higgs boson, hindsight bias, illegal immigration, income inequality, intentional community, invisible hand, Johannes Kepler, Joseph Schumpeter, Kim Stanley Robinson, laissez-faire capitalism, Laplace demon, luminiferous ether, Mars Society, McMansion, means of production, mega-rich, Menlo Park, microaggression, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, moral panic, More Guns, Less Crime, Multics, Oklahoma City bombing, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, positional goods, power law, public intellectual, race to the bottom, Richard Feynman, Ronald Coase, Silicon Valley, Skype, social intelligence, Social Justice Warrior, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Suez crisis 1956, TED Talk, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Timothy McVeigh, transaction costs, WikiLeaks, working poor, Yogi Berra

It has, therefore, been always my object to avoid writing on religion, & I have confined myself to science. 2. Anti-Something Movements Are Doomed to Failure. We cannot simply define ourselves by what do not believe, a principle I learned from the great Austrian economist and classical liberal Ludwig von Mises, who in 1956 warned his anti-Communist colleagues: An anti-something movement displays a purely negative attitude. It has no chance whatever to succeed. Its passionate diatribes virtually advertise the program they attack. People must fight for something that they want to achieve, not simply reject an evil, however bad it may be. 3.


pages: 436 words: 127,642

When Einstein Walked With Gödel: Excursions to the Edge of Thought by Jim Holt

Ada Lovelace, Albert Einstein, Andrew Wiles, anthropic principle, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bletchley Park, Brownian motion, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, classic study, computer age, CRISPR, dark matter, David Brooks, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, Eddington experiment, Edmond Halley, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, Fellow of the Royal Society, four colour theorem, Georg Cantor, George Santayana, Gregor Mendel, haute couture, heat death of the universe, Henri Poincaré, Higgs boson, inventory management, Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Large Hadron Collider, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, luminiferous ether, Mahatma Gandhi, mandelbrot fractal, Monty Hall problem, Murray Gell-Mann, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, Paradox of Choice, Paul Erdős, Peter Singer: altruism, Plato's cave, power law, probability theory / Blaise Pascal / Pierre de Fermat, quantum entanglement, random walk, Richard Feynman, Robert Solow, Schrödinger's Cat, scientific worldview, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, selection bias, Skype, stakhanovite, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, Thorstein Veblen, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, union organizing, Vilfredo Pareto, Von Neumann architecture, wage slave

Von Neumann might have missed Budapest’s café culture in provincial Princeton, but he felt very much at home in his adopted country. Having been brought up a Hungarian Jew in the late Hapsburg Empire, he had experienced the short-lived Communist regime of Béla Kun after World War I, which made him, in his words, “violently anti-Communist.” After returning to Europe in the late 1930s to court his second wife, Klári, he finally quit the Continent with an implacable enmity for the Nazis, growing suspicions of the Soviets, and (in the words of George Dyson) “a determination never again to let the free world fall into a position of military weakness that would force the compromises that had been made with Hitler.”


User Friendly by Cliff Kuang, Robert Fabricant

A Pattern Language, Abraham Maslow, Airbnb, anti-communist, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Apple II, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, behavioural economics, Bill Atkinson, Brexit referendum, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business logic, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, cognitive load, computer age, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark pattern, data science, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Elaine Herzberg, en.wikipedia.org, fake it until you make it, fake news, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, frictionless, Google Glasses, Internet of things, invisible hand, James Dyson, John Markoff, Jony Ive, knowledge economy, Kodak vs Instagram, Lyft, M-Pesa, Mark Zuckerberg, mobile money, Mother of all demos, move fast and break things, Norbert Wiener, Paradox of Choice, planned obsolescence, QWERTY keyboard, randomized controlled trial, replication crisis, RFID, scientific management, self-driving car, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, skeuomorphism, Skinner box, Skype, smart cities, Snapchat, speech recognition, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, tacit knowledge, Tesla Model S, three-martini lunch, Tony Fadell, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, Vannevar Bush, women in the workforce

His left hand curled toward it, which made me think of Michelangelo’s David, and the way his fingers curl around a rock in the moment he spies Goliath on the battlefield. I told Kosinski it seemed strange that he’d be that painting’s owner. Kosinski explained that he was an optimist because his life had been filled with optimism. He was born in Poland at a momentous time. In 1981, hoping to crush the anti-Communist Solidarity movement, the country’s leadership instituted martial law and a night-time curfew. More nights spent indoors coincided with a stunning explosion in Poland’s birth rate. Kosinski was one of those so-called Solidarity Children: The preschool class ahead of his own had fifteen children.


pages: 572 words: 124,222

San Fransicko: Why Progressives Ruin Cities by Michael Shellenberger

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, business climate, centre right, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crack epidemic, dark triade / dark tetrad, defund the police, delayed gratification, desegregation, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, gentrification, George Floyd, Golden Gate Park, green new deal, Haight Ashbury, housing crisis, Housing First, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, mandatory minimum, Marc Benioff, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microaggression, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Peoples Temple, Peter Pan Syndrome, pill mill, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, remote working, rent control, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, social distancing, South of Market, San Francisco, Steven Pinker, tech billionaire, tech bro, tech worker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, walkable city

If communists wanted to have the same influence, Gramsci reasoned, they would need to do the same.16 By the mid-twentieth century, many radicals had grown disillusioned with the Communist Party as they watched the moral failures and bureaucratic stagnation of the Soviet Union. In the United States, the trade unions, which were once a bastion of the left, had become “fiercely anti-Communist and patriotic,” notes a political historian.17 In the 1950s, the Marxist American sociologist C. Wright Mills argued that students could be a more revolutionary class than workers, which inspired young Baby Boomers, who infused the radical, anti-modern, and anti-Enlightenment New Left.18 In the 1960s, some progressives came to believe that black Americans were inherently revolutionary due to their disadvantaged position in society, and that white people could join the revolution by following their lead.19 The loosening of traditional morality widened the possibilities available to many people, but it also created a moral and spiritual vacuum.


pages: 932 words: 307,785

State of Emergency: The Way We Were by Dominic Sandbrook

anti-communist, Apollo 13, Arthur Marwick, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, Bretton Woods, British Empire, centre right, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, David Attenborough, Doomsday Book, edge city, estate planning, Etonian, falling living standards, fear of failure, Fellow of the Royal Society, feminist movement, financial thriller, first-past-the-post, fixed income, full employment, gentrification, German hyperinflation, global pandemic, Herbert Marcuse, mass immigration, meritocracy, moral panic, Neil Kinnock, new economy, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, North Sea oil, oil shock, Own Your Own Home, post-war consensus, sexual politics, traveling salesman, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, Winter of Discontent, young professional

He left the group in the early 1960s, later giving different reasons for his decision: in one version, he said that he ‘objected to the moving of Stalin’s body outside the mausoleum and changing the name of Stalingrad’, and indeed he remained a keen admirer of the murderous Soviet dictator for the rest of his life. His biographer Paul Routledge, however, suggests simply that ‘Scargill was a man in a hurry, and the Communist party got in the way’. Leaving the Young Communist League allowed him to get ahead in the local branch of the NUM, which was then fiercely anti-Communist; in any case, Scargill does not seem to have altered his principles, which remained so close to the party line as to be practically indistinguishable. As he made a name for himself within the South Yorkshire NUM as a cheeky, flamboyant, self-promoting hardliner, he made no attempt to downplay his vision of a centrally planned Marxist society with the abolition of all private property except for homes and gardens.

‘I’m very sympathetic to Enoch Powell …’60 From the very beginning, Whitehouse saw her movement in explicitly political terms. As a middle-class schoolteacher from the West Midlands she was a natural conservative; more importantly, however, she had for decades been a member of the evangelical Christian group Moral Re-armament, which had a fiercely anti-Communist thrust. At the root of the new permissiveness, she argued, was the ‘the secular/humanist/Marxist philosophy’, and her husband Ernest even told an interviewer that they were fighting back against the ‘pressure from the left-wing’ to ‘destroy the Christian faith’. Throughout her career, she never failed to link permissiveness and socialism, arguing – as did many like-minded people during the Wilson and Heath years – that they were part of the same campaign to subvert British democracy.


pages: 1,117 words: 305,620

Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield by Jeremy Scahill

active measures, air freight, Andy Carvin, anti-communist, blood diamond, business climate, citizen journalism, colonial rule, crowdsourcing, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, failed state, false flag, friendly fire, Google Hangouts, independent contractor, indoor plumbing, information security, Islamic Golden Age, Kickstarter, land reform, Mohammed Bouazizi, Naomi Klein, operational security, private military company, Project for a New American Century, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Seymour Hersh, Strategic Defense Initiative, WikiLeaks

COFER BLACK spent much of his career in the shadows in Africa. He cut his CIA teeth in Zambia during the Rhodesian War and then in Somalia and South Africa during the apartheid regime’s brutal war against the black majority. During his time in Zaire, Black worked on the Reagan administration’s covert weapons program to arm anti-Communist forces in Angola. In the early 1990s, long before most in the counterterrorism community, Black became obsessed with bin Laden and declared him a major threat who needed to be neutralized. From 1993 to 1995, Black worked, under diplomatic cover, at the US Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan, where he served as CIA station chief.

Crucially, Saleh also gave Tenet permission for the CIA to fly drones over his territory. “Saleh knew how to survive,” said Dr. Emile Nakhleh, a former senior CIA intelligence officer. During his decades in power, had Saleh “learned how to speak the language of the Cold War, to endear himself to us and other Western countries by speaking the anti-communist language.” After 9/11, Saleh “learned very quickly” that he had to speak the antiterrorism language, Nakhleh added. “So he came here seeking support, seeking financing. But, Saleh, from day one, years back, never thought that terrorism posed a threat to him. He thought that Yemen was basically a platform for al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations and that the real target was al Saud, the House of Saud.


The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 by John Darwin

anti-communist, banking crisis, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, cognitive bias, colonial rule, Corn Laws, disinformation, European colonialism, floating exchange rates, full employment, imperial preference, Joseph Schumpeter, Khartoum Gordon, Kickstarter, labour mobility, land tenure, liberal capitalism, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, Mahatma Gandhi, Monroe Doctrine, new economy, New Urbanism, open economy, railway mania, reserve currency, Right to Buy, rising living standards, scientific management, Scientific racism, South China Sea, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, tacit knowledge, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transaction costs, transcontinental railway, undersea cable

The political appeal of revolutionary Marxism, somewhat muted by the late 1920s, was hugely inflated by the visible signs of the collapse of capitalism. To anti-communist parties, interests and opinion, the massive scale of the social crisis required an urgent riposte to the Marxist challenge. The new mass media, their assumed domination over mass opinion, and the comparative novelty of democratic politics in Europe and East Asia (Japan adopted universal manhood suffrage in 1925) made the war of ideas (or slogans) the vital front in the political struggle. But there was no grand alliance against the communist threat. The striking feature of the European scene was the ferocity with which the anti-communist ideologues of fascism and Nazism attacked ‘bourgeois’ liberalism as decadent and corrupt, and parliamentary government as an obsolete sham.10 On Europe's imperial periphery, the devastating impact of the economic crisis on agrarian communities, and similar fears of social catastrophe, exposed colonial and semi-colonial regimes to a rhetorical onslaught from both Marxists and nationalists.


pages: 1,477 words: 311,310

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000 by Paul Kennedy

agricultural Revolution, airline deregulation, anti-communist, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, book value, Bretton Woods, British Empire, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, European colonialism, floating exchange rates, full employment, German hyperinflation, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, Herman Kahn, imperial preference, industrial robot, joint-stock company, laissez-faire capitalism, long peace, means of production, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, night-watchman state, North Sea oil, nuclear winter, oil shock, open economy, Peace of Westphalia, Potemkin village, price mechanism, price stability, RAND corporation, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, spinning jenny, stakhanovite, Strategic Defense Initiative, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, University of East Anglia, upwardly mobile, zero-sum game

During the war itself, the Allies had given aid to all manner of resistance movements struggling against their German and Japanese overlords, and it was natural for those groups to hope for a continuation of such aid after 1945, even while they engaged in jostling with rival contenders for power. That some of these partisan groups were Communist and others bitterly anti-Communist made it more difficult than ever for decision-makers in Moscow and Washington to separate these regional quarrels from their own global preoccupations. Greece and Yugoslavia had already demonstrated how a local, internal dispute could swiftly be given an international significance. The first of the extra-European disputes between Russia and the West was very much a legacy of such ad hoc wartime arrangements; in 1941–1943 Iran had been placed under tripartite military protection, partly to ensure that it remained in the Allied camp, partly to ensure that none of the Allies gained undue economic influence with the Teheran regime.108 When Moscow did not withdraw its garrison in early 1946, and instead seemed to be encouraging separatist, pro-Communist movements in the north, the traditional British objections to undue Russian influence in this part of the world were augmented, and then rather eclipsed, by the Truman administration’s strong protests.

Instead of pushing ahead with the earlier notions of a full-blown social transformation and demilitarization of Japanese society, for example, Washington planners steadily moved toward ideas of rebuilding the Japanese economy through the giant firms (zaibatsu), and even toward encouraging the creation of Japan’s own armed forces—partly to ease the United States’ economic and military burdens, partly to ensure that Japan would be an anti-Communist bastion in Asia.113 This hardening of Washington’s position by 1950 was the result of two factors. The first was the increasing attacks upon the more flexible “containment” policies of Truman and Acheson, not only by Republican critics and the fast-rising “red-baiter” Joe McCarthy, but also by newer diehards within the administration itself, such as Louis Johnson, John Foster Dulles, Dean Rusk, and Paul Nitze—compelling Truman to act more assertively in order to protect his domestic political flank.


The America That Reagan Built by J. David Woodard

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Boeing 747, Bonfire of the Vanities, business cycle, colonial rule, Columbine, corporate raider, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, friendly fire, glass ceiling, global village, Gordon Gekko, gun show loophole, guns versus butter model, income inequality, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Jeff Bezos, junk bonds, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, laissez-faire capitalism, late capitalism, Live Aid, Marc Andreessen, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, new economy, no-fly zone, Oklahoma City bombing, Parents Music Resource Center, postindustrial economy, Ralph Nader, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Rubik’s Cube, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, stem cell, Strategic Defense Initiative, Ted Kaczynski, The Predators' Ball, Timothy McVeigh, Tipper Gore, trickle-down economics, women in the workforce, Y2K, young professional

(Courtesy, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library) 20 THE AMERICA THAT REAGAN BUILT Reagan’s term as president of the SAG from 1947 to 1952 was marked by his cooperation with the FBI in the investigation of people in Hollywood who had attended socialist or communist group meetings. The dealings with labor bosses in these years reinforced his beliefs about capitalism, and Reagan emerged from these experiences as a lifelong economic conservative and anti-communist. He began his career as a partisan Democrat, admiring the legacy of Franklin Roosevelt. His divorce from actress Jane Wyman and subsequent marriage to Nancy Davis renewed his confidence in himself and the basic values of his childhood. The success in Hollywood placed him in the 91st percent marginal income-tax bracket, and made Reagan receptive to free-market economic ideas.


Autonomia: Post-Political Politics 2007 by Sylvere Lotringer, Christian Marazzi

anti-communist, anti-work, antiwork, business cycle, collective bargaining, dematerialisation, disinformation, do-ocracy, feminist movement, full employment, Great Leap Forward, land reform, late capitalism, means of production, social intelligence, wages for housework, women in the workforce

Translated by Committee April 7, London !. This comes in tM list co~ering charges of "subversive association" - Article 270 in the Fascist penal code of 1929. The nearest British equivalent Is the charge of sedition, as brought against the Betteshanger miners during the War. 2. "Special tribunals" were the political anti-communist courts set up by the Fascists in 1926. It was one of these tribunals that sent Gramsci to prison. 3. Under these vague, unspecified and unsubstantiated charges the accused may be subjected to a possible period of detantlon of up to FOUR years before they need be brought to trial. 11/1 Massa Carrara, November 18, 1972 200 The Naked Truth about Moro's Detention p He takes notes on whatever [s said.


pages: 518 words: 128,324

Destined for War: America, China, and Thucydides's Trap by Graham Allison

9 dash line, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, borderless world, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, conceptual framework, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, escalation ladder, facts on the ground, false flag, Flash crash, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, game design, George Santayana, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, Haber-Bosch Process, Herman Kahn, high-speed rail, industrial robot, Internet of things, Kenneth Rogoff, liberal world order, long peace, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, one-China policy, Paul Samuelson, Peace of Westphalia, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Scramble for Africa, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South China Sea, special economic zone, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, synthetic biology, TED Talk, the rule of 72, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade route, UNCLOS, Washington Consensus, zero-sum game

Behind closed doors, when comparing China and the US, they use PPP (see discussion in chapter 1). In this case, Xi’s Two Centennial Goals are measured in MER. Measured in PPP, the first has already been achieved. [back] * * * * A onetime Soviet spy who defected, Chambers became a fierce anti-Communist, and was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan in 1984. [back] * * *


pages: 493 words: 132,290

Vultures' Picnic: In Pursuit of Petroleum Pigs, Power Pirates, and High-Finance Carnivores by Greg Palast

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", anti-communist, back-to-the-land, bank run, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, British Empire, capital asset pricing model, capital controls, centre right, Chelsea Manning, classic study, clean water, collateralized debt obligation, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency risk, disinformation, Donald Trump, energy security, Exxon Valdez, Glass-Steagall Act, invisible hand, junk bonds, means of production, Myron Scholes, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, Pepto Bismol, random walk, Ronald Reagan, sensible shoes, Seymour Hersh, transfer pricing, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, Yogi Berra

Here she is standing next to her husband, Ilham Aliyev. He’s only the third president of this new nation, which won its independence from the USSR in 1991. In its last decade as a Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan was ruled by a merciless KGB thug, Heydar Aliyev. Aliyev was replaced by a devout Muslim anti-Communist, the merciless President of the Azerbaijan Republic, Heydar Aliyev. Azeris pined for the days when Heydar was merely merciless. I should say, “Baba” Aliyev. Grandpa. Aliyev wanted all Azeris to call him just Grandpa. And everybody did call him President Grandpa because he scared the shit out of them.


pages: 454 words: 139,350

Jihad vs. McWorld: Terrorism's Challenge to Democracy by Benjamin Barber

airport security, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, borderless world, Bretton Woods, British Empire, classic study, computer age, Corn Laws, Corrections Corporation of America, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, export processing zone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, George Gilder, global village, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Joan Didion, Kevin Kelly, laissez-faire capitalism, late capitalism, Live Aid, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, minimum wage unemployment, new economy, Norbert Wiener, North Sea oil, off-the-grid, pirate software, Plato's cave, postnationalism / post nation state, profit motive, race to the bottom, Right to Buy, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, undersea cable, vertical integration, young professional, zero-sum game

German enragees are often if not always unemployed or underemployed in lower-paying jobs, often if not always young people with little education and few prospects, often if not always Ossi’s or Easterners from the old German Democratic Republic, deprived overnight both of jobs and the social safety nets that might cushion their joblessness.23 They would perhaps join McWorld if they could, and they are happy enough to use its instrumentalities (whether these take the form of British fashion statements, commercially rewarding rock bands, or Internet bulletin boards like The Thule Network) as weapons in their struggle.24 In a sense, the German neo-fascists are a counterreaction to reunification that filled the void when the primary anti-Communist revolution failed. Had the indigenous political movements that helped bring down first the iron curtain and then the Berlin Wall survived the traumatic passage to German reunification and been even a little successful in the West-dominated elections that came soon afterwards, Ossi extremism might have been averted.


pages: 444 words: 130,646

Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest by Zeynep Tufekci

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, 4chan, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, algorithmic bias, AltaVista, Alvin Toffler, Andy Carvin, anti-communist, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, bread and circuses, British Empire, citizen journalism, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, context collapse, crowdsourcing, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, end-to-end encryption, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, feminist movement, Ferguson, Missouri, Filter Bubble, Future Shock, gentrification, Howard Rheingold, income inequality, index card, interchangeable parts, invention of movable type, invention of writing, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, loose coupling, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral hazard, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, pre–internet, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, real-name policy, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rosa Parks, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, Streisand effect, the strength of weak ties, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, Twitter Arab Spring, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler

The chief organizer of logistics for the March on Washington was Bayard Rustin, a name less well-known than Martin Luther King or Rosa Parks, but that of a man who had spent his lifetime mobilizing people for political causes. He may seem to have been an unusual choice for the role: a black man arrested for being gay in a time when his sexuality was a crime, a former Communist (who would later turn staunchly anti-Communist), and a devoted pacifist who had spent World War II in prison as a conscientious objector. Rustin played a role in encouraging and deepening King’s convictions about the use of nonviolence as a political strategy during the early days of the Montgomery bus boycott. Even within the civil rights movement, Rustin was often viewed with suspicion and treated as a liability.


pages: 502 words: 128,126

Rule Britannia: Brexit and the End of Empire by Danny Dorling, Sally Tomlinson

3D printing, Ada Lovelace, Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, anti-globalists, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Bullingdon Club, Cambridge Analytica, centre right, colonial rule, Corn Laws, correlation does not imply causation, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, disinformation, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Etonian, falling living standards, Flynn Effect, gentrification, housing crisis, illegal immigration, imperial preference, income inequality, inflation targeting, invisible hand, Jeremy Corbyn, knowledge economy, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, megacity, New Urbanism, Nick Leeson, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, out of africa, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, Steven Pinker, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, University of East Anglia, Wayback Machine, We are the 99%, wealth creators

In fact, the supposedly spontaneous marches were actually organised by extreme right-wing activists, according to secret intelligence briefings to the [then] prime minister. An MI5 report to Harold Wilson four days after the Tory frontbencher’s inflammatory Birmingham address said the supposedly spontaneous strike and demonstration by 500 workers from the East India dock was actually led by Harry Pearman, a supporter of the anti-communist fundamentalist group Moral Rearmament.32 Members of Oswald Mosley’s fascist party also ensured porters from Smithfield Market demonstrated in favour of Enoch’s claim of the ‘menace’ of ‘charming wide-grinning piccaninnies’. Powell’s real supporters were the fascists and Conservatives. By 1969, a majority of Conservative constituency associations, mostly in middle-class areas, had voted to stop all ‘coloured immigration’.


pages: 545 words: 137,789

How Markets Fail: The Logic of Economic Calamities by John Cassidy

Abraham Wald, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, asset allocation, asset-backed security, availability heuristic, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black-Scholes formula, Blythe Masters, book value, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, centralized clearinghouse, collateralized debt obligation, Columbine, conceptual framework, Corn Laws, corporate raider, correlation coefficient, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, debt deflation, different worldview, diversification, Elliott wave, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, full employment, Garrett Hardin, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Gunnar Myrdal, Haight Ashbury, hiring and firing, Hyman Minsky, income per capita, incomplete markets, index fund, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, Landlord’s Game, liquidity trap, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, margin call, market bubble, market clearing, mental accounting, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Minsky moment, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Myron Scholes, Naomi Klein, negative equity, Network effects, Nick Leeson, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, paradox of thrift, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, price discrimination, price stability, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, proprietary trading, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, random walk, Renaissance Technologies, rent control, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, statistical model, subprime mortgage crisis, tail risk, Tax Reform Act of 1986, technology bubble, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Two Sigma, unorthodox policies, value at risk, Vanguard fund, Vilfredo Pareto, wealth creators, zero-sum game

The work he did in economics he considered a sideline to his other activities, which included formulating game theory and making significant contributions to logic, set theory, statistics, quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and computer science. A colleague of Albert Einstein’s at Princeton’s Institute for Advanced Study, von Neumann played an important role in the Manhattan Project, consulted for the CIA, and served on the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Loquacious and virulently anti-Communist, he drank heavily, told off-color jokes, was married twice, and died of cancer in 1957, when he was just fifty-three. Von Neumann didn’t have much time for the economics textbooks, or their authors, regarding them as mathematically challenged. “You know,” he told one collaborator, “if those books are unearthed sometime a few hundred years hence, people will not believe they were written in our time.


pages: 477 words: 135,607

The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger by Marc Levinson

air freight, anti-communist, barriers to entry, Bay Area Rapid Transit, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, deskilling, Edward Glaeser, Erik Brynjolfsson, flag carrier, full employment, global supply chain, intermodal, Isaac Newton, job automation, Jones Act, knowledge economy, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, manufacturing employment, Network effects, New Economic Geography, new economy, oil shock, Panamax, Port of Oakland, post-Panamax, Productivity paradox, refrigerator car, Robert Solow, South China Sea, trade route, vertical integration, Works Progress Administration, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

The ILWU walked out when the contract expired, and the union’s leadership was so successful in promoting solidarity that members stayed out through a ninety-five-day strike. Finally, the major ship lines brought the conflict to an end by pushing aside the stevedores’ association and their own rabidly anti-Communist counsel and taking charge of negotiations. The union achieved its greatest desire: it was finally able to negotiate face-to-face with the ship operators that ultimately paid for its services, rather than with the financially tenuous middlemen at the stevedoring companies.12 The largest of the Pacific ship lines, Matson, was facing a financial squeeze, and it persuaded the others that it was time for “a new look” in labor-management relations.


pages: 465 words: 134,575

Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces by Radley Balko

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", anti-communist, call centre, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, desegregation, edge city, mass incarceration, Menlo Park, moral panic, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Timothy McVeigh

The resulting raid produced an iconic, Pulitzer Prize–winning photo by Associated Press photographer Alan Diaz in which an INS agent points a semi-automatic weapon at the crying, terrified boy while he’s being held by Donato Dalrymple, one of the fishermen who found him. Once again, reactions to the raid and the photo broke down along partisan lines. Conservatives lined up behind the Miami relatives, who were part of the city’s large community of generally conservative, anti-Castro, anti-Communist Cuban immigrants. Liberals tended to line up behind Bill Clinton, Janet Reno, and the Justice Department, who were trying to enforce the Eleventh Circuit ruling. Then-presidential candidate George W. Bush declared that “the chilling picture of a little boy being removed from his home at gunpoint defies the values of America.”


The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good by William Easterly

"World Economic Forum" Davos, airport security, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, bank run, banking crisis, Bob Geldof, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, clean water, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, Edward Glaeser, end world poverty, European colonialism, failed state, farmers can use mobile phones to check market prices, George Akerlof, Gunnar Myrdal, guns versus butter model, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, intentional community, invisible hand, Kenneth Rogoff, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, land reform, land tenure, Live Aid, microcredit, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, publication bias, purchasing power parity, randomized controlled trial, Ronald Reagan, Scramble for Africa, structural adjustment programs, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, TSMC, War on Poverty, Xiaogang Anhui farmers

Crocker, High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood, New York: Norton, 1992, p. 68. 35.Huband, The Skull Beneath the Skin, p. 42; Elaine Windrich, The Cold War Guerilla: Jonas Sarimbi, the U.S. Media, and the Angolan War; New York: Greenwood Press, 1992, p. 35. 36.Windrich, Cold War Guerilla, p. 35. 37.Ted Galen Carpenter, “U.S. Aid to Anti-Communist Rebels: The ‘Reagan Doctrine’ and Its Pitfalls,” Cato Policy Analysis 74 (June 24, 1986), http://www. cato.org/pubs/pas/pa074.html. 38.Windrich, Cold War Guerilla, p. 84. 39.Maier, Angola, p. 47. 40.BBC News obituary on Savimbi, February 25, 2002. 41.Crocker, High Noon, p. 297. 42.Ibid., p. 488. 43.World Bank, Transitional Support Strategy for the Republic of Angola, 2003, paragraph 9. 44.Hodges, Angola, 45.Data for 2001 from World Bank World Development Indicators. 46.UNAIDS, http://www.unaids.org/en/geographical+area/by+country/angola.asp.


pages: 470 words: 130,269

The Marginal Revolutionaries: How Austrian Economists Fought the War of Ideas by Janek Wasserman

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Wald, Albert Einstein, American Legislative Exchange Council, anti-communist, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, business cycle, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, different worldview, Donald Trump, experimental economics, Fall of the Berlin Wall, floating exchange rates, Fractional reserve banking, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Gunnar Myrdal, housing crisis, Internet Archive, invisible hand, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, laissez-faire capitalism, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, means of production, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, Mont Pelerin Society, New Journalism, New Urbanism, old-boy network, Paul Samuelson, Philip Mirowski, price mechanism, price stability, public intellectual, RAND corporation, random walk, rent control, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, rolodex, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, The Chicago School, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, trade liberalization, union organizing, urban planning, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, zero-sum game, éminence grise

Hazlitt, who had reviewed other Austrian works favorably, had a long-standing relationship with Hayek, having introduced the latter to businessmen like Leonard Read, the head of the Western Division of the United States Chamber of Commerce and a founder of the libertarian Foundation for Economic Education (FEE). The condensed version of Road that appeared in Reader’s Digest exposed Hayek to millions of other potential readers. Max Eastman, one of the United States’ most famous lapsed socialists and a dogged anti-Communist, edited the abridgment. On the heels of this massive exposure, Hayek transformed his academic lecture series into a grandstanding book tour, professionally managed by a promotional agency. He had interviews with national magazines and New York and Chicago newspapers. Despite the acclaim, Hayek was disappointed that approval came almost exclusively from businesspeople, while his intended audience—“socialists of all parties”—spurned the work: “I was at first a bit puzzled and even alarmed when I found that a book written in no party spirit and not meant to support any popular philosophy should have been so exclusively welcomed by one party and so thoroughly excoriated by the other.”


East West Street: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity" by Philippe Sands

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, battle of ideas, British Empire, card file, foreign exchange controls, nuremberg principles

After his parents separated, he divided the next years between Prague, with his mother, and Munich, where his father worked as a lawyer before he was disbarred for defrauding his clients. As World War I ended, Frank was conscripted into the Wehrmacht and then associated himself with a private right-wing militia. He joined an organization of anti-Communist and anti-Semitic conservatives, the Thule Society, which allowed him to attend meetings to vent a strongly held distaste for the Versailles Treaty. In January 1920, at Munich’s Mathäser-Bräu, Frank saw Adolf Hitler speak, as one of the first members of the German Workers’ Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or DAP), a forerunner to the NSDAP.


pages: 515 words: 143,055

The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads by Tim Wu

1960s counterculture, Aaron Swartz, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, AltaVista, Andrew Keen, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Apple II, Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, barriers to entry, Bob Geldof, borderless world, Brownian motion, Burning Man, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, colonial rule, content marketing, cotton gin, data science, do well by doing good, East Village, future of journalism, George Gilder, Golden age of television, Golden Gate Park, Googley, Gordon Gekko, Herbert Marcuse, housing crisis, informal economy, Internet Archive, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Perry Barlow, Live Aid, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, McMansion, mirror neurons, Nate Silver, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, Nicholas Carr, Pepsi Challenge, placebo effect, Plato's cave, post scarcity, race to the bottom, road to serfdom, Saturday Night Live, science of happiness, self-driving car, side project, Silicon Valley, Skinner box, slashdot, Snapchat, Snow Crash, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Levy, Ted Nelson, telemarketer, the built environment, The Chicago School, the scientific method, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Tim Cook: Apple, Torches of Freedom, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, Virgin Galactic, Wayback Machine, white flight, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game

Goebbels und sein Ministerium,” in Hans Heinz Mantau-Sadlia, Deutsche Führer Deutsches Schicksal. Das Buch der Künder und Führer des dritten Reiches (Munich: Verlag Max Steinebach, 1934) 330–42, http://research.calvin.edu/​german-propaganda-archive/​goeb62.htm. 13. Andrew Defty, Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945–53: The Information Research Department (New York: Routledge, 2004); Joseph D. Douglass Jr., Soviet Military Strategy in Europe (New York: Pergamon Press, 1981). For a discussion on First Amendment jurisprudence and its effects, see Tamara R. Piety, Brandishing the First Amendment: Commercial Expression in America (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012).


pages: 418 words: 134,401

First Friends: The Powerful, Unsung (And Unelected) People Who Shaped Our Presidents by Gary Ginsberg

affirmative action, anti-communist, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, forensic accounting, gentleman farmer, invisible hand, Kitchen Debate, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Seymour Hersh, SoftBank, Ted Sorensen, traveling salesman, two and twenty, urban planning

This night, however, Kennedy had ample reason to feel emboldened: He had just learned that his approval ratings after his first month in office were four points higher than Eisenhower’s at a comparable period. The question Kennedy now debated with Ormsby-Gore was whether to use that popularity to do what he thought right: admit Communist China into the UN and not support the anti-communist forces fighting in Laos—positions he knew Eisenhower and a majority of the public opposed. Carefully weighing both sides with Ormsby-Gore reassured Kennedy his instincts were right. He would delay a decision on China while remaining neutral on Laos. As the men continued to talk past midnight they also agreed that the upcoming nuclear test ban talks held the promise of a groundbreaking treaty both desperately sought.


pages: 524 words: 130,909

The Contrarian: Peter Thiel and Silicon Valley's Pursuit of Power by Max Chafkin

3D printing, affirmative action, Airbnb, anti-communist, bank run, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Blitzscaling, Boeing 747, borderless world, Cambridge Analytica, charter city, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Cornelius Vanderbilt, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, David Brooks, David Graeber, DeepMind, digital capitalism, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, driverless car, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Elon Musk, Ethereum, Extropian, facts on the ground, Fairchild Semiconductor, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, Frank Gehry, Gavin Belson, global macro, Gordon Gekko, Greyball, growth hacking, guest worker program, Hacker News, Haight Ashbury, helicopter parent, hockey-stick growth, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kevin Roose, Kickstarter, Larry Ellison, life extension, lockdown, low interest rates, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, Maui Hawaii, Max Levchin, Menlo Park, military-industrial complex, moral panic, move fast and break things, Neal Stephenson, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, operational security, PalmPilot, Paris climate accords, Patri Friedman, paypal mafia, Peter Gregory, Peter Thiel, pets.com, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, public intellectual, QAnon, quantitative hedge fund, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, randomized controlled trial, regulatory arbitrage, Renaissance Technologies, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robinhood: mobile stock trading app, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, self-driving car, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, social distancing, software is eating the world, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, surveillance capitalism, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, tech worker, TechCrunch disrupt, techlash, technology bubble, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, TED Talk, the new new thing, the scientific method, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, Upton Sinclair, Vitalik Buterin, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, Y Combinator, Y2K, yellow journalism, Zenefits

Thiel’s experience in the real world, which started the following fall when he moved to New York to begin as a first-year associate at the elite corporate law firm Sullivan & Cromwell, was less glorious than the PC-free zone he’d fantasized about on campus. He’d imagined corporate law as a profession full of righteous anti-communist greed; in fact, it was a grind. Law, as practiced in the real world, had all the naked, humbling ambition of Stanford, but with none of that pleasant self-righteousness. There were no liberals to fight, just an endless supply of young men and women, spread out across a familiar selection of white-shoe firms, with the same near-perfect grades, the same near-perfect LSAT scores, the same willingness to work eighty hours a week, no matter how inane the task.


Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World by Naomi Klein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, anti-communist, anti-globalists, autism spectrum disorder, benefit corporation, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blood diamond, Boris Johnson, Boycotts of Israel, Cambridge Analytica, capitalist realism, ChatGPT, citizen journalism, Climategate, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, critical race theory, dark matter, deep learning, deepfake, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, fake news, false flag, feminist movement, George Floyd, glass ceiling, global pandemic, global supply chain, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hive mind, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, Jeffrey Epstein, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, lab leak, Lewis Mumford, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, mass incarceration, medical residency, military-industrial complex, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, neurotypical, new economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, phenotype, profit motive, QAnon, QR code, Ralph Waldo Emerson, randomized controlled trial, Rosa Parks, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, shared worldview, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, smart cities, social distancing, Steve Bannon, surveillance capitalism, tech billionaire, tech bro, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, TikTok, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, union organizing, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wayback Machine, women in the workforce

And not just between us—it is intensifying my already deep isolation, cutting me off further from other friends and family. No one I know listens to War Room, and I feel increasingly that it is impossible to understand the new shape of politics without listening to it. Still, it has gone pretty far: for days, I have been unable to get the show’s rabidly anti-communist theme song out of my head (“Spread the word all through Hong Kong / We will fight till they’re all gone / We rejoice when there’s no more / Let’s take down the CCP”). I pledge then and there to give it a rest, to put this least charming of pandemic hobbies aside. It seems like the right time to reassess anyway.


Southeast Asia on a Shoestring Travel Guide by Lonely Planet

active transport: walking or cycling, airport security, Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, British Empire, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, clockwatching, colonial rule, flag carrier, gentrification, Global Witness, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, haute cuisine, indoor plumbing, Kickstarter, large denomination, low cost airline, Mason jar, megacity, period drama, restrictive zoning, retail therapy, Skype, South China Sea, spice trade, superstar cities, sustainable-tourism, the long tail, trade route, urban sprawl, white picket fence, women in the workforce

Not even a blip on the global dive radar, the Atauro Islands have healthy reefs mere steps from the shore. Nearby eco-resorts are powered by the sun and strive to lessen the visitors’ load. Click here Vietnam Culture/History Beaches Food SMALL COUNTRY, BIG HISTORY Imperial powers couldn’t keep their hands off Vietnam, be it neighbouring China, colonial France or anti-communist USA. There are epic tales of occupation and resistance coupled with its home-grown history of millennial-old Hanoi, emperors of Hue and the modern marketplace of Ho Chi Minh City. DUNES, DUDES & DUDETTES Vietnam has a voluptuous coastline populated by a young, sociable vibe. If the party places are too loud, travel a few kilometres further for scenic solitude.

A brief but brutal civil war saw UDT’s rival Fretilin (previously known as the Association of Timorese Social Democrats) come out on top, and it urgently declared the independent existence of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste on 28 November, amidst an undeclared invasion by Indonesia. On 7 December Indonesia finally launched their full-scale attack on Dili after months of incursions (including at Balibo, where five Australia-based journalists were killed). Anti-communist Indonesia feared an independent Timor-Leste governed by a left-leaning Fretilin would bring communism to its door, and commenced its invasion of Timor-Leste just a day after Henry Kissinger and Gerald Ford departed Jakarta, having tacitly given their assent. (Indeed, the Americans urged the Indonesians to conduct a swift campaign so that the world wouldn’t see them using weapons the US had provided).

When WWII ended, Ho Chi Minh – whose Viet Minh forces already controlled large parts of the country – declared Vietnam independent. French efforts to reassert control soon led to violent confrontations and full-scale war. In May 1954, Viet Minh forces overran the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu. The Geneva Accords of mid-1954 provided for a temporary division of Vietnam at the Ben Hai River. When Ngo Dinh Diem, the anti-communist, Catholic leader of the southern zone, refused to hold the 1956 elections, the Ben Hai line became the border between North and South Vietnam. * * * UNCLE OF THE PEOPLE Father of the nation, Ho Chi Minh (Bringer of Light) was the son of a fiercely nationalistic scholar-official. Born Nguyen Tat Thanh near Vinh in 1890, he was educated in Hue and adopted many pseudonyms during his momentous life.


pages: 535 words: 158,863

Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making by David Rothkopf

"World Economic Forum" Davos, airport security, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, asset allocation, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, Bob Geldof, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, BRICs, business cycle, carried interest, clean water, compensation consultant, corporate governance, creative destruction, crony capitalism, David Brooks, Doha Development Round, Donald Trump, fake news, financial innovation, fixed income, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Gini coefficient, global village, high net worth, income inequality, industrial cluster, informal economy, Internet Archive, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, John Elkington, joint-stock company, knowledge economy, Larry Ellison, liberal capitalism, Live Aid, Long Term Capital Management, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Nelson Mandela, old-boy network, open borders, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, price mechanism, proprietary trading, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, Skype, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trickle-down economics, upwardly mobile, vertical integration, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, William Langewiesche

He then held a press conference in which he denounced Zyuganov’s “classic Communist lie” and warned that his election would “lead to bloodshed and civil war.” The oligarchs set aside differences and held several private meetings in Davos hotel rooms, where they strategized over how to defeat the Zyuganov threat. The result was the “Davos Pact”: an agreement between Chubais and the oligarchs that he would lead the anti-Communist campaign and they would fund it—and him—generously. The subsequent months saw a massive media offensive as “money poured into advertising campaigns, into regional tours, into bribing journalists”—all supported by the oligarchs (who owned the major TV stations and newspapers) and orchestrated by Chubais.


pages: 632 words: 159,454

War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures, and Debt by Kwasi Kwarteng

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, Atahualpa, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, California gold rush, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, credit crunch, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, Etonian, eurozone crisis, fiat currency, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, German hyperinflation, Glass-Steagall Act, guns versus butter model, hiring and firing, income inequality, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, labour market flexibility, land bank, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, market bubble, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, oil shock, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, price mechanism, quantitative easing, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, South Sea Bubble, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez canal 1869, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, War on Poverty, Yom Kippur War

In 1947, the figure reached only 37 per cent.12 This experience of poor economic growth persuaded the Americans to change course. They quickly realized that, if Japan was to develop along the democratic lines they had envisaged, a thriving economy would be the best bulwark against a relapse into militarism and autocracy. The collapse of Chiang Kai-shek and the anti-Communist Kuomintang in China towards the end of the 1940s also caused a shift in strategic goals for the United States.13 With customary efficiency and zeal, the American authorities decided to commit their energies to putting Japan’s economy on a sounder footing. To this end, Joseph Dodge, the same Detroit banker who had been the architect of the western German currency reforms in 1948, arrived in Tokyo on 1 February 1949.


pages: 537 words: 158,544

Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order by Parag Khanna

Abraham Maslow, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, Bartolomé de las Casas, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, complexity theory, continuation of politics by other means, crony capitalism, death from overwork, Deng Xiaoping, different worldview, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, Edward Glaeser, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, facts on the ground, failed state, flex fuel, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, friendly fire, gentrification, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, haute couture, Hernando de Soto, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, invisible hand, Islamic Golden Age, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Khyber Pass, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, land reform, Londongrad, low cost airline, low skilled workers, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, meritocracy, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, oil-for-food scandal, open borders, open economy, Parag Khanna, Pax Mongolica, Pearl River Delta, pirate software, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, Potemkin village, price stability, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, reserve currency, restrictive zoning, rising living standards, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Skype, South China Sea, special economic zone, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, trade route, trickle-down economics, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

The radical path on which Khomenei took the country threw open the most fundamental questions as to whether to honor the country’s pre-Islamic and pre-revolutionary history, with implications for the status of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and even Muslim Sufism (Rumi attained his enlightenment in Iranian Tabriz in 1244), and the treatment of a shrine venerating the shah, whose debased secularism Khomenei detested.6 His parallel system of dual government, which attempted to reconcile Islamic theocracy and republican statehood, created tensions with which the country continues to struggle: Iranians themselves grasp for terms such as polyarchy, elective oligarchy, semi-democracy, or neo-patrimonialism to describe what is simultaneously an authoritarian regime and perhaps the most democratic country in the region, with elections for president and for its parliament, the Majlis.7 Though Khomenei’s humiliating settlement with Saddam Hussein forced Iranians to reconsider their divinity as “pioneers of Islam,” Iran’s Revolutionary Guards have never ceased to challenge Western liberalism through maintaining the dominance of religion in the public realm and sponsoring Islamist fundamentalism from Palestine to Pakistan. During the Cold War, the United States managed special relations with Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Iran as its anti-Communist bulwark. In 1977, President Carter flew to Tehran and toasted the shah as the leader of an “island of stability.” Two years later, the shah fled the revolution. Since that time, American dealings with Iran can best be described as hostage politics, because the 1979 revolution and taking of hostages at the American embassy has clouded all relations—or rather, nonrelations—ever since.


pages: 669 words: 150,886

Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the Frontiers of Power by Patrick Major

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, centre right, disinformation, Easter island, falling living standards, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, land reform, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mittelstand, open borders, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, post-materialism, Prenzlauer Berg, refrigerator car, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Sinatra Doctrine

In the traumatic year of 1953 the party registered 7,370 card-carrying defections or 0.6 per cent of its membership, against 1.6 per cent among the adult population.³⁷ During the 1950s the annual figure hovered around 8,000, but by 1960 was only 4,470, or 0.3 per cent (against 1.2 per cent nationally), indicating an increasingly stable core. For party careerists, western contacts were frowned upon and few would have deluded themselves about employment prospects in an increasingly anti-communist Federal Republic. Among non-party members of any hue, Republikflucht generally rose during periods of heightened class struggle, such as that ushered in by the ‘construction of socialism’ in July 1952 and ended by the abortive insurrection of 17 June 1953. It is quite clear that emigration was part, and not a displacement, of this popular discontent, contrary to Hirschman’s seesaw model.


pages: 487 words: 147,891

McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld by Misha Glenny

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", "World Economic Forum" Davos, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, BRICs, colonial rule, crony capitalism, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, Firefox, forensic accounting, friendly fire, glass ceiling, Global Witness, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, joint-stock company, low interest rates, market bubble, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Nick Leeson, no-fly zone, offshore financial centre, Oklahoma City bombing, Pearl River Delta, place-making, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Skype, special economic zone, Stephen Hawking, trade liberalization, trade route, Transnistria, unemployed young men, upwardly mobile

It was bitterly hostile to the Communists for the destruction they had wrought on the country. Pavlov and his colleagues were all closely associated with the Communist regime, and so they needed to neutralize any opposition attempt to foil their business plans. In 1990, Ilya came up with the solution. A good friend was the deputy head of Podkrepa, Bulgaria’s fiercely anti-Communist independent trades union, which also received strong backing from the American government. Pavlov persuaded Podkrepa’s bosses that the real enemies of ordinary workers were the Communist-appointed directors of the big state-owned factories. “Ilya’s game was simple.” Boyko Borissov speaks with authority.


pages: 482 words: 149,351

The Finance Curse: How Global Finance Is Making Us All Poorer by Nicholas Shaxson

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Airbnb, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, benefit corporation, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Blythe Masters, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business climate, business cycle, capital controls, carried interest, Cass Sunstein, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, centre right, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, corporate governance, corporate raider, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, cross-subsidies, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, Donald Trump, Etonian, export processing zone, failed state, fake news, falling living standards, family office, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, forensic accounting, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Global Witness, high net worth, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, index fund, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, junk bonds, Kickstarter, land value tax, late capitalism, light touch regulation, London Whale, Long Term Capital Management, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, megaproject, Michael Milken, Money creation, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, neoliberal agenda, Network effects, new economy, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, out of africa, Paul Samuelson, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, price mechanism, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, pushing on a string, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, seminal paper, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart grid, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, Suez crisis 1956, The Chicago School, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transfer pricing, two and twenty, vertical integration, Wayback Machine, wealth creators, white picket fence, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

When a student’s father complained about a ‘socialist’ book Tiebout had set his son as part of his coursework, Tiebout impishly got the dean to send a letter back stating, ‘This is to inform you that Professor Tiebout is not a socialist; he is a communist.’1 Tiebout was not in fact a communist: he was simply a mischief-maker. It was, however, a risky thing to even joke about; America was then in the late stages of McCarthyism. Senator Joseph McCarthy had been conducting anti-communist witch-hunts in Hollywood, government, academia and other parts of American society. He had even accused George Marshall – originator of the Marshall Plan to block global communist expansion by providing aid to Europe after the Second World War – of having communist leanings.2 Behind the fun, though, Tiebout did believe that government could do good.


pages: 513 words: 156,022

Dictatorland: The Men Who Stole Africa by Paul Kenyon

agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, Ascot racecourse, Boeing 747, British Empire, centre right, clean water, colonial rule, Etonian, European colonialism, falling living standards, friendly fire, Global Witness, land reform, mandatory minimum, Nelson Mandela, Norman Mailer, offshore financial centre, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Scramble for Africa, transatlantic slave trade, Yom Kippur War

He demanded complete obedience to the official ideology of his newly created party, the Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, or MPR, which was hurriedly joined by all politicians who valued their safety. But what was his political philosophy? It was difficult to pin down: generally liberal in economic matters but almost Maoist in his social control. Anti-communist, but at the same time anti-capitalist. There were bits and pieces of everything in there, a political stew into which Mobutu tossed whatever ingredient he chose. He welcomed the continued support of the US, while at the same time travelling to Beijing for inspiration. Why not call it Mobutuism and be done with it?


pages: 538 words: 147,612

All the Money in the World by Peter W. Bernstein

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, book value, call centre, Carl Icahn, Charles Lindbergh, clean tech, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, corporate raider, creative destruction, currency peg, David Brooks, Donald Trump, estate planning, Fairchild Semiconductor, family office, financial engineering, financial innovation, George Gilder, high net worth, invisible hand, Irwin Jacobs: Qualcomm, Jeff Bezos, job automation, job-hopping, John Markoff, junk bonds, Larry Ellison, Long Term Capital Management, Marc Andreessen, Martin Wolf, Maui Hawaii, means of production, mega-rich, Menlo Park, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, Norman Mailer, PageRank, Peter Singer: altruism, pez dispenser, popular electronics, Quicken Loans, Renaissance Technologies, Rod Stewart played at Stephen Schwarzman birthday party, Ronald Reagan, Sand Hill Road, school vouchers, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, shareholder value, short squeeze, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley startup, SoftBank, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, tech baron, tech billionaire, Teledyne, the new new thing, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, traveling salesman, urban planning, wealth creators, William Shockley: the traitorous eight, women in the workforce

Ford owned the Michigan weekly46 the Dearborn Independent, which during the 1920s spread his anti-Semitic views through a series of almost one hundred articles entitled “The International Jew: The World’s Problem.” The Dearborn Independent even republished as fact the fabricated and virulently anti-Semitic The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. And in the 1950s H. L. Hunt47 spread his anti-Communist message through a radio and television show, Facts Forum, which was carried on 360 radio stations and 22 television channels. More moderate members of the Forbes 400 have found the media, especially newspapers, to be an excellent pulpit from which to preach their political views, whether liberal or conservative.


pages: 524 words: 143,993

The Shifts and the Shocks: What We've Learned--And Have Still to Learn--From the Financial Crisis by Martin Wolf

air freight, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, asset-backed security, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, Bear Stearns, Ben Bernanke: helicopter money, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, bonus culture, break the buck, Bretton Woods, business cycle, call centre, capital asset pricing model, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, collateralized debt obligation, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, currency risk, debt deflation, deglobalization, Deng Xiaoping, diversification, double entry bookkeeping, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fiat currency, financial deregulation, financial innovation, financial repression, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, forward guidance, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, global rebalancing, global reserve currency, Growth in a Time of Debt, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, invisible hand, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, Les Trente Glorieuses, light touch regulation, liquidationism / Banker’s doctrine / the Treasury view, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, mandatory minimum, margin call, market bubble, market clearing, market fragmentation, Martin Wolf, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Minsky moment, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, negative equity, new economy, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, open economy, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, price stability, private sector deleveraging, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, Real Time Gross Settlement, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, Richard Feynman, risk-adjusted returns, risk/return, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, savings glut, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, shareholder value, short selling, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, subprime mortgage crisis, tail risk, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, the market place, The Myth of the Rational Market, the payments system, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, vertical integration, very high income, winner-take-all economy, zero-sum game

He believed in enlightenment values, tempered by appreciation of the frailties of humanity. The latter had its roots in his talent (and career) as a playwright and journalist. He accepted people as they are. He opposed those who sought to transform them into what they could not be. These values made him, and later me, staunchly anti-communist during the Cold War. I have remained attached to these values throughout my life. My views on the economy have altered over time, however. As economic turbulence hit the Western world during the 1970s, I became concerned that this might undermine both prosperity and political stability. When UK retail price inflation hit 27 per cent in August 1975, I even wondered whether my country would go the way of Argentina.


pages: 438 words: 146,246

Next Stop Execution: The Autobiography of Oleg Gordievsky by Oleg Gordievsky

active measures, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Etonian, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Kinnock, Ronald Reagan, Strategic Defense Initiative, union organizing, urban sprawl, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, working poor

In Russia there is a gesture which denotes that you are expressing contempt but keeping it in your pocket: the showing of the thumb between the knuckles of the first and second fingers (a cousin of the Western V-sign). Countless people were giving that signal, and they went on doing so for another thirty years, till the very end of the Soviet regime — only to discover, with dismay, that they could not then prove to anybody that they had always held strong anti-Communist views. At least, after a while, I took action. But in 1961 I was in no position to do so. * The longer we stayed in Berlin the more we felt we were men of the world. Now that we had learnt something about the KGB, we knew what had to be taken seriously, and what could be joked about for, in spite of the general greyness of life, we enjoyed some amusing interludes.


pages: 530 words: 147,851

Small Men on the Wrong Side of History: The Decline, Fall and Unlikely Return of Conservatism by Ed West

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, assortative mating, battle of ideas, Beeching cuts, Berlin Wall, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Broken windows theory, Bullingdon Club, centre right, clean water, cognitive dissonance, Corn Laws, David Attenborough, David Brooks, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, desegregation, different worldview, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ferguson, Missouri, future of work, gender pay gap, George Santayana, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, Jeremy Corbyn, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, lump of labour, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, moral hazard, moral panic, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, Norman Mailer, obamacare, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Overton Window, pattern recognition, Ralph Nader, replication crisis, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, Social Justice Warrior, Stephen Fry, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, Turing test, twin studies, urban decay, War on Poverty, Winter of Discontent, zero-sum game

Even its urban decay and squalor was sort of glamorous and exciting. The country seemed to have regained its confidence in this age of cheesy action films with Rocky, Rambo and John McClane beating up various Ruskis, Germans and Arab pantomime villains, not to mention Frank Drebin in The Naked Gun fighting the Ayatollah and Gaddafi. Conservative anti-communist writers such as P. J. O’Rourke could even be cool when writing about socialism and how fun-sucking the creed was. Being Right-wing might have almost seemed attractive. So while only hardline Leftists regret the Berlin Wall falling, it was something of a tactical setback for our side, too. It moved our opponents away from economic arguments, which they’re not very good at winning, towards social ones, which they are.


pages: 532 words: 141,574

Bleeding Edge: A Novel by Thomas Pynchon

addicted to oil, AltaVista, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Bernie Madoff, big-box store, Burning Man, carried interest, deal flow, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, East Village, eternal september, false flag, fixed-gear, gentrification, Hacker Ethic, index card, invisible hand, jitney, Larry Ellison, late capitalism, margin call, messenger bag, Network effects, Ponzi scheme, prediction markets, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, RAND corporation, rent control, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Sand Hill Road, Silicon Valley, telemarketer, Y2K

“Something on your mind, Maxine.” “Been meaning to ask you this for a while, what was going on in Guatemala back in 1982?” “Same as Nicaragua, El Salvador, Ronald Reagan and his people, Schachtmanite goons like Elliott Abrams, turning Central America into a slaughterhouse all to play out their little anti-Communist fantasies. Guatemala by then had fallen under the control of a mass murderer and particular buddy of Reagan named Ríos Montt, who as usual wiped off his bloody hands on the baby Jesus like so many of these charmers do. Government death squads funded by the U.S., army sweeps through the western highlands, officially targeting the EGP or Guerrilla Army of the Poor but in practice exterminating any native populations they came across.


Lifespan: Why We Age—and Why We Don't Have To by David A. Sinclair, Matthew D. Laplante

Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Atul Gawande, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, biofilm, Biosphere 2, blockchain, British Empire, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, carbon footprint, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, clean water, creative destruction, CRISPR, dark matter, dematerialisation, discovery of DNA, double helix, Drosophila, Easter island, Edward Jenner, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, global pandemic, Grace Hopper, helicopter parent, income inequality, invention of the telephone, Isaac Newton, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, labor-force participation, life extension, Louis Pasteur, McMansion, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, microbiome, mouse model, mutually assured destruction, Paul Samuelson, personalized medicine, phenotype, Philippa Foot, placebo effect, plutocrats, power law, quantum entanglement, randomized controlled trial, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, self-driving car, seminal paper, Skype, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Tim Cook: Apple, Tragedy of the Commons, trolley problem, union organizing, universal basic income, WeWork, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

A decade after the war, in the early days of the Soviet occupation, the Communists began to shut down the borders. When her mother tried to cross illegally into Austria, she was caught, arrested, and sentenced to two years in jail and died shortly after. During the Hungarian Uprising in 1956, my grandmother wrote and distributed anti-Communist newsletters in the streets of Budapest. After the revolution was crushed, the Soviets began arresting tens of thousands of dissidents, and she fled to Australia with her son, my father, reasoning that it was the furthest they could get from Europe. She never set foot in Europe again, but she brought every bit of Bohemia with her.


pages: 553 words: 153,028

The Vortex: A True Story of History's Deadliest Storm, an Unspeakable War, and Liberation by Scott Carney, Jason Miklian

anti-communist, back-to-the-land, Bob Geldof, British Empire, clean water, cuban missile crisis, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, hive mind, index card, Kickstarter, Live Aid, low earth orbit, Mahatma Gandhi, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, rolodex, South China Sea, statistical model

Despite entreaties by Kennedy and others to vote immediately, a group of serious Republicans and concerned Democrats united to table the bill and think it over for a while. Congress went on summer vacation. They’d take up Candy’s bill in a month or two. Until then, it was dead in the water. Nixon never worried about it. He’d had enough votes in his pocket from the start—a coalition of anti-communists and representatives tied to defense firms—to gum up the works. Sure, it was a loss on paper, but the bill wasn’t close enough to passage to threaten his plans. A mere proposition couldn’t stop ongoing shipments, and Nixon had four full weeks to ram through all the weapons Yahya needed before Congress came back from vacation.


pages: 574 words: 148,233

Sandy Hook: An American Tragedy and the Battle for Truth by Elizabeth Williamson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 4chan, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, anti-communist, anti-globalists, Asperger Syndrome, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Cambridge Analytica, citizen journalism, Columbine, Comet Ping Pong, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, dark triade / dark tetrad, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, estate planning, fake news, false flag, Ferguson, Missouri, fulfillment center, illegal immigration, index card, Internet Archive, Jon Ronson, Jones Act, Kevin Roose, Mark Zuckerberg, medical malpractice, messenger bag, multilevel marketing, obamacare, Oklahoma City bombing, Parler "social media", post-truth, QAnon, Robert Mercer, Russian election interference, Saturday Night Live, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, source of truth, Steve Bannon, Susan Wojcicki, TED Talk, TikTok, Timothy McVeigh, traveling salesman, Twitter Arab Spring, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, WikiLeaks, work culture , Works Progress Administration, yellow journalism

But Jones had pursued his obsessions in obscurity for twenty years before then, studying forebears like his hero Gary Allen. For better or worse—and by 2017, overwhelmingly for the worse—Jones was part of a long tradition of American political conspiracism. But for Shroyer, “It’s all attention and reaction, as opposed to being rooted in a philosophy like the strident anti-communists that were Alex’s heroes,” Friesen told me. Back in the 1990s, when Jones began airing his views from the unused baby’s room in his and Kelly’s Austin house, conspiracy broadcasters “were boring men in public access TV studios dissecting the all-seeing eye on the back of a dollar bill,” Jon Ronson, the author and filmmaker who accompanied Alex to Bohemian Grove, told me.


pages: 655 words: 156,367

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era by Gary Gerstle

2021 United States Capitol attack, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air traffic controllers' union, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, blue-collar work, borderless world, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, British Empire, Broken windows theory, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Cass Sunstein, collective bargaining, Cornelius Vanderbilt, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, crony capitalism, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, David Graeber, death from overwork, defund the police, deindustrialization, democratizing finance, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, European colonialism, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, financial engineering, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, future of work, Future Shock, George Floyd, George Gilder, gig economy, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, green new deal, Greenspan put, guns versus butter model, Haight Ashbury, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, Ida Tarbell, immigration reform, informal economy, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, It's morning again in America, Jeff Bezos, John Perry Barlow, Kevin Kelly, Kitchen Debate, low interest rates, Lyft, manufacturing employment, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, mass incarceration, Menlo Park, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, millennium bug, Modern Monetary Theory, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, mortgage debt, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, new economy, New Journalism, Northern Rock, obamacare, Occupy movement, oil shock, open borders, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, Powell Memorandum, precariat, price stability, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Seymour Hersh, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Silicon Valley startup, social distancing, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, Strategic Defense Initiative, super pumped, technoutopianism, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, urban decay, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, We are the 99%, white flight, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Works Progress Administration, Y2K, Yom Kippur War

Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992); John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972); Katznelson, Fear Itself, Part IV; Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes; David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978); David Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy (New York: Free Press, 1983); Heale, American AntiCommunism; Landon R. Y. Storrs, The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013); Neal Gabler, An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood (New York: Crown, 1988), 351–386; Ellen Schrecker, No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Cochran, Labor and Communism; Harvey A.


Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House by Peter Baker

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Bob Geldof, Boeing 747, buy low sell high, carbon tax, card file, clean water, collective bargaining, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, drone strike, energy security, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, friendly fire, Glass-Steagall Act, guest worker program, hiring and firing, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, information security, Mikhail Gorbachev, MITM: man-in-the-middle, no-fly zone, operational security, Robert Bork, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Saturday Night Live, South China Sea, stem cell, Ted Sorensen, too big to fail, uranium enrichment, War on Poverty, working poor, Yom Kippur War

But a low-key, laid-back demeanor masked a strong conservative streak, often pitting him against moderates like Rockefeller and Henry Kis- singer. Cheney struck Robert Hartmann, the president’s longtime adviser, as “somewhat to the right of Ford, Rumsfeld or, for that matter, Genghis Khan.” A tough-minded anti-Communist and skeptic of détente, Cheney pushed Ford to meet with the Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, only to lose to Kissinger’s don’t-rock-the-boat argument. Cheney had more success burying Rockefeller’s activist-government ideas. “He didn’t care much for me, because I was the roadblock to his doing what he wanted to do and thought ought to be done, because everything got filtered through me and he never liked the outcome of those policy debates,” Cheney said years later.

The son of a career government worker, he would cross out the word “bureaucrat” in news releases produced by aides and insert “public servant” instead. Nor was he a deficit hawk. When red ink flowed in Reagan’s first year in office, he advised riding it out. “The deficit isn’t the worst thing that could happen,” he said. Indeed, fiscal conservatism took a backseat to national security. He was an ardent supporter of Reagan’s anti-Communist defense buildup and proxy wars in Central America. During a 1983 congressional trip to Moscow, Representative Tom Downey, a Democrat, needled him. “You can’t expect them to accept all our terms,” Downey said. “You can’t expect them to surrender.” Cheney answered, “Yeah, yes I can.” Cheney was absorbed with the struggle with the Soviet Union and the prospect of Armageddon-like war.


pages: 600 words: 165,682

The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 by Gershom Gorenberg

anti-communist, bank run, colonial rule, facts on the ground, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Mount Scopus, old-boy network, Suez crisis 1956, urban planning, Yom Kippur War

At Masada nineteen centuries earlier, the Jewish rebellion against Rome ended with the last rebels committing suicide to avoid capture. Kissinger’s memoirs give no hint that Yadin mentioned his own thoughts of political rebellion, nor that Kissinger might have had associations of the reports he was getting from Saigon and Phnom Penh as America’s anti-communist allies in Southeast Asia collapsed. That evening, Kissinger told the Israeli troika that “our strategy was designed to protect you” from international demands for a full withdrawal. “I see pressure building up to force you back to the 1967 borders—compared to that, ten kilometers is trivial. I’m not angry at you….


pages: 544 words: 168,076

Red Plenty by Francis Spufford

Adam Curtis, affirmative action, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, asset allocation, Buckminster Fuller, clean water, cognitive dissonance, computer age, double helix, Fellow of the Royal Society, John von Neumann, Kickstarter, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kitchen Debate, linear programming, lost cosmonauts, market clearing, MITM: man-in-the-middle, New Journalism, oil shock, Philip Mirowski, plutocrats, profit motive, RAND corporation, scientific management, Simon Kuznets, the scientific method

‘I was a one-star general, sir – what I guess you would call a “lieutenant general” in your army.’ ‘Aha! I was in the war too, and I was a major general. Therefore I outrank you,’ he joked, ‘and you should follow my orders!’ The American smiled and saluted. ‘Lieutenant General Lodge, reporting for duty,’ he said. Lodge was a known anti-communist and ideologue, but it was important to have good relations with him. The train passed through Baltimore, Philadelphia and Jersey City, America turning its back view to him as the carriages slid athwart streets and behind rows of red-brick buildings. He gazed and speculated. It was like looking at a man facing away from you, and trying to guess what was in his pockets.


pages: 568 words: 174,089

The Power Elite by C. Wright Mills, Alan Wolfe

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, American ideology, anti-communist, Asilomar, collective bargaining, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, full employment, Ida Tarbell, it's over 9,000, Joseph Schumpeter, long peace, means of production, military-industrial complex, Monroe Doctrine, one-China policy, plutocrats, pneumatic tube, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, Simon Kuznets, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, Vilfredo Pareto

But he was not necessarily correct that politics would therefore become something of an empty theatrical show. Mills believed that in the absence of real substance, the parties would become more like each other. Yet today the ideological differences between Republicans and Democrats are severe—as, in fact, they were in 1956. Joseph McCarthy, the conservative anti-Communist senator from Wisconsin who gave his name to the period in which Mills wrote his book, appears a few times in The Power Elite, but not as a major figure. In his emphasis on politics and economics, Mills underestimated the important role that powerful symbolic and moral crusades have had in American life, including McCarthy’s witch-hunt after communist influence.


pages: 540 words: 168,921

The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism by Joyce Appleby

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, Columbian Exchange, commoditize, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, cotton gin, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, Doha Development Round, double entry bookkeeping, epigenetics, equal pay for equal work, European colonialism, facts on the ground, failed state, Firefox, fixed income, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Francisco Pizarro, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, General Magic , Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, Great Leap Forward, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, Hernando de Soto, hiring and firing, Ida Tarbell, illegal immigration, informal economy, interchangeable parts, interest rate swap, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Bogle, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, knowledge economy, land bank, land reform, Livingstone, I presume, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, PalmPilot, Parag Khanna, pneumatic tube, Ponzi scheme, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, refrigerator car, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Scramble for Africa, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, special economic zone, spice trade, spinning jenny, strikebreaker, Suez canal 1869, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thorstein Veblen, total factor productivity, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, two and twenty, union organizing, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, urban renewal, vertical integration, War on Poverty, working poor, Works Progress Administration, Yogi Berra, Yom Kippur War

In the years that followed, Hyundai manufactured cars from Japanese components and moved onto the world construction stage, building expressways, ports, nuclear power plants, and shipyards. At first the United States had supported democracy in these countries as well as Japan, but the invasion of South Korea led American policy makers to take a sharp turn to the right. They tolerated repressive regimes in Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan in exchange for a firm anti-Communist stance. Still economic benefits followed. In 1960 Singapore became the principal host for the Seventh Fleet of the United States, providing a place of repair, rest, and recreation, rather than a base for its ships. More relevant, the United States never wavered in its support of economic development, sending money and experts to South Korea and Taiwan.39 The Four Little Tigers all had political cores made up of technocrats and market advocates who were able through pressure or repression to insulate their policy preferences from domestic critics.


pages: 446 words: 578

The end of history and the last man by Francis Fukuyama

affirmative action, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bonfire of the Vanities, business cycle, centre right, classic study, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, F. W. de Klerk, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, Herbert Marcuse, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, Isaac Newton, Joan Didion, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, kremlinology, land reform, liberal world order, liberation theology, life extension, linear programming, long peace, means of production, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, nuclear winter, old-boy network, open economy, post-industrial society, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Socratic dialogue, Strategic Defense Initiative, strikebreaker, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, zero-sum game

I have taken note of the thymotic dimensions of greed and lust precisely because the primacy of desire and reason in the modern world tends to obscure the role that thymos or recognition plays in day-to-day life. Thymos frequently manifests itself as an ally of desire—as in the case of the worker’s demand for “economic justice”—and is thus easily confused with desire. The desire for recognition has also played a critical role in bringing about the anti-communist earthquake in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China. Certainly, many Eastern Europeans wanted an end to communism for less than elevated economic reasons, that is, because they thought that this would pave the way toward West German living standards. The fundamental impulse for the reforms undertaken in the Soviet Union and China was in a certain sense economic, what we have identified as the inability of centralized command economies to meet the requirements of “post-industrial” society.


Turing's Cathedral by George Dyson

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, Abraham Wald, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Brownian motion, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, cloud computing, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Danny Hillis, dark matter, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, fault tolerance, Fellow of the Royal Society, finite state, Ford Model T, Georg Cantor, Henri Poincaré, Herman Kahn, housing crisis, IFF: identification friend or foe, indoor plumbing, Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, John von Neumann, machine readable, mandelbrot fractal, Menlo Park, Murray Gell-Mann, Neal Stephenson, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, packet switching, pattern recognition, Paul Erdős, Paul Samuelson, phenotype, planetary scale, RAND corporation, random walk, Richard Feynman, SETI@home, social graph, speech recognition, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, Turing complete, Turing machine, Von Neumann architecture

Thompson and Mr. Blythe, who had been held as enemy aliens in Vienna, but who, with Max’s assistance, “had no difficulties in having their place of ‘internment’ officially moved to Budapest.”7 After the war, Hungary was governed for 133 days by the Communist regime of Béla Kun. “I am violently anti-communist,” von Neumann declared on his nomination to membership in the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1955, “in particular since I had about a three-months taste of it in Hungary in 1919.”8 Thanks to Max’s influence, the family retained occupancy of their house, after escaping to the safety of a summer home on the Adriatic near Venice during the worst of the upheavals in Budapest.


pages: 553 words: 168,111

The Asylum: The Renegades Who Hijacked the World's Oil Market by Leah McGrath Goodman

Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, automated trading system, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Carl Icahn, computerized trading, corporate governance, corporate raider, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, East Village, energy security, Etonian, family office, Flash crash, global reserve currency, greed is good, High speed trading, light touch regulation, market fundamentalism, Oscar Wyatt, peak oil, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, price mechanism, profit motive, proprietary trading, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, side project, Silicon Valley, upwardly mobile, zero-sum game

There was no viewers’ gallery back then, so everyone would just stand in the trading pits. Potato dealers, potato producers, speculators, even the Maine potato farmers would put on their Sunday best and make their yearly pilgrimage to New York to watch the sight. Leo Melamed, the émigré son of anti-Communist Yiddish teachers from Bialystok, Poland, who would one day be known as the “Father of Financial Futures,” was there. His family escaped the Nazis and the KGB by hiding in Asia before settling in Chicago. He graduated from law school, became a trader, and was later named chairman of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the largest futures market in the world.


pages: 579 words: 164,339

Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth? by Alan Weisman

air freight, Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, carbon footprint, clean water, colonial rule, David Attenborough, degrowth, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Edward Jenner, El Camino Real, epigenetics, Filipino sailors, Garrett Hardin, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, happiness index / gross national happiness, haute couture, housing crisis, ice-free Arctic, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), land reform, liberation theology, load shedding, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, Mahbub ul Haq, megacity, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, microdosing, Money creation, new economy, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, Pearl River Delta, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, race to the bottom, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Satyajit Das, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, unemployed young men, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

He was a founder of Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena and, during World War II, designed missiles for the United States and was commissioned as an Air Force colonel. Nevertheless, during the McCarthy era he was purged as a suspected communist over the protests of American scientists and military officials, and held under house arrest until the mid-1950s, when he returned to China. Driven by U.S. anti-communist zealots into the arms of the very communists they feared, with detailed knowledge of the U.S. missile technology he’d helped develop, Qian became Mao Zedong’s and Zhou Enlai’s science advisor and father of the Chinese missile program. His brightest protégé in the Seventh Ministry was a cybernetics engineer named Song Jian.


pages: 581 words: 162,518

We the Corporations: How American Businesses Won Their Civil Rights by Adam Winkler

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", 1960s counterculture, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, anti-communist, Bernie Sanders, British Empire, Cass Sunstein, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, corporate personhood, corporate social responsibility, desegregation, Donald Trump, financial innovation, Ford Model T, glass ceiling, income inequality, invisible hand, joint-stock company, laissez-faire capitalism, land reform, obamacare, offshore financial centre, plutocrats, Powell Memorandum, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, refrigerator car, Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, shareholder value, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, South Sea Bubble, the scientific method, too big to fail, trade route, transcontinental railway, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, vertical integration, yellow journalism

It was instead his immensely popular radio program, Lux Radio Theatre, which enjoyed a weekly audience of over 20 million people—nearly 20 percent of the US population.8 DeMille, like all radio performers of his day, was a member of a union, the American Federation of Radio Artists. In 1944, the Los Angeles chapter of AFRA decided to impose a special assessment of $1 on every local member to be used to defeat Proposition 12, a right-to-work measure on the California ballot that would prohibit closed union shops. DeMille, a fervent anti-Communist, supported Proposition 12 and refused to pay the assessment. The union, he said, was “demanding, in a word, that I cancel my vote with my dollar.” What was cancelled instead was DeMille’s radio program, once AFRA suspended DeMille from the union.9 DeMille’s protest garnered considerable publicity, both because of his celebrity and because the political activity of unions was a hot-button issue in the 1940s.


pages: 574 words: 164,509

Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies by Nick Bostrom

agricultural Revolution, AI winter, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, anthropic principle, Anthropocene, anti-communist, artificial general intelligence, autism spectrum disorder, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, barriers to entry, Bayesian statistics, bioinformatics, brain emulation, cloud computing, combinatorial explosion, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, cosmological constant, dark matter, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data acquisition, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, demographic transition, different worldview, Donald Knuth, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, Drosophila, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, endogenous growth, epigenetics, fear of failure, Flash crash, Flynn Effect, friendly AI, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, Gödel, Escher, Bach, hallucination problem, Hans Moravec, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, information retrieval, interchangeable parts, iterative process, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, knowledge worker, Large Hadron Collider, longitudinal study, machine translation, megaproject, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Netflix Prize, new economy, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, NP-complete, nuclear winter, operational security, optical character recognition, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, performance metric, phenotype, prediction markets, price stability, principal–agent problem, race to the bottom, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, reversible computing, search costs, social graph, speech recognition, Stanislav Petrov, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Strategic Defense Initiative, strong AI, superintelligent machines, supervolcano, synthetic biology, technological singularity, technoutopianism, The Coming Technological Singularity, The Nature of the Firm, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, time dilation, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trolley problem, Turing machine, Vernor Vinge, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

John von Neumann is reported to have believed that a war between the United States and Russia was inevitable, and to have said, “If you say why not bomb them [the Russians] tomorrow, I say why not bomb them today? If you say today at five o’clock, I say why not one o’clock?” (It is possible that he made this notorious statement to burnish his anti-communist credentials with US Defense hawks in the McCarthy era. Whether von Neumann, had he been in charge of US policy, would actually have launched a first strike is impossible to ascertain. See Blair [1957], 96.) 35. Baratta (2004). 36. If the AI is controlled by a group of humans, the problem may apply to this human group, though it is possible that new ways of reliably committing to an agreement will be available by this time, in which case even human groups could avoid this problem of potential internal unraveling and overthrow by a sub-coalition.


pages: 615 words: 175,905

Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam by H. R. McMaster

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, classic study, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, guns versus butter model, RAND corporation, risk tolerance, South China Sea

Henry Cabot Lodge, Telegram to the Secretary of State, 2 May 1964, Box 1, Kahin Papers. 39. Central Intelligence Agency Memorandum, 15 May 1964, NSF vol. 9, Situation Report File, item #48, LBJ Library. The report characterized the situation in South Vietnam as “extremely fragile” and warned: “If the tide of deterioration has not been arrested by the end of the year, the anti-Communist position … is likely to become untenable.” 40. At the end of April, after Secretary Rusk’s visit to Saigon, Lodge instructed Harkins that he was not permitted to contact General Khanh without the ambassador’s permission. Harkins fired off a letter to the ambassador in which he cited his responsibilities as MACV commander and informed Lodge that he intended simply to “keep Lodge informed” about his contacts with Khanh.


pages: 598 words: 172,137

Who Stole the American Dream? by Hedrick Smith

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbus A320, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, asset allocation, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Boeing 747, Bonfire of the Vanities, British Empire, business cycle, business process, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, commoditize, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Brooks, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, family office, financial engineering, Ford Model T, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Gordon Gekko, guest worker program, guns versus butter model, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, housing crisis, Howard Zinn, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, industrial cluster, informal economy, invisible hand, John Bogle, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, laissez-faire capitalism, Larry Ellison, late fees, Long Term Capital Management, low cost airline, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, market fundamentalism, Maui Hawaii, mega-rich, Michael Shellenberger, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mortgage debt, negative equity, new economy, Occupy movement, Own Your Own Home, Paul Samuelson, Peter Thiel, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, Ponzi scheme, Powell Memorandum, proprietary trading, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Renaissance Technologies, reshoring, rising living standards, Robert Bork, Robert Shiller, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Solyndra, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, tech worker, Ted Nordhaus, The Chicago School, The Spirit Level, too big to fail, transaction costs, transcontinental railway, union organizing, Unsafe at Any Speed, Vanguard fund, We are the 99%, women in the workforce, working poor, Y2K

Johnson won in a landslide—61 percent of the popular vote to Goldwater’s 38.5 percent. But to Goldwater crusaders, being right was more important than winning. Staying true to principle trumped victory. The Goldwater legions vowed to fight another day, and with good reason. The finale of the Goldwater campaign was an electrifying half-hour anti-Communist, anti-government speech on national television by Ronald Reagan that immediately established the then fading fifty-three-year-old actor as America’s most compelling new right-wing politician. Paul Weyrich: Building the Right-Wing Network By the time Reagan ran for the presidency in 1980, a New Right apparatus was in place—a core leadership group, a bevy of think tanks, and a formidable network of organizations with their own political action committee and direct-mail fund-raising machine.


pages: 604 words: 165,488

Mr Five Per Cent: The Many Lives of Calouste Gulbenkian, the World's Richest Man by Jonathan Conlin

accounting loophole / creative accounting, anti-communist, banking crisis, British Empire, carried interest, cotton gin, Ernest Rutherford, estate planning, Fellow of the Royal Society, light touch regulation, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Network effects, Pierre-Simon Laplace, rent-seeking, stakhanovite, Suez canal 1869, vertical integration, Yom Kippur War

Though reconciled, Calouste was still not prepared to have Nubar work directly for him, and instead arranged with Deterding for Nubar to work in the London offices of Royal Dutch-Shell. Deterding made Nubar secretary to the Front Uni, giving him a front-row seat at its occasionally tempestuous meetings. Encouraged by his second wife, Deterding had become a fire-breathing anti-communist, insisting that the Front Uni’s oil embargo would accelerate the inevitable collapse of the Soviet regime. Yet Deterding also bought oil from the Soviets, claiming he did so to prevent the oil being sold to others. Front Uni members wondered if Deterding was really fighting their corner or wrapping them in a pretty bow before selling them out to his new friends in Moscow.42 At Royal Dutch-Shell Nubar was paid a salary, freed at last from financial dependence on an allowance from his father.


pages: 614 words: 174,226

The Economists' Hour: How the False Prophets of Free Markets Fractured Our Society by Binyamin Appelbaum

90 percent rule, airline deregulation, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Roth, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, battle of ideas, Benoit Mandelbrot, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, clean water, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, Diane Coyle, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, ending welfare as we know it, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, flag carrier, floating exchange rates, full employment, George Akerlof, George Gilder, Gini coefficient, greed is good, Greenspan put, Growth in a Time of Debt, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, income per capita, index fund, inflation targeting, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, Jean Tirole, John Markoff, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, land reform, Les Trente Glorieuses, long and variable lags, Long Term Capital Management, low cost airline, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, means of production, Menlo Park, minimum wage unemployment, Mohammed Bouazizi, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, Network effects, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, oil shock, Paul Samuelson, Philip Mirowski, Phillips curve, plutocrats, precautionary principle, price stability, profit motive, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, rent control, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Robert Bork, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Sam Peltzman, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, starchitect, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Myth of the Rational Market, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, ultimatum game, Unsafe at Any Speed, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now

The first generation of American officials sent to Taiwan after World War II supported land redistribution; they pushed a similar program in South Korea. But the Eisenhower administration ended those efforts, firing the American economist who led the work on the suspicion that he might be a Communist. That brought an abrupt end to what one Republican congressman, protesting the decision, accurately described as “about the only successful anti-communist step we have taken in Asia.”90 Looking back on the twentieth century, the critical difference between nations that made the jump from poverty to prosperity and those that fell short may well have been the distribution of landownership: nations comprised of homesteaders fared better than nations comprised of plantations.91 East Asia’s most prosperous societies, Japan and South Korea and Taiwan, all ripped apart the holdings of large landowners and distributed the pieces among the masses.


pages: 538 words: 164,533

1968: The Year That Rocked the World by Mark Kurlansky

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, Dr. Strangelove, East Village, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, European colonialism, feminist movement, global village, Haight Ashbury, Herbert Marcuse, land reform, Marshall McLuhan, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Norman Mailer, post-industrial society, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea

In Vietnam, the war U.S. officials were forever telling correspondents was about to end still seemed far from over. When the French had left in 1954, Vietnam was divided into a North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh, who had largely controlled the region anyway, and a South Vietnam left in the hands of anti-communist factions. By 1961 the Northern communists had gained control of half the territory of South Vietnam through the Viet Cong, which met with little resistance from the Southern population. That year the North began sending troops of their regular army south along what became known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail to complete the takeover.


pages: 546 words: 164,489

Beyond: The Astonishing Story of the First Human to Leave Our Planet and Journey Into Space by Stephen Walker

anti-communist, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, Berlin Wall, Charles Lindbergh, cuban missile crisis, fake news, Gene Kranz, lockdown, lost cosmonauts, Neil Armstrong, operation paperclip, South China Sea, Ted Sorensen

Perhaps in that smile there lies a hint of a smirk too, a confident certainty that with himself at the helm America’s space programme was finally in the best of hands. He was now rich and famous, and he bought himself a white Mercedes. And he had become a committed Christian. His particular brand of faith was perhaps less of the soul-searching, conscience-examining kind and more of the socially conservative, militantly anti-Communist variety. ‘The secret of rocketry,’ he once announced, ‘should only get into the hands of people who read the Bible.’ Many of his fellow Americans would have agreed. Unfortunately the godless Soviets already had the secret. And in May 1958, just three months after Explorer 1 had made it into orbit, they pulled out yet another of their rabbits and flung it across the world, this one their biggest yet.


pages: 1,243 words: 167,097

One Day in August: Ian Fleming, Enigma, and the Deadly Raid on Dieppe by David O’keefe

anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, card file, Charles Babbage, computer age, conceptual framework, friendly fire, old-boy network, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, Suez canal 1869, trade route, trickle-down economics

If he brings this off, they seemed to say, he is on top of the world and will be given complete control.’86 ‘A visit to the Ogre in his den’ was how Winston Churchill’s wife, Clementine, described her husband’s impending visit to Moscow that began on August 12, 1942, for the first face-to-face meeting between the British prime minister and the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin.87 Long known for his anti-Communist stance, Churchill had been forced, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union a year earlier, to embrace ‘Uncle Joe’ as an ally of convenience and necessity in the fight against Nazi Germany. The urgent trip stemmed from Stalin’s overt displeasure over two pressing items that appeared to threaten the fragile alliance: first and foremost, the suspension of the supply convoys following the PQ-17 disaster; and second, the oft-cited question of a ‘second front’ needed to alleviate the pressure on the Soviets from the German summer offensive currently cutting a swath towards Stalingrad.


Peggy Seeger by Jean R. Freedman

anti-communist, anti-work, antiwork, cotton gin, feminist movement, financial independence, glass ceiling, job satisfaction, Multics, Nelson Mandela, Occupy movement, Skype, We are the 99%, Works Progress Administration, young professional

But in the 1950s, few followed him down the path of political singing and songwriting. In the McCarthy years, controversial words could have frightening consequences. While Peggy was preparing Christmas songs, Pete was preparing to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Anti-Communist fervor was at its height, with government prosecutions based on a broad interpretation of the Alien Registration Act of 1940 (the Smith Act), which forbade advocating forcible overthrow of the government or even belonging to an organization that did so. According to this interpretation—later deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court—membership in the Communist Party could be grounds for criminal prosecution.


Insight Guides South America (Travel Guide eBook) by Insight Guides

Airbnb, anti-communist, Atahualpa, bike sharing, call centre, centre right, colonial rule, Colonization of Mars, COVID-19, digital nomad, Easter island, European colonialism, failed state, Francisco Pizarro, invention of writing, Kickstarter, land reform, urban planning, urban renewal

The camp kettle in which he cooks his food, the common earthenware he eats from, his knife, spoon, bits and the poncho which covers him – are all imported from England.” The Cuban Revolution of 1959 inspired a radicalization of social demands that often led to a violent backlash, particularly in the formerly stable countries of the Southern Cone and Brazil that saw tens of thousands die in the “dirty wars” unleashed by anti-communist military rulers. Only Colombia and Venezuela went through the last third of the 20th century without military dictatorships, and civilian rule didn’t allow Colombia to escape continued strife. Emerging democracies The bombing of La Moneda, Santiago, Chile, during the 1973 coup. Getty Images Military rule has had a mixed track record.


pages: 535 words: 167,111

An Unexpected Light: Travels in Afghanistan by Jason Elliot

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, clean water, Easter island, Eratosthenes, trade route

We sat around a table with Swiss chocolate and whisky and the others chain-smoked between rapid-fire conversation from which I was excluded. For the first time on the entire trip I felt like an unwelcome intruder. My toothache was excruciatingly painful and I fell asleep in my chair. * * * In keeping with its volatile history, Herat’s role in the Soviet invasion had been pivotal. By the beginning of 1979, anti-communist feeling had swelled throughout the country. In Herat as elsewhere the communists mistook the Afghans’ resilience for meekness, and moved at a pace unthinkable to the native population. Soviet advisers began to appear in Herat to direct and supervise the infiltration of the administration and the army by party members.


pages: 564 words: 168,696

Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science by James Poskett

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, Bartolomé de las Casas, British Empire, butterfly effect, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, clockwork universe, colonial rule, Columbian Exchange, complexity theory, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, Dmitri Mendeleev, Donald Trump, double helix, Drosophila, Edmond Halley, Ernest Rutherford, European colonialism, Fellow of the Royal Society, German hyperinflation, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, John Harrison: Longitude, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, lone genius, mass immigration, megacity, Mount Scopus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, personalized medicine, polynesian navigation, Republic of Letters, Silicon Valley, social distancing, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, Virgin Galactic

At the same time, Frenkel kept up his political interests, joining the local Crimean Soviet and helping to reorganize education in the region along socialist lines.19 These were uncertain times. The Russian Revolution had brought about a full-blown civil war. Whilst the Bolsheviks controlled much of central Russia, the anti-communist White Army continued to fight in the south and west of the country. In July 1919, the White Army marched on Crimea. As a member of the local soviet, Frenkel was arrested and put in prison. Still, he didn’t give up. Frenkel wrote to his mother from prison, reassuring her that ‘I am not bored at all; I spend rather a lot of time reading’.


pages: 555 words: 163,712

War of Shadows: Codebreakers, Spies, and the Secret Struggle to Drive the Nazis From the Middle East by Gershom Gorenberg

anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, colonial rule, computer age, defense in depth, European colonialism, illegal immigration, Internet Archive, plutocrats, Scientific racism, undersea cable

Following his standard method of operation, Talamo presumably entered the building himself, opened the safe, took documents to the Servizio Informazioni Militari photo studio, brought them back, and put them precisely in their original place. It was a fruitful operation. Talamo, now also in command of SIM’s counterintelligence section, had suspected that the Swiss were cooperating with Allied intelligence services. To test the thesis, he fed a double agent—a Soviet spy actually working for Italy—a report that an anti-Communist army was being formed in Italy. The fictional army included an imaginary “Divisione Buon Servezi.” In the Swiss safe, Talamo found messages from Berne asking the Swiss military attaché for information about the anti-Bolshevik army and the Buon Servezi division. Ergo, the double agent’s fake intelligence had found its way from Moscow to Berne and back to Rome.


pages: 559 words: 164,795

Berlin: Life and Death in the City at the Center of the World by Sinclair McKay

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, dark matter, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, fixed income, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, German hyperinflation, haute couture, In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, Isaac Newton, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Mikhail Gorbachev, plutocrats, Prenzlauer Berg, uranium enrichment

He was now ‘Uncle Wiggly Wings’ and he dropped somewhere in the region of twenty-three tons of confectionery.22 Just three years previously, pilots like Halvorsen had been dropping incendiaries and setting the city ablaze. Now the world could see their benevolence. British foreign secretary Ernest Bevin – a socialist, and also a dedicated anti-communist – had declared in a speech that the Berlin Airlift would show the Soviets ‘what air power could do’.23 But this was a new kind of power extended to an ingenious degree. Where the Soviets moved with cruelty – the prison camps, the disorientating trials and speedy executions – the Americans were seen to be bringing joy to the children of their former enemies.


pages: 708 words: 176,708

The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire by Wikileaks

affirmative action, anti-communist, banking crisis, battle of ideas, Boycotts of Israel, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, central bank independence, Chelsea Manning, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, cuban missile crisis, Deng Xiaoping, drone strike, Edward Snowden, energy security, energy transition, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, experimental subject, F. W. de Klerk, facts on the ground, failed state, financial innovation, Food sovereignty, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, future of journalism, high net worth, invisible hand, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, liberal world order, Mikhail Gorbachev, millennium bug, Mohammed Bouazizi, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, Northern Rock, nuclear ambiguity, Philip Mirowski, post-war consensus, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, statistical model, Strategic Defense Initiative, structural adjustment programs, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trade route, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game, éminence grise

In all these states, except Malaysia, which was still a colony, the Americans intervened politically, economically, militarily and culturally, on a massive scale. The notorious domino theory was invented specifically for South-East Asia. To shore up the line of teetering dominoes, Washington made every effort to create loyal, capitalistically prosperous, authoritarian and anti-Communist regimes—typically, but not invariably, dominated by the military. Many were tied to the US by security arrangements, and in some the Americans had a broad range of military installations. Each disaster only encouraged Washington to put more muscle and money behind its remaining political allies.


pages: 563 words: 179,626

A Life in Secrets by Sarah Helm

anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, clockwatching, haute couture, large denomination, old-boy network

When Temple was sacked from the bureau in 1961, for voicing pro-Soviet, anti-American sentiments while on a bureau visit to Poland, Vera had defended him. This may have brought suspicion of “the establishment” upon her, he said. It may even have contributed to her own resignation from the bureau, ostensibly over lack of funding, later the same year. But such “witch-hunts” were all part of the “Anglo-American, anti-Communist conspiracy of the times,” said Temple, who never considered that Vera was particularly left-wing herself, and he thought it “very unlikely” that she was ever a Communist. “Her life was very compartmentalised, but I always had the impression that she was socially rather stuffy and she had a lot of right-wing people around her.


pages: 1,048 words: 187,324

Atlas Obscura: An Explorer's Guide to the World's Hidden Wonders by Joshua Foer, Dylan Thuras, Ella Morton

anti-communist, Apollo 11, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, centre right, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, colonial rule, Colonization of Mars, cosmic microwave background, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, Day of the Dead, double helix, East Village, Easter island, Exxon Valdez, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, germ theory of disease, Golden Gate Park, Google Earth, Haight Ashbury, horn antenna, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, index card, intentional community, Jacques de Vaucanson, Kowloon Walled City, Louis Pasteur, low cost airline, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, mutually assured destruction, off-the-grid, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, phenotype, Pluto: dwarf planet, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, Tunguska event, urban sprawl, Vesna Vulović, white picket fence, wikimedia commons, working poor

When the Bulgarian Communist Party surrendered its political monopoly in 1989, and Bulgaria began the transition toward democracy, the Buzludzha site quickly lost its relevance. Vandals soon attacked the abandoned monument, destroying its interior artwork. The concrete structure remains, but a visit is more likely to inspire anti-communist sentiment than celebrate the wonder of socialism. A message painted in big red letters over the doorway reads: FORGET YOUR PAST. Approximately 7 miles down a side road from the Shipka Pass in the Balkan Mountains. 42.735819 25.393819 Though it looks like a sci-fi movie set, Buzludzha is a homage to the Bulgarian Communist movement.


pages: 816 words: 191,889

The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order by Rush Doshi

"World Economic Forum" Davos, American ideology, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, autonomous vehicles, Black Lives Matter, Bretton Woods, capital controls, coronavirus, COVID-19, crony capitalism, cross-border payments, cryptocurrency, defense in depth, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, deplatforming, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, drone strike, energy security, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, financial innovation, George Floyd, global pandemic, global reserve currency, global supply chain, global value chain, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, Internet Archive, Internet of things, Kickstarter, kremlinology, Malacca Straits, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, Network effects, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, offshore financial centre, positional goods, post-truth, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, reserve currency, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, special drawing rights, special economic zone, TikTok, trade liberalization, transaction costs, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, undersea cable, zero-sum game

“After undergoing drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the end of bipolarity in the late 1980s and early 1990s,” he remarked, “setbacks in the development of worldwide socialism caused us to face unprecedented pressure.”51 In particular, “hostile international forces have threatened to bury communism in the world, arguing that China will follow the footsteps of the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries and will soon collapse. They have exerted comprehensive pressure on China and openly support our domestic anti-communist, anti-socialist forces, and separatist forces as they engage in sabotage and subversion.”52 Hostile foreign forces, he continued, were “intensifying all kinds of infiltration and destruction activities aimed at the Westernization and splitting-up of our country, and continuing to use so-called ‘human rights,’ ‘democracy,’ ‘religion,’ the Dalai Lama, Taiwan, economic and trade instruments, and arms sales all to stir up trouble.”53 In summing up the situation, he declared that “China’s security and social and political stability are facing serious threats” from the United States.54 In another Central Military Commission speech two years later, Jiang was more explicit that the cause of China’s troubles was the United States, and he confirmed that rocky relations with the United States were perceived in Beijing to have begun with the trifecta: “After the end of the Cold War, Sino-American relations have continuously been very unsteady, sometimes good and sometimes bad.”55 Jiang’s successor, President Hu Jintao, continued to stress the US threat.


pages: 677 words: 195,722

Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker's War, 1941-1945 by Leo Marks

anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, disinformation, Dutch auction, full employment, mandatory minimum

'SM' ('SOE-mindedness', not sado-masochism, though they might be synonymous) was a cruel dish to set before a starving man. It might explain why SOE was sending missions to Mihailovič and Tito in Yugoslavia when the two leaders were virtually at civil war, why we were backing Communists and anti-Communists in Greece, why there was so little co-operation between the rival French sections that their agents had shot each other up in the dark after mistaking each other for Germans, and why the Dutch weren't concerned about incorrect security checks. It might even explain what a man like Ozanne was doing in SOE.


pages: 719 words: 209,224

The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy by David Hoffman

Able Archer 83, active measures, anti-communist, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, crony capitalism, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, failed state, guns versus butter model, It's morning again in America, joint-stock company, Kickstarter, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, launch on warning, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, nuclear winter, Oklahoma City bombing, radical decentralization, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, standardized shipping container, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, Thomas L Friedman, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, warehouse robotics, zero-sum game

At the end of the flight, Reagan reflected on the dilemma that might confront a U.S. president if faced with a nuclear attack. "The only options he would have," Reagan said, "would be to press the button or do nothing. They're both bad. We should have some way of defending ourselves against nuclear missiles."3 Reagan was a staunch anti-Communist and defense hardliner. In the summer of 1979 he was speaking out in his syndicated radio address against the new SALT II treaty, saying it favored the Soviet Union.4 But on the threshold of a new campaign, his advisers felt there was a real chance that Reagan would frighten voters if he spoke openly about nuclear weapons and war.


pages: 708 words: 196,859

Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World by Liaquat Ahamed

Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, bank run, banking crisis, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, central bank independence, centre right, credit crunch, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Etonian, Ford Model T, full employment, gentleman farmer, German hyperinflation, Glass-Steagall Act, index card, invisible hand, Lao Tzu, large denomination, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, margin call, market bubble, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, mobile money, money market fund, moral hazard, new economy, open economy, plutocrats, price stability, purchasing power parity, pushing on a string, rolodex, scientific management, the market place

The immediate postwar coalition of Conservatives and Lloyd George Liberals was followed in 1922 by a Conservative government, initially led by the dying Bonar Law, and six months later by Stanley Baldwin. In January 1924, a minority Labor government under Ramsay MacDonald took over, but that November, a wave of anti-communist sentiment, fueled by the publication of a fraudulent letter linking the Labor Party to the Soviet Union, led to a Conservative landslide. Norman’s close friend Stanley Baldwin resumed the reins of power. To everyone’s surprise, Winston Churchill was appointed chancellor of the exchequer, the second most powerful position in government.


pages: 716 words: 192,143

The Enlightened Capitalists by James O'Toole

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, benefit corporation, Bernie Madoff, Bletchley Park, book value, British Empire, business cycle, business logic, business process, California gold rush, carbon footprint, City Beautiful movement, collective bargaining, company town, compensation consultant, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, desegregation, do well by doing good, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, end world poverty, equal pay for equal work, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, garden city movement, germ theory of disease, glass ceiling, God and Mammon, greed is good, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, income inequality, indoor plumbing, inventory management, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, job satisfaction, joint-stock company, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Lao Tzu, Larry Ellison, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, Lyft, Marc Benioff, means of production, Menlo Park, North Sea oil, passive investing, Ponzi scheme, profit maximization, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, scientific management, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Socratic dialogue, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, stock buybacks, stocks for the long run, stocks for the long term, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, traveling salesman, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, Vanguard fund, white flight, women in the workforce, young professional

., 327, 426, 464 background and personal life, 243–44 CDC and, 243–63 CDC board removes, 260, 395, 427, 436 CDC stock, 248, 437 commitment to minority jobs, 249, 251–52, 316, 322, 451 compared to Owen, 243, 253, 258–59 credo of, 249–50 death of, 262 evaluation of, 261 as full-time reformer, 258–60 marriage and family, 258 as maverick, 244 as opposed to philanthropy, 250 personality of, 249, 258 PLATO education technology and, 254–57, 261 social responsibility and, 249, 250–51 at Sperry Rand, 244 unsuccessful spreading of his ideas, 259–60 Norwegian national sovereignty fund, 460, 470 Novo Nordisk, 507n7 Nucor Corporation, 265–79 absence of significant employee stock ownership, 277, 278–79 as America’s largest steel producer, 266 Chinese dumping of steel and, 278–79 commitment to transparency, 275–76 community and, 273–74, 398 continual and candid communication at, 270–71, 275 corporate culture of, 266, 270, 274–77 Correnti heads, 275–76 customers and culture of fairness, 275 egalitarian work environments, 274 employee-centered philosophy and “reciprocal fairness,” 267–68, 274–77 employee rights, 276 employees and, 271–72 employee self-management, 275, 276 environmental issues, 266, 273, 277–78 ethics and, 274–77 Fortune’s 100 Best Companies to Work For list and, 398 free market economics and, 278 goal of sustainable full employment, 268 history of company, 265–66 Iverson as head of Vulcraft division, 266 Iverson as president, 266–77 Iverson pay cut at, 267 Iverson retires, 277 Iverson’s business model at, 267–71 labor unions and, 267 long-term thinking and, 268–69 management practices, 266 merit-based hiring and promotion, 274 meritocratic ethos, 276 “mini-mills” and, 266, 271–72, 286 number of employees, 266 organizational decentralization, 269–71 performance evaluation, 274 pretax profit, 2017, 278 profitability under Iverson, 266 profitable growth, long term, 276 response to 1981–82 recession, 267–68 safety and working conditions, 266, 273 sales and earnings, 266, 269 scholarship program, 276 small-town bias for facilities, 271–74 stock value increase, 269 success of, reason for, 268 sustainability of business model, 277–79, 395 technological edge, 266 wages, average, 276 Olds, Ransom, 265 Olga, 424 O’Loughlin, Sheryl, 457–58 On Liberty (Mill), 30 “open-book management,” 407 Oracle, xxxviii Or Forfeit Freedom (Johnson), 153–55, 159 “organizational entropy,” 242, 319 O’Toole, James, “Two and a Half Cheers for Conscious Capitalism,” 454 Owen, Caroline Dale, 11, 12, 17–18, 27 Owen, Robert, xliv, 3–30, 96, 103, 119, 122, 131, 141, 150, 157, 350, 357, 426, 427, 431, 436, 462, 484n admirers, 7, 20, 27 adoption of ideas in Britain and America, 29–30 as anti-communist/anti-revolutionary, 25 attempts to spread his methods, 19–20, 21, 22–23, 67, 117, 219 Bentham and, 27, 30, 430 as capitalist, 6, 131–32 company ownership and, 16–17, 46, 395, 436, 438 cooperative movement and, 29, 86, 133, 415 criticism’s effect on and end of life, 26–28 critics of, 6–7, 21–25, 52, 464 dancing and, 7, 24, 152, 428 death of, 29 early years of, 7–10 end of his experiment and profits, 24–25 Enlightenment ideas, 8–9, 10, 11, 15, 428, 430 ethical practices, 8, 19 founding of the Economist and, 20 as free-trader, 21, 59 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union and, 28 history’s view of, 6–7 idealism of, 26, 131 immigration to America, 27 Jefferson and, 28 legacy of, 28–30 making a profit while improving working conditions, 6 manufacturing in his times, 3–6 marriage and family, 11, 12, 17–18 mystery of why industrialists failed to emulate his methods, 6, 22 the New Lanark Mills, 6, 11–14, 18, 20, 27, 484n Norris compared to, 243, 253, 258–59 paternalism and, 19, 24, 25, 449 paying workers, 19–20 personal fortune of, 21–22, 25 philosophy of, human development, 15–16, 23, 474 profit motive and, 16 Quakers adoption of his business practices, 84 reduction of workday, 18 social movements championed by, 26 unemployment proposals, 25 utopian communities and, 26, 27–28 “What’s a business for?


pages: 725 words: 221,514

Debt: The First 5,000 Years by David Graeber

Admiral Zheng, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, back-to-the-land, banks create money, behavioural economics, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, British Empire, carried interest, cashless society, central bank independence, classic study, colonial rule, commoditize, corporate governance, David Graeber, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, double entry bookkeeping, financial innovation, fixed income, full employment, George Gilder, informal economy, invention of writing, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, joint-stock company, means of production, microcredit, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, oil shock, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, place-making, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, price stability, profit motive, reserve currency, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, seigniorage, sexual politics, short selling, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, subprime mortgage crisis, Thales of Miletus, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, tulip mania, upwardly mobile, urban decay, working poor, zero-sum game

The dream was that someday, with the advance of technology and general prosperity, with social revolution or the guidance of the Party, we would finally be in a position to put things back, to restore common ownership and common management of collective resources. Throughout the last two centuries, Communists and anti-Communists argued over how plausible this picture was and whether it would be a blessing or a nightmare. But they all agreed on the basic framework: communism was about collective property, “primitive communism” did once exist in the distant past, and someday it might return. We might call this “mythic communism”—or even, “epic communism”—a story we like to tell ourselves.


Red Rabbit by Tom Clancy, Scott Brick

anti-communist, battle of ideas, disinformation, diversified portfolio, false flag, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, information retrieval, operational security, union organizing, urban renewal

Not too many of those left, though in the big war the Hungarians saved about half of theirs. The Chief of State, Admiral Horthy, was probably killed over that—he died under what are euphemistically called 'mysterious circumstances.' Hard to say what sort of chap he actually was, but there is a school of thought that says he was a rabid anti-Communist, but decidedly not a pro-Nazi. Perhaps just a man who picked a bad place and time to be born. We may never know for sure." Hudson enjoyed being a tour guide for a change. Not a bad change of pace from being a king—well, maybe prince—spook. But it was time to get back to business. "Okay, how are we going to do this?"


pages: 934 words: 232,651

Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1945-1956 by Anne Applebaum

active measures, affirmative action, anti-communist, Arthur Marwick, Berlin Wall, centre right, deindustrialization, disinformation, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, indoor plumbing, Internet Archive, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, land reform, language of flowers, means of production, New Urbanism, Potemkin village, price mechanism, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, scientific worldview, Slavoj Žižek, stakhanovite, strikebreaker, union organizing, urban planning, work culture

GERMAN CDU Christlich Demokratische Union: Christian Democratic Party DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik: German Democratic Republic, also called GDR or East Germany FDJ Freie Deutsche Jugend: Free German Youth, the communist youth party, activated in 1946 FDP Freie Demokratische Partei: Free Democratic Party, sometimes referred to as the Liberal Party KPD Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands: German Communist Party, founded in 1919, dissolved in the Soviet zone of Germany in 1946 SED Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands: German Socialist Unity Party, the name of the German Communist Party after its unification with the Social Democratic Party in 1946 SMAD Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland: German name for the Soviet Administration in Germany, 1945–49 SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands: German Social Democratic Party, refounded in 1945, dissolved in the Soviet zone of Germany in 1946 SVAG Sovietskaia Voennaia Administratsia v Germanii: Russian name for the Soviet Administration in Germany, 1945–59 HUNGARIAN ÁVH Államvédelmi Hatóság: State Protection Authority, the secret police from 1950 to 1956 ÁVO Államvédelmi Osztály: State Security Agency, the secret police from 1945 to 1950 DISZ Dolgozó Ifjúság Szövetsége: League of Working Youth, the communist youth movement, 1950–56 Kalot Katolikus Agrárifjúsági Legényegyesületek Országos Testülete: National Secretariat of Catholic Agricultural Youth Clubs, Catholic youth organization, 1935–47 Madisz Magyar Demokratikus Ifjúsági Szövetség: Hungarian Democratic Youth Alliance, the communist-backed “umbrella” youth movement, 1944–50 MDP Magyar Dolgozók Pártja: Hungarian Workers’ Party, 1948–56, the Communist Party after unification with the Hungarian Social Democrats Mefesz Magyar Egyetemisták és Főiskolai Egyesületek Szövetsége: League of Hungarian University and College Associations, university youth group in existence from 1945 to 1950, revived briefly in 1956 MKP Magyar Kommunista Párt: Hungarian Communist Party, 1918–48 MSzMP Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt: Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, the Communist Party, 1956–89 Nékosz Népi Kollégiumok Országos Szövetsége: National Association of People’s Colleges, 1946–49 SZDP Szociáldemokrata Párt: Hungarian Social Democratic Party, founded in 1890, dissolved into the MPD in 1948 after unification with the communists POLISH KPP Komunistyczna Partia Polski: Polish Communist Party, founded in 1918, dissolved by Stalin in 1938 KRN Krajowa Rada Narodowa: National Council PKWN Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego: Polish Committee of National Liberation PPR Polska Partia Robotnicza: Polish Workers’ Party, the name of the resurrected Polish Communist Party between 1942 and 1948 PPS Polska Partia Socjalistyczna: the Polish Socialist Party, founded in 1892, forcibly dissolved into the Polish United Workers’ Party in 1948 PRL Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa: People’s Republic of Poland, communist Poland PSL Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe: Polish Peasants’ Party, founded in 1918, in opposition to the communists from 1944 to 1946, later part of the regime PZPR Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza: Polish United Workers’ Party, the name of the Polish Communist Party after 1948 SB Służba Bezpieczeństwa: Polish Secret Police, 1956–90 UB Urząd Bezpieczeństwa: Polish Secret Police, 1944–56 WiN Wolność i Niezawisłość: Freedom and Independence, the anti-communist underground from 1945 to about 1950 ZMP Związek Młodzieży Polskiej: Union of Polish Youth, the communist youth group from 1948 to 1957 ZWM Związek Walki Młodych: Union of Fighting Youth, the communist youth group from 1943 to 1948 OTHER OUN Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins’kykh Natsionalistiv: Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists StB Státní bezpečnost: State Security, Czechoslovak secret police UPA Ukrayins’ka Povstans’ka Armiya: Ukrainian Insurgent Army Click here to see a larger image.


pages: 740 words: 227,963

The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration by Isabel Wilkerson

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, California gold rush, card file, cotton gin, desegregation, Ford Model T, Gunnar Myrdal, index card, indoor plumbing, invisible hand, labor-force participation, Mason jar, mass immigration, medical residency, Rosa Parks, strikebreaker, trade route, traveling salesman, union organizing, W. E. B. Du Bois, white flight, Works Progress Administration

When the time came to go back to work, George rounded the corner to get to the entrance and felt sick. “I got the feeling like I was walking into Alcatraz or Sing Sing,” he said, “to begin a lifetime sentence.” At the plant he learned that several men he worked with had gotten shot in the rioting. One or two had been killed. Between the riot and the anti-Communist paranoia and the plant itself, it was time to go. “Look, I can’t take it,” George told his foreman. “I can’t come in here another day.” “Well, you know you are frozen on this job.” “But I’m defrosting. I cannot, I cannot come in here no more. Now, you can take it any way you want. I’m just not coming back.”


pages: 840 words: 224,391

Goliath: Life and Loathing in Greater Israel by Max Blumenthal

airport security, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, Boycotts of Israel, centre right, cognitive dissonance, corporate raider, crony capitalism, European colonialism, facts on the ground, gentrification, ghettoisation, housing crisis, intentional community, knowledge economy, megacity, moral panic, Mount Scopus, nuclear ambiguity, open borders, plutocrats, surplus humans, unit 8200, upwardly mobile, urban planning, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

Around this time, the Tel Aviv municipality bulldozed the orange groves that had once served as the symbol of Jaffa, using the open fields to make way for new Jewish residential areas. No new residential areas were created for Arab inhabitants, however. In 1986, the Israeli producer-director Menahem Golan (he was born Menahem Globus in an act of patriotic fervor) chose Jaffa’s Ajami slums as the set for Delta Force, a classic piece of anti-communist kitsch, starring hardboiled action heroes Chuck Norris and Lee Marvin. The plot was set in civil war–era Beirut, where Norris and Marvin heroically mowed down teams of Arab terrorists played by Jewish Israeli actors. With Ajami chronically neglected, de-developed, and impoverished since it was conquered by Israel, it was virtually indistinguishable from the most war-torn areas of Lebanon.


pages: 800 words: 240,175

Wasps: The Splendors and Miseries of an American Aristocracy by Michael Knox Beran

anti-communist, British Empire, Charles Lindbergh, company town, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, Etonian, fulfillment center, George Santayana, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Joseph Schumpeter, Lao Tzu, Lewis Mumford, old-boy network, phenotype, plutocrats, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Republic of Letters, Steven Pinker, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, W. E. B. Du Bois, éminence grise

“I shall testify”: The account of Whittaker Chambers that follows is drawn primarily from Chambers, Witness, and Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers. “freedom is threatened by tyranny, Christianity by paganism”: Ashburn, Peabody of Groton, 403. “mortal incompleteness”: Chambers, Witness, 489. “At least four classics of European autobiography”: John V. Fleming, The Anti-Communist Manifestos: Four Books that Shaped the Cold War (New York: Norton, 2009), 270. “very emblem of a liberally educated mind”: Ibid., 272. “never more beastly”: Chambers, Witness, 13. “It is a witness against the world”: For Chambers’s account of the Pipe Creek farm, see Chambers, Witness, 517–525.


pages: 1,364 words: 272,257

Jerusalem: The Biography by Simon Sebag-Montefiore

anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, British Empire, California gold rush, Etonian, facts on the ground, haute couture, Khartoum Gordon, Mount Scopus, place-making, plutocrats, sexual politics, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, white flight, Yom Kippur War

US Vice-Consul Bird advised the CIA to contribute $80,000 to repair the golden onion-domes of Grand Duke Sergei's Church of Mary Magdalene. If the CIA did not pay, the KGB just might. Russian Orthodoxy was divided between the CIA-backed Church based in New York and the KGB-backed Soviet version in Moscow. The Jordanians, staunch American allies, gave their Russian churches to the anti-Communist Church, while the Israelis, remembering that Stalin had been the first to recognize their new state, granted their Russian properties to the Soviets, who set up a mission in west Jerusalem led by a 'priest', actually a KGB colonel who had formerly been an adviser to North Korea. In a backwater still dominated by 'Husseinis, Nashashibis, Islamic scholars and Christian bishops, if you could ignore No-Man's-Land and the refugee camps,' wrote Sari Nusseibeh, 'it was as if nothing had ever happened'.


Presidents of War by Michael Beschloss

anti-communist, British Empire, California gold rush, Charles Lindbergh, continuation of politics by other means, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, Donald Trump, full employment, guns versus butter model, Henry Ford's grandson gave labor union leader Walter Reuther a tour of the company’s new, automated factory…, long peace, Monroe Doctrine, New Journalism, pneumatic tube, Ronald Reagan, traveling salesman, War on Poverty, Works Progress Administration

Rusk reminded Johnson that the Manila Pact, signed by the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954, committed the United States to South Vietnam’s defense. The Joint Chiefs advised him in March that “preventing the loss of South Vietnam” was of “overriding importance” to the United States. The CIA warned him in May that if the “tide of deterioration” were not halted by the end of 1964, “the anti-Communist position in South Vietnam is likely to become untenable.” Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara told Johnson’s National Security Council that same month, “The situation is still going to hell….Nothing we are now doing will win….The question is whether we should hit North Vietnam now, or whether we can wait.”


pages: 893 words: 282,706

The Great Shark Hunt: Strange Tales From a Strange Time by Hunter S. Thompson

anti-communist, back-to-the-land, buy low sell high, complexity theory, computer age, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, Easter island, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Fillmore Auditorium, San Francisco, Francisco Pizarro, Golden Gate Park, Haight Ashbury, job automation, land reform, Mason jar, military-industrial complex, New Journalism, non-fiction novel, Norman Mailer, Ronald Reagan, urban decay, urban renewal, urban sprawl

"These people are like children," he explained. "They'll complain all day about discipline, but deep down they like it. They need it. "Let's be smart about it," he added. "The rich people are running this country. They're running the country back home. Why not face facts and be thankful for what stability we have? These people are anti-Communist. Let's recognize the Junta, keep the aid flowing, and get on with it." He smiled indulgently. "We think young Kennedy up there just flew off the handle. Now he's out on a limb and he doesn't know how to get back." Nearly everybody who wears a tie in Lima feels the same way. Business is good in Peru -- it is the only South American country without a balance of payments deficit -- and the vested interests want to keep it that way.


pages: 1,152 words: 266,246

Why the West Rules--For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future by Ian Morris

addicted to oil, Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Arthur Eddington, Atahualpa, Berlin Wall, British Empire, classic study, Columbian Exchange, conceptual framework, cotton gin, cuban missile crisis, defense in depth, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, Doomsday Clock, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, falling living standards, Flynn Effect, Ford Model T, Francisco Pizarro, global village, God and Mammon, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, James Watt: steam engine, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, market bubble, mass immigration, Medieval Warm Period, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, out of africa, Peter Thiel, phenotype, pink-collar, place-making, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, Sinatra Doctrine, South China Sea, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, strong AI, Suez canal 1869, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, trade route, upwardly mobile, wage slave, washing machines reduced drudgery

The Asian Tigers were steadily pulling away from the People’s Republic. Relations with the Soviets were so bad that eight hundred Chinese had been killed in border clashes. Mao belatedly distanced himself from the radicals and looked around for a lifeline. He was thrown one by perhaps the least likely person on earth—the United States’ virulently anti-Communist president Richard Nixon. Nixon saw a deal with China as a way to outflank the Soviets in the Cold War, and in 1972, after much back-channel diplomacy, he flew to Beijing and shook Mao’s hand. “This was the week that changed the world,” Nixon crowed, and in some ways he was right. The prospect of a Washington-Beijing axis terrified Brezhnev so much that within three months of going to China, Nixon was sitting in Moscow making deals.


Coastal California Travel Guide by Lonely Planet

1960s counterculture, Airbnb, airport security, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Apple II, Asilomar, back-to-the-land, Bay Area Rapid Transit, bike sharing, Burning Man, buy and hold, California gold rush, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, company town, Day of the Dead, Donner party, East Village, El Camino Real, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, flex fuel, Frank Gehry, gentrification, glass ceiling, Golden Gate Park, Haight Ashbury, haute couture, haute cuisine, income inequality, intermodal, Joan Didion, Kickstarter, Loma Prieta earthquake, low cost airline, Lyft, machine readable, Mason jar, military-industrial complex, New Journalism, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, off-the-grid, Peoples Temple, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South of Market, San Francisco, starchitect, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Stewart Brand, trade route, transcontinental railway, uber lyft, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, Wall-E, white picket fence, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce, working poor, Works Progress Administration, young professional, Zipcar

The silent-movie era gave way to ‘talkies’ in 1927, the same year that Sid Grauman opened his landmark Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Blvd. During the 1930s and ’40s, American literary lions such as F Scott Fitzgerald, Dorothy Parker, Truman Capote, William Faulkner and Tennessee Williams did stints as Hollywood screenwriters. In the 1950s, during the anti-communist ‘Red Scare’ of the Cold War era, the federal government’s House Un-American Activities Committee investigated and subsequently blacklisted many Hollywood actors, directors and screenwriters, some of whom left for self-imposed exile in Europe, never to return. The Art of Animation In 1923 a young cartoonist named Walt Disney arrived in LA, and within five years he had a hit called Steamboat Willie and a breakout star called Mickey Mouse.


pages: 1,433 words: 315,911

The Vietnam War: An Intimate History by Geoffrey C. Ward, Ken Burns

anti-communist, bank run, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, clean water, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, desegregation, European colonialism, friendly fire, Haight Ashbury, independent contractor, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, mutually assured destruction, Norman Mailer, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, South China Sea, War on Poverty

The French returned here—and you helped keep them here, with your guns and your money—for nine more long years. It was natural enough that the French should try to manufacture fake nationalism with mandarin officials, but why did you have to do the same when you moved in, in 1945? You came to Vietnam without any preparation and therefore without understanding, yet you forced us to adjust to your anti-communist objectives without helping us develop our own democratic ones. You were afraid of Diem, until it was too late to get him to change his ways and to get rid of his brother Nhu. You ended by creating a vacuum the communists were best prepared to fill. The strongest non-communist political party in the country became USAID and now you wonder why so many Vietnamese are corrupt.


pages: 1,145 words: 310,655

1967: Israel, the War, and the Year That Transformed the Middle East by Tom Segev

affirmative action, anti-communist, Ascot racecourse, Berlin Wall, Boycotts of Israel, British Empire, cuban missile crisis, distributed generation, friendly fire, full employment, ghettoisation, government statistician, illegal immigration, invisible hand, mass immigration, Mount Scopus, open borders, Ronald Reagan, Yom Kippur War, young professional

Most of the Nativ files are classified, so there is no way of knowing how exactly this covert organization operated and whether it restricted its activities to advancing the humanitarian, religious, and Zionist interests of Soviet Jews, or whether it also engaged in anti-Soviet activities such as espionage, subversion, and anti-Communist propaganda.* Nahum Goldman, the president of the World Jewish Congress, attacked Israelis for their patronizing attitude toward the Diaspora and reminded them of the unpleasant truth: without the Diaspora, the State of Israel would not exist. Goldman, who also served as president of the World Zionist Organization, frequently angered the Israeli press.


pages: 964 words: 296,182

Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion by Gareth Stedman Jones

anti-communist, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Charles Babbage, classic study, colonial rule, Corn Laws, deindustrialization, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, fixed income, invention of the sewing machine, joint-stock company, land reform, land tenure, means of production, New Journalism, New Urbanism, night-watchman state, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, unemployed young men, wage slave

Although she accepted Karl’s paternity, Yvonne Kapp in her biography of Eleanor Marx launched a strong attack upon the credibility of the Freyburger letter. She claimed it was written in ‘a vein of high fantasy’ and she demonstrated the unlikelihood of several of the claims made in the letter.222 Given the fact that only a typewritten copy of the letter existed and that its discovery provided useful anti-communist ammunition at the height of the Cold War, some like Terrell Carver believed the letter to be a forgery ‘possibly by Nazi agents’.223 In my entry on Engels in The Dictionary of National Biography, I also accepted this interpretation, and more recently this approach has been continued in the study by Paul Thomas.224 I now believe that although the Freyburger letter contained a number of far-fetched claims, these were garbled memories of what she might have heard from Engels rather than deliberate untruths.


pages: 1,088 words: 297,362

The London Compendium by Ed Glinert

1960s counterculture, anti-communist, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Bob Geldof, British Empire, Brixton riot, Charles Babbage, Corn Laws, Dava Sobel, double entry bookkeeping, Edward Jenner, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, Exxon Valdez, gentrification, hiring and firing, invention of the telegraph, Isaac Newton, John Harrison: Longitude, John Snow's cholera map, Khartoum Gordon, Kickstarter, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, Nick Leeson, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, price stability, Ronald Reagan, Sloane Ranger, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Suez crisis 1956, the market place, trade route, union organizing, V2 rocket

It was first colonized by Jews after the First World War, when those born in the East End of London to refugees who had fled eastern Europe in the late nineteenth century grew up and moved north, attracted by Stamford Hill’s open spaces, spacious houses, greenery and river (Lea). Some of the new arrivals were White Russians (anti-communists), exiled after the Revolution, who brought their wealth with them. Others could trace their ancestry to a number of villages in Poland, such as Lubavitch, and were followers of Israel ben Eliezer, also known as Ba’al Shem Tov, a charismatic figure who founded a mystical, ecstatic movement in the eighteenth century.


pages: 1,309 words: 300,991

Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations by Norman Davies

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Celtic Tiger, classic study, Corn Laws, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, labour mobility, land tenure, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, Red Clydeside, Ronald Reagan, Skype, special economic zone, trade route, urban renewal, WikiLeaks

* ‘L’Estaca’ is a liberation song from the Franco era, composed in 1968 by the Catalan singer, Lluís Llach. It became popular in many countries, not least in Poland, where an adaptation by Jacek Kaczmarski – ‘Mury’, ‘The Walls’ – caught on as the unofficial anthem of the Solidarity movement; anti-Fascist sentiments inspired anti-Communist lyrics. The key stanza reads: ‘Wyrwij mury żeby krat, / Zerwij kajdany, polam bat. / A mury runa˛, runa˛, runa˛ / i pogrzebia˛ stary świat’ (‘Tear down the bars of the cage, / Snap the chains, and break the lash. / The walls will crumble, crumble, crumble / And hasten the old world’s crash’).


pages: 950 words: 297,713

Crucible: The Long End of the Great War and the Birth of a New World, 1917-1924 by Charles Emmerson

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, British Empire, continuation of politics by other means, currency peg, disinformation, Eddington experiment, Etonian, European colonialism, Ford Model T, ghettoisation, Isaac Newton, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Monroe Doctrine, Mount Scopus, new economy, plutocrats, strikebreaker, Suez canal 1869, trade route, W. E. B. Du Bois

Denikin is in Budapest and Yudenich in the south of France. White Russians circulate in ever-smaller social circles, whirling with intrigue. Moscow has set up a fake monarchist organisation to make the whole thing spin faster into oblivion, wasting the émigré community’s time on the chimera of anti-Communist resistance from within the Soviet Union. In certain cafés in Paris and Prague, more Russian is spoken than French or Czech. ‘New York has so many Russian nobles that they are in danger of losing their identity merely by force of numbers’, the New York Times reports. Titled ladies take up new jobs as seamstresses.


Vanished Kingdoms by Norman Davies

anti-communist, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Celtic Tiger, classic study, Corn Laws, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, labour mobility, land tenure, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, Red Clydeside, Ronald Reagan, Skype, special economic zone, trade route, urban renewal, WikiLeaks

* ‘L’Estaca’ is a liberation song from the Franco era, composed in 1968 by the Catalan singer, Lluís Llach. It became popular in many countries, not least in Poland, where an adaptation by Jacek Kaczmarski – ‘Mury’, ‘The Walls’ – caught on as the unofficial anthem of the Solidarity movement; anti-Fascist sentiments inspired anti-Communist lyrics. The key stanza reads: ‘Wyrwij mury żeby krat, / Zerwij kajdany, polam bat. / A mury runą, runą, runą / i pogrzebią stary świat’ (‘Tear down the bars of the cage, / Snap the chains, and break the lash. / The walls will crumble, crumble, crumble / And hasten the old world’s crash’). * Boyar meaning ‘warrior’ is a term that can be found in Kievan Rus′, in the grand duchy and later in Muscovy.


pages: 1,041 words: 317,136

American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer by Kai Bird, Martin J. Sherwin

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, British Empire, centre right, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, desegregation, disinformation, Eddington experiment, Ernest Rutherford, fear of failure, housing crisis, index card, industrial research laboratory, John von Neumann, Lewis Mumford, Mahatma Gandhi, military-industrial complex, Murray Gell-Mann, post-industrial society, public intellectual, Richard Feynman, Robert Gordon, seminal paper, strikebreaker, traveling salesman, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment

While never a Party member himself, Oppenheimer volunteered that he had maintained friendships with some communists right through the war years. Gradually, however, he had discerned a “lack of honesty and integrity in the . . . Communist Party.” By the end of the war, he said, he had become “a resolute anti-Communist, whose earlier sympathies for Communist causes would give immunity against further infection.” He harshly criticized communism for its “hideous dishonesty” and “elements of secrecy and dogma.” Afterwards, a young staff member of the Joint Committee, William Liscum Borden, wrote Oppenheimer a letter politely thanking him for his appearance: “I . . . think it was right that you appear[ed] before the Committee and I think it did lots of good.”


Central Europe Travel Guide by Lonely Planet

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, call centre, car-free, carbon footprint, centre right, Defenestration of Prague, Fall of the Berlin Wall, flag carrier, Frank Gehry, Gregor Mendel, Guggenheim Bilbao, high-speed rail, illegal immigration, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Kickstarter, low cost airline, messenger bag, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, Peter Eisenman, place-making, Prenzlauer Berg, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Rubik’s Cube, Skype, trade route, urban renewal, white picket fence, young professional

By 1989 Gorbachev’s perestroika and the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November raised expectations of change. On 17 November an official student march in Prague was smashed by police. Daily demonstrations followed, culminating in a general strike on 27 November. Dissidents led by Havel formed the Anti-Communist Civic Forum and negotiated the resignation of the Communist government on 3 December, less than a month after the fall of the Berlin Wall. A ‘Government of National Understanding’ was formed, with Havel elected president on 29 December. With no casualties, the days after 17 November became known as Sametová revoluce (the Velvet Revolution).


pages: 1,242 words: 317,903

The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan by Sebastian Mallaby

airline deregulation, airport security, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, balance sheet recession, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, bond market vigilante , book value, Bretton Woods, business cycle, central bank independence, centralized clearinghouse, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, conceptual framework, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency peg, Dr. Strangelove, energy security, equity premium, fiat currency, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, Flash crash, forward guidance, full employment, Future Shock, Glass-Steagall Act, Greenspan put, Hyman Minsky, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, interest rate swap, inventory management, invisible hand, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, low skilled workers, market bubble, market clearing, Martin Wolf, Money creation, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Myron Scholes, Neil Armstrong, new economy, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, paper trading, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, plutocrats, popular capitalism, price stability, RAND corporation, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, rent-seeking, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Savings and loan crisis, savings glut, secular stagnation, short selling, stock buybacks, subprime mortgage crisis, The Great Moderation, the payments system, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tipper Gore, too big to fail, trade liberalization, unorthodox policies, upwardly mobile, We are all Keynesians now, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Y2K, yield curve, zero-sum game

From Greenspan’s perspective, Reagan was congenial in his small-government instincts, but alarming when it came to policy detail; and on social issues he was anathema. In the words of David Stockman, a brilliant young congressman and Greenspan protégé, Reagan stood for “the anti–gun control nuts, the Bible-thumping creationists, the anti-Communist witch-hunters, and the small-minded Hollywood millionaires to whom ‘supply side’ meant one more Mercedes.”25 Greenspan showed his mixed feelings about Reagan by keeping a safe distance. The Reagan camp was “reaching around for solutions and considering some innovative ideas,” Greenspan told the Wall Street Journal in November; “I didn’t say they were all necessarily good ideas.”26 Meanwhile, he carried on his social life, attending the premiere of Superman at the Kennedy Center with Barbara Walters and escorting her to the White House for a state dinner in honor of the Middle East peace accord.


pages: 1,327 words: 360,897

Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism by Peter Marshall

agricultural Revolution, anti-communist, anti-globalists, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, David Graeber, different worldview, do-ocracy, feminist movement, garden city movement, gentleman farmer, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, hive mind, Howard Zinn, intentional community, invisible hand, laissez-faire capitalism, land reform, land tenure, Lao Tzu, Lewis Mumford, liberation theology, Machinery of Freedom by David Friedman, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, military-industrial complex, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, open borders, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, plutocrats, post scarcity, profit motive, public intellectual, radical decentralization, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rewilding, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, the market place, union organizing, wage slave, washing machines reduced drudgery

Camus at the time came in contact with Spanish anarcho-syndicalists in France, supporting the Spanish Federation of Political Prisoners and associating with the editor of the CNT’s paper Solidaridad Obrera. He also became friendly with the editors of the French syndicalist and anarchist magazine Témoins, Le Libertaire and Le Monde Libertaire. They helped him appreciate the libertarian tradition and showed that it was quite possible to be an anti-communist on the Left. The most substantial expression of his new position appeared in his widely influential study The Rebel (1951). In his Preface to the 1953 English translation of the work, Herbert Read welcomed it enthusiastically: ‘With the publication of this book, a cloud which has oppressed the European mind for more than a century begins to lift.


The Rough Guide to Brazil by Rough Guides

Airbnb, Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, anti-communist, bike sharing, car-free, clean water, Day of the Dead, digital nomad, haute cuisine, income inequality, James Watt: steam engine, land tenure, mass immigration, Murano, Venice glass, Scientific racism, sexual politics, spice trade, Stephen Fry, sustainable-tourism, trade route, trickle-down economics, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, éminence grise

The Contestado War raged in the South between 1912 and 1916 as settlers and landowners fought over land rights (inspired by itinerant preachers), and in the 1920s bandit leader Lampião roved the Northeast as (rather tenuously) Brazil’s “Robin Hood”. The revolution of 1930 Revolution in 1930 brought Getúlio Vargas (1882–1954) to power, the wealthy son of a gaúcho, pro-industrial nationalist and anti-communist governor of Rio Grande do Sul. Vargas dominated Brazilian politics for the next quarter-century. He had much in common with his Argentine contemporary, Juan Perón: both were charismatic but also cunning and ruthless, and created new power bases in their countries rooted in the urban working class.


The Secret World: A History of Intelligence by Christopher Andrew

Able Archer 83, active measures, Admiral Zheng, airport security, anti-communist, Atahualpa, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Chelsea Manning, classic study, colonial rule, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, Fellow of the Royal Society, Francisco Pizarro, Google Earth, information security, invention of movable type, invention of the telegraph, Julian Assange, Khyber Pass, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Murano, Venice glass, RAND corporation, Robert Hanssen: Double agent, Ronald Reagan, Skype, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, the market place, trade route, two and twenty, union organizing, uranium enrichment, Vladimir Vetrov: Farewell Dossier, WikiLeaks, éminence grise

That point is illustrated by the very first Cold War SIGINT to be declassified in 1995–6: the approximately 3,000 intercepted Soviet intelligence and other telegrams (codenamed VENONA) for the period 1939–48, partially decrypted by American and British codebreakers in the late 1940s and early 1950s, thanks to Soviet errors in the use of the ‘one-time pad’.16 A majority of the most important decrypts were messages exchanged between Moscow and its intelligence residencies in the United States; they have large implications for American political history as well as for Soviet–American relations.§ The outrageous exaggerations and inventions of Senator Joseph McCarthy’s self-serving anti-Communist witch-hunt in the early 1950s made liberal opinion sceptical for the remainder of the Cold War of the reality of the Soviet intelligence offensive. McCarthy arguably performed the role, albeit unconsciously, of the KGB’s most successful Cold War agent of influence. The mostly reliable public evidence of Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers, who had worked as couriers for Soviet intelligence, was widely ridiculed.


pages: 1,445 words: 469,426

The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power by Daniel Yergin

anti-communist, Ascot racecourse, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, Berlin Wall, book value, British Empire, Carl Icahn, colonial exploitation, Columbine, continuation of politics by other means, cuban missile crisis, disinformation, do-ocracy, energy security, European colonialism, Exxon Valdez, financial independence, fudge factor, geopolitical risk, guns versus butter model, Ida Tarbell, informal economy, It's morning again in America, joint-stock company, junk bonds, land reform, liberal capitalism, managed futures, megacity, Michael Milken, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, new economy, North Sea oil, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old-boy network, postnationalism / post nation state, price stability, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, stock buybacks, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas Malthus, tontine, vertical integration, Yom Kippur War

"I feel that everybody will regret at some time that he had anything to do with these robbers, whose only aim is the destruction of all civilization and the re-establishment of brute force." Sentiment of a sort had apparently entered into Deterding's business calculations. After his marriage to the White Russian emigre Lydia Pavlova, he seemed to become more staunchly and outspokenly anti-communist. Deterding even telegraphed John D. Rockefeller, Jr., beseeching him to block the various Standard successor companies from buying Russian oil. The Dutchman reported that he had "begged" Rockefeller, "for humanity's sake," that "all decent people" should abstain "from helping the Soviets to get hard cash."


pages: 3,292 words: 537,795

Lonely Planet China (Travel Guide) by Lonely Planet, Shawn Low

Albert Einstein, anti-communist, bike sharing, birth tourism , carbon footprint, clean water, colonial rule, country house hotel, credit crunch, Deng Xiaoping, G4S, gentrification, Great Leap Forward, haute couture, haute cuisine, high-speed rail, income inequality, indoor plumbing, Japanese asset price bubble, Kickstarter, land reform, mass immigration, off-the-grid, Pearl River Delta, place-making, Rubik’s Cube, Shenzhen special economic zone , Skype, South China Sea, special economic zone, sustainable-tourism, trade route, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, women in the workforce, Xiaogang Anhui farmers, young professional

China splits into areas ruled by rival militarists. 1925 The shooting of striking factory workers on 30 May in Shanghai by foreign-controlled police inflames nationalist passions, giving hope to the Kuomintang party, now regrouping in Guangzhou. 1926 The Northern Expedition: Kuomintang and communists unite under Soviet advice to bring together China by force, then establish a Kuomintang government. 1927 The Kuomintang leader Chiang Kaishek turns on the communists in Shanghai and Guangzhou, having thousands killed and forcing the communists to turn to a rural-based strategy. 1930s Cosmopolitan Shanghai is the world’s fifth-largest city (the largest in the Far East), supporting a polyglot population of four million people. 1930 Chiang’s Kuomintang government achieves ‘tariff autonomy’: for the first time in nearly 90 years, China regains the power to tax imports freely, an essential part of fiscal stability. 1931 Japan invades Manchuria (northeast China), provoking an international crisis and forcing Chiang to consider anti-Japanese, as well as anti-communist, strategies. 1932 War breaks out in the streets of Shanghai in February–March, a sign that conflict between the two great powers of East Asia, China and Japan, may soon be coming. 1935 Mao Zedong begins his rise to paramount power at the conference at Zunyi, held in the middle of the Long March to the northwest, on the run from the Kuomintang. 1937 The Japanese and Chinese clash at Wanping, near Beijing, on 7 July, sparking the conflict that the Chinese call the ‘War of Resistance’, which only ends in 1945. 1938 Former prime minister Wang Jingwei announces he has gone over to Japan.


pages: 1,799 words: 532,462

The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication From Ancient Times to the Internet by David Kahn

anti-communist, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Charles Babbage, classic study, Claude Shannon: information theory, computer age, cotton gin, cuban missile crisis, Easter island, end-to-end encryption, Fellow of the Royal Society, heat death of the universe, Honoré de Balzac, index card, interchangeable parts, invention of the telegraph, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Louis Daguerre, machine translation, Maui Hawaii, Norbert Wiener, out of africa, pattern recognition, place-making, planned obsolescence, Plato's cave, pneumatic tube, popular electronics, positional goods, Republic of Letters, Searching for Interstellar Communications, stochastic process, Suez canal 1869, the scientific method, trade route, Turing machine, union organizing, yellow journalism, zero-sum game

The following year, Russia recruited the “cipher expert” of the Persian Council of Ministers, who promptly became Agent No. 33. Also serving the Communist cause was the cipher clerk of a Persian Army brigade near the Russian border. Somehow the Soviet espionage organization, the O.G.P.U., had obtained the cipher key of the Dachnaks, an anti-Communist party in Soviet Armenia. Dachnak activity was directed from Tabriz, across the border in Persia. The O.G.P.U. resident in Tabriz made certain arrangements with a Persian postal official, and soon the O.G.P.U. knew enough to block any Dachnak move, if necessary, with a swift series of arrests and raids.


J.K. Lasser's Your Income Tax 2022: For Preparing Your 2021 Tax Return by J. K. Lasser Institute

accelerated depreciation, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, airline deregulation, anti-communist, asset allocation, bike sharing, bitcoin, business cycle, call centre, carried interest, collective bargaining, coronavirus, COVID-19, cryptocurrency, distributed generation, distributed ledger, diversification, employer provided health coverage, estate planning, Home mortgage interest deduction, independent contractor, intangible asset, medical malpractice, medical residency, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, passive income, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, rent control, ride hailing / ride sharing, Right to Buy, sharing economy, TaskRabbit, Tax Reform Act of 1986, transaction costs, zero-coupon bond

Salkov, 46 TC 190 (1966) (Nonacq.) Max Silverman, 253 F.2d 849 (8th Cir. 1958) Rev. Rul. 78-301, 1978-2 CB 103 Traveling evangelist Rev. Rul. 64-326, 1964-2 CB 37 Retired minister Rev. Rul. 63-156, 1963-2 CB 79 Widow not entitled to exclusion Rev. Rul. 72-249, 1972-1 CB 36 Anti-communist crusade James D. Colbert, 61 TC 449 (1974) Priest living as layman Francis E. Kelley, 62 TC 131 (1974) Not allowed for unordained executive of tax-exempt nonreligious organization W. Astor Kirk, 425 F.2d 492 (D.C. Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 853 Civilian chaplain at VA hospital Rev.