Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

226 results back to index


pages: 358 words: 93,969

Climate Change by Joseph Romm

biodiversity loss, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, Climatic Research Unit, data science, decarbonisation, demand response, disinformation, Douglas Hofstadter, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, failed state, gigafactory, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), knowledge worker, mass immigration, ocean acidification, performance metric, renewable energy transition, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, the scientific method

The central purpose of the resulting United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was to provide the best science to policymakers. In the ensuing years, the science has gotten stronger, in large part because observations around the world confirmed the vast majority of the early predictions made by climate scientists. At the same time, many cornerstone elements of our climate began changing far faster than most scientists had projected. The Arctic began losing sea ice several decades ahead of every single climate model used by the IPCC, which in turn means the Arctic region warmed up even faster than scientists expected.

One of the reasons that there is some confusion in the public discussion of future warming is that many science communicators, including many in the media, focus on just no. 1, the equilibrium or fast-feedback climate sensitivity. The U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) said in its 2007 Fourth Assessment that the fast-feedback sensitivity is “likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5°C with a best estimate of about 3°C, and is very unlikely to be less than 1.5°C. Values substantially higher than 4.5°C cannot be excluded, but agreement of models with observations is not as good for those values.” Although the majority of studies tend to be in the middle of the range, some have been near the low end and some have been at the higher end. For the 2013 Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), the IPCC slightly changed the likely range to 1.5°C to 4.5°C.

Because irreversibility is such a unique and consequential fact about climate change, the world’s leading climate scientists (and governments) took extra measures to emphasize the issue in the most recent international assessment of climate science by the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—the November 2014 full, final “synthesis” report in its Fifth Assessment all of the scientific and economic literature. In the IPCC’s final “synthesis” report of its Fourth Assessment, issued in 2007, irreversibility was only mentioned two times and there was minimal discussion in the Summary for Policymakers. Seven years later, the “Summary for Policymakers” of the IPCC’s synthesis report mentions “irreversible” 14 times and has extended discussions of exactly what it means and why it matters.


Apocalypse Never: Why Environmental Alarmism Hurts Us All by Michael Shellenberger

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, Asperger Syndrome, Bernie Sanders, Bob Geldof, Boeing 747, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, clean tech, clean water, climate anxiety, Corn Laws, coronavirus, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, Elon Musk, energy transition, Extinction Rebellion, failed state, Garrett Hardin, Gary Taubes, gentleman farmer, global value chain, Google Earth, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hydraulic fracturing, index fund, Indoor air pollution, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, land tenure, Live Aid, LNG terminal, long peace, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microplastics / micro fibres, Murray Bookchin, ocean acidification, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, Potemkin village, precautionary principle, purchasing power parity, Ralph Nader, renewable energy transition, Rupert Read, School Strike for Climate, Solyndra, Stephen Fry, Steven Pinker, supervolcano, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, WikiLeaks, Y2K

., 213–14 Gorillas, 68–70, 72–75, 76, 79, 281–82, 395n Goulding, Ellie, ix Gourmet (magazine), 132 Government Accountability Office (GAO), 218 Grandin, Temple, 134, 136–37, 138, 144 Grand Inga Dam, 70–71, 84, 245–46, 276, 386n Grass-fed cattle, 130–31 Great African War, 7 Great Ape Program, 74, 77 Great Escape, 92–95 Great Pacific Garbage Patch, 48 Greenhouse gas emissions, 2, 21, 24, 43, 60–61, 128, 130, 193, 253–54 “Greening,” 32–33 Green New Deal, 3–5, 154, 176, 187, 217, 267 Green Nuclear Deal, 278 Greenpeace, 86, 108, 113, 163, 226, 248 Greenpeace Brazil, 31–32, 38–41 Green utopianism, 267 Grijalva, Raúl, 257–59 Habitat conservation, 68 Haidt, Jonathan, 264 Haiti, 15 Hall, Craig, 202 Hallam, Roger, 10, 11, 22 Halliburton, 205, 219 H&M, 85, 102, 105 Hanno the Navigator, 72 “Hansel and Gretel,” 37 Hansen, James, 181 Hardin, Garrett, 236–37 Harris, Kamala, 216 Harvard University, 93–96, 104, 139, 225, 250, 252, 261 Hawksbill sea turtles, 52–53 Heal, Geoffrey, 88 Heart disease, 132–33 Heartland Institute, 206 Heidegger, Martin, 187 Heritage Foundation, 206 Hetch Hetchy Project, 386n High-fat diets, 131–33, 140 High-yield farming, 6, 91–92 Hillary, Edmund, 155 Hinkley Point C Nuclear Plant, 146 Hitler, Adolf, 233 Hohenkammer Statement, 13–14 Holdren, John, 239–40, 242, 243, 258 Hole in the World, A (Rhodes), 269–70 Hollywood, 2, 7, 27, 162, 164, 165, 222 Homosexuality, 95 Hoover Dam, 84 Höppe, Peter, 13 Human evolution, 133–34 Human-wildlife conflicts, 17–18, 74–75 Hunter-gatherers, 36–37, 134 Hurricane Katrina, 14 Hurricanes, 14–15 Hurricane Sandy, 16 Hyatt, John Wesley, 54, 55 Hydraulic fracturing (fracking), 117–20, 123, 124 Hydroelectricity, 177, 179–80, 228–29, 238 in Congo, 70–71, 82, 83–84, 245–46, 276 power density and, 100, 102–3, 191–92, 386n Hydrogenation, 112 Hypocrisy, 201–4, 222–24, 246–47 Ice sheets, 2, 3, 25, 262 I’ll Take My Stand (Ransom), 234 Impossible Burger, 135 Inconvenient Truth, An (documentary), 217 India author’s visit, 247–49 population control, 235–36, 237 sustainable development in, 247–49 India Great Famine of 1876–1878, 232 Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, 15 Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant, 284 India-Pakistan relations, 173 Indonesia, 88–89, 92–93, 96–97, 277 Indonesia oil, 211–12 Industrial Revolution, 95–96, 227 Infrastructure, 64, 225–26, 247 power of electricity, 226–29 Inga dam, 70–71, 84, 245–46, 276, 386n Insect die-off, 195–96 Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, 195 Intensive farming, 38, 39, 42–43, 130–31, 135–36, 139 InterAcademy Council, 255–56 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 114, 284–85 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, xiii, 1–6, 10, 11–12, 14, 15–16, 23, 30, 126–27, 128, 244, 252, 253–57 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 65–66, 67, 79 International Energy Agency (IEA), 26 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 114–15, 252 International Rivers, 245–46 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 57, 59, 67, 76 International Whaling Commission (IWC), 113 Inuits, 109 “Invasive species,” 66 Invenergy, 207 IPCC.

., “My Unhappy Life as a Climate Heretic,” Wall Street Journal, December 2, 2016, https://www.wsj.com. 76. Christopher B. Field, Vicente Barros, Thomas F. Stocker et al., eds., Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX_Full_Report-1.pdf, 9. 77. Roger Pielke, Jr., The Climate Fix: What Scientists and Politicians Won’t Tell You About Global Warming, 175. 78. Roger Pielke, Jr., “Disasters Cost More than Ever—but Not Because of Climate Change,” FiveThirtyEight, March 19, 2014, https://fivethirtyeight.com. 79.

Just below the bold headline was a photograph of a six-year-old boy playing with a dead animal’s bones.1 Said another headline in The Washington Post on the very same day: “The World Has Just Over a Decade to Get Climate Change Under Control, U.N. Scientists Say.”2 Those stories in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and other media outlets around the world were based on a special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is a United Nations body of 195 scientists and other members from around the globe responsible for assessing science related to climate change. Two more IPCC reports would follow in 2019, both of which warned of similarly dire consequences: worsening natural disasters, sea-level rise, desertification, and land degradation. Moderate warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius would cause “long-lasting or irreversible” harm, they said, and climate change might devastate food production and landscapes.


pages: 391 words: 99,963

The Weather of the Future by Heidi Cullen

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, air freight, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, availability heuristic, back-to-the-land, bank run, California gold rush, carbon footprint, clean water, colonial rule, data science, Easter island, energy security, hindcast, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Kickstarter, mass immigration, Medieval Warm Period, megacity, millennium bug, ocean acidification, out of africa, Silicon Valley, smart cities, trade route, urban planning, Y2K

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): its Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), a prominent climate modeling center in Princeton, New Jersey. Few people understand the complexity of rainfall in the Sahel better than Held. A member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Held served as a lead author of the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report chapter on regional climate projections. The IPCC’s regional projections use fourteen state-of-the-art climate models to provide a glimpse into the future. The GFDL climate model is one of the best in the world. And if you believe this model’s projections for the Sahel, you’ll be very worried about the future.

And the data spoke for itself,” Rahman says. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the scientific group responsible for building the data and models that convinced Rahman, has issued a very strong statement about the changes that are taking place in Bangladesh. Temperatures in Bangladesh have already increased. The Fourth Assessment report indicates an increasing trend of about 1.8°F in May and 0.9°F in November during the fourteen-year period from 1985 to 1998. Annual average temperature in South Asia (5°N to 30°N, 65°E to 100°E) is projected to increase 3.2°F by 2050 and 5.6°F by 2100, according to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.

More than a century later, the estimates from state-of-the-art climate models doing the same calculations to determine the increase in temperature due to a doubling of the CO2 concentration show that the calculation by Arrhenius was in the right ballpark. The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesized the results from eighteen climate models used by groups around the world to estimate climate sensitivity and its uncertainty. They estimated that a doubling of CO2 would lead to an increase in global average temperature of about 5.4°F, with an uncertainty spanning the range from about 3.6°F to 8.1°F.


pages: 417 words: 109,367

The End of Doom: Environmental Renewal in the Twenty-First Century by Ronald Bailey

3D printing, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, Asilomar, autonomous vehicles, biodiversity loss, business cycle, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, Climatic Research Unit, commodity super cycle, conceptual framework, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Attenborough, decarbonisation, dematerialisation, demographic transition, disinformation, disruptive innovation, diversified portfolio, double helix, energy security, failed state, financial independence, Ford Model T, Garrett Hardin, Gary Taubes, Great Leap Forward, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, Induced demand, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, knowledge economy, meta-analysis, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, Neolithic agricultural revolution, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, pattern recognition, peak oil, Peter Calthorpe, phenotype, planetary scale, precautionary principle, price stability, profit motive, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, Recombinant DNA, rent-seeking, rewilding, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, systematic bias, Tesla Model S, trade liberalization, Tragedy of the Commons, two and twenty, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, women in the workforce, yield curve

See International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Iler, Stuart income increase climate adaptation and climate mitigation and fertility rate decline and intergenerational equity and open-access social orders and trend overview India biotech crops in climate change negotiations with farmer suicide in fertility rate and life expectancy in Green Revolution in oil consumption patterns for Orissa cyclone Industrial Revolution industrialization commodity super-cycles and fertility rate decline and innovation trial and error in pollution correlation to Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) Inhofe, James innovation cognitive biases against elitist resistance to fertility rate decline and free-market capitalist drive for population projections and positive possibilities with precautionary resistance to trial and error for innovation sectors and types additive manufacturing autonomous vehicles biofuel biotech crops cellular climate geoengineering DDT electric vehicle energy, clean energy efficiency food production Green Revolution lasers metal nanotechnology nuclear power oil pharmaceutical resource efficiency solar power insulin Intellectual Ventures intergenerational equity Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on climate adaptation on climate mitigation on extinction on natural disasters on natural gas efficiency on ocean acidification on temperature increase on water privatization International Energy Agency (IEA) International Food Policy Research Institute International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) International Monetary Fund International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Ioannidis, John IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran ITIF. See Information Technology and Innovation Foundation IUCN.

destruction caused by Superstorm Sandy: Greenpeace, “Hurricane Sandy = Climate Change,” Extreme Weather and Climate Change, 2013. www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/Extreme-Weather-and-Climate-Change/. hurricanes, typhoons, hailstorms, or tornadoes: IPCC, Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. www.ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/. economic losses from weather- and climate-related disasters: IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, November 2014, 16. www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_LONGERREPORT.pdf. “there has been little change in drought”: Justin Sheffield, Eric F.

These facts are not scientifically in dispute. As Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, the 2013 report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), states: “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.” The report adds, “Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850.” These findings were restated and bolstered in November 2014 in the IPCC’s Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. The vast majority of climate researchers agree that man-made global warming is now under way.


pages: 451 words: 115,720

Green Tyranny: Exposing the Totalitarian Roots of the Climate Industrial Complex by Rupert Darwall

1960s counterculture, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Bakken shale, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, California energy crisis, carbon credits, carbon footprint, centre right, clean tech, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, disinformation, Donald Trump, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, gigafactory, Gunnar Myrdal, Herbert Marcuse, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, John Elkington, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, liberal capitalism, market design, means of production, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, mittelstand, Murray Bookchin, Neil Armstrong, nuclear winter, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, Paris climate accords, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, plutocrats, postindustrial economy, precautionary principle, pre–internet, recommendation engine, renewable energy transition, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Solyndra, Strategic Defense Initiative, subprime mortgage crisis, tech baron, tech billionaire, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, women in the workforce, young professional

April 24, 2012, http://www.sunlive.co.nz/blogs/2909-climate-change-and-villach-what-is-connection.html (accessed August 7th, 2015). 24Met Office Hadley Centre, “HadCRUT4 Global Annual Decadally Smoothed Series,” http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut4/data/current/time_series/HadCRUT.4.4.0.0.annual_ns_avg_smooth.txt (accessed August 7th, 2015). 25Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York, Berlin, London, 2010), p. 76. 26Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, “The Legacy of Gordon Goodman,” http://www.kva.se/globalassets/kalendarium/2015/140314-kva_legacygg_folder_090424_final.pdf (accessed August 7, 2015). 27Bert Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change: The Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, 2007), p. 39. 28Ibid., p. 44. 29John W. Zillman, “Climate Science and Public Policy: Some Observations from Early Years at the Science-Policy Interface,” Unpublished manuscript, p. 12. 30Bert Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change: The Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, 2007), p. 39. Emphasis in the original. 31John W. Zillman, “Some Observations of the IPCC Assessment Process 1988–2007,” Energy and Environment, Vol. 18, No. 7–8, p. 871. 32Bert Bolin, A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change: The Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, 2007), p. 49. 33WMO/UNEP, Developing Policies for Responding to Climatic Change, April 1988, pp. 22–23. 34Ibid., p. 24. 35IEA, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Higlights (Paris, 2014), Table 1; Met Office Hadley Centre, “HadCRUT4 Global Annual Decadally Smoothed Series,” http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut4/data/current/time_series/HadCRUT.4.4.0.0.annual_ns_avg_smooth.txt (accessed August 7, 2015). 36WMO/UNEP, Developing Policies for Responding to Climatic Change, April 1988, p. 27. 37Ibid., p. v. 38WMO, “The Changing Atmosphere Implications for Global Security,” Toronto, Canada, June 27–30, 1988, p. 8. 39Ibid., p. 1. 40The incident is captured in Palme’s final interview from 9'12", https://youtu.be/Yfe_j5V84LU (accessed May 24, 2016). 41Bo J.

Two originated in Sweden (acid rain and global warming) and one (the nuclear winter) was transmitted from Moscow via Stockholm. Sweden Sweden was to have an influence on world affairs and the environmental politics of the United States out of all proportion to its eight million people. From the late 1960s through to the late 1980s and the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which, far more than any other nation, has the rightful claim to paternity (Chapter 11), Sweden was extraordinarily successful at projecting environmental diplomacy on the world stage. Its Social Democratic rulers, in particular its prime minister, Olof Palme, had compelling reasons to mobilize environmentalism for political ends.

Offline it was agreed that further informal consultations should be held with UNEP.31 After the congress, the WMO and UNEP governing bodies passed resolutions to establish an ad hoc intergovernmental mechanism to carry out scientific assessments on the magnitude, timing, and potential impacts of climate change. Representatives of WMO and UNEP member states were invited to a meeting in Geneva in November 1988 to establish an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. By then, preparations were already under way for a climate conference to be held in Toronto in June 1988 immediately following the G7 summit that Canada was hosting. The AGGG was invited to assist. “In this way I was given the opportunity to work with the organizing committee,” Bolin recorded.32 The soon-to-be-formed IPCC couldn’t be left to its own devices. With the institutional structure coming together, it became important to ensure that it would be steered in the right direction and produce the right answers.


pages: 257 words: 67,152

The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels by Alex Epstein

addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, carbon footprint, clean water, glass ceiling, hindcast, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), LNG terminal, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, profit motive, public intellectual, Saturday Night Live, the scientific method

Goklany, “Weather and Safety: The Amazing Decline in Deaths from Extreme Weather in an Era of Global Warming, 1900–2010,” Reason Foundation, Policy Study 393, Sept. 2011, http://reason .org/files/deaths_from_extreme_weather_1900_2010.pdf. 41. Ibid. 42. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “13.3.3.3 Implications of Regime Stringency: Linking Goals, Participation, and Timing,” IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007, 2007, www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13-ens13-3-3-3 .html. 43. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Potential of Renewable Energy Outlined in Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,” press release, May 9, 2011, http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/press/content/potential-of-renewable-energy-outlined-report-by-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change. 44. Kirsten Gibson, “Rokita Holds Town Hall in Lebanon.”

Elizabeth Bumiller and Adam Nagourney, “Bush: ‘America Is Addicted to Oil,’” New York Times, Feb. 1, 2006, www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/world/americas/01iht-state.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. 5. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Potential of Renewable Energy Outlined in Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,” press release, Abu Dhabi, May 9, 2011, http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/press/content/potential-of-renewable-energy-outlined-report-by-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change. 6. Justin Gillis and Kenneth Chang, “Scientists Warn of Rising Oceans,” New York Times, May 12, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/science/earth/collapse-of-parts-of-west-antarctica-ice-sheet-has-begun-scientists-say.html?

Bush was the person who popularized the expression “addicted to oil.”4 The debate over our addiction to fossil fuels is usually over how dangerous the addiction is and how quickly we can get rid of it—not whether we have one. And the most prominent groups say we must get rid of it very quickly. For years, the Nobel Prize–winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has demanded that the United States and other industrialized countries cut carbon dioxide emissions to 20 percent of 1990 levels by 2050—and the United States has joined hundreds of other countries in agreeing to this goal.5 Every day, we hear of new predictions from prestigious experts reinforcing the calls for massive restrictions on fossil fuel use.


pages: 364 words: 101,193

Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet by Mark Lynas

accounting loophole / creative accounting, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, blood diamond, Climatic Research Unit, Deng Xiaoping, failed state, Garrett Hardin, hindcast, ice-free Arctic, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Live Aid, Medieval Warm Period, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, price stability, South China Sea, supervolcano, Tragedy of the Commons

The scenes lingered in my mind even as the city was emptied and the bedraggled survivors of New Orleans and the wider Gulf region were packed off to temporary shelters in Texas and elsewhere, where half a million still remain at the time of writing: arguably the first climate refugees, displaced permanently from their homes. I kept wondering: where next? What will happen as the world warms bit by bit? With up to six degrees Celsius of global warming on the cards over the next hundred years, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), what will happen to our coasts, our towns, our forests, our rivers, our croplands and our mountains? Will we all, as some environmentalists suggest, be reduced to eking out a living from the shattered remains of civilisation in Arctic refuges, or will life go on much as before-if only a little warmer?

In retrospect, this is perhaps surprising: it contained clear evidence that a climate only a degree or so warmer than today could melt enough Greenland ice to drown coastal cities around the globe, cities that are home to tens of millions of people. Nor was it just a one-off: more recent work confirms that Greenland's contribution to the higher sea levels of the Eemian was indeed somewhere between 2 and 5 metres. The 2001 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) did conclude that higher temperatures would eventually melt the Greenland ice sheet-but only over centuries to millennia, and very little contribution from Greenland was factored into the twenty-first-century sea level rise projections of between 9 and 88 cm. As warnings go, it wasn't a terribly urgent one: most people have trouble caring about what happens 100 years hence, let alone bothering about whether their distant descendants in the year 3000 might be getting their feet wet.

D. and Billie 184 Hamilton, Dr Gordon 69 Hansen, James 27, 65-6, 67, 70, 71-2, 115, 166 Harappan civilisation 174, 175 Hardin, Garrett 264 Harrison, Gary 76-7 Harvard University 204 Hawaiian 92 Hayward, Dr Alan 110, 111 heat 61, 122-3, 193, 197, 209-10, 231 heatstroke 57-8, 62 heatwaves 6, 186, 197, 202 Alpine 30, 31, 177 Australia 173 Europe 57-63, 150, 178-9, 202 winter 180 Helheim Glacier, Greenland 68, 69 Higgins, Craig 29 Higgins, John 204 High Tide xiii-ix, xv, 46-7, 77, 81 Hilbert, David 33-4 Hill, Robert 108 Himalayas 80, 108, 138, 173 Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove 35-6, 37, 38 Hoerling, Martin 21, 102-3, 104 Holland, Marika 26-7 Holocene 20, 21, 24, 66, 107 Hong Kong 171 housing 183, 272, 276 Houston, Texas 125-8 Howat, Ian 67, 68, 69 Huntingford, Chris 273-4 hurricanes 42-6, 125-8, 129, 146 ancient 219, 229-30 Catarina 42-3 Europe 44-5, 149, 185 Floyd 146 formation 42-6 Galveston 1900 126 hypercanes 230 Katrina xiv, 38, 42, 46, 126, 166 modelling 106 Odessa 126, 127 sea temperature and 126, 229-30 storm surges xiv, 145-9, 165, 182 strong 125-8, 219, 230 Rita 46 Vince 44 Wilma 46 hydroelectricity 17-18, 58, 62, 84-5, 87, 140, 178, 181 hydrogen sulphide 233, 237 hydrological cycle 224 ice ages xvii-xviii, 6, 9, 10, 24, 135 and El Niño 114 modelling 106, 251 ice-albedo feedback 28, 70-1 ice caps 26-7, 64-72, 81, 130-1, 197, 208, 220, 246 ice cores 6, 14, 15-16, 64, 81 ice sheets 64-72, 129, 130, 131, 146, 166, 167-70, 176, 193 ice shelves 168-9 icebergs 68, 113 Iceland 130-1 Inconvenient Truth, An 263 India xxii, 77-80, 135-7, 173 agricultural 78-9, 137, 173 ancient 218 drought 173 Environment Ministry 78 famine 78-9 monsoon 21, 52, 79, 135-7, 173, 209, 219 water table 173 warming 102, 104 Indian Ocean 136 Indonesia xvii, 118-19, 121, 136-7, 206, 211, 276 Indus, River 137-42, 174 Industrial Revolution 112 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 77 interglacial, Eemian 52, 63-6, 107 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) xiv, xx-xxi, 13, 24, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 77, 118, 130, 158, 173, 217, 225, 246, 251, 256 International Energy Agency (IEA) 258 intertropical convergence zone 151, 193 International Rice Research Institute 157 Inuit peoples 76, 77 irrigation 8, 58, 82, 86, 140, 144, 158, 196 Italy 44, 63 Jacobshavn Isbrae glacier, Greenland 68 James Cook University 33 Japan 194 Jequetepeque River 82, 83 jet streams 28 Jones, Brian 63 Jones, Chris 273-4 Joshi, S.


pages: 258 words: 77,601

Everything Under the Sun: Toward a Brighter Future on a Small Blue Planet by Ian Hanington

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, biodiversity loss, Bretton Woods, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, Day of the Dead, disinformation, do what you love, energy security, Enrique Peñalosa, Exxon Valdez, Google Earth, happiness index / gross national happiness, Hedy Lamarr / George Antheil, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Medieval Warm Period, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, planned obsolescence, precautionary principle, stem cell, sustainable-tourism, the scientific method, University of East Anglia, urban planning, urban sprawl

In 2010, government negotiators from around the world met in Busan, South Korea, where they approved the creation of a new global science body to act as an “early warning system” to inform government leaders on major biodiversity declines and to identify what governments must do to reverse these damaging trends. This global biodiversity scientific body is modelled on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which, through science, has catalyzed worldwide understanding of and action on global warming. Despite the efforts of huge multinational oil companies to discredit its work, the IPCC has compiled the best available science on the causes and impacts of global warming and charted the most effective ways for us to solve the problem. In doing so, it has ensured that climate change has remained a priority for governments, and it has proven to be an invaluable tool to help the media understand and report on the issue—independent of politics or PR spin.

Science is clear about the threat of climate change WHY DOES THE public often pay more attention to climate-change deniers than climate scientists? Why do denial arguments that have been thoroughly debunked still show up regularly in the media? Some researchers from New York’s Fordham University may have found some answers. David Budescu and his colleagues asked 223 volunteers to read sentences from reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The responses revealed some fundamental misunderstandings about how science works. Science is a process. Scientists gather and compare evidence, then construct hypotheses that “make sense” of the data and suggest further tests of the hypothesis. Other scientists try to find flaws in the hypothesis with their own data or experiments.

(Chappell and Lavalle), 180 food webs, 10, 38 forestry, 23 forests. see also logging: caribou habitat loss and, 23; global warming and, 137–39; habitat loss, 15, 23; management, 183, 215–18; preservation, 109–11; protection, 139–41 fossil-fuel industry, 71–73, 74–76, 131, 153 fossil fuels, 57–58, 116, 160 fracking, 73, 213 fragrances, 206, 207–10 frequency hopping, 98 frogs, 11–14 fruits, 177–79 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, 57, 59 fungus spread, 12–13 The Future Eaters (Flannery), 245 garbage, 41–43 gas pipelines, 74–77 genetically engineered (GE) organisms, 85 genetically modified (GM) foods, 178, 185–87 genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 186–87 genetics, 92, 210–12 genome studies, 210–12 German, energy grid, 61–64 Gisborne, Brian, 174 global cooling, 136 globalization, 26–27, 188, 201, 222 global warming, 13, 116–17, 117–21, 135–40, 141–44, 149–51, 155, 185 Google, 66, 166–68 Gore, Al, 64 government: banking regulations, 81; bluefin tuna fishery, 201; ecosystem-based management, 165–66; public property sale, 74–77; water conservation, 215 Great Bear Rainforest, 16, 28 green, being, 248–51 greenbelts, 113 greenhouse gases, 41–44, 55, 60, 69, 70, 121, 140–41 Greenwood, Charles, 54 Grist.org, 114–15, 180–81 Gulf of Mexico, 57, 70, 72, 76, 172 Gunny (grandson), 225–26 Guujaaw (Haida leader), 28 habitat, 18, 33, 34, 110 habitat loss and degradation, 7, 13, 17–18, 34, 139 Haida Gwaii, 16, 217 Hanke, John, 167 Hansen, James, 120 Harper, Stephen, 58–59, 69, 83–84, 145, 236, 257 harvesting, 7, 182–84 health: cycling and, 47; environment and, 203–5; exercise, 227; genetic diseases, 211; impact from wind power, 65; outdoor activity, 221–23; personal care products, 205–7, 209; staying active, 218–20; tar sands, 70 hemp fibre, 54 Henderson, Hazel, 106 herbicides, 184 Hollywood, 98–100 human activity, 251–53 human-caused, climate change, 130–33, 152 human-caused, global warming, 116, 117, 135–36, 185 human movement, 26–27 hunting, 28–29, 30–32 hydraulic fracturing (fracking), 73, 213 ice melt, 160 In Defense of Food (Pollan), 178 Inhofe, James, 97 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, 21, 160–61, 217 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 11, 38–39, 128–30, 131, 134, 142 International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, 185–86 International Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO), 155 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 7, 13, 200 invasive alien species, 7, 25–27 Jackson, Lisa P., 152 Japan, 57–58, 199–200 Kakfwi, Stephen, 24–25 Keever, Marcie, 170 Kent, Peter, 69 Kingsnorth, Paul, 122–24 Klein, Ross, 168 Koch-Exxon-Scaife, 131 Kyoto Protocol, 61, 117, 131, 246 Lamarr, Hedy, 98 Latham, Jonathan, 212 Lavalle, Liliana, 180 Legacy Lecture, 259 LePage, Paul, 96 Levant, Ezra, 69, 70 Lewis, Marlon, 152–53 Lewis, Simon, 134 light, 261–63 local food production, 187–89 “locavorism,” 187–89 logging, 15, 34, 109–10, 138, 141, 184, 247, 257 Loorz, Alec, 229 Louv, Richard, 221 Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 81–82 macaw, 14–16 Maddow, Rachel, 80 Managing Without Growth: Slower by Design, Not Disaster (Victor), 105, 236 manduvi trees, 14–16 Mann, Michael, 132, 134 Mansbridge, Peter, 257 Massey Energy, 74–75 McClintock, Barbara, 92 McKellar, Danica, 99 McKibben, Bill, 142 Merchants of Doubt (Oreskes and Conway), 150 methane emissions, 41–42 Métis peoples, 23, 182 Michaux, Ernest, 46 microbes, 203–5 milkweed, 20–21 Mills, Dora Anne, 65 mining, 23, 34, 59–61, 115 Monbiot, George, 53, 122–24 Monsanto, 177–78, 184, 185 Moola, Faisal, 184 Müller, Paul, 85 nanotechnology, 85 natural disasters, 251–53 nature: bats last, 244–46; goods and services, 112–14; at home with, 237–39; limits of, 124–26; value of, 103–4, 106 “nature deficit disorder,” 222 Nature of Things, The, 247, 256 New Zealand, 10, 255 Nikiforuk, Andrew, 66–67, 115–16 nitrogen cycle, 244 Northwest Territories, 23, 24, 111 nuclear fuels, 57–58 nuclear power, 58–61, 213, 253 Obama, Barack, 74, 83–84 ocean ecosystem: acidification, 155–57, 162–93; basking sharks, 173–75; beluga whales, 171–73; carbon, 160; caring for, 161–63; “dead zones,” 180; Google, 166–68; humans and, 157–59; marine life extinction, 155–57; plastic waste, 158–59, 162, 172 oil and gas development, 23, 140, 216 oil and gas industry, 74, 76–78 oil drilling, 76–78 oil industry, 11, 62, 67–73 oil spill, Gulf of Mexico, 57, 70, 72, 76, 78–79, 172 oil spills, 76, 78–80 Onstott, Tullis, 85 Ontario, 23–24, 52, 64, 189 Oreskes, Naomi, 131, 150 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 62–63 outdoor activity, 221–23 ozone agreement, 149–51 Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA), 16, 164 packaging, 42 Pauly, Daniel, 197 Peñalosa, Enrique, 48 perceptions, world, 246–48 personal-care products, 205–7 pesticides, 13, 17–18 phosphates, 248–49 phthalates, 206–7 phytoplankton, 151–53 pipelines, 74–77 Pizo, Marco, 14 plants, invasive alien species, 25–27 plastic waste, 41, 42, 158–59, 162, 172 poaching, 35 political change, 173 political discourse, 116–17 Political Economy Research Institute, 50 politicians, rejecting science, 95–98 Pollan, Michael, 178–79 pollinators, 17, 112 pollution, 7, 40–42, 55, 65, 155, 169, 205, 248–49 population growth, 232–34, 238, 244 Portman, Natalie, 98–99, 100 predation, 15, 30 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (journal), 30, 145, 195 Quebec, 23–24 Queen of Green, 260 Queen of the North, 77 reduce, reuse, recycle, 41–42 red-winged blackbirds, 37 regulatory failures, 81–83 Relman, David A., 203 renewable energy, 61–64, 141–44 research, 130–33 resource exploitation, 115–16 River Thames, 25–26 Rogers, Alex, 156 role models, 226–27 Rowland, F.


pages: 692 words: 127,032

Fool Me Twice: Fighting the Assault on Science in America by Shawn Lawrence Otto

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, anthropic principle, Apollo 11, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, Brownian motion, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cepheid variable, clean water, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, commoditize, cosmological constant, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Dean Kamen, desegregation, different worldview, disinformation, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, energy security, Exxon Valdez, fudge factor, Garrett Hardin, ghettoisation, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, Harvard Computers: women astronomers, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Large Hadron Collider, Louis Pasteur, luminiferous ether, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, ocean acidification, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, shareholder value, sharing economy, smart grid, stem cell, synthetic biology, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, University of East Anglia, War on Poverty, white flight, Winter of Discontent, working poor, yellow journalism, zero-sum game

Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Chapter 10.6.2: The Himalayan Glaciers. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch10s10-6-2.html. Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Introduction to the Working Group II Fourth Assessment Report. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-intro.pdf.

Chapter 10.6.2: The Himalayan Glaciers. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch10s10-6-2.html. 77. Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Introduction to the Working Group II Fourth Assessment Report. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. p. 4. www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-intro.pdf. 78. Pearce, F. Flooded Out. New Scientist #2189, June 5, 1999. 79. Koylyakov. V. M., ed.

Dale, 192–93, 196–97 Hall, Wilson, 311 Halpern, Michael, 149 Handler, Philip, 104 Hansen, James, 16 Hardin, Garrett, 247–48, 268 Harris, Sam, 280–81 Hartwig, Robert, 264 Hasnain, Syed, 211 Hayward, Tony, 266 H-bomb, 81, 92, 109 Health care reform and bill, 200, 225 Hedde, Carl, 264 Henry VIII, 45 Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 66 Highway system, 82 Hitchcock, Albert Spear, 60 Hitler, Adolf, 73–74 Hobbes, Thomas, 25, 51, 133 Hockey stick graph, 198–99, 201, 214 Holdren, John, 199–200, 228–29 Holt, Rush, 14–15, 149 Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, 224–26, 255 Homosexuality, 290 Hooker telescope, 65–66 Höppe, Peter, 264 Horace, 92 Horowitz, David, 31 Hoyle, Fred, 70 Hubble, Edwin, 61, 65–66, 68, 70–72, 104, 119–20, 309 Hubble, John, 265 Hubble’s Law, 69 Hubble Space Telescope, 71 Hubris, 98, 138 Hughes, Malcolm, 201 Huizenga, Bill, 222 Humason, Milton, 67–71 Hume, David, 52–53, 247, 249, 252 Hurricane Katrina joke, 296–97 Hussein, Saddam, 11 Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb), 81, 92, 109 I Ideas, empowering, 56–57 Id, Jeff, 201 Ignorance, 252 Impetus, concept of, 118–19 Inclusiveness, 126, 238 Inconvenient Truth, An (Gore documentary), 199, 237–38 Individualism, 249–50, 252, 273–74 Inductive reasoning, 44, 67 Indulgences, 42 Inhofe, James, 196, 214–16, 221 Innovation, 57–59 Insurance companies, 263–67 Intellectual flight, 56, 75 Intellectual honesty, 44, 116, 138, 177, 289 ”Intelligent design,” 15, 168–69, 289 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 199, 212–13 Intuitive knowledge, 50, 53 “Invisible hand” theory, 3–4, 87, 301–2 IPCC, 199, 212–13 J Jackson, Nancy, 239–40 James, King, 45 Jefferson, Thomas, 3, 34, 37, 46–49, 51–53, 57, 59, 87, 293–94 Johnson, Lyndon B., 96, 226–27 Jones, John, 173 Jones, Phil, 201–3, 215 Judeo-Christian ethic, 14–15 Just world belief, 282–84 K Kadanoff, Leo, 148–49 Kamen, Dean, 287, 294 Kant, Immanuel, 107 Keeling, Charles, 188–89 Keeling curve, 188, 230–31 Kempthorne, Dirk, 196–97 Kennedy, John F., 93–96, 98 Kennedy, Robert F.


pages: 370 words: 102,823

Rethinking Capitalism: Economics and Policy for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth by Michael Jacobs, Mariana Mazzucato

Alan Greenspan, balance sheet recession, banking crisis, basic income, Bear Stearns, Bernie Sanders, Bretton Woods, business climate, business cycle, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, circular economy, collaborative economy, complexity theory, conceptual framework, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Detroit bankruptcy, double entry bookkeeping, Elon Musk, endogenous growth, energy security, eurozone crisis, factory automation, facts on the ground, fiat currency, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, Ford Model T, forward guidance, full employment, G4S, general purpose technology, Gini coefficient, Growth in a Time of Debt, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, investor state dispute settlement, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, labour market flexibility, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Martin Wolf, mass incarceration, military-industrial complex, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, Mont Pelerin Society, neoliberal agenda, Network effects, new economy, non-tariff barriers, ocean acidification, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, planned obsolescence, Post-Keynesian economics, price stability, private sector deleveraging, quantitative easing, QWERTY keyboard, railway mania, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, savings glut, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Solyndra, Steve Jobs, stock buybacks, systems thinking, the built environment, The Great Moderation, The Spirit Level, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, total factor productivity, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, universal basic income, vertical integration, very high income

., ‘Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet’, Science, vol. 347, no. 6223, 13 February 2015, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/1259855 (accessed 12 April 2016). 32 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Summary for Policymakers, Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ (accessed 12 April 2016). 33 The first assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was published in 1990. See https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_first_assessment_1990_wg1.shtml (accessed 12 April 2016). 34 T. O. Wiedmann et al., ‘The material footprint of nations’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of America, vol. 112, no. 20, 2015, pp. 6271–6, http://doi:10.1073/pnas.1220362110 (accessed 12 April 2016). 35 There is a lively debate among monetary theorists over whether governments, as opposed to central banks, do in practice create new money through government spending, or whether they have to acquire bank-credit money through taxation or borrowing prior to government spending.

Notes 1 World Meteorological Organisation, Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, no. 11, 9 November 2015, http://library.wmo.int/pmb_ged/ghg-bulletin_11_en.pdf (accessed 14 April 2016). 2 IPCC, ‘Summary for policymakers’, in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ (accessed 14 April 2016). 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 5 Dietz and Stern show that accounting for the endogeneity of growth leads to a much stronger case for climate policy action than indicated in standard economic models.

Unless stronger action is taken to curb and reverse rising emissions—not just of carbon dioxide, but also of methane, nitrous oxide and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—the world is with high probability heading for warming beyond 2°C. On current trends, the temperature rise could exceed 4°C by the end of the century.2 The economic impacts of warming above 2°C would be profound. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has listed the likely impacts. These include a higher incidence of extreme weather events (such as flooding, storm surges and droughts), leading to the risk of a breakdown of infrastructure networks and critical services, particularly in coastal regions and cities; a heightened risk of food insecurity and breakdown of food systems resulting from changes in rainfall and reduced agricultural productivity; increased ill health and mortality from extreme heat events and food- and water-borne diseases; greater risks of displacement of peoples and conflict; and faster loss of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and species.


pages: 651 words: 162,060

The Climate Book: The Facts and the Solutions by Greta Thunberg

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, air freight, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, basic income, Bernie Sanders, biodiversity loss, BIPOC, bitcoin, British Empire, car-free, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, clean water, cognitive dissonance, coronavirus, COVID-19, David Attenborough, decarbonisation, degrowth, disinformation, energy transition, Extinction Rebellion, Food sovereignty, global pandemic, global supply chain, Global Witness, green new deal, green transition, Greta Thunberg, housing crisis, Indoor air pollution, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, land tenure, late capitalism, lockdown, mass immigration, megacity, meta-analysis, microplastics / micro fibres, military-industrial complex, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, ocean acidification, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, phenotype, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, retail therapy, rewilding, social distancing, supervolcano, tech billionaire, the built environment, Thorstein Veblen, TikTok, Torches of Freedom, Tragedy of the Commons, universal basic income, urban sprawl, zoonotic diseases

., Nature, 27/11/2019, Vol 575, 592–595, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03595-0 13: © Johan Rockström, with data from Global Warming of 1.5 ºC, IPCC, 2018, SPM.2; Climate Change 2014, IPCC, 2014, SPM10; and TAR Climate Change 2001, IPCC, 2001, copyright © IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/. Reproduced with permission 14: © Steffen Olsen, Danish Meteorological Institute 15: Adapted from Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers, IPCC, 2021, Figure SPM.2, copyright © IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/ 16: ‘Near-surface air temperature change in the Arctic and the globe as a whole since 1995 for all months’ ERA-5 reanalysis, NOAA, https://psl.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/data/testdap/timeseries.pl 17: Aerial Superhighway, NASA 07/02/2012: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10902. copyright © NASA.

Reproduced with permission; and dataset from ‘sum of all point-source capture excluding carbon removal technologies’ free data set within Net Zero by 2050, IEA, May 2021, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/net-zero-by-2050-scenario, Figure 2.21, copyright © IEA 2021. Reproduced with permission 63: Adapted from Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2014, figure 8.3, copyright © IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/, using data from ‘2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion’, Beyond 2020 Online Database. 2012 Edition, www.iea.org, and adapted from Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.2 FT2010. Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC)/PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 64: Adapted from Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change.

Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC)/PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 64: Adapted from Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2014, figure 8.4, copyright © IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/, with data from ‘A Policy Strategy for Carbon Capture and Storage’, IEA/OECD, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-policy-strategy-for-carbon-capture-and-storage. Reproduced with permission of IEA 65: Data from ‘Greenhouse gas reporting: conversion factors 2021’ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2021, 2/06/2021, updated 24/01/2022, © Crown copyright, Open Government Licence v3.0 66: © Zhang Jingang/ VCG via Getty Images 67: Data from ‘More Growth, Less Garbage’ by Silpa Kaza, Shrikanth Siddarth and Chaudhary Sarur, Urban Development Series, 2021, World Bank.


pages: 292 words: 92,588

The Water Will Come: Rising Seas, Sinking Cities, and the Remaking of the Civilized World by Jeff Goodell

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Airbnb, Anthropocene, carbon footprint, centre right, clean water, climate change refugee, creative destruction, data science, desegregation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, Elon Musk, failed state, fixed income, Frank Gehry, global pandemic, Google Earth, Higgs boson, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Large Hadron Collider, megacity, Murano, Venice glass, negative emissions, New Urbanism, ocean acidification, Paris climate accords, Pearl River Delta, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Florida, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart cities, South China Sea, space junk, urban planning, urban renewal, wikimedia commons

Clark was one of the lead authors on the sea-level rise section of the fifth (and most recent) report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was published in 2013—too soon for studies that explored the big melt in Greenland the year before to be included, as well as more recent studies that highlighted the fragility of West Antarctic glaciers. As a result, as soon as it was published, the 2013 IPCC report was already out of date. This matters a lot, because the IPCC reports are important documents, providing the scientific basis for global climate agreements and coastal planning around the world. The 2013 IPCC report, which projected a high end of possible sea-level rise of about 3 feet 2 inches, was particularly important, because it was the scientific basis for the 2015 climate treaty negotiations in Paris, which were viewed by many politicians and activists as the last good shot to get a meaningful global agreement to reduce carbon pollution.

Nature 517, no. 7535 (2015), 481. 7. eight feet by 2100: The estimated sea-level rise for 2100 in the most recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is twenty-six to ninety-eight centimeters (about one foot to three feet). But this does not include contributions from marine-based ice sheets in Antarctica, in part because, at the time the IPCC report was finalized, there was not enough confidence in scientists’ understanding of the dynamics of these ice sheets to make any sound projections. (New research published since the IPCC report was finalized has resolved some of that uncertainty.) See John Church and Peter Clark et al.

Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ In 2017, the US’s National Oceanic Atmospheric Association did its own evaluation of future sea-level rise, which included more recent papers on ice dynamics on main Antarctica. Not surprisingly, the NOAA paper comes up with bigger numbers than did the IPCC, suggesting that we could see between 30 centimeters and 2.5 meters of sea-level rise by 2100 (one foot to more than eight feet).


pages: 421 words: 120,332

The World in 2050: Four Forces Shaping Civilization's Northern Future by Laurence C. Smith

Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, BRICs, business cycle, clean water, climate change refugee, Climategate, colonial rule, data science, deglobalization, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Easter island, electricity market, energy security, flex fuel, G4S, global supply chain, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, guest worker program, Hans Island, hydrogen economy, ice-free Arctic, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invisible hand, land tenure, Martin Wolf, Medieval Warm Period, megacity, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, New Urbanism, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, purchasing power parity, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, side project, Silicon Valley, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, standardized shipping container, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, trade liberalization, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, urban planning, Washington Consensus, Y2K

For the latest data, see http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/. The 2007 IPCC SRES B1, A1T, B2, A1B, A2, and A1FI illustrative marker scenarios are about 600, 700, 800, 850, 1,250, and 1,550 ppm, by century’s end respectively, with different scenarios reflecting different assumptions about controlling carbon emissions. Such numbers are two to five times preindustrial levels. IPCC AR4 Synthesis Report, Table 3.1. (Full reference IPCC Fourth Assessment Report [AR4], Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Core Writing Team, R.

Page 126, 128: Climate model projections reprinted courtesy IPCC AR4 (see endnote 277 for full reference). Climate-change projection maps presented in Chapter Five were modified by permission of the IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Figure 10.8, Cambridge University Press. Please note that the modifications made to these maps (“optimistic,” “moderate,” “pessimistic”) are for the purposes of this book only, and are not suggested or used by the IPCC. Pages 158-159: Maps by author using 2006 shipping data from AMSA, 2009 (see endnote 362).

Yet even after this smoothing process, we still find a geographically uneven pattern of warming. For map source see next endnote. 277 IPCC AR4, Figure 10.8, Chapter 10, p. 766 (Full citation: G. A. Meehl et al., Chapter 10, “Global Climate Projections,” in S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H. L. Miller, eds., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). See Chapter 1 for more on the IPCC Assessment Reports. 278 These outcomes are called SRES scenarios, of which three are shown here (i.e., each row is a different SRES scenario).


pages: 513 words: 152,381

The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity by Toby Ord

3D printing, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, Anthropocene, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, availability heuristic, biodiversity loss, Columbian Exchange, computer vision, cosmological constant, CRISPR, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, deep learning, DeepMind, defense in depth, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, demographic transition, Doomsday Clock, Dr. Strangelove, Drosophila, effective altruism, Elon Musk, Ernest Rutherford, global pandemic, Goodhart's law, Hans Moravec, Herman Kahn, Higgs boson, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Large Hadron Collider, launch on warning, Mark Zuckerberg, Mars Society, mass immigration, meta-analysis, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, OpenAI, p-value, Peter Singer: altruism, planetary scale, power law, public intellectual, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, Recombinant DNA, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, seminal paper, social discount rate, Stanislav Petrov, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, supervolcano, survivorship bias, synthetic biology, tacit knowledge, the scientific method, Tragedy of the Commons, uranium enrichment, William MacAskill

“Information from Paleoclimate Archives,” in T. F. Stocker, et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 383–464). Cambridge University Press. Mastrandrea, M., et al. (2010). “Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties.” IPCC. May, R. M. (1997). “The Dimensions of Life on Earth,” in P. H. Raven (ed.), Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World. National Academies Press. McCarthy, J., Minsky, M.

There are two potential amplifying feedbacks that are particularly concerning: the melting arctic permafrost and the release of methane from the deep ocean. In each case, warming would lead to additional carbon emissions, and each source contains more carbon than all fossil fuel emissions so far. They thus have the potential to dramatically alter the total warming. And neither has been incorporated into the main IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) warming estimates, so any warming would come on top of the warming we are currently bracing for. The arctic permafrost is a layer of frozen rock and soil covering more than 12 million square kilometers of land and ocean floor.63 It contains over twice as much carbon as all anthropogenic emissions so far, trapped in the form of peat and methane.64 Scientists are confident that over the coming centuries it will partly melt, release carbon and thus further warm the atmosphere.

“Ice Cream Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2019–2024.” IMARC. Imperiale, M. J., and Hanna, M. G. (2012). “Biosafety Considerations of Mammalian-Transmissible H5N1 Influenza.” MBio, 3(2). IPCC (2014). “Summary for Policymakers,” in C. B. Field, et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1–32). Cambridge University Press. Jamison, D. T., et al. (2018). “Universal Health Coverage and Intersectoral Action for Health: Key Messages from Disease Control Priorities,” 3rd ed.


Because We Say So by Noam Chomsky

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, American Legislative Exchange Council, Anthropocene, Chelsea Manning, cuban missile crisis, David Brooks, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Garrett Hardin, gentrification, high-speed rail, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Julian Assange, Malacca Straits, Martin Wolf, means of production, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, no-fly zone, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, Powell Memorandum, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Slavoj Žižek, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks

Emissions “jumped by the biggest amount on record,” the Associated Press reported, meaning that “levels of greenhouse gases are higher than the worst-case scenario” anticipated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007. John Reilly, co-director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) program on climate change, told the Associated Press that scientists have generally found the IPCC predictions to be too conservative—unlike the fringe of denialists who gain public attention. Reilly reported that the IPCC’s worst-case scenario was about in the middle of the MIT scientists’ estimates of likely outcomes. As these ominous reports were released, the FINANCIAL TIMES devoted a full page to the optimistic expectations that the U.S. might become energy-independent for a century with new technology for extracting North American fossil fuels.

Of course, all of this is dressed up in rhetoric about teaching critical thinking—a fine idea, no doubt, but it’s easy to think up far better examples than an issue that threatens our survival and has been selected because of its importance in terms of corporate profits. Media reports commonly present a controversy between two sides on climate change. One side consists of the overwhelming majority of scientists, the world’s major national academies of science, the professional science journals and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They agree that global warming is taking place, that there is a substantial human component, that the situation is serious and perhaps dire, and that very soon, maybe within decades, the world might reach a tipping point where the process will escalate sharply and will be irreversible, with severe social and economic effects.

., 138 Grandin, Greg, 124 Grappo, Gary, 131 Great Charter, 31, 51 Greece, 189–190 Greenland, 191 Green Line, 78 Greenwald, Glenn, 42, 173–175 Guangcheng, Chen, 47 Guantánamo Bay, 32, 172, 174 Guatemala, 109–113, 154, 180 Gwadar port, 85 Habeas Corpus Act, 51–52 Halliday, Denis, 189 Hamas, 27, 70, 71, 78, 80, 184–186 Hardin, Garrett, 53 Harrison, Selig, 140 Hass, Amira, 102, 186 Hayden, Michael, 154 Hebron, 185 Heidegger, Martin, 190 Helsinki, 85, 87, 140 Hewlett-Packard, 91 Hezbollah, 190 Hiroshima, 55, 57, 86 Honduras, 154, 180 Hormuz strait, 85 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 145 Huntington, Samuel P., 136, 158, 175 Hussein, Saddam, 32, 35, 60, 131, 142 India, 25, 33, 35, 45, 57, 60, 84, 90, 141, 192 Indian Olympic Association, 45 Indochina, 30, 170, 172 Indyk, Martin, 128 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 23, 96, 190–191 International Atomic Energy Agency, 65 International Criminal Court, 79 International Energy Agency (IEA), 22–23 International Olympic Committee, 45 Intifada, 72 Iran, 32–36, 35, 56–57, 59–61, 65, 79, 83–87, 139–142, 153, 169, 190 Iraq, 32–34, 154, 169, 172, 177–178, 189–190 ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), 177, 189–190 Israel, 27, 33–36, 57, 59–61, 65–66, 70–74, 77–84, 86, 99–100, 110, 117–118, 125–128, 137, 140–141, 143, 154, 183–187 Israel Defense Forces Southern Command, 77 Istanbul, 119 Italy, 121, 124 Jabari, Ahmed, 79 Jackson, Robert, 177 Japan, 89–91 Jaradat, Arafat, 102 Jarrar, Raed, 178 Jefferson, Thomas, 150–151 Jeju Island, 48–49 Jeong-hyeon, Mun, 48 Jericho area, 126 Jerusalem, 125–127, 126, 190 Jervis, Robert, 136 Jindal, Bobby, 96 Jintao, Hu, 81 John, King, 51, 52 Johnson, 107 Jordan, 77, 125 JSOC, 108 Kaye, David, 136–137 Kazakhstan, 85 Keith Alexander, 158 Keller, Bill, 48 Kennan, George F., 157 Kennedy, John F., 29–30, 55, 56, 131, 170 Kerry, John, 137, 186 Khadr, Omar, 32 Khan Yunis, 73 Khong, Yuen Foong, 170–171 Khrushchev, Nikita, 55, 170 Kinsley, Michael, 111–112 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 130 Kissinger, Henry, 22, 31, 56–57, 111 Korea, 91 Kornbluh, Peter, 123 Krebs, Ronald R., 27 Kroenig, Matthew, 33 Krosnick, Jon A., 94 Krugman, Paul, 62 Kuperwasser, Yosef, 26 Kuwait, 131 Kyoto Protocol of 1997, 21 Laos, 30–31, 107–108 Latin America, 44, 48, 90, 111–112, 122, 124 Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy, 42 Leahy, Sen.


pages: 309 words: 78,361

Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth by Juliet B. Schor

Asian financial crisis, behavioural economics, big-box store, business climate, business cycle, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, Community Supported Agriculture, creative destruction, credit crunch, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, decarbonisation, degrowth, dematerialisation, demographic transition, deskilling, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, Gini coefficient, global village, Herman Kahn, IKEA effect, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Jevons paradox, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, life extension, McMansion, new economy, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, peak oil, pink-collar, post-industrial society, prediction markets, purchasing power parity, radical decentralization, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Shiller, sharing economy, Simon Kuznets, single-payer health, smart grid, systematic bias, systems thinking, The Chicago School, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, transaction costs, Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ———. 1989. Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Special report on emissions scenarios. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC Secretariat. Available from http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Fsr/?src=/climate/ipcc/emission (accessed July 4, 2009). International Monetary Fund. 2009. Indices of primary commodity prices 1999-2009. Available from http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/table1a.pdf (accessed May 25, 2009).

One reason the conversation reverted to its usual outlines is that macroeconomists, who focus on growth, employment, and the overall economy, have been slow to incorporate ecological data into their worldview. During 2007 and 2008, the same period that the housing and credit markets were collapsing, dramatically bad news was surfacing on the climate front. Developments since the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, whose data ended in 2006, have been grim. Arctic sea ice was melting at hitherto unimaginable rates, and oceans were rising at more than double the IPCC report’s maximum possibility. Drought conditions were spreading. World emissions were sharply up in 2007, and in June 2008, James Hansen, NASA’s leading climate scientist, told Congress that the CO2 target “we have been aiming for is a disaster.”

Barnes, Peter. 2001. Who owns the sky? Our common assets and the future of capitalism. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Bates, Bryson C., Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz, Shaohong Wu, and Jean P. Palutikof. 2008. Climate change and water: Technical paper of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva: IPCC Secretariat. Available from http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tp-climate-change-water.htm (accessed June 1, 2009). Battisti, David S., and Rosamond L. Naylor. 2009. Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat. Science 323 (January 9): 240-44. Baudrillard, Jean. 2001.


pages: 523 words: 111,615

The Economics of Enough: How to Run the Economy as if the Future Matters by Diane Coyle

accounting loophole / creative accounting, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, bank run, banking crisis, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, bonus culture, Branko Milanovic, BRICs, business cycle, call centre, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, classic study, collapse of Lehman Brothers, conceptual framework, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, deindustrialization, demographic transition, Diane Coyle, different worldview, disintermediation, Edward Glaeser, endogenous growth, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, experimental economics, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Financial Instability Hypothesis, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, general purpose technology, George Akerlof, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, Hyman Minsky, If something cannot go on forever, it will stop - Herbert Stein's Law, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, industrial cluster, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, light touch regulation, low skilled workers, market bubble, market design, market fundamentalism, megacity, Network effects, new economy, night-watchman state, Northern Rock, oil shock, Paradox of Choice, Pareto efficiency, principal–agent problem, profit motive, purchasing power parity, railway mania, rising living standards, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), Silicon Valley, social contagion, South Sea Bubble, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, The Design of Experiments, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The Market for Lemons, The Myth of the Rational Market, The Spirit Level, the strength of weak ties, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transfer pricing, tulip mania, ultimatum game, University of East Anglia, vertical integration, web application, web of trust, winner-take-all economy, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Yet opinion polls suggest that in most countries the majority of people (albeit a declining majority in several cases) accept that the changing global climate due in large part to the buildup of emissions of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse” gases (GHGs) poses a serious threat to future well-being. The central forecast of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) published in 2007 was for a 0.2 degrees centigrade a decade increase in temperature, with the risks of a bigger rise. The UN’s latest report on climate change forecasts says the chances are increasing that the increase will lie at the upper end of the IPCC’s range of forecasts; and that some events previously expected to occur on a longer-term time horizons are already happening or set to happen far sooner.

., 127–28 Calculus of Consent, The: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (Buchanan and Tullock), 242 call centers, 131, 133, 161 Cameron, David, 288 capitalism: China and, 234; communism and, 96, 182–83, 209–13, 218, 226, 230, 239–40; community and, 27, 51, 65, 117–18, 137, 141, 152–54; cultural effects of, 25–29, 230–38; current crisis of, 6–9; democracy and, 230–38; Engels on, 14; fairness and, 134, 137, 149; growth and, 268, 275, 290, 293, 297; happiness and, 25–29, 33, 45, 53–54; historical perspective on, 3, 6, 14; institutions and, 240; market failure and, 226–30; Marx on, 14; measurement and, 182; mercantile economy and, 27–28; nutrition and, 10; profit–oriented, 18; Protestant work ethic and, 13–14; protests against, 211–13; rethinking meaning of, 9; social effects of, 25–26; values and, 209–13, 218, 226, 230–32, 235–36; well-being and, 137–39 carbon prices, 70–71 celebrities, 33 charitable giving, 33, 141 Checkpoint Charlie, 147 China, 161, 262, 280; capitalism and, 234; carbon emissions and, 63; changed demographic structure of, 90; convergence and, 122; declining population in, 98; energy use in, 63, 65; global manufacturing and, 149; inequality and, 125–26; Mao and, 10; middle class of, 125–26; as next major power, 94; one–child policy and, 95–96; population growth and, 95–96; purchasing power parity (PPP) and, 306n19; rise in wealth of, 81, 122–23, 125, 212; savings and, 87, 94, 100, 108; wage penalties and, 133; World Bank influence and, 163 cities, 308n29; face-to-face contact and, 165–68; size and, 165–66; structural changes in, 165–70; urban clustering and, 166 City of London, 147, 221 Clemens, Michael, 81 climate change, 5–7, 17, 24, 90, 238; carbon prices and, 70–71; Copenhagen summit and, 62, 64–65, 68, 162, 292; domestic dissent and, 66–71; future and, 75–83; geological history and, 69; global warming and, 57, 64, 66, 68; greenhouse gases and, 23, 29, 35, 59, 61–63, 68, 70–71, 83; Himalayan glaciers and, 66–67; incandescent light bulbs and, 59–60; InterAcademy Council and, 66–67; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and, 59, 66–69, 82, 297; Kyoto Protocol and, 62–64; lack of consensus on, 66–71; Montreal Protocol and, 59; policy dilemma of, 58–62; policy recommendations for, 267, 280, 297; politics and, 62–65; social welfare and, 71–75; technology and, 59–60, 198 Coachella Value Music Festival, 197 Cobb, John, 36 Coca Cola, 150 coherence, 49 Cold War, 93, 112, 147, 209, 213, 239, 252 Collier, Paul, 77–78, 80, 82 Commerzbank, 87 Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, 37–38 communism: Berlin Wall and, 182, 226, 239; capitalism and, 96, 182–83, 209–13, 218, 226, 230, 239–40; Cold War and, 93, 112, 147, 209, 213, 239, 252; fall of, 209–13, 226, 239–40, 252; Iron Curtain and, 183, 239, 252; Leipzig marches and, 239; one-child policy and, 95–96; Velvet Revolution and, 239 community: civic engagement and, 140–41; globalization and, 148–49; intangible assets and, 149–52, 157, 161 (see also trust); public service and, 295; Putnam on, 140–41, 152–54 commuting, 45–47 Company of Strangers, The (Seabright), 148–49, 213–14 comprehensive wealth, 81–82, 202–3, 208, 271–73 consumerism, 22, 34, 45, 138 consumption: conspicuous, 11, 22, 45, 236; consumerism and, 22, 34, 45, 138; cutting, 61; downgrading status of, 11; downshifting and, 11, 55; Easterlin Paradox and, 39–44; global per capita, 72; of goods and services, 7, 10, 24, 35–36, 40, 82, 99, 161, 188, 191, 198, 214, 218, 228–29, 282; green lifestyle and, 55, 61, 76, 289, 293; growth and, 280, 295; happiness and, 22, 29, 40, 45; hedonic treadmill and, 40; increasing affluence and, 12; institutions and, 254, 263; Kyoto Protocol and, 63–64; measurement and, 181–82, 198; missing markets and, 229; natural resources and, 8–12, 58, 60, 79–82, 102, 112, 181–82; nature and, 58–61, 71–76, 79, 82; posterity and, 86, 104–5, 112–13; reduction of, 105; Slow Movement and, 27; trends in, 138; trilemma of, 13–14, 230–36, 275; values and, 229, 236 convergence, 5, 122 Copenhagen summit, 62, 64–65, 68, 162, 292 Crackberry, 205 Crafts, Nicholas, 156–57 credit cards, 2, 21, 136, 138, 283 Csikszentmilhalyi, Mihaly, 45–49 Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, The (Bell), 230, 235–36 Czechoslovakia, 239 Daly, Herman, 36 Damon, William, 48 Dasgupta, Partha, 61, 73, 77–78, 80, 82 David, Paul, 156 Dawkins, Richard, 118 debit cards, 2 decentralization, 7, 159, 218, 246, 255, 275, 291 defense budgets, 93 democracy, 2, 8, 16, 312n19; capitalism and, 230–38; culture and, 230–38; fairness and, 141; growth and, 268–69, 285–89, 296–97; institutions and, 242–43, 251–52, 262; nature and, 61, 66, 68; posterity and, 106; trust and, 175; values and, 230–35 Denmark, 125 Dickens, Charles, 131 Diener, Ed, 48, 49 Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality among Men (Rousseau), 114 distribution, 29, 306n22; Asian influence and, 123; bifurcation of social norms and, 231–32; consumerism and, 22, 34, 45, 138; Easterlin Paradox and, 39–44; fairness and, 115–16, 123–27, 134, 136; food and, 10, 34; of goods and services, 7, 10, 24, 35–36, 40, 82, 99, 161, 188, 191, 198, 214, 218, 228–29, 282; income, 34, 116, 123–27, 134, 278; inequality and, 123 (see also inequality); institutions and, 253; measurement and, 181, 191–99, 202; paradox of prosperity and, 174; policy recommendations for, 276, 278; posterity and, 87, 94; trust and, 151, 171; unequal countries and, 124–30; values and, 226 Dorling, Danny, 224, 307n58, 308n34 Douglas, Michael, 221 downshifting, 11, 55 downsizing, 175, 246, 255 drugs, 44, 46, 137–38, 168–69, 191, 302n47 Easterlin, Richard, 39 Easterlin Paradox, 39–44 eBay, 198 Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity project, The (TEEB), 78–79 economies of scale, 253–58 Economy of Enough, 233; building blocks for, 12–17; first ten steps for, 294–98; growth and, 182; happiness and, 24; institutions and, 250–51, 258, 261–63; living standards and, 13, 65, 78–79, 106, 113, 136, 139, 151, 162, 190, 194, 267; Manifesto of, 18, 267–98; measurement and, 182, 186–88, 201–7; nature and, 59, 84; Ostrom on, 250–51; posterity and, 17, 85–113; values and, 217, 233–34, 238; Western consumers and, 22 (see also consumption) Edinburgh University, 221 efficiency, 2, 7; evidence–based policy and, 233–34; fairness and, 126; Fama hypothesis and, 221–22; happiness and, 9, 29–30, 61; institutions and, 245–46, 254–55, 261; limits to, 13; nature and, 61–62, 69, 82; network effects and, 253, 258; productivity and, 13 (see also productivity); trilemma of, 13–14, 230–36, 275; trust and, 158–59; values and, 210, 215–16, 221–35 Ehrlich, Paul, 70 e-mail, 252, 291 “End of History, The” (Fukuyama), 239 Engels, Friedrich, 14 Enlightenment, 7 Enron, 145 environmentalists.

See also markets goodwill, 150 Google, 195, 291 Gore, Al, 60, 74 governance: definition of, 16; growth and, 270, 275, 288, 292; institutions and, 242, 247, 255–58, 261–62; measurement and, 183, 186; sense of, 18; technology and, 17; trust and, 151, 162–65, 173–77; values and, 211, 217, 238; wider crisis of, 255–58 government: bailouts and, 1, 88, 91, 99–100, 145; communism and, 96, 182–83, 209–13, 218, 226, 230, 239–40; debt and, 3–4, 11, 84–86, 89–94, 98–105, 108, 150, 248, 271, 275, 286–87, 294; decentralization and, 246; defining, 15–16, 269; distrust of, 150, 157, 162, 172, 175–76, 247; failure of, 183, 240–44, 257; fairness and, 121, 123, 131, 136; first ten steps for, 294–98; growing challenge to authority and, 245–46; growth and, 268–72, 275–89, 293–97; happiness and, 22–26, 29–32, 38–40, 43–45, 50–54; higher social spending and, 243–44; influence of over social norms, 280–84; infrastructure spending and, 93; institutions and, 240–63; interest groups and, 242–43, 285; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and, 59, 66–69, 82, 297; intrusive regulatory practices and, 244; market control and, 14–15; measurement and, 182–88, 191, 193, 196, 202–3, 206; nature and, 58–62, 65–71, 82–84; New Public Management and, 245–47; OECD countries and, 4, 11, 38, 52, 60, 68, 87, 93–94, 97–99, 112, 125–26, 160, 171, 201, 212, 243–44, 246, 273–74, 281, 283, 287, 291, 293; online access of, 287–88; as organizing economy, 218–19; police service and, 5, 35, 163, 193, 200, 247; policy and, 2 (see also policy); posterity and, 85–95, 98–113; as shareholder, 88; stimulus packages and, 91, 100–103, 111; values and, 14, 210–11, 215–20, 225–26, 229–30, 234 government debt, 3–4, 84, 150, 248; cradle-to-grave social systems and, 104; credibility and, 101; default on, 110–12; deficit spending and, 101, 203, 287; demographic implosion and, 95–100; Gross on, 287; higher retirement age and, 106–7; importance of, 100–104; increased saving and, 105–6; legacy of, 90–92; less leisure and, 106–7; migration and, 108–9; policy for, 104–12, 271, 275, 286–87, 294; posterity and, 85–86, 90–94, 98–100, 105, 108; productivity improvements and, 107–8; reduced consumption and, 105–6; retirement age and, 98; as social issue, 113; Stein’s Law and, 104; as time bomb, 104 Great Crash, 28 Great Depression, 3, 28, 35, 61, 82, 109, 150, 208, 281 Greece, 3, 260, 276, 287, 295 greed, 248; bankers and, 277–78; fairness and, 129; happiness and, 26, 34, 54; high salaries and, 130, 143–44, 193, 223, 277–78, 286, 296; option pricing theory and, 222; policy recommendations for, 277–79; posterity and, 88; trust and, 150; values and, 221–23 Green, Stephen, 279 greenhouse gases, 23, 29, 35, 59, 61–63, 68, 70–71, 83 green lifestyle, 55, 61, 76, 289, 293 Greenspan, Alan, 129 Gross, Bill, 287 gross domestic product (GDP), 10, 12; Easterlin Paradox and, 39–44; fairness and, 127; growth and, 270, 274, 281, 294; happiness and, 22–23, 28, 32–42, 51–53; logarithm of, 41–42; measurement and, 41–42, 187–91, 198, 201–8; nature and, 56–60, 75–76, 80–82; policy recommendations for, 270, 274, 281, 294; posterity and, 91–94, 98–99, 103, 108, 111; trust and, 157, 160; values and, 212, 218, 232 Gross National Happiness, 36, 40 growth: antigrowth alternative and, 39–44; capitalism and, 268, 275, 290, 293, 297; Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress and, 37–38; community and, 27, 51, 65, 117–18, 137, 141, 152–54; comprehensive wealth and, 81–82, 202–3, 208, 271–73; consequences of inequality and, 135–36; consumption and, 280, 295; cultural suspicion of capitalist, 26–29; democracy and, 268–69, 285–89, 296–97; downgrading consumption and, 11; fairness and, 114–16, 121, 125, 127, 133–37; governance and, 270, 275, 288, 292; government and, 268–72, 275–89, 293–97; gross domestic product (GDP) and, 270, 274, 281, 294; happiness and, 9–12, 22–29, 32–44, 51–53; increasing affluence and, 12; Industrial Revolution and, 27, 149, 290, 297; of information, 205, 291; innovation and, 201–7, 271–73, 281, 290–92; institutions and, 258, 261, 263; limits to, 13, 190, 231; Manifesto of Enough and, 267–98; measurement and, 181–85, 188–90, 194, 201–5, 208; mercantile economy and, 27–28; morals and, 275–76, 279, 293, 295, 297; nature and, 56–59, 62–66, 69–72, 76, 79–82; new conventional wisdom on, 23–24; paradox of prosperity and, 174; as policy goal, 22; politics and, 33; population, 29, 63, 70, 81, 89, 95–96, 108, 168; posterity and, 90, 95, 97, 99, 102, 105–8, 111; productivity and, 189–90, 194, 199–201, 206–7 (see also productivity); public goods and, 185–86, 190, 199, 211, 229, 249, 261; statistics and, 270–74, 290–94; sustainability and, 240, 244, 248 (see also sustainability); trust and, 152–56, 160, 174; values and, 13, 210–13, 222, 231–36; welfare and, 9–12 Groysberg, Boris, 143 Gutenberg press, 7 Haidt, Jonathan, 45–49, 117 Haldane, Andrew, 174 Hall, Peter, 140–41 Hamilton, Kirk, 81 handcrafting, 11, 55 happiness: absorbing work and, 10, 48–49; anomie and, 48, 51; anxiety and, 1, 25, 47–48, 136–38, 149, 174; capitalism and, 25–29, 33, 45, 53–54; charitable giving and, 33; choice and, 10–11; coherence and, 49; Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress and, 37–38; commuting and, 45–47; conflict in relationships and, 47; consumer electronics and, 36–37; consumption and, 22, 29, 45; as correct guide for life, 29–32; cultural suspicion of growth and, 26–29; Easterlin Paradox and, 39–44; efficiency and, 9, 29–30, 61; emotional response to, 21; fairness and, 53; formula for, 46; freedom and, 10, 13, 26, 42–44, 50–53; globalization and, 24; government and, 22–26, 29–32, 38–40, 43–45, 50–54; gross domestic product (GDP) and, 22–23, 28, 32–42, 51–53; Gross National Happiness and, 36; growth and, 9–12, 22–29, 32–44, 51–53; health issues and, 24, 33–38, 42–43, 48, 50; Human Development Index (HDI) and, 36; inequality and, 25, 36, 42, 44, 53; innovation and, 37; lack of control and, 47; literacy and, 36; measurement and, 35–39; mercantile economy and, 27–28; morals and, 22, 26, 30, 34, 43, 48–49; more money and, 56; movement of, 10; nature and, 56–59, 75–76, 80–84; new conventional wisdom on, 23–24; noise and, 47; philosophy and, 21, 27, 31–32, 49–50; politics and, 22–30, 33, 43–44, 50–54; productivity and, 27, 38, 42, 51; psychology of, 44–50; religion and, 32–33, 43, 50; sense of flow and, 48–49, 51; shame and, 47; Slow Movement and, 27–28, 205; social engagement and, 10; social welfare and, 25–26, 30–32, 35, 39–42, 50–53; statistics and, 35–42, 51–52; technology and, 24–25, 35–37, 44, 53–54; unemployment and, 56; utiltariansim and, 31–32; volunteering and, 46–49 Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (Layard), 39 Happy Planet Index, 36 Harvard, 100 Hayek, Friedrich von, 215–16 health care, 4–5, 11; fairness and, 137–43; happiness and, 24, 33–38, 42–43, 48, 50; institutions and, 247, 252–53; measurement and, 181, 188–93, 200, 207; Obama administration and, 285; policy reform and, 285, 290, 293; politics and, 269; posterity and, 89, 93–94, 97–99, 103, 106, 111–13; trust and, 172 hedonic treadmill, 40 Henderson, David, 68 Himalayan glaciers, 66–67 hippies, 27 Hirsch, Fred, 190, 213 Hobbes, Thomas, 114 HSBC, 279 Hugo, Victor, 131 human capital, 81, 203–4, 282 Human Development Index (HDI), 36 Hume, David, 120 Hungary, 239 hybrid cars, 61 hyperinflation, 110–11 Idea of Justice, The (Sen), 43 illegal downloading, 196–97 incandescent light bulbs, 59–60 income.


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The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth by Jeremy Rifkin

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, autonomous vehicles, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bike sharing, blockchain, book value, borderless world, business cycle, business process, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, collective bargaining, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, decarbonisation, digital rights, do well by doing good, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, failed state, general purpose technology, ghettoisation, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, high-speed rail, hydrogen economy, impact investing, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, it's over 9,000, Joseph Schumpeter, means of production, megacity, megaproject, military-industrial complex, Network effects, new economy, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, planetary scale, prudent man rule, remunicipalization, renewable energy credits, rewilding, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, sharing economy, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, Steven Levy, subprime mortgage crisis, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, union organizing, urban planning, vertical integration, warehouse automation, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Our scientists tell us that human-induced climate change brought on by the burning of fossil fuels has taken the human race and our fellow species into the sixth mass extinction event of life on Earth. Yet few people alive today are even aware of this emerging reality. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a scientific body of the United Nations, issued a dire warning in October 2018 that global warming emissions are accelerating and that we are on the verge of a series of escalating climatic events, imperiling life on the planet. The IPCC estimated that human activity has caused the temperature to rise 1°C (Celsius) above preindustrial levels and predicted that if it crosses a threshold beyond 1.5°C, it will unleash runaway feedback loops and a cascade of climate-change events that would decimate the Earth’s ecosystems.1 There would be no return to the kind of life we know today.

Many of the themes in the book come from countless conversations over thirty years together that have shaped our common understanding of the world we inhabit and our hopes for the future of humanity and our fellow creatures with whom we share this Earth. NOTES Please note that some of the links referenced throughout this work may no longer be active. INTRODUCTION   1.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Summary for Policymakers,” in Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report (Geneva: World Meteorological Organization, 2018), 6.   2.  Edward O. Wilson, “The 8 Million Species We Don’t Know,” New York Times, March 3, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/03/opinion/sunday/species-conservation-extinction.html (accessed February 4, 2019).   3.  

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Livestock and Landscapes, 2012, http://www.fao.org/3/ar591e/ar591e.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019), 1. 55.  Timothy P. Robinson et al., “Mapping the Global Distribution of Livestock,” PLoS ONE 9, no. 5 (2014): 1, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096084; Susan Solomon et al., AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ (accessed March 24, 2019), 33. 56.  H. Steinfeld et al., Livestock’s Long Shadow (Rome: FAO, 2006), xxi. 57.  Emily S. Cassidy et al., “Redefining Agricultural Yields: From Tonnes to People Nourished per Hectare,” Environmental Research Letters 8, no. 3 (2013): 4, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034015. 58.  


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Investing to Save the Planet: How Your Money Can Make a Difference by Alice Ross

"World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, An Inconvenient Truth, barriers to entry, British Empire, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, clean tech, clean water, coronavirus, corporate governance, COVID-19, creative destruction, decarbonisation, diversification, Elon Musk, energy transition, Extinction Rebellion, family office, food miles, Future Shock, global pandemic, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, green transition, Greta Thunberg, high net worth, hiring and firing, impact investing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jeff Bezos, lockdown, low interest rates, Lyft, off grid, oil shock, passive investing, Peter Thiel, plant based meat, precision agriculture, risk tolerance, risk/return, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, social distancing, sovereign wealth fund, TED Talk, Tragedy of the Commons, uber lyft, William MacAskill

The year the world woke up to climate change Developments since 2015 have hastened the interest in climate change solutions, as global warming has led to volatile weather conditions, economic damage and increasing species extinction. According to analysts at UBS, 2019 was the year the world really woke up to climate change, following a report from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the previous year, which set out a stark difference in outcomes for people around the world even in the event of a 2 degrees change versus a 1.5 degrees change. This growing sense that climate change, far from being a niche concern, was the most important problem the world faced thrust it into the mainstream.

And it has associated effects – land-use change and forestry account for a further 6 per cent of emissions, with clearing forests to use for agricultural purposes a big factor in that category. In fact, taking into account other associated activities like storage, transport, packaging, retail, consumption and food waste, the food system accounts for 21–37 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which says that, as a result, agriculture and the food system ‘are key to global climate change responses’. It recommends that more efficient production, transport and processing on the supply side should be combined with modification of food choices and reducing food waste on the demand side.

AB InBev 176 active funds 30, 31, 41, 83, 96, 97, 98, 125 activist investors 69–77, 84–90, 100–101 advertising 77, 79, 80, 151, 202 AGMs (Annual General Meetings) 70–73, 84, 87, 104 agriculture 85, 120, 145–62; alternative food 22, 145–56; farming 22, 156–9; food waste 149, 159–61; greenhouse gas emissions 148–9, 150, 156–8, 159, 160; high-risk investors 162; low-risk investors 161; medium-risk investors 161–2; vegan diet/alternative meat 146, 149–56, 162 air conditioning 18, 38–9, 164, 170–71, 179, 194 alternative investment market (AIM), London 25, 31–2, 142 Amazon (online retailer) 19, 73–4, 157, 197 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy 165 ammonia, green 142–3 Amundi IS Equity Europe Low Carbon fund 63 Angel Academe 155 angel investing 37–9, 43, 155, 156, 160, 162 An Inconvenient Truth (film) 2 Anterra Capital 157, 160 apartheid, South Africa 3, 48, 51–2 Apple 33, 38–9, 91–2, 127 Applied Materials 167 Arctic, energy exploration in 66, 82 As You Sow 83, 104 asset classes see individual asset class name asset managers 11, 12, 58, 74, 88, 89, 90, 95, 119, 168 aviation 18, 22, 99, 129, 140–42, 167, 194, 199 AXA Investment Managers 77, 88, 95 Balk, Josh 146, 153–4 Ballard Power 138 Bank of America Merrill Lynch 6, 84 Bank of England 193 Barclays Bank 48, 73, 75, 182–3, 200 Barry, Michael 45, 46, 51, 55–6, 59, 60 batteries 15, 22, 113, 115–16, 128, 172; battery infrastructure 128; battery swapping 128, 139; charging 22, 113, 128, 130, 139–40, 203; green hydrogen 138; lithium-ion 115–16, 136, 137; role of 136–8 ‘best in class’ companies 7, 10, 92, 100, 134, 161–2, 176 Beyond Carbon 16 Beyond Meat 7, 15, 35, 36, 135, 150, 152–3, 154, 155, 162 Bezos Earth Fund 19 Biffa 174 billionaires, ‘green’ 14–17, 18, 19, 120, 124, 126 biofuels 22, 113, 140–43 biomass 110, 112 Bioy, Hortense 85, 197–8 Birol, Fatih 112, 202–3 BlackRock 14, 25, 26, 88, 89–90, 97, 199 Blood, David 1–2, 54, 135 Bloomberg 15, 104, 133 Bloomberg, Michael 16, 17, 19 Bloomberg New Energy Finance 136, 139 BMO European Equity (BMO Sustainable Opportunities) 11 BMO Responsible Global Equity fund 91–2 BMW 15, 129, 134, 137, 140, 143, 144 BNP Paribas 134, 161, 180, 181 BNY Mellon 177 Bollag, Benjamina 155–6 bonds 20, 26, 31, 32–4, 41, 44, 65, 66, 67; divestment and 65, 66, 67; green bonds 33, 42, 67, 83, 93–6, 195; transition bonds 67 Bond, Simon 67, 94 BP 4, 5, 9, 53, 76, 83, 99–100, 101, 102, 104, 108, 111, 114, 140, 188; net zero emissions by 2050 commitment 76, 79–80, 116, 186, 199; ‘Possibilities Everywhere’ ad campaign 79 Breakthrough Energy Ventures (BEV) 19, 52, 120, 121–2, 123, 124, 135, 137 Brin, Sergey 18 British American Tobacco (BAT) 54, 54n Brown Advisory Sustainable Growth Fund 197 Bruun, Michael 107, 108, 137 ‘Build Back Better’ slogan x, 201 Burger King 151–2, 153–4 Cambridge University 56–7, 65–7, 74–5; Institute for Sustainability Leadership 56–7 Canada Pension Plan Investment Board 137, 140 Candriam SRI Equity Climate Action fund 95, 165–6, 67 Capital Group 88 capital recycling 66, 67 Carbon Brief 198 carbon dioxide emissions 2, 7, 14, 16, 21, 22, 32, 33, 47, 53, 67, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 99, 102, 108–9, 168, 169, 180, 184, 191, 194, 202, 203; agriculture and 148–9, 150, 156–8, 159–60; carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) 5, 117; carbon-offsets 5, 28, 63, 79, 150, 203; carbon price 187–90; coronavirus lockdown and 71, 109–10, 198, 199; disclosing 98, 103; divestment and 50–52; energy efficiency and 164, 165, 168–9, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178; ‘net zero’ targets 5, 63, 71, 74, 76, 78, 79–80, 116, 126, 169, 176–8, 183, 186, 203; Paris Agreement (2015) and 4–5, 10, 42, 73, 74–5, 76, 78, 109–10, 111, 117, 132, 165, 188, 193; peak in 5, 111–12; scope 1 185–6; scope 2 185–6; scope 3 81, 175, 176, 185–7; transport and 129–34, 140–41, 142, 143 Carbon Tracker 53, 66, 180 Carney, Mark 190, 193–4 Cartier 11–12 CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project) 80–81, 86, 91, 153, 177, 178, 203 cell-based meat 155–6 Chargemaster 140 charging, battery 22, 113, 128, 130, 139–40, 203 charitable giving/philanthropy 5, 13, 14, 16, 19, 43, 123, 124 Chevron 116–17, 140 China 15, 61, 76, 114, 128–9, 131, 132, 164, 166, 170, 175 Church of England 74 circular economy 22, 163–79 cleantech crash (2007–8) 113–14, 171 Clearwater Fine Foods 142 ClientEarth 79 Climate Action 100+ initiative 76, 78, 83, 86, 105 Climate Bonds Initiative 94 Climate Group 86 Climate Leadership Council 188–9 climate solutions funds 6, 42, 125–6 coal 16, 21, 45, 46, 49, 52, 53, 67, 82, 87, 90, 109, 110–11, 112, 125, 183, 184, 187, 198 Columbia Threadneedle 67, 94 coronavirus pandemic ix–x, 22, 55, 64, 71, 90, 109–10, 112, 131, 132, 137, 138, 141, 151, 158, 168, 174, 175, 189, 196–8, 199–200, 201, 202, 203, 204 corporate bonds 32–3, 94 Cramer, Jim 61 Crop One Holdings 158–9 crowdfunding 43, 118, 119 CSM Energy 82–3 Curtis, Richard 40–41, 201 Deloitte 9, 191 Delta Airlines 79 Devon Energy Corp 194 diesel 183–4, 191 Dimensional Global Sustainable Core Equity 63 Dimon, Jamie 188 disruptive companies 52, 146, 153–4, 157, 171 dividends 31, 54, 54n, 55, 61, 68, 70, 80, 126, 144, 197 divestment 20–21, 22, 32, 45–68, 72, 82, 84, 85, 86, 92, 98, 104, 117, 185; capital recycling 66; economic case for 52–9; emissions reductions and 50–52; growth of movement 45–7; history of movement 47–50; how to invest after you divest 62–5; moral grounds 62; outside of equities 65–8; performance grounds 62; public shaming and 60–61 DNV GL 131, 136 Doerr, John 114 Dong Energy 107–8, 137 Draper Esprit 140 Drax 112 DS Smith 175 DWS 11, 77, 168 DyeCoo 173 early-stage investors 18, 38, 64, 121, 135, 140, 142, 148, 155, 179 EDF Energy 140 Edwards, Jenny 69–72, 73, 77, 84 electricity supply 112, 118, 120, 121, 125, 159, 169–70, 172, 185, 187, 194 electrification of transport 7, 10, 15, 29, 64, 73–4, 76, 113, 120, 127–44, 157, 163, 164, 194, 203; cars 7, 10, 15, 29, 64, 76, 103, 119, 129–30, 132–3, 134, 136, 157, 163, 164; mopeds 22, 127, 128 electrofuels 141 Ellen MacArthur Foundation 172 Emirates Flight Catering, Dubai 158 Energy Action Coalition 118 energy, investing in 11, 16, 35, 42, 80, 107–26, 138, 143, 157, 166, 167–8, 202–3; carbon dioxide emissions and 108–10; clean energy solutions 120–24; cleantech, new dawn for 115–20; cleantech crash (2007–8) 113–14, 171; entrepreneurs/Mosaic 118–20; high-risk investors 126; how to invest in clean energy 124–6; low-risk investors 126; medium-risk investors 126; primary energy consumption 111–12; renewable energy investment, history of 113–14; transitioning away from oil and gas/energy transition 19, 21, 39, 76, 84, 110–13, 123, 140, 194 energy efficiency, investing in 22, 33, 110, 161, 163–79, 183, 203; building and construction sectors 168–70; circular economy and 171–6; high-risk investors 178–9; low-risk investors 178; medium-risk investors 178; next-gen investors 170–71; semiconductor companies 143, 166–7, 178; weight reduction, investing in 167–8; zero emission pledges 176–8 engagement/effecting change 69–106; activist shareholders 69–74, 84–90; disclosure, improving 80–84; fund managers 73–4, 77–80; green bonds 93–6; greenwashing 77–80; passive investing 96–104; pension manager, putting pressure on your 90–93; professional fund managers and 75–7; retail investors/small investors 69–74, 84–90 ENI 117, 191 Environmental Recycling Technologies (ERT) 24–5 environmental score, ESG investing and 9, 10–11 see also ESG (environmental, social and governance) investing EO 139–40 equities 20, 26, 30–32, 33–4, 41, 44, 53, 64, 66, 68, 95, 195 ESG (environmental, social and governance) investing 61, 62, 66, 90, 95, 132–3, 147, 181, 182, 183, 184, 190, 191, 195; coronavirus and/future of 196–200; defined 8–12, 29–30, 44, 190, 195; ETFs 97; passive investor 99–104; pension funds and 92, 93; score and debt 82, 98 ETFs (exchange-traded funds) 30, 96–7, 100–1, 102, 124–5 European Investment Bank 94 European Union 103, 129, 130, 141, 169, 176, 183, 186, 191 ex-fossil fuel funds 42, 62, 63, 68, 85, 106 Extinction Rebellion 13 ExxonMobil 53, 61, 89, 116, 117, 188 family offices 18–19, 122–3, 142, 156, 182 Farmobile 157 fashion 28, 62, 175–6 Fidelity 103 financial advisers 12, 27, 29, 43, 44, 49, 95, 105, 182, 184 Financial Conduct Authority 192 financial crisis (2008) 1, 3–4, 17, 29, 114 Financial Stability Board 58 Fink, Larry 14, 90 Fluor 89 food see agriculture Food Freshness Technology 160 Ford Motors 177 fracking 79 FTSE 100 30, 31, 54, 55, 56, 103, 112, 175; Environmental Opportunities All Share index 56; Global All Cap index 56; TPI Climate Transition Index 74 fuel: aerodynamic systems and 39; alternative/biofuels 22, 53, 111, 113, 140–43; cells 10, 138, 142, 144, 154, 166; aviation and see aviation; fossil see individual fuel type fund managers 10, 11, 12, 43, 49, 60–61, 66–7, 89, 95, 97, 98, 105, 108, 143, 181; activist 13, 14, 30, 73–6, 83, 85, 86, 89, 91; energy efficiency and 166, 167, 168, 172; greenwashing and 10–12, 41, 77–81; passive funds and 96, 97, 98; pensions and 39–40; ‘star’ 96; varying definitions of ESG 102, 103, 104 Gates, Bill 17, 18, 19, 52, 120, 126, 137 Generac 195 Generation Investment Management 2, 135 Georgetown University, Washington DC 45, 46, 51, 55–6, 60 Global Commission on the Economy and Climate 63 Global Reporting Initiative 190 Gogoro 128, 139 Goldman Sachs 1, 1n, 54, 77, 82, 107–8, 119, 137, 181, 189 Gore, Al 2, 135, 202 governance, good 8, 9, 40, 56, 61, 73, 88, 92, 98, 99, 103, 184, 195–6, 197 Government Pension Investment Fund of Japan 74, 93, 98, 180 green economy 33, 56, 203 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 109, 129, 141, 143, 148, 149, 150, 157–8, 160, 173, 187, 199 see also carbon emissions greenwashing 10, 12, 14, 20, 41, 77, 78, 88, 89, 90, 91, 96, 101, 104, 191, 192–3 Growing Underground 158–9 Hampshire College 46 Hampton Creek 146–7 H&M 62, 175 Harari, Yuval Noah 204 Harvard University 51–2, 67 hedge funds 4, 13, 14, 75–6, 80, 89 Hepburn, Cameron 72, 203 Hermes 83 high-voltage direct current (HVDC) 120–21 Higher Steaks 155–6 Hohn, Christopher 13–14, 80, 89 Howard, Andy 189–90 Howarth, Catherine 192–3 HSBC 88, 174, 175, 176 Hy2gen AG 138 hydrogen 113; aviation solutions 18, 142; batteries 138; blue 138; fuel cells 10, 138, 144, 154, 166; trucks/cars 15, 143 hydropower 131, 137 Hyundai 143 IKEA 160, 173 impact investment 43, 123 Impax Asset Management 77, 90, 157, 166, 176, 195 Impax Environmental Markets fund 90, 166, 172, 173, 175 Impossible Foods 15, 150, 152–3 Indigo 157 Ineos 78–9 ING 82 Ingka Group 160 InstaVolt 139–40 institutional investors 7, 9, 13, 18, 21, 31, 34, 67, 75, 76–7, 87–8, 94, 119, 122, 168, 191, 203 Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC) 76–7, 168, 203 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2, 5, 149, 160 internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles 64, 130, 131, 182, 183–4 International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) 143 International Energy Agency (IEA) 111–12, 113, 115, 117, 129, 130, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 202 International Maritime Organization, The 143 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 56, 58, 187 Invesco Solar ETF 125 Ireland 46–7, 94, 125 Irena 110, 130, 132 iShares Global Clean Energy ETF 124–5 J.


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Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet by Jeffrey Sachs

agricultural Revolution, air freight, Anthropocene, back-to-the-land, biodiversity loss, British Empire, business process, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, colonial rule, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, demographic transition, Diane Coyle, digital divide, Edward Glaeser, energy security, failed state, Garrett Hardin, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, Global Witness, Haber-Bosch Process, impact investing, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, invention of agriculture, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, low skilled workers, mass immigration, microcredit, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, old age dependency ratio, peak oil, profit maximization, profit motive, purchasing power parity, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Simon Kuznets, Skype, statistical model, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, unemployed young men, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, working-age population, zoonotic diseases

., “Uncertainty Estimates in Regional and Global Observed Temperature Changes: A New Dataset from 1850,” Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006). 87 Stern Review on Climate Change: Nicholas Stern, “The Economics of Climate Change,” The Stern Review (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 87 “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Round Assessment. Information available at: http://www.mnp.nl/ipcc/. 88 Polar bears and alpine species: Steven C. Amstrup, Bruce G. Marcot, and David C. Douglas, Forecasting the Range-wide Status of Polar Bears at Selected Times in the 21st Century (Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 2007). 88 higher-latitude environments: Carbon fertilization is the hypothesis, somewhat debated, that higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations may “fertilize” crops and raise the productivity of photosynthesis.

., “Indirect Radiative Forcing of Climate Change Through Ozone Effects on the Land-Carbon Sink,” Nature, August 16, 2007, pp. 791–94. 94 brilliant analysis by my colleague James Hansen: James Hansen, “Dangerous Human-Made Interference with Climate: A GISS ModelE Study,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7 (2007): 2287–312. 98 if the hybrid can be plugged: James Kliesch and Therese Langer, Plug-in Hybrids: An Environmental and Economic Performance Outlook, report number T061, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, September 2006; and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Position Statement Plug-In Electric Hybrid Vehicles, adopted by the board of directors June 15, 2007. 101 This translates roughly: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.” Available online at http://www.ipcc.ch/activity/srccs/index.htm. 103 “Anything but a marginal”: Tommy Dalgaard, “Looking at Biofuels and Bioenergy,” Science 312 (June 23, 2006): 1743. 103 In a study published in 2005: Klaus Lackner and Jeffrey D. Sachs, “A Robust Strategy for Sustainable Energy,” Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, 2005. 107 Both are needed: International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI), Sustainable Development in Africa: Is the Climate Right?

Escaping the Resource Curse. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Position Statement: Plug-In Electric Hybrid Vehicles. Adopted by the Board of Directors, June 15, 2007. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: Fourth Assessment Report, 2007. http://www.ipcc.ch. _____. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2006. http://www.ipcc.ch/activity/srccs/index.htm. International Conference on Population and Development, Program of Action. http://www.unfpa.org/icpd/icpd_poa.htm. International Conservation Union for Nature and Natural Resources. 2006 Red List of Threatened Species, 2006. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist2006/redlist2006.htm.


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Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet by Klaus Schwab, Peter Vanham

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, air traffic controllers' union, Anthropocene, Apple II, Asian financial crisis, Asperger Syndrome, basic income, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, blue-collar work, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business process, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, centre right, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, colonial rule, company town, contact tracing, contact tracing app, Cornelius Vanderbilt, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, currency peg, cyber-physical system, decarbonisation, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, Diane Coyle, digital divide, don't be evil, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, financial innovation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, gender pay gap, general purpose technology, George Floyd, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, global value chain, global village, Google bus, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, high net worth, hiring and firing, housing crisis, income inequality, income per capita, independent contractor, industrial robot, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, job automation, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, labor-force participation, lockdown, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, means of production, megacity, microplastics / micro fibres, Mikhail Gorbachev, mini-job, mittelstand, move fast and break things, neoliberal agenda, Network effects, new economy, open economy, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, precariat, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, reserve currency, reshoring, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, School Strike for Climate, self-driving car, seminal paper, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social distancing, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, the scientific method, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, transfer pricing, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, universal basic income, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

See Asian Tigers Fourth Industrial Revolution, 18, 45, 68, 71, 116, 122, 125, 142–145, 161–162, 177, 186, 201, 208, 212, 213, 237, 239 The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Schwab), 116 Foxconn (Taiwan), 59 France Compagnie de Suez join stock company of, 103 First Industrial Revolution spreading to, 131 La France Insoumise populist party of, 81 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig Yellow Vests (Gilets Jaunes) protests of, 86–87, 195 Youth for Climate movement (2017), 86 La France Insoumise (France), 81 The Freelance Isn't Free Law (New York), 243 Freelancers Union (New York), 242–243 Freelancing work, 237–238, 240–243 Freund, Caroline, 138 Frey, Carl, 116, 135 Frick Coke Company, 132 Frick, Henry, 132 Fridays for Climate strikes (2018), 149, 250 Friedman, Milton, 14, 136, 175, 205, 209 Friedrichshafen (Germany), 4–5, 6–7, 8–9, 251 Fukuyama, Francis, 15, 112 “The Future of Employment” study (2013), 116 G G7 countries, social compact breaking down in, 110–111 Gama, Vasco da, 97 Garikipati, Supriya, 224 Gates, Bill, 132 Gazivoda, Tin, 195 GDP (gross domestic product) China's increased total debt–to–GDP ratio, 62 COVID crisis impact on public debt and, 19 description and function of, 9, 24 emerging markets (2002–2019), 64–65fig formula for calculating, 24 New Zealand's COVID-19 response and impact on, 222–223 New Zealand's focus on social issues instead of, 234–236 post-World War II low level of, 105 private sector percentage of China's, 172 Simon Kuznets' warning on progress measured by, 21–25, 34, 46, 53 Singapore (1965–2019), 123–125 stakeholder model going beyond profits and, 189–193 trade globalization measured by percentage of, 16 See also GNI (gross national income); GNP (gross national product) GDP growth declining rates since the 1960s, 25–28 differentiating between global, national, and regional, 27–28 singular focus of policymaking on, 25 as “war-time metric,” 25 Gender pay equity, 243 Gender representation advocacy of, 243–244 Ireland's experiment in, 194 as stakeholder model issue, 188–189 General Data Protection Regulation (European Union), 212 General-purpose technologies (GPTs), 143 Generation Z workers, 240 German reunification, 17, 78 Germany Berlin Wall (1961–1989) dividing, 75–77, 88, 89 Christian–Democrats (CDU) political party of, 78, 79 erosion of the political center in, 80–90 extreme views replacing Volksparteien, 80, 83 female-led government leadership during COVID-19 pandemic in, 224 First Industrial Revolution spreading to, 131 following the First World War, 4 growing populism and polarizing politics (2020) in, 79, 87–88 Hartmann machine works (Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony), 103fig integration of East and West, 17, 78 lowering debt burden through economic growth, 31 neo-Nazi elements protesting COVID-19 responses, 87 reconstruction of post-war economy and society, 3, 7–11, 251 social reforms (1880s) in, 133 Social–Democrats (SPD) political party of, 78, 80–81 stakeholder concept adopted in, 174 “Stunde Null” (or “Zero Hour”) [May 8, 1945] ending the war, 5 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig well-managed COVID crisis response in, 79 See also East Germany; West Germany Ghana, 27, 70 Gig workers, 187–188, 237–238, 240–243 Gig Workers Rising (California), 241 Gig worker strike (2019), 187 Gig Workers United (California), 241 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (Twain and Warner), 133 Gini coefficient of China/India, 37fig–38, 226 Global Competitiveness Index (World Economic Forum), 189, 190 Global debt population pyramid and repayment of, 30 problem of rising, 28–31 what is included in, 28 Global economic growth ASEAN nations, 63–66, 67fig “the Asian Century,” 70–71fig Chinese economy impacting, 63–66, 70–72 declining productivity growth impact on, 33–34 Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth graph, 137–138fig foundations of the post-war, 4–7 India, 66, 67–69 low GDP growth impact on, 25–28 low-interest rates and low inflation impact on, 31–33 post-World War II expansion of the, 3, 7–11, 251 rising debt impact on, 28–31 the tumultuous 1970s and 1980s, 11–15 Global economic order Davos Manifesto (1973) on new direction for, 13–14, 88, 213 impact of income inequality on the, 36–41 impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the, 108 requirements of a post-COVID world and, 251 SARS–CoV–2 vaccines development and possible “Great Reset” of, 248 understanding the foundations of post-war, 4–7 Global financial crisis (2007–2009), 18, 34, 112–113, 122 Global Footprint Network (GFN), 19, 48fig–49 Global Infrastructure Hub, 32 Globalists, The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism (Slobodian), 181 Globalization adverse effects of, 107, 110–114 current state of, 108–114 description and implications of, 16 early beginnings and spice routes history of, 99–108 economic decline beginning in 2007, 18–19 GDP measure of trade, 16 New York Times op–ed (Schwab) on, 85 as political ideology, 108 reasons for embracing, 114 success stories from Indonesia, 93–99 three conditions required for positive, 109–110 YouGov–Bertelsmann poll (2018) on, 97 Globalization 4.0, 106–108 Globalization conditions balanced political leadership, 109–110 when functioning as social compact, 109, 110–111 when technology is congruent with economic and societal advantages, 110 Globalization history Age of Discovery (15th to 18th century), 100–102 first wave (19th century–1914), 102–105 globalization 4.0, 106–108 lessons learned from, 108–114 second and third wave (20th century), 105–106 Silk Road and spice routes, 99–102 Global population. See Population Global Risks annual reports (WEF), 52 Global Shapers (World Economic Forum), 245, 246 Global Social Mobility index (2020), 43–44 Global Urban Development report, 124 Global warming increasing evidence and actions regarding, 51–52 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [UN], 51 IPCC report (2018) on, 51 Sham Chun River (China) impacted by, 55, 61 World Economic Forum warning (1973) on, 47 See also Climate change; Pollution GNI (gross national income) description of the, 23–24 Kuznets on limitations of the, 24–25, 35 See also GDP (gross domestic product) GNP (gross national product) description of the, 24 Kuznets on limitations of the, 24–25 See also GDP (gross domestic product) GoBusiness app (Singapore), 232 Gojek (Indonesia), 97, 98 Goll, Siegfried, 16 Gonzalez, Lorena, 241 Google (US), 69, 126, 127, 140, 141, 143, 208–209 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 77 Governance environment, social, and governance (ESG) objectives, 193, 204–207, 214–215 New Zealand's response to COVID-19 as effective, 219–224 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics on principles of, 214 See also Environment, social, and governance (ESG) objectives; Stakeholder government Government debt held by, 29–31 effective response to COVID-19 pandemic by female-led, 224 key tasks of national, 224–228 neo-liberalist, 225 See also Stakeholder government Government debt countries with highest, 30 high-quality vs. low-quality, 29 United States, 30–31 Grab (Singapore), 66, 97, 98, 187, 237 Great Britain.

See Stakeholder capitalism “21st century socialism,” 225 U UAE, 181 Uber (US), 187, 238, 241 Uganda, 70 Uggla, Ane Mærsk Mc-Kinney, 204 Ukrainian gig workers, 240, 243 Ungor, Murat, 222 United Kingdom (UK) Brexit vote (2016) in, 80 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 56, 71, 108, 116, 119, 130–134 first wave of globalization (19th century–1914), 102–105 Luddites (19th-century England), 115 polarizing labor politics in the, 122–123 stakeholder model driving economic policies (1980s) of, 14 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig wealth inequality turn of the 20th century in, 104 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) [2015], 150 Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), 150 Environmental International Resources Panel, 49 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 50 global government role of, 196 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 51, 149 as an international community stakeholder, 178 IPBES report (2019), 51 IPCC global warming report (2018), 51 Migration Agency (IOM), 52 Paris Agreement (2015) framework by the, 150, 165, 182, 183, 189, 198 Sustainable Development Goals, 189, 206, 207, 250 Water agency, 49–50 World Meteorological Organization, 51 United States Black Lives Matter movement in the, 186 comparison of labor approach in Denmark vs., 117–120, 123 dropping voter turnover and social unrest in the, 188 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 132–134 gig workers making less in the, 238 government debt of the, 30–31 health coverage disparities in the, 43 high cost of health care in the, 227, 231, 232 history of income inequality in the, 34–36, 38–39fig, 88–89 as ill-prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic, 186 Marshall Plan to rebuild European economy by the, 6–7 9/11 terrorist attacks against, 17, 18 Pearl Harbor attack against, 17 polarizing labor politics in the, 122–123 post-war baby boom in, 8 See also California; New York City; US economy Universal basic income (UBI), 239 Universal Postal Union, 197, 198 “The Universal Purpose of a Company in the Fourth Industrial Revolution” (Davos Manifesto 2020), 191–192 University of Chicago (Chicago School), 14, 136, 140 University of Kharkiv, 22 University of Leuven, 243 University of Liverpool, 224 University of Reading, 224 Upwork (US), 237, 240 Urbanization metatrend, 159–160 Urban Radar (US), 163 US Business Roundtable, 250 US dollar currency, 31 US economic policies overly focused on GDP growth, 25 stakeholder model driving 1980s, 14 US economy economic boom (1945–1970s) of the, 8 economic development curve (1920s), 23 Federal Reserve interest rates (2009–2019), 31 See also Big Tech; United States US government bonds, 31 Utomo, William, 94–95, 96, 114 Utomo, Winston, 94–95, 96 V Value creation company aim to generate profits and, 179 environment, social, and governance (ESG) objectives of, 185, 193 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics to measure stakeholder, 193, 214–215 stakeholder capitalism's appropriate measurement of, 185 stakeholder model beliefs on sharing and, 184–185 The Value of Everything (Mazzucato), 184 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 132 Venezuela, 225 The Verge, 239 Vestager, Margarethe, 211 Vietnam economy ongoing through COVID crisis, 109 IT and Internet revolution role in expanding economy of, 137 predicted economic growth (2020–2021) in, 65–66 state capitalism model of, 173 tech unicorns of, 66, 67fig Volksparteien (Germany), 80, 83 W Wage “decoupling” practice, 34 Walesa, Lech, 83 Wall Street Journal “Competition is for Losers” editorial (Thiel), 208–209 on lower global GDP growth, 25 on rising global debt (2020), 28 Ward, Barbara, 11 Warner, Charles Dudley, 133 War on Poverty, 135 Warren, Elizabeth, 127, 128 Warsaw Pact, 77 Washington Post, 121, 221 Water resources microplastics pollution of, 50 UN Water agency on state of, 50 Waze app (Israel), 33 Wealth inequality consequences of increasing, 42–43 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) and, 132–134 health, social mobility, and, 41–46 as higher than income inequality, 41 the one percent and, 41–42 United Kingdom turn of the 20th century, 104 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig See also Income inequality; Inequalities Wealth Project, 191 Weiszacker, Richard von, 76–77 West Berlin (West Germany), 75–77, 88, 89 West Germany Berlin Wall (1961–1989) dividing East and, 75–77, 88, 89 Marshall Plan to rebuild, 6–7 reconstruction of post-war society and, 8 reunification of East and, 17, 78 ruined post-World War II economy of, 4–5 Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) [1945–early 1970s], 8 Works Council Act (1952) of, 10 See also East Germany; Germany West Java entrepreneur story (2012), 93–94 WhatsApp (US), 211 Wheatley, James, 27 Windows Media Player (Microsoft), 139 Wipro [India], 68 Wired magazine, 59, 128, 149, 242 Wirtschaftswunder (German economic miracle) [1945–early 1970s], 8 Wolf, Martin, 62 Women as effective government leaders during COVID-19 pandemic, 224 increased education and labor-force participation of, 9 political issue of gender representation of, 188–189 Women's liberation trends (21st century), 9–10 Wood, Alex, 242 Works Council Act (1952) [Germany], 10 World Bank creation of the, 6 on education levels in Africa and South Asia (2018), 44 GDP measure used by, 24 on Indonesia's prudent economic management, 98 lack of representation evidenced in, 197 World Economic Forum advocating long-term perspective by companies, 250 Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (San Francisco, 2017) of the, 144 CEO Climate Leaders group at the, 167 climate change solutions sought by, 162, 164–165 COVID-19 pandemic accusations against, 87 Davos Manifesto (1973), 13–14, 88, 213 Davos Manifesto (2020), 191–192, 213 European Management Forum forerunner of, 11, 15 facilitating German reunification process, 78 Global Competitiveness Index and Inclusive Development Index of, 189, 190 global membership (1980s) of the, 15 Global Risks annual report by the, 52 Global Shapers network of, 245, 246 Global Social Mobility index (2020), 43–44 on global warming (1973), 47 International Business Council of the, 193, 214, 249 Internet Agenda of the, 246 Jack Ma as “Young Global Leader,” 128 on pension savings gap, 32–33 presentation on societal unrest to, 85–86 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics initiative, 193, 214–215, 249, 250–251 World Economic Forum Annual Meetings (Davos) Annual Meeting in New York (2002), 17–18 Benioff's comments on need to shift toward stakeholder model, 201 the first European Management Forum (1971), 11, 88 Greta Thunberg's speech (2019) at, 53, 147, 149–150, 168, 250 Marc Benioff's speech on capitalism (2020) during, 164, 211 Net-Zero Challenge invitation to participates in, 162 Peccei's keynote speech (1973) at, 13, 47, 52 as platform for German reunification process (1990), 78 viritual meeting (2020) during COVID-19 pandemic, 250 World Health Organization (WHO) proposed integrating antitrust measures into, 142 on public health care spending, 32 on unsafe air of polluted cities (2019), 72 World Inequality Lab (WIL), 72–73fig World Inequality Report (2018), 38, 138fig World Meteorological Organization, 51 World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Judges of the, 197 China's membership in, 18, 59, 64 as an international community stakeholder, 178 World War I ending first wave of globalization, 105 Germany's “Never Again War” rallying cry after, 4 technology as destructive power during, 134 Treat of Versailles (1919) ending, 5–6 World War II division of East and West Germany after end of, 75–76 global economic development following end of, 3, 7–11, 251 low GDP at end of the, 105 Pearl Harbor attack against US, 17 ruinous state of Germany by end of, 4 “Stunde Null” (or “Zero Hour”) [May 8, 1945] ending, 5 tanks and planes technologies during, 134 Wozniak, Steve, 126, 128 Wu, Tim, 126–127, 128, 137, 139, 140, 145 X Xi Jinping, 62, 100, 184 Y Yang, Andrew, 239 Yellow Vests (Gilets Jaunes) protests (France), 86–87, 195 Yom Kippur War, 12 Yoshida Shigeru, 8 YouGov–Bertelsmann globalization poll (2018), 97 Youth for Climate movement (2017) [France], 86 Z Zambia, 64 Zeppelin (German manufacturer), 4 Zermatt (Switzerland), 51–52 ZF (Zeppelin Foundation), 6–9, 16, 18 Zhangjiang hi-tech zone (Shanghai, China), 61 Zhongguancun neighborhood (Beijing, China), 61 ZIP codes, 3 ZTE (China), 55, 60 Zuckerberg, Mark, 128, 212 Zucman, Gabriel, 41, 127 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA.

The UN-sponsored Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES) concluded in a 2019 report that “nature is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history,” with species already becoming extinct “at least tens to hundreds of times faster than the average over the past 10 million years.”77 Quoting the research, the Financial Times also wrote that “one million of Earth's estimated 8 million plant and animal species are at risk of extinction.”78 Another specialized UN agency, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), issued a warning late 2018 that the current path of CO2 emissions would also lead to an unstoppable cycle of global warming—with major disruptions for life on earth—if major reductions weren't achieved by 2030. It said, “Pathways limiting global warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot would require rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure (including transport and buildings), and industrial systems.”79 But hopes for even that narrow path to a limited global warming of 1.5°C had all but evaporated two years later.


pages: 460 words: 107,454

Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet by Klaus Schwab

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, air traffic controllers' union, Anthropocene, Apple II, Asian financial crisis, Asperger Syndrome, basic income, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, blue-collar work, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business process, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, centre right, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, colonial rule, company town, contact tracing, contact tracing app, Cornelius Vanderbilt, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, currency peg, cyber-physical system, decarbonisation, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, Diane Coyle, digital divide, don't be evil, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, financial innovation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, gender pay gap, general purpose technology, George Floyd, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, global value chain, global village, Google bus, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, high net worth, hiring and firing, housing crisis, income inequality, income per capita, independent contractor, industrial robot, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, job automation, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, labor-force participation, lockdown, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, means of production, megacity, microplastics / micro fibres, Mikhail Gorbachev, mini-job, mittelstand, move fast and break things, neoliberal agenda, Network effects, new economy, open economy, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, precariat, Productivity paradox, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, reserve currency, reshoring, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, School Strike for Climate, self-driving car, seminal paper, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social distancing, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, the scientific method, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, transfer pricing, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, union organizing, universal basic income, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

See Asian Tigers Fourth Industrial Revolution, 18, 45, 68, 71, 116, 122, 125, 142–145, 161–162, 177, 186, 201, 208, 212, 213, 237, 239 The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Schwab), 116 Foxconn (Taiwan), 59 France Compagnie de Suez join stock company of, 103 First Industrial Revolution spreading to, 131 La France Insoumise populist party of, 81 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig Yellow Vests (Gilets Jaunes) protests of, 86–87, 195 Youth for Climate movement (2017), 86 La France Insoumise (France), 81 The Freelance Isn't Free Law (New York), 243 Freelancers Union (New York), 242–243 Freelancing work, 237–238, 240–243 Freund, Caroline, 138 Frey, Carl, 116, 135 Frick Coke Company, 132 Frick, Henry, 132 Fridays for Climate strikes (2018), 149, 250 Friedman, Milton, 14, 136, 175, 205, 209 Friedrichshafen (Germany), 4–5, 6–7, 8–9, 251 Fukuyama, Francis, 15, 112 “The Future of Employment” study (2013), 116 G G7 countries, social compact breaking down in, 110–111 Gama, Vasco da, 97 Garikipati, Supriya, 224 Gates, Bill, 132 Gazivoda, Tin, 195 GDP (gross domestic product) China's increased total debt–to–GDP ratio, 62 COVID crisis impact on public debt and, 19 description and function of, 9, 24 emerging markets (2002–2019), 64–65fig formula for calculating, 24 New Zealand's COVID-19 response and impact on, 222–223 New Zealand's focus on social issues instead of, 234–236 post-World War II low level of, 105 private sector percentage of China's, 172 Simon Kuznets' warning on progress measured by, 21–25, 34, 46, 53 Singapore (1965–2019), 123–125 stakeholder model going beyond profits and, 189–193 trade globalization measured by percentage of, 16 See also GNI (gross national income); GNP (gross national product) GDP growth declining rates since the 1960s, 25–28 differentiating between global, national, and regional, 27–28 singular focus of policymaking on, 25 as “war-time metric,” 25 Gender pay equity, 243 Gender representation advocacy of, 243–244 Ireland's experiment in, 194 as stakeholder model issue, 188–189 General Data Protection Regulation (European Union), 212 General-purpose technologies (GPTs), 143 Generation Z workers, 240 German reunification, 17, 78 Germany Berlin Wall (1961–1989) dividing, 75–77, 88, 89 Christian–Democrats (CDU) political party of, 78, 79 erosion of the political center in, 80–90 extreme views replacing Volksparteien, 80, 83 female-led government leadership during COVID-19 pandemic in, 224 First Industrial Revolution spreading to, 131 following the First World War, 4 growing populism and polarizing politics (2020) in, 79, 87–88 Hartmann machine works (Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony), 103fig integration of East and West, 17, 78 lowering debt burden through economic growth, 31 neo-Nazi elements protesting COVID-19 responses, 87 reconstruction of post-war economy and society, 3, 7–11, 251 social reforms (1880s) in, 133 Social–Democrats (SPD) political party of, 78, 80–81 stakeholder concept adopted in, 174 “Stunde Null” (or “Zero Hour”) [May 8, 1945] ending the war, 5 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig well-managed COVID crisis response in, 79 See also East Germany; West Germany Ghana, 27, 70 Gig workers, 187–188, 237–238, 240–243 Gig Workers Rising (California), 241 Gig worker strike (2019), 187 Gig Workers United (California), 241 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (Twain and Warner), 133 Gini coefficient of China/India, 37fig–38, 226 Global Competitiveness Index (World Economic Forum), 189, 190 Global debt population pyramid and repayment of, 30 problem of rising, 28–31 what is included in, 28 Global economic growth ASEAN nations, 63–66, 67fig “the Asian Century,” 70–71fig Chinese economy impacting, 63–66, 70–72 declining productivity growth impact on, 33–34 Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth graph, 137–138fig foundations of the post-war, 4–7 India, 66, 67–69 low GDP growth impact on, 25–28 low-interest rates and low inflation impact on, 31–33 post-World War II expansion of the, 3, 7–11, 251 rising debt impact on, 28–31 the tumultuous 1970s and 1980s, 11–15 Global economic order Davos Manifesto (1973) on new direction for, 13–14, 88, 213 impact of income inequality on the, 36–41 impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the, 108 requirements of a post-COVID world and, 251 SARS–CoV–2 vaccines development and possible “Great Reset” of, 248 understanding the foundations of post-war, 4–7 Global financial crisis (2007–2009), 18, 34, 112–113, 122 Global Footprint Network (GFN), 19, 48fig–49 Global Infrastructure Hub, 32 Globalists, The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism (Slobodian), 181 Globalization adverse effects of, 107, 110–114 current state of, 108–114 description and implications of, 16 early beginnings and spice routes history of, 99–108 economic decline beginning in 2007, 18–19 GDP measure of trade, 16 New York Times op–ed (Schwab) on, 85 as political ideology, 108 reasons for embracing, 114 success stories from Indonesia, 93–99 three conditions required for positive, 109–110 YouGov–Bertelsmann poll (2018) on, 97 Globalization 4.0, 106–108 Globalization conditions balanced political leadership, 109–110 when functioning as social compact, 109, 110–111 when technology is congruent with economic and societal advantages, 110 Globalization history Age of Discovery (15th to 18th century), 100–102 first wave (19th century–1914), 102–105 globalization 4.0, 106–108 lessons learned from, 108–114 second and third wave (20th century), 105–106 Silk Road and spice routes, 99–102 Global population. See Population Global Risks annual reports (WEF), 52 Global Shapers (World Economic Forum), 245, 246 Global Social Mobility index (2020), 43–44 Global Urban Development report, 124 Global warming increasing evidence and actions regarding, 51–52 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [UN], 51 IPCC report (2018) on, 51 Sham Chun River (China) impacted by, 55, 61 World Economic Forum warning (1973) on, 47 See also Climate change; Pollution GNI (gross national income) description of the, 23–24 Kuznets on limitations of the, 24–25, 35 See also GDP (gross domestic product) GNP (gross national product) description of the, 24 Kuznets on limitations of the, 24–25 See also GDP (gross domestic product) GoBusiness app (Singapore), 232 Gojek (Indonesia), 97, 98 Goll, Siegfried, 16 Gonzalez, Lorena, 241 Google (US), 69, 126, 127, 140, 141, 143, 208–209 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 77 Governance environment, social, and governance (ESG) objectives, 193, 204–207, 214–215 New Zealand's response to COVID-19 as effective, 219–224 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics on principles of, 214 See also Environment, social, and governance (ESG) objectives; Stakeholder government Government debt held by, 29–31 effective response to COVID-19 pandemic by female-led, 224 key tasks of national, 224–228 neo-liberalist, 225 See also Stakeholder government Government debt countries with highest, 30 high-quality vs. low-quality, 29 United States, 30–31 Grab (Singapore), 66, 97, 98, 187, 237 Great Britain.

See Stakeholder capitalism “21st century socialism,” 225 U UAE, 181 Uber (US), 187, 238, 241 Uganda, 70 Uggla, Ane Mærsk Mc-Kinney, 204 Ukrainian gig workers, 240, 243 Ungor, Murat, 222 United Kingdom (UK) Brexit vote (2016) in, 80 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 56, 71, 108, 116, 119, 130–134 first wave of globalization (19th century–1914), 102–105 Luddites (19th-century England), 115 polarizing labor politics in the, 122–123 stakeholder model driving economic policies (1980s) of, 14 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig wealth inequality turn of the 20th century in, 104 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) [2015], 150 Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), 150 Environmental International Resources Panel, 49 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 50 global government role of, 196 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 51, 149 as an international community stakeholder, 178 IPBES report (2019), 51 IPCC global warming report (2018), 51 Migration Agency (IOM), 52 Paris Agreement (2015) framework by the, 150, 165, 182, 183, 189, 198 Sustainable Development Goals, 189, 206, 207, 250 Water agency, 49–50 World Meteorological Organization, 51 United States Black Lives Matter movement in the, 186 comparison of labor approach in Denmark vs., 117–120, 123 dropping voter turnover and social unrest in the, 188 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 132–134 gig workers making less in the, 238 government debt of the, 30–31 health coverage disparities in the, 43 high cost of health care in the, 227, 231, 232 history of income inequality in the, 34–36, 38–39fig, 88–89 as ill-prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic, 186 Marshall Plan to rebuild European economy by the, 6–7 9/11 terrorist attacks against, 17, 18 Pearl Harbor attack against, 17 polarizing labor politics in the, 122–123 post-war baby boom in, 8 See also California; New York City; US economy Universal basic income (UBI), 239 Universal Postal Union, 197, 198 “The Universal Purpose of a Company in the Fourth Industrial Revolution” (Davos Manifesto 2020), 191–192 University of Chicago (Chicago School), 14, 136, 140 University of Kharkiv, 22 University of Leuven, 243 University of Liverpool, 224 University of Reading, 224 Upwork (US), 237, 240 Urbanization metatrend, 159–160 Urban Radar (US), 163 US Business Roundtable, 250 US dollar currency, 31 US economic policies overly focused on GDP growth, 25 stakeholder model driving 1980s, 14 US economy economic boom (1945–1970s) of the, 8 economic development curve (1920s), 23 Federal Reserve interest rates (2009–2019), 31 See also Big Tech; United States US government bonds, 31 Utomo, William, 94–95, 96, 114 Utomo, Winston, 94–95, 96 V Value creation company aim to generate profits and, 179 environment, social, and governance (ESG) objectives of, 185, 193 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics to measure stakeholder, 193, 214–215 stakeholder capitalism's appropriate measurement of, 185 stakeholder model beliefs on sharing and, 184–185 The Value of Everything (Mazzucato), 184 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 132 Venezuela, 225 The Verge, 239 Vestager, Margarethe, 211 Vietnam economy ongoing through COVID crisis, 109 IT and Internet revolution role in expanding economy of, 137 predicted economic growth (2020–2021) in, 65–66 state capitalism model of, 173 tech unicorns of, 66, 67fig Volksparteien (Germany), 80, 83 W Wage “decoupling” practice, 34 Walesa, Lech, 83 Wall Street Journal “Competition is for Losers” editorial (Thiel), 208–209 on lower global GDP growth, 25 on rising global debt (2020), 28 Ward, Barbara, 11 Warner, Charles Dudley, 133 War on Poverty, 135 Warren, Elizabeth, 127, 128 Warsaw Pact, 77 Washington Post, 121, 221 Water resources microplastics pollution of, 50 UN Water agency on state of, 50 Waze app (Israel), 33 Wealth inequality consequences of increasing, 42–43 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) and, 132–134 health, social mobility, and, 41–46 as higher than income inequality, 41 the one percent and, 41–42 United Kingdom turn of the 20th century, 104 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig See also Income inequality; Inequalities Wealth Project, 191 Weiszacker, Richard von, 76–77 West Berlin (West Germany), 75–77, 88, 89 West Germany Berlin Wall (1961–1989) dividing East and, 75–77, 88, 89 Marshall Plan to rebuild, 6–7 reconstruction of post-war society and, 8 reunification of East and, 17, 78 ruined post-World War II economy of, 4–5 Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) [1945–early 1970s], 8 Works Council Act (1952) of, 10 See also East Germany; Germany West Java entrepreneur story (2012), 93–94 WhatsApp (US), 211 Wheatley, James, 27 Windows Media Player (Microsoft), 139 Wipro [India], 68 Wired magazine, 59, 128, 149, 242 Wirtschaftswunder (German economic miracle) [1945–early 1970s], 8 Wolf, Martin, 62 Women as effective government leaders during COVID-19 pandemic, 224 increased education and labor-force participation of, 9 political issue of gender representation of, 188–189 Women's liberation trends (21st century), 9–10 Wood, Alex, 242 Works Council Act (1952) [Germany], 10 World Bank creation of the, 6 on education levels in Africa and South Asia (2018), 44 GDP measure used by, 24 on Indonesia's prudent economic management, 98 lack of representation evidenced in, 197 World Economic Forum advocating long-term perspective by companies, 250 Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (San Francisco, 2017) of the, 144 CEO Climate Leaders group at the, 167 climate change solutions sought by, 162, 164–165 COVID-19 pandemic accusations against, 87 Davos Manifesto (1973), 13–14, 88, 213 Davos Manifesto (2020), 191–192, 213 European Management Forum forerunner of, 11, 15 facilitating German reunification process, 78 Global Competitiveness Index and Inclusive Development Index of, 189, 190 global membership (1980s) of the, 15 Global Risks annual report by the, 52 Global Shapers network of, 245, 246 Global Social Mobility index (2020), 43–44 on global warming (1973), 47 International Business Council of the, 193, 214, 249 Internet Agenda of the, 246 Jack Ma as “Young Global Leader,” 128 on pension savings gap, 32–33 presentation on societal unrest to, 85–86 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics initiative, 193, 214–215, 249, 250–251 World Economic Forum Annual Meetings (Davos) Annual Meeting in New York (2002), 17–18 Benioff's comments on need to shift toward stakeholder model, 201 the first European Management Forum (1971), 11, 88 Greta Thunberg's speech (2019) at, 53, 147, 149–150, 168, 250 Marc Benioff's speech on capitalism (2020) during, 164, 211 Net-Zero Challenge invitation to participates in, 162 Peccei's keynote speech (1973) at, 13, 47, 52 as platform for German reunification process (1990), 78 viritual meeting (2020) during COVID-19 pandemic, 250 World Health Organization (WHO) proposed integrating antitrust measures into, 142 on public health care spending, 32 on unsafe air of polluted cities (2019), 72 World Inequality Lab (WIL), 72–73fig World Inequality Report (2018), 38, 138fig World Meteorological Organization, 51 World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Judges of the, 197 China's membership in, 18, 59, 64 as an international community stakeholder, 178 World War I ending first wave of globalization, 105 Germany's “Never Again War” rallying cry after, 4 technology as destructive power during, 134 Treat of Versailles (1919) ending, 5–6 World War II division of East and West Germany after end of, 75–76 global economic development following end of, 3, 7–11, 251 low GDP at end of the, 105 Pearl Harbor attack against US, 17 ruinous state of Germany by end of, 4 “Stunde Null” (or “Zero Hour”) [May 8, 1945] ending, 5 tanks and planes technologies during, 134 Wozniak, Steve, 126, 128 Wu, Tim, 126–127, 128, 137, 139, 140, 145 X Xi Jinping, 62, 100, 184 Y Yang, Andrew, 239 Yellow Vests (Gilets Jaunes) protests (France), 86–87, 195 Yom Kippur War, 12 Yoshida Shigeru, 8 YouGov–Bertelsmann globalization poll (2018), 97 Youth for Climate movement (2017) [France], 86 Z Zambia, 64 Zeppelin (German manufacturer), 4 Zermatt (Switzerland), 51–52 ZF (Zeppelin Foundation), 6–9, 16, 18 Zhangjiang hi-tech zone (Shanghai, China), 61 Zhongguancun neighborhood (Beijing, China), 61 ZIP codes, 3 ZTE (China), 55, 60 Zuckerberg, Mark, 128, 212 Zucman, Gabriel, 41, 127 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA.

The UN-sponsored Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES) concluded in a 2019 report that “nature is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history,” with species already becoming extinct “at least tens to hundreds of times faster than the average over the past 10 million years.”77 Quoting the research, the Financial Times also wrote that “one million of Earth's estimated 8 million plant and animal species are at risk of extinction.”78 Another specialized UN agency, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), issued a warning late 2018 that the current path of CO2 emissions would also lead to an unstoppable cycle of global warming—with major disruptions for life on earth—if major reductions weren't achieved by 2030. It said, “Pathways limiting global warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot would require rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure (including transport and buildings), and industrial systems.”79 But hopes for even that narrow path to a limited global warming of 1.5°C had all but evaporated two years later.


The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations by Daniel Yergin

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", 3D printing, 9 dash line, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, addicted to oil, Admiral Zheng, Albert Einstein, American energy revolution, Asian financial crisis, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bakken shale, Bernie Sanders, BRICs, British Empire, carbon tax, circular economy, clean tech, commodity super cycle, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, decarbonisation, deep learning, Deng Xiaoping, Didi Chuxing, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, failed state, Ford Model T, geopolitical risk, gig economy, global pandemic, global supply chain, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hydraulic fracturing, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inventory management, James Watt: steam engine, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kickstarter, LNG terminal, Lyft, Malacca Straits, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, Masayoshi Son, Masdar, mass incarceration, megacity, megaproject, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, new economy, off grid, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, paypal mafia, peak oil, pension reform, power law, price mechanism, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart cities, social distancing, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Suez crisis 1956, super pumped, supply-chain management, TED Talk, trade route, Travis Kalanick, Twitter Arab Spring, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, ubercab, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, women in the workforce

Vaclav Smil, Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives (Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2017). 3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Rajendra Pachauri, CERAWeek, February 11, 2008; Gayathri Vaidyanathan, “U.N. Climate Science Body Launches Search to Replace a Strong Leader,” E&E News, February 25, 2015. 4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Geneva: IPCC, 2014); Steven Koonin, “Climate Science Is Not Settled,” Wall Street Journal, September 19, 2014. 5.

IHS Markit launched a major research program on hydrogen in 2017 that focused on Europe, California, and China and continues in the Forum on Hydrogen and Renewable Gas. 3. Joeri Rogelj et al., “Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development,” in Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, 2018; IPCC, B. Metz et al., eds., IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Francois Bastin et al., “The Global Tree Restoration Potential,” Science 365, no. 6448 (July 5, 2019), pp. 76–79. For an overview of options, see U.S.

As for natural gas, global consumption has increased 60 percent since 2000.2 * * * — The framework that has shaped the global discussion of climate change has been the periodic reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, known as the IPCC, under the auspices of the United Nations. This is a self-governing network of scientists and researchers that issues periodic reports, with each one raising further the crescendo of alarm. The first, in 1990, said that the earth was warming and that the warming was “broadly consistent with the predictions of climate models” as to largely “man-made greenhouse warming.” But the changes, it added, were also broadly consistent with “natural climate variability.” By 2007, in its fourth report, the IPCC was much more categorical—it was “very likely” that humanity was responsible for climate change.


pages: 239 words: 68,598

The Vanishing Face of Gaia: A Final Warning by James E. Lovelock

Ada Lovelace, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, butterfly effect, carbon footprint, Clapham omnibus, cognitive dissonance, continuous integration, David Attenborough, decarbonisation, discovery of DNA, disinformation, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, Garrett Hardin, Henri Poincaré, Herman Kahn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), mandelbrot fractal, mass immigration, megacity, Northern Rock, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, planetary scale, quantum entanglement, short selling, Stewart Brand, Tragedy of the Commons, University of East Anglia, Virgin Galactic

This led the eminent Swedish climatologist Bert Bolin to persuade the United Nations (UN) to form the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with Sir John Houghton and Gylvan Meiro Filho as its first co‐chairs. It began gathering evidence about the changing chemistry and physics of the atmosphere in 1990 and has issued reports in 1991, 1995, 2001 and 2007. Through the efforts of this more than 1,000‐strong panel of scientists of many different nations we now know enough about the Earth’s atmosphere to make intelligent guesses about future climates. But so far these guesses have been unable to match the observed changes in climate closely enough for us to be confident about IPCC forecasts decades into the future.

It was good to recognize the huge efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Gore with the Nobel Peace Prize and to have a brave 10,000 make the long journey to Bali as a salutation, but because they failed to see the Earth as alive and responsive they ignored at our peril the extent of its disapproval of all we do. As we hold our meetings and talk of stewardship, Gaia still moves step by step towards the hot state, one that will allow her to continue as the regulator, but where few of us will be alive to meet and talk. Perhaps we were celebrating because the once rather worrying voice of the IPCC now spoke comfortably of consensus and endorsed those mysterious concepts of sustainability and energy that renewed itself.

B. 108 Henderson-Sellers, Ann 42 Ho, Mae Wan 106 holistic systems 127, 129–30, 131 Holland, H. D. 108, 112 Hölldobler, Bert 133 hornets 141 hothouse condition 101 Houghton, Sir John 3, 10 humidity, relative 39 hydrocarbons 77–8 hydroelectricity 71 hysteresis 101, 113, 167 India, pollution 37 intelligence 156–7 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3, 4, 7–8 forecasting 23–6, 27, 28, 29, 40, 44 isoprene 98 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1, 13, 105 Jones, Chris 42 Kahn, Herman 24–5 Kasting, James 108, 110 Keeling, Charles David 6 Keeling, Ralph 6, 14 Koeslag, Johan 115 Kump, Lee 29, 110 Kunzig, Robert, Fixing Climate 11, 97 Kyoto Agreement 8 Lackner, Klaus 97 Laplace, Pierre-Simon 132 Lawson, Nigel, An Appeal to Reason 51, 147 leaves, temperature 38 Lehmann, Johannes 58, 99 Lenton, Timothy 42, 115 ‘lifeboat’ world 11–12, 22, 56, 161 Liss, Professor Peter 42, 116 Litvinenko, Alexander 75 livestock, greenhouse gas 47 living space 87–91 Lorenz, Edward 132–3 Lovelock, Helen 137 Lovelock Sandy 73, 79, 108, 115, 123–4, 125, 136, 141–3 Lovelock, Tom 134–5 McGuffie, Kendal 42 magnesium carbonate 97 mankind breathing greenhouse gas 47 importance to Gaia 21 place in Earth system 6 use of fire 149–51 Margulis, Lynn 13, 108, 111 Marine Biological Association 43 Mars, atmosphere 107 Martin, John 98 Maunder minimum 41 May, Robert 128, 132–3 Maynard Smith, John 115, 128 media, anti-nuclear 71–6 methane 79 clathrates 102 micro-organisms 31, 108 Midgley, Mary 106 Millennium Assessment Ecosystem Commission 42 models climate change 7, 14, 30, 33–5, 40–45, 129 dangers of 4, 6, 14, 26, 129–30, 131–2 Monod, Jacques 127, 158–9 National Centre for Atmospheric Research 42 neo-Darwinism 111, 115, 132, 153 New Age 106, 111 nuclear energy 16–17, 50, 64, 68–76, 83 oceans acidification 41, 46, 94, 102 carbon dioxide storage 97–9 fertilization 98 as indicator of global warming 29, 44–5 oil 77–8, 83 overpopulation 3–4, 9, 49, 77 oxygen 49, 152 concentration 105–6 ozone depletion 42, 95, 137 Pachauri, Dr Rajendra K. 30, 49 Paltridge, Garth W. 118 Parris, Matthew 70–71 Pearce, Fred 106 perception 123–6 of Gaia 126–7 pesticides 143, 144, 145 petroleum 77–8 photosynthesis 38, 49, 99, 152 Pinatubo eruption, effect on climate 4, 37, 40, 94 Poincaré, Henri 132 pollution effect on climate 35–7 light 3 polonium-210 75 Polovina, Jeffrey 29 Porritt, Jonathon 106 Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 42 Prince’s Forest Trust 97 radiation, nuclear 70–71 Rahmstorf, Stefan 7, 26, 42 Ramanathan, Professor V. 37 Rapley, Chris 77, 98 rationalism 127 reductionism, Cartesian 127, 130, 131, 158–9 Rees, Sir Martin, Our Final Century 41 religion 157–9 Rogers, James 79 Rogers, Richard, Cities for a Small Planet 87 Russell, Bertrand 44 Saunders, Dame Cicely 46 Saunders, Professor Peter 115 Schellnhuber, John 42 Schneider, Stephen 3, 8, 15, 28, 120 Schrödinger, Erwin 127 Schroeder, Professor Peter 121 Schwartzman, D.


pages: 138 words: 40,525

This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook by Extinction Rebellion

3D printing, autonomous vehicles, banks create money, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, clean water, Colonization of Mars, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, David Attenborough, David Graeber, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, digital capitalism, Donald Trump, driverless car, drug harm reduction, Elon Musk, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Extinction Rebellion, Fairphone, feminist movement, full employment, Gail Bradbrook, gig economy, global pandemic, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, ice-free Arctic, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, mass immigration, negative emissions, Peter Thiel, place-making, quantitative easing, Ray Kurzweil, retail therapy, rewilding, Sam Altman, smart grid, supply-chain management, tech billionaire, the scientific method, union organizing, urban sprawl, wealth creators

To save the climate and the city, we need to think big, start small, but act now. 28/ WHAT IF … WE REDUCED CARBON EMISSIONS TO ZERO BY 2025? HAZEL HEALY In October 2018 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a stark warning: enact urgent measures to limit global warming within the next twelve years or irrevocably deplete the ecosystems that sustain human life on Earth. By way of remedy, the IPCC recommends that we reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) to ‘net zero’ by 2050. The concept of ‘net zero’ controversially includes so-called ‘negative emissions’, which presumes the use of technologies that take carbon dioxide from the air and lock it into underground sinks and reservoirs.

We are going to do everything in our power to keep our coral reefs intact and our heads above water. We harbour no illusions about the dangers climate change poses. For the Maldives, climate change isn’t an environmental issue. It is a national security threat. It is an existential emergency. The Maldives are disappearing. We will soon be under water. The recent IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report is crystal clear: emissions must be reduced by 45 per cent in twelve years to stabilize global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius. That is a daunting task. And climate change is already upon us: weather patterns are changing; coral reefs are dying; erosion and water contamination are getting worse.

It is time to prepare, both emotionally and practically, for a disaster. I am a social scientist, not a climatologist. So who am I to spread panic and fear when the world’s top scientists say we have twelve years? Like many readers, I had assumed the authority on climate was the IPCC – the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – but it turns out they’ve been consistently underestimating the changes. In 2007 they said an ice-free Arctic was a possibility by 2100. That sounds far enough away to calm the nerves. But real-time measurements are documenting such rapid loss of ice that some of the world’s top climate scientists are saying it could be ice free in the next few years.


pages: 264 words: 71,821

How Bad Are Bananas?: The Carbon Footprint of Everything by Mike Berners-Lee

air freight, Boeing 747, carbon footprint, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Eyjafjallajökull, food miles, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Skype, sustainable-tourism, two and twenty, University of East Anglia

Everything on black carbon is taken from this chapter. 20. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group I Report: The Physical Science Basis (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Chapter 2; Ramanathan & Carmichael, op. cit. note 2.) Referenced in the Worldwatch Institute’s piece on black carbon (see note 9 above). Radiative forcing from black carbon is put at 0.4 to 0.9 watts per square meter (0.04 to 0.08 watts per square foot), in contrast with 1.6 watts per square meter (0.15 watts per square foot) for CO2. 21. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), Global anthropogenic GHG emissions.

In the name of open-mindedness I’ve looked in detail at several other “skeptics” and had a similar experience.2 So much for the skeptics. Let’s look at the mainstream scientific community. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change consists of around 2,500 scientists. The skeptics point out that there may be potential for group-think and mass hysteria. These are warnings that should be taken seriously. Furthermore, there have been occasional errors in the IPCC’s work, and even the hint of the odd deliberate misrepresentation. However, the standard of integrity that is demanded of the climate change believers is on a different plane altogether from that demanded of the skeptics.

See also mortality hydrogen generation, 153 ice cream, 54 Iceland, 54, 56–58, 158, 162, 165–66, 167, 194 India, 103, 104, 152, 162, 165–66, 173, 194 indirect emissions, defined, 7 Indonesia, 152, 194 input–output analysis, 124, 141–42, 191–93 insulation, 120–22, 188, 189, 215nn6–7 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 185–86 Inventory of Carbon and Energy, 191 investment, in renewable energy, 59–61 Iran, 194 Iraq wars, 168, 174 ironing, 25–26 jewelry, 122–23 junk mail. See mail Kemp, Roger, 43 Kenya, 208n35 Keswick Brewing Company, 50–51 lamb, 111. See also meat Lancaster University, 154–56 landfills.


pages: 397 words: 112,034

What's Next?: Unconventional Wisdom on the Future of the World Economy by David Hale, Lyric Hughes Hale

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, Black Swan, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, carbon credits, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, classic study, cognitive bias, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, currency risk, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, debt deflation, declining real wages, deindustrialization, diversification, energy security, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, financial innovation, floating exchange rates, foreign exchange controls, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global macro, global reserve currency, global village, high net worth, high-speed rail, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, index fund, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inverted yield curve, invisible hand, Just-in-time delivery, Kenneth Rogoff, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, mortgage tax deduction, Network effects, new economy, Nicholas Carr, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, passive investing, payday loans, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, post-oil, precautionary principle, price stability, private sector deleveraging, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Richard Thaler, risk/return, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, subprime mortgage crisis, technology bubble, The Great Moderation, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tobin tax, too big to fail, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, Tragedy of the Commons, Washington Consensus, Westphalian system, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, yield curve

Fisher was appointed one of the experts completing the socioeconomic assessment of climate change for the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Second Assessment Report. He served as economic adviser to Australia’s negotiating team at the third Conference of the Parties in Kyoto. He also fulfilled this role at the fourth, fifth, and sixth Conferences of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and was engaged as one of the experts completing the IPCC’s Third and Fourth Assessment Reports. Dr. Fisher has published more than 260 papers and monographs. ANNA MATYSEK BAEconomics Anna Matysek specializes in resource and environmental economics and has more than a decade’s experience working in the areas of scenario design, CGE modeling, policy advice, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

As scientific understanding of the climate change problem has improved, it has become increasingly clear that substantial emissions reductions will be required to avoid significant increases in global average temperature. The following is a review of climate change policy rather than of the science of climate change. Although there is much uncertainty about the nature of climate change, we have taken the broad scientific consensus as presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as given and as a reasonable representation of the state of the science. The nature of the emission reductions being discussed in the international climate negotiations go well beyond mitigation efforts at the margin because they involve major energy system transitions. To achieve this in a way that does not stifle economic growth, particularly in the developing world, is a challenge of unprecedented proportions.

As a lead author for the East and South Asia region on the World Bank–sponsored Intergovernmental Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development, she worked with a diverse team to develop economic, trade, and environmental scenarios. Ms. Matysek was a lead author in the areas of long-term and industry mitigation on the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. This paper was completed while she was at BAEconomics. She has recently become General Manager, Strategy and IOG–Business Development at Rio Tinto. TIMOTHY CONGDON International Monetary Research Ltd. Tim Congdon is one of the world’s leading monetary analysts.


pages: 105 words: 18,832

The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View From the Future by Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway

Anthropocene, anti-communist, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Great Leap Forward, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Kim Stanley Robinson, laissez-faire capitalism, Lewis Mumford, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, means of production, military-industrial complex, oil shale / tar sands, Pierre-Simon Laplace, precautionary principle, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, stochastic process, the built environment, the market place

Vari- ous groups and individuals began to argue for the need to limit greenhouse gas emissions and begin a transition to a non-carbon-based energy system. Historians view 1988 as the start of the Penumbral Period. In that year, world scientific and political leaders created a new, hybrid scientific-governmental organization, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to communicate relevant science and form the T h e C o m i N g o f T h e P e N u m b r A l A g e 5 foundation for international governance to protect the planet and its denizens. A year later, the Montreal Protocol to Control Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer became a model for international governance to protect the atmosphere, and in 1992, based on that model, world nations signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to prevent “danger- ous anthropogenic interference” in the climate system.

Arctic Sea Ice Extent, IARC-JAXA Information System (IJIS), accessed October 10, 2013: http://www.ijis.iarc.uaf.edu/ en/home/seaice_extent.htm; Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis, National Snow & Ice Data Center, accessed October 10, 2013: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/; Christine Dell’Amore, “Ten Thousand Walruses Gather on Island As Sea Ice Shrinks,” National Geographic, October 2, 2013; William M. Connolley, “Sea ice extent in million square kilometers,” accessed October 10, 2013: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seaice-1870-part-2009.png. 20. Gerald A. Meehl and Thomas F. Stocker, “Global Climate Projections,” in Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change 2007—The Physical Science Basis.” February 2, 2007. 21. Clifford Krauss, “Exxon and Russia’s Oil Company in Deal for Joint Projects,” The New York Times, April 16, 2012. 22. For statistics on continued coal and oil use in the mid-twentieth century, see U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2011 (Washington, D.C.: N o t e s 85 U.S.

Two years before, scientists involved in the IPCC had declared by the early 2000s, dangerous anthropogenic warming to anthropogenic interference in be “unequivocal,” and public the climate system was under opinion polls showed that way. fires, floods, hurricanes, a majority of people—even and heat waves began to intenin the recalcitrant United sify. Still, these effects were States—believed that action discounted. was warranted. But shortly before the meeting, a massive campaign was launched to discredit the scientists whose research underpinned the 8 T h e C o m i N g o f T h e P e N u m b r A l A g e IPCC’s conclusion. This campaign was funded primarily by fossil fuel corporations, whose annual profits at that time exceeded the GDPs of most countries.5 (At the time, most countries still used the archaic concept of a gross domestic product, a measure of consumption, rather than the Bhutanian concept of gross domestic happiness to evaluate well-being in a state.)


pages: 462 words: 150,129

The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves by Matt Ridley

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, Abraham Maslow, agricultural Revolution, air freight, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Madoff, British Empire, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, charter city, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, Corn Laws, Cornelius Vanderbilt, cotton gin, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, dematerialisation, demographic dividend, demographic transition, double entry bookkeeping, Easter island, Edward Glaeser, Edward Jenner, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, falling living standards, feminist movement, financial innovation, flying shuttle, Flynn Effect, food miles, Ford Model T, Garrett Hardin, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Hans Rosling, happiness index / gross national happiness, haute cuisine, hedonic treadmill, Herbert Marcuse, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invisible hand, James Hargreaves, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, John Nash: game theory, joint-stock limited liability company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, Kula ring, Large Hadron Collider, Mark Zuckerberg, Medieval Warm Period, meta-analysis, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Northern Rock, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, packet switching, patent troll, Pax Mongolica, Peter Thiel, phenotype, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, Productivity paradox, profit motive, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, rising living standards, Robert Solow, Silicon Valley, spice trade, spinning jenny, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, supervolcano, technological singularity, Thales and the olive presses, Thales of Miletus, the long tail, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, ultimatum game, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, Vernor Vinge, Vilfredo Pareto, wage slave, working poor, working-age population, world market for maybe five computers, Y2K, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

A 2000-year global temperature reconstruction based on non-treering proxies. Energy & Environment 18: 1049-58; and Moberg, A., D.M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N.M. Datsenko, and W. Karlén, 2005. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature 433:613-7.‘the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’. The full IPCC reports are available at www.ipcc.ch. p. 331 ‘the Dutch economist Richard Tol’. www.ff.org/centers/csspp/pdf/20061031_tol.pdf. p. 331 ‘With a higher discount rate, Stern’s argument collapses’. See Weitzman, M. 2007. Review of the Stern Review on the economics of climate change. Journal of Economic Literature 45 (3): ‘The present discounted value of a given global-warming loss from a century hence at the non-Stern annual interest rate of 6 per cent is one-hundredth of the value of the same loss at Stern’s centuries-long discount rate of 1.4 per cent.’

Besides, even if the current alarm does prove exaggerated, there is now no doubt that the climate of this planet has been subject to natural lurches in the past, and that though luckily there has been no huge lurch for 8,200 years, there have been some civilisation-killing perturbations – as the ruins at both Angkor Wat and Chichen Itza probably testify. So if only hypothetically, it is worth asking whether civilisation could survive climate change at the rate assumed by the consensus of scientists who comprise the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – that is, that the earth will warm during this century by around 3°C. However, that is just a mid-range figure. In 2007 the IPCC used six ‘emissions scenarios’, ranging from a fossil-fuel-intensive, centennial global boom to something that sounds more like a sustainable, groovy fireside sing-along, to calculate how much temperature will increase during the century.

See also: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/science/earth/21tier.html. p. 346 ‘carbon-rich oceanic organisms called salps’. Lebrato, M. and Jones, D.O.B. 2009. Mass deposition event of Pyrosoma atlanticum carcasses off Ivory Coast (West Africa). Limnology and Oceanography 54:1197–1209. Chapter 11 p. 349 IPCC projections for world GDP graph. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 4th Assessment Report 2007. p. 352 ‘said H.G. Wells’. Wells, H.G. ‘The Discovery of the Future’ Lecture at the Royal Institution, 24 January 1902, published in Nature 65:326–31. Reproduced with the permission of AP Watt Ltd on behalf of the Literary Executors of the Estate of H.G.


pages: 829 words: 229,566

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate by Naomi Klein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1960s counterculture, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Big Tech, big-box store, bilateral investment treaty, Blockadia, Boeing 747, British Empire, business climate, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, clean water, Climategate, cognitive dissonance, coherent worldview, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, complexity theory, crony capitalism, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, different worldview, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, Dr. Strangelove, electricity market, energy security, energy transition, equal pay for equal work, extractivism, Exxon Valdez, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, financial deregulation, food miles, Food sovereignty, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, green transition, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, ice-free Arctic, immigration reform, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jones Act, Kickstarter, Kim Stanley Robinson, land bank, light touch regulation, man camp, managed futures, market fundamentalism, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Shellenberger, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, new economy, Nixon shock, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open borders, patent troll, Pearl River Delta, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, post-oil, precautionary principle, profit motive, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rana Plaza, remunicipalization, renewable energy transition, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, scientific management, smart grid, special economic zone, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, structural adjustment programs, Ted Kaczynski, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, the long tail, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, wages for housework, walkable city, Washington Consensus, Wayback Machine, We are all Keynesians now, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

For more information about the vulnerability of small island nations and coastal areas of Latin America and South and Southeast Asia to sea level rise under “business as usual” and other emissions scenarios (including more optimistic ones), refer to the Working Group II contributions to the 4th and 5th Assessment Reports of the IPCC, both available at http://www.ipcc.ch See chapters 10, 13, and 16 of M.L. Perry et al., ed., Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and chapters 24, 27, and 29 of V.R. Barros et al., ed., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Part B: Regional Aspects, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

., 15 Thoreau, Henry David, 184, 286 350.org, 140, 156, 233n, 353, 356 tidal power, 127 Tiger Management, 208 tight-rock formations, 311; see also shale, fracking of Tillerson, Rex, 111, 314 Time magazine, Planet Earth on cover of, 74, 204 Tiputini oil field, 410 Tjelmeland, Aaron, 192, 195 Tongue River, 389, 390 Tongue River Railroad (proposed), 389 tornados, 406 Toronto, 55, 65, 67, 73, 126 Total, 246 Totnes, England, 364 Toyota, 196 trade, see free trade agreements; international trade trade unions, 81, 83, 177, 204, 454 job creation and, 126–27 job protection by, 126, 178 NAFTA opposed by, 84 transaction tax, 418 TransCanada, 149, 346, 359, 361, 362 see also Keystone XL pipeline Transition Town movement, 364 Transocean, 330 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 78 transportation infrastructure, 85, 90, 127 travel, wealth and, 113 Treaty 6, 372 tree farms, 222 Trenberth, Kevin, 272, 275 Trent River, 300 trickle-down economics, 19 Trinity nuclear test, 277 triumphalism, 205, 465 Tropic of Chaos (Parenti), 49 tropics, techno-fixes and risk to, 49 Trump, Donald, 3 Tschakert, Petra, 269 Tsilhqot’in First Nation, 345 Tsipras, Alexis, 181–82, 466 Tsleil-Waututh First Nation, 323 Tutu, Desmond, 464 Tuvalu, 13 2 degrees Celsius boundary, 87–88, 89, 150, 354, 456 Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, 13, 21, 56, 86–87, 214, 283 typhoons, 107, 175, 406, 465 Uganda, 222 ultra-deepwater “subsalt” drilling, 145 Undesirables (Isaacs), 167 unemployment, 180 unemployment insurance, 454 Unified Campesino Movement of Aguán, 222 Union of Concerned Scientists, 201 Clean Vehicles Program at, 237 United Kingdom, 13, 149, 170, 224, 225 compensation of slave-owners in, 415–16, 457 “dash for cash” in, 299 divestment movement in, 354 flooding in, 7, 54, 106–7 fracking in, 299–300, 313 Industrial Revolution in, 172–73, 410 negatives of privatization in, 128 politics of climate change in, 36, 150 supports for renewable energy cut in, 110 Thatcher government of, 39 World War II rationing in, 115–16 United Nations, 7, 18, 64, 87, 114 Bloomberg as special envoy for cities and climate change of, 236 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 219–20, 224, 226 climate governance and, 280 climate summits of, 5, 11, 65, 150, 165, 200; see also specific summits Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 110 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) international agreements and, 17 Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, 135 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment of 1972, 202 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 377, 383 United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 180 United Nations Environmental Modification Convention, 278 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 272 United Nations Framework on Climate Change, 200, 410 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 76, 77, 78–79 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 167 United Nations Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), 55, 293 United Policyholders, 109 United States, 19, 67, 68, 143 carbon emissions from, 409 coal exports from, 320, 322, 346, 349, 374, 376 Copenhagen agreement signed by, 12, 150 energy privatization reversals in, 98 environmental legislation in, 201–2 failure of climate legislation in, 226–27 Kyoto Protocol and, 218–19, 225–26 oil and gas export restrictions in, 71 opposition movement in, 9 solar energy market in, 72 WTO challenges brought against, 65 WTO challenges brought by, 64–65, 68 United States Climate Action Partnership (USCAP), 226–28 University College London, 415–16 uranium, 176 urban planning, green, 16 urban sprawl, 90, 91 US Airways, 1–2 U.S.

And the organizers go to some lengths to mimic credible scientific conferences, calling the gathering “Restoring the Scientific Method” and even choosing a name, the International Conference on Climate Change, that produces an organizational acronym, ICCC, just one letter off from that of the world’s leading authority on climate change, the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a collaboration of thousands of scientists and 195 governments. But the various contrarian theses presented at the Heartland conference—tree rings, sunspots, the Medieval Warm Period—are old news and were thoroughly debunked long ago. And most of the speakers are not even scientists but rather hobbyists: engineers, economists, and lawyers, mixed in with a weatherman, an astronaut, and a “space architect”—all convinced they have outsmarted 97 percent of the world’s climate scientists with their back-of-the-envelope calculations.8 Australian geologist Bob Carter questions whether warming is happening at all, while astrophysicist Willie Soon acknowledges some warming has occurred, but says it has nothing to do with greenhouse emissions and is instead the result of natural fluctuations in the activity of the sun.


pages: 443 words: 112,800

The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World by Jeremy Rifkin

3D printing, additive manufacturing, Albert Einstein, American ideology, An Inconvenient Truth, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, bike sharing, borderless world, carbon footprint, centre right, clean tech, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, Community Supported Agriculture, corporate governance, decarbonisation, deep learning, distributed generation, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Ford Model T, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, hydrogen economy, income inequality, industrial cluster, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, job automation, knowledge economy, manufacturing employment, marginal employment, Martin Wolf, Masdar, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open borders, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, post-oil, purchasing power parity, Ray Kurzweil, rewilding, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, scientific worldview, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, Spread Networks laid a new fibre optics cable between New York and Chicago, supply-chain management, systems thinking, tech billionaire, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, urban planning, urban renewal, Yom Kippur War, Zipcar

., & Steiner, A. (2007, November 17). Foreword. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Valencia, Spain: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/frontmattersforeword.html. 34.Solomon, S., et al. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg1_report_the_physical_science_basis.htm. 35.Bernstein, L., Bosch, P., Canziani, O., Chen, Z., Christ, R., Davidson, O., Yohe, G. (2007, November 17).

Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 254. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter3.pdf 41.Bernstein, L., Bosch, P., Canziani, O., Chen, Z., Christ, R., Davidson, O., Yohe, G. (2007, November 17). Observed Changes in Climate and Their Effects. In Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Valencia, Spain: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 32. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf. 42.Webster, P., Holland, G., Curry, J., & Chang, H. (2005).

., Canziani, O., Palutikof, J., van der Linden, P., & Hanson, C. (2007). Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic). In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 676. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch15.html; Instanes, A. (2005). Infrastructure: Buildings, Support Systems, and Industrial Facilities. In Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://www.acia.uaf.edu/PDFs/ACIA_Science_Chapters_Final/ACIA_Ch16_Final.pdf. 46.Lean, G. (2008, August 31).


pages: 326 words: 48,727

Hot: Living Through the Next Fifty Years on Earth by Mark Hertsgaard

addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, Berlin Wall, business continuity plan, carbon footprint, clean water, climate change refugee, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, congestion pricing, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, defense in depth, disinformation, en.wikipedia.org, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fixed income, food miles, Great Leap Forward, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kickstarter, megacity, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, ocean acidification, peak oil, Port of Oakland, precautionary principle, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart grid, South China Sea, the built environment, transatlantic slave trade, transit-oriented development, two and twenty, University of East Anglia, urban planning

I could not have written this book without relying on the voluminous scientific research that has been done on global warming and climate change and, equally important, the efforts of scientifically literate experts to explain those findings in ways that a non-scientist such as myself can understand. A foundation source is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The IPCC has been criticized over the years, both by deniers of climate change who focus on a handful of errors in thousands of pages of text to try to discredit the entirety of climate science and, on the other side, by scientists and advocates who complain that the IPCC's procedures (including the control that governments exercise over the executive summaries of IPCC assessments) make its reports overly conservative and dated. Nevertheless, the IPCC's reports, especially its four Assessment Reports (published in 1990, 1995, 2001, and 2007), are necessary (if often dry and technical) reading for any student of climate change.

In particular, King's assertions went beyond the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), an international group of scientists and experts the UN had created in 1988 to advise the world's governments on global warming. The IPCC had issued three major reports on climate change by the time I interviewed King. Its First Assessment Report appeared in 1990, its Second Assessment Report in 1995, and its Third Assessment Report in 2001. Only in its Fourth Assessment Report, released in 2007, eighteen months after our interview, did the IPCC declare that the scientific evidence for man-made global warming was "unequivocal" and that long-term sea level rise and other impacts of climate change had become inevitable.

"This Was a Crime" [>] Epilogue: Chiara in the Year 2020 [>] Acknowledgments [>] Notes [>] Index [>] Prologue: Growing Up Under Global Warming Working on climate change used to be about saving the world for future generations. Not anymore. Now it's not only your daughter who is at risk, it's probably you as well. —MARTIN PARRY, co-chair of the Fourth Assessment Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change I covered the environmental beat for fifteen years before I became a father. Much of that time was spent overseas, where, like many other journalists, I saw more than my share of heartbreaking things happening to children. But they were always other people's children. My first time was in the old Soviet Union, where I exposed a series of nuclear disasters that had been kept secret for decades by both the KGB and the CIA.


pages: 427 words: 111,965

The Weather Makers: How Man Is Changing the Climate and What It Means for Life on Earth by Tim Flannery

Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, biodiversity loss, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, climate change refugee, cross-subsidies, decarbonisation, Doomsday Clock, Ford Model T, Future Shock, Gregor Mendel, hydrogen economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Watt: steam engine, junk bonds, Medieval Warm Period, South China Sea, Stephen Hawking, uranium enrichment, Y2K

Another decade of such profits may cost us the Earth. We must break now from this catalogue of infamy to examine the workings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The IPCC is not an industry or lobby group. It was established in 1988 and is a joint subsidiary body of the United Nations environment program and the World Meterological Organization. Its workings illustrate how industry uses proxies to slow down, and tone down, the vital work carried out by the group. The Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the IPCC was released in 2001 and is the work of 426 experts, whose conclusions were refereed (twice) by 440 reviewers and overseen by thirty-three editors, before finally being approved by delegates from 100 countries.

By 1979 more technologically advanced models had been employed, and these suggested that the rise was more likely to be 3.5 to 3.9°C, give or take a couple of degrees.3 Astonishingly, for over twenty years this prediction and its degree of uncertainty hardly changed: in 2001 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was still giving the outcome as 3°C, give or take a couple of degrees. The explanation seems to be that while the increasingly sophisticated computer models eliminated sources of uncertainty in their programs, they had to incorporate more uncertainty from the real world. This situation, however, is now changing.

See also clathrates; glaciers; sea ice ice ages, 15-16, 54-55, 57-59, 68, 143 and carbon dioxide, 40, 66 causes of, 40, 41-42 ice caps, 57, 144, 147-49 Iceland, 225, 276 India, 140-41, 230, 275-76, 288 Indian Ocean, 108, 125, 128-29 Indonesia, 105-6, 107 Industrial Revolution, 28-29, 37, 64 In Search of the Golden Frog (Crump), 116-17 insects Anopheles mosquito, 177 butterflies, 88, 89 Euphydryas editha (Edith’s checkerspot butterfly), 88 Operopthera brumata (winter moth), 89-90 spruce bark beetle, 98 Institute of Public Affairs (Australia), 244 insurance industry, 235-36 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 286 International Energy Agency, 255 International Ozone Commission, 214 Inuit, 100, 102, 169, 218, 286-87 invertebrates, 176-77 oysters, 186 pectens, 186 salps, 97 starfish, crown of thorns, 106 Tiphoboia horei (spined snail), 91 worms, marine, 199 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 146, 208, 241, 245-46 Irish Sea, 60 isotopes, 49, 57, 196-97 Japan, 226, 227-28, 271, 280 Jet Stream, 84, 86, 132 Jorgenson, Dale, 234 Judah, Tim, 126 Karoly, David, 128 Karoo (South Africa), 180 Keeling, Charles, 25 Keeling curve, 25-26 Kiribati, 84, 287 Knutson, Thomas, 312 Korea, 138, 230 krill, 96-98 KWR (Quaker Chemical Corp.), 305 Kyoto Protocol, 222-31, 289, 291-92 carbon credits, 225, 227-28, 299-300 carbon dollars, 224, 228-29, 291-92 costs of compliance, 232-35 costs of inaction, 235-36 criticism of, 224, 228 developing world and, 229-30, 300 economic aspects, 224-25, 226-29, 233 emissions trading, 228-29 energy industry and, 227, 243-45 non-signatories, 7, 213, 223, 237 ratification, 213, 223, 224 Lackner, Klaus, 34 Lacour-Gayet, Philippe, 254 Lamb, H.


pages: 148 words: 45,249

Losing Earth: A Recent History by Nathaniel Rich

An Inconvenient Truth, carbon tax, disinformation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, energy security, green new deal, ice-free Arctic, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Watt: steam engine, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, oil shale / tar sands, planetary scale, Ronald Reagan, spinning jenny, the scientific method

It was at this moment—when the environmental movement was, in the words of one energy lobbyist, “on a tear”—that the United Nations unanimously endorsed the establishment, by UNEP and the WMO, of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to be composed of scientists and policymakers who would conduct scientific assessments and develop a global climate policy. During the transition period, Bush’s administration invited the IPCC’s Response Strategies Working Group, the body responsible for planning a climate treaty, to hold one of its first sessions at the U.S. State Department. Bush had promised to combat the greenhouse effect with the White House effect.

The climate scientist James Hansen has called a 2-degree warming “a prescription for long-term disaster.” Long-term disaster is now the best-case scenario. A 3-degree warming, on the other hand, is a prescription for short-term disaster: forests sprouting in the Arctic, the abandonment of most coastal cities, mass starvation. Robert Watson, a former chairman of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has argued that a 3-degree warming is the realistic minimum. Four degrees: Europe in permanent drought; vast areas of China, India, and Bangladesh claimed by desert; Polynesia swallowed by the sea; the Colorado River thinned to a trickle. The prospect of a 5-degree warming prompts some of the world’s preeminent climate scientists, not an especially excitable type, to warn of the fall of human civilization.

The Great Includer and the Old Engineer Spring 1989 The IPCC’s Response Strategies Working Group convened at the State Department ten days after Bush’s inauguration to begin the process of negotiating a global treaty. James Baker III chose the occasion to make his first speech as secretary of state. He had received a memo from Frederick M. Bernthal, a former nuclear regulatory commissioner and chemistry professor who was an assistant secretary of state for international environmental affairs and had been named the chairman of the IPCC working group. In frank, brittle prose, Bernthal argued that it was prudent to begin a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; the costs of inaction were simply too high.


pages: 250 words: 79,360

Escape From Model Land: How Mathematical Models Can Lead Us Astray and What We Can Do About It by Erica Thompson

Alan Greenspan, Bayesian statistics, behavioural economics, Big Tech, Black Swan, butterfly effect, carbon tax, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, data is the new oil, data science, decarbonisation, DeepMind, Donald Trump, Drosophila, Emanuel Derman, Financial Modelers Manifesto, fudge factor, germ theory of disease, global pandemic, hindcast, I will remember that I didn’t make the world, and it doesn’t satisfy my equations, implied volatility, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), John von Neumann, junk bonds, Kim Stanley Robinson, lockdown, Long Term Capital Management, moral hazard, mouse model, Myron Scholes, Nate Silver, Neal Stephenson, negative emissions, paperclip maximiser, precautionary principle, RAND corporation, random walk, risk tolerance, selection bias, self-driving car, social distancing, Stanford marshmallow experiment, statistical model, systematic bias, tacit knowledge, tail risk, TED Talk, The Great Moderation, The Great Resignation, the scientific method, too big to fail, trolley problem, value at risk, volatility smile, Y2K

.: Why Confusing Illusion with Reality Can Lead to Disaster, on Wall Street and in Life, Free Press, 2012 Frydman, Roman, and Michael Goldberg, Beyond Mechanical Markets, Princeton University Press, 2011 Haldane, Andrew, ‘The Dog and the Frisbee’, speech at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, 31 August 2012 Lowenstein, Roger, When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long Term Capital Management, Fourth Estate, 2002 MacKenzie, Donald, An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets, MIT Press (Inside Technology Series), 2008 March, James, Lee Sproull and Michal Tamuz, ‘Learning from Samples of One or Fewer’, Organization Science, 2(1), 1991 Rebonato, Riccardo, Volatility and Correlation, John Wiley, 1999 Stiglitz, Joseph, ‘Where Modern Macroeconomics Went Wrong’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 34, 2018 Taleb, Nassim, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, Random House, 2007 Wilmott, Paul, and David Orrell, The Money Formula: Dodgy Finance, Pseudo Science, and How Mathematicians Took Over the Markets, Wiley, 2017 ——, and Emanuel Derman, ‘The Financial Modelers’ Manifesto’, https://wilmott.com/financialmodelers-manifesto/, 2009 Chapter 8: The Atmosphere is Complicated Allen, Myles, Mustafa Babiker, Yang Chen, et al., ‘IPCC SR15: Summary for Policymakers’, in IPCC Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5C, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018 Anderson, Kevin, ‘Duality in Climate Science’, Nature Geoscience, 8(12), 2015 Beck, Silke, and Martin Mahony, ‘The Politics of Anticipation: The IPCC and the Negative Emissions Technologies Experience’, Global Sustainability, 1, 2018 Burke, Marshall, Solomon Hsiang and Edward Miguel, ‘Global Non-Linear Effect of Temperature on Economic Production’, Nature, 527(7577), 2015 Edwards, Paul, A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming, MIT Press, 2010 Hänsel, Martin C., Moritz A.

As we will see, this kind of naive Model Land realism can have catastrophic effects because it invariably results in an underestimation of uncertainties and exposure to greater-than-expected risk. The financial crisis of 2008 resulted in part from this kind of failure to escape from Model Land. A more successful escape attempt is embodied in the language used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). When discussing results from physical climate models, they systematically reduce the confidence levels implied by their models, based on the best expert knowledge of both the models and the physical processes and observations those models claim to represent. This results in a clear distinction between Model Land and the real world.

Katherine, Unthought, University of Chicago Press, 2020 Hourdin, Frédéric, Thorsten Mauritsen, Andrew Gettelman, et al., ‘The Art and Science of Climate Model Tuning’, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98(3), 2017 Hulme, Mike, Weathered: Cultures of Climate, SAGE Press, 2016 IPCC, Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, et al., Cambridge University Press, 2022, doi: 10.1017/9781009157926 Lloyd, Elisabeth, and Eric Winsberg (eds), Climate Modelling: Philosophical and Conceptual Issues, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018 Lorenz, Edward, ‘Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?’


pages: 302 words: 92,206

Nomad Century: How Climate Migration Will Reshape Our World by Gaia Vince

3D printing, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, Boris Johnson, carbon tax, charter city, circular economy, clean water, colonial exploitation, coronavirus, COVID-19, decarbonisation, degrowth, Donald Trump, Dunbar number, European colonialism, failed state, gentrification, global pandemic, Global Witness, green new deal, Haber-Bosch Process, high-speed rail, housing crisis, ice-free Arctic, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invention of the printing press, job automation, joint-stock company, Kim Stanley Robinson, labour mobility, load shedding, lockdown, low skilled workers, Mahatma Gandhi, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, mass incarceration, mega-rich, megacity, negative emissions, new economy, ocean acidification, old age dependency ratio, open borders, Patri Friedman, Peace of Westphalia, Pearl River Delta, Peter Thiel, place-making, planetary scale, plyscraper, polynesian navigation, quantitative easing, randomized controlled trial, rewilding, Rishi Sunak, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, undersea cable, urban planning, urban sprawl, white flight, women in the workforce, working-age population, zero-sum game, Zipcar

State of California, ‘Commissioner Lara protects more than 25,000 policyholders affected by Beckwourth Complex Fire and lava fire from policy non-renewal for one year’, CA Department of Insurance (n.d.). 9. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ‘5: Changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities’ in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019). Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ 10. Chi Xu, Timothy A. Kohler, Timothy M. Lenton, et al., ‘Future of the human climate niche’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117:21 (2020), pp. 11350–55. 11.

It will be very different. Let’s consider an entirely feasible planetary heating figure of 4°C by the end of the century, which is more likely than most people realize, so bear with me while I explain why. Climate modellers predict temperature rises based on various future emissions scenarios. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mapped out four different economic pathways (their term is ‘Representative Concentration Pathway’ or RCP) that we might take globally over the century: the ‘RCP 8.5’, in which we carry on business as usual with little attempt to decarbonize our economies; the moderate ‘RCP 6.0’, which sees emissions peaking by 2060 and then rapidly dropping; the intermediate ‘RCP 4.5’, which is more ambitious and sees emissions peaking by 2040 and dropping; and the very stringent ‘RCP 2.6’ pathway.

Marco Springmann, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Sherman Robinson, et al., ‘Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: A modelling study’, The Lancet 387:10031 (2016), pp. 1937–46. 29. IPCC, Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. H-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, et al. (Cambridge University Press, in press). 30. ‘Report: Flooded future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood’, Climate Central, 29 October 2019. 31.


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The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World by Daniel Yergin

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, "World Economic Forum" Davos, accelerated depreciation, addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, book value, borderless world, BRICs, business climate, California energy crisis, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, Carmen Reinhart, clean tech, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, colonial rule, Colonization of Mars, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, decarbonisation, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, diversification, diversified portfolio, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, Exxon Valdez, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, financial innovation, flex fuel, Ford Model T, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, global village, Great Leap Forward, Greenspan put, high net worth, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, index fund, informal economy, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, James Watt: steam engine, John Deuss, John von Neumann, Kenneth Rogoff, life extension, Long Term Capital Management, Malacca Straits, market design, means of production, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, mutually assured destruction, new economy, no-fly zone, Norman Macrae, North Sea oil, nuclear winter, off grid, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, oil-for-food scandal, Paul Samuelson, peak oil, Piper Alpha, price mechanism, purchasing power parity, rent-seeking, rising living standards, Robert Metcalfe, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolling blackouts, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Sand Hill Road, Savings and loan crisis, seminal paper, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley startup, smart grid, smart meter, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Stuxnet, Suez crisis 1956, technology bubble, the built environment, The Nature of the Firm, the new new thing, trade route, transaction costs, unemployed young men, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, William Langewiesche, Yom Kippur War

But the absence of television cameras certainly indicated that climate change was not yet an issue that would light up the public’s imagination. 16 THE IPCC AND THE “INDISPENSABLE MAN” But before the year was out, and far from the glare of public attention, the decisive step would be taken that would frame how the world sees climate change today. In November 1988 a group of scientists met in Geneva to inaugurate the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This launch might have been lost in the alphabet soup of international agencies, conferences, and programs, but over the course of the next two decades, it would rise out of obscurity to shape the international discourse on this issue. The IPCC drew its legitimacy from two international organizations, the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Development Program.

On that day, a committee of the Norwegian parliament awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly to Al Gore and to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC. “We must begin by making the common rescue of the global environment the central organizing principle of the world community,” said Gore in his acceptance speech. The world, he declared, faced “a planetary emergency.”15 Gore, of course, was eminently recognizable in the photographs from Oslo. But who was that other person, standing next to him, somewhat incongruous in a Nehru jacket, with his long black hair merging into a black-and-white beard who described himself as “the bearded face of the IPCC”? This was Rajendra Pachauri, an Indian economist and engineer who was accepting the award on behalf of the IPCC because he was its chairman.

King Hubbert’s Peak Hubbert’s Pimple Hu Jintao Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Rita Hussein, Saddam Gulf War and Iraq War and hydraulic fracturing, see fraccing hydrocarbonolostic hydrocarbons see also coal; gas, natural; oil hydrogen hydrogen bomb hydrogen sulfide hydrolysis hydropower in California in China as fuel choice Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia Icahn, Carl ice ages Ikeguchi, Kotaro (Taichi Sakaiya) Imle, John Immelt, Jeff Inconvenient Truth, An Independent System Operator (ISO) India automobiles in as BRIC climate change and coal use in economy and economic growth of electricity in energy security and gas price subsidies in hydropower in nuclear power of nuclear weapons of pipelines and wind energy in Indian Ocean Indonesia Jakarta OPEC meeting in (Nov. 1997) as LNG supplier as “new tiger,” oil production in Industrial Revolution industry, energy efficiency of inflation China and price controls and information technology (IT) innovation in buildings electricity and LNG and oil and renewables and see also shale gas; technology Institute for Advanced Study Institute of Nuclear Power Operations Insull, Samuel integrated companies Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) polarization over process of reports of Interior Department, U.S. internal combustion engine (ICE) Internal Revenue Service (IRS) International Association for Energy Economics International Atomic Energy Agency International Energy Agency (IEA) International Energy Forum International Energy Treaty International Geophysical Year (IGY) International Monetary Fund International Petroleum Exchange Internet Arab Awakening and cybercriminals and electricity and investment in biofuels Chinese in Chinese oil companies demand shock and in electricity in energy efficiency Exxon’s process for Iran and in Iraq in Kazakhstan in Qatar in renewables sovereign wealth funds and U.S.


pages: 501 words: 114,888

The Future Is Faster Than You Think: How Converging Technologies Are Transforming Business, Industries, and Our Lives by Peter H. Diamandis, Steven Kotler

Ada Lovelace, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, barriers to entry, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, blood diamond, Boston Dynamics, Burning Man, call centre, cashless society, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, Colonization of Mars, computer vision, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, delayed gratification, dematerialisation, digital twin, disruptive innovation, Donald Shoup, driverless car, Easter island, Edward Glaeser, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, experimental economics, fake news, food miles, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, game design, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, gig economy, gigafactory, Google X / Alphabet X, gravity well, hive mind, housing crisis, Hyperloop, impact investing, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, informal economy, initial coin offering, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of the telegraph, Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, late fees, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, lifelogging, loss aversion, Lyft, M-Pesa, Mary Lou Jepsen, Masayoshi Son, mass immigration, megacity, meta-analysis, microbiome, microdosing, mobile money, multiplanetary species, Narrative Science, natural language processing, Neal Stephenson, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, Oculus Rift, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), out of africa, packet switching, peer-to-peer lending, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, planned obsolescence, QR code, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Richard Feynman, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, robo advisor, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Sidewalk Labs, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart contracts, smart grid, Snapchat, SoftBank, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Jurvetson, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, supercomputer in your pocket, supply-chain management, tech billionaire, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Tesla Model S, Tim Cook: Apple, transaction costs, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, unbanked and underbanked, underbanked, urban planning, Vision Fund, VTOL, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, X Prize

half of all unicorns: Stuart Anderson, “Immigrants and Billion Dollar Startups,” National Foundation for American Policy, March 2016. See: http://nfap.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Immigrants-and-Billion-Dollar-Startups.NFAP-Policy-Brief.March-2016.pdf. Climate Migrations the very first Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: “Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2010. See: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/climate-change-the-ipcc-1990-and-1992-assessments/. Oxford scientist Norman Myers: Norman Myers, “Environmental Refugees: A Growing Phenomenon of the 21st Century,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, May 2002, DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0953.

Climate Migrations While the last chapter examined technological ways to mitigate climate change, this one acknowledges that our ability to implement these solutions at scale is nowhere near where it needs to be. And make no mistake, when the weather shifts, people shift with it. Estimates of this impact are startling. And climbing. In 1990, the very first Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report warned that even a slight rise in sea levels could produce “tens of millions of environmental refugees.” In 1993, Oxford scientist Norman Myers controversially updated the IPCC’s prediction, arguing that climate change could displace as many as 200 million people by 2050. By decade’s end, as Mark Levine explained in Outside magazine: “The weather [had] come to assume the shape of our collective anxieties, our fantasies about technology, nature, retribution, inevitability.… We have overstepped, we whisper, we have changed the weather.

See also: Alexandra Wilson, “Got Milk? This $40M Startup Is Creating Cow-Free Dairy Products That Taste like the Real Thing,” Forbes, January 9, 2019. PART 3: THE FASTER FUTURE Chapter Thirteen: Threats and Solutions Water Woes “Special Report on Global Warming”: The intergovernmental panel on climate change, see: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. Global Risks Report: World Economic Forum, “Global Risks Report 2018: 13th Edition,” January 17, 2018. See: https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2018. Dean Kamen: Dean Kamen, author interview, 2018. For more information about Dean Kamen, see his bio on the FIRST Robotics website here: https://www.firstinspires.org/about/leadership/dean-kamen.


pages: 343 words: 101,563

The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming by David Wallace-Wells

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, anthropic principle, Anthropocene, Asian financial crisis, augmented reality, autism spectrum disorder, basic income, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Blockadia, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, carbon-based life, Chekhov's gun, climate anxiety, cognitive bias, computer age, correlation does not imply causation, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, effective altruism, Elon Musk, endowment effect, energy transition, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, failed state, fiat currency, global pandemic, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, it's over 9,000, Joan Didion, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Kevin Roose, Kim Stanley Robinson, labor-force participation, life extension, longitudinal study, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, megacity, megastructure, Michael Shellenberger, microdosing, microplastics / micro fibres, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, Paris climate accords, Pearl River Delta, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, postindustrial economy, quantitative easing, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Solow, Sam Altman, Silicon Valley, Skype, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, the built environment, The future is already here, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, universal basic income, University of East Anglia, Whole Earth Catalog, William Langewiesche, Y Combinator

Mann and Tom Toles, The Madhouse Effect (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016). a recent survey of movies: Peter Kareiva and Valerie Carranza, “Existential Risk Due to Ecosystem Collapse: Nature Strikes Back,” Futures, September 2018. less than 40 percent: According to the IPCC, the figure is 35 percent: see IPCC, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Geneva, 2014). world’s ten biggest oil companies: Claire Poole, “The World’s Largest Oil and Gas Companies 2018: Royal Dutch Shell Surpasses Exxon as Top Dog,” Forbes, June 6, 2018. 15 percent of the world’s emissions: According to the World Resources Institute, the figure was 14.36 percent in 2017: Johannes Friedrich, Mengpin Ge, and Andrew Pickens, “This Interactive Chart Explains World’s Top Ten Emitters, and How They’ve Changed,” World Resources Institute, April 11, 2017, www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed.

It is complicated research, because it is built on two layers of uncertainty: what humans will do, mostly in terms of emitting greenhouse gases, and how the climate will respond, both through straightforward heating and a variety of more complicated, and sometimes contradictory, feedback loops. But even shaded by those uncertainty bars it is also very clear research, in fact terrifyingly clear. The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) offers the gold-standard assessments of the state of the planet and the likely trajectory for climate change—gold-standard, in part, because it is conservative, integrating only new research that passes the threshold of inarguability. A new report is expected in 2022, but the most recent one says that if we take action on emissions soon, instituting immediately all of the commitments made in the Paris accords but nowhere yet actually implemented, we are likely to get about 3.2 degrees of warming, or about three times as much warming as the planet has seen since the beginning of industrialization—bringing the unthinkable collapse of the planet’s ice sheets not just into the realm of the real but into the present.

There is a 51 percent chance: Marshall Burke, “Economic Impact of Climate Change on the World,” http://web.stanford.edu/~mburke/climate/map.php. a team led by Thomas Stoerk: Thomas Stoerk et al., “Recommendations for Improving the Treatment of Risk and Uncertainty in Economic Estimates of Climate Impacts in the Sixth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report,” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 12, no. 2 (August 2018): pp. 371–76, https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rey005. global boom of the early 1960s: World Bank, “GDP Growth (Annual %),” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG. There are places that benefit: Burke, “Economic Impact of Climate Change,” http://web.stanford.edu/~mburke/climate/map.php.


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Twilight of Abundance: Why the 21st Century Will Be Nasty, Brutish, and Short by David Archibald

Bakken shale, carbon tax, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, deindustrialization, energy security, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Great Leap Forward, Herman Kahn, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), means of production, Medieval Warm Period, mutually assured destruction, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, out of africa, peak oil, price discovery process, rising living standards, sceptred isle, South China Sea, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

Their paper predicted that Solar Cycles 24 and 25 would have amplitudes similar to those of Solar Cycles 5 and 6 of the Dalton Minimum before a return to more normal levels mid-century.15 A Finnish tree-ring study followed in 2007 with a forecast cold period, beginning about 2015, deeper and broader than any cold period of the last 500 years.16 WHY DID SO MANY SCIENTISTS GET IT WRONG? How can the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the National Academy of Sciences in the United States, the Royal Society in the United Kingdom, and the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO in Australia all be so wrong? There are not very many scientists involved in the IPCC deliberations. The inner circle ultimately responsible for these organizations’ policy is possibly twenty souls. The question that needs to be asked is, “Did IPCC scientists actually believe in the global warming that they were promoting?” Apparently they did, and possibly still do.

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is not even a little bit bad. It is, in fact, wholly beneficial. The more carbon dioxide we can put into the atmosphere, the better life on Earth will be for human beings and all other living things. If all that is true, you will ask, how is it that the United Nations–derived Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) came up with its ice cap–melting prediction of a 6°C increase in average global temperature by the end of this century? The notorious Climategate emails,1 released on November 20, 2009, appear to show scientists manipulating data to produce the answers they desired, bullying those who disagreed with them, plotting against scientific journal editors, and deliberately concocting misleading figures, among other apparent acts of willful malfeasance.

See Core countries (“the Core”) G G20, 4, 61 Gabala, 102 Gaddafi, Muammar, 54 Gandhi, Indira, 91 Gates, Robert, 128 Geophysical Research Letters, 30 Germany, 40, 68, 108–9, 114, 145–46 Giaever, Ivar, 168–69 glaciations, 16–17, 24, 166 Gleissberg cycle, the, 51 global warming Climategate and, 28–31 as cult, 4–5, 8–9, 57, 167, 178–79 disproving the theory of, x, 13, 15, 32, 166 IEA and, 140 public policy and, 140, 147, 151–52, 165, 170, 172, 177 science and, 5–6, 12, 22, 26, 35–36, 140, 168–69 too much focus on, vii–viii, 178–79 as worldwide conspiracy, 4, 61, 86, 115 Gōngjiàn Shou (character in “A Picture from a Possible Future”), 131, 134 grain 1816 and, 39 Brazil and, 59–60 Canada and, 2, 40 China and, 60, 67, 179 climate and, 2, 4, 6, 49–41, 64–66, 178–79 contamination of, 105–6 MENA region and, 44–58, 62–63, 95 Mexico and, 58–59 Russia and, 2, 59–60 South Africa and, 69 supply of (world), 1–2, 4, 6, 40–41, 58–61, 64–66, 153, 178–79 UK and, 7 U.S. and, 59–60, 66–67, 179 grain belts, 2, 4, 6, 41 Great Barrier Reef, the, 16 Great Depression, the, 65 Great Leap Forward (China), 60, 64–65, 112, 179 Great Plains, 24–25 Great Plains Synfuels Plant, 146–47, 149, 172 Greenland, 13–14 Green River Formation, 160–61, 171 Guam, 115, 127, 130–34 Gulf of Mexico, 24–25, 37, 144–45 H Hahn, Otto, 86 Hainan Island, 108 Haiti, 76, 186–87 Hanover, NH, temperature record, 21 Hanson, Victor David, 73–75 Hargraves, Robert, 163 Harrison, Mark, 117 Hawaii, 110 Haynesville Shale, 143 heroin, 45, 47 High Altitude Observatory, 22 Hiroshima, 88–90, 102–3 Hobbes, Thomas, 16 Holocene interglacial period, 16, 18, 166 Holocene Optimum, 16 Hoover Digest, 117 Hubbert, M. King, 140–41, 143 Hulme, Mike, 29 Huntington, Samuel, 107 I Iceland, 36–37 India, Indian, 23, 68, 74, 90–96, 180 Indian drought of 1967, 58 Indian Ocean, 53, 96 Indonesia, 68, 109 Industrial Revolution, 165, 167, 184 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 12, 28, 30–33 International Energy Agency (IEA), 114–15, 139–40 International Monetary Fund (IMF), the, 49 iodine-131 (I131), 105 Iowa, 15–16, 24, 50, 154, 173 Iranian Revolution, 56 Iran, Iranians collapse of, 45 energy and, 58, 119, 151–52 food supply and, 68 heroin and, 45 nuclear weapons and, 3, 47, 86, 92–94, 97–102, 119, 122–23, 179–80 population of, 56–57 relationship with Iraq, 56 Iraq, Iraqis, 45, 54, 56, 58, 98 Ireland, 21, 39–40, 61–62, 68 Irish potato famine, 61 Iron Dome, 97 Islam, Islamic attacks against the West, 54, 73, 75, 107–8 and cultural development, 48, 72, 81–84, 99, 107–8 in the Middle East, 56, 72, 92 Islamists, 50–51, 55, 95, 99 Israel, Israelis attacks on (past and future), 86, 94, 96–97, 99–102, 120 economy of, 68, 81 grain and, 55–56, 68 nuclear weapons of, 96–97, 180 J J-10A fighters, 125–26, 129 J-10B fighters, 129 J-11B fighters, 129 J-20 aircraft, 120, 126, 129–34 J-31 aircraft, 120 Janatti, Ahmad, 99 Jarvis, M.


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Warnings by Richard A. Clarke

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, active measures, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, anti-communist, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, carbon tax, cognitive bias, collateralized debt obligation, complexity theory, corporate governance, CRISPR, cuban missile crisis, data acquisition, deep learning, DeepMind, discovery of penicillin, double helix, Elon Musk, failed state, financial thriller, fixed income, Flash crash, forensic accounting, friendly AI, Hacker News, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, knowledge worker, Maui Hawaii, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, money market fund, mouse model, Nate Silver, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, OpenAI, pattern recognition, personalized medicine, phenotype, Ponzi scheme, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart grid, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Stuxnet, subprime mortgage crisis, tacit knowledge, technological singularity, The Future of Employment, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, Tunguska event, uranium enrichment, Vernor Vinge, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, women in the workforce, Y2K

These three glaciers, along with the rest of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, contain enough ice to raise the global sea level by 3.9 feet. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the world’s preeminent climate science organization. It is open to all member countries of the United Nations; currently 195 of them are members. Thousands of scientists have contributed to its work. They state, “By endorsing the IPCC reports, governments acknowledge the authority of their scientific content.” Therefore, their work is “policy-relevant and yet policy-neutral, never policy-prescriptive.” The IPCC has been publishing its climate-change assessments since 1990. The IPCC disagrees significantly with Hansen about both the rate at which and the level to which the water will rise.

(Enthoven), 361 Hsu, Steve, 343 Huckabee, Mike, 384n Human embryo gene editing, 326, 340–41, 345 Huntington, Samuel, 36 Hurricane Andrew, 53 Hurricane Betsy, 46 Hurricane Katrina, 6, 39–55, 72 government failures, 50–55 levee system, 40, 41–42, 46, 49, 50, 53–54 making landfall, 39–40, 49 New Orleans Scenario and, 45, 46–50, 52 Hurricane Pam exercise, 40, 47–49 Hurricane Sandy, 252 Hussein, Saddam Allen’s warning of Gulf War, 19–20, 22–23, 26–30, 358 Iraq-Iran War, 22–24 WMD and, 31 Hussein of Jordan, 28 IBM, 202, 209 Idaho Falls exercise, 288–89 Ideological Response Rejection, 179–80 Impact events, 301–24 Chelyabinsk meteor, 309–10, 316 Chicxulub crater, 307–9 Tunguska event, 301–3, 316 “In-attentional blindness,” 175 India, 261–73 Cold Start doctrine, 264–65, 267, 270 Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008, 261–64 nuclear weapons and Pakistan, 264–73, 281–82 partition of, 265–66 Indian Air Force, 264 Indian Army, 266–67 Indian Navy, 264 Indications and warning (I&W), 25–27, 359–60 Industrial Revolution, 175 Initial Occurrence Syndrome, 171–72 Ford and Syria, 72 Fukushima nuclear disaster, 97–98 Iraq-Kuwait case, 34–35 Morrison and asteroid threat, 318 van Heerden and levee failures, 52 Yudkowsky and AI, 215 Institutional reluctance, 140–42, 177–78, 320–21 Intelligence (IQ), 343 “Intelligence explosion,” 201–2, 205 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 246–50, 253, 254–55 International Arabian Horse Association, 54 International Herald-Tribune, 92 International Rice Research Institute, 193 International Summit on Human Gene Editing (2015), 345–46 Internet of Things (IoT), 292–300, 366 Invisible Obvious, 174–76, 234–35 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 343–44 Iran Iraq-Iran War, 22–24 nuclear program, 291–92 Syria and, 67, 73, 74 Iran-Contra scandal, 32 Iraq, 58, 63.

“Global Temperature,” Vital Signs, NASA Global Climate Change, http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature (accessed Oct. 9, 2016). 11. Christopher B. Field, Vicente R. Barros, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability—Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 63. 12. “Adoption of the Paris Agreement,” Conference of the Parties, Twenty-First Session, Paris, Nov. 30–Dec. 11, 2015, (United Nations: Framework Convention on Climate Change), 4, 6. 13.


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The Star Builders: Nuclear Fusion and the Race to Power the Planet by Arthur Turrell

Albert Einstein, Arthur Eddington, autonomous vehicles, Boeing 747, Boris Johnson, carbon tax, coronavirus, COVID-19, data science, decarbonisation, deep learning, Donald Trump, Eddington experiment, energy security, energy transition, Ernest Rutherford, Extinction Rebellion, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Higgs boson, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ITER tokamak, Jeff Bezos, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, lockdown, New Journalism, nuclear winter, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, precautionary principle, Project Plowshare, Silicon Valley, social distancing, sovereign wealth fund, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, TED Talk, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Tunguska event

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that climate change is contributing to the deaths of around 150,000 people worldwide per year already.17 In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) revealed just how little time we have left to act, injecting new urgency into the energy crisis. To avoid the worst effects, it was previously thought that the rise in temperature should be kept to, at most, 2 degrees Celsius. But as more data are gathered and more supercomputer simulations run, it seems that this just isn’t going to cut it. The IPCC now recommends that we should keep warming to under 1.5 degrees Celsius (approximately 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit).

See also renewable energy Banqiao Dam failure (1975), China, 181 energy crisis solution using, 36–37 lack of plants for, 37 public support for using, 40 world energy consumption and, 34 hydrogen composition of humans and, 86 fusion using isotopes of, 51 nuclear fusion reactions with, 87, 93–94 star formation and, 74, 75, 76, 77 Sun’s fusion reactions and, 79, 83–84 tokamak plasma and, 95, 101, 104 hydrogen bombs atomic bombs compared with, 166 Bikini Atoll testing (1953) of, 161–64, 173–74 controlled fusion reactors for power compared with, 8, 166, 167 net energy gain in, 47 nuclear fusion and fission basis for, 166 proposed space exploration use of, 214 radiation exposure from, 163, 174 Teller’s idea of using to generate electricity, 115–16 HyperJet Fusion Corporation, 143 ignition definition of, 9 EAST tokamak in China and, 193 hotspot ignition, 124 increased temperature and fusion reactions for, 92 JET and, 92 Lawson’s theory and equations on conditions for, 109 Livermore progress in, 16 magnetic fusion machines and, 185, 217 NIF possibilities for, 126, 188, 190, 191 Imperial College London, 26, 73, 96–97, 126–27, 144 inertial confinement fusion, 10 China’s use of, 14 costs of, 122, 198, 206 driver focusing mechanism in, 116–20 First Light Fusion’s use of, 24, 135, 190, 197–98 fusion plasmas timing in, 113–14 Halite-Centurion experiments and, 131, 190–91 laser improvements in, 190–91 later use of simulations replacing, 23 LIFE power plant prototype for, 199, 206 Los Alamos National Laboratory and, 24 low meltdown possibility in, 168–69 MagLIF experiment and, 157–58, 190 magnetic confinement compared with, 113–14 mechanism of, 10 mix of temperature, density, and confinement in, 113 net energy gain goal for, 130–32, 190–91, 199, 217 NIF’s use of, 17, 111, 112–13, 118, 126–29, 134, 188–91, 194, 198, 199, 212 Nuckolls’s experiments and, 116–18 plasma instabilities in, 129 plasma physics’ challenge for, 120 reactor design and, 195, 196–97 shock waves in, 134, 135 start-ups use of, 22 target fabrication in, 121–23, 126–28 Teller’s conception of, 115–16 timing and number of repeat shots in, 197–98 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 33–34, 36, 45 International Atomic Energy Agency, 14 International Energy Agency, 205, 206 International Space Station, 202 IPSOS poll, 40 ITER tokamak, Cadarache, France, 186–88, 193, 194, 197, 201 breeding tritium and, 196 construction delays in, 187–88 cost of, 202, 203–4 design of 187–88 expense of buildings, 202, 203–4 high temperatures for fusion in, 195 international agreement for building, 186–88, 191 international satellite sites for, 187 net energy gain goal and, 191 plasma Q goal of, 188 Japan atomic bombings (1945) in, 154 ITER tokamak, Cadarache, France, and, 186–87 JT-60 tokamak in, 185 Jernigan, Tammy, 78 Joint European Torus (JET) reactor building and shared management of, 88–89, 106–7 confinement of plasma in, 186 control room for monitoring data in, 92–93 cost of, 107, 202 deuterium alone used in, 94–95 high temperatures for fusion in, 91–95, 194 ignition and, 92 magnetic fields for plasma confinement during, 96 maintaining internal chamber wall conditions in, 104–6 physical setting for, 90 Q measure and, 92, 100, 105, 107–8, 183–84 Rimini’s role investigating instabilities of, 98–99, 102–3 robotics at, 196–97 safety of working environment at, 180 success of energy gain in, 107–8, 183–84, 191 trapping hot hydrogen in, 95–96 JT-60 tokamak, Japan, 185 Kingham, David, 33, 139–40, 141, 153–54, 205 Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR), 184, 185 Laberge, Michel, 145 Large Hadron Collider, CERN, 52, 202 Larmor, Joseph, 96 Larmor radius, 96 laser fusion, 120, 192 lasers, in inertial confinement fusion, 117–19 lasers, Maiman’s invention of, 117 Laser MegaJoule, France, 192 Lawrence, Ernest O., 111, 173, 183 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, 78, 111–12 Halite-Centurion experiments at, 131, 190–91 inertial fusion energy goal of, 17 LIFE power plant prototype at, 199, 206 location of, 110–11 magnetic confinement device at, 97–98 NIF at.

Hurley, The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom (UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs: Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants, 2010); European Environment Agency, Air Pollution Fact Sheet 2013—United Kingdom (European Union, 2013); “Air Pollution Deaths Are Double Previous Estimates, Finds Research,” Guardian (2019), https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/air-pollution-deaths-are-double-previous-estimates-finds-research. 15. J. Cook et al., “Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature,” Environmental Research Letters 8 (2013): 024024; T. Stocker et al., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis—Summary for Policymakers (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013); D. M. Etheridge et al., “Natural and Anthropogenic Changes in Atmospheric CO2 over the Last 1000 Years from Air in Antarctic Ice and Firn,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 101 (1996): 4115–128; NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division, Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from Quasi-Continuous Measurements at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (2014). 16.


pages: 459 words: 138,689

Slowdown: The End of the Great Acceleration―and Why It’s Good for the Planet, the Economy, and Our Lives by Danny Dorling, Kirsten McClure

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Anthropocene, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boeing 747, Boris Johnson, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, carbon tax, clean water, creative destruction, credit crunch, Donald Trump, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Extinction Rebellion, fake news, Flynn Effect, Ford Model T, full employment, future of work, gender pay gap, global supply chain, Google Glasses, Great Leap Forward, Greta Thunberg, Henri Poincaré, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, James Dyson, Jeremy Corbyn, jimmy wales, John Harrison: Longitude, Kickstarter, low earth orbit, Mark Zuckerberg, market clearing, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, mortgage debt, negative emissions, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, Overton Window, pattern recognition, Ponzi scheme, price stability, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, QWERTY keyboard, random walk, rent control, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, School Strike for Climate, Scramble for Africa, sexual politics, Skype, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, structural adjustment programs, Suez crisis 1956, the built environment, Tim Cook: Apple, time dilation, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, very high income, wealth creators, wikimedia commons, working poor

See also carbon emissions gross domestic product (GDP), 232–41; China, 239–41, 241; concept of, 232–33; global, per capita, 233–37, 234, 292, 293, 297; United States, 237–39, 238 Grosz, Stephen, 317 Guatemala, 209, 210 Haiti, 212, 213 Haque, Umair, 319 Harrison, John, 30 Hawking, Stephen, 144 height, average adult, 266–67, 268, 269, 283 Henriksson, Anna-Maja, 312 hierarchy, 152, 182, 264, 285–86, 363n50 High-Speed Society (Rosa and Scheuerman), 272–73, 360n28, 360n30 home-loan debt, 49–56, 54 Hong Kong, 154, 263 household appliances, 267, 269 housing: house prices, 247–51, 249, 253–55; mortgages, 49–56, 54; rental, 49–50, 53; social housing, 51, 56 Huygens, Christiaan, 30 Ibbitson, John, 140, 141, 296 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), 153–54 immigration: and birth rates, 312; future scarcity of, 296; Japan and, 326; and population growth, 318; United Kingdom and, 165; United States and, 152, 153–54, 296, 318 income inequality, 24, 284, 294 India: automobile production, 115, 118; democracy in, 264–65; fertility rates, 226, 227; population, 3, 147, 165–68, 167, 171, 307–8 Indicators of Social Change (Sheldon and Moore), 313 Indonesia, 172, 173, 174 Industrial Revolution, 99, 230 Indus Valley Civilization, 264 inequalities: debt and the concentration of wealth, 37–38, 45–46, 56–58; and population slowdown, 7–8; redistribution imperative, 294–95; and slowdown, 319–22, 343n1; in United States, 152–53 infant mortality, 185, 217–18, 220 information. See data/information innovations. See discoveries and innovations intelligence, measured as IQ, 269–70, 272 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 119, 123, 136 International Labour Organisation (ILO), 294 International Monetary Fund, 160 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 299 Internet of Things, 87 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 119, 123, 136 IQ (intelligence measured as), 269–70, 272 Iran, 172, 173 Iraq, 172, 173 Ireland, 162, 163, 164, 165, 232 iron smelting, 90–91, 98–99 Istanbul, 323 Italy, 113, 114, 161, 173 Jackson, Tim, 242, 243 Japan: automobile production, 113–15, 118; as leader of slowdown, 326–30; marriage, 211; population, 5, 168–71, 169; rural migration, 22–24; Shimanto, 22–23; Tokyo ROXY index, 326–29, 328 Japan Times, 170, 330 Johnson, Boris, 312 Journal of the Society of Industrial Chemistry, 269 Kase, Mayu, 23 Kawashima Tatsuhiko, 326, 327 killer bees, 9–10 King, Clive, The 22 Letters, 78–79 Korea, Republic of: automobile production, 115, 118; fertility rates, 1, 220–22, 221, and early printing, 65–66 Krishnavedala, 34, 35 Kulmun, Katri, 312 Labour Party, 281 Lake Turkana, Kenya, 264 Lancet, 226 Larkin, Philip, 208 Lent, Jeremy, 265–66 Leonardo da Vinci, 77 life expectancy, 4, 320–22, 321, 339n5 Liles, Fred, 299, 301, 365n26 Lind, Dara, 154 Lindberg, Staffan, 276–77 Lindzen, Richard, 237 Living Plant Index (LPI), 299, 300 living standards, 242–47, 245 loans.

Global Carbon Project, Global Fossil CO2 Emissions, 1960–Projected 2018, accessed 4 September 2019, https://www.icos-cp.eu/sites/default/files/inline-images/s09_FossilFuel_and_Cement_emissions_1959.png. 17. ICOS, “Global Carbon Budget 2018.” 18. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Preindustrial evels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty,” 8 October 2018, https://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf. CHAPTER 6. Temperature Epigraph: Fiona Harvey, “Sharp Rise in Arctic Temperatures Now Inevitable—UN,” Guardian, 13 March 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/13/arctic-temperature-rises-must-be-urgently-tackled-warns-un, referring in turn to United Nations Environment Programme, “Temperature Rise Is Now ‘Locked-In’ for the Coming Decades in the Arctic,” http://www.grida.no/publications/431 (accessed 12 October 2019). 1.

Tekie Tesfamichael, Bonnie Jacobs, Neil Tabor, Lauren Michel, Ellen Currano, Mulugeta Feseha, Richard Barclay, John Kappelman, and Mark Schmitz, “Settling the Issue of ‘Decoupling’ between Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Global Temperature: Reconstructions across the Warming Paleogene-Neogene Divide,” Geology 45, no. 11 (2017): 999–1002, https://doi.org/10.1130/G39048.1. 3. IPCC, “Summary for Policymakers,” in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg1-spm-1.pdf. 4. “Thermometer,” Science Museum, 2017, accessed 18 September 2019, http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/thermometer. 5.NASA explainsthat it uses “a lowess smooth, i.e. a non-parametric regression analysis that relies on a k-nearest-neighbor model.


pages: 879 words: 233,093

The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis by Jeremy Rifkin

Abraham Maslow, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, animal electricity, back-to-the-land, British Empire, carbon footprint, classic study, collaborative economy, death of newspapers, delayed gratification, distributed generation, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, feminist movement, Ford Model T, global village, Great Leap Forward, hedonic treadmill, hydrogen economy, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lewis Mumford, Mahatma Gandhi, Marshall McLuhan, means of production, megacity, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, mirror neurons, Nelson Mandela, new economy, New Urbanism, Norbert Wiener, off grid, off-the-grid, out of africa, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, Recombinant DNA, scientific management, scientific worldview, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, social intelligence, supply-chain management, surplus humans, systems thinking, the medium is the message, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, theory of mind, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, working poor, World Values Survey

June 5, 2003. 20 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Chapter 3: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 254. 21 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Chapter 4: Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 376. United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

February 2 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. p. 12 www.ipcc.ch/ 10 Stainforth, D. A., T. Alna, C. Christensen, M. Collins, N. Fauli, D. J. Frame, J. A. Kettleborough, S. Knight, A. Martin, J. M. Murphy, C. Piani, D. Sexton, L. A. Smith, R. A. Spicer, A. J. Thorpe, and M. R. Allen. “Uncertainty in Predictions of the Climate Response to Rising Levels of Greenhouse Gases.” Nature. Vol. 433. No. 27. 2005. 11 Bemstein, Lenny, et al. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf 12 Whitty, Julia. “By the End of the Century Half of All Species Will Be Gone.

October 20, 2006. 2 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policy Makers: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. p. 2. 3 Ibid. p. 3. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. p. 5. 6 “Why Build Green? ” U.S. Building Council. 2008. 7 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Livestock’s Long Shadow—Environmental Issues and Options, 2006. p. 272. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/A0701E07.pdf 8 Ibid. 9 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. February 2 2007.


pages: 451 words: 125,201

What We Owe the Future: A Million-Year View by William MacAskill

Ada Lovelace, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, artificial general intelligence, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bletchley Park, British Empire, Brownian motion, carbon footprint, carbon tax, charter city, clean tech, coronavirus, COVID-19, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, deep learning, DeepMind, Deng Xiaoping, different worldview, effective altruism, endogenous growth, European colonialism, experimental subject, feminist movement, framing effect, friendly AI, global pandemic, GPT-3, hedonic treadmill, Higgs boson, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, iterative process, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, lab leak, Lao Tzu, Large Hadron Collider, life extension, lockdown, long peace, low skilled workers, machine translation, Mars Rover, negative emissions, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, OpenAI, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, QWERTY keyboard, Robert Gordon, Rutger Bregman, Sam Altman, seminal paper, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, speech recognition, Stanislav Petrov, stem cell, Steven Pinker, strong AI, synthetic biology, total factor productivity, transatlantic slave trade, Tyler Cowen, William MacAskill, women in the workforce, working-age population, World Values Survey, Y Combinator

Natural processes will return carbon dioxide concentrations to preindustrial levels only after hundreds of thousands of years.38 These are timescales usually associated with radioactive nuclear waste.39 However, with nuclear power we carefully store and plan to bury the waste products; with fossil fuels we belch them into the air.40 In some cases, the geophysical impacts of this warming get even more extreme over time rather than “washing out.”41 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that in the medium-low-emissions scenario, which is now widely seen to be the most likely, sea level would rise by around 0.75 metres by the end of the century.42 But it would keep rising well past the year 2100. After ten thousand years, sea level would be ten to twenty metres higher than it is today.43 Hanoi, Shanghai, Kolkata, Tokyo, and New York would all be mostly below sea level.44 Climate change shows how actions today can have longterm consequences.

See also GDP income inequality, happiness inequality and, 204–205 inconsistencies in moral worldviews, 67–68 India fertility rate and economic growth, 94 quality of life survey, 199–201 the risks of global conflict, 115 individual actions, the power of, 245–246 industrial development aftermath of Roman decline, 124 carbon concentrations, 24 economic growth rates, 82 effect on wellbeing, 206–207 as efflorescence, 144 fossil fuel consumption and depletion, 138–141 history of humanity, 12–13 postcatastrophe reliance on preindustrial technology, 131–134 sugar and cotton cultivation, 64 upward trend in wellbeing, 207–208 Industrial Revolution economic doubling, 82 fossil fuel depletion, 138–139 global economic growth, 26, 144 impact of the contingency of moral norms, 70 population-technology feedback loop, 153 postcatastrophe recovery, 133 technological development in Europe, 124, 126 upward trend in wellbeing following, 207–208 inequality Easterlin paradox, 201–202 global inequalities, 215 happiness and income inequalities, 204–205 in the total view of wellbeing, 183 inequality, happiness, 204–205 infrastructure, postcatastrophe state of, 130–131, 134 inheritance: cultural evolution, 58–59 innovation automating with AGI, 81, 144 in clean energy, 25 declining rate of, 150–151, 153, 155 Islamic Golden Age, 143 stagnation, 158, 161–162 taking action for the future, 227–228 intelligence, human-level, 57–58 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 24, 39–40, 42 International Energy Agency, 134–135 intuition of neutrality, 171–173, 176–177 invertebrates, 191, 213 investing in the future, 24 Iroquois Confederacy, 11 Ishii, Shiro, 112 Islamic Golden Age, 143, 158 ITN (importance, tractability, neglectedness) framework, 256–257 Jamaican Christmas Rebellion (1831–1832), 69 Japan bioweapons programme, 111–112 the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 126–128 Jerome (saint), 123 Jews and Judaism: the persistence of values, 78 Jones, Chad, 150 Kaufman, Chaim, 64 Kennedy, John F., 37, 128 Khmer Rouge, 60 Kim Il-sung: life extension efforts, 84–85 Korea, division of, 40–41 Kremer, Michael, 152 labour force countering the slowing rate of technological progress, 155–156 economic stagnation, 150 increasing scientific research efforts, 152 women’s participation, 53, 61–62 See also slavery Large Hadron Collider, 151 Lay, Benjamin, 49–51, 72 Learn How to Increase Your Chances of Winning the Lottery (Lustig), 203 learning more, to positively influence the future, 226–227, 235–237 Legalism (China), 76–78 Levy, David, 106 Lewis, Joshua, 199 LGBTQ+ individuals moral views on the status of, 53 transmission of cultural traits, 95 life, evolution of, 117–119 life expectancy among hunter-gatherer societies, 207 changes over time, 205(fig.)

Crucially, the uncertainty around climate change is not symmetric: greater uncertainty should prompt more concern about worst-case outcomes, and this shift is not offset by a higher chance of best-case outcomes, because the worst-case outcomes are worse than the best-case outcomes are good.27 For example, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, on the medium-low-emissions scenario, the best guess is that we will end up with around 2.5 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the century.28 But this is uncertain. There is a one-in-ten chance that we get 2 degrees or less. But that should not reassure us, because there is also a one-in-ten chance that we get more than 3.5 degrees.29 Less than 2 degrees would be something of a relief compared to the best-guess estimate, but more than 3.5 degrees would be much worse.


pages: 279 words: 87,910

How Much Is Enough?: Money and the Good Life by Robert Skidelsky, Edward Skidelsky

banking crisis, basic income, Bertrand Russell: In Praise of Idleness, Bonfire of the Vanities, call centre, carbon credits, creative destruction, critique of consumerism, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, death of newspapers, Dr. Strangelove, financial innovation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Great Leap Forward, guns versus butter model, happiness index / gross national happiness, Herbert Marcuse, income inequality, income per capita, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, market clearing, market fundamentalism, Meghnad Desai, Paul Samuelson, Philippa Foot, planned obsolescence, precautionary principle, profit motive, purchasing power parity, Ralph Waldo Emerson, retail therapy, Robert Solow, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Tobin tax, union organizing, University of East Anglia, Veblen good, wage slave, wealth creators, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Climatology is a young field, in which much remains uncertain and disputed. It is also fiercely politicized, with powerful commercial and bureaucratic interests on either side of the debate. Not even the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the world’s chief assembly of climate scientists, is entirely above suspicion. “There remains a risk,” claims a 2005 House of Lords report on climate change, “that IPCC has become a ‘knowledge monopoly’ in some respects, unwilling to listen to those who do not pursue the consensus line.”7 Faced with this barrage of accusation and counter-accusation, the best we can do as non-scientists is to accept the majority view, which is that global warming is indeed mainly the result of human activity.

Tim Jackson, Prosperity without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet (London: Earthscan, 2009). 7. House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs, The Economics of Climate Change (London: MMSO, 2005), p. 58. 8. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), Working Panel 1, Technical Summary, p. 79. 9. K. R. Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (London: Routledge, 1961), pp. v–vi. 10. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report, Working Panel 2, ch. 3, p. 154. 11. Quoted in Mike Hulme, “Chaotic world of climate truth,” 2006, BBC News website, 2006, news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6115644.stm (accessed November 9, 2011). news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6115644.stm (accessed September 9, 2011). 12.

Forecasting is a hazardous business, especially in fields as complex and ill-understood as this. That does not prevent people trying though. The IPCC has been putting out estimates of the costs of global warming since 1990. These estimates are generated on powerful computers and stretch decades into the future. They radiate technocratic authority. But how much can they really tell us? The IPCC’s models are based on long-term projections not only of climate but of population, economic growth and technological change, all highly uncertain. Compound these uncertainties, and you have what the IPCC itself calls a “cascade of uncertainty.”8 This seems a weak basis on which to adopt measures that will certainly have a drastic effect on our standard of living.


pages: 426 words: 118,913

Green Philosophy: How to Think Seriously About the Planet by Roger Scruton

An Inconvenient Truth, barriers to entry, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, corporate social responsibility, demand response, Easter island, edge city, endowment effect, energy security, Exxon Valdez, failed state, food miles, garden city movement, Garrett Hardin, ghettoisation, happiness index / gross national happiness, Herbert Marcuse, hobby farmer, Howard Zinn, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Kenneth Arrow, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, market friction, Martin Wolf, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, Peter Singer: altruism, phenotype, precautionary principle, rent-seeking, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Sam Peltzman, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, tacit knowledge, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the market place, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, University of East Anglia, urban planning, urban sprawl, Vilfredo Pareto, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

Lynas’s book is genuinely scary, and readers come away from it in fear and trembling. Published in 2007 it has already had a profound impact on the debate. Just where the ‘six degree’ prophecy originated is a matter of doubt, though it is aired here and there in the first report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), an organization established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. In any case, the ‘six degree’ mantra is now regularly cited by the radical campaigning groups, and whether or not Lynas is responsible for this, he has certainly provided a vivid and alarming picture of what it might mean.

., ref1 Houghton, Sir John, ref1 Howard, Sir Ebenezer, ref1, ref2 Hudson River painters, ref1, ref2, ref3 Hudson, Kimberly, ref1 Hulme, Mick, ref1n, ref2n Hume, David, ref1 Hungary, ref1 Hunter-gatherers, ref1, ref2, ref3 Hunter, Alexander, ref1 Hunter, Sir Robert, ref1 hunting, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6f Hussein, Saddam, ref1 Husserl, Edmund, ref1, ref2 Huxley, Aldous, ref1 Iceland, ref1, ref2 immigration, ref1 incentives, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 India, ref1, ref2 Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ), ref1f individualism, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Industrial Revolution, ref1, ref2, ref3 inheritance, ref1, ref2 Inshaw, David, ref1 instrumental values, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 instrumentalization, ref1, ref2 inter-generational justice, ref1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ref1f, ref2, ref3 International Fund for Animal Welfare, ref1, ref2, ref3 international law, ref1 internationalism, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 intrinsic values, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Inuit (people), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Iragaray, Luce, ref1 Ishido, Allen, ref1 Islamic society, ref1, ref2, ref3 Italy, ref1, ref2 Jacobins, ref1 Jacobs, Jane, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Jacoby, Henry D., ref1n Jamieson, Dale, ref1n Japan, ref1 Jean Paul (Johann Paul Friedrich Richter), ref1 Jefferies, Richard, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Jefferson, Thomas, ref1, ref2, ref3 Jenkins, Dame Jennifer, ref1n Jenkins, Sir Simon, ref1n Joisten, Karen, ref1, ref2 Jonas, Hans, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 Jones, Laura, ref1n Joyce, James, ref1 justice, ref1, ref2, ref3 Kahneman, Daniel, ref1n Kant, Immanuel, ref1n, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6, ref7f Kaufmann, Robert K., ref1n Keeley, J.

Solomon, Lawrence, The Deniers: The World-Renowned Scientists Who Stood Up Against Global Warming Hysteria, Political Persecution, and Fraud – and Those Who are Too Fearful to Do So, Minneapolis, Richard Vigilante, 2008. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., eds., Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2007. Spaemann, Robert, ‘Technische Eingriffe in die Natur als Problem der politischen Ethik’, in Birnbacher, ed. Spaemann, Robert, tr. Oliver O’Donovan, Persons: The Difference between Someone and Something, Oxford University Press, 2006. Spencer, Roy W., Climate Confusion: How Global Warming Hysteria Leads to Bad Science, Pandering Politicians and Misguided Policies that Hurt the Poor, New York, Encounter, 2008.


pages: 407 words: 108,030

How to Talk to a Science Denier: Conversations With Flat Earthers, Climate Deniers, and Others Who Defy Reason by Lee McIntyre

2021 United States Capitol attack, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alfred Russel Wallace, An Inconvenient Truth, Boris Johnson, carbon credits, carbon tax, Climategate, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crisis actor, different worldview, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dunning–Kruger effect, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, experimental subject, fake news, false flag, green new deal, Higgs boson, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Michael Shellenberger, obamacare, off-the-grid, Paris climate accords, post-truth, precautionary principle, Recombinant DNA, Richard Feynman, scientific mainstream, selection bias, social distancing, sovereign wealth fund, stem cell, Steven Levy, the scientific method, University of East Anglia, Upton Sinclair, Virgin Galactic, WikiLeaks

In an earlier book, I explored the question of whether we now live in a “post-truth” era, where facts and even reality itself are up for grabs … and what the consequences of that might be.1 What I found was that the roots of today’s “reality denial” go straight back to the problem of “science denial,” which has been festering in this country since the 1950s, when the big tobacco companies hired a public relations expert to help them figure out how to fight the science that said smoking was linked to lung cancer.2 This scheme provided a blueprint for how to wage a successful campaign of misinformation against whatever topic one liked—evolution, vaccines, climate change—with the result that we now live in a society where two people can look at the same inauguration photograph and come to opposite conclusions about how many people were in attendance.3 The political mess in Washington will be with us for a while. But the fallout for science is already an emergency. A recent report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that we have reached a dangerous tipping point.4 The effects of global warming are happening much faster than expected, and many countries have already missed their targets for the Paris Climate Agreement. The polar ice cap could be gone by 2030; the coral reefs could disappear by 2040; sea levels in New York and Boston could rise by as much as five feet before the end of the century.5 A few years back, UN Secretary-General António Guterres warned that “if we do not change course by 2020, we risk missing the point where we can avoid runaway climate change.”6 Meanwhile, as of this writing, the climate-denier-in-chief in the White House continues to promote the fantasy that climate scientists have a “political agenda” and that even if climate change is happening, it is not provably “man-made” and could “very well go back.”7 Unfortunately, millions agree with him.

See also Science comprehension thesis (SCT) Insistence that science must be perfect cafeteria skepticism and, 38, 44, 50 climate change denial and, 44–45, 92 COVID-19 and, 165 Flat Earthers and, 11–12, 44 GMO resistance and, 134 science denial, 33, 43–45 theory of evolution and, 44 uncertainty of science and, 43 use of term, 33, 43–45 Intelligent design, 44, 54, 118, 121 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), xii, 81, 82, 86, 115, 117, 119 International Space Station, 195n37 Kahan, Dan, 50–52, 61, 66, 71, 122 Kaplan, Jonas, 201n50 Klein, Ezra, 52 Know-It-All Society (Lynch), 50, 57, 203n75 Koch, Charles and David, 87, 88, 90 Kochland (Leonard), 87, 88, 90 Krimsky, Sheldon, 134–136, 137–138 Kuklinski, James, 59–60, 62, 67, 70, 77, 204n3, 204n4 Landrum, Ashley, 4, 122, 194n31 Leonard, Christopher, 87, 88, 90 Lewandowsky, Stephan on conspiracy theories, 78, 133, 157 five reasoning errors of science denial, 33, 198n20 on partisanship, 49, 122, 154, 155–160 on scientific consensus, 172 Liberal science denial, 123–125, 226n22, 226n25, 226n26, 226n28 Lindsay, James, 55, 72, 80, 140, 148 Lung cancer, 36, 40, 43, 46, 90, 179, 232n75 Lynas, Mark, 129–130 Lynch, Michael Patrick, 50, 57, 203n75 Macron, Emmanuel, 82 Maldives, the, 92–102, 219n69, 219n72 Mason, Lilliana, 53, 66, 121 Matrix, The (Wachowskis, dirs.), 5, 25, 29 Mayer, Jane, 87–88, 90, 111, 118 Mbeki, Thabo, 163, 233n82 McKee, Martin, 33 Mead, Alex, 96–101 Merchants of Doubt (Oreskes and Conway), 46, 216n42 Misinformation climate change denial and, 90–91, 116 Facebook and, 168, 169, 173, 242n33 misinformation research, 59–62, 63 research on challenging science denial, 59–64 social media amplification of, 77–78 “Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship” (Kuklinski et al.), 59–60, 62, 67, 70, 77, 204n3, 204n4 Monbiot, George, 131 Monsanto, 127–128, 132, 133, 133–134, 143–144, 149, 228n34 Mooney, Chris, 90, 105, 123–124, 225n18 Morano, Marc, 217n55 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) climate change denial and, xv, 75, 83 , 86 Flat Earthers and, 3, 5–6, 18, 25 International Space Station and, 195n37 Nero (emperor), 37 Nichols, Tom, 40–41, 48–49 9/11 truthers, 4, 12, 14, 18, 24, 25, 26, 37 Ninehouser, David and Erin, 106–112 Nuccitelli, Dana, 86, 119 Nyhan, Brendan, 62–63, 64–66, 67 Oberauer, Klaus, 157-160 Oliver, Eric, 36–37 Oreskes, Naomi, 46, 85, 90, 216n42 Pacala, Stephen, 82 Panic Virus, The (Mnookin), 123, 124–125 Paris Climate Agreement, 81, 83, 85, 118, 183, 211n3 Parkland school shootings, 12, 22–23, 37 Partisanship anti-vaxxers and, 226n22, 226n25, 226n26, 226n28 backfire effect and, xii, 62–64, 67–68 challenging science denial and, 62–64 changing minds of partisans, 59–60, 62, 67, 70, 77, 204n3, 204n4 climate change denial and, 49, 118–119, 123, 157 conspiracy theories and, 49 conversion discourse and, 76, 209n50 COVID-19 denial and, 165–166, 167–169, 172–173, 174–175, 177 disinformation and, 165–168, 183–185 identity vs. ideology, 51–53, 66, 121 liberal science denial, 123–125, 223n5, 226n22, 226n25, 226n26, 226n28 moral framing and, 119 political identity and, 121–124, 204n4 psychological motivations and, 201n50 reliance on fake experts and, 40, 41–42 science denial and, 121–125 skepticism and, 122 weapons of mass destruction and, 63 welfare spending and, 59–60, 204n4 “People Don’t Vote for What They Want” (Appiah), 53 Personal engagement, xv, 62, 67, 70, 72–73, 79–80, 120, 171, 173.

Years later, it was learned that ExxonMobil knew about the reality of climate change as early as 1977.38 Indeed, in the very definition of hypocrisy, ExxonMobil was making plans to explore new oil fields in the Arctic once the polar ice cap had melted, even while it was ramping up efforts to foment climate change denial.39 It may be hard to remember, but it wasn’t always like this. When global warming first came to public attention in the late 1980s, President George H.W. Bush promised to fight the “greenhouse effect” with the “White House effect.” One result was the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which has done so much to raise public awareness about global warming.40 Even as late as 2008, there was still some semblance of bipartisanship: witness a public service announcement on television, where Republican Newt Gingrich and Democrat Nancy Pelosi sat on a couch and promised a unified approach to fight global warming.41 Of course, by then Al Gore was already back in the spotlight with his slide shows, culminating in his 2006 book and film, An Inconvenient Truth.


pages: 573 words: 115,489

Prosperity Without Growth: Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow by Tim Jackson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, basic income, biodiversity loss, bonus culture, Boris Johnson, business cycle, carbon footprint, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, circular economy, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, critique of consumerism, David Graeber, decarbonisation, degrowth, dematerialisation, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, financial deregulation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, full employment, Garrett Hardin, Glass-Steagall Act, green new deal, Growth in a Time of Debt, Hans Rosling, Hyman Minsky, impact investing, income inequality, income per capita, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, job satisfaction, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, Money creation, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, new economy, ocean acidification, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, open economy, paradox of thrift, peak oil, peer-to-peer lending, Philip Mirowski, Post-Keynesian economics, profit motive, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, retail therapy, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, science of happiness, secular stagnation, short selling, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, universal basic income, Works Progress Administration, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Inglehart, Ronald, Roberto Foa, Christopher Peterson and Christian Welzel 2008. ‘Development, freedom and rising happiness: a global perspective (1981–2007)’. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3(4): 264–285. IPCC 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contributions of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC. ITPOES 2008. The Oil Crunch: Securing the UK’s Energy Future. First Report of the Industry Taskforce on Peak Oil and Energy Security. London: ITPOES. Jackson, Andrew and Ben Dyson 2013. Modernising Money: Why Our Monetary System is Broken and How it Can be Fixed.

Its visibility was given a massive boost by the influential Stern review. A former World Bank economist, Nicholas Stern was asked to lead a review of the economics of climate change for the UK Treasury. It is telling that it took an economist commissioned by a government Treasury to alert the world to things climate scientists – most notably the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – had been saying for years. This is partly a testament to the power of economists in the policy world. But the impact of the Stern report was also due to the seductive nature of its message. The review concluded that a small early hit on GDP (perhaps as low as 1 per cent of GDP) would allow us to avoid a much bigger hit (perhaps as high as 20 per cent of GDP) later on.

INDEX Locators in italic refer to figures absolute decoupling 84–6; historical perspectives 89–96, 90, 92, 94, 95; mathematical relationship with relative decoupling 96–101, 111 abundance see opulence accounting errors, decoupling 84, 91 acquisition, instinctive 68 see also symbolic role of goods adaptation: diminishing marginal utility 51, 68; environmental 169; evolutionary 226 advertising, power of 140, 203–4 Africa 73, 75–7; life-expectancy 74; philosophy 227; pursuit of western lifestyles 70; growth 99; relative income effect 58, 75; schooling 78 The Age of Turbulence (Greenspan) 35 ageing populations 44, 81 agriculture 12, 148, 152, 220 Aids/HIV 77 algebra of inequality see inequality; mathematical models alienation: future visions 212, 218–19; geographical community 122–3; role of the state 205; selfishness vs. altruism 137; signals sent by society 131 alternatives: economic 101–2, 139–40, 157–8; hedonism 125–6 see also future visions; post-growth macroeconomics; reform altruism 133–8, 196, 207 amenities see public services/amenities Amish community, North America 128 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Smith) 123, 132 angelised growth see green growth animal welfare 220 anonymity/loneliness see alienation anthropological perspectives, consumption 70, 115 anti-consumerism 131 see also intrinsic values anxiety: fear of death 69, 104, 115, 212–15; novelty 116–17, 124, 211 Argentina 58, 78, 78, 80 Aristotle 48, 61 The Art of Happiness (Dalai Lama) 49 arts, Baumol’s cost disease 171–2 assets, stranded 167–8 see also ownership austerity policies xxxiii–xxxv, 189; and financial crisis 24, 42–3; mathematical models 181 Australia 58, 78, 128, 206 authoritarianism 199 autonomy see freedom/autonomy Ayres, Robert 143 backfire effects 111 balance: private interests/common good 208; tradition/innovation 226 Bank for International Settlements 46 bank runs 157 banking system 29–30, 39, 153–7, 208; bonuses 37–8 see also financial crisis; financial system basic entitlements: enterprise as service 142; income 67, 72–9, 74, 75, 76, 78; limits to growth 63–4 see also education; food; health Basu, Sanjay 43 Baumol, William 112, 147, 222, 223; cost disease 170, 171, 172, 173 BBC survey, geographical community 122–3 Becker, Ernest 69 Belk, Russ 70, 114 belonging 212, 219 see also alienation; community; intrinsic values Bentham, Jeremy 55 bereavement, material possessions 114, 214–15 Berger, Peter 70, 214 Berry, Wendell 8 Better Growth, Better Climate (New Climate Economy report) 18 big business/corporations 106–7 biodiversity loss 17, 47, 62, 101 biological perspectives see evolutionary theory; human nature/psyche biophysical boundaries see limits (ecological) Black Monday 46 The Body Economic (Stuckler and Basu) 43 bond markets 30, 157 bonuses, banking 37–8 Bookchin, Murray 122 boom-and-bust cycles 157, 181 Booth, Douglas 117 borrowing behaviour 34, 118–21, 119 see also credit; debt Boulding, Elise 118 Boulding, Kenneth 1, 5, 7 boundaries, biophysical see limits (ecological) bounded capabilities for flourishing 61–5 see also limits (flourishing within) Bowen, William 147 Bowling Alone (Putnam) 122 Brazil 58, 88 breakdown of community see alienation; social stability bubbles, economic 29, 33, 36 Buddhist monasteries, Thailand 128 buen vivir concept, Ecuador xxxi, 6 built-in obsolescence 113, 204, 220 Bush, George 121 business-as-usual model 22, 211; carbon dioxide emissions 101; crisis of commitment 195; financial crisis 32–8; growth 79–83, 99; human nature 131, 136–7; need for reform 55, 57, 59, 101–2, 162, 207–8, 227; throwaway society 113; wellbeing 124 see also financial systems Canada 75, 206, 207 capabilities for flourishing 61–5; circular flow of the economy 113; future visions 218, 219; and income 77; progress measures 50–5, 54; role of material abundance 67–72; and prosperity 49; relative income effect 55–61, 58, 71, 72; role of shame 123–4; role of the state 200 see also limits (flourishing within); wellbeing capital 105, 107–10 see also investment Capital in the 21st Century (Piketty) 33, 176, 177 Capital Institute, USA 155 capitalism 68–9, 80; structures 107–13, 175; types 105–7, 222, 223 car industry, financial crisis 40 carbon dioxide emissions see greenhouse gas emissions caring professions, valuing 130, 147, 207 see also social care Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (Williams) 213 causal path analysis, subjective wellbeing 59 Central Bank 154 central human capabilities 64 see also capabilities for flourishing The Challenge of Affluence (Offer) 194 change see alternatives; future visions; novelty/innovation; post-growth macroeconomics; reform Chicago school of economics 36, 156 children: advertising to 204; labour 62, 154; mortality 74–5, 75, 206 Chile xxxiii, xxxvii, 58, 74, 74, 75, 76 China: decoupling 88; GDP per capita 75; greenhouse gas emissions 91; growth 99; life expectancy 74; philosophy 7; post-financial crisis 45–6; pursuit of western lifestyles 70; relative income effect 58; resource use 94; savings 27; schooling 76 choice, moving beyond consumerism 216–18 see also freedom/autonomy Christian doctrine see religious perspectives chromium, commodity price 13 Cinderella economy 219–21, 224 circular economy 144, 220 circular flow of the economy 107, 113 see also engine of growth citizen’s income 207 see also universal basic income civil unrest see social stability Clean City Law, São Paulo 204 climate change xxxv, 22, 47; critical boundaries 17–20; decoupling 85, 86, 87, 98; fatalism 186; investment needs 152; role of the state 192, 198, 201–2 see also greenhouse gas emissions Climate Change Act (2008), UK 198 clothing see basic entitlements Club of Rome, Limits to Growth report xxxii, xxxiii, 8, 11–16, Cobb, John 54 collectivism 191 commercial bond markets 30, 157 commitment devices/crisis of 192–5, 197 commodity prices: decoupling 88; financial crisis 26; fluctuation/volatility 14, 21; resource constraints 13–14 common good: future visions 218, 219; vs. freedom and autonomy 193–4; vs. private interests 208; role of the state 209 common pool resources 190–2, 198, 199 see also public services/amenities communism 187, 191 community: future visions of 219–20; geographical 122–3; investment 155–6, 204 see also alienation; intrinsic values comparison, social 115, 116, 117 see also relative income effect competition 27, 112; positional 55–61, 58, 71, 72 see also struggle for existence complexity, economic systems 14, 32, 108, 153, 203 compulsive shopping 116 see also consumerism Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (CoP21) 19 conflicted state 197, 201, 209 connectedness, global 91, 227 conspicuous consumption 115 see also language of goods consumer goods see language of goods; material goods consumer sovereignty 196, 198 consumerism 4, 21, 22, 103–4, 113–16; capitalism 105–13, 196; choice 196; engine of growth 104, 108, 120, 161; existential fear of death 69, 212–15; financial crisis 24, 28, 39, 103; moving beyond 216–18; novelty and anxiety 116–17; post-growth economy 166–7; role of the state 192–3, 196, 199, 202–5; status 211; tragedy of 140 see also demand; materialism contemplative dimensions, simplicity 127 contraction and convergence model 206–7 coordinated market economies 27, 106 Copenhagen Accord (2009) 19 copper, commodity prices 13 corporations/big business 106–7 corruption 9, 131, 186, 187, 189 The Cost Disease: Why Computers get Cheaper and Health Care Doesn’t (Baumol) 171, 172 Costa Rica 74, 74, 76 countercyclical spending 181–2, 182, 188 crafts/craft economies 147, 149, 170, 171 creative destruction 104, 112, 113, 116–17 creativity 8, 79; and consumerism 113, 116; future visions 142, 144, 147, 158, 171, 200, 220 see also novelty/innovation credit, private: deflationary forces 44; deregulation 36; financial crisis 26, 27, 27–31, 34, 36, 41; financial system weaknesses 32–3, 37; growth imperative hypothesis 178–80; mortgage loans 28–9; reforms in financial system 157; spending vs. saving behaviour of ordinary people 118–19; and stimulation of growth 36 see also debt (public) credit unions 155–6 crises: of commitment 192–5; financial see financial crisis critical boundaries, biophysical see limits (ecological) Csikszentmihalyi, Mihalyi 127 Cuba: child mortality 75; life expectancy 74, 77, 78, 78; response to economic hardship 79–80; revolution 56; schooling 76 Cushman, Philip 116 Dalai Lama 49, 52 Daly, Herman xxxii, 54, 55, 160, 163, 165 Darwin, Charles 132–3 Das Kapital (Marx) 225 Davidson, Richard 49 Davos World Economic Forum 46 Dawkins, Richard 134–5 de Mandeville, Bernard 131–2, 157 death, denial of 69, 104, 115, 212–15 debt, public-sector 81; deflationary forces 44; economic stability 81; financial crisis 24, 26–32, 27, 37, 41, 42, 81; financial systems 28–32, 153–7; money creation 178–9; post-growth economy 178–9, 223 Debt: The First Five Thousand Years (Graeber) 28 decoupling xix, xx, xxxvii, 21, 84–7; dilemma of growth 211; efficiency measures 84, 86, 87, 88, 95, 104; green growth 163, 163–5; historical perspectives 87–96, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95; need for new economic model 101–2; relationship between relative and absolute 96–101 deep emission and resource cuts 99, 102 deficit spending 41, 43 deflationary forces, post-financial crisis 43–7, 45 degrowth movement 161–3, 177 demand 104, 113–16, 166–7; post-financial crisis 44–5; post-growth economy 162, 164, 166–9, 171–2, 174–5 dematerialisation 102, 143 democratisation, and wellbeing 59 deposit guarantees 35 deregulation 27, 34, 36, 196 desire, role in consumer behaviour 68, 69, 70, 114 destructive materialism 104, 112, 113, 116–17 Deutsche Bank 41 devaluation of currency 30, 45 Dichter, Ernest 114 digital economy 44, 219–20 dilemma of growth xxxi, 66–7, 104, 210; basic entitlements 72–9, 74, 75, 76, 78; decoupling 85, 87, 164; degrowth movement 160–3; economic stability 79–83, 174–6; material abundance 67–72; moving beyond 165, 166, 183–4; role of the state 198 diminishing marginal utility: alternative hedonism 125, 126; wellbeing 51–2, 57, 60, 73, 75–6, 79 disposable incomes 27, 67, 118 distributed ownership 223 Dittmar, Helga 126 domestic debt see credit dopamine 68 Dordogne, mindfulness community 128 double movement of society 198 Douglas, Mary 70 Douthwaite, Richard 178 downshifting 128 driving analogy, managing change 16–17 durability, consumer goods 113, 204, 220 dynamic systems, managing change 16–17 Eastern Europe 76, 122 Easterlin, Richard 56, 57, 59; paradox 56, 58 eco-villages, Findhorn community 128 ecological investment 101, 166–70, 220 see also investment ecological limits see limits (ecological) ecological (ecosystem) services 152, 169, 223 The Ecology of Money (Douthwaite) 178 economic growth see growth economic models see alternatives; business-as-usual model; financial systems; future visions; mathematical models; post-growth macroeconomics economic output see efficiency; productivity ‘Economic possibilities for our grandchildren’ (Keynes) 145 economic stability 22, 154, 157, 161; financial system weaknesses 34, 35, 36, 180; growth 21, 24, 67, 79–83, 174–6, 210; post-growth economy 161–3, 165, 174–6, 208, 219; role of the state 181–3, 195, 198, 199 economic structures: post-growth economy 227; financial system reforms 224; role of the state 205; selfishness 137 see also business-as-usual model; financial systems ecosystem functioning 62–3 see also limits (ecological) ecosystem services 152, 169, 223 Ecuador xxxi, 6 education: Baumol’s cost disease 171, 172; and income 67, 76, 76; investment in 150–1; role of the state 193 see also basic entitlements efficiency measures 84, 86–8, 95, 104, 109–11, 142–3; energy 41, 109–11; growth 111, 211; investment 109, 151; of scale 104 see also labour productivity; relative decoupling Ehrlich, Paul 13, 96 elasticity of substitution, labour and capital 177–8 electricity grid 41, 151, 156 see also energy Elgin, Duane 127 Ellen MacArthur Foundation 144 emissions see greenhouse gas emissions employee ownership 223 employment intensity vs. carbon dioxide emissions 148 see also labour productivity empty self 116, 117 see also consumerism ends above means 159 energy return on investment (EROI) 12, 169 energy services/systems 142: efficiency 41, 109–11; inputs/intensity 87–8, 151; investment 41, 109–10, 151–2; renewable xxxv, 41, 168–9 engine of growth 145; consumerism 104, 108, 161; services 143, 170–4 see also circular flow of the economy enough is enough see limits enterprise as service 140, 141–4, 158 see also novelty/innovation entitlements see basic entitlements entrepreneur as visionary 112 entrepreneurial state 220 Environmental Assessment Agency, Netherlands 62 environmental quality 12 see also pollution environmentalism 9 EROI (energy return on investment) 12, 169 Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus) 9–11, 132–3 evolutionary map, human heart 136, 136 evolutionary theory 132–3; common good 193; post-growth economy 226; psychology 133–5; selfishness and altruism 196 exchange values 55, 61 see also gross domestic product existential fear of death 69, 104, 115, 212–15 exponential expansion 1, 11, 20–1, 210 see also growth external debt 32, 42 extinctions/biodiversity loss 17, 47, 62, 101 Eyres, Harry 215 Fable of the Bees (de Mandeville) 131–2 factor inputs 109–10 see also capital; labour; resource use fast food 128 fatalism 186 FCCC (Framework Convention on Climate Change) 92 fear of death, existential 69, 104, 115, 212–15 feedback loops 16–17 financial crisis (2008) 6, 23–5, 32, 77, 103; causes and culpability 25–8; financial system weaknesses 32–7, 108; Keynesianism 37–43, 188; nationalisation of financial sector 188; need for financial reforms 175; role of debt 24, 26–32, 27, 81, 179; role of state 191; slowing of growth 43–7, 45; spending vs. saving behaviour of ordinary people 118–21, 119; types/definitions of capitalism 106; youth unemployment 144–5 financial systems: common pool resources 192; debt-based/role of debt 28–32, 153–7; post-growth economy 179, 208; systemic weaknesses 32–7; and wellbeing 47 see also banking system; business-as-usual model; financial crisis; reform Findhorn community 128 finite limits of planet see limits (ecological) Fisher, Irving 156, 157 fishing rights 22 flourishing see capabilities for flourishing; limits; wellbeing flow states 127 Flynt, Larry 40 food 67 see also basic entitlements Ford, Henry 154 forestry/forests 22, 192 Forrester, Jay 11 fossil fuels 11, 20 see also oil Foucault, Michel 197 fracking 14, 15 Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) 92 France: GDP per capita 58, 75, 76; inequality 206; life-expectancy 74; mindfulness community 128; working hours 145 free market 106: financial crisis 35, 36, 37, 38, 39; ideological controversy/conflict 186–7, 188 freedom/autonomy: vs. common good 193–4; consumer 22, 68–9; language of goods 212; personal choices for improvement 216–18; wellbeing 49, 59, 62 see also individualism Friedman, Benjamin 176 Friedman, Milton 36, 156, 157 frugality 118–20, 127–9, 215–16 fun (more fun with less stuff) 129, 217 future visions 2, 158, 217–21; community banking 155–6; dilemma of growth 211; enterprise as service 140, 141–4, 147–8, 158; entrepreneur as visionary 112; financial crisis as opportunity 25; and growth 165–6; investment 22, 101–2, 140, 149–53, 158, 169, 208; money as social good 140, 153–7, 158; processes of change 185; role of the state 198, 199, 203; timescales for change 16–17; work as participation 140, 144–9, 148, 158 see also alternatives; post-growth macroeconomics; reform Gandhi, Mahatma 127 GDP see gross domestic product gene, selfish 134–5 Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) 54, 54 geographical community 122–3 Germany xxxi; Federal Ministry of Finance 224–5; inequality 206; relative income effect 58; trade balance 31; work as participation 146 Glass Steagal Act 35 Global Commodity Price Index (1992–2015) 13 global corporations 106–7 global economy 98: culture 70; decoupling 86–8, 91, 93–5, 95, 97, 98, 100; exponential expansion 20–1; inequality 4, 5–6; interconnectedness 91, 227; post-financial crisis slowing of growth 45 Global Research report (HSBC) 41 global warming see climate change Godley, Wynne 179 Goldman Sachs 37 good life 3, 6; moral dimension 63, 104; wellbeing 48, 50 goods see language of goods; material goods; symbolic role of goods Gordon, Robert 44 governance 22, 185–6; commons 190–2; crisis of commitment 192–5, 197; economic stability 34, 35; establishing limits 200–8, 206; growth 195–9; ideological controversy/conflict 186–9; moving towards change 197–200, 220–1; post-growth economy 181–3, 182; power of corporations 106; for prosperity 209; signals 130 government as household metaphor 30, 42 governmentality 197, 198 GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) 54, 54 Graeber, David 28 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 35 Great Depression 39–40 Greece: austerity xxxiii–xxxiv, xxxvii, 43; energy inputs 88; financial crisis 28, 30, 31, 77; life expectancy 74; schooling 76; relative income effect 58; youth unemployment 144 Green Economy initiative 41 green: growth xxxvii, 18, 85, 153, 166, 170; investment 41 Green New Deal, UNEP 40–1, 152, 188 greenhouse gas emissions 18, 85, 86, 91, 92; absolute decoupling 89–92, 90, 92, 98–101, 100; dilemma of growth 210–11; vs. employment intensity 148; future visions 142, 151, 201–2, 220; Kyoto Protocol 18, 90; reduction targets 19–20; relative decoupling 87, 88, 89, 93, 98–101, 100 see also climate change Greenspan, Alan 35 gross domestic product (GDP) per capita 3–5, 15, 54; climate change 18; decoupling 85, 93, 94; financial crisis 27, 28, 32; green growth 163–5; life expectancy 74, 75, 78; as measure of prosperity 3–4, 5, 53–5, 54, 60–1; post-financial crisis 43, 44; post-growth economy 207; schooling 76; wellbeing 55–61, 58 see also income growth xxxvii; capitalism 105; credit 36, 178–80; decoupling 85, 96–101; economic stability 21, 24, 67, 80, 210; financial crisis 37, 38; future visions 209, 223, 224; inequality 177; labour productivity 111; moving beyond 165, 166; novelty 112; ownership 105; post-financial crisis slowing 43–7, 45; prosperity as 3–7, 23, 66; role of the state 195–9; sustainable investment 166–70; wellbeing 59–60; as zero sum game 57 see also dilemma of growth; engine of growth; green growth; limits to growth; post-growth macroeconomy growth imperative hypothesis 37, 174, 175, 177–80, 183 habit formation, acquisition as 68 Hall, Peter 106, 188 Hamilton, William 134 Hansen, James 17 happiness see wellbeing/happiness Happiness (Layard) 55 Hardin, Garrett 190–1 Harvey, David 189, 192 Hayek, Friedrich 187, 189, 191 health: Baumol’s cost disease 171, 172; inequality 72–3, 205–6, 206; investment 150–1; and material abundance 67, 68; personal choices for improvement 217; response to economic hardship 80; role of the state 193 see also basic entitlements Heath, Edward 66, 82 hedonism 120, 137, 196; alternatives 125–6 Hirsch, Fred xxxii–xxxiii historical perspectives: absolute decoupling 86, 89–96, 90, 92, 94, 95; relative decoupling 86, 87–9, 89 Holdren, John 96 holistic solutions, post-growth economy 175 household finances: house purchases 28–9; spending vs. saving behaviour 118–20, 119 see also credit household metaphor, government as 30, 42 HSBC Global Research report 41 human capabilities see capabilities for flourishing human happiness see wellbeing/happiness human nature/psyche 3, 132–5, 138; acquisition 68; alternative hedonism 125; evolutionary map of human heart 136, 136; intrinsic values 131; meaning/purpose 49–50; novelty/innovation 116; selfishness vs. altruism 133–8; short-termism/living for today 194; spending vs. saving behaviour 34, 118–21, 119; symbolic role of goods 69 see also intrinsic values human rights see basic entitlements humanitarian perspectives: financial crisis 24; growth 79; inequality 5, 52, 53 see also intrinsic values hyperbolic discounting 194 hyperindividualism 226 see also individualism hyper-materialisation 140, 157 I Ching (Chinese Book of Changes) 7 Iceland: financial crisis 28; life expectancy 74, 75; relative income effect 56; response to economic hardship 79–80; schooling 76; sovereign money system 157 identity construction 52, 69, 115, 116, 212, 219 IEA (International Energy Agency) 14, 152 IMF (International Monetary Fund) 45, 156–7 immaterial goods 139–40 see also intrinsic values; meaning/purpose immortality, symbolic role of goods 69, 104, 115, 212–14 inclusive growth see inequality; smart growth income 3, 4, 5, 66, 124; basic entitlements 72–9, 74, 75, 76, 78; child mortality 74–5, 75; decoupling 96; economic stability 82; education 76; life expectancy 72, 73, 74, 77–9, 78; poor nations 67; relative income effect 55–61, 58, 71, 72; tax revenues 81 see also gross domestic product INDCs (intended nationally determined commitments) 19 India: decoupling 99; growth 99; life expectancy 74, 75; philosophy 127; pursuit of western lifestyles 70; savings 27; schooling 76 indicators of environmental quality 96 see also biodiversity; greenhouse gas emissions; pollution; resource use individualism 136, 226; progressive state 194–7, 199, 200, 203, 207 see also freedom/autonomy industrial development 12 see also technological advances inequality 22, 67; basic entitlements 72; child mortality 75, 75; credible alternatives 219, 224; deflationary forces 44; fatalism 186; financial crisis 24; global 4, 5–6, 99, 100; financial system weaknesses 32–3; post-growth economy 174, 176–8; role of the state 198, 205–7, 206; selfishness vs. altruism 137; symbolic role of goods 71; wellbeing 47, 104 see also poverty infant mortality rates 72, 75 inflation 26, 30, 110, 157, 167 infrastructure, civic 150–1 Inglehart, Ronald 58, 59 innovation see novelty/innovation; technological advances inputs 80–1 see also capital; labour productivity; resource use Inside Job documentary film 26 instant gratification 50, 61 instinctive acquisition 68 Institute for Fiscal Studies 81 Institute for Local Self-Reliance 204 institutional structures 130 see also economic structures; governance intended nationally determined commitments (INDCs) 19 intensity factor, technological 96, 97 see also technological advances intentional communities 127–9 interconnectedness, global 91, 227 interest payments/rates 39, 43, 110; financial crisis 29, 30, 33, 39; post-growth economy 178–80 see also credit; debt Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 18, 19, 201–2 International Energy Agency (IEA) 14, 152 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 45, 156–7 intrinsic values 126–31, 135–6, 212; role of the state 199, 200 see also belonging; community; meaning/purpose; simplicity/frugality investment 107–10, 108; ecological/sustainable 101, 152, 153, 166–70, 220; and innovation 112; loans 29; future visions 22, 101–2, 140, 149–53, 158, 169, 208, 220; and savings 108; social 155, 156, 189, 193, 208, 220–3 invisible hand metaphor 132, 133, 187 IPAT equation, relative and absolute decoupling 96 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 18, 19, 201–2 Ireland 28; inequality 206; life expectancy 74, 75; schooling 76; wellbeing 58 iron cage of consumerism see consumerism iron ore 94 James, Oliver 205 James, William 68 Japan: equality 206; financial crisis 27, 45; life expectancy 74, 76, 79; relative income effect 56, 58; resource use 93; response to economic hardship 79–80 Jefferson, Thomas 185 Jobs, Steve 210 Johnson, Boris 120–1 Kahneman, Daniel 60 Kasser, Tim 126 keeping up with the Joneses 115, 116, 117 see also relative income effect Kennedy, Robert 48, 53 Keynes, John Maynard/Keynesianism 23, 34, 120, 174, 181–3, 187–8; financial crisis 37–43; financial system reforms 157; part-time working 145; steady state economy 159, 162 King, Alexander 11 Krugman, Paul 39, 85, 86, 102 Kyoto Protocol (1992) 18, 90 labour: child 62, 154; costs 110; division of 158; elasticity of substitution 177, 178; intensity 109, 148, 208; mobility 123; production inputs 80, 109; structures of capitalism 107 labour productivity 80–1, 109–11; Baumol’s cost disease 170–2; and economic growth 111; future visions 220, 224; investment as commitment 150; need for investment 109; post-growth economy 175, 208; services as engine of growth 170; sustainable investment 166, 170; trade off with resource use 110; work-sharing 145, 146, 147, 148, 148, 149 Lahr, Christin 224–5 laissez-faire capitalism 187, 195, 196 see also free market Lakoff, George 30 language of goods 212; material footprint of 139–40; signalling of social status 71; and wellbeing 124 see also consumerism; material goods; symbolic role of goods Layard, Richard 55 leadership, political 199 see also governance Lebow, Victor 120 Lehman Brothers, bankruptcy 23, 25, 26, 118 leisure economy 204 liberal market economies 106, 107; financial crisis 27, 35–6 life expectancy: and income 72, 73, 74, 77–9, 78; inequality 206; response to economic hardship 80 see also basic entitlements life-satisfaction 73; inequality 205; relative income effect 55–61, 58 see also wellbeing/happiness limits, ecological 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 20–2; climate change 17–20; decoupling 86; financial crisis 23–4; growth 21, 165, 210; post-growth economy 201–2, 226–7; role of the state 198, 200–2, 206–7; and social boundaries 141; wellbeing 62–63, 185 limits, flourishing within 61–5, 185; alternative hedonism 125–6; intrinsic values 127–31; moving towards 215, 218, 219, 221; paradox of materialism 121–23; prosperity 67–72, 113, 212; role of the state 201–2, 205; selfishness 131–8; shame 123–4; spending vs. saving behaviour 118–21, 119 see also sustainable prosperity limits to growth: confronting 7–8; exceeding 20–2; wellbeing 62–3 Limits to Growth report (Club of Rome) xxxii, xxxiii, 8, 11–16 ‘The Living Standard’ essay (Sen) 50, 123–4 living standards 82 see also prosperity Lloyd, William Forster 190 loans 154; community investment 155–6; financial system weaknesses 34 see also credit; debt London School of Economics 25 loneliness 123, 137 see also alienation long-term: investments 222; social good 219 long-term wellbeing vs. short-term pleasures 194, 197 longevity see life expectancy love 212 see also intrinsic values low-carbon transition 19, 220 LowGrow model for the Canadian economy 175 MacArthur Foundation 144 McCracken, Grant 115 Malthus, Thomas Robert 9–11, 132–3, 190 market economies: coordinated 27, 106; liberal 27, 35–6, 106, 107 market liberalism 106, 107; financial crisis 27, 35–6; wellbeing 47 marketing 140, 203–4 Marmot review, health inequality in the UK 72 Marx, Karl/Marxism 9, 189, 192, 225 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 11, 12, 15 material abundance see opulence material goods 68–9; identity 52; language of 139–40; and wellbeing 47, 48, 49, 51, 65, 126 see also symbolic role of goods material inputs see resource use materialism: and fear of death 69, 104, 115, 212–15; and intrinsic values 127–31; paradox of 121–3; price of 126; and religion 115; values 126, 135–6 see also consumerism mathematical models/simulations 132; austerity policies 181; countercyclical spending 181–2, 182; decoupling 84, 91, 96–101; inequality 176–8; post-growth economy 164; stock-flow consistent 179–80 Mawdsley, Emma 70 Mazzucato, Mariana 193, 220 MDG (Millennium Development Goals) 74–5 Meadows, Dennis and Donella 11, 12, 15, 16 meaning/purpose 2, 8, 22; beyond material goods 212–16; consumerism 69, 203, 215; intrinsic values 127–31; moving towards 218–20; wellbeing 49, 52, 60, 121–2; work 144, 146 see also intrinsic values means and ends 159 mental health: inequality 206; meaning/purpose 213 metaphors: government as household 30, 42; invisible hand 132, 133, 187 Middle East, energy inputs 88 Miliband, Ed 199 Mill, John Stuart 125, 159, 160, 174 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 74–5 mindfulness 128 Minsky, Hyman 34, 35, 40, 182, 208 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 11, 12, 15 mixed economies 106 mobility of labour, loneliness index 123 Monbiot, George 84, 85, 86, 91 money: creation 154, 157, 178–9; and prosperity 5; as social good 140, 153–7, 158 see also financial systems monopoly power, corporations 106–7 The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth (Friedman) 82, 176 moral dimensions, good life 63 see also intrinsic values moral hazards, separation of risk from reward 35 ‘more fun with less stuff’ 129, 217 mortality fears 69, 104, 115, 212–15 mortality rates, and income 74, 74–6, 75 mortgage loans 28–9, 35 multinational corporations 106–7 national debt see debt, public-sector nationalisation 191; financial crisis 38, 188 natural selection 132–3 see also struggle for existence nature, rights of 6–7 negative emissions 98–9 negative feedback loops 16–17 Netherlands 58, 62, 206, 207 neuroscientific perspectives: flourishing 68, 69; human behaviour 134 New Climate Economy report Better Growth, Better Climate 18 New Deal, USA 39 New Economics Foundation 175 nickel, commodity prices 13 9/11 terrorist attacks (2001) 121 Nordhaus, William 171, 172–3 North America 128, 155 see also Canada; United States Norway: advertising 204; inequality 206; investment as commitment 151–2; life expectancy 74; relative income effect 58; schooling 76 novelty/innovation 104, 108, 113; and anxiety 116–17, 124, 211; crisis of commitment 195; dilemma of growth 211; human psyche 135–6, 136, 137; investment 150, 166, 168; post-growth economy 226; role of the state 196, 197, 199; as service 140, 141–4, 158; symbolic role of goods 114–16, 213 see also technological advances Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Thaler and Sunstein) 194–5 Nussbaum, Martha 64 nutrient loading, critical boundaries 17 nutrition 67 see also basic entitlements obesity 72, 78, 206 obsolescence, built in 113, 204, 220 oceans: acidification 17; common pool resources 192 Offer, Avner 57, 61, 71, 194, 195 oil prices 14, 21; decoupling 88; financial crisis 26; resource constraints 15 oligarchic capitalism 106, 107 opulence 50–1, 52, 67–72 original sin 9, 131 Ostrom, Elinor and Vincent 190, 191 output see efficiency; gross domestic product; productivity ownership: and expansion 105; private vs. public 9, 105, 191, 219, 223; new models 223–4; types/definitions of capitalism 105–7 Oxfam 141 paradoxes: materialism 121–3; thrift 120 Paris Agreement 19, 101, 201 participation in society 61, 114, 122, 129, 137; future visions 200, 205, 218, 219, 225; work as 140–9, 148, 157, 158 see also social inclusion part-time working 145, 146, 149, 175 Peccei, Aurelio 11 Perez, Carlota 112 performing arts, Baumol’s cost disease 171–2 personal choice 216–18 see also freedom/autonomy personal property 189, 191 Pickett, Kate 71, 205–6 Piketty, Thomas 33, 176, 177 planetary boundaries see limits (ecological) planning for change 17 pleasure 60–1 see also wellbeing/happiness Plum Village mindfulness community 128 Polanyi, Karl 198 policy see governance political leadership 199 see also governance Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts 41 pollution 12, 21, 53, 95–6, 143 polycentric governance 191, 192 Poor Laws 10 poor nations see poverty population increase 3, 12, 63, 96, 97, 190; Malthus on 9–11, 132–3 porn industry 40 Portugal 28, 58, 88, 206 positional competition 55–61, 58, 71, 72 see also social comparison positive feedback loops 16–17 post-growth capitalism 224 post-growth macroeconomics 159–60, 183–4, 221; credit 178–80; degrowth movement 161–3; economic stability 174–6; green growth 163–5; inequality 176–8; role of state 181–3, 182, 200–8, 206; services 170–4; sustainable investment 166–70 see also alternatives; future visions; reform poverty 4, 5–6, 216; basic entitlements 72; flourishing within limits 212; life expectancy 74, 74; need for new economic model 101; symbolic role of goods 70; wellbeing 48, 59–60, 61, 67 see also inequality; relative income effect power politics 200 predator–prey analogy 103–4, 117 private credit see credit private vs. public: common good 208; ownership 9, 105, 191, 219, 223; salaries 130 privatisation 191, 219 product lifetimes, obsolescence 113, 204, 220 production: inputs 80–1; ownership 191, 219, 223 productivity: investment 109, 167, 168, 169; post-growth economy 224; services as engine of growth 171, 172, 173; targets 147; trap 175 see also efficiency measures; labour productivity; resource productivity profits: definitions of capitalism 105; dilemma of growth 211; efficiency measures 87; investment 109; motive 104; post-growth economy 224; and wages 175–8 progress 2, 50–5, 54 see also novelty/innovation; technological advances progressive sector, Baumol’s cost disease 171 progressive state 185, 220–2; contested 186–9; countering consumerism 202–5; equality measures 205–7, 206; governance of the commons 190–2; governance as commitment device 192–5; governmentality of growth 195–7; limit-setting 201–2; moving towards 197–200; post-growth macroeconomics 207–8, 224; prosperity 209 prosocial behaviour 198 see also social contract prosperity 1–3, 22, 121; capabilities for flourishing 61–5; and growth 3–7, 23, 66, 80, 160; and income 3–4, 5, 66–7; limits of 67–72, 113, 212; materialistic vision 137; progress measures 50–5, 54; relative income effect 55–61, 58, 71, 72; social perspectives 2, 22, 48–9; state roles 209 see also capabilities for flourishing; post-growth macroeconomics; sustainable prosperity; wellbeing prudence, financial 120, 195, 221; financial crisis 33, 34, 35 public sector spending: austerity policies 189; countercyclical spending strategy 181–2, 182; welfare economy 169 public services/amenities: common pool resources 190–2, 198, 199; future visions 204, 218–20; investment 155–6, 204; ownership 223 see also private vs. public; service-based economies public transport 41, 129, 193, 217 purpose see meaning/purpose Putnam, Robert 122 psyche, human see human nature/psyche quality, environmental 12 see also pollution quality of life: enterprise as service 142; inequality 206; sustainable 128 quality to throughput ratios 113 quantitative easing 43 Queen Elizabeth II 25, 32, 34, 37 quiet revolution 127–31 Raworth, Kate 141 Reagan, Ronald 8 rebound phenomenon 111 recession 23–4, 28, 81, 161–3 see also financial crisis recreation/leisure industries 143 recycling 129 redistribution of wealth 52 see also inequality reforms 182–3, 222; economic structures 224; and financial crisis 103; financial systems 156–8, 180 see also alternatives; future visions; post-growth economy relative decoupling 84–5, 86; historical perspectives 87–9, 89; relationship with absolute decoupling 96–101, 111 relative income effect 55–61, 58, 71, 72 see also social comparison religious perspectives 9–10, 214–15; materialism as alternative to religion 115; original sin 9, 131; wellbeing 48, 49 see also existential fear of death renewable energy xxxv, 41, 168–169 repair/renovation 172, 220 resource constraints 3, 7, 8, 11–15, 47 resource productivity 110, 151, 168, 169, 220 resource use: conflicts 22; credible alternatives 101, 220; decoupling 84–9, 92–5, 94, 95; and economic output 142–4; investment 151, 153, 168, 169; trade off with labour costs 110 retail therapy 115 see also consumerism; shopping revenues, state 222–3 see also taxation revolution 186 see also social stability rights: environment/nature 6–7; human see basic entitlements risk, financial 24, 25, 33, 35 The Road to Serfdom (Hayek) 187 Robinson, Edward 132 Robinson, Joan 159 Rockström, Johan 17, 165 romantic movement 9–10 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 35, 39 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 9, 131 Russia 74, 76, 77–80, 78, 122 sacred canopy 214, 215 salaries: private vs. public sector 130, 171; and profits 175–8 Sandel, Michael 150, 164, 218 São Paulo, Clean City Law 204 Sardar, Zia 49, 50 Sarkozy, Nicolas xxxi, 53 savage state, romantic movement 9–10 savings 26–7, 28, 107–9, 108; investment 149; ratios 34, 118–20, 119 scale, efficiencies of 104 Scandinavia 27, 122, 204 scarcity, managing change 16–17 Schumpeter, Joseph 112 Schwartz, Shalom 135–6, 136 schooling see education The Science of Desire (Dichter) 114 secular stagnation 43–7, 45, 173 securitisation, mortgage loans 35 security: moving towards 219; and wellbeing 48, 61 self-development 204 self-expression see identity construction self-transcending behaviours see transcendence The Selfish Gene (Dawkins) 134–5 selfishness 133–8, 196 Sen, Amartya 50, 52, 61–2, 123–4 service concept/servicization 140–4, 147–8, 148, 158 service-based economies 219; engine of growth 170–4; substitution between labour and capital 178; sustainable investment 169–70 see also public services SFC (stock-flow consistent) economic models 179–80 shame 123–4 shared endeavours, post-growth economy 227 Sheldon, Solomon 214 shelter see basic entitlements shopping 115, 116, 130 see also consumerism short-termism/living for today 194, 197, 200 signals: sent out by society 130, 193, 198, 203, 207; social status 71 see also language of goods Simon, Julian 13 simplicity/simple life 118–20, 127–9, 215–16 simulations see mathematical models/simulations slow: capital 170; movement 128 smart growth 85, 163–5 see also green growth Smith, Adam 51, 106–7, 123, 132, 187 social assets 220 social boundaries (minimum standards) 141 see also basic entitlements social care 150–1 see also caring professions social comparison 115, 116, 117 see also relative income effect social contract 194, 198, 199, 200 social inclusion 48, 69–71, 114, 212 see also participation in society social investment 155, 156, 189, 193, 208, 220–3 social justice 198 see also inequality social logic of consumerism 114–16, 204 social stability 24, 26, 80, 145, 186, 196, 205 see also alienation social status see status social structures 80, 129, 130, 137, 196, 200, 203 social tolerance, and wellbeing 59, 60 social unrest see social stability social wage 40 social welfare: financial reforms 182–3; public sector spending 169 socialism 223 Sociobiology (Wilson) 134 soil integrity 220 Solon, quotation 47, 49, 71 Soper, Kate 125–6 Soros, George 36 Soskice, David 106 Soviet Union, former 74, 76, 77–80, 78, 122 Spain 28, 58, 144, 206 SPEAR organization, responsible investment 155 species loss/extinctions 17, 47, 62, 101 speculation 93, 99, 149, 150, 154, 158, 170; economic stability 180; financial crisis 26, 33, 35; short-term profiteering 150; spending: behaviour of ordinary people 34, 119, 120–1; countercyclical 181–2, 182, 188; economic stability 81; as way out of recession 41, 44, 119, 120–1; and work cycle 125 The Spirit Level (Wilkinson and Pickett) 71, 205–6 spiritual perspectives 117, 127, 128, 214 stability see economic stability; social stability stagflation 26 stagnant sector, Baumol’s cost disease 171 stagnation: economic stability 81–2; labour productivity 145; post-financial crisis 43–7, 45 see also recession state capitalism, types/definitions of capitalism 106 state revenues, from social investment 222–3 see also taxation state roles see governance status 207, 209, 211; and possessions 69, 71, 114, 115, 117 see also language of goods; symbolic role of goods Steady State Economics (Daly) xxxii steady state economies 82, 159, 160, 174, 180 see also post-growth macroeconomics Stern, Nicholas 17–18 stewardship: role of the state 200; sustainable investment 168 Stiglitz, Joseph 53 stock-flow consistent (SFC) economic models 179–80 Stockholm Resilience Centre 17, 201 stranded assets 167–8 see also ownership structures of capitalism see economic structures struggle for existence 8–11, 125, 132–3 Stuckler, David 43 stuff see language of goods; material goods; symbolic role of goods subjective wellbeing (SWB) 49, 58, 58–9, 71, 122, 129 see also wellbeing/happiness subprime lending 26 substitution, between labour and capital 177–178 suffering, struggle for existence 10 suicide 43, 52, 77 Sukdhev, Pavan 41 sulphur dioxide pollution 95–6 Summers, Larry 36 Sunstein, Cass 194 sustainability xxv–xxvi, 102, 104, 126; financial systems 154–5; innovation 226; investment 101, 152, 153, 166–70, 220; resource constraints 12; role of the state 198, 203, 207 see also sustainable prosperity Sustainable Development Strategy, UK 198 sustainable growth see green growth sustainable prosperity 210–12; creating credible alternatives 219–21; finding meaning beyond material commodities 212–16; implications for capitalism 222–5; personal choices for improvement 216–18; and utopianism 225–7 see also limits (flourishing within) SWB see subjective wellbeing; wellbeing/happiness Switzerland 11, 46, 157; citizen’s income 207; income relative to wellbeing 58; inequality 206; life expectancy 74, 75 symbolic role of goods 69, 70–1; existential fear of death 212–16; governance 203; innovation/novelty 114–16; material footprints 139–40; paradox of materialism 121–2 see also language of goods; material goods system dynamics model 11–12, 15 tar sands/oil shales 15 taxation: capital 177; income 81; inequality 206; post-growth economy 222 technological advances 12–13, 15; decoupling 85, 86, 87, 96–8, 100–3, 164–5; dilemma of growth 211; economic stability 80; population increase 10–11; role of state 193, 220 see also novelty/innovation Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 8 terror management, and consumption 69, 104, 115, 212–15 terrorist attacks (9/11) 121 Thailand, Buddhist monasteries 128 Thaler, Richard 194 theatre, Baumol’s cost disease 171–2 theology see religious perspectives theory of evolution 132–3 thermodynamics, laws of 112, 164 Thich Nhat Hanh 128 thrift 118–20, 127–9, 215–16 throwaway society 113, 172, 204 timescales for change 16–17 tin, commodity prices 13 Today programme interview xxix, xxviii Totnes, transition movement 128–9 Towards a Green Economy report (UNEP) 152–3 Townsend, Peter 48, 61 trade balance 31 trading standards 204 tradition 135–6, 136, 226 ‘Tragedy of the commons’ (Hardin) 190–1 transcendence 214 see also altruism; meaning/purpose; spiritual perspectives transition movement, Totnes 128–9 Triodos Bank 156, 165 Trumpf (machine-tool makers) Germany 146 trust, loss of see alienation tungsten, commodity prices 13 Turkey 58, 88 Turner, Adair 157 21st Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) 19 UBS (Swiss bank) 46 Ubuntu, African philosophy 227 unemployment 77; consumer goods 215; degrowth movement 162; financial crisis 24, 40, 41, 43; Great Depression 39–40; and growth 38; labour productivity 80–1; post-growth economy 174, 175, 183, 208, 219; work as participation 144–6 United Kingdom: Green New Deal group 152; greenhouse gas emissions 92; labour productivity 173; resource inputs 93; Sustainable Development Strategy 198 United Nations: Development Programme 6; Environment Programme 18, 152–3; Green Economy initiative 41 United States: credit unions 155–6; debt 27, 31–32; decoupling 88; greenhouse gas emissions 90–1; subprime lending 26; Works Progress Administration 39 universal basic income 221 see also citizen’s income University of Massachusetts, Political Economy Research Institute 41 utilitarianism/utility, wellbeing 50, 52–3, 55, 60 utopianism 8, 38, 125, 179; post-growth economy 225–7 values, materialistic 126, 135–6 see also intrinsic values Veblen, Thorstein 115 Victor, Peter xxxviii, 146, 175, 177, 180 vision of progress see future visions; post-growth economy volatility, commodity prices 14, 21 wages: and profits 175–8; private vs. public sector 130, 171 walking, personal choices for improvement 217 water use 22 Wealth of Nations, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes (Smith) 123, 132 wealth redistribution 52 see also inequality Weber, Axel 46 welfare policies: financial reforms 182–3; public sector spending 169 welfare of livestock 220 wellbeing/happiness 47–50, 53, 121–2, 124; collective 209; consumer goods 4, 21, 22, 126; growth 6, 165, 211; intrinsic values 126, 129; investment 150; novelty/innovation 117; opulence 50–2, 67–72; personal choices for improvement 217; planetary boundaries 141; relative income effect 55–61, 58, 71, 72; simplicity 129; utilitarianism 50, 52–3, 55, 60 see also capabilities for flourishing western lifestyles 70, 210 White, William 46 Whybrow, Peter 68 Wilhelm, Richard 7 Wilkinson, Richard 71, 205–6 Williams, Tennessee 213 Wilson, Edward 134 wisdom traditions 48, 49, 63, 128, 213–14 work: as participation 140–9, 148, 157, 158; and spend cycle 125; sharing 145, 146, 149, 175 Works Progress Administration, USA 39 World Bank 160 World Values Survey 58 youth unemployment, financial crisis 144–5 zero sum game, growth as 57, 71


Making Globalization Work by Joseph E. Stiglitz

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, banking crisis, barriers to entry, benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, business process, capital controls, carbon tax, central bank independence, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Doha Development Round, Exxon Valdez, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Firefox, full employment, Garrett Hardin, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, Global Witness, Great Leap Forward, Gunnar Myrdal, happiness index / gross national happiness, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, incomplete markets, Indoor air pollution, informal economy, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inventory management, invisible hand, John Markoff, Jones Act, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, microcredit, moral hazard, negative emissions, new economy, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, oil rush, open borders, open economy, price stability, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, race to the bottom, reserve currency, rising living standards, risk tolerance, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, special drawing rights, statistical model, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, trade liberalization, Tragedy of the Commons, trickle-down economics, union organizing, Washington Consensus, zero-sum game

To use economists’ jargon, in the former case the marginal cost of usage is zero; in the latter it is positive. 2.See chapter 3, p. 84, for a discussion of the concept of externality and the role of government in dealing with the inefficiences that result. 3.Greenhouse gases include not only carbon dioxide and methane (global average atmospheric concentrations of methane have increased 150 percent since 1750) but also such gases as nitrous oxide (N20). See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme, 2001). 4.The most comprehensive surveys of the science on global warming are provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its periodic reports. See IPCC, IPCC Third Assessment: Climate Change 2001 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001). The previous two assessments—IPCC, IPCC First Assessment Report, 1990 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and IPCC, IPCC Second Assessment: Climate Change 1995 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995)—can be found at www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm. 5.The IPCC was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, to assess the “risk of human-induced climate change.”

The Rio Earth Summit Some twenty years ago, as scientists first became aware of the changes taking place in the global climate, the world recognized that there was a potential problem and decided to study it. In 1988, the UN created the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), asking the world’s leading experts to assess the scale of climate change and its likely impact.5 The IPCC published three major studies between 1990 and 2001, concluding in each of them that there is indeed mounting evidence of the dangers of global warming. The evidence has also been reviewed in innumerable studies by the academies of science in individual countries, including one in the United States after President George W.

My hope is that this book will help nudge the changes in the right direction. New York April 2007 NOTES International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook 2006, Washington, DC, 2006, Table 5, available at www.imf.org/Pubs/FT/weo/2006/01/index.htm. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Geneva, February 2007, available at www.ipcc.ch/SPM2 feb07.pdf. Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), available at www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_ review_report.cfm.


pages: 376 words: 101,759

Shorting the Grid: The Hidden Fragility of Our Electric Grid by Meredith. Angwin

airline deregulation, California energy crisis, carbon credits, carbon footprint, congestion pricing, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Brooks, decarbonisation, demand response, distributed generation, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, green new deal, Hans Rosling, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jones Act, Just-in-time delivery, load shedding, market clearing, Michael Shellenberger, Negawatt, off-the-grid, performance metric, plutocrats, renewable energy credits, rolling blackouts, Silicon Valley, smart grid, smart meter, the map is not the territory, Tragedy of the Commons, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, washing machines reduced drudgery, zero-sum game

id=97&t=3. 199 Table A.III.2 in “Technology-specific Cost and Performance Parameters,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_annex-iii.pdf. The official citation is: Schlömer S., T. Bruckner, L. Fulton, E. Hertwich, A. McKinnon, D. Perczyk, J. Roy, R. Schaeffer, R. Sims, P. Smith, and R. Wiser, 2014: Annex III: Technology-specific cost and performance parameters. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E.

Before we look at some really complicated subsidies for renewables and gas-fired plants, let’s look at what nuclear ZECs are buying for ratepayers. Let’s look at emissions. A note about emissions HOW LOW ARE EMISSIONS from nuclear energy? According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report of 2014, the life-cycle greenhouse-gas contribution of nuclear is 12g of CO2/kWh, about the same as offshore wind and lower than utility-scale solar PV at 48g/kWh.199 (The IPCC report is a meta-study summarizing several estimations; I have chosen the medians for my comparisons.) We look at life-cycle emissions because a nuclear plant or solar panel does not emit appreciable carbon dioxide while it is operating.

“Jake,” 84 E economic dispatch, 90–91, 149 EEme, 320 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 36, 39 electric quality, renewables and, 209 electricity, generation in real time, 17–18, 25–26, 50. see also power grid electricity imports, 128, 131, 135–141, 158 electricitymap.org, 309, 324 electromagnetic radiation, line loss and, 23 emissions floor price rules and, 357–358 Ontario, Canada and, 355 Energy Efficiency groups, 119–120 Energy Institute, 83 Energy Star appliances, 321, 322 engineering discipline, lack of, 206–207 Enron, 10, 78 Entergy, 97, 157, 263–264, 328, 331 Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 256 Eppstein, Margaret, 156 Equivalent Peak Period Forced Outage Rate (EFORp), 118 ERCOT, 89 Estonia, flexible pricing and, 316 Evslin, Tom, 319 Exelon Corporation, 127, 130, 330, 331 F “fairness,” RTO required to maintain, 121–123 Falmouth, Massachusetts, removal of wind turbines and, 299 fast-start plants, 200 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Bonneville Power Administration and, 236 citizen influence of, 363–364 Competitive Auctions with Sponsored Policy Resources (CASPR) and, 274–277 fuel neutrality and, 60, 121–123, 143, 226 fuel security ISO-NE ruling, 143–144 ISO-NE MOPR and, 266–269 jump ball filings, 109–113, 115–124 lack of transparency in RTO areas, 105, 107 market manipulation in California and, 78 Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR) and, 271–272 Mystic Generating Station and, 96 orders of, 72–73, 183, 227–228 socialization of transmission lines and, 160, 163–168 Winter Reliability Program and, 51, 109 Federal Trade Commission, 245 financial crisis of 2007, 3–4 FirstEnergy, 263–264, 328–329, 331 flexibility, grid, 206–207 “floor price” rules, Ontario’s, 357 Forward Capacity Auctions, 157, 283, 291 forward capacity market (FCM), 117 Forward Capacity Market, New England, 136 fossil fuels, “beating the peak” and, 176–177 fragility, grid, 5, 7, 79, 123, 345, 345–346 France, CO2 emissions, 309–310 fuel neutrality, 60, 103–108, 112–113, 121–123, 183, 226, 284, 330 fuel security, 122–123, 125–131, 136, 140–142, 143–153, 158, 307–308, 323, 333 G Gates, Bill, 340 Gattie, David, 83 generation utilities (merchant generators), 41–43, 77–79 generators, personal, 45–46 George, Ann, 270 Germany, CO2 emissions, 309–310, 324–325 Gheorghiu, Iulia, 276 Gifford, Ray, 75 Girouard, Coley, 282, 283 Glick, Richard, 123, 269 Global Adjustment price, 354–356 Goldstein, Joshua, 310, 311, 313, 353 Grand Coulee Dam, 195 Great Britain, renewables-alone and, 312 Green Mountain Power, 301, 302 Green New Deal movement, 197 Greenpeace, 297–302, 342 Greenpeace, solar project in India, 304–305 Greenstone, Michael, 237–239 greenwashing, 62, 169–174, 178–179, 302 grid, as machine, 281–283 grid governance, choice of, 348–351 grid price, 51, 88, 184, 227, 228, 233 ground faults, 210–211 H Hallquist, Christine, 201, 236 Hargraves, Bob, 339 high-quality grid, components of, 343–346 Hittinger, Eric, 30 hot weather planning, 170–174, 175–179 Human Development Index (HDI), 310 hydro plants cold weather and, 52–53 intermittent or steady power, 194 load-following plants and, 186 Ontario, Canada and, 356–357 responsiveness of, 27 Wind-Water-Solar, 195–197 Hydro-Québec, 137, 158, 240, 244 I Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO), 353, 354, 358 Independent System Operators (ISOs), 34, 72. see also Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) clearing price and, 92 India coal and, 304, 310 failure of solar with battery backup, 304–305, 342 Indian Point, 256, 328 Integrated Resource Plans (IRPs), 282–287 Integrating Markets and Public Policy (IMAPP), 227 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014 report, 258 intermittent power generators, 5, 151, 184, 189, 191, 194–195, 199, 201–202, 206–207, 209, 219, 236, 238, 240, 270, 347, 349 internal combustion plants, 26–27 Inventoried Energy Program, 123 Investment Tax Credit, 223 Iowa, time-of-use pricing and, 316 Ireland, CO2 emissions of, 204 ISO-NE Addendum Report of, 130–131, 141 balancing authority and, 26 Cold Weather Operations report of, 53–56, 145 Competitive Auctions with Sponsored Policy Resources (CASPR) and, 261–262 CONE and, 269–270 Consumer Liaison Group Coordinating Committee, 167, 310 Consumer Liaison Group of, 303–308 fair share of system costs and, 175–176 FERC rulings and, 271–272 fuel neutrality and, 103 fuel security and, 125–131, 143–153 Fuel Security Report of, 333 jump ball filings, 109–113, 115–124 Market Rule proposals approved by NEPOOL, 110 Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR) and, 261–262 oil storage program of, 61–62 out-of-market funded plants and, 271 Pay for Performance plan of, 61–63, 262, 330 proposals for new auctions, 146–147, 149, 156, 157 reliability and, 156–158 renewables and, 192–193 socialized transmission lines of, 158–161 state mandates and, 227–228 summer planning and, 172–174 Synapse Report and, 133–141 Winter Reliability Program of, 49–51, 58, 59–63, 145, 322 J Jacobson, Mark Z., 195–196, 216 Jenkins, Jesse, 216 Johnson, Lyndon, 341 Jones, Charles E., 329 Jones Act, 128 journalists, banned from meetings, 104, 107, 283, 363 jump ball filings, 109–113, 115–121 just-in-time, natural gas, 46–47, 74, 122–123, 144, 146, 151, 172, 257, 334, 346–348, 362, 365 K Kavulla, Travis, 348 Kelly, Kristin, 248 Kingdom Community Wind Project, 31–32, 210, 245 Klein, Tony, 235 kludge system, all-renewables system as, 207 Knauer, Tim, 253 Kreis, Don, 107, 128–129 Kuser, Michael, 146 kWh auctions, 59, 228, 229, 233 L Larson, Matthew, 75 line loss, 23 liquified natural gas (LNG), 55–56, 61, 111, 125–126, 128, 131, 137–139, 330. see also natural gas lithium, 20, 218–219 load shedding. see rolling blackouts load-following plants, 186, 194 load-serving entities (LSEs), 41–42, 349 local citizens groups, 362–363 local control of grid, 361 “lost savings,” 84–85 Lovins, Armory, 322 M MacKay, David, 311–312 Maine, smart meters in, 319 maintenance, plant, 78 Malhortra, Ripudaman, 218 Maloney, Tim, 196 Marcus, William B., 83 market-oriented solutions, 39–44, 63, 81–85, 146 Marshall, Jason, 165–166, 167 Mays, Jacob, 264 McKibben, Bill, 301 merit order. see economic dispatch methane, 259 methane digesters. see cow power (methane based) Meyer, Eric, 253, 254 microgrids, 303–305, 341–342 Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), 276 Minimum Offer Price Rule (MOPR), 99, 100, 222, 261–262, 266–274, 271–273, 273, 283 Mystic Generating Station, 96, 126–127, 130, 134, 143, 330, 331 N N minus 1, 155–157, 159 N minus 2, 156 “name that fuel,” 60–62 nameplate capacity, 265–266, 272 Nath, Ishan, 237–239 National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 199, 201 natural gas backup for renewables, 199–200, 202–204, 214, 286, 346, 347, 362, 365 cold weather and, 49–51, 55–56 combined cycle plants, 203 CONE and, 270 emissions and, 259–260 FERC rulings and, 122 just-in-time, 46–47, 74, 122–123, 144, 146, 151, 172, 257, 334, 346–348, 362, 365 kept onsite, 111 load-following plants and, 186 Ontario, Canada and, 356 pipelines, 9, 46–47, 50, 55–57, 60, 128, 134, 138, 348 profitability of, 4–5, 98–99 protected by RTO rules, 283 renewables and, 152, 199–200, 202–203, 266 rise in price of, 335 summer planning and, 172–174 trend toward increased use, 99–101, 364–366 wind power and, 152 negative energy prices, 208, 357 “negawatts,” 322 net metering, 201–202, 226, 235, 285, 291–295, 293, 295, 300, 302, 305–306, 351, 361 Nevada, net-metering in, 294–295, 351, 361 New England Power Pool (NEPOOL) Addendum Report, 141 first jump ball filing, 108–112 fuel security and, 144, 146 IMAPP process and, 227 lack of transparency in, 104–108 Participants Committee of, 105–108, 111, 130–131, 268 Pay for Performance payments and, 330 reporters banned from meetings, 104, 107, 363 second jump ball filing, 115–121 Synapse Report and, 130 New England States Committee on Electricity (NESCOE), 165–166, 167 New Jersey, smart meters in, 317 New York Clean Energy Standard, rally for, 252–254 New York Independent System Operator, 95 New York Public Utilities Commission, 255 New York, Zero Emission Credits (ZECs) and, 252, 255–258 NextEra Energy, 245 nickel-iron batteries, 219 Nolan, Ken, 235 non-spinning reserve, 27. see also fast-start plants North American Electricity Reliability Council, 217 Northern Pass line, 158 NOX (nitrogen oxide) emissions, 204–205 NOX (nitrogen oxides) emissions, 251–252 nuclear power advantages of, 365 baseload plants, 186 capacity factor of, 194 cold weather and, 52–53 emissions and, 251–252, 258–260 Entergy leaving RTO areas and, 328–329 high-quality grid and, 345–346 increased safety requirements of, 344–345 jump ball filings and, 111 low bidding by renewables and, 265 Ontario, Canada and, 356–357 profitability of, 4, 98–99 renewables and, 311–312 RTO price changes and, 334 subsidies and, 329 ZECs and, 252, 255–258, 262 zero emissions and, 252 NYISO, 354 O Ohio, ZECs and, 257 oil cold weather planning and, 49–55 ISO-NE’s oil storage program, 61–62 kept onsite, 61–62, 111, 145, 284 Ontario, Canada; RTO of, 353–359 Operational Fuel-Security Analysis, ISO-NE Report, 125–131 Order 888, FERC, 72 Order 889, FERC, 72 Order 1000, FERC, 160, 163–168, 183, 227–228 Order 2000, FERC, 72 Oslo, Norway; spot-indexed prices and, 316 Otter Tail Power, 21–22, 163 “out of market” payments, 263 out-of-market compensation, 112, 127, 263–267, 271–272, 275, 290 out-of-market revenue. see out-of-market compensation overbuilding, 36, 42, 216–218, 220, 273, 286, 358–359, 362, 365 oversupply, in California, 350 P Palisades nuclear plant, 328 Participant Committee, RTO, 332, 362–363 Participants Committee, NEPOOL, 105–108, 111, 130–131, 268 Pay as Bid, 94–95 Pay at the Clearing Price, 94 Pay for Performance, 51, 61–63, 115–124, 262, 330 subsidies and, 263 peak usage, 175–179 Pennsylvania, ZECs and, 257 Perry, Rick, 60–61, 122, 126, 365 personal responsibility, vs. civic choices, 308–312 PG&E, 179, 316–317 Pilgrim nuclear plant, 97, 328 pipelines, natural gas, 9, 46–47, 50, 55–57, 60, 128, 134, 138–139, 172, 330, 348 PJM RTO, 266, 268, 276 “Policy Grid,” vs.


There Is No Planet B: A Handbook for the Make or Break Years by Mike Berners-Lee

air freight, Anthropocene, autonomous vehicles, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, cloud computing, dematerialisation, disinformation, driverless car, Easter island, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, fake news, food miles, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, global village, Hans Rosling, high-speed rail, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jevons paradox, land reform, microplastics / micro fibres, negative emissions, neoliberal agenda, off grid, performance metric, post-truth, profit motive, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, smart cities, Stephen Hawking, systems thinking, TED Talk, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trickle-down economics, urban planning

(Berners-Lee) 32, 147–48, 227 hydrocarbons/hydrogen 72 hydroelectric power 75 hydro storage 72 ice 228 ICT (information and communication technology), impacts 84–85, 113–14 imperial units 242–44 income tax see tax system India, global distribution of fossil fuel reserves 89–90 individual actions see personal actions and effects individualism 119, 225–26, 228 indoor farming 45–46, 67–68 inequality 228 and citizen’s wage 154 energy use 60, 90–91, 131 food distribution 15–16 global deals 210 population growth 150–51 prisons/prisoners 156 tax system 142–45, 144 trickledown of wealth 130–31, 130 and values 169–71 wealth distribution 130–35, 131–40, 132, 134 insecurity 172–73 interdependencies, global/societal 189–90 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 229 interstellar travel, impracticality of 117–18, 195, 237 interventionist economies 127–30 intrinsic motivation and values 143–44, 170–73 investment 140–42, 228–29 renewable energy sources 73, 87 sustainable farming 48–50 Index iodine, malnutrition 15 IPCC see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iraq, global distribution of fossil fuel reserves 89–90 Ireland, tax system 145 iron animal sources of food 19–20 malnutrition and inequalities of distribution 15 irrigation technology 45–46 Italy, wealth distribution 130–35, 133 Japan nuclear energy 76 sunlight/radiant energy 70, 70–71 Jevons paradox, energy efficiency 82–83 jobs see work/employment joined up perspectives 189–92, 221 journalists see media roles Kennedy, Bobby: speech on GNP 124 Keys to Performance (O’Connor) 180 kids 6–8, 187, 191, 229 kilocalories 12, 242–43 kinetic energy in a gas analogy 136–39 laboratory grown meat 45–46, 67–68 lag times, climate change 204–5 land requirements, sustainable travel 101–3, 102–3, 103–4 leadership 229–30 life expectancy, benefits of growth 123 life-minutes per person lost, diesel vehicles 109 lifestyles 4–5; see also personal actions and effects 283 limits to growth 221 big picture perspective 195 energy use 67–69, 68, 94–95, 208 21st century thinking skills 187–88 and values 170 local activities, appreciation of 123, 187–88, 191 local food, pros and cons 30–32, 230 luxury cruises 115–16 Maldives 210, 230 malnutrition 15–16 Marine Stewardship Council 33 market economies 127–30 materialistic values 174; see also consumption/consumerism maturity, need for 93, 121 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution 136–38, 230, 265 measurement see metrics meat eating see animal sources of food media roles 231 promoting culture of truth 179–80 trust 182 messages, societal 172–74; see also values methane 79–81, 208–9, 231 metric units 242–44 metrics healthy economic growth 124–27 prisons/prisoners 156 and values 174 work/employment 151 micro-nutrients animal sources of food 19–20 malnutrition 15 Microsoft, carbon pricing scheme 147 mindfulness 174–75, 191, 193 284 misinformation 222 and trust 182, 184 and truth 175 and values 170 mitigation strategies, businesses 163–64 models, climate change 200–1, 204–5 molecular analogy of wealth distribution 136–39 Monbiot, George 236 motivation extrinsic/intrinsic 143–44, 172–73 and trust 181, 184 Musk, Elon 167 natural gas 224; see also fracking; methane neoliberalism 45, 129, 131, 172, 228, 232; see also free market Netherlands 70, 70–71, 149–50 neuroscience 232 nitrogen dioxide 108, 208–9 Norway 130–35, 138, 155–56 nuclear fusion 77, 232 nuclear power (fusion) 75–77, 231–32 obesity 16 ocean acidification 54–55, 232 O’Connor, Tim: Keys to Performance 180 oil 233; see also fossil fuels One Planet principles 160–62, 162 open-mindedness neuroscience 232 respect for 180 spirituality/belief systems 192 and trust 181–82, 184 optimism bias 233 over-simplification 182; see also complexity overeating 16 INDEX parental responsibility 233 Paris climate agreement 165–66 particulate air pollution 107–9 Patagonian Toothfish 33–34 pay rates 173; see also wealth distribution personal actions and effects 198–99, 233–34 air travel 112–13 antibiotics resistance 21 climate change 55 energy 97 feelings of insignificance in global systems 5–6 food/agricultural issues 30, 34–35, 40, 43, 50 population growth 150–51 promoting culture of truth 178–79 technological changes 168 values 174–75 wealth distribution 139 work/employment 153 ‘personal truths’ 176–77 perspectives big picture 186, 191, 195–97 businesses 159 joined up 189–92, 221 photocopying metaphor 219 photovoltaic technology 63–64, 66–67; see also solar energy physical growth mind-set 120 Planet B, lack of 117–18, 195, 237 planned economies 127–30 planning ahead, future scenarios 204–5 planning, urban 104 plastics 55–58, 56–57, 234 politicians see governmental roles; voting pollution, chicken farming 25–26; see also air pollution Index population growth 149–50, 234 feeding growing populations 46–47 investment in control measures 141, 150–51 personal actions and effects 150–51 risks of further growth 122 positive feedback mechanisms, climate change 200–1, 239 power, units of 242–43 prisons/prisoners 154–57, 157, 174, 234 problem-solving methods 5 profit-motive 159, 174 protein animal sources 17–18, 18 carbon footprints 23–25, 24 psychology 227–28 public service 174 questions and answers, reader contributions 194 reader contributions 9–10, 194 ready meals 238 rebalancing, evolutionary 6, 221 rebound effects 213, 235, 272 business strategies 163 climate change 52, 128, 165–66, 206–7, 206 energy efficiency 84, 207 virtual meetings 113–14 reductionism 189–90, 193 refugees 234–35 relatedness/belonging 266 religion 192–93 renewable energy sources 64, 208, 235 hydroelectric power 75 investment 141 limitations relative to fossil fuels 73–86, 85–87 285 using instead of/as well as fossil fuels 81–82 wind energy 73–74 see also biofuels; carbon capture and storage; solar energy respect 171, 180, 197 responsibility corporate 219 parents 233 super-rich 134–35 restaurants role food wastage 40 vegetarianism/veganism 28 retailing, food see food retailers revenge, prisoners 155–56 rice farming 29–30, 45–46, 235 rock weathering, carbon capture and storage 92 Rogers, Carl 172 Russia 210, 235 global distribution of fossil fuel reserves 89–90 sunlight/radiant energy 69–70, 70 Rwanda 70, 70–71, 172 salaries 173; see also wealth distribution Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi) 164–66 scientific facts see facts scientific fundamentalism 176 scientific reductionism 189–90, 193 seabass, rebadging Patagonian toothfish as 33–34 sea travel 114–16, 235–36 self-awareness of simple/small/local 123, 187–88, 191 and trust 181, 184 self-reflection, 21st century thinking skills 188 286 sentient animals, treating decently 11, 17 shared-use vehicles 105–6 shareholder profits 159, 174 sharing 146 shifting baseline syndrome 236 shipping 114–16, 235–36 shock 236 simple things, appreciation of 123, 187–88, 191 simplistic thinking 182; see also complexity slavery and citizen’s wage 154 and employment 151 fishing industry 32, 34–35 slowing down 187–88, 196 small scale, appreciation of 123, 187–88, 191 Smith, Adam: The Wealth of Nations 129 social support structures, and values 173–74 solar energy 236 amount falling on earth 66 coping with intermittent sunlight 71–73 countries with highest radiant energy 69–71 countries with least radiant energy 70–71 relative to fossil fuel reserves 89 global distribution of radiant energy 69–71, 70 harnessing 66–67 South Korea, sunlight/radiant energy 70, 70–71 soya beans 21, 22, 236–37 space tourism 94, 100 spaceflight, impracticality of interstellar travel 117–18, 195, 237 INDEX Spain, wealth distribution 130–35, 133 spending practices, ethical consumerism 147–48, 168 spirituality/belief systems 192–93, 237 status symbols 173 sticking plasters (band aids) 237–38 storage of renewable energy 71–73 sunlight see solar energy supermarkets see food retailers super-rich responsibilities 134–35 taxation 145 wealth distribution 137 supply chains ethical consumerism 147–48 food and agriculture 48 science-based targets 165–66 systems approaches big picture perspective 196 businesses 159–62, 161 One Planet Living principles 160–62, 162 Taiwan, tax system 145 takeaways 238 tax system 238 carbon taxes 142–43 wealth distribution 138, 142–45 technological changes 239 agricultural 45–46 big picture perspective 195–96 business strategies 166–68 and economic growth 122–23 thinking skills big picture perspective 197 twenty-first century 185–92, 190–91 tipping points see trigger points town planning 104 transmission of renewable energy 73 Index travel and transport 99 air travel 110–14 autonomous cars 109–10 commuting 217 current rates 99–100, 100 cycling 116 diesel vehicles 107–9, 109 e-cars 106 food miles 30–32 future demands 100–1, 109–10 land needed for sustainable 101–3, 102–3, 103–4 sea travel 114–16 shared-use vehicles 105–6 spaceflight 117–18 urban 104–6 trickledown of wealth 130–31, 130, 239 trigger points, step changes in climate 2, 200–2 trust 180–84 truth 175–76, 239 big picture perspective 197 importance of seeking 177 media roles 179–80 ‘personal truths’ 176–77 promoting culture of 177–79 respect for 171 and trust 180–84 tsunami, December 2004 2 twenty-first century thinking skills 185–92, 190–91, 197 2-degree ‘safe limit’ for temperature rise 52, 200–1, 204–5, 239 unconditional positive regard 172 United Kingdom energy by end use 62, 62 gambling industry 139–40 nuclear energy 76 population growth 149–50 prisons/prisoners 155 287 sunlight/radiant energy 70, 70–71 wealth distribution 136–37 United States global distribution of fossil fuel reserves 89–90 prisons/prisoners 155–56 sunlight/radiant energy 69–70, 70 tax system 145 wealth distribution 130–35, 132–35 units, metric/imperial 242–44 urban planning 104 urban transport 104–6 value of human life 240 values 6–8, 169 big picture perspective 197 businesses 159, 174 changing for the better 172–75 and economics 119 evidence base for values choices 169–71 extrinsic/intrinsic 170–73 global cultural norms 171–72, 197 prisons/prisoners 156 technological changes 168 wealth distribution 132–33 work/employment 152–53 see also ethical consumerism vegetarianism/veganism 26–29 Venezuela, global distribution of fossil fuels 89–90 violent deaths 240 virtual travel 113–14 visions of future 8–9 businesses 159 vitamin A 15, 19–20, 247 voting, power of 240–41 climate change policies 51–53, 200–11 288 voting, power of (cont.) energy policies 59, 97 promoting culture of truth 178–80 see also democracy waking up 241 Wallis, Stewart 145 waste food 36–43, 241 mitigation 42–44, 43, 43 as proportion of food grown 12–15, 14 by region/type/processing stage 37, 38–39, 39 water use technology, in agriculture 45–46 watts 12, 242–43 wealth distribution economics 130–35, 131–40, 132, 134 tax system 138, 142–45, 144 see also inequality The Wealth of Nations (Smith) 129 INDEX weapons industry 152 weight, units of 244 wellbeing 241 benefits of growth 123 businesses, role of 158–59 and citizen’s wage 154 metrics of healthy growth 126 work/employment 151–52 Wellbeing Economy 267 wind energy 73–74 wisdom, need for 93, 121 work/employment 229 agricultural work 44–45, 222 and citizen’s wage 153–54 investment in sustainability 49–50 personal actions and effects 153 useful/beneficial 151–52 values 152–53 zinc 15, 19–20

Since there is only so much money to go around, divestment liberates the opportunity for investment elsewhere. Just to give one important example, investment in fossil fuels is unhelpful. However, divestment from them creates opportunity for Alphabetical Quick Tour 229 investment in things we urgently need like renewables, green transport and direct capture of carbon from air. IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. A large group of very clever and well-resourced scientists who have put together an incredibly thoughtful and robust assessment of climate change; the risks and uncertainties. In the past it has had two main shortcomings. First has been the misplaced belief that presenting the arguments ever more clearly with increasing rigour is what is required to win the argument and precipitate appropriate action on climate change.

Some of what follows was laid out in more detail by Duncan Clark and I in ‘The Burning Question’ 1 although the position briefly outlined here also contains some important updates. STOP PRESS: As this book went into its final edit, the IPCC's long awaited special report 'Global Warming of 1.5 degrees' hit the front pages of all good news media. It is the IPCC's most urgent call for action so far and is a very useful development. Since it draws mainly on the same source material that I have used, it is no surprise that the report is totally coherent with the points in this appendix. Happily, unlike the IPCC, I have not had to negotiate the content with any politicians, so it is easier for me to get quickly to the point without any requirement for tact.2 Point 1: A global temperature rise of 2 C looks very risky but 1.5 C much less so In truth, no one really knows how bad the consequences of any particular temperature rise might be.


pages: 221 words: 59,755

Under a White Sky: The Nature of the Future by Elizabeth Kolbert

Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, big-box store, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, Donald Davies, double helix, Hernando de Soto, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jacob Silverman, James Watt: steam engine, Kickstarter, lockdown, Maui Hawaii, moral hazard, negative emissions, ocean acidification, Stewart Brand, The Chicago School, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog

All of which makes negative emissions—as an idea at least—irresistible. The extent to which humanity is already counting on them is illustrated by the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was published in the run-up to Paris. To peer into the future, the IPCC relies on computer models that represent the world’s economic and energy systems as a tangle of equations. The output of these models is then translated into figures that climate scientists can use to forecast how much temperatures are going to rise. For its report, the IPCC considered more than a thousand scenarios. The majority of these led to temperature increases beyond the official 2°C disaster threshold, and some led to warming of more than 5°C (9° Fahrenheit).

., “Betting on Negative Emissions,” Nature Climate Change, 4 (2014), 850–852. All of the scenarios consistent with that goal: J. Rogelj et al., “Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development,” in Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report, V. Masson-Delmotte et al., eds., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Oct. 8, 2018), ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter2_Low_Res.pdf. I used up my allotment: Calculating the emissions from air travel is complicated, and different groups offer different estimates for the same trip. I am relying on the flight carbon calculator at myclimate.org.

The majority of these led to temperature increases beyond the official 2°C disaster threshold, and some led to warming of more than 5°C (9° Fahrenheit). Just a hundred and sixteen scenarios were consistent with holding warming under 2°C, and of these, a hundred and one involved negative emissions. Following Paris, the IPCC produced another report, based on the 1.5°C threshold. All of the scenarios consistent with that goal relied on negative emissions. “I think what the IPCC really is saying is, ‘We tried lots and lots of scenarios,’ ” Klaus Lackner told me. “ ‘And, of the scenarios which stayed safe, virtually every one needed some magic touch of negative emissions. If we didn’t do that, we ran into a brick wall.’ ” * * * — Climeworks, the company I paid to bury my emissions in Iceland, was founded by two college friends, Christoph Gebald and Jan Wurzbacher.


pages: 304 words: 90,084

Net Zero: How We Stop Causing Climate Change by Dieter Helm

3D printing, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, blockchain, Boris Johnson, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, congestion charging, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, demand response, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, electricity market, Extinction Rebellion, fixed income, food miles, Ford Model T, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, general purpose technology, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Haber-Bosch Process, high-speed rail, hydrogen economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jevons paradox, lockdown, market design, means of production, microplastics / micro fibres, North Sea oil, ocean acidification, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, planetary scale, precautionary principle, price mechanism, quantitative easing, remote working, reshoring, rewilding, Ronald Reagan, smart meter, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, statistical model, systems thinking, Thomas Malthus

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AI, artificial intelligence BSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy CAP, Common Agricultural Policy CBA, cost–benefit analysis CCC, Committee on Climate Change CCS, carbon capture and storage CEGB, Central Electricity Generating Board CfD, Contract for Difference COP, Conference of the Parties CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats DECC, Department of Energy and Climate Change Defra, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DETR, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DNO, distribution network operator EFP, equivalent firm power EMR, Electricity Market Reform EU ETS, EU Emissions Trading System GDP, gross domestic product GMO, genetically modified organism GW, gigawatt HS2, a planned high-speed rail project for England ICT, information and communications technology IEA, International Energy Agency IEM, Internal Energy Market IP, intellectual property IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LED, light-emitting diode LNG, liquefied natural gas mbd, million barrels per day MPC, Monetary Policy Committee NDC, nationally determined contribution NFU, National Farmers’ Union OPEC, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ppm, parts per million PV, photovoltaics R&D, research and development RAB, regulated asset base SUV, sport utility vehicle TWh, terawatt-hour UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USO, universal service obligation VAT, value-added tax WTO, World Trade Organization INTRODUCTION It is not going well.

The UN decided that immediate action needed to be taken on the reasonable grounds that there was enough evidence to act, and delay was only going to make things worse. There followed the ground-breaking UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC),[2] signed in 1992, committing the signatories to action and drawing on the reports of the already established Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and the Paris Agreement in 2015, with targets indexed back to the baseline of 1990.[3] Apart from nuclear arms treaties, there has probably never been anything like the UNFCCC in human history. Hopes were high. The fact that the Soviet Union had imploded added to the sense that there was a new world order, capable of tackling this new and huge problem.

acid rain 25, 194 Africa xiv, xv, 2, 25, 30, 38, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 137, 229 agriculture 2, 6, 12, 13, 14, 23, 35–6, 43, 44–5, 70, 76, 86, 87–8, 95, 100, 102, 109, 116, 146–7, 149, 159, 163–80, 181, 183, 192, 197, 198, 206, 220 baseline, the 164–8 biodiversity loss and 2, 5, 100, 164, 165, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 180 biofuels and 197–8 carbon emissions and 2, 12, 13, 35–6, 76–7, 146–7, 163–80 carbon price and 167–70, 171, 172, 173, 180 China and 28–9, 35, 45, 180 economics of 76, 165, 166–7, 171, 174 electricity and 13, 166, 168, 174, 178, 180 fertiliser use see fertiliser lobby 14, 110, 164, 165, 169, 170, 197 methane emissions 23, 84, 177, 178, 179 net gain and 172–4 net value of UK 76, 166 new technologies/indoor farming 87–8, 174–9, 180, 213 peat bogs and 2, 179 pesticide use see pesticides petrochemicals and 166 polluter-pays principle and 76, 168–70, 172, 173 pollution 36, 86, 163, 165–6, 168–70, 172, 173, 177–8, 230 public goods, agricultural 170–4, 180 sequestering carbon and 12, 95, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173–4, 177, 179, 180 soils and 2, 146, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 175, 179 subsidies 14, 76, 102, 109, 116, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 180, 228 25 Year Plan and 179–80 Agriculture Bill (2018), UK 170 air conditioning 135–6, 224, 233 air quality xiii, 13, 25, 46, 52, 61, 70, 135, 153, 177, 180, 201, 216, 230, 232 air transport 3–4, 6, 11, 13, 22, 50, 53, 73, 87, 88, 92, 107, 125, 128, 129, 132, 133, 134, 149, 156–7, 186, 195, 201, 203–5 aluminium 7, 117 Amazon rainforest 2, 34, 35, 95, 145, 149–50, 151, 155, 229, 230 ammonia 35, 137, 191 anaerobic digesters 35, 165, 230 animal welfare 167, 177 antibiotics 93, 165, 174 Arctic 26, 46, 114, 178 artificial intelligence (AI) 32, 175, 220, 231 autonomous vehicles 13, 129, 132, 175, 189–90, 231 Balkans 137–8 Bank of England 121 batteries 6, 31, 131, 135, 141, 183, 184, 185–90, 191, 199, 204, 213, 214, 219, 220, 221, 225, 231 beef 5, 95, 116, 117, 167, 230 Berlin, Isaiah 104 big 5 polluter products 117–18, 120 bin Salman, Mohammad 27 biocrops 36 biodiversity xiv, 2, 5, 12, 13, 28, 35, 51, 76, 94, 100, 148, 149, 152, 153, 158, 159, 164, 165, 168, 169–70, 171, 172, 174, 180, 227, 233 bioenergy 31, 34–5, 36 biofuels 21, 35, 49, 50, 67, 70, 95, 135, 183, 184, 197–8, 210, 230 biomass 32, 34, 49, 50, 67, 69, 109, 146, 147, 151, 210, 217 bonds, government 220 BP 27, 149, 187, 199 Deepwater Horizon disaster, Gulf of Mexico (2010) 147 Brazil 2, 35, 38, 44–5, 47, 95, 145, 149–50, 155, 198 Brexit 42, 47, 56, 117, 165 British Gas 102, 139 British Steel x, 194 broadband networks 6, 11, 90, 92, 125, 126, 127–8, 130–1, 132–3, 135, 140–1, 199, 201, 202, 205, 211, 214, 231, 232 Brundtland Commission 45 BT 127–8, 141 Openreach 214 Burn Out (Helm) ix, xiv Bush, George W. 36, 48, 53, 103 business rates 76, 165 Canada 52, 191, 193 capitalist model 26, 42, 99, 227 carbon border tax/carbon border adjustment xii, 11, 13, 60, 80, 115–20, 194–6, 204 carbon capture and storage (CCS) xiv, 12, 75–6, 95, 109, 146, 147–8, 149, 154, 159, 203–4, 207, 209, 222, 223 Carbon Crunch, The (Helm) ix, xiv, 221 carbon diary 4–5, 8, 10, 11, 64–6, 83, 86, 116, 143, 144, 155, 156, 167, 180, 181, 185, 203, 205 carbon emissions: agriculture and see agriculture by country (2015) 30 during ice ages and warm periods for the past 800,000 years 21 economy and 81–159 electricity and see electricity global annual mean concentration of CO2 (ppm) 19 global average long-term concentration of CO2 (ppm) 20 measuring 43–6 since 1990 1–14, 17–37 transport and see individual method of transport 2020, position in 36–7 UN treaties and 38–57 unilateralism and 58–80 see also unilateralism carbon offsetting xiii–xiv, 4, 5, 12, 34, 45, 72, 74, 79, 94–6, 97, 105, 143–59, 192, 201, 203, 207, 214, 222, 223, 234 for companies 148–50 for countries 151–5 for individuals 155–7 markets 71–2, 110–13, 117, 144, 157–9, 208 travel and 156, 201–3 see also sequestration carbon permits 71–2, 79, 110–13, 117, 144, 208 carbon price/tax xii, xiii, xv, 8, 11, 12, 13, 26, 60, 61, 71, 72, 77, 79, 80, 84, 85–6, 102–3, 105, 106–24, 134, 143, 146, 147, 150, 151–4, 157, 159, 192, 197, 198, 199, 203, 227–30, 232, 234 agriculture and 167, 168, 169–70, 171, 173, 180 domain of the tax/carbon border adjustment xii, 11, 13, 60, 80, 115–20, 121, 124, 192, 194–6, 197, 204, 227 electric pollution and 216–18 ethics of 107–10 floor price 115, 117, 208 for imports 11, 13 prices or quantities/EU ETS versus carbon taxes 110–13 setting 113–15 transport and 192–9 what to do with the money 121–4 where to levy the tax 119–20 who fixes the price 120–1 carbon sinks 2, 5, 166, 169, 203 carboniferous age 34 cars 1, 3, 4, 7, 20, 22, 36, 44, 70, 73, 114, 129, 181, 182, 183, 184–5, 190, 191, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199 see also electric vehicles cartels 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 56 cattle farming 35, 36, 95, 150, 166, 167, 173, 177, 198 Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) 102, 139, 218 cement 6, 7, 26, 29, 34, 87, 117, 171 charging networks, electric vehicle 91, 129–30, 141–2, 184, 185–90, 199, 200, 202, 219 Chernobyl 78 China xi, xv, 1–2, 5, 8, 18, 42, 46, 47, 48, 64, 66, 74, 101, 180, 229 Belt and Road Initiative 28, 45 coal use 1–2, 8, 23–4, 24, 28, 31, 38, 117, 154, 206, 208 Communist Party 2, 27, 42, 46 demand for fossil fuels/carbon emissions 1–2, 8, 18, 20, 22, 23–4, 24, 25, 27–31, 36, 38, 51, 73, 117, 154, 206, 208 export market x–xi, 5, 9, 64, 66, 117, 155, 194 fertiliser use 35 GDP xv, 27, 29 nationalism and 42 petrochemical demand 22 renewables companies 9, 32, 73, 74, 77, 79 Tiananmen Square 42 unilateralism and 58, 59 UN treaties and 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59 US trade war 56, 118 Churchill, Winston 183 citizen assemblies 99–101 climate change: carbon emissions and see carbon emissions 1.5° target 38, 57 2° target 1, 10, 22–3, 28, 30, 38, 39, 45, 47, 54, 55, 57, 108, 122, 155, 206 see also individual area of climate change Climate Change Act (2008) 66, 74–7 Clinton, Bill 40, 48 Club of Rome 98 coal 1–2, 5, 8, 13, 20, 23–5, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 50, 52, 53, 60–1, 67, 72, 77, 78–9, 101, 109, 112, 116, 117, 119, 134, 136, 145, 147, 148, 151, 154, 155, 182, 183, 194, 196, 206–9, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 229, 230 coastal marshes 146, 159 colonialism 45 Committee on Climate Change (CCC), UK x–xi, 7, 74–5, 120, 164, 166, 169, 217, 235 ‘Net Zero: The UK’s Contribution to Stopping Global Warming’ report x–xi conference/video calls 6, 129, 156, 202, 205 Conference of the Parties (COP) xii, 10, 48, 50, 53–4, 55, 59, 205 congestion charges 198 Copenhagen Accord 48, 53–4, 59 Coronavirus see Covid-19 cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 71, 108, 110, 114, 138 cost of living 116 Covid-19 x, xi–xii, 1, 3, 6, 9, 18, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 37, 44, 46, 50, 57, 65, 69, 80, 89, 93, 129, 135, 148, 171, 201, 202, 204, 232 CRISPR 176 crop yields 172, 177 dams 2, 36, 52–3, 179 DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) 100 deforestation 2, 5, 34, 35, 36, 38, 43, 44, 47, 55, 87, 95, 145, 146, 149–50, 155, 172–3, 179, 197–8, 229 Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) 170 deindustrialisation x, 29, 46, 52, 54, 59, 72–4, 218 Deng Xiaoping 27 Denmark 69–70, 136–7 desalination 135–6, 179 diesel 4, 20–1, 70, 76, 86, 109, 119, 121, 129, 132, 164, 165, 166, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186, 191, 192, 196–7, 208, 217, 230 ‘dieselgate’ scandal 196–7 digitalisation 1, 8, 11, 13, 33, 92, 117, 136, 174, 175, 180, 206, 211, 215, 221, 228–9, 231 DONG 69 Drax 147, 151, 154, 218 economy, net zero 10–12, 81–159 delivering a 96–103 intergenerational equity and 96–7 markets and 103–5 net environmental gain see net environmental gain political ideologies and 98–101 polluter-pays principle see polluter-pays principle public goods, provision of see public goods, provision of technological change and 98 EDF 139, 218 Ehrlich, Paul 98 electricity 1–2, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 23, 31, 32, 49, 53, 61, 65, 66, 68, 70, 73, 77, 78, 79, 91, 92, 101, 102, 109, 117, 125, 127, 128, 129–30, 131–2, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 149, 158, 166, 168, 174, 178, 180, 182, 183, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234, 235 coal, getting out of 206–7 electric pollution and the carbon price 216–18 electric vehicles 4, 6, 13, 20, 23, 49, 61, 91, 92, 94, 121, 125, 128, 129–30, 131–2, 134, 141, 183–92, 193, 194, 197, 200, 201, 202, 206, 219, 228 equivalent firm power auctions and system operators 210–16 future of 206–25 gas, how to get out of 207–9 infrastructure, electric 185–90, 218–20 low-carbon options post-coal and gas 209–10 net gain and our consumption 222–5 R&D and next-generation renewables 220–2 renewable see renewables Energy Market Reform (EMR) 219 equivalent firm power (EFP) 212–16, 217, 220 ethanol 35, 71, 95, 197 eucalyptus trees xiv, 152 European Commission 60, 71, 72, 112 European Union (EU) xiv, 2, 7, 8, 9, 37, 42, 44, 46, 47, 117, 137, 165, 166, 197; baseline of 1990 and 51–2 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 76, 165 competition regime and customs union 56 deindustrialisation and 46, 52, 54, 59, 72–4 directives for 2030 66 Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) 71–2, 73, 79, 110–13, 117, 144, 208 importing carbon emissions 59 Internal Energy Market (IEM) 68, 71 Kyoto and 9, 51, 59, 66–7 Mercosur Agreement 44, 95 net zero target for 2050 66, 115, 143, 155, 167, 180 Paris and 54 Renewable Energy Directive 68–71, 73, 109 2020 targets signed into law 66 2020–20–20 targets 67, 69, 74 unilateralism and 59, 66–71, 80 Eurostar 133 externalities 104, 170, 180, 196 Extinction Rebellion 6 farmers 14, 26, 35, 36, 43, 71, 76, 86, 95, 102, 109, 110, 146–7, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 174, 175, 196, 197, 198 fertiliser 4, 6, 7, 26, 29, 35, 61, 73, 86, 87, 116, 117, 119, 163, 165, 169, 174, 175, 178, 179, 191, 194, 197 fibre/broadband networks 6, 11, 90, 92, 125, 126, 127–8, 130–1, 132–3, 135, 140–1, 201, 202, 205, 211, 214, 231, 232 financial crisis (2007/8) 1, 19, 69 first-mover advantage 75 First Utility 199 flooding 13, 77, 149, 152, 153, 159, 170, 233 food miles 167 food security 170–1 food waste 178, 180, 231 Forestry Commission xiv Formula One 186, 196 fossil fuels, golden age of 20–5 see also individual fossil fuel France 46, 47, 52, 56, 73, 78, 101, 113, 130, 136, 138 free-rider problem 39–40, 43, 62–4, 106, 119 fuel duty 121, 195–6 fuel efficiency 197 fuel prices 26, 112–13, 209 fuel use declaration 195 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011) 52, 78 Fukuyama, Francis: The End of History and the Last Man 40–1 gardens 6, 43, 143, 156 gas, natural ix, 2, 5, 8, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 50, 52, 68, 69, 79, 102, 109, 117, 119, 129, 136, 137, 146, 147–8, 149, 183, 190, 193, 194, 207–9, 210, 211, 214, 216–17 G8 47 gene editing 172, 176, 231 general election (2019) 121 genetics 98, 172, 174–6, 231 geoengineering 177 geothermal power 137, 178 Germany 9, 30, 47, 52, 59, 60, 62, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77–80, 83, 91, 101, 112, 136, 137, 138, 144, 206, 208, 209 Energiewende (planned transition to a low-carbon, nuclear-free economy) 59, 69, 77–80, 112, 144, 208 Gilets Jaunes 101, 113 GMOs (genetically modified organisms) 176, 177 Great Northern Forest, Britain 151 Green and Prosperous Land (Helm) xiii, xiv, 165, 169, 234 greenbelt 173 greenhouse effect 17 green new deal 90, 102, 234 green parties/green votes 69, 77, 78 green QE (quantitative easing) 102–3 green walls 153, 231 greenwash 156 gross domestic product (GDP) xii, xv, 1, 25, 27, 29, 41, 57, 59, 73, 76, 83, 93, 98, 103, 133, 165, 207, 227, 229, 233 growth nodes 133 G7 47 G20 47 Haber-Bosch process 35, 163 Hamilton, Lewis 186 ‘hands-free’ fields 175 Harry, Prince 6 Heathrow 133, 134 hedgerow 76, 166, 167, 172 Helm Review (‘The Cost of Energy Review’) (2017) ix, 120, 141, 200, 210, 212, 215, 217, 220, 238 herbicide 163 home insulation 102 House of Lords 170 housing 101, 223–4 HS2 92, 125, 132–4, 138, 202 Hume, David 49 hydrogen 13, 49, 92, 125, 128, 135, 137, 183, 184, 190–2, 199, 200, 204, 206, 213, 228 hydro power 31, 35, 36, 50, 52–3, 70, 136, 137, 191 Iceland 137, 178 imports x–xi, xiii, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 62, 68, 70, 117–18, 155, 167, 178, 173, 180, 196, 227 income effect 72, 111 income tax 121, 122, 232 India xiv, xv, 25, 30, 31, 38, 43, 44, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 57, 154, 229 individuals, net zero for 155–7 Indonesia 2, 35 indoor farming 87–8, 177–8, 180, 213 indoor pollutants 223, 232 Industrial Revolution 1, 18, 19, 25, 47, 116, 145 INEOS Grangemouth petrochemical plant xi information and communications technology (ICT) 117, 202, 231 infrastructures, low-carbon xiii, xiv, 11–12, 14, 28, 60, 62, 65, 66, 90, 91–4, 96, 105, 109, 123, 125–42, 143, 147, 151, 154, 159, 171, 184, 186, 187, 190, 199–200, 214, 218–20, 228, 230, 231–2, 234–5 centrality of infrastructure networks 128–30 electric 125–41, 218–20 making it happen 141–2 net zero national infrastructure plan 130–6 private markets and 125–8, 141–2 regional and global infrastructure plan 136–7 state intervention and 126, 127–8, 141–2 system operators and implementing the plans 138–41 inheritance tax 76, 165 insects 164, 177, 231 insulation 102, 224 Integrated Assessment Models 114 intellectual property (IP) 75 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 17–18, 47, 55, 57, 108, 172 internal combustion engine 13, 22, 181–2, 183, 184, 200, 221, 228 Internal Energy Market (IEM) 68, 71, 138 International Energy Agency (IEA) 25, 207 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 51 internet banking 131, 213 internet-of-things 128, 175 Iran 27, 42, 113, 137 Iraq 56, 192 Ireland 43, 157 Italy 137, 182 Japan 27, 28, 30, 52, 73, 78, 101, 185 Jevons Paradox 224 Johnson, Boris 89–90 Kant, Immanuel 104 Keynes, John Maynard 89, 102, 103, 105 Kyoto Protocol (1997) xii, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17–18, 37, 38, 39, 40–1, 47–8, 49, 51, 52–3, 59, 66–7, 119 laissez-faire 104, 138, 188 land use 35, 61, 95, 172, 237 LED (light-emitting diode) lighting 87, 178, 179, 180, 213 liquefied natural gas (LNG) 136, 183 lithium-ion battery 185 lobbying 10, 14, 33, 69, 71, 109, 110, 111–12, 115, 121, 157, 169, 170, 187, 197, 209, 223, 227, 228 location-specific taxes 194 maize 35, 165, 197 Malaysia 2, 229 Malthus, Thomas 98 Mao, Chairman 27, 42 meat xi, 65, 164, 177, 180, 232 Mekong River 2, 28, 179, 229 Mercosur Agreement 44, 95 Merkel, Angela 78 methane 4, 23, 84, 177, 178, 179, 216 microplastics 22 miracle solution 49–50, 55, 209 mobile phone 5, 125, 185 National Farmers’ Union (NFU) 110, 164, 165, 169, 170, 171 National Grid 139, 141, 189, 200, 211, 214, 219 nationalisations 101–2, 126–7 nationalism 41, 43, 55, 56, 138 nationally determined contributions (NDCs) 54–5 natural capital xiii, 14, 33–6, 51, 85, 86, 88, 90, 94, 97, 154, 158, 168, 171, 173–4, 236 Nature Fund 123, 169, 234 net environmental gain principle xiii, xiv, 10, 12, 62, 84, 94–6, 105, 143–59, 169, 172–4, 192, 201–3, 222–5 agriculture and 169, 172–4 carbon offsetting and see carbon offsetting electricity and 222–5 principle of 94–6, 143–4 sequestration and see sequestration transport and 192, 201–3 Netherlands 138 Network Rail 214 net zero agriculture and see agriculture defined x–xv, 3–14 economy 10–12, 81–159 see also economy, net zero electricity and see electricity transport and see individual method of transport 2025 or 2030 target 89 2050 target x, xi, 5, 59, 66, 74, 75, 115, 120, 135, 143, 155, 167, 169, 180, 184, 216, 217, 222, 226, 230, 231, 232 unilateralism and see unilateralism NHS 65 non-excludable 91, 93, 126, 170 non-rivalry 91, 93, 126, 170 North Korea 42 North Sea oil/gas 9, 40, 75, 97, 102, 137, 139, 147, 148, 193 Norway 130, 137, 191 nuclear power 5, 9, 12, 18, 23, 52, 60, 73, 77–9, 109, 125, 128, 129, 136, 140, 178, 194, 199, 206, 207, 208, 209–10, 212, 214, 216, 218, 219, 222, 228 Obama, Barack 48, 53, 54, 59 oceans 2, 14, 22, 33, 85, 86, 88, 148, 163, 231 offsetting see carbon offsetting offshore wind power 31, 69, 75–6, 208, 212, 219, 221 Ofgem 220 oil ix, 2, 20, 22–3, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 50, 67, 69, 86, 97, 117, 119, 129, 136, 137, 146, 147, 148–9, 150–1, 152, 181–3, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 192–4, 196, 197, 199, 206, 209, 210, 216–17, 229 OPEC 39, 40, 193 Orbán, Viktor 41, 42 organic food 61, 87, 178 Ørsted 70 palm oil 2, 5, 6, 35, 36, 66, 71, 167, 173, 197–8, 230 pandemic see Covid-19 Paris Climate Change Agreement (2015) xii, 2, 10, 13, 18, 30, 37, 38, 39, 48, 49, 54–5, 56, 57, 58, 66, 80, 105, 106, 118, 119, 227 peat bogs xiv, 2, 13, 14, 33, 35, 36, 43, 109, 146, 169, 179 pesticides 4, 26, 61, 163, 165, 169, 174, 178, 231 petrochemicals xi, 7, 8, 20, 22–3, 29, 73, 80, 86, 117, 166, 182 petrol 4, 86, 119, 121, 129, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 199 photosynthesis 34, 197 plastics 1, 22, 28, 35, 43, 66, 86, 87, 119, 143, 166, 184, 231 polluter-pays principle xiii, xv, 84–90 agriculture and 76, 168–70, 172, 173 carbon price and see carbon price/tax generalised across all sources of pollution 86 identifying polluters that should pay 86 importance of 10–11, 13, 61, 62, 65 intergenerational balance and 96–7 net environmental gain and 94 sequestration and see sequestration, carbon sustainable economy and 96–7, 105, 106 transport and 192–5, 198–9 see also individual type of pollution population growth 93, 97, 177, 178, 179, 232 privatisation 127, 140, 218–19, 220 property developers 94 public goods, provision of xiii, 10, 11–12, 62, 75, 84, 90–4, 96, 104, 105, 109, 122, 123, 126, 128, 141, 147, 151, 153, 159, 164, 168, 173–4, 180, 192, 199–200, 202, 218, 229, 230 agricultural 170–4, 180 low-carbon infrastructures see infrastructures, low-carbon research and development (R&D) see research and development (R&D) Putin, Vladimir 27, 41, 42, 89 railways 11, 13, 13, 87, 91, 92, 94, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132–3, 138, 139, 156, 182, 183, 187, 202, 212, 214, 232 rainforest 2, 5, 34, 35, 36, 38, 44, 47, 55, 87, 95, 145, 149, 155, 173, 179–80, 197, 229 rationalism 40–1 Reagan, Ronald 103 red diesel 76, 109, 164, 165, 196 regulated asset base (RAB) 127, 141, 215, 220 remote working 128, 156, 201–2, 205 renewables ix, 6, 8, 9–10, 18, 19, 21, 26, 31–5, 36, 49, 50, 55, 61, 67, 72, 77, 79, 85, 86, 109, 110, 112, 123, 125, 128, 131, 135, 138, 140, 144, 149, 178, 188, 191, 194, 197, 199, 207, 209–10, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220–2, 224, 228 Chinese domination of market 9, 32, 73, 74, 77, 79 cost-competitiveness of 9–10, 49, 51, 61, 68 failure of, 1990-now 19, 31–3, 36 modern global renewable energy consumption measured in TWh per year 32 miracle solution and 49–51 Renewable Energy Directive 68–71, 73, 109 subsidies ix, 9, 10, 50, 68–9, 71, 79, 80 see also individual renewable energy source Renewables UK 110 research and development (R&D) xiv, 12, 13, 14, 62, 65, 66, 90, 93–4, 104, 109, 123, 165, 172, 192, 200, 218, 220–2, 223, 228, 234 reshoring businesses 8, 204 rivers 2, 22, 28, 86, 128, 152, 165, 169, 179, 214, 230 roads 11, 28, 45, 91, 92, 125, 129, 131–2, 140, 165, 182, 189, 194, 198, 202, 232 robotics 32, 175, 204, 206, 231 Rosneft 26 Royal Navy 183 Russia 26, 27, 30, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 55, 56, 192, 193 RWE 139, 218 Ryanair 156–7 rye grass 35 salmon 169, 177 Saudi Arabia 26, 33, 40, 42, 50, 137, 192, 193 Saudi Aramco 26, 50 seashells 34 sequestration, carbon xi, xiv, 12, 61, 66, 85, 90, 95, 143–59, 228, 229, 231, 232 agriculture and 12, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176–7, 179, 180 baseline definition and 146–7 biofuels and 35, 146, 217 carbon capture and storage (CCS) xiv, 12, 75–6, 95, 109, 146, 147–8, 149, 154, 159, 203–4, 207, 209, 222, 223 companies, net zero for 148–51 countries, offsetting for 151–5 electricity and 222, 223 gas and 207 individuals, net zero for xi, xiv, 155–7 markets, offsetting 157–9 natural capital destruction and 2, 19, 33–6, 44, 45, 51 natural sequestration xi, xiii, 2, 7, 12, 14, 33–6, 37, 45, 52, 66, 85, 90, 94–6, 105, 143–59, 163, 168, 171, 173, 176–7, 179, 180, 203, 206, 207, 222, 223 net gain principle and 143–4, 146, 149–50 offsetting principle and 143–5 peat bogs and see peat bogs principle of xi, xiii, 2, 7, 12–13 soils and see soils transport and 185, 190, 203 tree planting and see trees, planting/sequestration and types of 145–8 wetlands/coastal marshes and 146, 159, 233 shale gas 8, 208 Shell 27, 149, 199 shipping 8, 13, 22, 28, 36, 49, 114, 125, 137, 181, 182–3, 191, 194–5, 203–5, 217 Siberia 2, 46 smart appliances 128, 129, 132 smart charging 11, 13, 128, 129, 130, 139, 214, 219 soils xiii, 2, 5, 7, 12, 14, 33, 35, 36, 43, 55, 76, 109, 146, 149, 152, 156, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 175, 179, 203, 228 solar panels/solar photovoltaics (PV) 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 21, 31, 32, 33, 49, 53, 68, 69, 71, 74, 79, 87, 91, 135, 136, 137, 178, 179, 188, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 216, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224–5 Sony 185 Soviet Union 18, 40, 52, 67–8, 89 soya 95 Spain 69, 130, 137 sport utility vehicles (SUVs) 106, 121, 192 spruce xiv, 152, 170 standard of living xv, 1, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 229, 233 staycations 201 steel x–xi, 6, 7, 8, 26, 28, 29, 53, 66, 73, 80, 87, 116, 117, 118, 119, 171, 184, 194–5 Stern, Nicholas: The Economics of Climate Change 41, 63 subsidies ix, 9, 10, 14, 32, 50, 51, 52, 53, 69, 71, 76, 79, 80, 89, 102, 109, 110, 113, 116, 123, 140, 154, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 180, 193, 196, 198, 209, 215, 221, 222, 228, 230 sugar cane 35, 71, 95, 197, 198 sulphur pollution 22, 25, 28, 78, 191, 194, 197, 230 sustainable economic growth xv, 10, 12, 14, 61, 83, 92, 94, 97, 98, 105, 227, 233 Taiwan 42 taxation xii, 11, 62, 71, 72, 76, 80, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97, 101, 102, 103, 106–24, 126, 127, 130, 133, 147, 150, 151–2, 153–4, 157, 159, 165, 169, 170, 192–6, 197, 198, 199, 203, 232, 234 technological change 98, 127, 141, 174–5, 221 Thatcher, Margaret 17 Thompson, Emma 6 3D printing 175, 204 Thunberg, Greta 6, 205 tidal shocks 159 top-down treaty frameworks 13, 38–57, 80, 110, 119 tourism/holidays 6, 22, 36, 88, 94, 107, 114, 128, 156, 201, 204–5 transport, reinventing 181–205 aviation 195, 201, 203–5 see also air transport batteries and charging networks 185–90 biofuels 196–8 electric alternative 183–5 hydrogen and fuel cells 190–2 innovation, R&D and new infrastructures 199–200 internal combustion engine 181–2 net gain and offsets (reducing travel versus buying out your pollution) 201–3 oil 183–4 polluter pays/carbon tax 192–6 shipping 203–5 urban regulation and planning 198–9 vehicle standards 196–8 see also individual type of transport Treasury, UK 120–2 trees, planting/sequestration and xi, xiii, xiv, 2, 7, 13, 14, 33, 34, 45, 76, 85, 94–6, 146, 148, 149–51, 152–3, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 168, 169, 172, 179, 203, 231 trophy project syndrome 133 Trump, Donald 2, 8, 41, 42, 48, 89, 99, 103, 121 25 Year Environment Plan xiii, 153, 170, 179–80 UK 47, 69 agriculture and 164, 166, 167, 173 carbon emissions (2015) 30 carbon price and 115, 120 Climate Change Act (2008) 66, 74–7 coal, phasing out of 24–5, 60–1, 77, 208 Committee on Climate Change (CCC) x–xi, 7, 74–6, 120, 164, 166, 169, 217, 235 deindustrialisation and 72–4 80 per cent carbon reduction target by 2050 74 electricity and 206, 208, 218, 219, 224 Helm Review (‘The Cost of Energy Review’) (2017) ix, 120, 141, 200, 210, 212, 215, 217, 220, 238 infrastructure 125, 132–3, 134, 137, 139–40 net zero passed into law (2019) 66 sequestration and 145, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156 transport and 195–6, 197, 198 unilateralism and 58–9, 60–1, 65, 66, 69, 72–7, 80 unilateralism xi, 8, 10, 11, 25, 58–80, 83, 105, 106, 119, 125, 143, 144, 155, 164, 167, 197, 203, 227 in Europe 66–80 incentive problem and 58–60 morality and 62–6 no regrets exemplars and/showcase examples of how decarbonisation can be achieved 60–2 place for 80 way forward and 80, 83 United Nations xi, xii, 6, 10, 17, 37, 38, 118 carbon cartel, ambition to create a 39–40, 43, 45, 46–7, 56 climate treaty processes xi, 6, 10, 13, 17–18, 36, 37, 38–57, 59, 80, 110, 118, 119, 204–5 see also individual treaty name Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 17–18, 36, 38, 59 miracle solution and 50–1 origins and philosophy of 41 Security Council 46, 47, 57 United States 8, 74, 139, 206 agriculture in 175, 176, 197 carbon emissions 8, 29, 30 China and 27–8, 42, 118 coal and 2, 24, 28, 29, 208 economic imperialism 45 energy independence 50 gas and 8, 20, 23, 24, 29, 50, 208 oil production 40, 50, 193 pollution since 1990 29 unilateralism and 58, 59, 74 UN climate treaty process and 38, 40–1, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56 universal service obligations (USOs) 92, 126, 131, 202 utilitarianism 41, 63–4, 108, 110 VAT 117, 119–20, 121, 122, 232 Vesta 69 Volkswagen 196–7 water companies 76, 214, 230 water pollution/quality xiv, 12, 22, 61, 76, 152, 153, 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 232 Wen Jiabao 53, 59 wetlands 159, 233 wildflower meadow 164, 184 wind power 5, 9, 12, 21, 31, 32, 33, 49, 53, 68, 69–70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 91, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 178, 188, 191, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214–15, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222 wood pellets 67, 217, 230 Woodland Trust 156, 158 World Bank 51 World Trade Organization (WTO) 52, 56, 118 World War I 183 World War II (1939–45) 78, 90, 92, 101, 106, 171 Xi Jinping 27, 41, 42 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS So much is now discussed, written and published about climate change that it is impossible to keep track of all the ideas and conversations that have influenced my understanding of the subject.


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Living in a Material World: The Commodity Connection by Kevin Morrison

addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, commoditize, commodity trading advisor, computerized trading, diversified portfolio, Doha Development Round, Elon Musk, energy security, European colonialism, flex fuel, food miles, Ford Model T, Great Grain Robbery, Gregor Mendel, Hernando de Soto, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, hydrogen economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), junk bonds, Kickstarter, Long Term Capital Management, managed futures, Market Wizards by Jack D. Schwager, Michael Milken, new economy, North Sea oil, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, out of africa, Paul Samuelson, peak oil, planned obsolescence, price mechanism, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, the payments system, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, transaction costs, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, young professional

The reason for this is that the Mop delegates are from the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which does not include the United States. The US delegates only participate in the Cop discussions. 170 | LIVING IN A MATERIAL WORLD 3. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its fourth assessment on climate change throughout 2007 through draft and final reports on the various issues associated with global warming from the scientific basis to adaptation and mitigation. The IPCC was constantly in the news and added to the expectation that the Bali meeting would conclude with strong action on combating climate change. 4. The Marketing Association of the English Wine Industry – http://www. englishwineproducers.com/history.htm 5.

But it could be another ten years before there is a track record with the seeds consistently producing the desired oil and before the breeding techniques for the plant are fine-tuned around the world. The Energy and Resource Institute (Teri), the New Delhi-based research group headed by Dr Rajendra K. Pachauri, the chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is also conducting research on jatropha. ‘We should not be debating whether there is land for fuel or land for food, we should debate what areas are suitable for non-edible crops,’ said Dr Adholeya, director of biotechnology and management in Teri’s bioresources division. His office was prone to intermittent power cuts during our discussions, a regular occurrence across India due to prolonged power shortages.

The IEA said in its World Energy Outlook that carbon capture and storage is assumed not to be deployed before 2030 because of doubts about whether technical and cost challenges can be overcome. The report states that the greatest reductions in future US electric sector CO2 emissions are likely to come from applying carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to nearly all new coal-based power plants coming online after 2020. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s ‘Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage – Summary for policymakers and technical summary’ gives a breakdown of the volume of emissions from each sector. CLIMATE | 177 54. In 1900 the global annual water use per capita was 350 cubic metres. In 2000, that number had grown to 642 cubic metres, said John Dickerson in his speech ‘The Economic Paradox That Spawned A Compelling Investment Theme’, at the Case for Water Investing conference in 2007. 55.


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The End of Growth by Jeff Rubin

Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bakken shale, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, deal flow, decarbonisation, deglobalization, Easter island, energy security, eurozone crisis, Exxon Valdez, Eyjafjallajökull, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fiat currency, flex fuel, Ford Model T, full employment, ghettoisation, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Hans Island, happiness index / gross national happiness, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, Kickstarter, low interest rates, McMansion, megaproject, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, new economy, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, subprime mortgage crisis, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, traumatic brain injury, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, women in the workforce, working poor, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

But as we’ll explore later on, before global warming spells the end of the world, those same climate change scientists need to ask where China is going to get all the coal it’s expecting to burn. To fulfill the carbon emission projections made by groups like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Chinese economy may need to burn through the coal supplies of several planets. A few doors west, India’s fuel demands are also bolting higher. Overall, world coal consumption, according to the IPCC, is forecast to double over the next two decades. That covers the demand side of the equation. But we still need to ask where we’ll get all this coal. As growing power shortages across the country will attest, China is already struggling to come up with the 3.7 billion tons of coal it burns each year.

And the mainstream scientific community is coming closer to Lovelock’s view that global warming could unleash a climactic Armageddon if immediate steps aren’t taken to reduce emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established by the United Nations in 1988, comprises thousands of scientists and is the largest publisher of peer-reviewed climate change research in the world. In 2007, the organization shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore for increasing public knowledge about climate change and laying the groundwork to counteract such change. In its latest comprehensive assessment report from 2007, the IPCC warns that human-generated emissions are causing global temperatures to rise.

At the same time, I’m not losing much sleep worrying about the worst-case scenarios from Lovelock or the IPCC. I find the IPCC’s assumptions for economic growth—and, more to the point, fuel demand—hard to swallow. In its forecasts, the IPCC takes a business-as-usual approach to resource consumption. But projections that model the future by extrapolating from the quantity of hydrocarbons we currently burn are implausible. The Achilles heel of the dire predictions for climate change is the computer modeling by IPCC scientists that assumes our hydrocarbon consumption will continue to increase at the same rate over the next few decades as it has in the past.


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The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium by Martin Gurri

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Arthur Eddington, Ayatollah Khomeini, bitcoin, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Burning Man, business cycle, citizen journalism, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, collective bargaining, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, currency manipulation / currency intervention, dark matter, David Graeber, death of newspapers, disinformation, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, facts on the ground, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, job-hopping, military-industrial complex, Mohammed Bouazizi, Nate Silver, Occupy movement, Port of Oakland, Republic of Letters, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Skype, Steve Jobs, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, too big to fail, traveling salesman, University of East Anglia, urban renewal, War on Poverty, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, young professional

On November 19, 2009, someone who had hacked thousands of emails from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia, Britain, released them to the public on an obscure Russian server. The names on the emails belonged to the most eminent climatologists involved in global warming research, and included many of the leading contributors to the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The release had a pointedly political purpose. A gathering of world leaders to coordinate policy on climate change was scheduled for December in Copenhagen. From the emails, an unflattering portrait emerged of the hierarchy of climatology, caught en famille. The scientists sounded vain, petty, intolerant, obsessed with media coverage, and abusive to outsiders.

Chao, Loreta. “Twitter, Other Apps Disrupted in Venezuela.” Wall Street Journal, February 21, 2014. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303775504579397430033153284. Climate Change 2013, The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/docs/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf. Cohen-Friedman, Naama. “Social activists: The revolution is here.” Ynetnews.com, July 30, 2011. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4102107,00.html. “Colleague defends ‘ClimateGate’ professor.” BBC, December 4, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi /8396035.stm.

[207] Screen shot from video, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSAKcKMncfY. [208] Screen shot of video, http://hellaoccupyoakland.org/occupy-oakland-forum-police-actions/ . [209] Climate Change 2013, The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2013, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/docs/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf . [210] Will Wrigley, “Hurricane Sandy Survivors Demand Climate Change Action From Obama,” Huffington Post, February 11, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/11/hurricane-sandy-climate-change_n_2664563.html


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The Planet Remade: How Geoengineering Could Change the World by Oliver Morton

Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, Apollo 13, Asilomar, Boeing 747, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, carbon credits, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, colonial rule, Colonization of Mars, Columbian Exchange, decarbonisation, demographic transition, Dr. Strangelove, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy transition, Ernest Rutherford, Garrett Hardin, germ theory of disease, Haber-Bosch Process, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, John Harrison: Longitude, John von Neumann, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kintsugi, late capitalism, Louis Pasteur, megaproject, Michael Shellenberger, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, Philip Mirowski, planetary scale, plutocrats, public intellectual, renewable energy transition, rewilding, scientific management, Scramble for Africa, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Silicon Valley, smart grid, South China Sea, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, tech billionaire, Ted Nordhaus, Thomas Malthus, Virgin Galactic

Marshall Institute, 154 germ theory of disease, 129 Germany: explosives industry, 190; geoengineering research, 159; nuclear industry, 17, 358; renewable energy (Energiewende), 19, 20, 106, 159; scientific research, 182 Gernsback, Hugo, 243 glaciers and ice: Arctic melting, 313, 362; and cloud brightening, 294–5, 336; and nuclear fallout, 44; protecting, 344–5, 371–2, 374; as record of earlier climates, 222–3, 227, 321, 344; and tracking climate change, 222–7; and volcanic eruptions, 86, 88 global cooling, 275–9 global warming: and counter-geoengineering, 341–2; ‘pause’ in, 3, 70, 108, 280; sulphur’s masking effect, 279–80; see also climate change Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 276 Goldsmith, Oliver, 83 Goodell, Jeff, 157 Gore, Al, 349 GPS, 118–19 Gran, Haaken Hasberg, 252 green movement: and carbon dioxide emissions, 141, 143; and CCS, 247; future scenarios, 351; and geoengineering, 28, 159, 261–2; influence on environmental policies, 19–20, 141; moderate green views on climate change, 135; and nuclear power, 16–17 ‘Greenfinger’ scenario, 352–4 greenhouse gases: and climate change, 65–71, 72–3; and farming, 224–5, 227; harm caused by those other than carbon dioxide, 146; historical atmospheric levels, 222–8; and ice ages, 231; see also carbon dioxide; methane; nitrous oxide; water vapour Greenland, 222, 342, 362, 371, 374 Grübler, Arnulf, 11 guano, 180 Haber, Fritz, 182, 190, 193, 202 Hadley Centre, 273 hail, 271 Hamblin, Jacob Darwin, 136, 309 Hamilton, Clive, 157, 248 Hampson, John, 278 Hansen, James, 90–2, 140, 276 Hardin, Garrett, 77–8 Harvard Forest, 97–8 Harvard University, 28 Havel, Václav, 351 Haywood, Jim, 293 HCFCs, 72, 146 health: effect of European ‘discovery’ of Americas on Native Americans, 227; and fossil fuels, 12, 16; germ theory of disease, 129; nitrogen pollution of water, 195–9; and nuclear power, 15–16, 45; and ozone layer, 49–50; vaccination programmes, 353; and veilmaking, 112, 281; see also air pollution Heard, Gerald, 41, 342 Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 296 Helin, Glo, 328 helium, 178 Hiroshima, 148, 190 holism, 77 Holmes, Arthur, 216 Holocene, 222–4, 226, 231, 236, 241 Hoskins, Brian, 69 House, Jo, 261 Hoyle, Fred, 278 human empire, 24–5, 125, 177–78, 209–10, 372 human prehistory, 229–31, 241–2 Hungary, 314 hurricanes, 284, 294–5, 295–6, 353 Huxley, Aldous, 41 Huxley, Julian, 313–14 Hyde, Roderick, 149, 151 hydrological cycle: future scenarios, 242, 362; and veilmaking, 114–18; workings of, 64, 67 hydropower, 3, 182 hydrosphere, 40 ice see glaciers and ice ice ages: 1960s and 1970s fear of human-generated, 275–8; artificially starting, 342–3; averting, 149, 278; and carbon dioxide in the oceans, 252–3, 254; and climate change, 231; as climate change phenomenon, 130; and greenhouse gases, 222–4; and human development, 230–1; next, 266–7, 277–8; enduring question of origins, 87–8, 98; and plant growth, 233–4; Younger Dryas, 226–7 ice–albedo feedback, 223, 276, 278, 342–3 IG Farben, 190 IMO see International Maritime Organization India: agriculture, 192; air pollution, 365; future scenarios, 364–6, 367–8; monsoons, 86, 364–6; population issues, 187; rainmaking schemes, 271; and veilmaking models, 121 Indonesia, 86–7 industrialization, 128, 177, 225–6, 228–9 infrared radiation, 65–6 Ingold, Tim, 57 interglacials, 222–4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 7, 140 internal combustion engine, 212 international agreements see air pollution: agreements; climate negotiations and agreements; nuclear weapons: treaties and test bans; UNFCCC International Energy Agency, 3 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 246 International Maritime Organization (IMO), 282–3, 297–8 interstellar travel, 139, 150 Intertropical Convergence Zone, 293 IPCC see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Ireland, 127 iron fertilization, 252–9, 265 Israel, 16 James, William, 132 Jameson, Fredric, 310 JASON group, 136, 321 Jeanne-Claude, 344 Jefferson, Thomas, 127 Jesus Christ, 125 jet streams, 46–7 Jevons, Stanley, 180–1 Johnson, Lyndon B., 137, 139 Johnston, Harold, 51, 201 Jupiter, 37, 333 Kaempffert, Waldemar, 49, 314 Kármán, Theodore von, 136 Keeling, David, 75–6, 96, 98, 239–40 Keith, David: background, 150; death threats, 104; funds source, 28, 102, 156–7; and geoengineering, 101–2, 107, 149–50, 156–7, 160, 169, 286, 342, 358 Kennedy, John F., 59, 340 Kilimanjaro, Mount, 344–5 Kingsland, Sharon, 79 Kintisch, Eli, 157 Klein, Naomi, 225 Koch, Robert, 129 Krakatau, 86–7, 108 Kravitz, Ben, 113, 116–17 Kruger, Tim, 163 Kyoto conference (1997), 3 Kyoto protocol (2005), 140–1, 144, 145 Lackner, Klaus, 27–8 Langmuir, Irving, 269–70, 272, 295 Latham, John: career, 272–3, 283; cloud work, 268, 272–4, 283–4, 285–8, 294–5, 298–301, 323; home, 298 Latham, Mike, 268, 300 Latour, Bruno, 171, 271 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 148–51, 317, 319, 334, 339 Le Châtelier, Henri Louis, 182 Leith, Chuck, 317 Lenton, Tim, 290 Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 128 Levenson, Tom, 324 LeVier, Tony, 57 Levitt, Stephen, 154–5 Lewis, Simon, 227 Libby, Willard, 45–6 Liebig, Justus von, 178–9, 237, 251–2 lightning, 272, 299–301 lightning conductors, 112, 127 lime and liming, 250–1, 363, 371 lithosphere, 40 Livermore see Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lobell, David, 236, 237, 238, 240 Locher, Fabien, 129 Long, Jane, 20 Lotka, Alfred, 75, 78–9, 175, 217–19 Lovell, Jim, 60 Lovelock, James, 75, 275, 278, 282, 287, 290 Lowell, Percival, 131, 132, 133, 139 McCarthy, Cormac, 309 MacCracken, Mike, 319, 327 MacCready, Paul, 299–300 MacDonald, Gordon, 136–7 McKibben, Bill, 125 Maddox, John, 204 Malthus, Thomas, 180, 185–6, 203 Manhattan Project, 42, 148, 312, 321 Marchetti, Cesare, 137, 246, 259 Mariner 9, 89 Mars: canals, 131–3; colonizing, 139, 140; craters, 322; expensive village on, 374; stratosphere, 37, 89 Martin, John, 252–4 Marx, Karl, 179–80, 205 Maryland, University of, 225 Masco, Joe, 310 Maslin, Mark, 227 Mauritius, 127 Mead, Margaret, 327 measles, 227 Mediterranean region, 116, 198, 230, 241, 375 Medwin, Thomas, 332 mending; 359, 372 mesosphere, 41 Meteorological Office, 293, 294 methane: and climate change, 65, 72; and farming, 224–5; historical atmospheric levels, 223; human responsibility for emissions, 72, 146; positive feedback due to, 241; see also natural gas Mexico, 90–1, 189, 190–1, 192 Mexico, Gulf of, 186, 195–6 Middle East, 284–5 the military, and asteroid impact work, 334–5, 339–41; and cabin ecology, 75; and geoengineering, 315; and climate modification. 158, 270; and cloud seeding. 270, 272; and geophysical warfare, 135–7; and nuclear energy, 16; and nuclear weapons, 42, 306, 308–9 mirrors, space-based, 149, 150–1 Mitchell, Edgar, 77 mitigation see adaptation and mitigation monsoons: future scenarios, 364–6, 367–8, 371; and geoengineering, 292; prehistoric, 241; and volcanic eruptions, 86, 115 Montreal protocol (1987), 53, 110, 143–4 moon: Clementine mission to, 334; craters, 322; Earth seen from, 60, 63, 65; planned human moonbases, 75; planned nuclear explosion on, 338, 339; appearance changed by volcanic eruptions on Earth, 86 Mooney, Pat, 23 More, Sir Thomas, 124, 127 Morrison, David, 328, 330–1 Mossop, S.

When I was told on reasonable authority that my risks of a cardiac event in the next fifteen years or so were about 6 per cent, I resolved to make some changes in the way I lived my life. A little later I actually managed to act on those resolutions. A straightforward reading of the latest assessment by the scientists of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) would suggest that the risks are higher than those I just gave; many scientists and almost all environmental activists would put them much higher. But if you think, as I do, that figures as low as 50 per cent and 5 per cent justify action, it doesn’t really matter for the purposes of this discussion if the figures are actually higher.

A Case Against Climate Engineering Polity Press Ingold, Tim (2000) ‘Globes and Spheres: The Topology of Environmentalism’ in The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill, Routledge IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – see http://www.climatechange2013.org/ IPCC (2014a) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – see http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/ IPCC (2014b) Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change – see http://mitigation2014.org/ Jessee, E. Jerry (2014) ‘A Heightened Controversy: Nuclear Weapons Testing, Radioactive Tracers, and the Dynamic Atmosphere’ in Toxic Airs: Body, Place, and Planet in Historical Perspective eds James R.


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The Ones We've Been Waiting For: How a New Generation of Leaders Will Transform America by Charlotte Alter

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, "World Economic Forum" Davos, 4chan, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, collective bargaining, Columbine, corporate personhood, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, data science, David Brooks, deepfake, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, double helix, East Village, ending welfare as we know it, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, gentrification, gig economy, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Google Hangouts, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), job-hopping, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, Lyft, mandatory minimum, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, McMansion, medical bankruptcy, microaggression, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, obamacare, Occupy movement, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, passive income, pre–internet, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, sexual politics, Sheryl Sandberg, side hustle, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, Snapchat, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Bannon, TaskRabbit, tech bro, too big to fail, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, unpaid internship, We are the 99%, white picket fence, working poor, Works Progress Administration

., 22 Hogg, David, 41, 247 Houlahan, Chrissy, 268, 270 Howe, Neil, xiv Hultgren, Randy, 206, 231, 242 Hurricane Harvey, 193 Hurricane Katrina, 43 Hurricane Maria, 225 Hurricane Sandy, 129 Hurst, Chris, 212 identity politics, 60–61 immigration, 160, 254, 279–80 income inequality deregulation and privatization and, 219 in 1920s, 216–17, 219 Ocasio-Cortez and, 25 parenting and, 35 Reagan’s policies and, 30 Indigenous Environmental Network, 182 individual mandate, Affordable Care Act, 108, 110 Indivisible resistance, 180, 204–7 Inhofe, James, 159 Instagram, 273 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 190 International Indigenous Youth Council, 182 internet, 55, 56, 57 See also social media intersectionality, 199 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 190 iPhone, 55, 57 iPod, 57 Iraq invasion, 67 Iraq War. See War on Terror Isaacson, Walter, 55 Iweala, Uzodinma, 4 Jackson, Jesse, 119 Jefferson, Thomas, xiii, 200–201 Jones, Eric, 140 Journal of Social Psychology, 41 Justice Democrats, 209 Kavanaugh, Brett, 203 Kennedy, Caroline, 87 Kennedy, John F., xiii, 29, 74 Kennedy, Ted, 87, 94, 107, 249 Kerry, John, 76 Keystone XL pipeline, 158, 181–82 kidnappings, 36 Kids These Days (Harris), 35 Kim, Andy, 111 Kim Jong Un, 254 King, Coretta Scott, 195 King, Martin Luther, Jr., xiii, 29–30 King, Steve, 197 Kinsley, Michael, 32, 285 Kinzinger, Adam, 158 Klein, Joe, 86 Koch brothers, 124, 131, 149, 154–55 Kushner, Jared, xvii Lakota Sioux, 181–82 Lanza, Adam, 147 latchkey kids, 33 Lauer, Matt, 4 Lawrence, John A., 276 Lazerson, Marvin, 46 Lean In (Sandberg), 153–54 Lehman Brothers, 93 Lepore, Jill, 219 Lesser, Eric, xxi, 104, 132, 141–42, 153–57 elected to Massachusetts State Senate, 111, 141 Obama’s 2004 Democratic National Convention speech and, 81 on Obama’s leadership style, 112 as special assistant to David Axelrod, 105–9 as staffer for Obama’s first presidential campaign, 83–84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 trans-state railroad championed by, 141–42 “Let Detroit Go Bankrupt” (Romney), 104 leveraged buyouts, 28–29 Levin, Ezra, 124–25 Indivisible resistance and, 180, 204–5 2012 presidential election and, 170–71, 172–73, 176, 178–80 Lieberman, Joe, 107 Lincoln, Abraham, xiii Litman, Amanda, 209–12 Logan, Eric, 144–45, 286 Londrigan, Betsy Dirksen, 241 Look Who’s Talking (film), 33 Love, Mia, 155–56, 158, 264 Lovett, Jon, 111 Lucas, Quinton, 135 Lumumba, Chokwe Antar, 223 Luria, Elaine, 270 Lyft, 99 Mackler, Camille, 202 McBath, Lucy, 268 McCain, John, xiii, 90, 147, 206–7 McCain, Meghan, 260 McCarthy, Kevin, 155 McCaskill, Claire, 87 McChrystal, Stanley, 71 McConnell, Mitch, xv, 51, 147, 277 McDonald, Laquan, 121 Mckesson, DeRay, 171, 172 Mad, 285 Make the Road New York, 202 Malcolm X, 29–30 Mallory, Tamika, 199–200 Mannheim, Karl, xiv March for Our Lives, 247 March for Science, 204 Marcinko, Richard, 14 marijuana issue, 160 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, 293 Markey, Ed, 281 Martin, Trayvon, 118 mass shootings Columbine High School shooting, 27 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, 293 Parkland, Florida, shooting, 41, 247 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, 147 Virginia Tech shooting, 53 Mast, Brian, 158 Me Generation.

They had reason to be dramatic: in 2018, the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a report that warned that “there is no historical precedent” for the economic transformation needed to prevent global temperatures from rising to catastrophic levels; just half a degree, they warned, could cost millions of lives. Sunrise wasn’t alone. Young people all over the world were realizing that the adults weren’t going to make their governments address climate change—so they would have to do it themselves. In 2018, a few months after the release of the IPCC report, a soft-spoken fifteen-year-old Swedish girl with Asperger’s syndrome named Greta Thunberg gave an electrifying speech at the annual United Nations climate talks in Poland that excoriated adult leaders for failing to act boldly to prevent climate catastrophe.

., 31, 53, 71, 75–76, 102 Buttigieg, Pete, xv, xxi, 3–8, 132, 142–45, 282–87 academic accomplishments of, 7–8 addresses Women’s March, 198 announces presidential candidacy, 287 black community and, 144–45 childhood of, 5–7 digital revolution and, 61–62 economic development initiatives of, 143–44 elected mayor of South Bend, 143 enlistment and service in military of, 73–77 essay on Bernie Sanders written by, 7–8 future of Democratic party and, 289–91 generational argument for presidential candidacy of, 284–85 at Harvard, 3–5, 8 marriage of, 146 as mayor of South Bend, 143–45 media appearances of, 283–84 moderate views and personality of, 285–86 Muslim travel ban protests and, 202 9/11 terrorist attacks and, 3–4 Ocasio-Cortez and, 290 personality of, 4–5, 6 policing and, 144 presidential campaign of, 284–87 sexuality of, 7, 145–46 on socialism, 218 technocratic solutions embraced by, 143 work on Obama 2008 presidential campaign, 85–86 BuzzFeed, 52 cancel culture, 37 capitalism, 213, 214–15, 216, 221 Carlson, Tucker, 222 Carr, Justin, 127 Carter, Lee, 223 Carter, Michael, 216–17, 220–21, 228 Casten, Sean, 241 Castile, Philandro, 121 cell phones, 55, 57 Chadwick, Sarah, 247 Chakrabarti, Saikat, 209, 222, 279–80, 281 Chetty, Raj, 137 child safety, 36–38 China, 47 Chrysler, 102, 103–4, 105 Churchill, Winston, 151 Cisneros, Gil, 270 Citizens United decision, 114 Civilian Conservation Corps, 217 civil rights movement, 29 The Class of ’74: Congress after Watergate and the Roots of Partisanship (Lawrence), 276 Clean Power Plan, 196 climate change, 31, 157–59 Crenshaw and, 254 Curbelo and, 157–58 Green New Deal and, 191, 273–75, 278–79 hurricane frequency and intensity and, 43 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on, 190 Paris Climate Agreement, United States withdrawal from, xvi, 158, 195, 258 Republicans and, 157–59 Stefanik and, 157–58 student protests and, 190–91 Sunrise Movement and, 189–90, 191 Thunberg speeches on, 190 Trump’s views on, 195–96 Climate Solutions Caucus, 157–59 Clinton, Bill, xvi, 27, 30–31, 106, 169, 249 balanced budget of, 31 crime bill of, 30–31 earned income tax credit and, 30 Clinton, Hillary, 86–87, 106, 166, 167, 169–70, 234–35 CNN, 172, 173, 175, 242 coaches, 51 Coakley, Martha, 107 Cobb, Jelani, 119 Cohen, Ben, 115 Cohen, Michael, 252, 261 Colbert, Stephen, 266, 284, 288 colleges/universities administrators hired by, increase in, 50–51 college process and, 47 cut in funding for public universities, 50 discrimination claims related to admissions criteria, 47–48 increase in number of students attending, 47–48 international student enrollment, 47 race as factor in admissions process, 48 reasons for increase in cost of, 50–51 student enrollment and, 50 student loan debt and, 44–52 Collins, Susan, 206–7 Columbine High School shooting, 27 communism, 213 Congress, 196–98 age of members, during Trump presidency, 196–97 freshman class of 2018, 265–81 out of touch with changes in American society, 196–98 2018 elections, 226–45 Watergate babies, 276 Consumer Financial Protection Board (CFPB), 194–95 Costello, Ryan, 264 Couric, Katie, 4, 53 Crazy Horse, 181 credit default swaps, 28–29 Crenshaw, Dan, xxi, 13–14 belief in War on Terror of, 66–67 campaign for and election to House of Representatives, 250–52 childhood of, 13–14 loses eye in IED blast on battle damage assessment (BDA) mission, 65–66 medals received by, 66 Navy SEAL career of, 63–66 9/11 terrorist attacks and, 13 on outrage culture, 252 on ROTC scholarship to Tufts University, 14 on Trump and Trump’s policies, 252–57 2012 presidential election and, 173–75, 177–78 Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 199 Crenshaw, Tara, 251 crime bill of 1994 (Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act), 30–31 Crow, Jason, 270 crowd-sourced collaboration, 55 Crowley, Joe, 224, 226, 228, 229 Cruz, Ted, xviii, 147 Curbelo, Carlos, 155–57, 258 bipartisanship of, 161 climate change and, 157–58 defeated in reelection bid, 2018, 264 elected to House of Representatives, 155–56 immigration legislation sponsored by, 160 reelected to House of Representatives, 2016, 262 on Trump and Trump’s policies, 262–64 2012 presidential election and, 169 youth of, 156 DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program), 195, 263 Dakota Access Pipeline, 181–82 Davidson, Pete, 251, 253 Day Without Immigrants, 204 Dean, Howard, 82, 86, 90 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, 195, 263 DeGroot, Jake, 117 democratic socialism.


pages: 193 words: 51,445

On the Future: Prospects for Humanity by Martin J. Rees

23andMe, 3D printing, air freight, Alfred Russel Wallace, AlphaGo, Anthropocene, Asilomar, autonomous vehicles, Benoit Mandelbrot, biodiversity loss, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, carbon tax, circular economy, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, decarbonisation, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, demographic transition, Dennis Tito, distributed ledger, double helix, driverless car, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Geoffrey Hinton, global village, Great Leap Forward, Higgs boson, Hyperloop, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John Conway, Large Hadron Collider, life extension, mandelbrot fractal, mass immigration, megacity, Neil Armstrong, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, pattern recognition, precautionary principle, quantitative hedge fund, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, Rodney Brooks, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, smart grid, speech recognition, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Stanislav Petrov, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, Stuxnet, supervolcano, technological singularity, the scientific method, Tunguska event, uranium enrichment, Walter Mischel, William MacAskill, Yogi Berra

Doubling of CO2, if all other aspects of the atmosphere were unchanged, would cause 1.2 degrees (centigrade) of warming, averaged over the Earth—this is a straightforward calculation. But what is less well understood are associated changes in water vapour, cloud cover, and ocean circulation. We don’t know how important these feedback processes are. The fifth report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2013, presented a spread of projections, from which (despite the uncertainties) some things are clear. In particular, if annual CO2 emissions continue to rise unchecked we risk triggering drastic climate change—leading to devastating scenarios resonating centuries ahead, including the initiation of irreversible melting of ice in Greenland and Antarctica, which would eventually raise sea levels by many metres.

See also intelligent robots insects as food, 25 intelligence: bottlenecks to development of life with, 155–56, 158; posthuman, 169–70, 194; of scientists, 202–3. See also AI (artificial intelligence); aliens, intelligent; inorganic intelligences intelligent design: biological, 196–98; technological, 178 intelligent robots, 8, 152–53. See also inorganic intelligences Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 39, 40, 58 International Atomic Energy Agency, 218 international institutions, 10, 32, 218–19 International Space Station, 140, 146 international tensions, 100 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), 54 internet: leveling global education and health, 83–84, 220–21; national and religious divisions on, 100; security on, 220.

It’s important to note that the ‘headline figure’ of a global temperature increase is just an average; what makes the effect more disruptive is that the rise is faster in some regions and can trigger drastic shifts in regional weather patterns. The climate debate has been marred by too much blurring between science, politics, and commercial interests. Those who don’t like the implications of the IPCC projections have rubbished the science rather than calling for better science. The debate would be more constructive if those who oppose current policies recognise the imperative to refine and firm up the predictions—not just globally but, even more important, for individual regions. Scientists in Cambridge and California13 are pursuing a so-called Vital Signs project, which aims to use massive amounts of climatic and environmental data to find which local trends (droughts, heat waves, and such) are the most direct correlates of the mean temperature rise.


pages: 614 words: 176,458

Meat: A Benign Extravagance by Simon Fairlie

agricultural Revolution, air gap, Albert Einstein, back-to-the-land, Boris Johnson, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, Community Supported Agriculture, deindustrialization, en.wikipedia.org, food miles, Food sovereignty, Garrett Hardin, gentleman farmer, Haber-Bosch Process, household responsibility system, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Just-in-time delivery, land reform, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, megacity, military-industrial complex, Northern Rock, Panamax, peak oil, precautionary principle, refrigerator car, rewilding, scientific mainstream, sexual politics, stem cell, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, Tragedy of the Commons, University of East Anglia, upwardly mobile, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

page=-1 71 This figure is dependent on some variables such as the amount of OH in the atmosphere. Environmental Change Institute (2006), op cit. 34; IPCC (2001), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 4.2, Cambridge University Press, 2001. IPCC (1995), Climate Change 1994, Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. Working Group 1. Summary for Policymakers. International Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, UNEP, 1995. 72 Stern, N (2007), The Economics of Climate Change, Cambridge, p 223. 73 IPCC (2007), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 2,pp 140-142 http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf 74 DEFRA (2008), UK Climate Change Sustainability Indicator: 2006 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Final Figure,http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2008/080131a.htm; EIA (2008), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the US 2008, ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057308.pdf; Padma, T V, India and Climate Change: Facts and Figures, Sci Dev Net, 31 August 2006, http://www.scidev.net/en/climate-change-and-energy/mitigation/features/india-climate-change-facts-and-figures.html 75 Farmers Weekly (2007), ‘Milk Yield Holds the Key to Lower Carbon Footprint’, Farmers Weekly, 20 August 2007. 76 FAO (2006), op cit 77 IPCC (2007), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the IPCC (Introduction) eds B Metz et al, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp 103-5. 78 Ibid., p 104. 79 Goodland, Robert (1998), ‘Environmental Sutainability in Agriculture: Bioethical and Religious Arguments Against Carnivory’, in J Lemons et al (eds), Ecological Sustainability and Integrity, Kluwer, 1998, pp 235-65. 80 Goodland, R and Anhang, J (2009), Livestock and Climate Change: What if the Key Actors in Climate Change are Cows, Pigs and Chickens?

Jonathon Porritt used it in advertisements for Compassion in World Farming; the Green Party MEP, Caroline Lucas, cited it in speeches and radio interviews (though after I had telephoned her about it, she did acknowledge publicly that the figure had been challenged). And in September 2008, Rajendra Pachauri, the chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, endorsed the 18 per cent figure at a talk in London hosted (once again) by Compassion in World Farming. The IPCC is the Nobel prize-winning body of scientists whose word is normally taken as gospel on matters relating to global warming. Virtually all of its statistics are hedged by provisos, subject to intensive peer review and backed up by volumes of impenetrable technical data, so it was strangely cavalier of Mr Pachauri to be volunteering a figure which far exceeded most other estimates made by reputable scientific organizations, including the IPCC itself, which claims that the whole of agriculture only contributes 10–12 per cent of global GHG emissions.7 The World Resources Institute’s global warming flow chart, which is based on 1996 IPCC statistics, allocates just 5.1 per cent of global greenhouse gases to ‘livestock and manure’.8 This discrepancy does not necessarily mean that one figure is wrong and the other right.

International Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, UNEP, 1995. 72 Stern, N (2007), The Economics of Climate Change, Cambridge, p 223. 73 IPCC (2007), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 2,pp 140-142 http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf 74 DEFRA (2008), UK Climate Change Sustainability Indicator: 2006 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Final Figure,http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2008/080131a.htm; EIA (2008), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the US 2008, ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057308.pdf; Padma, T V, India and Climate Change: Facts and Figures, Sci Dev Net, 31 August 2006, http://www.scidev.net/en/climate-change-and-energy/mitigation/features/india-climate-change-facts-and-figures.html 75 Farmers Weekly (2007), ‘Milk Yield Holds the Key to Lower Carbon Footprint’, Farmers Weekly, 20 August 2007. 76 FAO (2006), op cit 77 IPCC (2007), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the IPCC (Introduction) eds B Metz et al, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp 103-5. 78 Ibid., p 104. 79 Goodland, Robert (1998), ‘Environmental Sutainability in Agriculture: Bioethical and Religious Arguments Against Carnivory’, in J Lemons et al (eds), Ecological Sustainability and Integrity, Kluwer, 1998, pp 235-65. 80 Goodland, R and Anhang, J (2009), Livestock and Climate Change: What if the Key Actors in Climate Change are Cows, Pigs and Chickens?


pages: 406 words: 120,933

The Great Lakes Water Wars by Peter Annin

clean water, Donald Trump, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), off grid, Ronald Reagan, urban sprawl

Earth Science Communications Team, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, “Global Temperature,” https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/, accessed December 20, 2017. 5. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Summary for Policy-makers,” in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland (2013), 23. 6. IPCC, Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fifth Assessment, Geneva, Switzerland (2014), 6. 7. IPCC, “Summary for Policymakers,” in Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report, Geneva, Switzerland (2001), 12. 8.

But if current global emission trends continue, this century could see average global surface temperatures rise by 3.7 degrees Celsius, (nearly 7°F), according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the world’s leading climate institution.5 That would drive transformative environmental change throughout the globe, creating a very different world from what we have today. As scientists have long predicted, sea levels have already begun to rise, global ice cover has decreased, glaciers have receded, storms have become more severe, as have droughts. What’s more, the IPCC warned that human-caused climate change has already affected the global water cycle. “In many regions, changing precipitation or melting snow and ice are altering hydrological systems, affecting water resources in terms of quantity and quality.”6 The IPCC has long predicted that tension over water will reach new heights during this century.

See also benefit standard India, 7 Indiana Compact adoption, 239 Dyer case, 255–56, 265 Fort Wayne, 272 Lowell diversion proposal, 153–67 Mud Creek Irrigation District and, 175–78, 182 Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin, and, 142 St. John, 272 Valparaiso, 272 “water personality” of, 223 indigenous First Nations and Native American people, 13, 135–36, 186–87, 283 Injerd, Daniel, 12, 52, 101–8, 115–16, 175, 238, 283, 286, 291, 298 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 42 Interior Department, US, 9 International Agreement. See also Annex Implementing Agreements adoption of, 242, 301 signing of, 19–20 water future and, 301 working group and, 221–22 International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 31, 33 International Joint Commission (IJC) blue-ribbon report, 207–8 creation of, 12 on diversion threat, 12–15 on Illinois diversion, 99–100 on Long Lac and Ogoki, 128, 133 “Plan 2014” (IJC), 55–57 on St.


pages: 412 words: 113,782

Business Lessons From a Radical Industrialist by Ray C. Anderson

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, biodiversity loss, business cycle, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, centralized clearinghouse, clean tech, clean water, corporate social responsibility, Credit Default Swap, dematerialisation, distributed generation, do well by doing good, Easter island, energy security, Exxon Valdez, fear of failure, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, invisible hand, junk bonds, late fees, Mahatma Gandhi, market bubble, music of the spheres, Negawatt, Neil Armstrong, new economy, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old-boy network, peak oil, precautionary principle, renewable energy credits, retail therapy, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, six sigma, subprime mortgage crisis, supply-chain management, urban renewal, Y2K

It makes you wonder, what part of unsustainable do they not understand? The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently issued a report that lays the blame for global climate disruption at our feet with a more than 90 percent certainty. They said, “Greenhouse gas forcing has very likely (>90 percent) caused most of the observed global warming over the last 50 years. This conclusion takes into account … the possibility that the response to solar forcing could be underestimated by climate models. Many climate doubters and global warming deniers have raised some serious questions about how the IPCC came up with that 90 percent figure—indeed, about how they decided on anything at all.

It would be like giving a convicted thief a say over the wording of the laws that govern theft. You can bet the final text would go light on thievery. So goes the politicized UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The doubters also believe the IPCC report seriously overstates the impact of human emissions on the climate. But the actual observed climate data clearly show the report dramatically understates it. Here’s just one example, and there are many. Last April (2008), in an article titled “Conservative Climate,” Scientific American noted that objections by Saudi Arabia and China forced the IPCC to remove a sentence stating that the impact of human greenhouse gas emissions on the earth’s recent warming is five times greater than that of the sun.

use of petroleum-derived raw materials vision for 2020 waste-control program Interface-Americas division Interface Architectural Resources Interface Cool Fuel Card Interface Environmental Foundation Interface Europe Interface Flooring Systems InterfaceFLOR InterfaceRAISE Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Truck interstate highway system investments accounting standards for assessing underperforming Iranian revolution (1972) Iran-Iraq war Iraq war IRS Isdell, Neville ISO 14001 certification Jackson, Wes Johnson, Huey Johnson Foundation Jones, Stuart Jordan, Slug Just carpet Kennedy, John F.


pages: 345 words: 92,063

Power, for All: How It Really Works and Why It's Everyone's Business by Julie Battilana, Tiziana Casciaro

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, algorithmic bias, Andy Rubin, Asperger Syndrome, benefit corporation, Big Tech, BIPOC, Black Lives Matter, blood diamond, Boris Johnson, British Empire, call centre, Cass Sunstein, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, conceptual framework, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, deep learning, different worldview, digital rights, disinformation, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, feminist movement, fundamental attribution error, future of work, George Floyd, gig economy, Greta Thunberg, hiring and firing, impact investing, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of movable type, Jeff Bezos, job satisfaction, Joshua Gans and Andrew Leigh, Mahatma Gandhi, means of production, mega-rich, meritocracy, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, Occupy movement, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, Ralph Waldo Emerson, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, School Strike for Climate, Second Machine Age, shareholder value, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, Steven Pinker, surveillance capitalism, tacit knowledge, tech worker, the scientific method, The Wisdom of Crowds, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, transatlantic slave trade, union organizing, zero-sum game

But remember, agitation without innovation means complaints without ways forward, and innovation without orchestration means ideas without impact.8 PUTTING AN ISSUE ON THE PUBLIC AGENDA In August 2018, Greta Thunberg, the teenager who has since become the face of the youth climate movement, drew the now-famous words “Skolstrejk för Klimatet” (School Strike for Climate) onto poster board and started skipping school, first every day and later every Friday, to protest her government’s inaction on climate change on the steps of the Swedish Parliament. Two months later, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published a report stating that, without major steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth’s temperature would increase by 1.5 degrees Celsius between 2030 and 2052, causing extreme weather events unlike anything we’d ever seen before.9 Emboldened by Greta, and alarmed by the IPCC report, teenagers around the world were inspired to participate in Fridays for Future, the international coalition started by Greta and other students.

., 212n7, 230n12, 230n14 Grunitzky, Claude, 228n39 Gutenberg, Johannes, 142, 143 Hammurabi (Babylonian king), 100 Harari, Yuval Noah, 243n3, 245n31, 250n85 Harry, Prince (Duke of Sussex), 30 Harvard Study of Adult Development, 49 Heimans, Jeremy, 141 Heroic Failure: Brexit and the Politics of Pain (O’Toole), 52 hierarchies of power legitimacy narratives and, 100–04, 232n33 legitimization of, 92–94 obedience to authority, 94–97, 229n8 perpetuation of, 27 power infernal trio, 97–98 powerlessness and, 98–100 stability of, 90, 91–92, 197 stereotypes and, 104–8, 169 stickiness of, xvii, 91–92, 108 Hitler, Adolf, 9 Hobbit, The (Tolkien), ix Ho Chi Minh, 15, 16 Hollande, François, 24, 68 Holocaust, 20–21 Homer, 101 Homestead Strike, 111 Hominem te memento, 34, 214n49 L’Homme Providentiel, 16 Hossain, Mashroof, 34–35 hubris awareness of impermanence, 38 cultivating humility and, 30, 34–36, 36 Greek myths of, 23 power sharing and accountability reinforced, 39, 166, 172–73 Hughes, Debbie, 93 human needs See safety, self-esteem, valued resources human rights, xiv, 133–34, 136, 156, 157 humility, 30, 34–36, 36, 38, 195, 215n55 Huxley, Aldous, 164 imbalance of power, 111–15, 153–54, 182, 189–90, 194 impermanence, 34, 38, 115 impermanence awareness, 38, 115 Implicit Association Test, 104 Indignados, 118 infernal trio, 97–98, 102 informal power of networks, 72–74, 72, 84 innovation, 119–20, 125–30, 147–49, 154, 195, 196 In Praise of Scribes (Trithemius), 142, 143 Institutions, 104, 233n47 institutional change, 109, 235n64, 235n65, 235–36n66 interdependence awareness, xv, 32, 38, 97, 115, 195 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 120 interpersonal liking familiarity, 63 similarity, 63, 88–90 intoxication of power, 20–22, 173 Johnson, Boris, 52 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 14, 15, 16, 76 Johnson Space Center (JSC), 167, 168 Johnson treatment, 14 jointly developed power, 8, 162–63, 178–79 Jost, John, 231n19, 231n20, 231n22 Kant, Immanuel, 55 Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 168–69 Karman, Tawakkol, 186 Kegan, Robert, 214n40, 258n84 Keltner, Dacher, 211n7, 212n16, 230n12, 230n17, 237n71 Kennedy, John F., 14 Keohane, Robert O., 261n14 Khan, Lina M., 159 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 33, 92, 119, 124 Kirchner, Nestór, 131, 132 Krackhardt, David, 71, 225n7, 226n8, 226n16 Lady Gaga, 85 Lasn, Kalle, 118, 119 Legion of Honor, 47, 219–20n30 legitimizing stories, 91–92, 101–04, 123 levers of persuasion, 10, 210n15 LGBTQ+, 88, 109, 117, 131–33, 136–37 LinkedIn, 153 Livingston, Robert W., 172 Lopez, Sandra, 177, 179–80 Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien), ix–x Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 165 Lukes, Steven, 261n5 Machiavelli, Niccolò, xvi, 19, 227n21 machine-learning algorithms, 148–49, 150 Magee, Joe C., 212n7, 230n14, 230n18, 231n24, 237n72, 262n22 Mandela, Nelson, 56, 119 Manuel’s story, 70–73 marriage equality, 131–37, 242n34 Marx, Karl, 110, 236n68 Maslow, Abraham, 217–18n15 Mayo, Tony, 171 McEvily, Bill, 86, 226n9 mechanical movable-type printing press, 142 Mencius (Mengzi), 55 meritocracy, 103, 169–70 #MeToo movement, 117, 137, 141, 147–48, 156 Meyer, John W., 233n46 Microsoft, 157 Milgram, Stanley, 95–96, 229n8 misunderstanding power fallacies of, xii–xiv Mjumbe, Nezuma, 144–46, 161 mobile health technology, 149 monopoly, 11 Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat), 182–83 moral principles, 55, 56, 164, 192 moral purity, 25, 30, 212n21, 213n30 Morrison, Toni, 8 motivation See safety, self-esteem, valued resources movement fatigue, 137 mutual dependence, 3, 7, 114, 181, 200 Na’Allah, Bala Ibn, 184 Naím, Moisés, 141 NASA Innovation and Inclusion Council, 170 Johnson Space Center (JSC), 167–68 Transparency and Opportunity Program (TOP), 171–73 National Domestic Workers Alliance, 177–79 National Health Service, 67 Nazi concentration camps, 21 negativity bias, 19 neoliberal capitalist system, 46, 189 Netflix, 153 networks betweenness, 79, 80, 153 informal power, 70–74, 71, 77–81, 84–89 network diversity, 84–89 organizational networks, 73–90 popularity and prominence, 73, 79, 227n25 power mapping, 74–84, 88, 128, 143–46, 191, 194 similarity and social relationships, 82–83, 89–90 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 57 Ning’s story, 61, 63–64 nonviolent civil disobedience, 123–24 Nosek, Brian A., 231n19, 231n20 #NoToSocialMediaBill, 184 Nye, Joseph S., 261n14 Obama Administration, 85 Occupy Wall Street, 118, 119 Ochoa, Ellen, 167–72 Odyssey (Homer), 101 Ogundipe, Tope, 184–85 O’Neil, Cathy, 150 online agitation, 137 Oppenheimer, Harry, 9, 10 orchestration, 119–20, 130–37, 154, 195, 196 organizational networks, 73 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 161 O’Toole, Fintan, 52 oversight and accountability, 173–77 panopticon, 151, 245n30 Pansardi, Pamela, 262n21 Paradigm, 184 Parsons, Talcott, 261n17 participative democracy initiatives, 191 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 57 perceptions of power, 25–27 personal development, 29–40, 97, 135, 163, 170–71, 195 Pettit, Philip, 43 Pfeffer, Jeffrey, 222n49, 260n7, 261n6, 261n13 Phillips, Nelson, 262n22 Pichai, Sundar, 155, 158 Piketty, Thomas, 219n28, 238n84 Pinker, Steven A., 146 Pitkin, Hanna F., 202, 262n20 Plato, ix, 198 Poo, Ai-jen, 178 positional power fallacy, xii–xiii possession of power fallacy, xii, 16, 211n25 Powell, Walter W., 233n46 power, definition of, 1–2, 199–202 power imbalance, 3, 7, 111–15, 201 power’s psychological effects, 20–40 cultivating empathy, 30–33, 36, 38, 195 cultivating humility, 30, 34–36, 36, 38, 195, 215n55 developmental process and, 29–30 experience of power, 22–25 intoxication of power, 20–22, 173 morality and, 27–29, 164, 192, 194 perceptions of power, 25–27 selection, 36–38 structural safeguards, 38–40 power is dirty fallacy, xiii, 19–40 power mapping accuracy levels, 75–77, 194, 227n18 challenging environments, 81–84 community, 191 diversity and accuracy of, 88 endorsers, fence-sitters, and resisters, 77–78 fundamentals of power and, 195 keys to, 40 reputational power, 74–75, 226n16 technological change and, 143, 146 power from rank and role, 69–70 power sharing and accountability organizational, 166, 167–73, 191–92 societal, 182–84, 192, 256n63 power vs. authority, xii–xiii, 58–61, 66–68, 73 power-with, 8 Pratto, Felicia, 231n26 Prince, The (Machiavelli), xvi, 19, 227n21 principal-agent problem, 173 Protestant Reformation, 143 pseudoscience, 94, 101–3 psychological resources, 2, 47–51 psychological safety, 35, 39 public narrative, 122–23, 239–40n14 transportation, 135 Purpose of Power, The: How We Come Together When We Fall Apart (Garza), 139 #QuellaVoltaChe, 137 Rabelais, François, 164 Rachid, María, 131–37 racism, 82–84, 89–90, 91–92, 104–08, 117 See also stereotypes Ramarajan, Lakshmi, 169 Ranganathan, Aruna, 47 Rawls, John, 193 Reading the Mind in the Eyes, 22 rebalancing power, 8–13 attraction, 8–11, 9, 12, 194 consolidation, 8, 11–12, 111, 112, 142, 194 digital era and, 158–62 expansion and withdrawal, 8, 12–13, 194 redistribution of power, 170, 197 Renaissance, 143 representative democracy, 183 Republic (Plato), ix, 198 resistance, 123–24, 161, 199 to change, 74, 77–78, 127, 131 violent and nonviolent, 124 Ridgeway, Cecilia L., 233n46, 251n5 Ring des Nibelungen, Der (Wagner), x Ring of Gyges, ix, x, xiii, 198 Roberts, Laura Morgan, 171 Robinson, James A., 257n79 Rogers, Jean, 126–30, 176 Rohingya, 34 Ross, Lee, 16 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 189 Rowan, Brian, 233n46 Roy, Bunker, 144, 161 Rubin, Andy, 156 Russell, Bertrand A.

Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, “The New Frontier of Genome Editing with CRISPR-Cas9,” Science 346, no. 6213 (2013). 81 Megan Rose Dickey, “Human Capital: ‘People Were Afraid of Being Critical with Me,’ ” TechCrunch, August 28, 2020, https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/08/28/human-capital-it-doesnt-have-to-be-this-way/. 82 Ottmar Edenhofer et al., “Summary for Policymakers,” in Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014). 83 Ronald Segal, The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 4. 84 François Rabelais and Andrew Brown, Pantagruel: King of the Dipsodes Restored to His Natural State with His Dreadful Deeds and Exploits (London: Hesperus, 2003), 34. 85 Yuval N.


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Doing Good Better: How Effective Altruism Can Help You Make a Difference by William MacAskill

barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, Black Swan, Branko Milanovic, Cal Newport, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, clean water, corporate social responsibility, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, Edward Jenner, effective altruism, en.wikipedia.org, end world poverty, experimental subject, follow your passion, food miles, immigration reform, income inequality, index fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, job automation, job satisfaction, Lean Startup, M-Pesa, mass immigration, meta-analysis, microcredit, Nate Silver, Peter Singer: altruism, power law, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, randomized controlled trial, self-driving car, Skype, Stanislav Petrov, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, The Future of Employment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tyler Cowen, universal basic income, William MacAskill, women in the workforce

In these debates, one group points to the scientific consensus that man-made climate change is happening while the other argues that the jury is still out. To be clear, there really is near consensus among scientists that man-made climate change is happening. A UN-backed panel of thousands of climate scientists, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that “it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century,” where they define “extremely likely” to mean at least 95 percent probability. One article reviewed four thousand papers that discuss global warming and reported that “97.1 percent endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming.”

This is especially important because the climate is an incredibly complex system that is difficult to predict, so we can’t be sure that our estimates are correct. When climate scientists make estimates about temperature rise, they have to acknowledge that there is a small but significant risk of a temperature increase that’s much greater than 2 to 4ºC. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change gives more than 5 percent probability to temperature rises greater than 6ºC, and even acknowledges a small risk of catastrophic climate change, of 10ºC or more. To be clear, I’m not saying that this is at all likely, in fact, it’s very unlikely. But it is possible, and if it were to happen, the consequences would be disastrous, potentially resulting in civilizational collapse.

In the summer of 2013, President Barack Obama referred to climate change as “the global threat of our time.” He’s not alone in this opinion. The US secretary of state, John Kerry, called climate change “the greatest challenge of our generation”; former Senate majority leader Harry Reid has said that “climate change is the worst problem facing the world today,” and the cochair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Thomas F. Stocker called climate change “the greatest challenge of our time.” Are Obama and these other commentators correct? Is climate change the most important cause in the world today—a greater global priority than extreme poverty? How could we decide? A lot of people have asked these questions.


pages: 1,324 words: 159,290

Grand Transitions: How the Modern World Was Made by Vaclav Smil

8-hour work day, agricultural Revolution, AltaVista, Anthropocene, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, Boeing 747, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, clean water, complexity theory, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, energy transition, European colonialism, Extinction Rebellion, Ford Model T, garden city movement, general purpose technology, Gini coefficient, Google Hangouts, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Rosling, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of movable type, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Just-in-time delivery, knowledge economy, Law of Accelerating Returns, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, megacity, meta-analysis, microplastics / micro fibres, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, old age dependency ratio, peak oil, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, power law, precision agriculture, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Republic of Letters, Robert Solow, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Singularitarianism, Skype, Steven Pinker, Suez canal 1869, the built environment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, total factor productivity, urban decay, urban planning, urban sprawl, working-age population

Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10490. IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). 2019. Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Bonn: IPBES. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ IPCC. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5°C. Geneva: IPCC. http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/53/download/isaaa-brief-53-2017.pdf ISC (International Systems Consortium). 2018. ISC Internet Domain Survey. https://www.isc.org/network/survey/ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016.

Periodical summaries of our understanding of the global warming are prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2014). Those unwilling to endure the immersion in thousands of pages of specialized reports should look at least at the summary of the latest report on the global warming of 1.5°C (IPCC 2018). So far human activities have raised the average global temperature by about 1°C and, at the current rate of emitting greenhouse gases, the increase of 1.5°C is expected between 2030 and 2052. Consequences and trends Future temperature increases will not be evenly distributed (IPCC 2014). While the global mean is now about 1°C above the preindustrial average, annual Arctic temperature anomalies are now nearly 3°C higher, and the associated environmental changes are expected to intensify.

See diseases inanimate prime movers, 79–80, 125–33 incandescent light bulbs, 140 Inclusive Development Index (IDI, World Economic Forum), 279 income inequality (economic inequality, wealth distribution), 185 Index of Sustainable Welfare (ISEW), 279–80 India, agricultural and dietary transitions dietary nutrients, 98 famines, 100 feed crops, 83–84 food sufficiency, 246, 267 future food needs, 268–70 legume consumption, 90 meat supply and consumption, 93–94 milk production and supply, 95, 268 sugar exports, 96 India, economic transitions abiotic vs. biotic raw materials, flow of, 188 economic growth and development, 161, 162, 166 employment, 153, 179, 184 GDP growth, 161 household debt, 192 wealth distribution, 23–24 India, energy transitions blast furnaces, 119–20 car ownership, 125 electrification, 139 energy generation from coal, 144, 290–91 future primary energy consumption, 273 kerosene lamps, 145 residential space cooling, 144 India, environmental transitions anthropogenic land-use changes, 219–20 croplands, 216–17 large dams, 227 leaf area gains, 293–94 ocean dead zones, 234 precipitation changes, 242 India, population transitions children, desired number of, 32 dependency ratios, 45, 264–65 fertility rates, 38, 40 per capita urban electricity use, 68 urban population, 60 Indonesia anthropogenic land-use changes, 219–20 economic growth, 160 fertility rates, 38 food sufficiency, 246 manufacturing, 180 plastics, pollution from, 232 primary forests, 212 indoor heating, 115, 123, 147 industrial fishing, 223–24 industrialization, 118, 171–80, 228 industrial production, 12, 141–42, 277 Industrial Revolution, question of explanations for, 156–58 inequality, economic inequality, 24, 185–86 infant and childhood mortality, 7–8, 15, 42, 252 infectious disease mortality, 47–48 information and communication, 197–204 electrification of, benefits of, 137 information access, transitions in, 17 information age, key patents of, 200f information sector employment, 181 introduction to, 197 long-term multiples for, 249–50, 250f innovation, 18–20, 162 insurance, megacities and, 67 integrated circuits, 199, 200f interdisciplinarity, vii intergenerational wealth flows, 41 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 241 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 253 internal combustion engines draft animals, impact on, 128–29 efficiency of, 133, 148 electric vehicles vs., 21, 22 energy capacities of, 130–31 gasoline-fueled, 124 in modern road vehicle prototypes, 21 power/mass ratios for, 132–33 in US, 130 International Atomic Energy Agency, 23 International Energy Agency, 22, 147, 273 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 264 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 81 international migrations, 28–30, 29f, 266 international phone calls, 249–50, 250f International Rice Research Institute, 81–82 International Society of Ecological Economics, 283–84 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 225 Internet global addiction to, 198 negative consequences of, 203–4 wireless access to, 199–203 Internet Domain Survey, 199–203 interpersonal electronic interaction, 203 invasive species, 227–28 inverse power formulas, 62f, 62 IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services), 253 Iran demographic transitions, speed of, 36 economic sectors, 167–68 fertility rates, 32, 36–37 Ireland, famines, 99–100 iron and ironmaking, 115–17, 118, 144, 207, 277 irrigation, energy costs of, 80 Isaacs, J.


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Peers Inc: How People and Platforms Are Inventing the Collaborative Economy and Reinventing Capitalism by Robin Chase

Airbnb, Amazon Web Services, Andy Kessler, Anthropocene, Apollo 13, banking crisis, barriers to entry, basic income, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), bike sharing, bitcoin, blockchain, Burning Man, business climate, call centre, car-free, carbon tax, circular economy, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, commoditize, congestion charging, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data science, deal flow, decarbonisation, different worldview, do-ocracy, don't be evil, Donald Shoup, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Eyjafjallajökull, Ferguson, Missouri, Firefox, Free Software Foundation, frictionless, Gini coefficient, GPS: selective availability, high-speed rail, hive mind, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, jimmy wales, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, Kinder Surprise, language acquisition, Larry Ellison, Lean Startup, low interest rates, Lyft, machine readable, means of production, megacity, Minecraft, minimum viable product, Network effects, new economy, Oculus Rift, off-the-grid, openstreetmap, optical character recognition, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, peer-to-peer model, Post-Keynesian economics, Richard Stallman, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, six sigma, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Crocker, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, TaskRabbit, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Future of Employment, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Turing test, turn-by-turn navigation, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, vertical integration, Zipcar

Gordon Rosenblatt, “Google’s Biggest Competitor Is Amazon,” Medium.com, October 18, 2014, https://medium.com/@gideonro/the-google-amazon-slugfest-8a3a07a1d6dd. 17. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report,” November 1, 2014, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr. 18. World Bank, “Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided,” report for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics, November 1, 2012. 19. Ibid. 20. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report.” 21. Jim Robbins, “Building an Ark for the Anthropocene,” New York Times, September 27, 2014. 22.

My mind, though, was truly opened when I read the much talked-about World Bank report “Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided.” The World Bank is a very conservative financial institution, very capitalistic, very market-driven. Its report was compiled from the same source materials consulted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for its November 2014 synthesis report and was reviewed by the same top scientists.17 The top-line finding: Even if every country does everything it has promised to do in order to reduce CO2 emissions, we are on track for a 4°C (7°F) increase in average global temperature by 2100.18 Since I had no idea what such an increase actually implies, I decided to search historical climate temperatures to see what the world was like when it was 4°C cooler than it is now and get a sense of what changes such a shift had already brought about.

See Regulations Hackathons, 39–40 Hagel, John, 178 Hansen, James, 232 Hardware, in-vehicle, 14 Haselmayer, Sascha, 170–171, 173 Heiferman, Scott, 238–239 HelloWallet, 41 HelpAround, 82–83 Heminway, Mark, 15–16 Hemmesch, Annie, 82–83 Hilton Hotels, 74 Hives, as innovative distribution mechanism, 235–236 Hoffman, Reid, 127 “How to Run Your Own Apps for Democracy Innovation Contest,” 40 Humans, working in conjunction with computers, 85–87 Hurricane Sandy, lessons learned, 243–244 IKEA, resistance to change, 175 Income enabling various sources, 58–59 rising inequalities, 187–188, 195–196, 220–221 India, auto rickshaw innovation, 239–243 Individual strengths, 18 Indonesia, forest fires, 230–232 Industrial economy vs. collaborative, 18–19, 250 prior to Internet, 249 valuing corporation over people, 253 Industrial model, 164–166 Industrial strengths, 18 InnoCentive, 83 Innovation Apollo 13, 222–223 dictated by platform structure, 44–45 gap between idea and service, 172–173 no permission required, 141, 142 open platforms, 104–107 reforming Defense Intelligence Agency, 167–169 Instacart, 55 Institutions benefiting from peer collaboration, 61–68 lack of flexibility, 188–189 sustainability efforts, 226–229. See also B corp See also individual names Insurance health. See Benefits, workers’ and ridesharing, 154–155 Intellectual property, sharing. See Free and open-source software (FOSS); Open platforms; Patents, opening Intercontinental Hotel Group, 73–74 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 90–91 Internet economy before and since, 249–250 as government creation, 140–141 and platforms to tap excess capacity, 17–18 Internet service providers (ISPs), conflicts of interest, 123 Investments, private, 197–199, 200–202 iPhone, apps as excess capacity use, 26–27 Jacobs, Jane, 99 Jobs, Steve, 26–27 Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act, 205 Kahneman, Daniel, 86 Kernel.


Blindside: How to Anticipate Forcing Events and Wild Cards in Global Politics by Francis Fukuyama

Asian financial crisis, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Bletchley Park, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, cognitive bias, contact tracing, cuban missile crisis, currency risk, energy security, Fairchild Semiconductor, flex fuel, global pandemic, Herman Kahn, income per capita, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, John von Neumann, low interest rates, mass immigration, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral hazard, Norbert Wiener, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, packet switching, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, The Wisdom of Crowds, trade route, Vannevar Bush, Vernor Vinge, Yom Kippur War

.: examples of failures in, 41. See also Soviet Union collapse Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 113 International Energy Agency, 74, 77 International Health Regulations (IHR), 88–89, 90 International Monetary Fund (IMF): before East Asian economic crisis, 43, 48, 52, 170; response to East Asian economic crisis, 42, 48–49 International system, and climate change, 150–52 index Internet: access to knowledge through, 164–65; development of, 63–64, 123, 125; global changes caused by, 163 IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran: and oil dependence, 74; regional role of, 146; Russian-Chinese alliance and, 159; U.S. foreign policy toward, 76 Iranian revolution, U.S. intelligence on, 41 Iraq: future of, 147; in Gulf War, 71, 146; oil embargo by, 74; oil industry in, 71–73, 74; pre-war WMD estimates for, 2–3, 41 Iraq war (2003– ): accuracy of bombs in, 138; and Australian-U.S. relations, 145; bold vs. careful policies in, 109; mental models in planning for, 170; oil embargo used as threat, 74; oil production during, 71; scenario thinking about, 112; and U.S. national power, 157; WMD estimates in, 2–3, 41 Islam: and breakup of Indonesia, 144; and oil industry, 74, 75; political, rise of, 146 Islamic countries, demographics of, 132–33 Islamic fundamentalism: in Egypt, 108; in Indonesia, 144 Israel, past surprises in, 146 Italy: future surprises in, 108; political Left in, 149 Jamaah al-Islamiya, 144 Japan: demographics in, 142; after East Asian economic crisis, 49, 50, 53; before East Asian economic crisis, 44, 46–47 Java, 106 Judaism, 160 Kahn, Herman, 112 Kaminsky, Graciela, 45–46 2990-7 ch17 index 7/23/07 12:33 PM Page 191 index 191 Katrina, Hurricane: cost-benefit analysis of preparing for, 15; economic development and, 8; political barriers to preparing for, 11–12; predictability of, 3; as socio-surprise, 3 Kennan, George, 97 Kennedy, John F., 64 Khamenei, Ali, 74 Kim Jong-Il, 33 Kimmel, Husband, 2 Knowledge, access to, 137, 164–65 Korean War, 62 Krugman, Paul, on East Asian economy, 43, 48 Kurzweil, Ray, 154 Kuwait, in Gulf War, 71, 146 Kyoto Protocol, 151 Logic, in digital computers, 123–24 Loomis, Alfred, 60–61 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 58, 61, 63 Low-probability, high-impact events (LPHIs), 147–50 Low-probability events: bias and, 2–3; challenges of, 1–6; in definition of catastrophe, 7; hedging against, limits of, 3, 171; imagination applied to, 3, 8–9, 98; psychological preparedness for, 4; in rational choice model, 4 LPHIs.

To help inform these debates, scientists, economists, and other scholars concerned with climate change have created a variety of greenhouse gas emissions scenarios for the twenty-first century. The most impressive and authoritative effort has been the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) sponsored by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).6 The creators of these scenarios worked hard to implement the approach practiced by Wack and Schwartz but fell far short of results that can help national governments seize the opportunities and avoid the dangers related to climate change. To assess the SRES effort, it is important to note the extent to which climate change presents a challenge of competing surprises.

As quoted by Ronald Suskind, “Without a Doubt,” New York Times Magazine, October 17, 2004. 4. P. F. Drucker, The Age of Discontinuity (New York: Harper and Row, 1968). 5. M. B. Ridgway, Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York: Harper, 1956). 6. N. Nakicenovic, and others, Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2000). 2990-7 ch16 notes contribs notes 7/23/07 12:17 PM Page 179 179 7. David G. Groves and Robert J. Lempert, "A New Analytic Method for Finding Policy-Relevant Scenarios," Global Environmental Change 17 (2007): 73–85. 8. R. J. Lempert, S. W.


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The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail-But Some Don't by Nate Silver

airport security, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, An Inconvenient Truth, availability heuristic, Bayesian statistics, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, big-box store, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Boeing 747, book value, Broken windows theory, business cycle, buy and hold, Carmen Reinhart, Charles Babbage, classic study, Claude Shannon: information theory, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, cognitive dissonance, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, complexity theory, computer age, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, disinformation, diversification, Donald Trump, Edmond Halley, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, en.wikipedia.org, equity premium, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, fear of failure, Fellow of the Royal Society, Ford Model T, Freestyle chess, fudge factor, Future Shock, George Akerlof, global pandemic, Goodhart's law, haute cuisine, Henri Poincaré, high batting average, housing crisis, income per capita, index fund, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, invention of the printing press, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Japanese asset price bubble, John Bogle, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, Laplace demon, locking in a profit, Loma Prieta earthquake, market bubble, Mikhail Gorbachev, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Monroe Doctrine, mortgage debt, Nate Silver, negative equity, new economy, Norbert Wiener, Oklahoma City bombing, PageRank, pattern recognition, pets.com, Phillips curve, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Plato's cave, power law, prediction markets, Productivity paradox, proprietary trading, public intellectual, random walk, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, savings glut, security theater, short selling, SimCity, Skype, statistical model, Steven Pinker, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Timothy McVeigh, too big to fail, transaction costs, transfer pricing, University of East Anglia, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Wayback Machine, wikimedia commons

“Occam’s Razor;” Wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam’s_razor. 51. John Theodore Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, J. J. Ephraums, eds. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/far/wg_I/ipcc_far_wg_I_full_report.pdf. 52. “1.6: The IPCC Assessments of Climate Change and Uncertainties” in Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2007. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-6.html. 53. “New York Snow: Central Park Sets the October Record from Noreaster,” Associated Press via Huffington Post, October 29, 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/29/new-york-snow-noreaster_n_1065378.html. 54.

Earth System Research Laboratory, “Full Mauna Loa CO2 Record.” 83. See section 2.7 in “IPCC Second Assessment: Climate Changes 1995,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 5. It refers to a “best estimate” of a 2°C increase in global mean surface temperatures in the 110 years between 1990 and 2100, which works out to approximately 1.8°C per 100 years. The note also expresses a range of projections between 0.9°C and 2.7°C in warming per century. So, even the high end of the IPCC’s 1995 temperature range posited a (slightly) lower rate of warming than its best estimate in 1990. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf. 84.

One common technique requires adults to dutifully record everything they eat over a period of weeks, and trusts them to do so honestly when there is a stigma attached to overeating (and more so in some countries than others). 8. J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums, “Report Prepared for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by Working Group I,” Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. XI. 9. David R. Williams, “Earth Fact Sheet,” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last updated November 17, 2010. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html. 10.


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The Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update by Donella H. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, Dennis L. Meadows

Abraham Maslow, agricultural Revolution, Buckminster Fuller, clean water, Climatic Research Unit, conceptual framework, dematerialisation, demographic transition, digital divide, financial independence, game design, Garrett Hardin, geopolitical risk, Herman Kahn, income per capita, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Lewis Mumford, longitudinal study, means of production, new economy, purchasing power parity, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, systems thinking, Tragedy of the Commons, University of East Anglia, urban sprawl, Whole Earth Review

Robert T. Watson, chair, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, presenting the key conclusions of the IPCC Third Assessment Report (Climate Change 2001) to the Sixth Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, July 19, 2001. Available at www.ipcc.ch. 89. D. H. Meadows et al., Limits to Growth (New York: Universe Books, 1972), 79. 90. WWF, Living Planet Report 1999 (Gland, Switzerland: WWF, 1999), 8. 91. R. T. Watson et al., Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC, 2001). Also available along with numerous illustrations atwwwipcc.ch. 92.

Even if it has, the effects of global climate change on future human activity or ecosystem health cannot be predicted with certainty Some have exploited that uncertainty in an effort to create a state of confusion,92 and thus it is important to state clearly what we do know In this we rely on the several hundred scientists and researchers who make up the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which issues their carefully considered views approximately every five years:93 • It is certain that human activities, especially fossil fuel burning and deforestation, contribute to the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. FIGURE 3-24 The Rising Global Temperature The global average temperature has risen over the past century by some 0.6°C.

International Energy Statistics Sourcebook, 14th ed. (Tulsa, OK: PennWell Pub. Co., 1999). International Energy Annual 2001 (Washington, D.C.: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2001) http: / /www.eia.doe.gov/ emeu / iea / contents.html. IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Chapter 3.4.3.1, "Fossil and Fissile Resources," http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/071.htm (accessed 1/19/04). Figure 3-11 U.S. Oil Production and Consumption Basic Petroleum Data Book (Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute, 1981). Annual Energy Review (Washington, D.C.: Energy Information Administration, U.S.


The Knowledge Machine: How Irrationality Created Modern Science by Michael Strevens

Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, anthropic principle, Arthur Eddington, Atul Gawande, coronavirus, COVID-19, dark matter, data science, Eddington experiment, Edmond Halley, Fellow of the Royal Society, fudge factor, germ theory of disease, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, heat death of the universe, Higgs boson, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of movable type, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, Johannes Kepler, Large Hadron Collider, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, military-industrial complex, Murray Gell-Mann, Peace of Westphalia, Richard Feynman, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, systematic bias, Thales of Miletus, the scientific method, Thomas Bayes, William of Occam

The voice of the golem in these cases sounds not like a harmonizing choir but like the babble before the music begins: the clamor of a thousand crosscutting conversations. To make sense of the cacophony, we must find an interpreter. In the dire case of climate change, the foremost interpreter is the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Coordinated by the United Nations, the IPCC gathers scientists from around the world in working groups that contribute to assessment reports issued every few years. The aim of the reports is to summarize the state of scientific knowledge concerning the climate; among other things, they assign confidence levels to hypotheses, perhaps attaching “medium confidence” to one and “very high confidence” to another, and they assign likelihoods to particular events—such as a 3-degree increase in average global temperature by 2050 or a 5-inch increase in sea level by 2100—using expressions such as “more likely than not,” “likely,” “very likely,” and so on.

., 76 fossil record, 175–77 four innovations that made modern science, 119 fractals, 210, 216–17, 217, 236 frame-dragging effect, 34, 36 fraud in science, 47–48, 59 Fürbringer, Max, 220 Galápagos Islands, 35 Galilei, Galileo and beauty, 227 and empirical inquiry, 243, 244 heresy conviction, 316n and mathematical foundation of physics, 194 and nature of light, 290 and planetary motion, 106 Galison, Peter, 154 gases, 143 Gawande, Atul, 59, 61–62 Gell-Mann, Murray, 146, 229–36, 265, 273 generalization, See inductive reasoning general theory of relativity, 34–35, 41–42, 49, 111–12, 155–61 See also eclipse expedition (Eddington) Genesis (biblical book), 276 “Genetic Studies of Genius,” 36 genius, IQ and, 36, 297n “Geological Age of Reptiles, The” (Mantell), 175 geology, 74–81, 175–83 geometrical transformations, 221–27, 223 “germs,” spontaneous generation and, 51, 82 Giere, Ronald, 296n Gilbert, Elizabeth, 66–67 Glaisher, James, 169–70 Glaser, Donald, 228 glass pane experiment, 94–95 God; See also religion account of creation of humanity in Genesis, 276 in Cartesian natural philosophy, 205–6 and Cartesian philosophy of knowledge, 270–71 in Cartesian physics, 133 Newton and, 187, 188 Newton’s Anglican ordination crisis, 250–52 and Oration on the Dignity of Man, 269–70 and Scoresby’s snowflake images, 169 and theory of special creation, 28 and Whewell’s History of the Inductive Sciences, 178–82 in Whewell’s theories, 176–78 gold, 185 golem, science as, 285–88 Golgi, Camillo, 153–55, 161–62 Gopnik, Alison, 265 Gould, Stephen Jay on diversion of science and humanities, 274–75 extrascientific interests, 265 on science and religion as nonoverlapping areas of inquiry, 207 on “science wars,” 263 Grand Design, The (Hawking and Mlodinow), 260 Grant, Peter and Rosemary, 35, 36 gravitational bending angle, 112 gravity Aristotelian physics, 27–28, 133–34 Cartesian physics, 131–33 development of theories of, 27–28, 136–7 Einsteinian physics, See general theory of relativity Newtonian physics, 27–28, 40, 68, 111, 136–40, 188, 195 Gravity Probe B experiment, 34, 34–36, 114 Great Method Debate, 6, 13–86; See also methodism/methodists; subjectivity and Baconian convergence, 112 iron rule and, 8 Thomas Kuhn and, 22–33, 31, 36, 38–40, 46–47, 57, 85–86 lack of consensus about nature of, 5 Karl Popper and, 13–22, 38–40 and radical subjectivism, 63 and single-minded focus on data collection, 33–37 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and, 23–24 subjectivity and, 85 Great War (World War I), 14 Greece, ancient, 1, 2, 142–43, 242 Greek astronomical system, 26–27 Greek natural philosophers, 5 Greek philosophy, 117 Greene, Brian, 235 Greenwich Observatory (England), 69, 69 Grosseteste, Robert, 117 growth, laws of, 225–26 Guillemin, Roger, 33–34, 60–63, 61, 99 gyroscopes, 34, 36 hackberry trees, 37 hadrons, 230 Haeckel, Ernst, 47–48 Halley, Edmond, 141 Hanging, The (Callot), 247 harmony, 209; See also beauty Harris, Geoffrey, 21 Harvey, William, 312n Hawking, Stephen, 173, 260 heat, physics of Bacon and, 107–8 and Kelvin’s estimate of earth’s age, 76–77 kinetic vs. caloric theory, 90–94 “heat rays,” 92, 94, 95 Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister’s Pox, The (Gould), 275 Heilbron, John, 151 Hellmann, Gustav, 170–71 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 301n Heraclitus, 2, 117 heresy, 250, 316n Herschel, John, 173, 174, 219, 236 Higgs boson, 101 historical question about science, the, See science, late arrival of History of the Inductive Sciences (Whewell), 178–82 Hitler, Adolf, 13 Hobbes, Thomas, 243, 316n Holy Roman Empire, 129 Holy Trinity, 250–52, 316n Homage to Newton (Pittoni painting), 141, 142 Homo erectus, 223, 240 Homo neanderthalensis, 240 Hooke, Robert, 168–69, 169 Hradčany Castle (Prague), 245 Human Genome Project, 181 humanism, 269–77 human nature, suppression in scientific method, 8–9 Hume, David, 16–18, 21, 140 Hurricane Sandy, 278–79, 289 Huxley, Thomas, 76–78 Huygens, Christiaan, 194 Hydrozoa, 221 hypothalamus, 33, 99, 296n, 304n hypotheses (generally) Bacon and, 109–10 in IPCC reports, 288 Newton and, 137, 191, 311n–312n Ibn Sīnā, 117 idols (Baconian concept), 107, 109, 187, 192 inductive reasoning (induction), 15–18, 21–22 industry-sponsored research, 52–53, 84 infrared radiation, 92 innovations that made modern science, 119 Inquisition, 316n Institute for Theoretical Physics (Copenhagen), 145 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 288–89 interpretation of evidence logical impossibility of finding objective rule for, 79–82 subjectivity of, 57–58, 62–65, 79–82, 92–93, 288–89 IQ tests, 36, 297n iron rule of explanation, 8, 93–104 aesthetics and, 208–38, 237 and Aristotle’s approach to inquiry, 203–4 and Baconian convergence, 112–14, 116–17 “Capulet” and “Montague” (hypothetical matchup of two scientists), 89–96, 103 and critical spirits, 281–82 defined, 293 difficulty of teaching, 258–59 dissemination of, 257–60 Eddington and, 160 elements of, 96–97, 103 as essential ingredient for thriving science, 283 establishment of rules, 100–101 exclusion of nonempirical considerations from, 180–82 exclusion of philosophy from, 118, 207–8 exclusion of religion from, 204–7 explanatory relativism and, 128–29 first modern scientists’ relationship to, 265–67 as game, 100–102, 128–29, 164–65, 181–82, 203 indifference to metaphysics of causal principles, 147 Kuhn’s rules of science vs., 304n methodological innovations encompassed by, 117–19 and methods outlined in Principia, 137, 191, 248–49 moral strategy for teaching, 258–59 negative clause, 118–19, 195 Newton and, 142, 191–92, 245, 273 Newton’s law of universal gravitation and, 188 Newton’s outlining of essential aspects, 137–38 objectivity and, 118, 162 principle of total evidence and, 315n procedural consensus and, 117–18 quantum mechanics and, 147, 150, 151 rigid specifications for public announcements, 118 scientific argument vs. private reasoning in, 163–64, 181, 235, 238, 249–51, 264–66, 273 and Scientific Revolution, 243 scientific vs. unscientific reasons, 181 and seventeenth century natural philosophy, 192–94 and shallow conception of explanation, 142, 195 simplemindedness and, 259–60 as sine qua non of modern science, 202 sterilization and, See “sterilization” of scientific argument string theory and, 284–85 supremacy of observation in, 173–97 and tedium of empirical work, 256 and theoretical cohorts, 139–40 and Tychonic principle, 116 Whewell and, 180, 191, 205 irrationality and “golem” model of science, 287 of iron rule, 9, 201–8, 237–38 and science education, 256–57 and Scientific Revolution, 242 and teaching of iron rule to Atlanteans, 258 Jahren, Hope, 37, 255 James I (king of England), 105 Jesus Christ, 187, 250–52 Jupiter (planet), 106 Kamlah, Andreas, 296n Kant, Immanuel, 136 Keller, Alexander, 300n Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 74–79, 81–85, 181 Kennefick, Daniel, 298n Kepler, Johannes, 27, 106, 193 Keynes, John Maynard, 188, 212, 214 kinetic theory of heat, 90–92, 94, 108, 109 Krauss, Lawrence, 261 Kuhn, Thomas, 6, 31 and Aristotle’s physics, 123–24 belief in science’s power to create new knowledge, 32–33 birth and early years, 22–23 commonalities with Popper, 38–40 on Copernicanism, 27 and Copernican revolution, 26–27 and crisis, 28 and dogmatism, 258 and Eddington’s eclipse expedition, 46–47 errors in paradigm concept, 46–47, 238, 298n extraphilosophical claims, 40 and history of gravity, 137 and iron rule of explanation, 102, 103 on motivation, 38, 116, 203, 282 and objectivity, 85–86 and partisans, 57 on prevailing paradigm as sole worldview of science, 289 recommendations for healthy science, 282–83 on relation of experimental inquiry to paradigm, 36 on rules of science, 304n Lab Girl (Jahren), 255 Laboratory Life (Latour and Woolgar), 61 Lakatos, Imre, 30 lambda (subatomic particle), 228, 230 Language of God, The (Collins), 181 Large Hadron Collider, 81 latitudinarianism, 75 Latour, Bruno, 60–63, 68 “law of higgledy-piggledy,” 219, 236 Lawrence, D.

Such a panel, for all its expertise and hard work, cannot determine what science says. Science holds no determinate views. The IPCC’s numbers are created, as all such numbers must be, by infusing the scientific record with a set of plausibility rankings. Although the IPCC aims to use a range of rankings that reflect, in some sense, the center of mass of scientific opinion, they are subjective all the same: they are not derived from the objective evidence, but are rather what must be added to the evidence to induce it to begin to talk. It follows, says Stephen Schneider, a lead author of several of the IPCC reports, that “if we care about the future, we have to learn to engage with subjective analyses.”


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SuperFreakonomics by Steven D. Levitt, Stephen J. Dubner

agricultural Revolution, airport security, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrei Shleifer, Atul Gawande, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Boris Johnson, call centre, clean water, cognitive bias, collateralized debt obligation, creative destruction, credit crunch, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deliberate practice, Did the Death of Australian Inheritance Taxes Affect Deaths, disintermediation, endowment effect, experimental economics, food miles, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), John Nash: game theory, Joseph Schumpeter, Joshua Gans and Andrew Leigh, longitudinal study, loss aversion, Louis Pasteur, market design, microcredit, Milgram experiment, Neal Stephenson, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, patent troll, power law, presumed consent, price discrimination, principal–agent problem, profit motive, randomized controlled trial, Richard Feynman, Richard Thaler, selection bias, South China Sea, Stanford prison experiment, Stephen Hawking, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, ultimatum game, urban planning, William Langewiesche, women in the workforce, young professional

., “Climate Changes Endanger World’s Food Output,” The New York Times, August 8, 1974; Peter Gwynne, “The Cooling World,” Newsweek, April 28, 1975; Walter Sullivan, “Scientists Ask Why World Climate Is Changing; Major Cooling May Be Ahead,” The New York Times, May 21, 1975. Ground temperatures over the past 100 years can be found in “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report,” U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). JAMES LOVELOCK: All Lovelock quotes in this chapter can be found in The Revenge of Gaia: Earth’s Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity (Basic Books, 2006). Lovelock is a scientist perhaps best known as the originator of the Gaia hypothesis, which argues that the earth is essentially a living organism much like (but in many ways superior to) a human being.

Caldeira is among the most respected climate scientists in the world, his research cited approvingly by the most fervent environmentalists. He and a co-author coined the phrase “ocean acidification,” the process by which the seas absorb so much carbon dioxide that corals and other shallow-water organisms are threatened. He also contributes research to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore for sounding the alarm on global warming. (Yes, Caldeira got a Nobel certificate.) If you met Caldeira at a party, you would likely place him in the fervent-environmentalist camp himself. He was a philosophy major in college, for goodness’ sake, and his very name—a variant of caldera, the craterlike rim of a volcano—aligns him with the natural world.

Department of, 163 Homo altruisticus, 110–11 Homo economicus, 106, 110, 112, 113 horses, 8–10, 12 Horsley, Ian, 88–90, 91, 92, 94, 95–96 hospitals errors in, 68–69, 72, 204 report cards for, 75 See also specific hospital Hurricane Katrina, 158 hurricanes, 158–63,178,193 Iceland, volcano eruptions in, 189 Ichino, Andrea, 21–22 impure altruism, 124–25 incentives and altruism, 125,131 and annuities, 82 to change behavior, 203 and chemotherapy, 85 and climate change, 173, 203 and doctors’ behavior, 206 and drunk driving, 2 and predicting behavior, 17 and prostitution, 19–20, 25, 41 and unintended consequences, 139 wages as, 46–47 and women in India, 4 India condoms in, 5, 6 List in, 115 television in, 6–8, 12, 14, 16 TV in, 103 women in, 3–8, 14 Indian Council of Medical Research, 5 Industrial Revolution, 142 information, medical, 70–74 input dilemma, 188 Institute of Medicine, 204 Intellectual Ventures (IV), 177–203 pro bono work of, 198–99 See also specific person or project intentions behind an action, 106–7 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 184 International Kidney Exchange, Ltd., 112 Internet, 39–40, 51 Iran, organ transplants in, 112, 124–25 Iraq war, 65, 87 Ireland, garbage tax in, 139 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 63 irrational behavior, 214 Jacobs, Barry, 112 Jaws (film), 15 Jefferson, Thomas, 83 Jensen, Robert, 6–7 Johnson, Boris, 170 Jung, Edward, 178 Justice Department, U.S., 23 Kahneman, Daniel, 115 Katz, Lawrence, 21, 45–46 Kay, Alan, 69 Kennedy, John F., 102 Kew Gardens (New York City).


pages: 422 words: 113,525

Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto by Stewart Brand

"World Economic Forum" Davos, agricultural Revolution, An Inconvenient Truth, Anthropocene, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, back-to-the-land, biofilm, borderless world, Buckminster Fuller, business process, carbon credits, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, conceptual framework, Danny Hillis, dark matter, decarbonisation, demographic dividend, demographic transition, digital divide, Easter island, Elon Musk, Exxon Valdez, failed state, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, glass ceiling, Google Earth, Hans Rosling, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, informal economy, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invention of the steam engine, Jane Jacobs, jimmy wales, Kevin Kelly, Kibera, land tenure, lateral thinking, Lewis Mumford, low earth orbit, M-Pesa, Marshall McLuhan, megacity, megaproject, microbiome, military-industrial complex, New Urbanism, orbital mechanics / astrodynamics, out of africa, Paul Graham, peak oil, Peter Calthorpe, precautionary principle, Recombinant DNA, rewilding, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart grid, stem cell, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, We are as Gods, wealth creators, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, William Langewiesche, working-age population, Y2K

For the first time, climate was understood as a clear and present danger, the responsibility of currently serving officials worldwide instead of some future generation’s problem. Public opinion on the subject began its own abrupt change. • If GBN’s scenario worries you, don’t worry. In 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consulted twenty-three climate models and concluded that the widespread concern of climatologists about the Gulf Stream was misplaced. A Norwegian professor, Helge Drange, said, “The bottom line is that the atmosphere is warming up so much that a slowdown of the North Atlantic Current will never be able to cool Europe.”

Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica Guardian Guidetti, Geri Gwadz, Robert Haeckel, Ernst “Half Century of United States Federal Government Energy Incentives, A” (Bezdek and Wendling) Hallwachs, Winnie Hamming, Richard Hansen, James Hansson, Anders Harris, Michael Harrison, Jim Haseltine, William Hawaii Hawken, Paul Hawks, John heat waves Hebert, Paul Henderson, Donald herbicides Herman, Arthur Higgs, Eric High Country News Hillis, Danny Hiroshima, Japan HIV/AIDS Holdren, John Holistic Management (Savory) Homer-Dixon, Thomas Hopis horizontal gene transfer horses Howard, Albert Humanitarian Golden Rice Network hurricanes hybrid seeds hydroelectric power hydrogen ice-to-water albedo flip Idea of Decline in Western History, The (Herman) IEEE Spectrum iGEM Jamboree Iglesias-Rodríguez, Débora Illicit (Naím) “Implications of Rising Carbon Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere” (Conservation Foundation) Inconvenient Truth, An Independent India genetic engineering and Green Revolution and nuclear power and slums and Industry Association of Synthetic Biology informal economy infrastructure insect resistance insulin integral fast reactors integrated pest management intelligent design Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Consortium for Polynucleotide Synthesis International Council of Science (ICSU) International Human Microbiome Consortium International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center International Rice Research Institute International Soil Reference and Information Centre International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Internet Internet Engineering Task Force Intertribal Bison Cooperative Intervention (Caruso) iron irrigation Islam, Muslims Italy jaguars Janzen, Daniel Japan atomic bombing of genetic engineering and nuclear power and Jefferson, Richard Jennings, Lois Judson, Horace Juniper, Tony Kahn, Herman Kahn, Lloyd Kaplan, Robert Kareiva, Peter Kaufman, Wallace Keeling, Charles Keith, David Kelly, Brian Kelly, Kevin Kenya Keynes, John Maynard Khosla, Vinod King, Franklin Hiram Kirk, Andrew Klaassen, Johann Kleiber’s law Knight, Tom Kohm, Kathy Korea, North Korea, South Kunstler, James Howard Kyoto Protocol (2001) L-1 Point (Inner Lagrange Point) Lackner, Klaus Lake Nyos, Cameroon, disaster in Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Lament for an Ocean (Harris) landraces Langewiesche, William Lansing, Stephen Laquian, Aprodicio Last Forest, The (London and Kelly) Last Whole Earth Catalog Latham, John Latin America genetic engineering and see also specific countries Laws of Fear (Sunstein) LeBlanc, Steven LEED rating system Lehmann, Johannes Lerner, Jaime Lewis, John Liberation Biology (Bailey) Liferaft Earth Limits to Growth, The (Meadows et al.)

The robust areas of forest were protected by their local villages: “If an outsider wants to use the forest, the only way to get permission is to marry into the clan.” Because of climate concerns, forests are now seen as crucial for their role in fixing and retaining carbon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says that converting 2 billion acres of farmland to agroforestry (which integrates trees, shrubs, livestock, and row crops) would remove 50 gigatons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The World Agroforestry Centre suggests that “allowing farmers to sell that carbon on global carbon markets could generate as much as $10 billion each year for poor people in rural areas.”


pages: 379 words: 108,129

An Optimist's Tour of the Future by Mark Stevenson

23andMe, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Andy Kessler, Apollo 11, augmented reality, bank run, Boston Dynamics, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon-based life, clean water, computer age, decarbonisation, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, Dr. Strangelove, Elon Musk, flex fuel, Ford Model T, Future Shock, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hans Moravec, Hans Rosling, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of agriculture, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Kevin Kelly, Law of Accelerating Returns, Leonard Kleinrock, life extension, Louis Pasteur, low earth orbit, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nick Bostrom, off grid, packet switching, peak oil, pre–internet, private spaceflight, radical life extension, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Feynman, Rodney Brooks, Scaled Composites, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart cities, social intelligence, SpaceShipOne, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, strong AI, synthetic biology, TED Talk, the scientific method, Virgin Galactic, Wall-E, X Prize

To the non-science literate this makes the whole enterprise sound rather unsure of itself – and given the gravity of the possible outcomes, many people expect a stronger-worded case. (Ironically for many scientists, the consensus on the climate change threat, expressed in a series of IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – reports, represents the strongest wording any body of scientists has ever collectively come up with.) Then there’s the fact that the most important figure used in the climate change argument seems intuitively non-threatening – sure CO2 levels have gone up, but by a hundred parts per million.

Daniel 160, 164 Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The 100 Hoek, Eric 118 Hofmeister, Anke 261–2 Hofstadter, Douglas 276 Holbrook 221–2, 239–40 Huggable 78 Human Security Brief 148 Huntington’s disease 44, 58 Huxley, Julian 13 I IBM 113, 125 identical twins 43 Imperial College London 31, 213 indium 195–6 Industrial Revolution 110, 115, 167, 171, 284–5 inequality 302 influenza virus 64–5, 69–70 Insomnia Cookies 93–4 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 149 Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology 69 Intelligent, Safe and Smart Built (ISSB) 119 interconnectedness Internet 151–8 nonzero-sum game 149–51 telegraph 145–7 and violent deaths 149 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 171, 172, 179, 180 International Association Synthetic Biology 68 International Gene Synthesis Consortium 68 Internet 147, 151–64, 268, 302 invariants 99 Iran 157 Isasi, Rosario 27 IVF 106 J Jackson, Ron 64 Jones, Richard 120–1, 124, 130 Joule Biotechnologies 57, 186–8, 189 JSB see Brown, John Seely Jungerbluth, Philip 20 Jurassic Park 39, 75 K Kahn, Bob 153, 159 Kármán line 133 Kasparov, Garry 82, 83, 86 Katter, Bob 171 Keeley, Lawrence 147 Keeling, Charles David 167 Keith, David 184 Kelly, Kevin 161 Kench, Paul 242 Kessler, Andy 43 Klein, Naomi 303 Kleinrock, Leonard 152 Kline, Charley 152 Knome 50 Konarka 190–1, 196–204, 206, 224, 295, 299 Kossel, Albrecht 37 Krummel, Glen 228 Kukla, George 178–9, 186 Kunfunadhoo Island 261–2, 266 Kurzweil, Ray 90, 267–78, 282, 293, 299, 303–4 and Brown, John Seely 285 posthumans 103–4, 268 The Singularity 88 transhumanism 21–2, 267–8 Kyrgyzstan 157 L Lackner, Klaus 173, 174–86, 188, 189, 259–60, 299, 301 Lana 224–5 Langley, Tim 212–19 Law of Accelerating Returns 51, 270–8, 293 Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA) 59–60 Legion of Extraordinary Dancers 155, 158, 294 Lehmann, Johannes 209–10 Leo 73–4, 75–6, 79, 80–2, 84–6, 102 Lewis, Dan 203 Licht, Stuart 184 life expectancy 12–13, 301 and income 27–8 longevity escape velocity 29–30 limited liability corporations 290–1 Lincoln, Abraham 265–6 Lipson, Hod 92, 94–6, 98–101, 102, 210, 272–3, 293, 299 longevity escape velocity 29–30 López, José 117 Lovell, Tony 222–40, 300 Lovelock, James 164, 172, 220 biochar 208–9, 210, 215 LS9 56–7, 61 Lynx spaceplane 142 M Maahlos 261 McConnell, James 17 MacDiarmid, Alan 196 ‘Machine Stops, The’ (Forster) 161 McNamara, Kaitlyne 20–1 Maes, Pattie 162–3 Maldives 241–62 Malé 249–50 Malthus, Thomas Robert 250 ‘Manchester Report, The’ 223, 224 Markram, Henry 90, 91 Martine, George 252–3 Masten Space Systems 136 Matrix, The 103 men life expectancy 12, 23 pregnancy 24 methane 230 Methuselah Foundation 21 Mexico 278–9 Miescher, Johannes Friedrich 37 Miller, Webb 41 Minsky, Marvin 102, 104 Miromatrix Medical 20 MIT 40, 262 Fluid Interfaces Group 162–3 Media Lab 77–8 nanotechnology 201 Smart Cities Group 200 Technology Review 16, 187 Mitchell, Bill 200 Mojave 131–3, 135–44 Monbiot, George 215, 303 Moombril 221–2, 239–40 Moore, Michael 303 Moorhead, Paul 18 Moravec, Hans 74, 84, 89–90 Morgan Stanley 193 Mosely, Andrew 231–5 Mosely, Megan 231–5 Mouchot, Augustin 192–3, 266 mousepox 63–4 Musk, Elon 136, 141 Myhrvold, Nathan 16 N Najning University 120 nanofactories 114–17, 125–6, 286 Nanoforum 120 nanoparticles 287 nanopunk 117 Nanosolar 202–3 Nanosystems (Drexler) 112, 124 nanotechnology 107, 108–30, 268, 301, 302 apocalypse 125–7 and energy 201 Grey Goo 121–3 products 117–21 Narrandera 237–8 NASA 134, 135, 136, 141, 170 Nasheed, Mohamed 243–9, 254–60, 262 National Academy of Engineering 125 National Academy of Sciences 125 National Center for Atmospheric Research 176 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) 64–5 National Human Genome Research Institute 36 National Research Council 125 National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity 67–8 natural language 86–7 Nature 170 Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) 134 New Scientist 68 New York 172 New York University 120 New Zealand 206–20 New Zealand Wind Farms 208 Nexi 102 Niven, Larry 135 nonzero-sum games 149–51, 153–4, 270 Northwest Passage 177–8 Nouri, Ali 65 nuclein 37 O oil 193 Olovnikov, Alexey 52–3 Olshansky, Stuart Jay 12 oncogenes 46–7 optical telegraph 145–6 Optimist (cocktail) 220 organic conductive polymers 196–7, 198, 201 ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency 58–9 Ott, Harold 20 over-population 17–18 P Pakistan 157 Pan Am 133 parabolic surfaces 192 Parkinson’s disease 273–4 Partners in Health (PIH) 202 Personal Genome Project (PGP) 37, 42–3, 47–50, 51, 273 Personal Robots Group 73–4, 75–6, 77–82, 84–6, 102 Pew Charitable Trusts 119 Pew Research Center 168 phenylketonuria 44, 58 Picton 214–15, 217–18, 220 Pifre, Abel 192 Pinatubo, Mount 169 Pinker, Steven 83, 147, 149, 293 Pirbright Laboratory 68 Pistorius, Oscar 29, 300 Pleasance, Erin 40–1 Polonator G.007 50 Pontin, James 16 Popular Science Monthly 192 population 17–18, 249–54 pornography 158 Portugal 234–5 Power Plastic 196–7, 198, 204, 224 Prey (Crichton) 122 procreative beneficence 23 Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 119 proteins 45–6 ProtoLife 66 Pygmalion (Shaw) 86 pyrolysis 209–10, 212–14 R Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico 234 Rankin, Sarah 31 Rasmussen, Lars 256 Rebek, Julius 124 reflection 86 Regis, Ed 112 Reicher, Dan 194–5 Rema 199 Reporters Without Borders 157 Revue des Deux Mondes 192 Rice University 118–19, 201 Ridley, Matt 270, 302–3 Roberts, Lawrence 152 Roberts, Paul 244, 248, 254 Robinson, Ken 265–6, 284, 288, 293 robots 73–92, 302 Leo 73–4, 75–6, 79, 80–2, 84–6 Nexi 102 Starfish 95–6, 98–9 Rofecoxib 49 Rosenthal, Elisabeth 254 Rosling, Hans 251, 254, 293 Rothemund, Paul 119, 120 Ruddiman, William 230 Rumsfeld, Donald 172 Rutan, Dick 140–1, 142, 143 S Sanger Institute 40–1, 51 Saudi Arabia 157 Savory, Allan 221, 226–7, 232 Savulescu, Julian 23 scalable efficiency 286 Scaled Composites 136, 139, 142 Schmidt, Michael 98, 99, 273 Schöni, Peter 220 Schuster, Stephen 41 Schweizer, Erhard 113 scientific method 96–8 self-replication 121–3 senescence 18, 53–4 Shadow Robot Company 74–5 Sharkey, Noel 76–7 Sharpe, Tom 256 Shaw, George Bernard 86 Shawcross, Lord 215 Shew, Ashley 109–10 Shirakawa, Hideki 196 Shivdasani, Eva 261 Shivdasani, Sonu 261 Siemens 193 silicon cells 195–7 Singularity 88, 268 Singularity is Near, The 268, 269, 271 Six Million Dollar Man, The 14 SixthSense 162–3 Skordalakes, Emmanuel 52, 53 Smalley, Richard 111, 122, 123, 201 SmartHand 103 Smolker, Rachel 216 Snider, Wayne 200 Socrates 96–7, 99 soil carbon 228–31, 233–5, 236–7, 238 soil charcoal 213–14 solar energy 190–1, 192–3, 194–205, 206, 274, 295, 302 Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo Carbon Capture 184 Solarbuzz 205 Soneva Fushi 261–2 space 133–44, 302 Space Frontier Foundation 134 SpaceShipOne 135–6 SpaceShipTwo 136, 139, 142 SpaceX 136, 141 Sparrow, Rob 23–4 Speedy, Barb 218 Spielberg, Steven 75 Stan Winston Studio 75 Standage, Tom 146–7 Stanford University 20 Star Wars 76, 83, 102 Starfish 95–6, 98–9 Stark, Philip 158 Stellenbosch University 118 stem cells 19–21, 31, 301 Stiehl, Dan 78–9 Stoppard, Tom 281 Strong, Graham 237–8 StubbyGlove 228 Suel, Gurol 273 Suh, Yousin 53 Sun Tzu 40–1, 51–2 surveillance 127, 129 synthetic biology 55–8, 70 bacteria 56–8 bioterrorism 63–6, 68 control 66–70 genome engineering 60–3 viral gene therapy 58–60 Synthetic Genomics 56 Syria 157 Szostak, Jack 18 T Taylor, Doris 20 TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) 14, 153, 265–6, 291–5 Tefera, Elfenesh 199 telegraph 145–7, 297, 301 tellurium 195–6 telomerase 18–19, 45, 52–4 Terminator, The 76, 78, 103, 302 Tetrahymena 18 Thornton, Edward 146 thymine 37–9, 46 Toffler, Alvin 289 Tofu 79 transhumanism 13–18, 21–34, 45, 52–4, 267–8 transplants 19–21 Treder, Mike 126–7 tribes 155–6 Tripathy, Sukant 199 truth 96–8 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin 114, 116, 125, 128 Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development 49 Tumlinson, Rick 133–4 Turing, Alan 88 Turkmenistan 157 Turney, Chris 213 twins 43 U underwater cabinet meeting 241–2, 245, 246–9, 258 Ungar, Georges 17 United Nations (UN) biosafety 68 Livestock’s Long Shadow 230 population 252 State of the World’s Forests 253 World Urbanisation Prospects 250 United States biofuels 187 carbon dioxide 184 electricity 285 global warming 168 oil 187, 188 science 279–80 space programme 134, 136 University of Bradford 149 University of Bristol 20 University of British Columbia 148 University of California 118–19 University of Maryland 201 University of Minnesota 20 University of Regensburg 125 University of Washington, Center for Conservation Biology 40 Uppsala University 148 Uzbekistan 157 V Venter, Craig 36, 47, 50, 56, 57, 58, 279 Vietnam 157 Vinsen, Mark 211–12 violence 147–51, 302 and interconnectedness 157–8 and Internet 244–5 and nanotechnology 126–7 Vioxx 49 viral gene therapy 58–60 Virgin Galactic 135–6, 141 vitrification 15 Voltaire 218 Voyager 140 W Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine 20 Wall-E 76 Ward, Bruce 222–40, 259, 300 wars 147–9 Watson, James 56 Web 154–5 Weitz, David 51 Weizenbaum, Joe 86 Weldon, Larry 190–1, 196–7 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute 40–1, 51 Wemett, Tracy 190, 197, 204, 267, 276, 297 Wired 61, 112, 159 Witt, Stuart 137–40, 143, 144 women 23–4 Wonder, Stevie 269 wood gas 209 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 119 World Health Organisation 68, 69–70, 148, 149 World Transhumanist Association 25 worldchanging.com 158 Wright, Allen 179, 180 Wright, Burt 179, 180 Wright, Karen 224–5 Wright, Orville 132–3 Wright, Robert 149–51, 156, 158, 270, 293 Wright, Tim 224–5 Wright, Wilbur 132–3 X Xcel Energy 199, 200 XCOR Aerospace 136, 141–2 Y YouTube 155, 157, 294 Z Zhang, Jin 118 Zimbabwe 221, 226 Zittrain, Jonathan 153 Ziyad, Mohamed 254, 255–6 Zykov, Victor 95 * An interesting coda to Claudia’s story is that she nearly didn’t get her operation.

The normally calm research scientist lost his cool, not least because he was entertaining ‘a very important man from China, one of the first Chinese visitors that came here.’ Wally laughs. ‘We asked him whether the Chinese did pranks like that and he said: “Only small children.”’ But joking aside, Wally is one of the world’s top scientists, and when he talks about climate, people listen. He has kept himself apart from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change committees, instead giving his own accounts, based on sixty years of science. He insists the warming we’re seeing now is fundamentally different to historical shifts in the climate. ‘It’s bigger and faster,’ he tells me. Which naturally prompts the question ‘What can we do about it?’


pages: 314 words: 75,678

How to Avoid a Climate Disaster: The Solutions We Have and the Breakthroughs We Need by Bill Gates

agricultural Revolution, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, decarbonisation, electricity market, energy security, energy transition, fear of failure, Ford Model T, global pandemic, Haber-Bosch Process, Hans Rosling, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of air conditioning, Louis Pasteur, megacity, microplastics / micro fibres, negative emissions, oil shock, performance metric, plant based meat, purchasing power parity, risk tolerance, social distancing, Solyndra, systems thinking, TED Talk, the built environment, the High Line, urban planning, yield management

It wasn’t enough to deliver cheap, reliable energy for the poor. It also had to be clean. I kept learning everything I could about climate change. I met with experts on climate and energy, agriculture, oceans, sea levels, glaciers, power lines, and more. I read the reports issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the UN panel that establishes the scientific consensus on this subject. I watched Earth’s Changing Climate, a series of fantastic video lectures by Professor Richard Wolfson available through the Great Courses series. I read Weather for Dummies, still one of the best books on weather that I’ve found.

., 112 Gates, Melinda, 4, 8, 12, 62, 117 Gates Foundation projects, see Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation geoengineering, 176 geothermal power, 67, 85, 90 Germany, 78, 153, 192 global temperature increase, 20 and cascading effects of climate change and climate disasters, 24 history and future of, 21, 24, 25 human activity as cause of, 7, 18, 21, 24, 238n impact of small degree of, 20, 24, 30 regional variations in, 21 government policies, role of, 179, 203, 230 in accounting for carbon costs, 186, 194, 206, 210, 212, 215, 223 for bringing technology to market, 108, 181, 189, 198, 202, 223 for buying green products, 146, 203, 208, 210, 213, 214 for infrastructure, 146, 170, 189, 204, 209, 210 in a just energy transition, 187, 229 at national, state, and local levels, 183, 188, 203, 208 need to update, 48, 90, 157, 187, 190, 205 for R&D funding, 184, 199 (see also R&D funding for innovations) for scaling new products, 205, 210, 213 see also adaptation to warmer climates Great Smog of London, 179, 80 greenhouse gas emissions, 22 capturing, 63, 94, 107, 108, 109, 111 carbon prices as a way to reduce, 186, 194, 206, 210, 212, 215, 223 causes of, 22, 24, 54, 55n cost for reduction of, 58 (see also Green Premiums) COVID-19’s effect on, 3n, 13, 64, 132, 33 and economic development, 40, 43, 72, 73, 101, 102, 115, 116, 133, 150, 151, 163 global temperature increase from, 7, 18, 21, 24, 238n growth and persistence of, 18, 19, 24, 41, 49 heat-trapping effect of, 18, 22 measuring, 53, 55n reduction of (see climate disaster, avoiding; zero, getting to) in rich vs. developing and poor countries, 40, 43, 162 see also carbon dioxide; methane; nitrous oxide Green Premiums, 58, 59n affordability of, 60, 61, 64, 158, 188, 214 calculation of, 59, 59n for cooling and heating, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 244n for electricity, 72, 79, 81, 83, 106, 194, 221 for food production, 119, 120, 125 for manufacturing, 106, 107 reduction/elimination of, 186, 204, 206, 209, 216, 223 for transportation, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 242n Green Revolution, 114, 122, 166 grid-scale electricity storage, 92 growing plants and animals, zero-carbon goal for, 112 deforestation and trees and, 113, 126, 172 emissions to be reduced in, 55, 112, 117, 121, 124, 126, 162 with fertilizer, 115, 121 with food need increase, 113, 122, 23, 129, 165 Green Premiums for, 119, 120, 125 innovations for, 118, 125, 127, 165 solutions available for, 118, 165 H heating and cooling, zero-carbon goal for, 148 with A/C units, 148 and n, 150, 152, 154, 244n emissions to be reduced in, 55, 151, 152, 153, 157 with furnaces and water heaters, 60, 153, 56, 186, 221, 244n government policies needed for, 151, 155, 172, 186 Green Premiums for, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 244n innovations and, 152, 155, 56, 157 solutions available for, 151, 153, 54, 155, 156, 221, 244n heat pumps, 60, 153, 154, 156, 221, 244n home emissions, reducing, 187, 221 see also heating and cooling hydrogen, 88, 93, 105, 139 hydropower, 7n, 58, 69 and n, 70, 85 I India, 68, 73, 103, 114, 150, 167 Indonesia, 127, 150 infrastructure, building of, 170, 189, 204, 209, 210 innovations needed, technological for adaptation to warmer climates, 174, 176 carbon capture as, 63, 94, 107, 108, 109, 111, 207 for cooling and heating, 152, 155, 56, 157 as economic opportunity, 35, 61, 185, 216 for electricity production, 84, 90, 96, 190 (see also electrification; electrofuels) government policy and markets for, 108, 181, 189, 198, 202, 223 for growing food and forests, 118, 125, 127, 165 for manufacturing, 102, 108, 111 priorities for, 61, 189, 199, 200 for transportation, 137, 40, 141, 44, 146 see also R&D funding for innovations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 7, 24, 28, 29 intermittency of renewable energy, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93 international cooperation, 152, 201, 214, 227 see also Paris Agreement ITER nuclear fusion facility, 89 J Japan, 78 and n, 86, 103, 150, 192, 216 jet fuel, 144, 143 jobs, transition to new, 187, 229 K Kenya, 163, 161 kilowatts, 56, 57, 73 L life cycle of products, 69n, 137, 154, 208 lightbulbs, replacing, 221 liquid metals for batteries, 92 lithium-ion batteries, 92 local government, role of, 183, 188, 203, 209, 213, 219 Low Carbon Fuel Standard, 207 low-income countries climate disasters in, 29, 163 energy use and emissions in, 4, 6, 162, 165, 170, 215, 237n farming in, 35, 118, 121, 23, 161, 163, 165 fighting both poverty and climate change in, 4, 6, 7, 9, 67, 68, 133, 160, 169, 175 forests in, 126, 127, 172 health in, 4, 62, 148, 164 M maize, drought-tolerant, 166 mangrove trees, 173 manufacturing cars, 135n, 145 with concrete and cement, 98, 100, 104, 107, 108, 109, 187 emissions to be reduced in, 54, 55 and n, 102, 103, 106, 7, 109 Green Premiums for, 106, 107 innovations for, 102, 108, 111 outsourcing of, 41 with plastics, 100, 104, 107, 110 product standards for, 208 recycling and reusing in, 110 with steel, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109 zero-carbon goal for, 98 meat and alternatives, 112, 115, 16, 117, 126, 129, 222, 241n methane short-term impact of, 21, 35, 176 sources of, 19, 21, 69, 113, 117, 118, 121 Mexico, 115, 116, 150, 166, 172 Miami, FL middle-income countries, 35, 64, 65, 133, 169, 199, 209, 216 Mission Innovation, 11, 12 N natural defenses, preservation and restoration of, 73 natural fertilizer, 123 natural gas for cooling and heating, 149n, 154, 155, 156, 244n global electricity from, 71, 70 history of use and cost of, 44 and job replacements, 188 and methane, 19, 21 net-negative emissions, 19, 110 net-zero emissions goal see also zero, getting to Nigeria, 4, 5, 127 nitrogen, 123, 125 nitrous oxide, 21, 113, 117, 124 nuclear energy advanced reactors, 8, 86, 89, 190 advantages of, 57, 84, 85, 86, 190 global electricity from, 84, 70 government policies on, 190 innovations in, 8, 86, 93, 190 for manufacturing, 107 power density of, 58 risks and safety of, 47, 86, 87, 190 for ships, 147 nuclear fission, 84 nuclear fusion, 87 O offshore wind energy, 89, 194 oil, 39, 43, 44, 70, 71, 87, 156, 191, 192 onshore wind energy, 194, 205 outsourcing of manufacturing, 41 oxygen, 30, 103, 104, 105, 110 P palm oil and deforestation, 127 pandemic, impact of, see COVID-19, impact of Paris Agreement, 10, 11, 12, 50, 212, 213, 215, 237n permafrost, melting of, 35 plant-based burgers, 119, 222 plastics, 100, 104, 107, 110 policies, see government policies power grids, decarbonized, 80, 82n, 97, 111, 151, 156 power lines, 81, 83 power plants, 57, 66, 67, 73, 80, 85, 87, 95, 190, 197, 208 private-public partnerships, 174, 184, 193, 194, 202, 211, 223 Puerto Rico, 27 pumped hydro and alternatives, 92 R R&D funding for innovations with industry partnerships, 174, 184, 193, 194, 202, 211, 222 with long-term commitment, 11, 48, 174, 184, 201, 204, 212 need for steep increases in, 189, 200, 212 priorities for, 61, 189, 199, 200 with risk tolerance, 11, 47, 175, 184, 201, 204, 212, 222 in U.S., 200, 210, 216 radioactive fuel and waste, 87, 88 reducing and reusing as lifestyle, 95, 110, 121, 145 refrigerants, 152 renewable energy batteries for, 75, 79 and n, 91, 93 government policies for, 90, 192, 207 intermittent generation of, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93 location and transmission with, 74 and n, 77, 80, 94 potential and limitations with, intro.1 and n, 8, 70, 74, 81, 224, 239n timing of transition to, 44, 45, 83, 238n in U.S., 7n, 73, 77n, 84, 89, 192, 193, 207 see also specific renewable sources Renewable Fuel Standard, 191, 207 renewable portfolio standards, 207 research and development, see innovations needed; R&D funding for innovations rice, new types of, 167, 168 Russia, 190 S sea level rise, 28, 160, 171 Seattle, WA, 26, 77, 157, 58 Shanghai, growth of, 101, 102 Shenzhen, China, 140, 41 ships and fuel alternatives, 132, 134, 143, 44, 147, 243n smallholder farms, 161, 163, 166 soil, nitrogen and carbon in, 124, 125 solar energy costs of, 81, 192 initiatives with, 174, 192, 202 intermittent generation of, 57, 75, 81, 86, 93 material use in panels for, 85, 240n power density of, 58, 86, 96 scaling of, 205 solar panels, 46, 80, 85, 157, 192, 240n state government, role of, 183, 203, 209, 212 steel, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109 storage of electricity, 91 see also batteries storms, 26, 27 sub-Saharan Africa, 4, 6, 29, 67, 68, 121, 163, 166 synthetic fertilizer, 115, 121 T temperature, see global temperature increase TerraPower nuclear reactor, 8, 86, 93, 190 thermal storage, 93 “This Is Water” speech (Wallace), 37, 38 and n transmission of electricity, regional, 74 and n, 80 transportation, zero-carbon goal for, 130 with electric alternatives (see electric vehicles) emissions to be reduced in, 54, 55, 131, 132, 33, 134, 135 and n with fuel alternatives, 137, 40, 142, 143, 44, 147, 191, 207 with fuel efficiency, 46, 48, 145 future demand for, 132, 33 Green Premiums for, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 242n innovations for, 137, 40, 141, 44, 146 solutions available for, 135, 140, 41, 145, 205, 207 TransWest Express, 82 trees for carbon capture, 127 trucks and fuel alternatives, 134, 140, 141, 42, 146, 147 2050, getting to zero by, 35, 80, 137, 196, 209, 213, 230 U underground power lines, 83 United Kingdom, 90, 91, 179 United States electricity in, 69, 72, 80, 90, 182, 207 emissions in, 41, 132, 152, 163 energy policies in, 48, 179, 191, 207 government role in energy innovation, 210 R&D funding in, 200, 210, 216 renewables in, 7n, 73, 77n, 84, 89, 192, 193, 207 U.S.

On the right you see how the global average temperature is rising along with emissions. (Global Carbon Budget 2019; Berkeley Earth) The next part of the answer involves the impact that all those greenhouse gases are having on the climate, and on us. What We Do and Don’t Know Scientists still have a lot to learn about how and why the climate is changing. IPCC reports acknowledge up front some uncertainty about how much and how quickly the temperature will go up, for example, and exactly what effect these higher temperatures will have. One problem is that computer models are far from perfect. The climate is mind-blowingly complex, and there’s a lot we don’t understand about things like how clouds affect warming or the impact of all this extra heat on ecosystems.


pages: 339 words: 105,938

The Skeptical Economist: Revealing the Ethics Inside Economics by Jonathan Aldred

airport security, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, carbon credits, carbon footprint, citizen journalism, clean water, cognitive dissonance, congestion charging, correlation does not imply causation, Diane Coyle, endogenous growth, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, framing effect, Goodhart's law, GPS: selective availability, greed is good, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, job satisfaction, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, labour market flexibility, laissez-faire capitalism, libertarian paternalism, longitudinal study, new economy, Paradox of Choice, Pareto efficiency, pension reform, positional goods, precautionary principle, price elasticity of demand, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, risk tolerance, school choice, social discount rate, spectrum auction, Thomas Bayes, trade liberalization, ultimatum game, When a measure becomes a target

Before examining them in detail, it is worth taking a glimpse at policy debate on climate change in order to see exactly how the issues arise and how crucial they have become. Climate change battles The key organization charged with advising governments across the globe on climate change policy is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC has argued fiercely over the monetary valuation of human life — the argument nearly tore the IPCC apart. The argument was not about the notion of monetary value of human life itself, but the numbers involved. The standard view of market economics is, unsurprisingly, that the monetary values put on life, or decreased risk of death, should reflect values in markets.

Land Economics 73: 492-507 Index ability to pay 87 absolute consumption 58-59 accountability 199, 205-206, 230 see also audit culture adaptation 23-24, 25, 237 and increasing happiness 66-67, 98, 140-141 to economic growth 55-57, 61-62 addictive consumption 22-24, 98 advertising brand recognition 16 consumer sovereignty 19-21 increased choice 41 restricting 236-237 affluenza 3, 235-238 altruism see unselfish behaviour animal lives 160 Aristotle 134, 135 audit culture 192-198, 202, 204-205 availability 15-16, 122 babies, markets in 181, 209 Baumol’s cost disease 68-74, 78, 237-238 affordability of personal services 74-77, 191 Baumol, William 68, 75, 76, 77 Bayesianism 164-166, 178, 224-225 Bayes, Thomas 164 Becker, Gary 27, 34 behavioural economics 26, 232-233, 234 belief 13 benefit transfer 157 Bentham, Jeremy 120-121, 130-131, 135 best practice 201, 202 Bewley, Truman 229 biodiversity 160 black box economics 1-2, 4 Blanchard, Oliver 48 Blinder, Alan 232 blood donation 33, 197, 217 body shape and weight 42 brand recognition 16, 21 Breyer, Stephen 156 Broome, John 154 Bush, George W. administration 146, 153, 156 capital investment 168 capital punishment 215-216 Caplan, Bryan 226-227 carbon trading markets 222, 223 cars advertising 20 ownership 42-43, 63 catastrophe, precautionary principle 173 charitable giving 27, 28, 33-34 choice 25-26 costs to consumers 39, 191 economic analysis 12-14, 25-26, 43-44 increasing options 39-43, 182-184, 192 inequalities of 43, 189-190, 209-210 ofjobs 101-102 psychologist analysis 14-19 in public services 184-186, 188-192, 205 rational 11-12, 21, 28, 164-165 see also decision making choice advisers 191 citizen’s income 97 citizens’ juries 214, 215 climate change 2, 21, 146, 147-151, 159, 218 precautionary principle 173 valuing the future 161, 162 commodification 179-181, 206-216 alternatives to CBA 213-216 limits to monetary valuation 216-219 meaning of monetary valuation 207-210 rational decision making 211-213 commuters 56, 57 compensation argument for rates of pay 99-103, 105 competitive consumption 24-25, 57-62, 62-63 congestion 60-61 consumers 11-45 addictive consumption 22-24, 98 choice in public services 182-192 competitive consumption 24-25, 57-62, 62-63 preference satisfaction 37-43 rational choice 11-12 self-interest 26-36 shopping 12-19 sovereignty myth 19-22, 25, 156, 158, 225 consumption future 168 see also consumers context-specific valuation of risk 157-158 contingent valuation surveys 152, 157 contracts 203-204 contribution argument for rates of pay 103-108 coordination problem 63 cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 145-178 alternatives to 173-174, 213-216 best practice 201, 202 climate change 2, 146, 147-151, 159 determining preferences 39 of emotions 30-31 limits to monetary quantification 175-178 valuing the future 161-173 valuing human life 147-148, 151-160, 209 valuing nature 160-161 Coyle, Diane 2 cream-skimming 189-190, 210 cultural differences in perception of happiness 118-120 cultural value 207 Damasio, Antonio 44 decision making 174, 175, 176-177, 211-214 see also cost-benefit analysis (CBA) declining discount rates 169-170 democracy and accountability 199, 206, 230 and CBA 172-173, 176-177, 214 economics as 225, 227-228 valuing life 158-159 see also politics deserving what we earn 99-109 desire 13 Dickens, Charles 138 digital TV 41, 42 diminishing marginal utility 95, 158-159 disappointment 41 discounting 149, 166-173, 176, 178, 226, 234 doctors 2, 70, 91, 106-107 decisions on behalf of patients 186-187 drugs 128 earnings 79-80 differences in 99-109 personal services sector 70-71 see also performance-related pay (PRP); taxation economic growth 47-78, 168, 170 adaptation to 55-57, 61-62 affordability of personal services 74-77 alternative form of 236-238 and consumer sovereignty 21-22 and happiness 48-55, 61-62, 66-68, 141-142 meaning and measurement of 64-66 rivalry 57-62, 62-63 self-help 62-64 and taxation 88, 89 and work 235-236 see also Baumol’s cost disease economic imperialism 180, 222-223, 233 ecosystem services 160-161 education as a positional good 60-61, 190 reflected in pay 100, 105, 106 to enable pursuit of a good life 136, 236 education services 69, 237-238 choices 185-186 goals 202 inequality 189 supply and demand 190 efficiency 4-6, 8, 177 personal services 75, 191 taxation 93, 94, 95-98, 111-112, 237 effort 108 Ellsberg Paradox 164-165 emotions and choosing public services 185 and complex choices 40-41, 42 and monetary incentives 197 and prediction of satisfaction 16 and self-interest 30-31 employment 48, 53, 142, 235-236 Environmental Protection Agency (US) (EPA) 151 ethics 7-9, 224-228, 239 consumers 34-36, 37-38, 44 desert 108 and efficiency 5-6, 112 impartiality across generations 166-167, 171-172 limits to monetary valuation 216-219 monetary value for human life 150, 159-160 personal 138 principled disagreement 201-202 for public policy 133-139, 140-141, 142, 177, 234 view of discount rates 170-171 Experience Machine 127 Experience Sampling Method 123,124 fairness and efficiency 94-98 framing effects 14-15, 16, 18, 197 Frank, Robert 56 Freakonomics 1, 31-32, 34, 233 free trade 5-6 Friedman, Milton 7 future generations, discounting 166-167, 168-169, 171-172 future outcomes discounting 149, 166-173 precautionary principle 173-174 see also probabilities gambling games 164 game theory 222, 233 goals happiness 125, 126, 129-133 monetary incentives 200-201 for public services 199, 201-202 self interest 17, 37 Goodhart’s Law 141, 192, 194, 202, 223-224 governments auditing public services 203-204 consumer sovereignty 30, 38, 186 economic growth 47-48, 49, 68 Greatest Happiness principle 137-138 policy and CBA 150, 154, 157, 160, 172-173, 175, 215-216 policy for maximizing happiness 141-143 rights of ownership 81-82, 84-85 setting priorities 210 trust in 230-231 Greatest Happiness principle 127-133, 136-138 growth paths 65, 66 guilt 27, 28, 30-31 habitat destruction 160 Hahn, Robert 163 happiness 113-143 adaptation to material improvement 55-57 defining 114-116, 120-121, 134 and economic growth 48-55, 61-62, 66-68 maximized through extending choice 183 maximized through pay incentives 109 maximized through taxation 94-98 measurement of 53-54, 116-126, 139-140, 141, 224 philosophy of 126-133 and public ethics 133-139 as public policy 140-143 of service providers 191 happiness economics 50-55, 64, 78, 115, 122 alternative form of economic growth 236-237 and politics 137-138, 141-143 happiness treadmill 23, 24, 55 see also satisfaction treadmill Harrod, Sir Roy 59 Hayeck, Friedrich von 27-28 health insurance (US) 189-190 health services 69, 71-72, 237-238 difficulty in choosing 184-185 inequality in 189-190 productivity improvements 70, 74 see also doctors Heckman, James 188 higher pleasures 130-131, 135-136 Hirsch, Fred 59, 63 holiday entitlements 58, 59 holidays 17 Homo economicus 27, 29-36, 44, 111,178 and behavioural economics 232 determining preferences 39 location in brain 225-226 self-fulfilling assumption 224 service providers 187 and trust 230-231 useful context for 222-223 hours of work 91-92, 105, 108 House of Lords (UK) report on climate change 148, 150 human life discounting 168 monetary value of 21, 147-148, 151-160, 207-208 Quality-Adjusted Life Years 176 Hume, David 129 identity 24-25, 42, 154 ignorance 162 incentive to work 89-92, 104, 109 and tax 109-112 see also audit culture; monetary incentives income adaptation to 23-24 and happiness 52-54 relative 57-58, 59-60, 62 see also earnings; taxation income effect 91, 92 income tax see taxation inconspicuous consumption 59 inefficiency see efficiency inequality acceptability of 79-80 and choice in public services 188-190, 209-210 effect on happiness 54 rates of pay 99-109 information for consumers advertising 19-20 complexity in public services 184-185 inheritance 81, 86, 99 genetic 101, 108 in-kind valuations 213—214 intellectual diversity 229 interest rates 167—168, 169 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 147-148, 158 internet 43 interpersonal utility comparisons 49-50 Israeli day-care centres study 32 Japan, economic growth and happiness 52 Jefferson, Thomas 130 Jevons, William Stanley 49 job centre case workers 188, 202 Kahneman, Daniel 25-26, 124 objective happiness 114, 121, 125, 126 Peak-End evaluations 17, 122, 125 Keynes, John Maynard 6, 177, 235 Kyoto Protocol 146, 148 labour costs see Baumol’s cost disease labour market 5, 72, 142 language 87, 239 and reporting happiness 116-117, 118-119 law-breakers 34-35 Layard, Richard 121, 126, 137 alternative form of economic growth 236-237 Greatest Happiness principle 129-130, 132-133 happiness drugs 128 Le Grand, Julian 184, 186, 187, 188-189, 195-198 libertarianism view of taxation 82, 84, 86 widening choice 183, 205 libertarian paternalism 227-228 life expectancy 54 limited edition products 60 Locke, John 84 lost wallets 27, 28, 30 love 27, 208 luck and responsibility 105-106 marginal tax rates 96-97 market imperfections 218 market prices 33, 107 market rates of pay 99 compensation argument 100-101, 102, 103 contribution argument 103, 104, 106-107 putting a value on human life 147-148, 152-155 mental illness 3, 42, 54 Mill, John Stuart 130-131, 135-136, 183 mobile phone spectrum auctions 222 monetary incentives 30, 31-33, 195-198, 217 public services 200-201 see also performance-related pay (PRP) monetary quantification see commodification; cost benefit analysis (CBA) money corrosive effects of 209 see also monetary incentives mood 121-122, 125 moral convictions 217 motivation intrinsic 33, 195, 197, 200-201 public service staff 186-188, 191-198, 199, 200-201, 206 see also self-interest; status seeking national product 64-65, 70 natural talents 99, 101, 102, 105 nature ownership rights 210 putting a value on 160-161, 208, 213-214 neuroscience 50, 115-116, 117-118, 225-226 news media current perceptions of economics 6-7 doctrine of self-interest 34 silence on Baumol’s cost disease 68-69, 77 Nietzche, Friedrich Wilhelm 119 non-economic impacts 7 non-renewable resources 168 Nozick, Robert 127 Nussbaum, Martha 131 objective happiness 114, 121, 125, 126, 127 objective list theories 134-136 optimal tax theory 95-98 optimization 233 options 13-16 increasing 39-43, 182-184, 192 ownership principle 80-87, 218 pay see earnings; performance-related pay (PRP) Peak-End evaluation 17-18, 122, 125-126 perceived happiness 140 perfect preferences 37-39, 43, 135-136 performance-related pay (PRP) 33, 193-194, 195-198, 200, 237 performative contradiction 231 performative economics 223-224 personal services 69-77, 237-238 Peter the plumber 92-93 pleasure 22-23, 130-131, 134, 135 policy entrepreneurs 1-2 political economics 230-231, 233 political forums 214, 215 politics democracy and CBA 172-173, 177, 215 and happiness economics 137-138, 141-143 poll taxes 93-94 positional goods 59-61, 63, 190, 236, 237 post-tax distribution 85—86, 87, 98 precautionary principle 173—174 preferences 13, 14, 135—136, 225 and advertising 19—20 of future generations 168-169 pure time 166-167, 172 revealed by choices 21, 64 risk 156, 159, 176 satisfaction 37-43 pre-tax economic activity 92-93, 94 pre-tax income 80-84 pricelessness 209, 210 principled disagreement 201-202 priorities audit culture 193, 202 government policy 38, 50, 141,142 private property 80-81 probabilities 150, 154, 155, 161-162, 164-166 productivity 65-66 high earners 96-97 personal services 70-72, 73-74, 75-76 and taxation 88, 89, 90 progressive tax systems 96, 97 psychological well-being (PWB) 134-135 psychology 14-19 see also behavioural economics public opinion 214 public perception of risk 153, 155-156 public service ethos 194, 199-201, 205, 210,219 public services 68, 74-75, 180 affordability 74-77, 237-238 and attitudes to taxation 110-111 audit culture 192-198 complexity and importance 184-185 distinctiveness of 198-206, 216-217 ensuring real choice 188-192 implications of choices for others 185-186 motivation of service providers 186-188, 191-198, 199, 200-201, 206 trust 203-206 widening choice 182-184 see also Baumol’s cost disease pure time preference 166-167, 172 qualitative factors 163 Quality-Adjusted Life Years 174 quality of life 3, 236 measurement of 49-50, 50-55 and public ethics 135-139 quantifying the unquantifiable 162-166 targets 193 Ramsey, Frank 167 rational choice 11-12, 21, 28, 164-165 see also decision making Rawls, John 99, 101, 102 redistribution 86, 88, 92-94 maximization of happiness 95-98 Rees, Bill 232 regret 41, 42 relationships, putting a value on 208 relative consumption 58-59, 61 relative income 57-58, 59-60, 62 research objectives and methods 228-230 responsibility 41, 100, 105 rights 82, 83, 181, 210, 218 rigour in research methods 229 risk monetary value of 21, 151-158, 178, 211 versus uncertainty 161-166 rivalry 24-25, 57-62, 62-63, 237 and increasing happiness 66-67, 98 sacrifice 196 satisfaction treadmill 125, 126, 140 see also happiness treadmill scarcity 59-61, 106-107 science and economics 1, 8, 50, 224, 225,227, 228-230 Greatest Happiness principle 131-133 see also neuroscience self-control 18-19 self-help 62-64 self-interest 12, 13, 17-19, 26-36 and consumer sovereignty 21-22 politicians and economists 230-231 public service providers 187, 188 self-fulfilling assumptions of 31-34, 223 self-reported happiness see surveys, happiness Sen, Amartya 132, 136, 234 Shaw, George Bernard 208, 210 shopping 11, 12 addiction and compulsion 22-26 economist perspective 12-14 psychologist perspective 14-19 smiley-face sampling 124, 130 smiling 119-120 Smith, Adam 6 smoking 18-19, 132, 135 spare capacity in public services 190 standard of living 48 state benefits 85-86 statistical lives 151-152, 154, 207-208 status anxiety 24-25 status seeking 58-61, 62-63, 236 Stern Review 148-149, 150, 166 substitution effect 91, 92, 96 subtractive method 117 supply and demand in public services 189, 190 rates of pay 100, 101, 105, 106 surveys 214 contingent valuation 152, 157 happiness 53-54, 114-115, 116-117, 118-124, 130, 137 public services users 182 sustainability 171 sustainable development 173 Sutton, Willie 34 targets see audit culture taxation 76, 79-98 cigarettes 132 effect on work 88-92 evasion 35 incentive to work 109-112 ownership principle 80-87 redistribution 86, 88, 92-94 to maximize happiness 94-98, 237-238 teachers 70 team working 193, 194 technical innovation 65, 70, 73-74 theory and self-fulfillment 223-224 Titmuss, Richard 33 trade-offs 13 complex choices 40-41 economic growth 63-64 life 160, 211 taxation 94, 95, 97 The Truman Show 127 trust 203-206, 230-231 TWA Flight 800 163 ultimatum game 29, 33-34 uncertainty and the precautionary principle 173 and risk 161-166 unselfish behaviour 27-28, 29 reaction to manipulation 31-32 service providers 187-188 utilitarianism 120-121, 126-133, 135,136,138-139, 183 Uttal, William 117 value judgements see ethics value for money 212 veto economics 2-3, 6, 227 Viscusi, Kip 153 volunteers 195 wage differentials 152-153, 157 Weitzman, Martin 169 work and employment 235-236 hours of 91-92, 105, 108 see also incentive to work worker inputs and outputs 104-105 Table of Contents Contents Acknowledgements Chapter One - Introduction: Ethical Economics?

In drafting the second IPCC report, most governments completely rejected this view, but a group of economists insisted that the report should include it: ‘A careful reading of the fine print revealed that they were valuing lives in rich countries at $1,500,000, in middle-income countries at $300,000, and in lowest-income countries at $100,000.’4 The final report heavily qualified this approach, but not because any consensus was reached: ‘The outcome of it all was that the IPCC is very reluctant to engage in that controversy again because the proponents on both sides are still there and obviously still willing to have another fight if the opportunity was given to them.’5 And in preparing subsequent reports, the IPCC has attached less importance to ubiquitous monetary valuation. But many economists are dissatisfied, and their arguments have been invoked as part of attempts to discredit the IPCC and the Kyoto Protocol. In July 2005 a British House of Lords committee published an influential report on climate change that pressed the IPCC to ‘monetize’ all costs and benefits, and give more prominence to such measures. It acknowledged that the controversy over the monetary valuation of life had been an obstacle, but dismissed such objections and explicitly sided with the economists.6 In its conclusions and media summary, the House of Lords committee went on to question the independence of the IPCC, arguing that its membership and findings were being driven by external political pressures.7 Against this view, I shall show that attempts to monetize all costs and benefits inevitably involve ethical judgements of just the sort that are vulnerable to political pressure.


Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out? by Bill McKibben

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, 23andMe, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, American Legislative Exchange Council, An Inconvenient Truth, Anne Wojcicki, Anthropocene, Apollo 11, artificial general intelligence, Bernie Sanders, Bill Joy: nanobots, biodiversity loss, Burning Man, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, Colonization of Mars, computer vision, CRISPR, David Attenborough, deep learning, DeepMind, degrowth, disinformation, Donald Trump, double helix, driverless car, Easter island, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, ending welfare as we know it, energy transition, Extinction Rebellion, Flynn Effect, gigafactory, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Hyperloop, impulse control, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Bridle, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Kim Stanley Robinson, life extension, light touch regulation, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, megacity, Menlo Park, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, Nick Bostrom, obamacare, ocean acidification, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, paperclip maximiser, Paris climate accords, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, San Francisco homelessness, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, smart meter, Snapchat, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, strong AI, supervolcano, tech baron, tech billionaire, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, traffic fines, Tragedy of the Commons, Travis Kalanick, Tyler Cowen, urban sprawl, Virgin Galactic, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Y Combinator, Y2K, yield curve

Throughout the Holocene (the ten-thousand-year period that began as the last ice age ceased, the stretch that encompasses all recorded human history), the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere stayed stable, and therefore so did the sea level, and hence it took a while for people to worry about sea level rise. The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted in 2003 that sea level should rise a mere half meter by the end of the twenty-first century, most of that coming because warm water takes up more space than cold, and while a half meter would be enough to cause expense and trouble, it wouldn’t really interfere with settlement patterns.16 But even as the IPCC scientists made that estimate, they cautioned that it didn’t take into account the possible melt of the great ice sheets over Greenland and Antarctica.

See also glaciers; sea ice iGen immune systems Inconvenient Truth, An (film) Inconvenient Truth … or Convenient Fiction, An (film) India individualism Indonesia inequality inertia infant mortality Ingraffea, Tony insects InsideClimateNews (website) Institute for Justice Intel Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Interior, Department of the International Congress of Genetics, Sixteenth International Organization for Migration International Space Station internet Inuit Iowa IQ scores Iran Iraq Ireland irrigation Italy IVF treatment Jackson, Jesse Jacobs, Jane Jacobson, Mark Jaeger, John Jakarta Japan Java Sea jellyfish Jenner, Kylie Jeopardy!

But the important thing to remember is that it all happened behind closed doors, in meetings confined to a few scientists and officials.1 The world, its leaders and its citizens, effectively knew nothing of the threat until the hot June day in 1988 when a mid-career NASA scientist named James Hansen testified before a Senate committee that “the greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now.”2 In the weeks that followed, members of Congress introduced the National Energy Policy Act to “address … heat-trapping gases produced in burning fossil fuels.” The world’s atmospheric scientists announced the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to track the crisis. And Vice President George H. W. Bush, in the midst of a successful campaign for the White House, announced that he would “fight the greenhouse effect with the White House effect.” It looked like America meant business, that a response was starting to take shape.


pages: 338 words: 104,684

The Deficit Myth: Modern Monetary Theory and the Birth of the People's Economy by Stephanie Kelton

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Apollo 11, Asian financial crisis, bank run, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, blockchain, bond market vigilante , book value, Bretton Woods, business cycle, capital controls, carbon tax, central bank independence, collective bargaining, COVID-19, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, discrete time, Donald Trump, eurozone crisis, fiat currency, floating exchange rates, Food sovereignty, full employment, gentrification, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, global supply chain, green new deal, high-speed rail, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, inflation targeting, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, liquidity trap, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, market bubble, Mason jar, Modern Monetary Theory, mortgage debt, Naomi Klein, National Debt Clock, new economy, New Urbanism, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, obamacare, open economy, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, price anchoring, price stability, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, Richard Florida, Ronald Reagan, San Francisco homelessness, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Tax Reform Act of 1986, trade liberalization, urban planning, working-age population, Works Progress Administration, yield curve, zero-sum game

Richard “Skip” Bronson, “Homeless and Empty Homes—an American Travesty,” Huffpost, May 25, 2011, www.huffpost.com/entry/post_733_b_692546. 44. IPCC, Global Warming of 1.5º C, Special Report, United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018, www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. 45. Nathan Hultman, “We’re Almost Out of Time: The Alarming IPCC Climate Report and What to Do Next,” Brookings Institution, October 16, 2018, www.brookings.edu/opinions/were-almost-out-of-time-the-alarming-ipcc-climate-report-and-what-to-do-next/. 46. Umair Irfan, “Report: We Have Just 12 Years to Limit Devastating Global Warming,” Vox, October 8, 2018, www.vox.com/2018/10/8/17948832/climate-change-global-warming-un-ipcc-report. 47. Brandon Miller and Jay Croft, “Planet Has Only Until 2030 to Stem Catastrophic Climate Change, Experts Warn,” CNN, October 8, 2018, www.cnn.com/2018/10/07/world/climate-change-new-ipcc-report-wxc/index.html. 48.

The science indicates that, to avoid the worst climate change scenarios, we need to limit global warming over this century to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. Current plans, however, would only limit the temperature rise to 3 or 4 degrees Celsius above that threshold. What happens if we fail to close the gap between where we are and where we need to be? The latest reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) paint a dire picture: rising sea levels, more drastic flooding, more severe droughts, stronger storms and hurricanes, and heat waves leading to many more deaths. Many coastal cities and communities around the world could become unlivable, and significant climate pattern shifts could upend crops and freshwater supplies, leading to hundreds of millions of new climate refugees.

But the most likely business-as-usual scenarios do suggest global poverty reduction could be set back decades, which intrinsically means hundreds of millions of additional deaths.61 But then, that’s assuming the consensus of the IPCC reports isn’t significantly underestimating the danger.62 These are only the most likely scenarios; we may be underestimating the cascade effects and feedback loops, meaning there’s a small but real chance that business as usual will lead to far more catastrophic results. “We’re already at 1 degree warming and seeing some significant impacts,” Hultman wrote, summing up the IPCC’s conclusions. “1.5 degrees is going to have more severe impacts; 2 degrees has more; and we probably don’t want to test what happens above 2 degrees—although our current momentum appears to have us on a trajectory for about a 3 degrees or more world.”


pages: 369 words: 98,776

The God Species: Saving the Planet in the Age of Humans by Mark Lynas

Airbus A320, Anthropocene, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, carbon credits, carbon footprint, clean water, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, data science, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, degrowth, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Easter island, Eyjafjallajökull, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, ice-free Arctic, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the steam engine, James Watt: steam engine, megacity, meta-analysis, moral hazard, Negawatt, New Urbanism, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, peak oil, planetary scale, precautionary principle, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, rewilding, Ronald Reagan, special drawing rights, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, Tragedy of the Commons, two and twenty, undersea cable, University of East Anglia, We are as Gods

; descent of; birth of; brain development; drive hominid relatives to oblivion; Pleistocene overkill and Hudson River Huhne, Chris Hurricane Katrina Hybrid: The History and Science of Plant Breeding (Kingsbury) hydroelectric dams/power hydrogen as fuel hydrological cycle hydrological engineering Independent India: carbon emissions; alternatives to high carbon aviation; hydroelectricity in; vultures in; pollution in; black carbon and; Copenhagen summit and Indonesia Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Whaling Commission (IWC) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) irrigation Israel IUCN Red List J. Craig Venter Center Jackson, Jeremy Jacobson, Mark Japan: earthquake and tsunami, 2011; climate change in; Fukushima disaster, 2011 Jordan River Journal of Geophysical Research keystone/apex predators Kruger, Tim Kunin, Professor Bill Kyoto Protocol, 1997 Labrador Sea Lake District Lake Powell land use boundary; human impact on; importance of ecological zones; a plan for land; protected land; global value of wilderness; intensification of farming and; integrated pest management; agroforestry; aquaculture; meat and energy; REDD; population growth and urbanization Leipold, Gerd Lenton, Tim Les Rois Liberal Democratic Party life, creating new forms of; origin of Limits to Growth report, 1972 Lovelock, James Lovins, Amory Lucas, Caroline Madagascar Mahli, Yadvinder malaria Maldives: levy on diving trips considered; climate change and; Copenhagen summit and; pledges carbon neutrality Malua Forest Reserve mass extinctions Max Planck Institute McKibben, Bill McNeill, John megacities “megafauna fruit” Mekong delta mercury Merkel, Angela Met Office Hadley Centre, U.K.

Another difference between ozone and climate is that authoritative scientific assessments have not been as successful in convincing naysayers about the latter as they were with the former. This is not due to any shortcomings in the scientific process: Evidence about the reality of global warming is far more overwhelming today than it was about the threat to the ozone layer in the mid-1980s. Nor have the experts failed to speak with one voice: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has delivered unimpeachably weighty assessments over the years, underlining its growing confidence about the science on climate change. But with climate the reactionary backlash has been unprecedentedly successful. It is almost forgotten now, but there was a denialist backlash against ozone regulation too, centered in the U.S. in the mid-1990s, which swayed some important politicians.

Deniers promoting the so-called “Climategate” affair took a few out-of-context quotes and superficially embarrassing private slips by leading scientists from some leaked emails and nearly managed to publicly discredit not only the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia but several other leading institutes too. Vociferous promoters of a subsequent scandal took a single mistake about Himalayan glaciers, buried deep in the second weighty tome of the IPCC’s 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, and used it to attack the entire IPCC process, and the role of Chair Rajendra Pachauri in particular. None of this changed anything we knew—anything that mattered—about the reality of climate change, but the deniers succeeded in making climate science an ideological battleground, where the expert consensus was rejected by whole political parties and large sections of the media as itself partisan.


pages: 433 words: 124,454

The Burning Answer: The Solar Revolution: A Quest for Sustainable Power by Keith Barnham

Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Arthur Eddington, carbon footprint, credit crunch, decarbonisation, distributed generation, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Ernest Rutherford, Higgs boson, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Kickstarter, Michael Shellenberger, Naomi Klein, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, Richard Feynman, Schrödinger's Cat, Silicon Valley, Stephen Hawking, Ted Nordhaus, the scientific method, uranium enrichment, wikimedia commons

You can follow day-by-day measurement of CO2 level in the atmosphere from Mauna Loa Observatory on the Keeling Curve site at Scripps Institution of Oceanography [11]. The 2013 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which presented the convincing evidence that humankind is responsible for most of the global warming, is reference 12. If you, or anyone you are discussing with, still doubts this, compare two graphs: Figure SPM.1a in the IPCC report (the measured rise in global temperature averaged over a decade) and the Keeling curve graph for years 1700 to the present date. Both of them start an upward trend around 1900 when oil started to be seriously exploited.

This means that Pauli’s principle gives the exact number of electrons in a full orbit. 1931 Wilson publishes his theory of semiconductors. 1947 Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley start the semiconductor revolution by demonstrating a transistor that involves electron conduction and also positive conduction in a nearly full valence band. 1954 Chapin, Fuller and Pearson demonstrate a 6 per cent efficient silicon solar cell. 1973 Solar Power Corporation reduce the price of silicon PV panels fivefold in two years by using crystals rejected by the silicon chip industry. 1978 Handheld calculators appear on the market powered by amorphous silicon thin film solar cells. 1990 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to global warming. 1994 The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) produces a GaAs-based, two-junction cell with efficiency higher than any single junction PV cell. Japan launches a 70,000-roof PV programme. 1998 Germany initiates a 100,000-roof programme. 2000 The feed-in-tariff (FIT) is introduced in Germany for most forms of renewable energy. 2002 More than 90 per cent of all new homes in Sweden are equipped with a heat pump. 2004 The price of PV panels stops falling.

air conditioning, 286, 366 solar-powered, 283, 285–7 use of heat pumps, 201–2 air source heat pumps, 203–4, 343–4 incentives for, 292 alien civilisations, 2, 18, 127, 269–70, 323 alpha radiation, 75, 77 amorphous silicon, 131 Ampère, André-Marie, 26 Ampère’s law, 31 Maxwell’s addition, 31–6 amplifiers, 43–4 anaerobic digestion (AD), 182–4, 206–7, 309 Arctic ice caps, shrinkage, 152, 313, 368 Aresta, Michele, 361 Areva, 227, 305–6, 370 argon, electron orbits, 64 artificial leaf, 265–70, 284, 269, 310, 361 Atkins, Peter, 325 Atlantic Array offshore wind farm, 303–4, 370 atmosphere, carbon dioxide concentrations, 150, 254, 313, 370 atom, splitting of see nuclear fission atomic structure, 13–14, 27 Rutherford’s work, 57–8, 75 Bohr’s work, 56–9 Schrödinger equation, 64–65 Pauli principle, 61–2 ‘Atoms for Peace’, 86 balance-of-systems cost, PV installations, 189 band-gap energy, 106 direct band-gap, 132 indirect band-gap problem, 129–32; solutions, 131–2, 133–4 Bang, Mads, 360 banks, shareholder campaigns, 279–81 Barber, Jim, 261, 262–3, 361 Bardeen, John, 118, 311 Bath and West Community Energy group, 208, 346–7 batteries, electric cars, 240, 241 Becquerel, Henri, 75 Beerten, Jef, 183, 185, 342 Bellis, Mary, 358 Benn, Tony, 89, 331 beta radiation, 75 big bang, 12 biogas (biomethane), 205–7, 274, 346 production, 198, 208–9, 313 biogas electricity generators, 178–9 carbon footprint, 178–9 Kombikraftwerk project, 154–61, 163 biological solar fuels, 264–5 biomass electricity generators, 178–9 carbon footprint, 178–9 Blyth, William, 353 Bohr, Niels, 56–65, 311, 357 boron, as a diversity atom, 110–13 Boyle, Willard, 128 BP Solar, 228–9 Brattain, Walter, 118, 311, 335 Braun, Carl, 42–4, 311 British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL), 90–1 Browne, John, 228–9, 352 Bruton, Tim, 229 Bryson, Bill, A Short History of Nearly Everything, 3 burning definition of, 17 when it began, 19 Burns, Ciaran, 346 cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells, 132, 229 Calder Hall reactor, 87–8 Cambrian explosion, 16, 325 Cameron, David, 230, 353 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), Sizewell Working Group, 90 campaigning groups, 364 carbon, diamond crystals, 100–2 carbon dioxide capture by photosynthesis, 261, 263–5 concentrations in the atmosphere, 150, 313, 370 direct capture from the air, 254–9, 360–1 as a greenhouse gas, 152–3 carbon dioxide emissions Climate Change Committee recommendations, 181, 212 International Energy Agency analysis, 353 lobbying for limits, 278 carbon footprints biomass–biogas cycle, 178–9 of natural gas electricity generation, 181–3 of nuclear electricity, 183–7 of solar fuels, 253 Carboniferous period, 16 carbon molecules, diversity, 71 carbon-neutral communities, 207, 208 Carnot, Sadi, 197–8 catalysts 247–9, 253 cavity radiation 49–51 central heating systems, 195–9 CERN, 219, 236, 295, 367 Chadwick, James, 75–6, 331 chain reaction, nuclear fission, 81 Chapin, Daryl, 124, 311 charged coupled devices (CCDs), 128–9 Chatten, Amanda, 267 China air conditioning, 285–7 solar panel manufacture, 189, 312 solar revolution, 293–5, 366 civil plutonium, military use, 90–2 Climate Change Committee (CCC), recommendations on carbon dioxide emissions, 181, 212 Clive, Barry, 285, 366 CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), 120 coal, formation of, 16 coincidences, Einstein cusp, 2 electron proton charge, 25 every visible photon, 123 raising electron to band, 110 raising electron from band, 111 temperature of sun, 123–4 combined heat and power (CHP), 179–80 geothermal energy, 174 J V Energen, 205–6 solar CPV , 141 combined power plants, Kombikraftwerk project, 154–61 community power schemes, 161, 207–8, 275, 346 complementary resources, wind power, 146–9 comparemysolar, comparison site 189–91, 344 computers, development of, 120–1 concentrating solar power (CSP), 168 DESERTEC project, 283–5 concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), 141, 168, 191 and carbon dioxide capture, 257–8 potential in sun-rich countries, 287, 289–90 recharging electric cars, 245 tracking systems, 292 conduction bands metals, 103 semiconductors, 106 conductors, 98 quantum picture of, 102–4 conservation of energy, 46, 200 ‘contracts for difference’, nuclear power, 227, 303 copper-indium diselenide (CIS) solar cells, 132 core of the earth, 170 Cornell study on shale gas extraction, 224–5 cost of biogas electricity, 309 cost of nuclear power, 157, 161, 183 cost of solar power, 156–9, 344 household PV panels, 188–90 cost of wind power, offshore, 305, 3720 onshore, 189, 344 Cox, Brian, 3, 323 Curie, Marie, 75 Curie, Pierre, 75 current, electrical, 27 Dawkins, Richard, 325 de Broglie, Louis, 60–1, 311 de Forest, Lee, 43 Denmark, combined heat and power schemes, 180 community power schemes, 207, 346 target 2050, all renewable, 211–2, 349 use of renewable resources, 174, 252 Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), Renewable Energy Roadmap (2011), 171, 340 ‘Pathways to 2050’, 216–7 depleted uranium, military use, 93, 332 DESERTEC project, 283–5 deuterium, 82 diamond as an insulator, 100–2 refraction of light, 104 Dickens’s equation, 29–30 digital cameras, 127–8 diodes, 113–4, 334–5 see also light emitting diodes (LEDs) Dirac, Paul, 62, 67, 311 direct action, 281 distributed generation (micro-generation), 127, 274, 277 see also community power schemes diversity atoms (dopants), 109–13, 335 diversity diodes, 115–6, 118, 335 in transistors, 118–21 dual-conductors, 113, 335 see also semiconductors Duggan, Geoff, 294, 367 Durrant, James, 361 dynamos, 39 E = hf, 2–4, 53–5 Einstein’s interpretation, 55–8 and electron orbits, 59 E = mc2, 2–4 meaning of, 46–7 earth history of, 16, 17–19 surface temperature, 150–1 EDF, open letter to, 302–6 Einstein, Albert, 3, 36, 236 interpretation of E = hf, 55–8, 311 and nuclear weapons, 87 see also E = mc2 electric cars, 235, 240 fuel cells, 246–7, 360 fuel efficiency, 244 history of, 241–2 information sources, 358–9 present-day use, 242–3 recharging, 244, 245 ‘electric eyes’ (photodetectors), 124–5 electric fields, 24–6, 99 electricity early use of, 39–40 as flow of electrons, 99 generation of, 38–9; Faraday’s Law, 27–8; modern methods, 40 electricity costs Germany, wholesale PV 158–9, 307 savings from PV panels, 190 southern Italy, 157 electricity demand, variation through the day, 154–5 electric motors, 39 electrolysis, 249 electromagnetic waves, 35 energy of; Planck’s work, 52–3; Rayleigh’s work, 50–1 generation and detection, 41–2 Maxwell’s discovery of, 23–4 electromagnetism, 36 electronics, impact on Second World War, 97–8 electron orbits, 58–9 2, 8, 8 mystery, 65–7 and reactivity of elements, 63–5 Schrödinger’s wave equation, 61–2 stability of, 67–9 electrons, 11, 25 behaviour in crystals, 101–2 behaviour in insulators, 102 behaviour in metals, 102–4 uncertainty principle, 63–4 electron spin, 62, 67 electron waves, 60–1, 63 electroweak force, 37–8 elements, 11 formation in stars, 12–14 reactivity, 63–5 Elliott, David, 217, 325 energy, 46 conservation of, 46, 200 relationship to power, 5–6 units of, 7 energy efficiency, 179–80 Energy Savings Trust, 180, 190, 196, 345 Englert, François, 296 environmental groups, 275 equations Dickens’s equations, 29–30 E = hf, meaning of, 52–5 E=mc2, meaning of, 46–7 Maxwell’s, 28–9, 30–1, 327; application of, 38–40 wave equations, 34 ethanol carbon footprint, 253 safety of, 252–3 ‘Ethanol Economy’, 253 problems with, 269 ethanol fuel cells, 252–3 European Power Reactor (EPR), construction costs, 185, 304, 344 evolution, 16–17, 260–1, 262–3 exclusion principle, Wolfgang Pauli, 66–7 exponential expansion of PV power, 162–3 Fairlie, Ian, 331 Faraday, Michael, 21, 25, 39 generation of electrical power, 27–8 Faraday’s law, 30 feed-in-tariff (FIT) policies, 162–4, 277 Germany, 210, 338 United Kingdom, 350 Feldheim, Germany, first carbon neutral community, 207, 346 Fermi, Enrico splitting of the atom, 77–8, 80 work on Manhattan Project, 83 fermions, 77 fertilisers, production by anaerobic digestion, 206 Feynman, Richard, 67, 69, 70, 86, 327 on conduction, 97, 99, 103 on electron sharing, 68, 329 field-effect transistor, 119–20 Film4Sun, 286–7, 366 Finding, Nick, 205, 346 Finney, David, 217 first law of thermodynamics, see thermodynamics First Solar, 132–3, 229, 312 First World War, 59 flat dwellers, solar power options, 191–2 Fleming, John Ambrose, 43 Forshaw, Jeff, 3, 323 fossil fuel industry development of solar fuels, 279–81 influences, 39–40 open letter to, 308–10 fossil fuel lobby, 230–1, 352–3 fossil fuels depletion of reserves, 18 formation of, 16, 17 quantum bonding, 70–2 fossil fuel subsidies, 230–1, 278, 308, 353 Frack Off, environmental action group, 275 fracking, 223–5, 276, 301, 352 Fraunhofer laboratories, 218–19 frequency of waves, 48 Friends of the Earth, environmental action group, 275, 369 Frisch, Otto, 79, 80, 330 fuel cells, 235, 246–7 in electric cars, 240, 242, 248–50 information sources, 359–60 methanol and ethanol, 253–3 predictions, 314 Fukushima nuclear disaster, 18, 306, 325 consequences for nuclear power industry, 157, 211, 227, 228, 238, 312 Fuller, Calvin, 124, 311 fundamental forces electromagnetism, 35–6 electroweak force, 37 fusion bomb project, 86 fusion research, 175, 273, 361, 363 Gabriel, Joseph, 334 gallium arsenide (GaAs), 133 alloys, 135 quantum wells, 138–9 in third generation solar cells, 140 Gallium Arsenide Street, 138 gallium nitride LEDs, 136 gamma radiation, 75 gas see biogas; natural gas gas molecules, energy distribution, 52 Gasplasma, 206 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 30 geothermal energy, 74–5, 170–1 combined heat and power (CHP), 174 as a nuclear technology, 174–5 sustainability, 171–4 Germany biogas electricity generation, 179 community power schemes, 207, 346 cost of solar power, 157–8, 159, 305 expansion of PV power, 161–3, 312, 337 expansion of wind power, 164 feed-in-tariff (FIT) policy, 162, 338 Kombikraftwerk project, 154–6 national grid, 160 national laboratories, 218–20 photovoltaic power programme, 95 political influences, 209–11 target 2050, all solar electricity, 179, 211 use of renewable energy, 5 Gill, Ed, 193, 345 global warming, 1, 17, 306, 307, 315 action on, 313–14 explanation of, 151–2 information sources, 370–1 potential impact of fracking, 224–5 Goeppert, Alain, 253 Goldhaber, Gerson, 69 Good Energy, 192–3, 345 Gore, A1, 166, 340 gravity, 47 Green Electricity Market Place, 192, 345 Greenfield Energy, 346 green gas see biogas greenhouse effect, 152 greenhouse gases, 152 see also carbon dioxide; methane greenhouses, solar-powered, 288 Greenpeace, environmental action group, 275, 281 Gribbin, John, 328 grid parity, 156–7, 158–9 ground source heat pumps, 198–203, 292, 345–6 incentives for, 277 Grove, William, 246 Hahn, Otto, 78–9 Haslam, David, 364 Hassard, John, 177, 341 Hawking, Stephen, 2, 29, 323 heat energy, 49 as means of energy storage, 154 heat exchangers, 199 Heath, Garvin, 183–4, 185, 342 heating air source heat pumps, 203–4 biogas supplies, 205–7 electrical systems, 195–6 ground source heat pumps, 198–203 heat pumps, 197–8, 345–6 air source, 203–4 ground source, 198–203 incentives for, 277 reversible, 201 use by supermarket chain, 201–2 use in Sweden, 201 Heede, Richard, 365 Heisenberg, Werner, uncertainty principle, 62–3, 68 helium atomic structure, 11 electron orbit, 64 formation in stars, 12 Hertz, Heinrich, 41–2, 311 Hesketh, Ross, 90, 331 Higgs, Peter, 296 Higgs boson, 295–6, 367 high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), 139 Hill Robert, 290 Hinkley Point A reactors, 90 Hinkley Point C reactors, construction costs, 185–7 information sources, 372–3 open letter to stakeholders of EDF, 302–6 projected costs, 160 Hoffmann, Peter, 359 ‘holes’ (positrons), 108–9, 114 household PV panels, 153–4 cost, 188–90 information sources, 344–5 recharging electric cars, 244–5 solutions for less suitable roofs, 190–2 human evolution and development, 17 hybrid cars, 241–2 hydrogen fuel cells, 248–50 methanol/ethanol fuel cells, 251–2 hydrocarbon molecules, 71–2 hydrogen atomic structure, 11 isotopes, 82 production of, 248–9, 267, 314 quantum bonding, 67–8 safety of, 249–50 hydrogen bomb, 86 hydrogen fuel cells, 248, 359 in electric cars, 248–50 hydropower, 125 carbon footprint, 182 construction costs, 185 energy storage, 156, 160 large-scale, 168–9 small-scale, 169 HydroVenturi technology, 177 ice caps, shrinkage, 152, 312, 313, 370 Iceland, use of renewable resources, 211, 290–1, 349 impurity atoms, 107 benefits of diversity, 109–13 indirect band-gap problem, 129–30 solutions, 131–2, 133–4 Industrial Revolution, 20–1, 197 infrared catastrophe, 58 insulators, 98–100 quantum picture of, 100–2 integrated circuits, 119 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 312, 371 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 296, 297 367 International Energy Agency (IEA), carbon emission origins, 224, 353 one-third fossil fuel reserves, 227, 314, 352 Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (PVPS), 95, 332 subsidies, 230–1, 353 International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), 297 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 297, 367 international solar laboratory, 295–8 inverters, 286 Iran, potential of solar technology, 300–1 isotopes, 81–2 of hydrogen, 82 see also tritium of uranium, 82–3 Israeli-Palestine conflict, potential of solar technology, 300 Italy cost of solar power, 157 photovoltaic power use, 95 speed of PV power expansion, 163 Japan Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs, 85 photovoltaic power programme, 95 see also Fukushima nuclear disaster Jews, persecution of, 77 Joliot-Curie, Frederic, 81 Joliot-Curie, Irene, 78, 79 Jungk, Robert, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 85, 237–8, 330 J V Energen, 206 Keeling, Charles, 370 Keeling, Ralph, 370 Kelsall, Geoff, 267 Kelvin, Lord, 197–8, 345 Kennedy, Robert F.


pages: 335 words: 89,924

A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet by Raj Patel, Jason W. Moore

"World Economic Forum" Davos, agricultural Revolution, Anthropocene, Bartolomé de las Casas, biodiversity loss, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, collateralized debt obligation, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, company town, complexity theory, creative destruction, credit crunch, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, energy transition, European colonialism, feminist movement, financial engineering, Food sovereignty, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, full employment, future of work, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Haber-Bosch Process, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, Lewis Mumford, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, means of production, Medieval Warm Period, megacity, Mercator projection, meta-analysis, microcredit, Naomi Klein, Nixon shock, Occupy movement, peak oil, precariat, scientific management, Scientific racism, seminal paper, sexual politics, sharing economy, source of truth, South Sea Bubble, spinning jenny, strikebreaker, surplus humans, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, wages for housework, World Values Survey, Yom Kippur War

“Wrong Climate for Big Dams: Fact Sheet—Destroying Rivers Will Worsen Climate Crisis.” www.internationalrivers.org/resources/wrong-climate-for-big-dams-fact-sheet-3373. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_full_report.pdf. ———. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/. Jackson, J.B.C. 1997. “Reefs since Columbus.” Coral Reefs 16, no. 1: S23–S32. Jackson, R.V. 1985. “Growth and Deceleration in English Agriculture, 1660–1790.”

., 126. 70. Cronon 1991. 71. PennState Extension 2015. 72. EPA 2012. 73. Gerber et al. 2013. 74. Olson-Sawyer 2013. 75. Burbach and Flynn 1980; Moody 1988; Rachleff 1993. 76. Bello 2009, 39–53. 77. Robinson 2013. 78. Giles 2017. 79. Patel et al. 2014. 80. Araghi 2013. 81. Herrero et al. 2017. 82. IPCC 2007, 36; 2014. 83. Moore 2015, 252. 84. Fuglie, MacDonald, and Ball 2007; Matuschke, Mishra, and Qaim 2007. 85. Gurian-Sherman 2009. 86. Lobell and Field 2007. 87. Peng et al. 2004; Cerri et al. 2007; Kucharik and Serbin 2008; Lobell, Schlenker, and Costa-Roberts 2011; National Research Council 2011; Challinor et al. 2014; Shindell 2016. 88.


pages: 520 words: 129,887

Power Hungry: The Myths of "Green" Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future by Robert Bryce

Abraham Maslow, addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, Apollo 11, Bernie Madoff, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, clean tech, collateralized debt obligation, corporate raider, correlation does not imply causation, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, decarbonisation, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, flex fuel, Ford Model T, Glass-Steagall Act, greed is good, Hernando de Soto, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jevons paradox, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, new economy, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart grid, Stewart Brand, Ted Nordhaus, Thomas L Friedman, uranium enrichment, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

Between 1990 and 2009, India’s electricity production nearly tripled, reaching 834.3 terawatt-hours in 2008, and about 68 percent of that power generation now comes from the burning of coal.42 But even with the huge increases in power production, 40 percent of Indian homes still don’t have electricity and 60 percent of Indian industrial firms rely on alternate forms of generation because the power grid isn’t reliable.43 India is tired of lagging behind the rest of the world. That message was made clear by none other than Rajendra Pachauri, the Indian academic who chairs the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In July 2009, Pachauri asked reporters, “Can you imagine 400 million people who do not have a light bulb in their homes?” And he went on to explain where India was going to be getting its future power: “You cannot, in a democracy, ignore some of these realities and as it happens with the resources of coal that India has, we really don’t have any choice but to use coal.”44 The necessity of coal in developing countries was made clear in October 2009 by none other than U.S.

need for increased electricity in and nuclear power power consumption in(fig.) ranking of, by GDP and electricity generation(table) Industrial Revolution Infant mortality rates Innumeracy, issue of Inpex Holdings Institute for 21st Century Energy Institute for Fusion Studies Institution of Mechanical Engineers Integrated energy parks Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Energy Agency (IEA) on carbon capture and sequestration on decarbonization on demand in the oil market on emissions on estimated global gas resources on gas-fired capacity on global gas resources on global liquified natural gas production on the growth of renewables on nuclear power on oil demand and GDP on peak oil on projected costs for new electricity generation plants(fig.)

(By late 2009, the concentration was about 390 parts per million.) On October 24, 2009, the supporters of the 350 parts per million target conducted more than 4,000 synchronized demonstrations around the world. Their aim: to build a “global community” to support the 350 ppm goal.18 The chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Rajendra Pachauri, has said he is “fully supportive” of the 350 ppm goal.19 In November 2009, former vice president Al Gore, appearing on the Late Show with David Letterman, declared that unless the people of the world took drastic action to curb carbon dioxide emissions, it could be “the end of civilization as we know it.”20 Gore may be right.


pages: 411 words: 108,119

The Irrational Economist: Making Decisions in a Dangerous World by Erwann Michel-Kerjan, Paul Slovic

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrei Shleifer, availability heuristic, bank run, behavioural economics, Black Swan, business cycle, Cass Sunstein, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, complexity theory, conceptual framework, corporate social responsibility, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, cross-subsidies, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, endowment effect, experimental economics, financial innovation, Fractional reserve banking, George Akerlof, hindsight bias, incomplete markets, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, iterative process, Kenneth Arrow, Loma Prieta earthquake, London Interbank Offered Rate, market bubble, market clearing, money market fund, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Oklahoma City bombing, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, placebo effect, precautionary principle, price discrimination, price stability, RAND corporation, Richard Thaler, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, social discount rate, source of truth, statistical model, stochastic process, subprime mortgage crisis, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, too big to fail, transaction costs, ultimatum game, University of East Anglia, urban planning, Vilfredo Pareto

WEATHER EXTREMES: WHY THE POOR SUFFER THE MOST The impacts of natural hazards on economic well-being have escalated alarmingly in recent decades. Although increased population and wealth in vulnerable areas remain the main factors in explaining rising losses, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted that extreme event impacts are “very likely” to change because of increasing weather variability.3 There is even mounting evidence of a current “climate signal,” with the IPCC (2007) reporting observations of widespread changes in temperature, wind patterns, and aspects of extreme weather, including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves, and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

Hurricane Betsy Hurricane Camille Hurricane Diane Hurricane Hugo, insured losses from Hurricane Ike Hurricane Katrina floods of government aid following impact of insured losses from Mississippi Gulf Coast and New Orleans and policy innovation and recovery from reinsurance/actuarial value after (table) Hurricane Rita, reinsurance/actuarial value after(table) Hurricane Wilma, reinsurance/actuarial value after(table) Hurricanes damage from fiscal deficits and reinsurance against risk for tourism economy and Incentives Inconvenient Truth, An (Gore) Influenza pandemics Information asymmetric as commodity economic assumption of interpreting/manipulating limited meaning of measuring acquisition of processing seeking value of Infrastructure Management and Extreme Events Program Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA) Institutions, reinventing Insurance accident adequate auto benefits/costs/challenges of buying car rental catastrophe contracts crop decisions about deposit development assistance and disaster assistance and earthquake efficiency and excessive fire flight government health index-based homeowners Insurance (continued) hurricane international support for life long-term low-deductible mitigation and mortgage municipal bond prevention and pricing pricing (risk-based) principles private public relief and risk and subsidized terrorism underinsurance unemployment vouchers Insurance Assistance Facility Insurance contracts long-term short-term Insurer solvency, thoughts on Integrated Assessment Models Interdependence growth of weak links and Interdependent security (IDS) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Intervention Intuition moral Investment “Irrational Economist, The” conference Irrationality Jaffee, Dwight Johnson, Eric Johnson, Lyndon environmental issues and Johnson, Steven Journal of Risk and Uncertainty Judgment Just-in-time society Just, Richard Kahneman, Daniel Kasperson, Roger Keelin, Tom Keeney, Ralph Kennedy, John F.

On the one hand, the times we’re in today are rather like the 1960s and early 1970s: There is again a widespread intuition that we are doing something potentially disastrous to the environment. There is nobody as eloquent as Rachel Carson in Silent Spring, but Al Gore’s documentary An Inconvenient Truth and his Nobel Prize have had an impact, as have the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Stern Review, other official bodies emphasizing the changes we are forcing in our most basic environmental systems, and the stream of television documentaries about the threats to forests and marine life. On the other hand, there is a major difference between the environmental issues we face today and those that precipitated the flurry of legislation under Johnson and Nixon.


pages: 295 words: 87,204

The Capitalist Manifesto by Johan Norberg

AltaVista, anti-communist, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Boris Johnson, business climate, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charles Babbage, computer age, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, crony capitalism, data is not the new oil, data is the new oil, David Graeber, DeepMind, degrowth, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, disinformation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, export processing zone, failed state, Filter Bubble, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Google Glasses, Greta Thunberg, Gunnar Myrdal, Hans Rosling, Hernando de Soto, Howard Zinn, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, Indoor air pollution, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the printing press, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, land reform, liberal capitalism, lockdown, low cost airline, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, meta-analysis, Minecraft, multiplanetary species, Naomi Klein, Neal Stephenson, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, open economy, passive income, Paul Graham, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, planned obsolescence, precariat, profit motive, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, rent control, rewilding, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Coase, Rosa Parks, Salesforce, Sam Bankman-Fried, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Snapchat, social distancing, social intelligence, South China Sea, Stephen Fry, Steve Jobs, tech billionaire, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, Tyler Cowen, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, ultimatum game, Virgin Galactic, Washington Consensus, working-age population, World Values Survey, X Prize, you are the product, zero-sum game

, Policy Analysis no.917, Cato Institute, 18 May 2021. 21. Stephen Roach, ‘Xi’s costly obsession with security’, Foreign Affairs, 28 November 2022. 22. Greg Ip, ‘China’s state-driven growth model is running out of gas’, The Wall Street Journal, 17 July 2019. 8. But what about the planet? 1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ‘IPCC second assessment climate change’, 1995. 2. At the UN Climate Action Summit in New York, 23 September 2019. 3. Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Nishant Yonzan, Christoph Lakner, R. Andres Castedana Aguiilar & Haoyu Wu, ‘Updated estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty’, World Bank Blog, 24 June 2021.

INDEX NB Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations Afghanistan, 160–61, 256 Africa, 30–35, 70, 267, 282 colonisation, 31 independence, 31–4 Sub-Saharan Africa, 30–31 AIM (AOL Instant Messenger), 170 Albania, 50 Algeria, 251 Alphabet, 179 AltaVista, 169, 174 Amazon, 169–72, 178–9 Amazon Prime, 179 Andersson, Magdalena, 8 Angola, 239 Annan, Kofi, 3 Ant Group, 227 AOL (America Online), 169–71, 174 Apple, 107–8, 159, 163, 169–73, 179 Apple TV, 179 Arab Spring, 215 Aristophanes, 73 Aristotle, 70 ARPA, 183–6 ARPANET, 184–5 Asia, 267, 282 Asp, Anette, 287 Attac, 2–3, 6 Australia, 11, 258, 267, 282, 285 Ayittey, George, 31 Bangladesh, 235 Bank for International Settlements (BIS), 144 Bankman-Fried, Sam, 153 Bao Tong, 212 Baran, Paul, 184, 186–7 Bastiat, Frédéric, 114 Beijing, China, 209 Belgium, 285 Berggren, Niclas, 62 Bergh, Andreas, 56, 103 Bezos, Jeff, 127 Biden, Joe, 76, 217 big companies, 141, 146–50, 176–7, 292 BioNTech, 177 biotechnology, 195 Björk, Nina, 263, 265, 272, 274–5, 278 BlackBerry, 174 Blair, Tony, 170 Blockbuster, 151 Blue Origin, 202 Bolivia, 47 Bolt, Beranek and Newman, 184 Bono, 4, 170 Botswana, 34–5 Boudreaux, Donald, 125 Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Lerner), 190 Brazil, 11, 29, 239, 258 Brexit, 116–18 Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (Graeber), 86, 98–9 business regulation, 139–41 Callaghan, James, 10 Canada, 102, 267, 283 Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Piketty), 128 capital income, 130–31 Carbon Engineering, 255 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 29 Carlson, Tucker, 146 cars, 158 Carter, Jimmy, 10 Case Deaton, Anne, 108–11, 136 Castillo, Pedro, 30 Chávez, Hugo, 43, 135 child labour, 20 child mortality, 19–20, 20 Chile, 11, 29–30 China, 5, 7, 11, 19, 24–5, 76, 78–80, 83–4, 104–7, 204–29, 239, 258 agricultural productivity, 206–7, 209 Communist Party, 182, 204–9, 211–12, 215–18, 221–3, 226–8 deindustrialization, 84 economic development, 205–29 environmental issues, 251–3, 257 exports, 209–10 industrial policy, 205, 212–13, 217, 223–4, 296 innovation strategy, 182, 192 innovation, 226–8 poverty, 213, 214 Reform and Opening Up programme, 212 state-owned companies, 208 WTO and, 205, 209, 211 China’s Leaders (Shambaugh), 215 Chirac, Jacques, 191 Chomsky, Noam, 49 Christianity, 264–5 Churchill, Winston, 135 Clark, Daniel, 87 climate change, 5–7, 230–60, 293 carbon border tariffs, 258 carbon tax, 256–7, 259 energy supplies, 233–5, 253–6, 259 greenhouse gas emissions, 231, 233–5, 238, 240–41, 244, 253–9 see also environmental issues Climeworks, 255 Clinton, Hillary, 140 Coase, Ronald, 206 Cohen, Linda, 189 communism, 2, 25–6, 241–3, 290–91 Communist Manifesto, The, 1848, 2 community, 267 Compaq, 174 Concorde, 191 Confucianism, 22, 25 Congo-Brazzaville, 30 Congo, 239 consumer culture, 160–62, 287–8 Cook, Tim, 173 cooperation, 278–9 Coopersmith, Jonathan, 188–9 Corbyn, Jeremy, 43 coronavirus see Covid-19 pandemic Council of Economic Advisers, 147, 152 Covid-19 pandemic, 8, 21, 76–81, 223, 232–3, 270 Cowen, Tyler, 154 Credit Suisse, 132–3 crony capitalism, 139–40, 291 culture wars, 12–13 Czechoslovakia, 26 Dalits, 63–4 dating profiles, 154 ‘deaths of despair’, 7, 108–10, 136, 271, 293 Deaths of Despair (Deaton and Case Deaton), 136 Deaton, Angus, 19, 108–119, 136 DeepMind, 177 degrowth, 232–5, 254–5 ‘deindustrialization’, 83–5 democracies, 26, 37, 46 Deneen, Patrick, 262–5 Deng Xiaoping, 24, 46, 205, 212–13 Denmark, 91, 285 ‘dependency theory’, 27–8 Detroit, Michigan, 87–8 dictatorships, 11, 24, 29, 32, 42–8 Digital Equipment Corporation, 174 disability-adjusted life years (DALY), 237 dishonesty, 153–6 Disney, 178 Dominican Republic, 225 Easterlin, Richard, 279 ‘Easterlin paradox’, 279–80 Easterly, William, 39 Ecclesiazusae (Aristophanes), 73 Economic Freedom of the World index, 35–7 economic freedom, 35–42, 36, 57, 58–62, 58, 77–8 Economist, The, 179, 192 education, 20, 94 Energiewende, 191, 192–3 Engels, Friedrich, 2, 277, 290–91 Enlightenment, 73 entrepreneurship, 123–4, 128–9, 152–4 ‘welfare entrepreneurs’, 197 environmental issues, 236–41, 245–52, 293 agriculture, 239–40 air pollution, 237–8 biodiversity, 238–9, 249–50 deforestation, 239 health and, 236–8, 237 plastics, 247–8 prosperity and, 245–52, 249 transportation, 250–51, 254–5 Environmental Performance Index (EPI), 248, 252 Estonia, 26 Ethiopia, 277 Europe, 22, 239, 267, 282 European Centre for International Political Economy, 79 European Union (EU), 4, 68, 79, 116, 164, 258–9 Everybody Lies (Stephens-Davidowitz), 155 Facebook, 163, 167–75, 179–80 Fallon, Brad, 192 famine, 29 Fanjul, Alfonso and José, 140 fascism, 75 Federal Communications Decency Act (USA), 174 Feldt, Kjell-Olof, 11 feudalism, 73, 75 Financial Fiasco (Norberg), 142 financial markets, 141–3 Financial Times, 8, 267 Finland, 76, 78, 268, 285 Foodora, 102 Forbes’ list, 129–30 forced technology transfers, 211 Foroohar, Rana, 8 Fortune 500 list, 151 Fortune magazine, 169 France, 79–80, 97, 159, 192, 281, 285 Fraser Institute, 35 free markets, 2–4, 6, 23, 58–62, 65–82, 83, 290–97 happiness and, 279–89, 282, 284, 286 human values and, 261–89 Friedman, Thomas, 204 ‘friendshoring’, 79 Friendster, 170 GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft), 169–70 Gallup World Poll, 267 Gandhi, Indira, 245 Gapminder, 18 Gates, Bill, 124–7, 274 GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 5, 23, 26, 33, 35, 49–56 General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR), 164 generosity, 274–7 Georgia, 26, 215 Germany, 26, 84, 97, 101, 192–3, 196, 268 gig economy, 101–3 Gingrich, Newt, 191–2 Gini coefficient, 132 global financial crisis, 2008, 4–5, 142–3 global supply chains, 41–2, 58–61, 76, 81 Global Thermostat, 255 global warming see climate change globalization, 3–8, 17, 19, 80, 103–10, 117 Google, 163, 169–73, 179–80 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 215 Graeber, David, 86, 98–9 Grafström, Jonas, 240 Greece, 26, 254 Green Revolution, 239–40 green technology, 243, 251–5 Greider, Göran, 50, 241 growth, 49–57 degrowth, 232–5, 254–5 government and, 55–6 health and, 52–3 poverty and, 53–4 Guangdong, China, 207–8 Guardian, 3, 169 Halldorf, Joel, 262, 265 happiness, 279–89, 282, 284, 286 Hawkins Family Farm, 140 Hawkins, Zach, 140 Hayden, Brian, 161 Hayek, Friedrich, 66 Helm, Dieter, 193 Henrekson, Magnus, 56 Hertz, Noreena, 261, 262, 265, 268, 272, 274–5, 278 Hillbilly Elegy (Vance), 87 Hinduism, 22, 25 Hong Kong, 23, 205, 207 Horwitz, Steven, 294 housing market, 131, 142–3, 208–9 How China Became Capitalist (Wang and Coase), 206 How Innovation Works (Ridley), 188 Hsieh, Chang-Tai, 148–9 Hu Jintao, 215–16 Hugo, Victor, 25 Hume, David, 284 Hungary, 26, 283 IBM, 151 Iceland, 285 IKEA, 119, 141, 147 illiteracy, 20, 20 ‘import substitution’, 27–8 In Defence of Global Capitalism (Norberg), 3, 17, 33, 38, 42, 146, 151, 156, 169, 204, 214, 230–31 income, 22, 55, 88–96, 95, 134–5, 285, 291 low-income earners, 136–8 minimum wage, 90 wage stagnation, 89, 92–3 see also inequality India, 11, 24–5, 63–4, 70, 234, 239, 251, 258 caste system, 63–4 Indonesia, 239 industrial policy, 182, 188–203 Industrial Revolution, 22 inequality, 7, 27, 42, 54–5, 110, 131–8, 133, 285–7 happiness inequality, 131–2 income, 285–7 life expectancy and, 136–8 infant mortality, 19–20, 235, 291 Infineon, 196 inflation, 8, 10–11, 69 innovation, 65–6, 122–3, 125, 151, 181–203 government policy and, 181–203 innovation shadow, 169, 176 prizes and, 199 research, 199–200 subsidies and grants, 196–7 Instagram, 168, 177 integrity, 164 intellectual property, 41, 210–11 International Disaster Database, 235 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 238 internet, 162–8, 183–7 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 231 iPhone, 107–8, 156, 159 Iran, 220 Iraq, 251 Ireland, 285 Italy, 97, 285 Jackson, Jesse, 43 Jacobs, A. J., 59–60 Japan, 22, 84, 225, 267 Jevons, William Stanley, 242 Jobs, Steve, 170, 173 Johnson, Boris, 9 Journal of the American Medical Association, The, 137 Kahneman, Daniel, 280 Kalecki, Michał, 120 Kamprad, Ingvar, 119, 124, 127 Keynes, John Maynard, 69 Klein, Naomi, 17, 21, 43, 232, 241 Kodak, 151, 174 Kuznets, Simon, 248 ‘Kuznets curve’, 248, 250, 254 Kyrgyzstan, 215 Kyriakides, Stella, 76 labour market see work Labour Party, 10 Latin America, 27–30, 42–3, 47, 282 de Lattre, Anne, 32 Latvia, 26 Lawson, Robert, 37, 283 Lego, 151 Lehman Brothers, 170 Lerner, Josh, 190, 195, 197–8 liberalism, 262–6, 269–70 Licklider, J.C.R., 184, 186 life expectancy, 20–21, 36–7, 136–7, 291 Light Bulb Conspiracy, The (documentary), 157 light bulbs, 157–8 literacy, 291 Lithuania, 26 Living Planet Index, 249 lobbying, 139–41 Locke, John, 263–4 loneliness, 266–70 Lonely Century, The (Hertz), 262 Lumafabriken, 157 Lyft, 102 Ma, Jack, 227 Maduro, Nicolás, 43 Malmrot, Henrik, 119 Mandela, Nelson, 45 manufacturing industries, 83–7 automation, 85–6, 110 Mao Zedong, 24, 207, 209, 221–2 Maoism, 213–14 Márquez, Gabriel Garcìa, 269 Marshall Space Flight Center, 202 Martin, Claude, 238 Martin, Iain, 116 Martínez, Luis, 47 Marx, Karl, 2, 70, 243, 289, 290–91 maternal mortality, 20 Mathupe, Maria, 72 Mauritius, 34–5 Mazzucato, Mariana, 181–9, 192, 195 Mbeki, Thabo, 45 McCloskey, Deirdre, 13–14 Meade, James, 34 mental health, 262, 264, 266, 270–72 Meta, 179 Mexico, 11, 29 Microsoft, 169, 171–2, 179 Middle East, 282 Milanović, Branko, 131 Mill, John Stuart, 56 Milliken, Roger, 139 Minecraft, 150–51 Minitel, 191 von Mises, Ludwig, 152 Moldova, 215 Monbiot, George, 3, 262 monopolies, 146–80 ‘natural monopoly’, 169 Montgomery, Alabama, 63 moon landing, 181–3, 191, 201–2 Moore, Michael, 119 Moore, Stephen, 8 Morocco, 234 Motorola, 152–3 MSN, 169, 171 Mugabe, Robert, 42–3 Musk, Elon, 124 Myanmar, 239 Myrdal, Gunnar, 30 MySpace, 169–71, 173–5 Nader, Ralph, 17 NASA, 183, 185, 190, 202–3 Naughton, Barry, 213, 218 neoliberalism, 38, 42, 45, 262–3 Netflix, 179 Netherlands 250, 285 Netscape, 174 New York Times, The, 122 New Zealand, 11, 267, 282, 285 Nicaragua, 47 Niemietz, Kristian, 44 Nilsson, Therese, 62 Ning Wang, 206 Nixon, Richard, 191, 219 Nokia, 151, 170–72, 174 Noll, Roger, 189 Nordhaus, William, 122–3 Norfeldt, Sven, 124 North American free trade agreement (NAFTA), 109 North Korea, 24, 220, 273 Norway, 283 nuclear weapons, 219–20 O’Rourke, P.

When I wrote In Defence of Global Capitalism, the latest available report at the time from the UN’s climate panel IPCC spoke of a warming of between 0.3 and 0.6 degrees over the last hundred years, ‘a change that is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin’ (my emphasis). The IPCC wrote that there was not enough knowledge to say whether warming led to more extreme weather such as storms and cyclones.1 Everything has certainly not improved in the last two decades. Our greenhouse gas emissions have increased rapidly and now there is no doubt that they have made a strong contribution to global warming. According to the IPCC’s latest assessment, humans have increased the global temperature by around 1 degree and are increasing it by a further 0.2 degrees every decade.


pages: 560 words: 158,238

Fifty Degrees Below by Kim Stanley Robinson

airport security, bioinformatics, bread and circuses, Burning Man, carbon credits, carbon tax, clean water, DeepMind, Donner party, full employment, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, iterative process, Kim Stanley Robinson, means of production, minimum wage unemployment, North Sea oil, off-the-grid, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Feynman, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, the scientific method

He focused on her list: • Coordinate already existing federal programs • Establish new institutes and programs where necessary • Work with Sophie Harper, NSF’s congressional liaison officer, to contact and educate all the relevant Congressional committees and staffs, and help craft appropriate legislation • Work with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the UN Environmental Program, its Millennial Project, and other international efforts • Identify, evaluate, and rank all potential climate mitigation possibilities: clean energy, carbon sequestration, etc. This last item, to Frank, would create the real Things To Do list. “We’ll have to go to New York and talk to people about that stuff,” Diane said.

All the board members in attendance seemed on board with that. Potential partners were being identified in the scientific community, also supportive members of Congress, sympathetic committees. As Diane kept saying, they needed legislation, they needed funding. Meanwhile she was working with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the International Council for Science, the World Conservation Union, the National Academy of Engineering, NASA and NOAA, the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the World Meteorological Organization, the World Resources Institute, the Pew Charitable Trust, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Nature Conservancy, the Ecological Society of America, DIVERSITAS, which was the umbrella program to coordinate global research effort in the biodiversity sciences, and GLOBE, which stood for Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment— “And so on,” she concluded, looking impassively at the PowerPoint slide listing these organizations.

The gatherings had a Burning Man festival aspect to them, the sybaritic excess and liberal shooting off of fireworks leading many to call it Drowning Man, or Freezing-Your-Butt-Man. This year, however, the party had been somewhat taken over by the Inuit nation Nunavut, in conjunction with the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change, who had declared this “The Year of Global Environmental Awareness,” and sent out hundreds of invitations, and provided many ships themselves, in the hope of gathering a floating community that would emphasize to all the world the undeniable changes already wrought by global warming.


Battling Eight Giants: Basic Income Now by Guy Standing

basic income, Bernie Sanders, carbon tax, centre right, collective bargaining, decarbonisation, degrowth, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, Extinction Rebellion, full employment, future of work, Gini coefficient, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), job automation, labour market flexibility, Lao Tzu, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, Martin Wolf, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, open economy, pension reform, precariat, quantitative easing, rent control, Ronald Reagan, selection bias, universal basic income, Y Combinator

The perils of rapid climate change have become only too clear, with Britain too facing disruption of weather patterns, droughts, floods and the threat of rising sea levels. All mainstream political parties have committed to the country’s pledge under the Paris Agreement of 2015 to slash CO2 emissions by 2030. But existing policies fall far short of what is needed to honour our national pledge. Moreover, in 2018, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) showed that to avoid massive and dangerous environmental destruction the world should be aiming to limit the rise in global temperatures to 1.5°C, rather than the 2°C targeted by the Paris Agreement. Yet, without urgent and decisive action, we will hit the critical 1.5°C temperature rise from pre-industrial levels by 2030.

See also individual entries definition 1, 4–8 reasons for need 8–9 security 98, 113, 114 system 1, 20, 23, 26, 32, 37, 52, 70, 84, 90–1, 122 n.7 Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) 94 behavioural conditionality 70, 73, 77, 114 behaviour-testing 4, 39, 70, 84 benefits 5, 7, 27 conditional schemes 41 social assistance 23 BET365 11 Beveridge, William 8–9, 38 Beveridge model 21 Big Bang liberalization 18 BJP 92 black economy 40, 60 B-Mincome 99–100 Booker, Cory 101 brain development 98–9 132 Branson, Richard 54 Brexit 53 Britain 6, 8–10, 12–18, 20, 23–4, 26–7, 30–1, 33–4, 37–8, 40–2, 55, 57, 59, 90, 101, 104, 112 British Columbia 95 British Constitution 1 Buck, Karen 57 bureaucracy 40, 49, 100, 102 Bureau of Economic Analysis 16 Business Property Relief 58 California 69, 96–7 Canada 35 capacity-to-work tests 6, 104 cap-and-trade approach 34 Capita 50 capital dividend 59 capital fund 89–90 capital grants 59, 75, 76, 92 carbon dividends 37 carbon emissions 33–4 carbon tax 34–5, 37 care deficit 53 care work 36, 53, 67, 74, 84 cash payments 111 cash transfers 99 ‘casino dividend’ schemes 88 charities 48 The Charter of the Forest (1217) 1 Chicago 99 Child Benefit 57, 58, 72, 123 n.4 childcare 99, 110–11 child development 88 Child Tax Credits 81 chronic psychological stress 26 Citizens Advice 46–8 Citizen’s Basic Income Trust 7, 122 n.7, 123 n.4 citizenship rights 1, 29 civil society organizations 79 Index climate change 34 Clinton, Hillary 126 n.4 Clinton, Bill 105 Coalition government 41, 50 cognitive performance 33 collateral damage 53 common dividends 7, 20, 21, 59–60, 69, 73, 75, 83, 84, 85 Commons Fund 8, 35, 57, 59, 89 community cohesion 3 resilience 23 work 84 ‘community payback’ schemes 102 Compass 59 compensation 2, 7, 16, 104 ‘concealed debt’ 24–5 conditional cash transfer schemes 90 Conservative government 9, 85 Conservatives 23 consumer credit 24 consumption 23 contractual obligations 46 Coote, Anna 113 cost of living 25, 49, 52, 83 council house sales 76 council tax 25 Crocker, Geoff 122 n.15 cross-party plans 80 crowd-funded schemes 100 deadweight effects 102 ‘deaths of despair’ 27 Deaton, Angus 10 debt 23–6, 67, 85 debt collection practices 24–5 decarbonization 34 dementia 33 democratic values 69 Democrats 37 demographic changes 15 Index 133 Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) 11–12, 42–8, 50–2, 73, 81, 92, 129 n.6 depression 28, 94 direct taxes 56, 58 disability benefits 6, 49–52, 83 Disability Living Allowance (DLA) 49–51 Disabled People Against Cuts 52 Dividend Allowance 58 ‘dividend capitalism’ 8 domestic violence 29, 87 Dragonfly 92 due process 46, 49 ecological crisis 33, 37, 39, 114 ecological developments 21 ecological disaster 35 ecological taxes and levies 37 economy benefits 20, 60 crisis 106 damage 34 growth 20, 36, 106 industrialized 20 insecurity 21, 35, 39, 89 security 75, 80, 84, 88 system 15, 27, 38 tax-paying 60 uncertainty 8, 22–3, 31 ‘eco-socialism’ 8 ecosystems 33 Edinburgh 80 education 88, 108 Elliott, Larry 122 n.15 employment 16, 22, 39, 60–1, 81, 89, 93–4, 102, 106, 107, 110, 114 Employment Support Allowance (ESA) 27, 41, 49–51 England 28, 63, 110–11 Enlightenment 85 Entrepreneurs’ Relief 18 equality 31, 85 Europe 37 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) 120 n.1 European Heart Journal 33 European Union 6, 17, 41 euthanasia 113 extinction 33–7 ‘Extinction Rebellion’ 33 Fabian Society 57–8 Facebook 97 family allowances 56 family benefits 56 family insecurity 23 federal welfare programs 106 Fife 24, 80 financial crash (2007–8) 23, 26, 34 financialization 116 n.22 financial markets 18 Financial Services Authority 123 n.15 Financial Times 19, 123 n.15 financial wealth 18 Finland 28, 61, 93–5 food banks 10, 29–30, 43, 109 food donations 29 food insecurity 108–9 fossil fuels 33–4 France 12, 17, 18, 32, 38, 57 free bus services 112 freedom 8, 30, 84, 85, 101, 114 ‘free food’ 108–9, 129 n.6 ‘free’ labour market 106 free trade 13 Friends Provident Foundation 75 fuel tax 35 fund and dividend model 89 funding 29, 59, 62, 69, 71–2, 112 134 G20 (Group of 20 large economies) 15 Gaffney, Declan 57 Gallup 105 GDP 14, 17–18, 23–4, 34, 36, 59, 89, 108 General Election 91–2, 94 ‘genuine progress indicator’ 36 Germany 17–18, 38, 100 Gillibrand, Kirsten 101 Gini coefficient 9, 12 GiveDirectly 91 Glasgow City 80 globalization 14 Global Wage Report 2016/17 14 global warming 33, 37 Good Society 75, 106 The Great British Benefits Handout (TV series) 92 Great Depression 9 Great Recession 23 greenhouse gas emissions 34, 36 gross cost 110 The Guardian 101, 103, 122–3 n.15 Hansard Society 37 Harris, Kamala 101 Harrop, Andrew 57 Hartz IV 100 HartzPlus 100 health 67, 87, 100 human 33 insurance premiums 35 services 60 healthcare costs 28 hegemony 14 help-to-buy loan scheme 76 Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) 64, 73, 81 Hirschmann, Albert 56 household debt 24 Index household earnings 16 household survey 12 House of Commons 110–11 housing allowance 95 Housing Benefit 24, 41, 53, 71 housing policy 53 hub-and-spoke model 112 Hughes, Chris 97 humanity 33 human relations 3 ‘immoral’ hazard 109 ‘impact’ effects 78 incentive 62 income 81 assistance 88 average 83 components 11 distribution system 4, 13–14, 38, 67, 84, 107, 114 gap 9 growth 16 insecurity 27 men vs. women 15–16 national 14, 36 pensioners’ 16 rental 13–15, 20 social 14, 16–17 support payments 110 tax 1, 7, 57, 89, 111 transfer 85 volatility 22 India 68, 80, 90–2 Indian Congress Party 91 inequality 2, 4, 9–13, 21, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 54, 80, 85, 114 growth 17 income 9–10, 15–17, 19 living standard 20 wealth 18–19, 76 informal care 111 Index 135 inheritance tax 58 in-kind services 111 insecurity 21–3, 29, 38, 39, 47, 67, 85, 106 Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) 10 Institute for Public Policy Research 125 n.17 Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) 75, 111 Institute of New Economic Thinking 123 n.15 Institute of Public Policy Research 59 insurance schemes 8 intellectual property 14–15 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 34 International Labour Organization (ILO) 14, 122 n.4 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 31, 34 international tax evasion 18 interpersonal income inequality 83 inter-regional income inequalities 83 intra-family relationships 3 involuntary debt 26 in-work benefits 22 Ireland 35 Italy 18 labour 31, 107 inefficiency 106 law 101 markets 8, 14, 32, 39, 40, 60, 62–3, 96, 100, 106 regulations 13 supply 67, 95 Labour governments 85 labourism 106 Lansley, Stewart 59 Latin America 90 Left Alliance 94 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 113 Liberal government 35 life-changing errors 51 life-threatening illness 33 Liverpool 80 living standards 20, 23, 33, 36, 53, 59, 92 Local Housing Allowances 24 London Homelessness Project 92–3 low-income communities 33 low-income families 21 low-income households 17 low-income individuals 86 Low Pay Commission 63 low-wage jobs 60, 107 Luddite reaction 32 lump-sum payments 35, 59, 76 Jackson, Mississippi 99 JobCentrePlus 47 job guarantee policy 101–7 job-matching programs 106 Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA) 41, 46 Joseph Rowntree Foundation 21 McDonnell, John 129 n.13 McKinsey Global Institute 31 Macron, Emmanuel 35 Magna Carta 1 ‘Making Ends Meet’ 97 ‘mandatory reconsideration’ stage 51 Manitoba 87–8 Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment (Mincome) 87 market economy 105, 114 master-servant model 101 Kaletsky, Anatole 123 n.15 Kenya 90–2 Khanna, Ro 103 Kibasi, Tom 113 136 Index Maximus 50 means-testing 4, 39, 42, 48, 58, 61–2, 70, 84, 88, 90, 109–10, 114 benefits 5, 7, 27, 40, 46, 56, 71–3, 81, 129 n.6 social assistance 23, 41, 95, 122 n.7 system 6 medical services 28 Mein Grundeinkommen (‘My Basic Income’) 100 mental health 26, 28, 94 disorders 88 trusts 28 mental illness 33, 68 migrants 7, 113 ‘minimum income floor’ 45 Ministry of Justice 51 modern insecurity 22 modern life 31 monetary policy 59 Mont Pelerin Society 13 moral commitment 75 moral hazard 109 mortality 27, 76 multinational investment funds 34 Musk, Elon 31, 54 Namibia 90–2 National Audit Office (NAO) 24, 43–4, 46, 76 National Health Service (NHS) 8, 24, 27–8, 44, 68, 80, 108, 111 National Insurance 18, 22, 124 n.4 nationalism 37 National Living Wage 63 National Minimum Wage 63–4 national solidarity 3 Native American community 88 negative income tax (NIT) 23, 87, 95, 100 neo-fascism 37–8 neoliberalism 13, 84 Netherlands 96 New Economics Foundation (NEF) 57, 113, 122 n.15 non-resident citizens 113 non-wage benefits 16 non-wage work 74 North America 67 North Ayrshire 80 North Carolina 88 North Sea oil 89–90 Nyman, Rickard 23 Oakland 96–7 Office for National Statistics (ONS) 14–15, 17, 36 Ontario, Canada 95–6 open economy 84 open ‘free’ markets 13, 15 opportunity dividend 59 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 18, 23, 27, 31 Ormerod, Paul 23 Osborne, George 19 Paine, Thomas 2, 75 Painian Principle 2 panopticon state 55 Paris Agreement (2015) 34 participation income 74–5 paternalism 42, 55 pauperization 63 Pawar, Alderman Ameya 99 pay contributions 21 pension contributions 18, 58 Pension Credit 41 Pericles Condition 75 permanent capital fund 71 personal care services 110–11 Index 137 personal income tax 35 Personal Independence Payment (PIP) 49–51 personal insecurity 23 Personal Savings Allowance 58 personal tax allowances 17, 58, 59 perverse incentives 50 physical health 26, 94 piloting in Britain 67–81 applying 80–1 rules in designing 70–80 policy development 3, 69 political decision 78 political discourse 92 political instability 35 political system 38 populism 37–8, 75 populist parties 37 populist politics 39 Populus survey 55 post-war system 8 poverty 2, 4, 10–12, 22, 27, 29, 36, 38, 40, 60–1, 89, 100, 108–9, 114, 125 n.17, 129 n.6 precarity 29–30, 38, 39, 60–1, 85, 103, 129 n.6 Primary Earnings Threshold 124 n.4 private debt 23–4, 39 private inheritance 2 private insurance 85 private property rights 13 private wealth 18 privatization 13, 17, 112 property prices 76 prostitution 43 Public Accounts Committee (PAC) 51 public costs 28 public debt 23 public inheritance 61 public libraries 47 public policy 97 public sector managers 103 public services 4, 17, 62, 108, 112, 114 public spending 89 public wealth 18 ‘quantitative easing’ policy 59 quasi-basic income 89, 98 quasi-universal basic services 30 quasi-universal dividends 35 quasi-universal system 61, 70, 90 Randomised Control Trial (RCT) 124–5 n.14 rape 44 Ratcliffe, Jim 12 Reagan, Ronald 13 Reed, Howard 59 refugees 7 regressive universalism 57 regular cash payment 7 rent arrears 24 controls 53 rentier capitalism 13–21, 107, 116 n.22 republican freedom 2–3, 30, 84 Republicans 37 Resolution Foundation 10, 15, 19, 25, 76 ‘revenue neutral’ constraint 7 right-wing populism 37–8 robot advance 31–3 Royal College of Physicians 33 Royal Society of Arts 55, 59, 124 n.12 RSA Scotland 125 n.17 Rudd, Amber 9 Russia 113 138 Sanders, Bernie 101 scepticism 31 schooling 67, 89 Scotland 69, 80, 111 Second World War 19, 21 security 8, 38, 55, 68, 84 economic 3, 4, 49, 56 income 73–4 social 8, 22, 49 Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) 68 self-employment 45 Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer 3, 115 n.3 Smith, Iain Duncan 42 ‘snake oil’ 113 social assistance 3, 28 social benefit 20 social care 102, 104, 110–11 social crisis 106 social dividend scheme 92 Social Fund 29 social inheritance 2 social insecurity 21 social insurance 22, 85 social integration 44 social justice 2, 8, 20, 69, 84, 101, 114 social policy 8, 23, 26, 30, 42, 53, 84–5, 96 social protection system 32 social relation 100 social security 10, 70–1, 95 social solidarity 3, 8, 39, 61, 84–5, 91 social spending 17 social status 104 social strife 35 social value 29 ‘something-for-nothing’ economy 19–20, 61 Index Speenhamland system 63 State of the Global Workplace surveys 105 statutory minimum wages 106 stigma 47, 55 stigmatization 41, 109 Stockton 97–9 Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration (SEED) 97 stress 26–9, 39, 51, 67, 68, 85, 93 student loans 24 substitution effects 102–3 suicides 26–7 Summers, Larry 105–6 Sweden 113 Swiss bank Credit Suisse 12 Switzerland 35 tax advantages 49 and benefit systems 17, 18, 69, 110 credits 3, 17, 24, 63, 105, 106 policies 16 rates 72 reliefs 17–18, 57–8, 61 tax-free inheritance 19 technological change 105 technological revolution 14, 31, 114 ‘teething problems’ 42 Thatcher, Margaret 13 Thatcher government 9, 18 The Times 92 Torry, Malcolm 122 n.7 Trades Union Congress 24 tribal casino schemes 76 ‘triple-lock’ policy 16 Trump, Donald 37 Trussell Trust 29, 43 Tubbs, Michael 97–8 Index 139 Turner, Adair 123 n.15 two-child limit 44 UK.


pages: 495 words: 114,451

Life on the Rocks: Building a Future for Coral Reefs by Juli Berwald

23andMe, 3D printing, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, Black Lives Matter, carbon footprint, Charles Lindbergh, circular economy, clean water, coronavirus, COVID-19, en.wikipedia.org, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial innovation, Garrett Hardin, George Floyd, Google Earth, Gregor Mendel, Greta Thunberg, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), lateral thinking, Maui Hawaii, microbiome, mouse model, ocean acidification, Panamax, Paris climate accords, Skype, social distancing, sovereign wealth fund, stem cell, TED Talk, the scientific method, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons

There’s a realization in the space community that we have a crisis here on Earth. Dire headlines are stacking up: reports of extreme weather, mobilization of climate activists in the streets, and a lack of leadership at the government level. We can’t count on them to step in. The IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] report released in November that predicted 90 percent loss in coral, even if we hit 1.5 degrees Celsius [warming above pre-industrial levels], that really hit people in the face.” * * * — With the XPRIZE adrift, I decided to check in with some of the potential contenders that I’d met at the Reef Futures meeting a year earlier.

See also damselfish hermaphroditism, 195–96 Hispaniola, 202–3 HMS Beagle, 48, 174 Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, 59 holobionts, 82, 161, 192 homosalate, 85 Horniman, Frederick, 206 Horniman Museum and Gardens, 206–7, 209 Hughes, Terry, 65, 259 Hunt, John, 20–22 hurricanes and cyclones and damage to reefs, 6 Delta, 242 Dorian, 216–19, 225 and evolution of corals, 94 at Great Barrier Reef, 258–60 Zeta, 242 hybridization, 44–45 hydrogen ions, 51 I Iberostar, 89, 181–83, 187, 193, 214, 225 ice ages, 134 Iglesias-Prieto, Roberto, 39 immune response of corals, 73–77, 79–82 in vitro fertilization, 190 Independent, The, 122 India, 65 Indian Ocean, 64, 65, 66, 131, 238, 240 indigenous peoples, 128–29, 261–62, 272, 277 Indonesia and coral bleaching events, 64, 65 and coral restoration efforts, 131–32, 147, 155, 167, 175–77 and coral trade, 162, 164–65, 171 and 50 Reefs study, 229 and fishing practices/industry, 123, 135, 140–41, 288 indigenous resource management systems, 117–18, 120, 140 Indonesian Through Flow, 131–32, 167 Indo-Pacific Ocean, 34 Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP), 132 innate immune system, 81–82 institutionalized racism, 264–66 insurance instruments, 240–42 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 224 International Coral Reef Initiative, 86, 284 International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 182 Isabelle (“Isy”; daughter) coping skills, 286–90 discharge from residential program, 279–81 exposure and response prevention therapy, 260–61 family cruise, 5 immunoglobulin treatments, 235–36, 251–53 and PANDAS symptoms, 76–78, 83, 100–101, 267 in residential program, 254–55, 256–58 scuba diving, 111–12, 138, 175–76 struggles with anxiety and OCD, 8, 49–50, 53–54, 76–77, 200–201, 214–15, 231–32, 256 struggles with school, 8, 46, 53–54, 101, 111, 231, 261, 283, 286–87, 290 J Jack-o-Lantern Leptosteris, 161 Jahren, Hope, 212–13 Jakarta Post, The, 164 Jamaica, 4, 103, 181 Janetski, Noel, 123, 129–36, 144–45, 148–49, 151–52 Japan, 62, 65, 121 jellyfish, 37, 55–56, 67, 79, 199 J.M.K.

., “Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks,” IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, ed. H.-O. Pörtner et al., in press, 2019, https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-6/. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT may not exist by 2050: “Based on findings from simulation modelling, SR15 concluded that ‘coral reefs are projected to decline by a further 70–90% at 1.5°C (very high confidence) with larger losses (>99%) at 2°C (very high confidence).’ ” N. L. Bindoff et al., “Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities,” IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-5/.


pages: 288 words: 85,073

Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think by Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling, Anna Rosling Rönnlund

"World Economic Forum" Davos, animal electricity, clean water, colonial rule, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, fake news, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, global pandemic, Hans Rosling, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), jimmy wales, linked data, lone genius, microcredit, purchasing power parity, revenue passenger mile, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, TED Talk, Thomas L Friedman, Walter Mischel

In some extreme cases, households may experience an average of 60 power outages per week and still be listed as “having access to electricity.” The question, accordingly, talks about “some” access. See gapm.io/q12. Fact Question 13: Correct answer is A. “Climate experts” refers to the 274 authors of the IPCC[1] Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), published in 2014 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), who write, “Surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century under all assessed emission scenarios”; see IPCC[2]. See gapm.io/q13. Illusions. The idea of explaining cognitive biases using the Müller-Lyer illusion comes from Thinking, Fast and Slow, by Daniel Kahneman (2011). The ten instincts and cognitive psychology.

Search results for feature films filtered by year. gapm.io/ximdbf. India Census 2011. “State of Literacy.” Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. gapm.io/xindc. ISC (Internet System Consortium). “Internet host count history.” gapm.io/xitho. IPCC[1] (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Authors and Review Editors. May 27, 2014. gapm.io/xipcca. IPCC[2]. Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)—Climate Change 2014: Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report, page 10: “Surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century under all assessed emission scenarios.” Accessed April 10, 2017. gapm.io/xipcc.


pages: 197 words: 49,296

The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis by Christiana Figueres, Tom Rivett-Carnac

3D printing, Airbnb, AlphaGo, Anthropocene, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, carbon footprint, circular economy, clean water, David Attenborough, decarbonisation, DeepMind, dematerialisation, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, Donald Trump, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Extinction Rebellion, F. W. de Klerk, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gail Bradbrook, General Motors Futurama, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, high-speed rail, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Lyft, Mahatma Gandhi, Marc Benioff, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Mustafa Suleyman, Nelson Mandela, new economy, ocean acidification, plant based meat, post-truth, rewilding, ride hailing / ride sharing, self-driving car, smart grid, sovereign wealth fund, the scientific method, trade route, uber lyft, urban planning, urban sprawl, Yogi Berra

This textbook, authored by “distinguished climate scientists,” was sent to teachers, with a letter urging them to use the book and its accompanying DVD in their classrooms. The Heartland Institute, which promotes denial of established climate science, encouraged people to “seek out advice from independent, non governmental organizations and scientists who are free of financial and political conflicts of interest” rather than relying on the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for scientific advice. It would have been extremely difficult for some recipients of that book to determine whether this was real science or bunk, and whether the authors were indeed distinguished climate scientists. In fact, one author was formerly director of environmental science at Peabody Energy (a coal company that went bankrupt).

Stefan Jungcurt, “IRENA Report Predicts All Forms of Renewable Energy Will Be Cost Competitive by 2020,” SDG Knowledge Hub, January 16, 2018, http://sdg.iisd.org/​news/​irena-report-predicts-all-forms-of-renewable-energy-will-be-cost-competitive-by-2020/. 45. United Nations Climate Change, “IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C,” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://unfccc.int/​topics/​science/​workstreams/​cooperation-with-the-ipcc/​ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-15-degc. 46. Sunday Times Driving, “10 Electric Cars with 248 Miles or More Range to Buy Instead of a Diesel or Petrol,” Sunday Times (UK), July 1, 2019, https://www.driving.co.uk/​news/​10-electric-cars-248-miles-range-buy-instead-diesel-petrol/. 47.

That is, 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than the preindustrial average global temperature. 17. For a full explanation, see Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, “Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 ºC,” 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/​sr15/. 18. Nebojsa Nakicenovic and Rob Swart, eds., Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), https://www.ipcc.ch/​report/​emissions-scenarios/. 2. THE WORLD WE ARE CREATING 1. Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, “Ambient Air Pollution: Health Impacts,” https://www.who.int/​airpollution/​ambient/​health-impacts/​en/. 2.


Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations by Raymond Fisman, Edward Miguel

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, blood diamond, clean water, colonial rule, congestion charging, crossover SUV, Donald Davies, European colonialism, failed state, feminist movement, George Akerlof, Great Leap Forward, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, mass immigration, megacity, oil rush, prediction markets, random walk, Scramble for Africa, selection bias, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, unemployed young men

If changing global weather brings less rain to Africa, it may also bring more war. Global Weathermen Despite the lingering naysayers, scientists worldwide largely agree that climate change is happening and isn’t going away anytime soon. This consensus is expressed in the United Nations scientific report called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment, whose authors were awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize (together with Al Gore). The leading researchers who penned the report agree that in the coming decades, rising global temperatures and sea levels will change life as we know it, altering landscapes and habitats across the globe.19 But while many experts generally agree that the planet is heating up, there are divergent views on exactly how it’ll change and by how much.

See also Rapid Conflict Prevention Support (RCPS) Geschiere, Peter, 140 Ghana, 142 Gine, Xavier, 199–200 Githongo, John, 208–9 Giuliani, Rudy, 104 Gladwell, Malcolm, 19–20 Glennerster, Rachel, 227n14, 231nn6, 7 Glewwe, Paul, 194 global warming: China and, 127–29; predicted effects of, 129–31; Sahelian Africa and, 131–34, 225n21; U.S. and, 127–29 Grain of Wheat (Ngugi), 2 Guidolin, Massimo, 182b–84b Halliburton, 29, 220n19 HIV/AIDS, 9, 191–92 Hoeffler, Anke, 228n20, 230n13 Homo economicus, 6, 87 Hong Kong, 55–57 Houtafa Ag Moussa, 122 incentives, economic, 188–89; bribery and, 80; parking violations and, 103b–5b; policy formulation and, 189–91; smuggling and, 61–62, 65, 70–73, 78–79 India, 21 Indonesia: road building in, 197–99; Suharto and, 22–24, 33–40, 187, 218nn7, 8, 9 (see also Suharto) insider information, stock trading and, 34–40 institutionalists, 12–15 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (United Nations), 129 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 39–40, 41–42, 154 Iraq: army dissolution and, 180–81; civilian casualties in, 119b; national identity in, 179; rebuilding of, 178–81 Italy: corruption in, 93b; Mafia in, 43b–46b; political connections in, value of, 48–49 Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX), 33, 36–40, 217n6, 218n7 Japan, postwar recovery of, 162–63, 179–80 Jeffords, Jim, 51 Jolie, Angelina, 9 Kenya: childrens’ names in, 123b; development program evaluations in, 193–95; economic growth of, 204–5; fighting for development in, 1–3; Mungiki and, 147b–48b; police salaries in, 189; politics and politicians in, 1–5; road building in, 186–87; village of Sauri and, 202–6.

The International Energy Agency Statistics, 2007 (www .iea.org) contains detailed global data on CO2 emissions. 19. The full report can be found at: http://www.ipcc.ch/ (last visited March 29, 2008). Much of the research in this section is based on ongoing joint work with John Dykema and Shanker Satyanath. We are especially grateful to John Dykema for many insightful conversations on climate models. 20. This is for the range of low emission to high emission scenarios: see http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html, p. 13 (last visited March 29, 2008). 21. There is no single accepted definition of the Sahel. The following organizations have different definitions: USAID (http:// www.usaid.gov/press/factsheets/2005/fs050803.html), the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (http://www.africa-union.org/root/ au/ RECs/cen_sad.htm), and the International Development Research Centre (http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-43109-201-1-DO_TOPIC. html).


pages: 437 words: 115,594

The Great Surge: The Ascent of the Developing World by Steven Radelet

Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Asian financial crisis, bank run, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, Boeing 747, Branko Milanovic, business climate, business process, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, clean water, colonial rule, creative destruction, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Doha Development Round, Erik Brynjolfsson, European colonialism, export processing zone, F. W. de Klerk, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the steam engine, James Watt: steam engine, John Snow's cholera map, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, land reform, low interest rates, low skilled workers, M-Pesa, megacity, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, off grid, oil shock, out of africa, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, randomized controlled trial, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, Shenzhen special economic zone , Sheryl Sandberg, Simon Kuznets, South China Sea, special economic zone, standardized shipping container, Steven Pinker, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, three-masted sailing ship, trade route, women in the workforce, working poor

And this consensus among the health community has convinced most Americans that the health risks from smoking are real. A similar consensus now exists among climate scientists, a consensus that maintains climate change is happening, and human activity is the cause.7 According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), atmospheric temperatures rose by about 0.85°C (about 1.5°F) during the last century, and the first decade of the twenty-first century was the hottest on record. Ocean temperatures have risen even faster. Sea levels have risen by about 0.2 meters over the last century, on average, and in some places, they have risen higher.

What We Know: The Reality, Risks and Response to Climate Change (New York: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2014), p. 6, http://whatweknow.aaas.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/whatweknow_website.pdf. 8. “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis—Headline Statements from the Summary for Policymakers,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), last modified January 30, 2014, www.climatechange2013.org. 9. Nicholas Stern, “How Climate Change Will Affect People Around the World,” chap. 3 in Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change (London: Government of the United Kingdom, 2006), http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100407172811/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm. 10.

., 97 Hindu nationalists, 287 Hitler, Adolf, 127, 146 HIV/AIDS, 20, 75, 81–82, 83, 94, 95, 173, 174–75, 182, 205, 214, 221, 246, 266 Hobbes, Thomas, 24 Honduras: coup in, 97–98 crime in, 264 war in, 145 Hong Kong: British control of, 153 and globalization, 155 growth in, 147 hookworm, 205 housing, 24, 307 humanitarian relief, 213 human rights groups, 110 Hungary, 7, 143 illiberalism in, 255, 263 protests in, 134 trade encouraged by, 155 Huntington, Samuel, 104, 105, 112, 121, 122, 146, 197, 265, 296 Hussein I, King of Jordan, 187 illiberal democracy, 264 immunization, 94, 178 income, 3, 5, 8, 17, 25, 31, 32, 40, 77, 94, 294 in Africa, 12 in China, 201 climbing, 240–41, 240 doubling of, 4, 5–6, 44 education, health and, 89–93 falling, 11, 49 income inequality, 65–71 between countries, 69–71, 70 within countries, 65–69 incubators, 175 independence from colonialism, 140–43 India, 3, 7, 22, 32–33, 37, 127, 159, 203, 289, 292, 297 colonialism in, 140 data entry firms in, 178 demand in, 53 as democracy, 98, 122, 123, 126 economic reforms in, 192 emigration from, 284 floods in, 281 future of, 234 growth in, 6, 8–9, 17, 21, 45, 50, 71, 128, 235, 237 inequality in, 69–70 infrastructure financing in, 259–60 innovation in, 302 malaria in, 211 natural capital in, 63 Pakistan’s wars with, 141, 145 poverty reduction in, 244 slowdown in growth of, 237, 255, 257, 262 software companies in, 56 terrorism in, 287 trade encouraged by, 155 universities in, 247 water demand in, 279 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 Indian Institute of Technology, 247 Indonesia, 10, 36, 124, 127, 184, 289 agriculture in, 58–59, 204 aid for schools in, 216 aid to, 214, 223 benign dictatorship in, 126 child mortality in, 85 colonial legacy in, 136–40 demand in, 53 democracy in, 106, 112, 114, 115, 122, 123, 124, 250 demonstrations in, 281 as dictatorship, 99, 122 factories in, 201 fertility rates in, 85, 85 growth in, 6, 7, 22, 38–39, 50, 71, 125–26, 128, 147, 233, 238, 242, 262 healthcare in, 95 individual leadership in, 187 Nikes from, 56 population growth in, 85 rice yields in, 215–16 terrorism in, 286 timber, 223 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 industrial equipment, 165 industrial revolution, 24, 25, 77, 135, 166, 300 industry, 45, 56, 260 inequality, 258 infant mortality, 92, 118, 175, 306 in South Africa, 183 infectious diseases, 92 inflation, 11, 192 in Africa, 12 information, 166, 234 information revolution, 175–79, 176 infrastructure, 164, 201, 207, 262 aid projects for, 216 Inkatha Freedom Party, 182, 185 innovation, 234, 258, 292, 294 in China, 236 Institute of World Economics and Politics, 298 institutions, 200, 294, 297–98, 303–4 and resource curse, 206 insurance companies, 241 insurance markets, 305 interest rates, 233, 305 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 282 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 171 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 102, 235, 237, 239, 258, 259, 260, 298, 309 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 171, 215–16 internet, 162, 175, 233, 300 investment, 6, 20, 22, 52, 156, 157, 166, 301, 304–5, 306 in Africa, 12 in technology, 234, 246 Iran, 114, 124 coup in, 100 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 Iraq, 8, 114, 118, 124, 285 US invasion of, 8, 118, 124, 146 Ireland, 284 iron, 25, 53, 159 Islam, 124 fundamentalist, 265 Islamabad, 287 Israel, 106, 285 Istanbul, 201, 206 Istanbul Technical University, 247 Italy, 47, 104 ivory, 152, 206 Jakarta, 137 Jamaica, 49, 50 Jamison, Dean, 246 Japan, 19, 20, 21, 146, 167, 201, 288, 290, 292, 298, 300 as democracy, 122, 123, 126, 250, 296 colonialism in Indonesia, 137 industrialization of, 25–26 leadership needed by, 234 post–World War II boom in, 262 reforms in, 295 slowing of progress in, 250, 255, 257 Jarka, Lamine Jusu, 104 Java, 152, 204 Jensen, Robert, 177 job training, 38 Johannesburg, 58 Johnson, Simon, 13 Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen, 3, 120, 184, 185, 209, 217 Jordan, 285 growth in, 45 individual leadership in, 187 life expectancy in, 78 poverty in, 36 JSI Research and Training Institute, 173 Kabila, Laurent, 185 Kagan, Robert, 253 Kampala, 177 Kaplan, Robert, 11 Kapstein, Ethan, 198 Karimov, Islam, 8, 127, 144, 185 Kathmandu, 203, 206 Kazakhstan, 36, 106, 115, 285 Kelly, James, 254 Kenny, Charles, 11, 93 Kenya, 18, 169 accounting firms in, 56 data entry firms in, 178 horticulture in, 169 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 Kerekou, Mathieu, 144 Kharas, Homi, 240–41, 261 Khatun, Jahanara, 270, 272 Khmer Rouge, 114 Khrushchev, Nikita, 250 Kim, Jim Yong, 231, 242 Kim Il Sung, 100, 144, 184 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 124 Kissinger, Henry, 271 Kodari, 203 Kolkata, 203 Korean War, 81, 100, 141, 145 Kosovo, and democracy, 248 Kotler, Steven, 300 Kraay, Aart, 65 Kufuor, John, 189–90 Ku Klux Klan, 124, 265 Kurlantzick, Josh, 263 Kuwait, 47 Kuznets, Simon, 66 KwaZulu-Natal, 182 Kyrgyzstan, 205, 285 labor unions, 102 Lancet, 91, 245, 267, 284, 306 Landes, David, 13 Laos, 184 Latin America, 11, 36, 146 colonialism in, 140 economic growth in, 255 growth in, 50, 141 inequality in, 67–68 megacities in, 277 reforms in, 192 Latvia, growth in, 128 Laveran, Alphonse, 211 leadership, 16, 17–18, 131, 184–87, 200, 201, 234, 303–4 Lebitsa, Masetumo, 57 Lee, Jong-Wha, 87 Lee Kuan Yew, 7, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127 Lensink, Robert, 226 Lesotho, 57, 103 Levine, Ruth, 214 Levi Strauss & Co., 165 Lewis, Arthur, 66 Liberia, 3, 11, 18, 159, 184, 185, 285 aid to, 217 democracy in, 106, 145 Ebola in, 82 growth in, 7, 50 health system in, 266 infrastructure investment in, 216 violence in, 120, 145, 146, 206, 209, 217 Libya, 115 life expectancy, 78–79, 79, 92, 93, 232, 266, 271, 294 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 121 literacy programs, 161, 162, 176, 178–79 literacy rates, 87 Liu Yingsheng, 153 London, 24, 201 Lord’s Resistance Army, 287 Lukashenko, Alexander, 85 Maathai, Wangari, 18 McAfee, Andrew, 166, 300 Macapagal-Arroyo, Gloria, 264 McLean, Malcolm, 167 Madagascar, 49, 50, 263 Mahbubani, Kishore, 241 malaria, 6, 10, 14, 73, 75, 92, 94, 205, 209–13, 221, 246, 302 Malawi, 103, 122, 175, 208 Malaysia, 136 benign dictatorship in, 126 and democracy, 248, 250 forest loss in, 280 malaria in, 211 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 Maldives, 152, 284 Mali, 206 child mortality in, 84 coup in, 114, 264–65 democracy in, 103, 108, 122, 123, 263 economic problems in, 255 as landlocked, 205 poverty in, 122 malnutrition, 73, 80 Malthus, Thomas, 270, 273–74, 275 Mandela, Nelson, 17, 149, 180, 182–83, 184, 198, 309 released from jail, 103, 143, 148 Mandelbaum, Michael, 11 manufacturing, 25, 37–39, 45, 56, 67, 156, 260, 261–62 in China, 235–36 Mao Tse-tung, ix, 35, 81, 102, 123, 127, 134, 185 Maputo, 44 Marcos, Ferdinand, 11, 100, 103, 104, 109, 127, 141, 143, 148, 222 Mariam, Mengistu Haile, 144 Marrakesh, 206 Marshall Islands, 284 Maseru Tapestries and Mats, 57 Massmart Holdings Ltd., 46 Matela Weavers, 57 maternal mortality rates, 246 Mauritania, 281 Mauritius: aid to, 216 child mortality in, 84 as democracy, 98 growth in, 5, 37, 50, 126, 128 Mbasogo, Teodoro Obiang Nguema, 184 Mearsheimer, John, 290–91 measles, 92, 94, 161 Mecca, Zheng He’s trip to, 152 medical equipment, 20, 165 medicine, 21, 31 megacities, 277 Meiji Restoration, 25–26, 146 Melaka, 136 Menchú Tum, Rigoberta, 18 Mexico, 159, 162 default by, 101–2 democracy strengthening in, 115 demonstrations in, 281 emigration from, 284 growth in, 235 Micklethwait, John, 295 middle class, 20, 240–41 Middle East, 36, 184, 256, 265 conflict in, 146 democracy and, 265 financing in, 259 growth in, 50 life expectancy in, 82–83 oil from, 201 trade and, 159 middle-income trap, 261 Milanovic, Branko, 65, 70 Millennium Challenge Corporation, 216 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 18, 30–31, 95, 217, 242 Millennium Summit, 217 Mills, John Atta, 189 minerals, 22, 152, 205–6 Ming China, 151–53 minimum wage, 165 mining, 278 Ministry of Finance, Gambia, The 190 Mitteri Bridge, 203 Mobarak, Mushfiq, 59 Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action (MAMA), 178 mobile devices, 47 mobile phones, 157, 175–78, 176 Mobilink-UNESCO, 179 Mobutu Sese Seko, 11, 100, 127, 141, 143, 145, 222 Moi, Daniel Arap, 103 Moldova, 6, 7, 36, 143 Mongolia, 108 aid to, 223 coal and iron ore exported by, 53 democracy in, 104, 122, 123, 144 growth in, 6, 7, 45, 128 Moran, Ted, 164–65 Moreira, Sandrina Berthault, 226 Morocco: demonstrations in, 281 growth in, 6, 50 individual leadership in, 187 inequality in, 67 poverty in, 36 Morrisson, Christian, 25, 27, 28 mosquitoes, 212 Moyo, Dambisa, 12 Mozal aluminum smelter, 44 Mozambique, 11, 18, 43–45, 159 aid to, 214, 216 aluminum exported by, 53 and democracy, 248 demonstrations in, 281 growth in, 6, 50, 261 inequality in, 67 infrastructure investment in, 216 reforms in, 192 state-owned farms in, 195 war in, 100, 145 M-Pesa, 47 Mubarak, Hosni, 113, 125, 185 Mugabe, Robert, 8, 106, 113, 127, 144, 181, 182, 185, 221 Mumbai, 287 Museveni, Yoweri, 112, 187 Musharraf, Pervez, 113 Mussolini, Benito, 104, 146 Myanmar, 9, 22, 112, 144, 184, 208, 263 child mortality in, 82 cyclones in, 281 health improvements in, 93 Namibia, ix, x, 37 democracy in, 135 growth in, 50 life expectancy in, 266 war in, 100, 145 National Academy of Sciences, US, 172 National Constituent Assembly, Tunisia, 124 National Institutes of Health, US, 302 natural capital, 62–63 Natural Resource Governance Institute, 306 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 106 Nazism, 124, 146, 265, 309 Ndebele tribe, 180 Nepal, 37, 174, 203–4, 208 democracy in, 107, 122, 123 demonstrations in, 281 as landlocked, 202, 205 poverty in, 122 Netherlands, 47 Indonesian colonialism of, 136–37, 138, 139 New Development Bank, 259 New Orleans, La., 201 New York, N.Y., 201, 277 New York Times, 104, 176–77, 270 New Zealand, 25, 78, 167, 202, 231 Nicaragua, 11, 36 democracy in, 104 war in, 100, 145 Niger, 208 agriculture in, 204 democracy in, 124, 263 as landlocked, 202, 205 mobile phones in, 177–78 Nigeria, 115, 159, 243, 245, 287 dictatorship in, 99, 113 health technology in, 175 oil in, 285 per capita wealth in, 62 Nike, 165, 202 Nkomo, Joshua, 181 noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), 268 non-governmental organization (NGOs), 110, 221 Noriega, Manuel, 144 North Africa, 36 growth in, 50 life expectancy in, 82–83 trade and, 159 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 156, 162 North Korea, 8, 9, 100, 144, 184, 192, 208, 243 nutrition, 232 Obama, Barack, 297 Obama administration, 297 O’Hanlon, Michael, 299 oil, 44, 53, 62, 67, 114–15, 201, 205, 285 in Equatorial Guinea, 223 in Indonesia, 138, 139 oil crises, 10 open markets, 131 Opium Wars, 153 oral rehydration therapy (ORT), 94, 173, 215 overfishing, 61 overtime regulations, 165 Paarlberg, Rob, 172 Pakistan, 37, 162, 243, 245, 285–86 conflict in, 118, 119 coup in, 113 and democracy, 263 emigration from, 284 factories in, 58 India’s wars with, 141, 145 terrorism in, 287 violence in, 146 Panama, 9 growth in, 50, 128, 238 US invasion of, 144 Panama Canal, 211 Panasonic, 202 Papua New Guineau, 50, 213 Paraguay, 50, 280 Park Chung-hee, 99, 122 patents, 157 Peace Corps, 75, 90, 202 pensions, 38, 241 People Power Revolution, 186 Perkins, Dwight, 235 pertussis, 94, 161 Peru, 159, 185, 285, 287 agriculture in, 56–57 copper exported by, 53 demonstrations in, 281 pharmaceuticals, 20, 165 Philippines, 7, 11, 17, 18, 100, 103, 121, 127, 184, 185, 201, 222, 289, 290, 297 call centers in, 178 corruption in, 264 democracy in, 104, 106, 109, 122, 123, 250, 263 growth in, 242 inequality in, 67 nickel exported by, 53 rice yields in, 215–16 transcribers in, 56 Piketty, Thomas, 68–69 Pinker, Steven, 115 Pinochet, Augusto, 107–8, 122, 141, 143–44, 187 Plano Real (“Real Plan”), 187 Plundered Planet, The (Collier), 292 pneumonia, 73 Poland, 6, 18, 36, 103, 143, 184, 186 protests in, 134 trade encouraged by, 155 universities in, 247 polio, 94, 119, 161, 215 Polity IV Project, 107, 109 pollution, 302 Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 274 population growth, 21, 80–81, 84, 95, 233, 234, 272, 273–77, 276 Portfolios of the Poor (Collins et al.), 32, 33–34 Port of Cotonou, 216 Portugal, 105, 123, 136 poverty, 94, 294 definitions and terminology of, 26–27 democracy and, 121 as exacerbated by conflicts, 119, 119 as man-made, 180 poverty, extreme, 5, 8, 25, 26, 27–30, 30, 31–35, 36, 41, 42, 118, 231, 232, 240, 241–45, 244, 256, 271 in China, 35, 36, 242 in Indonesia, 136 in South Africa, 183 poverty, reduction of, 3, 4, 5, 8, 17, 21, 27–31, 28, 30, 34–35 in Africa, 12 in China, 201 after global food crisis (2007), 12 ignorance of, 10 lack of attention to, 10 poverty traps, 14–16 pregnancy, 178 press, freedom of, 198–99 Preston, Samuel, 92 Preston curves, 92 Pritchett, Lant, 89, 235, 262 Programa Bolsa Família, 38, 67 progress in developing countries, x, 3–5, 45–53, 46, 49, 229, 237–39, 238 democratization and, see democracy factors for, 16–19 future of, 21–23 as good for West, 19–21 income growth in, 240–41, 240 investment in, 238 and long historical perspective, 13 and microlevel studies, 13–14 middle class emergence in, 240–41 pessimism about, 9–12 possible stalling of, 255–56 possible tripling of incomes in, 277–78 and poverty traps, 14–16 reduction of poverty in, see poverty, reduction of threats to, 291–92 transforming production in, 262–63 property rights, 142, 303 protein, 280 Protestant work ethic, 120–21 Publish What You Pay, 305 Punjab, 178–79 Putin, Vladimir, 224, 255 Radelet, John, 60 Rahman, Ziaur, 271 Rajan, Raghuram, 225, 237 Rajasthan, 33 Ramos, Fidel, 103 Ramos-Horta, José, 184 Ravallion, Martin, 27, 29, 64, 227, 243 Rawlings, Jerry, 188–89 Rebirth of Education, The (Pritchett), 89 recession (1980s), 10, 191 Reebok, 164 religion, freedom of, 198–99 religious bodies, 110 Reserve Bank, Zimbabwe, 181 resource curse, 54, 163, 206 resource demand, 21, 233, 272, 281 resource extraction, 162–63 resources, 275 in Africa, 261 resource wars, 284–86 retail trade, 37, 45 Return of History and the End of Dreams, The (Kagan), 253 Reuveny, Rafael, 272 Rhodes, Cecil, 180 Rhodesia, 43 rice, 139, 215–16 rickshaw drivers, 32–33 Ridley, Matt, 11 rights, 131, 161, 198–99 rinderpest, 215 Rio de Janeiro, 46, 58, 159, 201 river blindness, 214 roads, 169, 233, 235 aid for, 216 in South Africa, 202 Robinson, James, 13, 140, 249 robotics, 261, 301 Rockefeller Foundation, 170 Rodrik, Dani, 261, 263 Roll Back Malaria Partnership, 212 Romania, 36, 50, 134, 143 Romero, Óscar, 100 Roosevelt, Franklin, 100 Roosevelt, Theodore, 169 Ross, Ronald, 211 Royal Economic Society, 226 Russia, 47, 146, 222, 256 democracy in, 113, 263, 264 infrastructure financing in, 259–60 slowing of progress in, 250, 264 Ukraine invaded by, 192, 233 US aid banned by, 224 Rutagumirwa, Laban, 176–77 Rwanda, 144, 159 aid to, 214, 216, 224 China’s example followed by, 266 growth in, 6, 7, 45, 50, 125, 128, 261 individual leadership in, 187 as landlocked, 207 Sachs, Jeffrey, 14–15, 175, 205, 210, 213, 219 Safaricom, 47 salinity, 171, 215 Sall, Macky, 114 Samoa, 202 sanitation, 73, 77, 216, 303 Sargsyan, Vazgen, 113 Saudi Arabia, 115 savings rate, 201 schistosomiasis, 205 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 121 Schumpeter, Joseph, 249 Second Machine Age, The (Brynjolfsson and McAfee), 166, 300 secular stagnation, 257 seed drill, 25 seeds, 171 semiconductors, 20 Sen, Amartya, 19, 123, 127, 128 Sendero Luminoso, 287 Senegal, 7, 37 aid to, 223, 224 corruption in, 114 democracy in, 123, 124, 263 demonstrations in, 281 growth in, 261 inequality in, 67 Senkaku islands, 288 Seoul, 201 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 269 services, 67, 260, 261–62 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 82, 267 Seychelles, 284 Shanghai, 201 Shenzhen, 91 Sherpas, 203 Shikha, 33–34 Shinawatra, Thaksin, 254–55, 264 Shinawatra, Yingluck, 255 Shining Path, 287 shipping, 202 shipping containers, 167–68 shock therapy, 219 shoes, 56, 139, 162, 262 Sierra Leone, 220, 285 democracy in, 104, 107 Ebola in, 82 growth in, 50 health system in, 266 violence in, 146, 206 Silk Road, 206 silks, 152 silver, 152 Simon, Julian, 294 Sin, Jaime, 18, 103 Singapore, 7, 16, 184 benign dictatorship in, 126 and democracy, 122, 248, 250 and globalization, 155 growth in, 125, 139, 147 universities in, 247 Singh, Manmohan, 192 Six-Day War, 285 skills and capabilities, 16, 190–92 slavery, 142, 156, 180, 206 smallpox, 214, 215 Smith, Adam, 151, 156, 200–201 Smith, David, 43 Smith, Marshall, 178–79 SMS text messages, 47, 178 Snow, John, 77 social safety net, 38, 39, 68, 164, 307 Sogolo, Nicéphore, 144 soil, 171, 215 Solow, Robert, 165 Somalia, 8, 9, 99, 119, 213, 243 aid to, 224 power vacuum in, 184 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 Somoza García, Anastasio, 100, 127 Song-Taaba Yalgré women’s cooperative, 178 South Africa, 7, 17, 18, 20, 22, 37, 43, 46, 127, 143, 145, 155, 182–83, 207 aid to, 223 apartheid in, 44, 57, 68, 100, 103, 135, 141, 180, 182 banks in, 56 corruption in, 264 economic growth in, 183, 235, 262 future of, 234 HIV in, 174 inequality in, 68 infrastructure financing in, 259–60 life expectancy in, 266 political turmoil in, 57 roads in, 202 universities in, 247 South Asia, 37, 50 Southeast Asia, 5, 12, 167 colonialism in, 140 growth in, 141 Southern Rhodesia, 180 South Jakarta, 286 South Korea, 36, 127, 159, 184, 201, 288, 290 aid to, 214, 216 benign dictatorship in, 126 democracy in, 104, 122, 126, 250 as dictatorship, 99, 122 and globalization, 155 growth in, 7, 16, 29, 71, 125, 139, 147, 236, 262 individual leadership in, 187 inequality in, 68 lack of resources in, 205 land redistribution in, 68 Soviet Union, x, 50, 126, 133–34, 145, 148, 298, 309 Afghanistan invaded by, 134, 146 collapse of, 16, 81, 103, 131, 135, 142, 156, 250, 251 countries controlled by, 141 dictatorships supported by, 100 malaria in, 210 Spain, 105, 123, 140 speech, freedom of, 198–99 Spence, Michael, 86, 165 Spratly Islands, 289 Sputnik, 147, 250 Sri Lanka, 11, 37 economic problems in, 255 engineers from, 56 malaria in, 211 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 Stalin, Joseph, 127 state-owned farms, 195 Stavins, Robert, 297 steam engine, 25, 300 Steinberg, James, 299 Stern, Nicholas, 213, 292 Stiglitz, Joseph, 213, 227 stock exchanges, 241 Strait of Malacca, 201 student associations, 110 Subic Bay Naval Station, 201 Subramanian, Arvind, 225 Sudan, 114, 115, 185, 206, 208, 285 aid to, 224 China’s example followed by, 266 violence in, 285 Suharto, 99, 112, 122, 126, 138–39, 144 Sumatra, 152 Summers, Lawrence, 88, 227, 235, 246, 257 Sustainable Development Goals, 217 Swaziland, life expectancy in, 266 sweatshops, 58 Sweden, 159 Switzerland, 27, 202 Sydney, 201 Syria, 8, 285 aid to, 224 conflict in, 118, 119, 146, 233, 255 in Six-Day War, 285 Taiwan, 29, 153, 201, 289, 290 aid to, 216 benign dictatorship in, 126 democracy in, 122, 126, 250 and globalization, 155 growth in, 125, 139, 147, 236, 262 individual leadership in, 187 lack of resources in, 205 Tajikstan, 205, 208 Tanzania: aid to, 214, 216 and democracy, 248 fruit markets in, 58 growth in, 45, 50, 238, 240, 261 purchasing power in, 27 reforms in, 192 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 tariffs, 44, 102, 155, 167, 193, 263, 305 Tarp, Finn, 226 tax revenues, 241, 247 Taylor, Charles, 99, 145 technology, x, 17, 19, 22, 94–96, 135, 150, 151–79, 183, 200, 206–7, 234, 245, 258, 294, 301 for agriculture, 170–71 for banking, 175, 179 in China, 154–55, 236 for education, 178–79 globalization and, 156, 166 for health, 173–75, 179, 293 terrorism and, 287–88 telecommunications, 158 Terai, 211 terms-of-trade ratio, 54 terrorism, 19, 20, 21, 146, 286–88 tetanus, 94, 161 textiles, 25, 56, 139, 152 Thailand, 9, 22, 36, 253–55, 265 benign dictatorship in, 126 child mortality in, 84 corruption in, 254, 264 and democracy, 248, 253–54, 255, 263 growth in, 139, 147, 262 protests in, 255, 263 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 Theroux, Paul, 12 Things Fall Apart (Achebe), 72 think tanks, 110 Third Wave, The (Huntington), 121 Thomas, Brendon, 90–91 Tiananmen Square, 148 Tibet, 203 Tigris, 285 timber, 61, 139, 206, 223, 285 Timbuktu, 206 Timor-Leste, 36, 139, 144, 184, 220 aid to, 223 democracy in, 106, 122 infrastructure investment in, 216 poverty in, 122 tin, 139 Tokyo, 201, 277 totalitarianism, 10–11, 16 tourism, 45 toys, 56, 139 trade, x, 6, 17, 20, 22, 52, 156, 157, 162–63, 193, 203, 204–5, 234, 257, 303 in agriculture, 273 Asian economic miracle and, 170, 201 growth of, 157, 158–59, 160 sea-based, 200–201 shipping containers and, 167–68 trade unions, 110 transportation, 166, 261 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 182 T-shirts, 159, 164 Tuareg, 265 tuberculosis, 75, 94, 161, 205, 214 Tull, Jethro, 25 Tunisia: democracy in, 7, 106, 124, 255, 263 growth in, 50, 238 Turkey, 36, 127, 285 aid to, 223 authoritarian rule in, 255 demand in, 53 democracy in, 106, 123, 124, 263 future of, 234 growth in, 6, 7, 22, 235, 238 protests in, 263 trade encouraged by, 155 universities in, 247 Turkmenistan, 114, 266, 285 Tutu, Desmond, 18, 103, 185 Uganda, 106, 112, 144, 159, 287 aid to, 216 and democracy, 263, 264 growth in, 50 horticulture producers in, 169 individual leadership in, 187 inequality in, 67 infrastructure investment in, 216 mobile phones in, 176–77 Ukraine, 143, 192, 233 Ultimate Resource, The (Simon), 294 unemployment benefits, 38, 164 United Fruit Company, 223 United Nations, 79, 212, 217, 258, 275, 298, 309 United Nations’ International Labour Organization, 57 United States, 19, 47, 68, 148, 231, 292, 300 China’s relationship with, 298–99 countries controlled by, 141 coups supported by, 100 democracy criticized in, 126 democracy in, 112, 296 and dictatorships, 139, 222 Iraq invasion by, 8, 118, 124, 146 leadership needed by, 234 natural capital in, 63 Panama invaded by, 144 post–World War II boom in, 262 protection provided by, 289–90 in World War II, 137 universities, 247 urbanization, 4, 22, 233, 268, 276–77, 279 US Agency for International Development (USAID), 95, 170, 171, 216, 308 Uyuni Sal Flat, 205 Uzbekistan, 8, 145, 185, 281, 285 vaccines, 77, 94, 161, 214, 233, 302 Velvet Revolution, 103 Venezuela, 22, 47, 106, 115 and democracy, 248, 263, 264 economic problems in, 255 natural capital in, 63 Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), 136–37 Vietnam, 36, 106, 144, 289 aid to, 214, 224 China’s example followed by, 266 growth in, 7, 45, 50, 125, 128, 147, 262 individual leadership in, 187 inequality in, 67 life expectancy in, 78 rice yields in, 215–16 textiles from, 56 Zheng He’s trip to, 152 Vietnam War, 100, 138, 141, 145, 289 Vincent, Jeffrey, 61 violence, 6, 20, 290 decline in, 4, 115–20, 116, 117, 119, 145–46 poverty deepened by, 119, 119 and poverty traps, 15 over resources, 284–86 Vitamin A deficiency, 173–74 Viviano, Frank, 152 Wade, Abdoulaye, 114, 224 Wałesa, Lech, 18, 103, 143, 149, 184, 186 Walls, Peter, 181 Walmart, 46 Wang Huan, 90–91 war, 5 attention to, 10 and poverty traps, 15 reduction of, 3, 4, 6 watchdog groups, 110 water, 77, 80, 161, 216, 275, 277–80, 307 water conservation, 233 water pollution, 8 water shortages, 22, 73 Watt, James, 25 Wealth and Poverty of Nations, The (Landes), 13 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 200–201 Weber, Max, 120 West Africa, 8, 10, 22, 205 colonialism in, 140 West Bengal, 31 Western Samoa, 75, 202 What We Know (AAAS report), 281–82 “When Fast Growing Economies Slow Down” (Eichengreen et al.), 236 White, Howard, 226 white supremacy, 124 “Why Isn’t the Whole World Developed?”


Who Rules the World? by Noam Chomsky

Able Archer 83, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, classic study, corporate governance, corporate personhood, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Edward Snowden, en.wikipedia.org, facts on the ground, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, liberation theology, Malacca Straits, Martin Wolf, Mikhail Gorbachev, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, one-state solution, Plutonomy: Buying Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances, precariat, public intellectual, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, Stanislav Petrov, Strategic Defense Initiative, structural adjustment programs, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, uranium enrichment, wage slave, WikiLeaks, working-age population

Department of Energy reported its annual carbon dioxide emissions figures, which “jumped by the biggest amount on record,” to a level higher than the worst-case scenario anticipated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).14 That came as no surprise to many scientists, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s program on climate change, which for years has warned that the IPCC’s predictions are too conservative. Such critics of the IPCC predictions receive virtually no public attention, unlike the fringe climate change denialists who are supported by the corporate sector, along with huge propaganda campaigns that have driven many Americans off the international spectrum in their dismissal of the threats of climate change.

Humanitarian Law Project Holocaust Honduras Hoodbhoy, Pervez Hoover Institution Hout, Shafiq al- Hull, Cordell humanitarian intervention human rights Human Rights Watch Hungary Huntington, Samuel P. Hussein, Saddam Husseini, Faisal Ibrahim, Youssef Ickes, Harold immigrants imperialism India Indians (Native Americans) indigenous populations Indochina Indonesia industrial revolution Industrial Workers of the World inequality Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) internal security International Court of Justice International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia International Energy Agency International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War International Security Intifada Iran coup of 1953 Iran Air Flight 655 Iran-Iraq war Iraq U.S. invasion of Ireland Iron Fist operations ISIS (Islamic State) Islamic Jihad Islamic world Israel.


pages: 330 words: 99,044

Reimagining Capitalism in a World on Fire by Rebecca Henderson

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", Airbnb, asset allocation, behavioural economics, benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, business climate, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, commoditize, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, crony capitalism, dark matter, decarbonisation, disruptive innovation, double entry bookkeeping, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, export processing zone, Exxon Valdez, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, fixed income, George Akerlof, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, greed is good, Greta Thunberg, growth hacking, Hans Rosling, Howard Zinn, Hyman Minsky, impact investing, income inequality, independent contractor, index fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), joint-stock company, Kickstarter, Lyft, Marc Benioff, Mark Zuckerberg, Max Levchin, means of production, meta-analysis, microcredit, middle-income trap, Minsky moment, mittelstand, Mont Pelerin Society, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Paris climate accords, passive investing, Paul Samuelson, Philip Mirowski, plant based meat, profit maximization, race to the bottom, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Salesforce, scientific management, Second Machine Age, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, Steven Pinker, stocks for the long run, Tim Cook: Apple, total factor productivity, Toyota Production System, uber lyft, urban planning, Washington Consensus, WeWork, working-age population, Zipcar

WHO (World Health Organization), “Health Benefits Far Outweigh the Costs of Meeting Climate Change Goals,” www.who.int/news-room/detail/05-12-2018-health-benefits-far-outweigh-the-costs-of-meeting-climate-change-goals; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea, and L. L.White (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014). 2. IPCC, Climate Change 2014; WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme), The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind (Paris: UNESCO, 2019), www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/half-world-face-severe-water-stress-2030-unless-water-use-decoupled. 3.

Who Stood Up to President Trump: Ken Frazier Speaks Out,” New York Times, Feb. 19, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/business/merck-ceo-ken-frazier-trump.html. 42. Matthew E. Kahn et al., “Long-term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis,” NBER Working Paper no. w26167 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019). 43. IPCC, “Summary for Policymakers,” in Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel, and J. C. Minx (Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014). 44.

Appropriate regulation—something like a carbon tax or a carbon cap—would not only allow the global economy to decarbonize at minimal cost but would also open up billions of dollars in new market opportunities. Decarbonization will be expensive. But unchecked climate change will cost billions of dollars more. Current estimates suggest that climate change could cost the US economy as much as 10 percent of GDP by the end of the century and destabilize the world’s food supply.42 The IPCC estimates that keeping GHG emissions to a level that offers a 66 percent chance of not exceeding 2°C warming would cost 3 to 11 percent of world GDP by 2100.43 But leaving global warming unchecked might cost 23 to 74 percent of global per capita GDP by 2100 in lost agricultural production, health risks, flooded cities, and other major disruptions.44 Unchecked climate change will also impose irreversible harm on coming generations.


pages: 250 words: 75,151

The New Nomads: How the Migration Revolution Is Making the World a Better Place by Felix Marquardt

"World Economic Forum" Davos, agricultural Revolution, Anthropocene, Black Lives Matter, Black Swan, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, British Empire, carbon footprint, carbon tax, coronavirus, COVID-19, dark matter, digital nomad, Donald Trump, George Floyd, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Joi Ito, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, labour market flexibility, Les Trente Glorieuses, out of africa, phenotype, place-making, Ponzi scheme, pre–internet, QAnon, Ray Kurzweil, remote working, Richard Feynman, road to serfdom, Silicon Valley, Skype, Snapchat, social distancing, sustainable-tourism, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, Yogi Berra, young professional

movement 48–54, 69, 123–7, 130, 145–6 Barry, Boubakar 132–3 Barry, Ismaila 131–9, 144, 145 Beckett, Samuel 243 Bengal famine (1943) 100 Berry, Wendell: ‘The Peace of Wild Things’ 224 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 140 Black Elephant 232–9, 241 Blair, Tony 30 Blanc, Louis 159 Blueground 75–6 Bogotá, Colombia 116, 119–20 Bohr, Niels 212 Boswell, Scott 201, 202–3, 204 Breslau, Silesia 32 Brexit referendum (2016) 8, 15–16, 30, 40–1, 99, 100–1, 205, 210, 218, 238 Brilliant Minds conference (2019) 212–14, 215 Britain 14, 125 air travel in 217 Brexit referendum see Brexit referendum emigration from Britain to the EU 99, 101, 121 Empire 77, 100–1, 134 European migrants in 54–5, 128–30 football supporters in 59–63 ‘hostile environment’ policy 146, 168 private schools in 49 university sector 77–8, 108, 146 Canada 52, 72, 73, 116, 118, 128, 176–7, 178, 179 carbon emissions 16–17, 163, 198, 214, 217, 241 Carrère, Emmanuel 27 Casablanca, Charlotte de 116–20, 229 Caudill, Debbie 64 Caudill, Jeremiah 59, 63–8 Céline, Louis-Ferdinand: Journey to the End of the Night 93 Central America, emigration from 9, 10 Chang, Lulu 107–111, 115, 116, 119–20, 229 Charlie Hebdo 23, 24 Charlottesville rally, US (2017) 15 Chiang Mai, Thailand 186, 197 China 102, 140 African migrants in 130–9 emigration from 107–111, 229 entrepreneurship in 51, 52, 55, 79, 80, 83 global rankings of most-prized destinations for migrants and 76, 130–9, 145 One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative 135–6 racism and 131–2 Uighurs in 139 Chirac, Jacques 51 Ciudad del Este, Paraguay 85–6 climate change 16–17, 19, 30–1, 90, 198, 200, 228 Africa and 90, 217 air travel and 217–18 Berenice Tompkins and 218–21, 223 cities, movement out of and 223 Covid-19 and 217–18 culture, demands a new kind of 58–9 carbon footprint of average environmentally conscious privileged liberal 216–17 conservatives and 219, 222 COP21 (United Nations climate change conference) 218 COP24 (United Nations climate change conference) 218 Davos and 30–1 denial 209 digital nomad and 195, 197, 198, 200 early humans and 147 ‘global economy’ phrase and 222 Great March for Climate Action 218–21 inequality and 216–17 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 215 liberals and 15, 31, 215, 216–21 migrants/refugees, climate 19, 159, 205, 215 optimism around, unwarranted 222 Othering, climate activists and 15 People’s Pilgrimage (climate march) 218–21 solutionism and 216 ultra-mobility and 215 US and 217–21 Coates, Ta-Nehisi 113–14 Collier, Paul: Refuge 174 conservatives anywheres-somewheres divide and 41 climate change and 219, 222 Othering and 15 problems of modern world, responses to 222 US and 3, 7, 14, 202 COP21 (United Nations climate change conference) 218 COP24 (United Nations climate change conference) 218 county supremacy doctrine, US 64 Covid-19 10, 16–17, 44, 146, 161, 228, 235, 236 climate change and 217–18 digital nomad and 184, 193, 198–9, 217, 218, 225 dual citizenship and 185–6 post-Covid era 223, 228, 238 WEF/Davos and 240, 241 Cylance 28 Dar Al Islam (French-language ISIS magazine) 25 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 76, 80–1, 84, 85, 86, 88, 122 Davis, Carl 114, 115 Deborah (Spanish migrant in UK) 128–30 Demonbreun, Taylor 195 De Pecol, Cassie 195 Dewhirst, Isaac 70–1 Diabate, Abdramane ‘Abdi’ Black Elephant and 235, 238, 241 migration to US 1–8, 12, 13–14, 21–2, 47, 59, 68, 133, 218, 224, 232–4, 235, 238, 241 World Economic Forum in Davos (2017), attends 232–4 Diabate, Mamadou 2, 5–7 Diabate, Nouweizema 6 digital nomad 167, 182, 183–200, 225 competitive travel and 189–90 coronavirus pandemic and 184, 185, 186, 193, 198–9 ‘Davos man’ and 196 dual citizenship and 185–6 ecological cost of 195, 197, 198, 200 global elite and 188, 195–6 Gonzalo Sanchez Sarmiento’s experience as 190–4, 197, 199 hyper-nomad and 188 Jobbatical and 191–2 sense of community and 197, 199 location independence and 196–7 New Nomad, as prototype for 199–200 origins of 187–8 problems with 192–4, 197, 199–200 typical jobs 186 Diop, Medinatou Mohamed 132, 133 Dorling, Danny 100 dual citizenship 185–6 Dubai 76–9, 80, 110, 162 economic migration 122–47, 196 ‘Barrez-vous!’

movement 123–7, 130, 146–7 education system/Grandes Écoles 48–9, 54, 118, 126 emigration of young people from 48–54, 55, 69, 116–20, 123–7, 130, 145–7 FM childhood in 37–42, 43 FM family first move to 37–8 gerontocratic tradition in 50, 123, 128 Gilets Jaunes movement 48–9 hip-hop in 28, 45–6, 50, 55, 113, 124, 139, 162, 233 Islamist terror attacks in 23–6 Les Trente Glorieuses (three decades of sustained growth) 124–5 London, emigration to from 54–5, 59 racism and 52 ‘republican equality of chances’ (les valeurs de la République) 20, 211 Syrian refugees in 169–75 youth unemployment/lack of opportunity within 48–54, 55, 69, 116–20, 123–7, 130, 145–7 see also individual place name French Islamic Foundation 24 Friedman, Sam 211 Fuerteventura 149 Fulbright scholarship 34–5, 136 Gates, Bill 28 Générations 88.2 (French independent radio station) 48–54 Georgia (nation) 73, 175–8 Georgia (state), US 82–3 Germany 1, 2, 17, 32–4, 37, 38, 42, 43, 47, 72, 73, 79, 100, 101, 126, 132, 138 gerontocracy (government by entitled elders) 50, 124, 127 Ghana 96, 134–5 Gilets Jaunes 48–9 globalisation 11, 51–2, 90 globalism 30, 54 Goodhart, David 40–1 Grand Tour 57, 59 Grandes Écoles 48–9, 54, 118, 126 Great March for Climate Action 218–19 Greece 18, 35, 36, 37, 43, 45, 47, 55, 57, 78, 135 Group, the (religious cult) 64 Hedges, Chris 32 Heimat (mix of home, culture, vernacular, community) 17 Hibbard, Cooper 1–2, 4, 238 Hindriks, Karoli 191 Hine, Dougald 20 hip-hop 28, 45–6, 50, 55, 113, 124, 139, 162, 233 Holiday Swap app 195 Hollande, François 126 Homo erectus 9 homosexuality 102–7 Hughes, Solomon 114–15 Hult 137 hunter-gatherers 9–10, 18, 187 Huntington, Samuel P. 195–6 Hutchinson, Robert 84–5 iEconcalc 78 Ikola, Rabbi 220 Illich, Ivan 232 immigration economic 122–47 see also economic migration education and 48–69 see also education, immigration and emigration 93–121 see also emigration entrepreneurs and 70–92 see also entrepreneurs, migration and Felix Marquardt, transformative power in life of 23–47 see also Marquardt, Felix labelling of 169–200 see also labelling, migration and nomadism and see nomadism ‘out of Africa’ migration of early humans 9, 18, 69 pushback against 201–23 see also liberals refugees and 148–68 see also refugees World Economic Forum, Davos and see World Economic Forum, Davos India 14–15, 76, 80, 83, 111, 118, 130, 155, 156 Citizenship Bill (2016) 140 entrepreneurs returning to 139–45 Youthonomics Global Index (YGI) and 139–40, 145 inequality 16, 20, 31, 49, 209, 210–11, 216, 228, 241 Ingvarsdóttir, Sigurlína 239 initiatory journey 57 ‘internal’ migrations from village to city ix, 10 International Council on Clean Transportation 217 International Herald Tribune 28, 188 international schools 41 ‘inverted totalitarianism’ 32 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 215 Iraq 10, 123, 179–80 ISIS 23, 25 Islam 4, 8, 15, 23–5, 160, 175 Israel 157–8 Italy 36, 126 Ivory Coast (Côte d’Ivoire) 53, 98, 152, 155 Jackson, Wes 227 Japan 77, 93–9, 128, 135, 136, 156 Jews 2, 15, 27, 31, 70, 79, 100, 157–8 Jobbatical 191–2 Johnson, Boris 100, 146 Jung, Carl 212 Jungle, Calais 9 Kaba, Mbake 153–4 Kansas Wesleyan University 206 Kati, Mali 2, 5, 6 Kawaakibi1 Foundation 24–6 Kazakh government 177 Kierkegaard, Søren 212 King, Steve 199 Kobalia, Anastasia 177–8 Kobalia, Vera 175–9, 182 Koum, Jan 71 Kundera, Milan 45 Kurzweil, Ray 181 labelling, migration and 168, 169–82 Amr Maskoun/labelling of refugees 169–73 immigration and emigration, distinction between 174–5 ‘migrant’ and ‘refugee’, conflation of terms 174–5 Mustafa Al Sarajj/labelling of refugees 179–82 refugee, usefulness of term 174 Vera Kobalia/labelling of refugees 175–9 La Croix-Valmer, France 42 Larsson, Sven 179, 180, 181 Latour, Bruno: Où atterrir?

In 2018 alone there were 17.2 million displacements caused by natural disasters and around 764,000 caused by droughts.4 Climate change is going to cause more natural disasters, and more droughts. For lots of people around the world, a push factor spurring them to migrate is already the climate. In the coming years, there are going to be more and more. The latest projections of the climate experts of the IPCC are that we may be looking at temperatures of up to six to seven degrees Celsius above preindustrial averages by 2100.5 This would make half the planet uninhabitable. It may sound far away. It isn’t. A considerable number of humans already born will be around. The problem isn’t that liberal values, the value of human connection and open-mindedness, aren’t part of the worldview of our Brilliant Minds.


The Economics Anti-Textbook: A Critical Thinker's Guide to Microeconomics by Rod Hill, Anthony Myatt

American ideology, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, bank run, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, biodiversity loss, business cycle, cognitive dissonance, collateralized debt obligation, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, different worldview, electricity market, endogenous growth, equal pay for equal work, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, experimental economics, failed state, financial innovation, full employment, gender pay gap, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, Gunnar Myrdal, happiness index / gross national happiness, Home mortgage interest deduction, Howard Zinn, income inequality, indoor plumbing, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, low skilled workers, market bubble, market clearing, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, medical malpractice, military-industrial complex, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, Paradox of Choice, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Peter Singer: altruism, positional goods, prediction markets, price discrimination, price elasticity of demand, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, profit motive, publication bias, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, random walk, rent control, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, search costs, shareholder value, sugar pill, The Myth of the Rational Market, the payments system, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, ultimatum game, union organizing, working-age population, World Values Survey, Yogi Berra

Their strategy is to create an impression of controversy over the science, the same strategy that was 155 7  |  Externalities … people around the world are already suffering from past emissions, and current emissions will have potentially catastrophic impacts in the future … The scientific evidence on the potential risks is now overwhelming, as demonstrated in the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. (2008: 1–2) used successfully for so long by the tobacco industry and its public relations advisers, as we saw in Chapter 5.4 As a consultant to the US Republican Party wrote in 2002, ‘Should the public come to believe that the scientific issues are settled, their views about global warming will change accordingly.

Commodity fetishism, fair trade, and the environment’, Organization and Environment, 16(4): 413–30. Hunt, E. K. and H. J. Sherman (2008) Economics: An introduction to traditional and radical views, 7th edn, New York: M. E. Sharpe. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, available at www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4–wg1.htm. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2005) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, vols 1–8 (updated) and vol. 9, Lyons: International Agency for Research on Cancer, available at wwwdep.iarc.fr/.

., 139 lobbyists, 109, 111 long-run costs, 104–5 Lunn, Pete, 25, 243 301 Index imperfect information see information, imperfect import protection, 219–24; quotas, 221 inaction, collective, 112–13 incentives, 9, 14, 129, 186, 203; backfiring of, 24; bad, 193 indeterminate and unstable economy, 72 India, influenza epidemic, 39 individual: focus on, 42; versus community, 17–18; versus corporation, 18–20 inefficiency, 13, 27, 51, 244 inequality, 205, 249; economic, 203–4; effect on efficiency, 20–1; of income, 90, 198–200; of wages, 227; of wealth, 200–1; pervasive costs of, 213–17 infant formula, marketing of, 82–3 infant industries policy, 222 information, 167, 233–4; about job risks, 162; asymmetric and imperfect, 1, 5, 7, 12, 22, 55, 67, 69–70, 78, 83–7, 114, 115, 142, 161, 166, 224, 231, 250 (importance of, 256–7); complete, 232; lack of, 174; perfect, 6, 54, 57, 78, 92, 120, 160, 169 (and costless, 5) information economics, 106 innovation, 132, 134, 135, 248 inspection-goods, 141, 142, 144, 250 Intel, 133 intellectual property rights, 235, 237 interest rates, 258, 259 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 155 International Labour Organization (ILO), 160, 161 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 235 International Telephone and Telegraph corporation, 240 invisible hand, 6, 13, 17, 22, 64, 86, 154, 250 Iran, coup d’état in, 240 malnutrition, of children, 201 management compensation see executive compensation Mankiw, N.


pages: 432 words: 124,635

Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design by Charles Montgomery

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, Abraham Maslow, accelerated depreciation, agricultural Revolution, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Apollo 11, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Boeing 747, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, carbon credits, carbon footprint, centre right, City Beautiful movement, clean water, congestion charging, correlation does not imply causation, data science, Donald Shoup, East Village, edge city, energy security, Enrique Peñalosa, experimental subject, food desert, Frank Gehry, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Google Earth, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, Home mortgage interest deduction, housing crisis, income inequality, income per capita, Induced demand, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, license plate recognition, McMansion, means of production, megacity, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, mortgage tax deduction, New Urbanism, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, power law, rent control, restrictive zoning, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, science of happiness, Seaside, Florida, Silicon Valley, starchitect, streetcar suburb, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transit-oriented development, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, wage slave, white flight, World Values Survey, zero-sum game, Zipcar

These highways: Todd Litman, Generated Traffic and Induced Travel Implications for Transport Planning (Victoria, BC: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2010); interview with Howard Frumkin of the Centers for Disease Control in the Web series American Makeover, episode 1, “Sprawlanta,” www.americanmakeover.tv/episode1.html (accessed February 2, 2011). United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: core writing team, R. K. Pachauri, and A. Reisinger, eds., Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2008). The travel time: Green, Charles, Health Plenary Address, Congress for New Urbanism 18, Atlanta, May 20, 2010. This we know: Thomas, C., et al., “Extinction Risk from Climate Change,” Nature, 2004: 145–48.

On this point there is agreement from every peer-reviewed journal on the subject, and from the national scientific academies of Canada, China, Brazil, India, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Australia, Mexico, the United Kingdom, the United States, and dozens of other countries,† as well as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which synthesizes the work of the biggest group of scientists ever to focus on a single issue. Which is to say that to the very best of human knowledge, we are blowing so much methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide into the air that we are throwing the delicate system governing climate and weather out of whack.

*The travel time in Atlanta grew faster in the 1990s than in any other American city. The average person’s time spent in Atlanta traffic rose from six hours a year to thirty-four hours between 1990 and 2000 alone. †A survey of just a few of the national scientific institutions that support the IPCC’s findings on climate change: Academia Brasileira de Ciências, the Royal Society of Canada, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Académie des Sciences, Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, Accademia dei Lincei, the Science Council of Japan, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of the United Kingdom, and the National Academy of Sciences (from “Joint science academies’ statement: Global response to climate change,” Washington, DC: The National Academies, 2005), as well as the American Meteorological Society, the American Geophysical Union, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the governments of all G8 nations.


The Smart Wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and Other Smart Home Devices Need a Feminist Reboot by Yolande Strengers, Jenny Kennedy

active measures, Amazon Robotics, Anthropocene, autonomous vehicles, Big Tech, Boston Dynamics, cloud computing, cognitive load, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, crowdsourcing, cyber-physical system, data science, deepfake, Donald Trump, emotional labour, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, fake news, feminist movement, game design, gender pay gap, Grace Hopper, hive mind, Ian Bogost, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, John Markoff, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, Masayoshi Son, Milgram experiment, Minecraft, natural language processing, Network effects, new economy, pattern recognition, planned obsolescence, precautionary principle, robot derives from the Czech word robota Czech, meaning slave, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, side hustle, side project, Silicon Valley, smart grid, smart meter, social intelligence, SoftBank, Steve Jobs, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, technological solutionism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, Turing test, Wall-E, Wayback Machine, women in the workforce

MacKay, Radical Transformation. 46. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018), https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/; Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R.

Data centers, the “factories of the digital age,” deliver and maintain much of the convenience proffered by smart wives by providing connectability, operability, “always-on” services, software updates, and livestream footage.104 Brad Smith, president of Microsoft, notes that these seemingly innocuous players will rank among the largest users of electric power on the planet by the middle of the next decade.105 Data centers consumed 1.7 percent of global electricity use in 2012, thus emitting roughly the same carbon dioxide emissions as the airline industry.106 Looking forward, global estimates of data center demand in 2030 anticipate an increase of three to ten times the current levels.107 (Also, 2030 is the year that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has provided as its early estimate for the earth reaching the dangerous 1.5 degrees of warming if we continue on our current trajectory.)108 Since 2014, Greenpeace has monitored the energy performance of the IT sector, and encouraged big players like Amazon to disclose their energy footprints and transition to renewable energy.109 The leaders in this transition are Facebook, Apple, and Google, which were the first to make 100 percent renewable commitments in 2013; they have since been joined by nearly twenty internet companies.

,” Yale Environment 360, April 3, 2018, https://e360.yale.edu/features/energy-hogs-can-huge-data-centers-be-made-more-efficient. 107. Anders S. G. Andrae and Tomas Edler, “On Global Electricity Usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030,” Challenges 6, no. 1 (June 2015): 117–157. 108. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Summary for Policymakers,” in Global Warming of 1.5°C. 109. Greenpeace, Clicking Clean. 110. Google and Apple both scored As. Greenpeace, Clicking Clean, 124. 111. Greenpeace, Clicking Clean, 124. 112. International Energy Agency, Digitalisation and Energy, Technology Report, November 2017, https://www.iea.org/reports/digitalisation-and-energy. 113.


Sustainable Minimalism: Embrace Zero Waste, Build Sustainability Habits That Last, and Become a Minimalist Without Sacrificing the Planet (Green Housecleaning, Zero Waste Living) by Stephanie Marie Seferian

8-hour work day, Airbnb, big-box store, carbon footprint, circular economy, clean water, climate anxiety, Community Supported Agriculture, coronavirus, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, do what you love, emotional labour, food desert, imposter syndrome, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), lifestyle creep, Mason jar, mass immigration, microplastics / micro fibres, ride hailing / ride sharing

You can calculate your unique carbon footprint at www.nature.org. The average carbon footprint for a person living in the United States is a whopping 16 metric tons, one of the highest rates in the world.105 The worldwide per person average is closer to 4 tons.106 Yet the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that it is imperative to prevent a warming of more than 1.5 degrees Celsius (about 34.7 degrees Fahrenheit) by 2050.107 To achieve this, every human on earth must reduce their carbon footprints to just 2 metric tons per year. While lifestyle habits within the home—including what you eat and how many children you choose to have—increase or decrease your unique carbon footprint, intentional choices outside the home can substantially reduce your impact.

“Calculate Your Carbon Footprint.” Accessed October 2020. https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/#:~:text=Globally%2C%20the%20average%20is%20closer,under%202%20tons%20by%202050. 107 Global Warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius. (Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018), https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. 108 “Public Transportation Is 10 Times Safer, Analysis Shows,” Safety and Health Magazine, December 27, 2018, https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/17905-public-transportation-is-10-times-safer-for-commuters-analysis-shows. 109 Livia Albeck-Ripka, “How to Reduce your Carbon Footprint,” The New York Times, accessed 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/guides/year-of-living-better/how-to-reduce-your-carbon-footprint. 110 Taylor Mabrey, “Reducing the Carbon Footprint?


pages: 286 words: 87,168

Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World by Jason Hickel

air freight, Airbnb, Anthropocene, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, biodiversity loss, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, British Empire, capital controls, circular economy, cognitive dissonance, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate personhood, cotton gin, COVID-19, David Graeber, decarbonisation, declining real wages, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, disinformation, Elon Musk, energy transition, Extinction Rebellion, extractivism, Fairphone, Fellow of the Royal Society, flying shuttle, Fractional reserve banking, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, gender pay gap, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the steam engine, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, Jevons paradox, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, land reform, liberal capitalism, lockdown, longitudinal study, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, McMansion, means of production, meta-analysis, microbiome, Money creation, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, new economy, ocean acidification, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, out of africa, passive income, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, Post-Keynesian economics, quantitative easing, rent control, rent-seeking, retail therapy, Ronald Reagan, Rupert Read, Scramble for Africa, secular stagnation, shareholder value, sharing economy, Simon Kuznets, structural adjustment programs, the scientific method, The Spirit Level, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, universal basic income

In some cases it will be worse: Indian wheat and US corn could plummet by as much as 60%.23 Under normal circumstances, regional food shortages can be covered by surpluses from elsewhere on the planet. But climate breakdown could trigger shortages on multiple continents at once. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), warming more than 2 degrees is likely to cause ‘sustained food supply disruptions globally’. As one of the lead authors of the report put it: ‘The potential risk of multi-breadbasket failure is increasing.’ Add this to soil depletion, pollinator die-off and fishery collapse, and we’re looking at spiralling food emergencies.

It held out the tantalising possibility of meeting our climate goals while keeping capitalism intact, and while allowing rich nations, who wield so much power in the climate negotiations, to maintain their high levels of consumption. It was incredibly alluring – a kind of get-out-of-jail-free card – and it offered real hope to green growth optimists. A few years after Obersteiner’s paper was published the IPCC started including BECCS in its official models, even though there was still no evidence of its feasibility. And in 2014 the idea took centre stage: BECCS appeared in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), not only as a side show, but as the dominant assumption in no fewer than 101 of the 116 scenarios for staying under 2°C. AR5 is the blueprint that the Paris Agreement relies on. Governments are using the AR5 scenarios as a guide when it comes to deciding how quickly to reduce their emissions.

In other words, even with the Paris Agreement in place, we’re on track for catastrophe. What’s going on here? How is it possible that emissions will keep rising even under a plan that’s meant to cut them? And why does nobody seem to be worried about this? There’s a backstory. In the early 2000s, IPCC modellers realised that the emissions reductions required to keep climate change under control were so steep that they were likely to be incompatible with continued economic growth. Growing the global economy means growing energy demand, and growing energy demand makes the task of transitioning to clean energy significantly more difficult.


pages: 371 words: 109,320

News and How to Use It: What to Believe in a Fake News World by Alan Rusbridger

airport security, basic income, Bellingcat, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, Bletchley Park, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Chelsea Manning, citizen journalism, Climategate, cognitive dissonance, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, crisis actor, cross-subsidies, crowdsourcing, disinformation, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, end-to-end encryption, fake news, Filter Bubble, future of journalism, George Floyd, ghettoisation, global pandemic, Google Earth, green new deal, hive mind, housing crisis, Howard Rheingold, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, Jeremy Corbyn, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, Murray Gell-Mann, Narrative Science, Neil Kinnock, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Nicholas Carr, ocean acidification, offshore financial centre, post-truth, profit motive, public intellectual, publication bias, Seymour Hersh, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Bannon, tech baron, the scientific method, TikTok, universal basic income, WikiLeaks, yellow journalism

In 2018, the BBC overhauled its climate-change reporting by releasing an internal editorial policy and position on climate change to staff, as well as requiring all BBC reporters to attend a training course on the new material. The statement began with a mea culpa – ‘we get coverage of [climate change] wrong too often’ – and affirmed that the BBC accepts the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) position that climate change is happening and is caused by humans. It warned journalists against the ‘false balance’ provided by including a climate denier in reports on climate change. It also set out the BBC’s Greener Broadcasting strategy, including that it uses its platform to ‘ensure that we . . . are informing and educating the public, allowing them to make informed choices about their own behaviours around sustainable living’.

Such ideas caused enough consternation for the Health and Safety Executive to issue refutations of several of his claims. He was also a passionate denier of man-made climate change (SEE: CLIMATE CHANGE). ‘Needless to say, he was widely rebuked by the scientific community and he was sued by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change over accusations he made about its chairman. Booker was only encouraged by such skirmishes. If he was getting under their skin that much, he was convinced he must be doing something right. His campaigning was consistent and his message, unlike the climate, never changed . . . His writings in the Daily Telegraph on the European Union exasperated the paper’s editor Max Hastings, who wrote in his memoir that “Booker’s fanatical hostility to Europe increasingly distorted his journalism.”’

<https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/looking-through-a-royal-lens-with-arthur-edwards/news-story/7e20cc778f384f5ff001ca6de5b7191d#.vln70> Silverman, Craig. Regret the Error: How Media Mistakes Pollute the Press and Imperil Free Speech. New York: Union Square Press, 2007. Small, Mike. ‘IPCC Report: British Press Focus on Snog over Smog as Scientists Warn of Climate Crisis’. DeSmog UK, 9 October 2018. <https://www.desmog.co.uk/2018/10/09/comment-media-responses-ipcc-are-part-problem> Smith, Anthony. The Politics of Information: Problems of Policy in Modern Media. London: Macmillan, 1978. Smith, Ben. ‘How We Characterized Michael Cohen’s Testimony’. BuzzFeed News, 18 April 2019.


pages: 362 words: 104,308

Forty Signs of Rain by Kim Stanley Robinson

bioinformatics, business intelligence, double helix, Dr. Strangelove, experimental subject, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kim Stanley Robinson, phenotype, precautionary principle, prisoner's dilemma, Ronald Reagan, social intelligence, stem cell, the scientific method, zero-sum game

“Oh hi Roy, what’s up.” “Well I’ve got your latest draft here and I’m about to read it, and I thought I’d check first to see what I should be looking for, how you solved the IPCC stuff.” “Oh yeah. The new stuff that matters is all in the third section.” The bill as Charlie had drafted it for Phil would require the U.S. to act on certain recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “Did you kind of bury the part about us conforming to IPCC findings?” “I don’t think there’s earth deep enough to bury that one. I tried to put it in a context that made it look inevitable. International body that we are part of, climate change clearly real, the UN the best body to work through global issues, support for them pretty much mandatory for us or else the whole world cooks in our juices, that sort of thing.”

Now the President said, “That’s nice, Charles, let’s get to it then, shall we? I heard from Dr. S. here about the meeting this morning, and I wanted to check in on it in person, because I like Phil Chase. And I understand that Phil now wants us to join in with the actions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to the point of introducing a bill mandating our participation in whatever action they recommend, no matter what it is. And this is a UN panel.” “Well,” Charlie said, shifting gears into ultradiplomatic mode, not just for the President but for the absent Phil, who was going to be upset with him no matter what he said, since only Phil should actually be talking to the President about this stuff.

“I certainly hope so.” “Sure sure. Okay, I’ll read this draft and get back to you ASAP. I want to move on with this, and the committee discussion is now scheduled for Tuesday.” “That’s fine, I’ll have my phone with me all day.” “Sounds good, I’ll be in touch, but meanwhile be thinking about how to slip the IPCC thing in even deeper.” “Yeah okay but see what I did already.” “Sure bye.” “Bye.” Charlie pulled off the headset and turned off the stove. Joe finished his bottle, inspected it, tossed it casually aside. “Man, you are fast,” Charlie said as he always did. One of the mutual satisfactions of their days together was doing the same things over and over again, and saying the same things about them.


pages: 1,152 words: 266,246

Why the West Rules--For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future by Ian Morris

addicted to oil, Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Apollo 11, Arthur Eddington, Atahualpa, Berlin Wall, British Empire, classic study, Columbian Exchange, conceptual framework, cotton gin, cuban missile crisis, defense in depth, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of the americas, Doomsday Clock, Eddington experiment, en.wikipedia.org, falling living standards, Flynn Effect, Ford Model T, Francisco Pizarro, global village, God and Mammon, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, James Watt: steam engine, Kickstarter, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, market bubble, mass immigration, Medieval Warm Period, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, out of africa, Peter Thiel, phenotype, pink-collar, place-making, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Ronald Reagan, Scientific racism, sexual politics, Silicon Valley, Sinatra Doctrine, South China Sea, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, strong AI, Suez canal 1869, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, trade route, upwardly mobile, wage slave, washing machines reduced drudgery

Temperatures have risen 1°F since 1850, with most of the increase coming in the last thirty years; and the mercury in the thermometer just keeps rising. In the past, higher temperatures often meant better agricultural yields and rising development (as in the Roman and Medieval Warm Periods), but this time may be different. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggested in 2007 that “Altered frequencies and intensities of extreme weather, together with sea level rise, are expected to have mostly adverse effects on natural and human systems … warming could lead to some impacts that are abrupt or irreversible.” And that may be putting it mildly; the small print in their report is even more alarming.

“Africa and the Globalization Process: Western Africa, 1450–1850.” Journal of Global History 2 (2007), pp. 63–86. Institute for International Strategic Studies. The Military Balance 2009. London: Institute for International Strategic Studies, 2009. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fourth Assessment Report. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. http://www/ipcc.ch/. International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Update, July 8, 2009 (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/update/02). Iriye, Akira. The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific. London: Longman, 1987.

., 585 Treatise on Agriculture (Wang Zhen), 379, 420n Tripitaka (“Three Baskets” of Buddhist canon), 256 Trobriand Islands, 133, 137 Troy, 199, 241 True Levellers, 452 Tunisia, 315, 364 Turkana Boy, 45, 52, 57 Turkey, 81, 97, 197n, 431, 443–46, 452, 453, 459–61, 528, 605n archaeological sites in, 96, 100, 102–103, 105, 123–25 modernization of, 571 Turkic peoples, 348, 349, 354–56, 358, 361, 364, 366–67, 372, 567; Ottoman, see Ottomans Turkmenistan, 125, 189 2001: A Space Odyssey (Clarke), 63, 149, 182, 183 Ugarit (Syria), 216, 217, 220, 225 Ukraine, 196, 295, 458 Uluburun (Anatolia), 200 ’Umar, 351 Undefeated Sun, 323 United Arab Emirates, 605n United Monarchy, 234 United Nations, 150, 610 Food and Agriculture Organization, 601 Human Development Index, 145–47, 149–50 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 599 United States, 31, 35, 158, 488, 531, 601n, 604, 605, 612, 634 carbon emissions of, 18, 538, 609 China and, 518, 546–47, 585–88, 606 diseases in, 603 economy of, 12, 34, 225, 529–31, 535, 540–41, 542, 553, 578, 582, 588, 597, 598, 615 emigration to, 509, 603 impact of climate change in, 600 industrialization in, 510, 521 Japan and, 10, 534 military spending in, 548, 631 neo-evolutionary theory in, 138–39 nuclear weapons and, 605–606, 608, 616 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on, 551 Soviet Union and, 526, 527, 533–35, 540–42, 550, 580, 616 technology in, 542, 594, 597, 615 in Vietnam War, 535 in World War I, 529 in World War II, 52, 532, 533, 579 Universal History (Polybius), 263–64 Ur (Mesopotamia), 193–94 Royal Cemetery of, 188–89 Urartu, 248 Urban II, Pope, 372 Uruk (Mesopotamia), 181–88, 190, 192, 194, 203, 206, 207, 210, 223, 229, 562, 610 Uzbekistan, 59, 366, 606n Vagnari (Italy), 273 Valencia, 438 Valens, Emperor, 312, 313 Valerian, Emperor, 310, 328 Vandals, 313, 315, 316, 345 Vedas, 137 Venice, 371, 373, 384, 392, 402, 404, 420n, 427, 429, 431–32, 459 Venter, Craig, 595, 596 Verne, Jules, 507, 511 Vespasian, Emperor, 286 Viagra, 594 Victoria, Queen of England, 6, 7, 10–11, 14, 148 Vienna, Congress of, 489 Vietnam, 11, 127, 407, 408, 587 Vietnam War, 106, 140, 141, 502n, 535 Vikings, 363, 364, 371, 421, 427 Vinland, 371 Virgil, 286 Voltaire, 13, 280, 472–74, 481 von Däniken, Erich, 182–83, 186, 189, 194, 215, 253, 399, 410, 614n Voyage on the Red Sea, The, 273, 275 Wagner, Lindsay, 594 Wales, 472n Wal-Mart, 553 Wang Anshi, 376, 421 Wang Feng, 18 Wang Mang, Emperor, 299 Wang Qirong, 210–11 Wang Yangming, 426, 453, 473n Wang Zhen, 379–80, 420n Wanli, Emperor, 442–43 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 113 Wardi, al-, 398 War of the East, 524, 532 Warring States period, 244n, 264 War of the West, 486–89, 524, 526, 532, 534, 550 Waterloo, battle of, 486 Watt, James, 494–97, 500, 502, 504, 567, 568, 573 Wayne, John, 18 Wealth and Poverty of Nations, The (Landes), 17 weapons, 151, 180, 185, 197, 217, 295, 389 in China, 305, 374, 380 nuclear, see nuclear weapons high-tech, 548, 591–92, 615–16, 618 iron and bronze, 128–29, 181, 191, 200, 208, 233–34, 276 of mass destruction, 605 prehistoric, 57, 80 siege, 277 in World War I, 526; see also guns Weber, Max, 136–37 Wedgwood, Josiah, 498 Wei (China), 265, 266, 335n Weiss, Harvey, 192 Wellington, Duke of, 486 Wendi, Emperor, 337, 345, 346, 354 West Germany, 533, 535 Wheeler, Brigadier Mortimer, 274–75 White, Leslie, 148 Whitney, Eli, 496 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 524, 525 Wilkinson, John (“Iron-Mad”), 495 William I (“the Conqueror”), King, 194 William of Orange, 20 Wire, The (television show), 442 Woods, Tiger, 594 Wordsworth, William, 491–92 World Bank, 547, 603 World Health Organization, 603–604 World Trade Organization, 610 World War I, 65, 133, 526–29, 531, 533, 605 World War II, 17, 52, 254, 273–75, 526, 531–34, 565, 578, 579, 608 Wozniak, Steve, 542 Wright brothers, 510 Wu (China), 245, 524 Wu, King, 229–31 Wudi, Emperor (Han dynasty), 285, 294, 457 Wudi, Emperor (Liang dynasty), 329 Wuding, King, 212–15, 220, 221 Wu Zetian, 340–42, 344, 345, 355, 363n Wuzong, Emperor, 375 Xia dynasty, 205–209, 214, 235, 245 Xian, Marquis, 251 Xianbei, 335–36 Xiandi, Emperor, 302–304 Xianfeng, Emperor, 10 Xiangyang (China), 392 Xiaowen, Emperor, 336, 338, 362 Xiongnu, 293–95, 298, 299, 301, 303–305, 310, 314, 349, 354 Xishan (China), 124 Xishuipo (China), 126 Xuan, King, 242 Xuan, Marquis, 251 Xuanzong, Emperor, 355–57, 359 Xuchang (China), 79 Xu Fu, 421n Xunzi, 259 Yahgan people, 139 Yale University, 30, 192 Yan (China), 265n Yang, Prince, 221 Yang Guifei, 355–56, 424 Yangzhou (China), 442 Yanshi (China), 209 Yan Wenming, 120, 121 Yellow Turbans, 302 Yemen, 349 Yesugei, 388 Yih, King, 233 Yom Kippur/Ramadan conflict, 90 Yongle, Emperor, 406, 407, 413, 414, 416, 426, 429 You, King, 242–43, 355 Younger Dryas, 92–94, 96, 100, 114, 119, 122, 175, 577–78 Yu, King, 204–208, 214 Yuan dynasty, 587 Yuan Shikai, 528 Yue (China), 524 Yu Hong, 342 Yukichi, Fukuzawa, 15 Zemeckis, Robert, 572 Zeno, Emperor, 316–17 Zenobia, Queen, 311 Zhang Zhuzheng, 442–43 Zhao, King, 232 Zhao (China), 265, 266, 279 Zhaodun, 252–53 Zheng, King, 266–67 Zheng (China), 244 Zhengde, Emperor, 441 Zheng He, 16, 17, 407, 408, 413, 417, 420n, 426, 429, 433, 589 Zhengtong, Emperor, 413, 416, 417 Zhengzhou (China), 209–10, 212 Zhou, Duke of, 230, 257 Zhou, Madame, 424, 426 Zhou dynasty, 214, 221–22, 229–37, 242–45, 250–51, 253, 257, 278, 285, 355, 359n, 369 Zhoukoudian (China), 51–55, 57, 60, 72, 78, 154, 210n, 211 Zhou Man, 408, 410, 413 Zhuangzi, 257–59 Zhu Xi, 422–24, 426, 453 Zhu Yuanzhang, 404–405 Zoroaster, 254n Zoroastrianism, 328, 342 Zuozhuan (commentary on historical documents), 252–53 *Some people think Chinese sailors even reached the Americas in the fifteenth century, but, as I will try to show in Chapter 8, these claims are probably fanciful.


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Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power by Steve Coll

addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Atul Gawande, banking crisis, Benchmark Capital, Berlin Wall, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, company town, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, decarbonisation, disinformation, energy security, European colonialism, Evgeny Morozov, Exxon Valdez, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, Global Witness, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, Ida Tarbell, illegal immigration, income inequality, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inventory management, kremlinology, market fundamentalism, McMansion, medical malpractice, Mikhail Gorbachev, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, place-making, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, price mechanism, profit maximization, profit motive, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Scramble for Africa, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, smart meter, statistical model, Steve Jobs, two and twenty, WikiLeaks

In 1980, just after the publication of the National Academy study, the corporation hired its own astrophysicist, Brian Flannery, who had taught at Harvard University. A few years later Flannery recruited a chemical engineer named Haroon Kheshgi, who had worked at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Flannery and Kheshgi started to produce, while salaried employees for Exxon, peer-reviewed research for the United Nations’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or I.P.C.C. This was a network of many dozens of mostly academic and government scientists established to create definitive assessments, at multiyear intervals, of the scientific evidence about global warming. Exxon’s climate scientists also used corporate funds to support climate-modeling research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

“The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers and R&D Needs.” National Research Council and the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences Press, 2004. “Interagency Support on Conflict Assessment and Mission Performance Planning for Chad.” March 20, 2006. “IPCC Second Assessment: Climate Change 1995.” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and subsequent assessments. “Keeping Foreign Corruption Out of the United States: Four Case Histories.” Majority and Minority Staff Report, United States Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, February 4, 2010.

., 526 Imperial Oil, 544 Inconvenient Truth, An (film), 337 India, 224, 257, 303, 310, 324, 415, 420, 422, 440, 457, 512, 559, 618, 620 Indonesia, 20, 59, 62, 93–94, 95, 99–100, 102, 104, 107, 112–13, 114–15, 116, 197, 232, 351, 352, 364, 415, 419, 636n John Doe lawsuit and, 120, 399–406, 621 2004 tsunami in, 402–7 see also Aceh war Indonesian National Army, see T.N.I. Industry and Trade Ministry, Indonesian, 114 Ingersol, Scott, 562 Inhofe, James, 87, 185 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (I.P.C.C.), 79, 81, 88, 347, 635n Interior Department, U.S., 605–8, 609, 610 Interior Ministry, Saudi, 207 Internal Revenue Service, 188 International Committee of the Red Cross, 111 International Labor Rights Forum, 119 International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.), 259, 358 International Peace Operations Association, 281 International Space Station, 252 Internet, 441–42 I.P.T., 374 Iran, 2, 52, 54, 161, 196, 197, 203, 205, 222, 245, 246, 247, 249, 415, 419, 421, 436, 440, 511–12, 519, 520, 567, 618 Iranian Revolution of 1979, 29, 52, 95, 239, 242 Iraq, 52, 54, 197, 203, 205, 222, 228, 281, 293, 360, 419, 436, 440, 641n Kurdish oil industry in, 567–69, 622–23 oil reserves of, 230, 248, 249, 558 Rumaila oil field of, 571 Sunni-Shia rift in, 559, 622 West Qurnah oil field of, 572, 574, 575, 622 Zubair oil field of, 575 Iraq National Oil Company, 231 Iraq Petroleum Company, 231 Iraq War, 227–30, 243, 303, 324, 435, 499 Bush (G.


pages: 219 words: 65,532

The Numbers Game: The Commonsense Guide to Understanding Numbers in the News,in Politics, and inLife by Michael Blastland, Andrew Dilnot

Atul Gawande, business climate, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, credit crunch, happiness index / gross national happiness, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), moral panic, pension reform, pensions crisis, randomized controlled trial, school choice, very high income

Outliers—numbers that don’t fit the mold—need especial caution: their claims are large, the stakes are high, and so the proper reaction is neither blanket skepticism, nor slack-jawed credulousness, but demand for a higher standard of proof. Greenhouse gases could cause global temperatures to rise by more than double the maximum warming so far considered likely by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to results from the world’s largest climate prediction experiment, published in the journal Nature this week. These were the words of the press release that led to alarmist headlines in 2005. It continued: The first results from climateprediction.net, a global experiment using computing time donated by the general public, show that average temperatures could eventually rise by up to 11°C [60°F], even if carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are limited to twice those found before the industrial revolution.

health care health-care spending heart attacks heart disease heart surgery hospital waiting lists and medical research and mortality rates performance measurement rankings of health-care systems standards of care waiting-time targets weight and longevity See also cancer Healthcare Commission of Britain Health Protection Agency (HPA) heart attacks heart disease heart surgery hedgehogs HEDIS (Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set) Helena, Montana High Wycombe, England HIV/AIDS Hobbit Man Home Office (Britain) Hood, Christopher hospital waiting lists Iceland IID (infectious intestinal diseases) Study illness. See health care immigration income income tax infant development intelligence and birth order Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea International Passenger Survey Interphone Iraq Body Count Iraq war Japan Johns Hopkins University journalists and news media on debt levels on dying pensioners on norovirus epidemic on risks on speed cameras statistical reporting by See also specific newspapers Karinthy, Frigyes Karolinska Institute Kennedy, Charles Kennedy, Sir Ian Kesteven and Grantham Girls’ School King, Mervyn Kleinfeld, Judith Lancet Lawrence, Audrey Liberal Democrats (Britain) life expectancies longevity and weight Loveday, Joshua malaria in East Africa Malta Mammals on Roads Survey Marmor, Ted mastectomies math-skills rankings mean meat, processed median medical research Medicare Middle America Middle Britain Milburn, Alan Milgram, Stanley Mississippi mobile phones mode Mohammed, Mohammed More Damned Lies and Statistics (Best) mortality rates for AIDS/HIV child mortality and general practitioners on roads in UK hospitals multiple sclerosis (MS) Naegele’s Rule National Health Service (NHS) National Hedgehog Survey National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Lottery of Britain National Public Radio National Statistics (Britain) natural frequencies Nature Newfoundland New York City New York Observer New York Times Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle) No Child Left Behind (NCLB) norovirus epidemic North Sea nutritional supplements Obendorf, Peter Olympic games Oman Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Oster, Emily outliers in climate change in human height in T/E levels Oxford University passive smoking Patient Choice patient records Pen, Jan pensioners in Britain percentages performance and the blind men and the elephant in education in health care performance indicators in recycling in road safety physicians.


pages: 201 words: 33,620

Lonely Planet's Best in Travel 2020 by Lonely Planet

Airbnb, bike sharing, car-free, carbon footprint, Easter island, food desert, happiness index / gross national happiness, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), off-the-grid, rewilding, Ronald Reagan, sustainable-tourism, trade route

But what’s a globetrotter to do? Those concerned by the effects of air travel can start by getting wise to the issue and the options available. In 2020, the countries that signed up to the Paris Agreement will submit their long-term CO2 reduction plans to the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC has warned that 2020 is the year carbon emissions must peak, with a reduction (crucially) to follow, to prevent a global temperature rise of more than 2°C, which would lead to a detrimental rise in sea levels and extreme climate events from droughts to cyclones. The next set of targets is even more ambitious: emissions now need to be cut in half by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.


The Ecotechnic Future: Envisioning a Post-Peak World by John Michael Greer

back-to-the-land, Black Swan, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, David Strachan, deindustrialization, Easter island, European colonialism, Extropian, failed state, feminist movement, financial innovation, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, George Santayana, hydrogen economy, hygiene hypothesis, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, Jevons paradox, Lewis Mumford, mass immigration, McMansion, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, post-industrial society, Project for a New American Century, Ray Kurzweil, Stewart Brand, the scientific method, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, upwardly mobile, Whole Earth Catalog, Y2K

King, 41 Hubbert curve, 41–42, 75 human ecologies, 6–8, 29, 33, 36, 67 “humanure,” 113 Hummer, 13 hunter-gatherer(s), 6, 25, 61–62 hydrogen economy, 166–167 I ibn Khaldûn, 89–91, 231 illusion of independence, 16–17, 33, 79 imaginary futures, xi, 153, 245 265 266 T he E cotechnic F u t u re information storage, 199 innovation, 161–164 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 51 internal proletariat, 195 irrigation, 89–90 J Japan, 46 Jeavons, John, 103 Jevons’ paradox, 171–173 Jevons, William Stanley, 171 Joachim of Flores, 228, 230 Johnson, Warren, 93 Jung, Carl, 83 K K-selected species, 22–25, 30, 102, 110 Keynes, John Maynard, 37 King, F. H., 27–28 Klingon language, 50 Koestler, Arthur, 194 Korten, David, 186, 193 Ku Klux Klan, 47–8 Kuhn, Thomas, 218 Kunstler, James Howard, 124, 151 L La Graufesenque, 135–136 Laszlo, Ervin, 222 Le Conte, Joseph, 192 Le Corbusier, 119 Leopold, Aldo, 221 Lewis, C.

See John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash 1929, Houghton Mifflin, 1954, for a discussion of the repetitive and predictable nature of speculative booms and busts. 4. See the account in Myron J. Echenberg, Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague, 1894–1901, New York University Press, 2007. Notes 5. In Catton, Overshoot. 6. See Deffeyes, Hubbert’s Peak, for a discussion of the Hubbert curve. 7. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 8. See Corale L. Brierley et al., Coal: Research and Development to Support National Energies Policy, National Academies Press, 2007. 9. The most drastic of these shifts, around 11,500 years ago, sent global temperatures rising 12°C in less than 50 years.

Hughes, David, “Coal: Some Inconvenient Truths,” presentation to the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas-USA fourth annual conference, September 22, 2008. Hutchins, Robert Maynard, ed., Machiavelli and Hobbes, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952. Ibn Khaldûn, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, tr. Franz Rosenthal, Princeton University Press, 1967. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, 2007. Ito, Akihiko, and Takehisa Oikawa, “Global mapping of terrestrial primary productivity and light-use efficiency with a process-based model,” in M. ­Shiyomi et al., eds., Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land, Terrapub, 2004.


pages: 375 words: 105,586

A Small Farm Future: Making the Case for a Society Built Around Local Economies, Self-Provisioning, Agricultural Diversity and a Shared Earth by Chris Smaje

agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Alfred Russel Wallace, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, biodiversity loss, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, carbon footprint, circular economy, clean water, climate change refugee, collaborative consumption, Corn Laws, COVID-19, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, energy transition, European colonialism, Extinction Rebellion, failed state, fake news, financial deregulation, financial independence, Food sovereignty, Ford Model T, future of work, Gail Bradbrook, garden city movement, Garrett Hardin, gentrification, global pandemic, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, Hans Rosling, hive mind, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jevons paradox, land reform, mass immigration, megacity, middle-income trap, Murray Bookchin, Naomi Klein, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, post-industrial society, precariat, profit maximization, profit motive, rent-seeking, rewilding, Rutger Bregman, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Ted Nordhaus, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, vertical integration, Washington Consensus, Wolfgang Streeck, zero-sum game

Indeed, by 2014 global CO2 emissions were 68% higher than in 198830 – not only the year that Tainter published his book, but also the year when global governments established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to analyse the risks of climate change and possible responses to it. To be fair, Tainter does identify part of the problem: ‘Once established a civilization’s capacities for change become limited. Collapse results from sociopolitical ossification, bureaucratic inefficiency, or inability to deal with internal or external problems.’31 This is a reasonable summation of where we seem to be right now. Despite the increasing urgency of the IPCC’s warnings, global politicking over the period has produced nothing more than tepid voluntary accords, such as the 2015 Paris Agreement, that fail to address the gravity of the issue.

See FAO 2016; IPCC 2018.   24. IPCC 2016; IPCC 2018.   25. FAO 2016; IPCC 2019. The figure may be higher if industrial and food chain emissions are included – or lower with different methane accounting (see Part II).   26. Smil 2017, 228.   27. Nordhaus, Ted (2019) ‘The Empty Radicalism of the Climate Apocalypse,’ Issues 35(4): 69–78, https://issues.org/the-empty-radicalism-of-the-climate-apocalypse/.   28. Hardin 1968. I discuss the question of commons in more detail in Part III.   29. Tainter 1988, 50.   30. WDI n.d.   31. Tainter 1988, 56.   32. IPCC 2018.   33. See, for example, IPCC 2016; IPCC 2018; IPCC 2019; Loftus et al. 2015.   34. 

Chicago: Elephant. IFAD. 2013. Smallholders, Food Security and the Environment. Rome: IFAD. ILO. 2019. The Global Labour Income Share and Distribution. Geneva: ILO. _______. n.d. ILOSTAT. http://www.Ilo.org/ilostat/. IPCC. 2016. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers. Geneva: IPCC. _______. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5°C. Geneva: IPCC. _______. 2019. Climate Change and Land. Geneva: IPCC. Iversen, Torben, and David Soskice. 2019. Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism Through a Turbulent Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jackson, Wes. 2002. ‘Natural Systems Agriculture: A Truly Radical Alternative,’ Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 88(2): 111–17.


pages: 407 words: 121,458

Confessions of an Eco-Sinner: Tracking Down the Sources of My Stuff by Fred Pearce

additive manufacturing, air freight, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, blood diamond, British Empire, car-free, carbon footprint, clean water, congestion charging, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, demographic transition, export processing zone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, food miles, ghettoisation, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Kibera, Kickstarter, mass immigration, megacity, Nelson Mandela, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, profit motive, race to the bottom, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, the built environment, urban planning, urban sprawl, women in the workforce

In my last book, The Last Generation, I explained why many scientists believe that the world faces a series of dangerous ‘tipping points’ that could make warming happen much faster and more violently than allowed for in reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC. The threats include the runaway release of greenhouse gases from natural reservoirs like soils, forests and permafrost; the shutdown of the ocean currents and switch-off of the monsoon; and the rapid break-up of ice sheets, causing a sea-level rise of several metres within a century. All these could be unleashed as carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere rise. The IPCC is soft-pedalling on these doomsday scenarios in its most recent reports, because many of them are difficult to quantify and far from certain.

Shroff 131–2 extremism, humanity 5 fairtrade 371 brands 32 chocolate 98 coffee 34 community projects 32 cotton 128–30, 134–5 jewellery 245–7 Fairtrade Foundation 32, 103–4 famines, inefficient dealing with 340 farming see also urban farming energy intensive production 102–3 livestock 211 Nigeria 335–6 water usage 341 favelas Brasilia 347 Rio 114–16, 349 women’s power in 114–16 female emancipation Bangladesh 144–5 population growth 369–70 fertility rates Africa 366 Bangladesh 364 China 364 Europe 366–7 global decline 369 Iran 364 Muslim states 366 fertilizer, from sewage 255 fishing depletion of natural stocks 49, 50, 51, 53 fresh-fish auctions 49 Mauritania 50–2, 53–4 poaching 51–2 preference for line 54 Senegal 52–3, 54 ‘sustainable’ 53 trawlers vs pirogues 52 world-wide 49–50 flour stoneground wholemeal 42–4 wheat for 43–4 Fonebak 277 food see also plant foods cooking 103 imports 100–2 ‘food patriotism’, David Cameron 45, 103, 359 food production, and population growth 340 Forest Stewardship Council approved paper 312 tropical hardwoods 175 Forest Trends 170, 175 forests as carbon offsets 309 maintenance 308–9 Foundation for Adolescent Development 154 Fox, Richard, Homegrown 111 Foxconn, mobile phones 271–2 Friends of the Earth 101, 350 Frison, Emile 84 fruit pickers, immigrant 46–7 fuels, greenest 355–7 Gala, coffee roasting 33–4 Gandhi, Mahatma 360 Gap 141, 142 garlic 89 garment workshops Dhaka 138–44 H&M 140 gas domestic use 242 power stations 227 Siberia 223–5 storage projects 227 gas power, public transport 345 Gazprom 222–4 UK takeovers by 224 gemstones, finance for corrupt regimes 208–9 genetic modification bananas 88–9 cotton 125, 132–3 genetic resources, plant foods 89–92 ginger, China 58 Girardet, Herbert 239–40 Gladstone aluminium smelting 193–7 ecology 192–3 power station 193, 196–7 glass, recycling 255–6 global footprints comparative 317–18 world-wide 317 global warming CO2 emissions 354–5 threat of 354–5 globalization coffee trading 31 consumption 7–10 gold certificates of origin 247 ethically sourced 245–7 extraction process 18 in history 20–1 hoarding 21–2, 134 origins 15 power of 21–2 prices 19, 21 smuggling 21 South Africa 14–22, 205 gold mining access shafts 14–15 Fanakalo language 17 quartz containing 22 recruitment for 17–18 safety 16–17 smuggling 17 Gold Standard 21 Goodall, Chris, How to Live a Low-Carbon Life 244 Gottmann, Jean 351 gourmet chocolate 99 grain growing, water for 211 green beans food miles issue 111–12 Homegrown 104–6, 108–11 hygiene 107 Machakos 104–13 Marks & Spencer 105, 107, 109 smallholdings 104–6, 109 traceability 107, 112–13 Green Gold 246 greenhouse gases see CO2 emissions; nitrogen oxides Grimsby, fresh-fish auctions 49 Grosvenor, paper reprocessing 257–60 Gujarat Agrocel 129–31 organic cotton 129–32 water supplies 130–1 H&M 140, 142 hafnium 208 Hall, Peter 347, 349 Hall and Woodhouse brewery 37–9 Hammond, Geoff 317 Hanson, Jim 355 Harris, Frances 336 Haupt, Melville 19 heat-island effect 348 Heathrow airport CO2 emissions 235–7 fuel supplies 236 land use efficiency 237–8 noise issues 238 HelpAge International 72 herbs in beers 39 conservation 56 oregano 55–6 sage 57–8 thyme 56 Hewitt, Geoff 119–21 Hewlett-Packard 160, 163, 165 Hickey, Dan 120 Hindu philanthropy 133–4 ‘hobbits’ (Homo floresiensis) 325, 328, 331 extinction 332 Homegrown, green beans 104–6, 108–11 hominids see Homo erectus; Homo floresiensis; Homo sapiens; Neanderthals Homo erectus 325, 327, 331 extinction 332 Homo floresiensis (‘hobbits’) 325, 328, 331 extinction 332 Homo sapiens African evolution 328–9 artistic evolution 330–1 common characteristics 5–6 conspicuous consumption 333 cultural evolution 329–30 ecological footprint 333 future of 372 geographical spread 331–2 ice age survival 332–3 social evolution 330 survival skills 332 urbanization 344 virtual extinction 325, 328–9 volcanic winters 325, 328–30, 331 household waste see also sewage collections 251 food growing on 341 landfill sites 261 Thames barge transport 252–3 transfer stations 251–2 How to Live a Low-Carbon Life, Chris Goodall 244 human rights see also child labour Mauritania 184–5 Uzbekistan 147, 151–2 humanity, extremism 5 Humphries, Rick 193–4, 197–8 Hurn airport 237–8 hydroponics 342 IBM 163, 165 ice ages, Homo sapiens’ survival 332–3 immigrant fruit pickers conditions 46–7 pay 47 imports air miles 101 carbon footprints 101–2 plant foods 100–2 incinerators electricity generation from 261 pollution from 260–1 India Bihar 289 cardamom 58 child labour 124 computer recycling 288–92 cotton 124–5, 129–31, 133–5 Delhi 287–92 gold hoarding 134 Hindu philanthropy 133–4 Maral Overseas 133–4, 133–5, 135–7 Toxics Link 290–1 water shortages 130–1, 133 indium, uses 207 Indonesia palm oil 76–7 rainforest clearances 172–3 innovative enterprises, Tanzania 278–9 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 354–5 International Crisis Group 151 International Institute for Environment and Development 103, 339 International Institute for Tropical Agriculture 95, 335 Iqbal Ahmed see also king prawns business empire 61–2, 68–70 Iran, family sizes 364 iron see also steel extraction 205 Italy, rocket 56, 90 Ivory Coast, cocoa 97 JCPenney 141 jewellery, fairtrade 245–7 Joynson-Hicks, Paul, Phones for Africa 277–8 just-in-time assembly 166 retailing 106 Kazakhstan apples 90–1 chromium 205 Keen, David 209–10 Kenya coffee 27–34 Computers for Schools 297–300 desertification reversals 108, 338–9 farm outputs 338–9 German presence in 34–5 green beans 104–13 Khosa, Veronica, AIDS clinics 73–4 Khulna, king prawn industry 63–4, 67–8 Kilimanjaro coffee 27–30 Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union (KNCU) 30–3 king prawns certification scheme needed 69 fry hatcheries 65–6 introduction to UK 62 landowner threats 64–5 middlemen 66–8 organic farming 64 processing plants 67 Seamark 62, 68 sustainability 69–70 Kinyua, Patrick 106–7 Kirkham, Ruth 40 Klor, Babubhai 131 KNCU (Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union) 30–3 Kombe, Jackson 29–30 Kyoto Protocol air travel 236–7 Australia 198 carbon offsets 304, 311 Ministry of Defence 242 Lagavulin, Islay single malt Scotch 44–5 Lamb, Harriet 103–4 land, multiple functions for 316 landfill sites heavy metals 287 household waste 261 Lea Valley 349 Leach, Matthew 260 Letterewe, Scotland 321–2 Lighthouse bakery 42 line-fishing 54 Lister, John 43–4 livestock farming 211 Lloyd Wright, Frank, Broadacre City 346–7 local food 36–7, 45 Logitech 160–1 London congestion charge 345 greenhouse gases 242 household waste 251–3, 261 Lea Valley 349 materials recycling 255–6 MI6 headquarters 241 public services 241–2 sewage 23–4, 254, 261–3 Wandsworth Prison 241 water ring-main 241 London Wildlife Trust 350 Ma, Cheng Liang 352–3 McDonald’s 79, 102–3 Machakos desertification reversals 338–9 green beans from 104–13 Macharia, John 108–9 Madagascar, vanilla 58–9 Mahesh, Priti 290–1 Makinga, Norman 297–9 Malaysia, palm oil 76–7 malnutrition 340 Mandela, Nelson 320 Mandoli, computer recycling 288–91 Manila abortions 154 contraception 153–5 Foundation for Adolescent Development 154 prostitution 153, 155 manures, changes to natural 335–6 Marakele wildlife park 320 Maral Overseas, cotton 133–4, 135–7 margarine from palm oil 76 from whale oil 75 marine national parks, Banc d’Arguin 50–2 Marks & Spencer Blue Horizon jeans 145 cotton 122, 132, 142, 145 fairtrade coffee 32 fairtrade cotton 128, 134–5 green bean imports 105, 107, 109 materials ‘rucksacks’ 204–5 Mauritania debt slavery 186 fishing 50–4 racial structure 185–6 slavery 184–5 meat production 340 mega-cities 344 absorption of urban centres 351–3 eco-projects 345 environmental footprint 344–5 recycling mantra, necessity for 346 wildlife in 349–50 Melbourne, eco-projects 345 Melgar, Junice 154–5 metals see also aluminium; gold antimony 205 bismuth 207 chromium 205 copper 203, 204 global corporations 203 hafnium 208 indium 207 iron/steel 205 materials ‘rucksacks’ 204–5 mining footprint 203–4 mobile phones 273–5 palladium 207 platinum 205, 207 recycling 210, 256, 288, 290–1, 295 rising demands 206 ruthenium 207–8 tantalum 273–6 terbium 208 tin 205, 276–7 waste ores 204–5 world demand for 202–3 zinc 205 Mgase, Jacob Rumisha 28–9 middlemen traders cocoa 96–7 king prawns 66–8 Milonge, Boniface 264 Milonge, Geoffrey market sales 266–7 mitumba imports 264–5 Urafiki market 267–8 Milton Keynes 347 Ministry of Defence, Kyoto Protocol 242 mitumba Dar es Salaam 264–7 Dubai 266 mobile phones assembly 271–2 Foxconn 271–2 Nokia 271, 272 Phones for Africa 277–8 reuse 277–8 toxic chemicals in 272–5 world-wide usage 270–1 money laundering, International Crisis Group 151 Morocco, phosphates 206 Morris, Tim 37–9 Mortimore, Michael 338 Moshi coffee auctions 31–2 curing plant 33 motherboards 161–4 motor cars catalytic converters 207 and urban design 346–7 Motorola 276 Murray, Craig 147–8 Musili, Tom, Computers for Schools Kenya 297–300 Muslim states, fertility rates 366 Musyoki, Jacob 104–6, 113 National Grid 226–7 natural resources, consumption rates 314–15 Neanderthals 325, 328 extinction 332 and Homo sapiens 329 Nellie, Flower-stall Girl 153, 155, 371 Nestlé cocoa 96 fairtrade coffee 32 New Guinea, tropical hardwoods 170, 171 Nicholson-Lord, David 348 Niemeijer, David 337, 339 Niger, reversing desertification 337 Nigeria, crop/livestock integration 335–6 Nine Dragons, paper recycling 284–5 nitrogen oxides, ozone production 307 NKD 143 Nokia, mobile phones 271, 272, 276 Novelis, aluminium recycling 199–200 Noyabr’sk, oilfields 221–2 nuclear power stations 227, 355–6 waste from 356 nuclear-fusion research reactors, Culham 226 offices, ecological footprints 315 oil Alaska 215–20 Siberia 220–2 Orbost, carbon offsets 305–6 oregano 55–6 organic farming bananas 87 coffee 30 crop/livestock integration 336 king prawns 64 Nigeria 335–6 organic food, air freighted 102 overconsumption 360 Padulosi, Stefano 56, 90–2 Pakistan, cotton 124 palladium, source 207 palm oil 75–8 and biofuels 77 rainforest clearances for 76–7 paper burning 260 Chinese recycling 280–2, 284–5 Forest Stewardship Council approved 312 manufacture 260 recycling 257–60 sustainable sources 312 Papua New Guinea, rainforest clearances 169, 173–5 pathogen risks, urban farming 343 Paul Reinhart 123 peanuts 89–90 Pendolinos 233 people smuggling, to Canary Islands 55 personal footprints 4–5, 242–4, 318 city metabolism 240 pesticides banana diseases 87 cotton 124–5, 130 natural 87, 130 Pethick, John 262 Philippines see Manila Phones for Africa, Tanzania 278 phosphates fertilizers 205–6 Morocco 206 phthalates, mobile phones 273 pineapples 89 pistachios 91 plankton, carbon offsets 310 plant foods see also foods by name air-miles issues 111–12 ancient varieties 89–90 benefits of local 45 carbon footprint 101–2 energy intensive production 102–3 extinctions 84 genetic resources 89–92 mutations 85–6 seasonality 100, 105 UK imports 100–2, 111–12 wild 55–60, 89–90 plastic bottles (PET), recycling 256–7, 282–3 platinum South Africa 205 uses for 207 Plexus, cotton 123 plywood Chinese originated 175–6 from illegal logging 169, 174–5 poaching, fisheries 51–2 pollution imprint of 333 incinerators 260–1 Siberia 221–2 pomegranates, Turkmenistan 91–2 population growth average family size 361, 362 family-planning policies 364–5 female attitudes 365–6 female emancipation 369–70 fertility rates 366–7 and food production 340 limiting 360–1 longevity 362–3 mortality rates 366, 367 potential diminution 363–4 stabilization 368–9 twentieth century 361–2 power stations China 358 coal-fired 228–31, 356 natural gas 227 nuclear 227, 355–6 tidal 355 wave 355 wind 355 Poynton, Scott 175, 176 prawns see king prawns prostitution, Manila 153, 155 Prudhoe Bay 214–20 public services, environmental footprint 241–2 public transport, gas powered 345 publishing, carbon footprint 313 Qiaotou 179 rainforest clearances Borneo 172 consequences 77–8 illegal logging 170–1 Indonesia 172–3 logging concessions 173–4 for palm oil 76–7 Papua New Guinea 170, 173–5 slash-and-burn agriculture 95 for soya beans 78 ‘sustainability’ audits 174 tropical hardwoods 169–70, 175 recycling 10 see also reuse aluminium 199–201, 256, 285–6 centres 255 computers 288–91 domestic 251 economics 210 electronic waste 294–5 ethos 282–4 glass 255–6 metals 210, 256, 288, 290–1, 295 paper 257–60 plastic bottles 256–7 steel 210, 256 textiles 264–9 Rees, William 315 Register, Roger 347 Rehfish, Mark 262 Renner, Michael 209 retailing just-in-time 106 traceability 107 reuse computers 297–300 mobile phones 277–8 Rhine, damaged ecology 321 Rimbunan Hijau, logging concessions 173–4 Rio de Janiero favelas 114–16, 349 Rosinha 114 Rio Tinto, metal mining 203 Rio Tinto Aluminium environmental claims 198 Gladstone 192–4 Tasmania 197 rivers, wildlife in clean 262–3 Rivoli, Pietra 269 Roberts, Tony 299–300 rocket, Italian 56, 90 Rosinha, Women’s Association of 114–16 Roszak, Theodore 368 Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation 80–1 rubbish see household waste Russia coal exports 229–30 gas 224–5 oil 220–2 Siberia 220–1 ruthenium 207–8 S & A Produce, strawberry pickers 46–8 sage, Albanian 57–8 Sahara, efforts to reverse spread 334 Sainsbury’s 47 Salam, M.

But when we are being sold offset packages like cans of beans, it is wise to know a bit about what’s in the tin. Most scientists agree that the CO2 emissions from an aircraft flight need to be multiplied by some figure to give a reasonable estimate of the warming effect of all the emissions. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says the best estimate, based on a 100-year time horizon, is that the warming effect of emissions from aircraft is 2.7 times the effect of CO2 alone. Atmosfair multiplies CO2 emissions by three, Climate Care multiplies by two and CarbonNeutral simply calculates CO2 with no allowance for other gases.


pages: 564 words: 168,696

Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science by James Poskett

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, anti-communist, Bartolomé de las Casas, British Empire, butterfly effect, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, clockwork universe, colonial rule, Columbian Exchange, complexity theory, coronavirus, COVID-19, CRISPR, Dmitri Mendeleev, Donald Trump, double helix, Drosophila, Edmond Halley, Ernest Rutherford, European colonialism, Fellow of the Royal Society, German hyperinflation, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, John Harrison: Longitude, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, lone genius, mass immigration, megacity, Mount Scopus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, personalized medicine, polynesian navigation, Republic of Letters, Silicon Valley, social distancing, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, Virgin Galactic

Climate change will wreak havoc on the world, as livelihoods are destroyed and hundreds of millions of people are forced to become climate refugees. The basic facts about climate change have been known for decades, as was made clear in the first Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment in 1990. Set up by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, the IPCC brought together experts from across the globe to assess the scientific evidence for climate change and suggest potential solutions. In its first assessment, the IPCC concluded that an increase in greenhouse gas emissions had likely caused an increase in the average global temperature over the previous hundred years.

See also individual Indigenous group name industrialization 178, 202, 208, 215, 228, 240, 243, 249, 253–4, 255, 296 Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University 283 Institute for Biomedical Research, Israel 345 Institute for Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico 320 Institute for Physical Problems, Moscow 269, 277, 278, 279 Institute for Theoretical Physics, Copenhagen 290 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 364–5, 367 International Atomic Energy Organization 321 International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation 266 Irkutsk Navigational School, Siberia 132 Isabella, Queen of Spain 31, 40 Ishikawa, Chiyomatsu 200–203 Ishiwara, Jun 264 Islam 48, 70, 72, 92, 234, 247 Islamic science 2, 93; African astronomers 70–77, 75; ‘golden age’ of medieval 3–6, 48–9, 69, 234, 363, 368; Ottoman engineering 230–37; Ottoman Renaissance 63–70, 65; Renaissance Europe and 55–63, 62; Samarkand observatory 46–51, 47, 59, 62, 69, 77, 84, 88, 91; translations of ancient sources/global cultural exchange and 1, 2, 51, 52–63, 54, 56, 64, 68, 69–70, 73, 74, 77, 90, 92–3 Isle de France (Mauritius), botanical garden on 139 Israel 264–5, 342–4; artificial intelligence (AI) research in 361–2, 364; Declaration of Independence/creation of 345–6; Einstein and 264–5; genetics in, origins of agriculture and 349–51; genetics in, origins of Jewish people and 342–9, 343, 351; Law of Return (1950) 345, 346 Istanbul 4, 51, 52; al-Din observatory in 64–9, 65, 77, 235; Arabic manuscript collections in 69–70, 72; earthquake (1894) 235–6, 251; Imperial Observatory, Ottoman 234–5; Islamic conquest of (1453) 56–7, 58, 59, 61, 63, 69, 93; Ottoman engineering in 230–37 Iwakura Mission (1871) 255 Iwo-Uki (‘Society of the Rising Moon’) 72 Jacobita, Martín 20 Jai Prakash Yantra (‘Light of Jai’) 90 Jai Singh II, Maharaja 86–92, 89, 93 Jamaica 114, 134, 139–44, 145, 154, 171 Jantar Mantar observatories, India 87, 88–90, 89, 92, 93 Japan 68, 128, 129, 179, 357, 362, 367; atom, discovery of the structure of in 255–8, 257; Chinese students in 210; Darwinism/evolutionary theory in Meiji 180, 199–207, 204, 213; Dirac in 267; Earthquake Investigation Committee 250, 251, 256; Einstein in 263–4, 281; First Sino-Japanese War (1894–5) 202–3, 206–7, 209, 210; First World War (1914–18) and 259, 260, 279, 288, 289; geomagnetic surveys in Meiji 251–3, 252, 256–7; Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) 291; Hiroshima, bombing of 306, 307–10, 312–13, 314; industrialization of, Meiji Restoration and 253–4; Manchuria and 205, 213, 260; Meiji Restoration 249, 253, 254, 255, 258, 260, 288, 292; Nagasaki, bombing of 306, 307–10, 312–13, 314; Nobi earthquake 249–50, 251, 252, 252, 256–7; quantum mechanics in 287–94; Russia, Japanese students study in Tsarist 260; Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) 205, 206; Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) 7, 267, 284; Second World War (1939–45) and 306, 307–11, 312–13, 314, 320, 346; Thunberg in 168–71; Tokugawa Japan, natural history in 138, 163–71, 167, 172, 200, 201 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 288 Japanese Communist Party 288, 294 Jesuits 17, 32, 33, 78–86, 88, 90, 91, 93 Jews 2, 3, 61, 67–8, 69, 264–6, 342–52, 343 John V, King of Portugal 90 Jonston, Johann: Natural History of Quadrupeds 163, 168 Journal of Heredity: ‘Genetics Dies in China’ 336 Journal of the New People 210–11 Jupiter 72, 115; moons of 1, 13, 91, 113, 115 Kaibara Ekiken: Japanese Materia Medica 165–7, 167, 200, 203 Kamada Ryuo 203 Kano, Sultanate of 2, 74, 75, 75, 77 Kapitza, Peter 268–71, 272, 275, 277, 278, 279, 298 Kato, Hiroyuki 202 Katsina 74–5, 76 Katsuragawa Hoshu 170 Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) 250, 259 Kew Gardens, London 139 Klaus, Karl 218–19 Klein, Oskar 291 Klein–Nishina Formula 291 ‘Knowledge of the Movement of the Stars’ (manuscript) 73 Kodani, Masuo 309–10, 311 Koishikawa Botanical Garden, Edo 165 koji (fungus) 255 kola nut 141, 142, 142 Kolman, Ernst 272–3 Kropotkin, Peter: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution 197 Kumbari, Aristide 235, 236–7 Kwasi, Graman 135–7, 138 Kyd, Robert 153, 154 Kyoto Protocol (1997) 365 Kyoto University, Japan 200, 210, 292, 293 La Condamine, Charles-Marie de 105–6, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 La Hire, Philippe de: Astronomical Tables 90, 91 Landau, Lev 276–7, 278–9, 306 Lapland expedition (1736), Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris 106, 112 Las Casas, Bartolomé de 34, 35, 36 Latif, Abdul 51 Latin American Society of Genetics 324 Lavoisier, Antoine 98, 254 laws of motion, Newton sets out (1687) 1, 14, 98, 172 Lebedev, Peter 214, 216–17, 223, 259 Le Chéron d’Incarville, Pierre 162 Lee Kai-Fu 359 Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van 14 Leibniz, Gottfried 104 Lenin, Vladimir 271, 272, 276; Materialism and Empirio-Criticism 272 Leningrad Academy of Agricultural Sciences 335 Leningrad University 276 Lermontova, Julia 227–8 Li Jingzhun 334–6 Li Shizhen: The Compendium of Materia Medica 159–63, 160, 164, 165, 166, 172, 209 Liang Qichao 208, 210–11 Lieber, Charles 355 Linnaeus, Carl 98, 136–7, 138–9, 140, 144, 145, 147, 154, 157, 159, 162, 165, 168, 170, 171, 172; System of Nature 136, 140, 150; The Tea Drink 157 liquid helium 268, 269–70, 270, 278 Locke, John 98, 99 Lomonosov, Mikhail 116, 126 Long, Edward 144 López de Velasco, Juan 40–41; ‘Geographical Reports’ and 40–41, 42, 43, 44 Louis XIV, King of France 101, 102, 106, 133 Louis XV, King of France 106, 115 Lu Yu: The Classic of Tea 159, 161 Lysenko, Trofim 335–6, 337, 338, 339, 341 Ma Junwu 210–11, 212 Macerata, Papal State of 78 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander 241 Magellan, Ferdinand 30–31, 115 ‘magic squares’ 74, 75, 76 magnetostriction 217 Mahomes (Malay gardener from Ambon) 154 maize 12, 23, 35, 159, 161, 315–19, 318, 340, 367 Malabar 146–9, 146, 150, 153, 171 malaria 124, 135–6, 346 male sterile plant 340 Mali 70, 72 Manchuria 205, 213, 260 Manco Cápac (Inca origin myth) 37 Mangelsdorf, Paul 316–17, 318 Mani, Anna 304–5 Mansur, Ala al-Din al-: Book of the King of Kings 64–5 Mao Zedong 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, 353 Maragheh astronomical observatory, Persia 47–8, 55, 66 Marconi, Guglielmo 222 Mars 2, 362–3, 367 Marshall Islands 119 Marxism 272, 273, 288, 335, 337–8 mattang (Micronesian ‘stick chart’) 119, 120, 120 Mattioli, Pietro 30 Maxwell, James Clerk 215–16, 217, 218, 223, 240, 259, 260, 288 Mecca 50, 64, 71, 72, 73, 74, 234 Mechnikov, Ilya 192–5, 198 Medici, Ferdinando de’, Grand Duke of Tuscany 22, 23 Medici family 22–3, 29 Megatherium 181, 183, 185, 186 Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 56, 69 Mehmed V, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 236–7 Mehmed VI, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 237 Mehmed Emin Pasha, Derviş 232–3; Elements of Chemistry 233 Meiji, Emperor of Japan 200, 288, 294 Meiji Japan.

At this rate, the average global temperature was predicted to increase by a further 3°C over the next hundred years. The IPCC also emphasized that climate change needed to be studied by a global community of scientists in order to coordinate a global response. This was part of an attempt to rebalance scientific power in the wake of the Cold War and decolonization. Scientists from Communist China and the former Soviet Union worked alongside those from Europe, the United States, Latin America, South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.19 Yet despite the best efforts of the IPCC, little concrete action was taken on combating climate change in the 1990s and 2000s.


pages: 403 words: 111,119

Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist by Kate Raworth

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", 3D printing, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, Anthropocene, Asian financial crisis, bank run, basic income, battle of ideas, behavioural economics, benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, Buckminster Fuller, business cycle, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, circular economy, clean water, cognitive bias, collapse of Lehman Brothers, complexity theory, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, degrowth, dematerialisation, disruptive innovation, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, experimental economics, Exxon Valdez, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, full employment, Future Shock, Garrett Hardin, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, global village, Henri Poincaré, hiring and firing, Howard Zinn, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land reform, land value tax, Landlord’s Game, loss aversion, low interest rates, low skilled workers, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, means of production, megacity, Minsky moment, mobile money, Money creation, Mont Pelerin Society, Myron Scholes, neoliberal agenda, Network effects, Occupy movement, ocean acidification, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, Paul Samuelson, peer-to-peer, planetary scale, price mechanism, quantitative easing, randomized controlled trial, retail therapy, Richard Thaler, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, smart cities, smart meter, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, South Sea Bubble, statistical model, Steve Ballmer, systems thinking, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, the map is not the territory, the market place, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, Torches of Freedom, Tragedy of the Commons, trickle-down economics, ultimatum game, universal basic income, Upton Sinclair, Vilfredo Pareto, wikimedia commons

, International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education, 3: 2, pp. 189–223. 22. Daly, H. and Farley, J. (2011) Ecological Economics. Washington: Island Press, p. 16. 23. Daly, H. (1990) ‘Toward some operational principles of sustainable development’, Ecological Economics, 2, pp. 1–6. 24. IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 25. Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 19. 26. Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone, p. 290. 27. ‘Election day will not be enough’: an interview with Howard Zinn, by Lee, J. and Tarleton, J.

International Cooperative Alliance (2014) World Cooperative Monitor. Geneva: ICA. International Labour Organisation (2014) Global Wage Report. Geneva: ILO. International Labour Organisation (2015) Global Employment Trends for Youth 2015. Geneva: ILO. IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Islam, N. (2015) Inequality and Environmental Sustainability. United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs Working Paper no. 145. ST/ESA/2015/DWP/145. Jackson, T. (2009) Prosperity without Growth.

In 2014, for instance, they met in Brisbane, Australia, where they discussed global trade, infrastructure, jobs and financial reform, stroked koalas for the cameras, and then rallied behind one overriding ambition. ‘G20 leaders pledge to grow their economies by 2.1%’ trumpeted the global news headlines – adding that this was more ambitious than the 2.0% that they had initially intended to target.1 How did it come to this? The G20’s pledge was announced just days after the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that the world faces ‘severe, pervasive and irreversible’ damage from rising greenhouse gas emissions. But the summit’s Australian host, then Prime Minister Tony Abbott, had been determined to stop the meeting’s agenda from being ‘cluttered’ by climate change and other issues that could distract from his top priority of economic growth, otherwise known as GDP growth.2 Measured as the market value of goods and services produced within a nation’s borders in a year, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has long been used as the leading indicator of economic health.


Global Catastrophic Risks by Nick Bostrom, Milan M. Cirkovic

affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, anthropic principle, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, availability heuristic, backpropagation, behavioural economics, Bill Joy: nanobots, Black Swan, carbon tax, carbon-based life, Charles Babbage, classic study, cognitive bias, complexity theory, computer age, coronavirus, corporate governance, cosmic microwave background, cosmological constant, cosmological principle, cuban missile crisis, dark matter, death of newspapers, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, distributed generation, Doomsday Clock, Drosophila, endogenous growth, Ernest Rutherford, failed state, false flag, feminist movement, framing effect, friendly AI, Georg Cantor, global pandemic, global village, Great Leap Forward, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hans Moravec, heat death of the universe, hindsight bias, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, Kevin Kelly, Kuiper Belt, Large Hadron Collider, launch on warning, Law of Accelerating Returns, life extension, means of production, meta-analysis, Mikhail Gorbachev, millennium bug, mutually assured destruction, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, Oklahoma City bombing, P = NP, peak oil, phenotype, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, power law, precautionary principle, prediction markets, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, reversible computing, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, scientific worldview, Singularitarianism, social intelligence, South China Sea, strong AI, superintelligent machines, supervolcano, synthetic biology, technological singularity, technoutopianism, The Coming Technological Singularity, the long tail, The Turner Diaries, Tunguska event, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, uranium enrichment, Vernor Vinge, War on Poverty, Westphalian system, Y2K

This level is considerably higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. This increase in the C0 2 concentration in the atmosphere is widely believed to be anthropogenic in origin, that is, derived from human activities, mainly fossil fuel burning and deforestation. Recently, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) concluded that 'most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations' via the greenhouse effect (the process in which the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms a planet's surface, such as that of Earth, Mars and especially Venus, which was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1 829) .

Global warming commandeers a disproportionate fraction of the attention given to global risks. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are accumulating in the atmosphere, where they are expected to cause a warming of Earth's climate and a concomitant rise in seawater levels. The most recent report by the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( I PCC) , which represents the most authoritative assessment of current scientific opinion, attempts to estimate the increase in global mean temperature that would be expected by the end of this century under the assumption that no efforts at mitigation are made. The final estimate is fraught with uncertainty because of uncertainty about what the default rate of emissions of greenhouse gases will be over the century, uncertainty about the climate sensitivity parameter, and uncertainty about other factors.

.-----+- several models 2 100 All IS92 T : r ; I I I I I I I I I I I l Bars show the 2 1 00 range in 2100 produced by several models Fig. 9.1 The global climate of the twenty-first century will depend on natural changes and the response of the climate system to human activities. Credit: I PCC, 200 1 : Climate Change 2001: Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M . Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C.A. Johnson (eds.)]. Figure 5, p 14. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 200 Global catastrophic risks than positive discount rate to determine the present-value cost of a future climate disaster.


pages: 396 words: 117,897

Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization by Vaclav Smil

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, additive manufacturing, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Apollo 11, Apollo Guidance Computer, Boeing 747, British Empire, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, energy transition, Fellow of the Royal Society, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, global pandemic, Haber-Bosch Process, happiness index / gross national happiness, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Watt: steam engine, megacity, megastructure, microplastics / micro fibres, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, post-industrial society, Post-Keynesian economics, purchasing power parity, recommendation engine, rolodex, X Prize

Intel (2012) The Intel Xeon Phi, http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/solution-briefs/high-performance-xeon-phi-coprocessor-brief-2.pdf (accessed 23 May 2013). Intel (2013) Intel Timeline: A History of Innovation, http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/historic-timeline.html (accessed 23 May 2013). IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007) Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva. IRA (International Rubber Association) (2013) Natural Rubber Statistics, http://www.intrubberassoc.org/v2/ (accessed 23 May 2013). IRGC (International Risk Governance Council) (2013) The Rebound Effect: Implications of Consumer Behaviour for Robust Energy Policies, IRGC, Lausanne, http://www.irgc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/IRGC_ReboundEffect-FINAL.pdf (accessed 23 May 2013).

Calculations of overall global warming potential – GWP, a relative indicator of the intensity with which specific GHGs absorb the outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation and of the life-time of those gases in the atmosphere – have been the most common component of recent LCAs. All GHGs are scored against CO2 whose GWP value is 1 (IPCC, 2007). Values for the two other leading GHGs are 21 for CH4 and 310 for N2O and the highest equivalents are 23 900 for SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride, used as an insulating medium in electric industry) and 11 900 for C2F6 (perfluoroethane, used in electronic manufacturing). Obviously, omitting or undercounting such emissions would have a huge impact on the final value.

Obviously, omitting or undercounting such emissions would have a huge impact on the final value. GWPs of materials are usually expressed in equivalents of CO2 per unit mass of a material (kg CO2-equiv./kg) but for buildings the values can be prorated per unit area (kg CO2-equiv./m2). Calculations begin with specific emission rates expressed in t CO2/TJ of energy; IPCC default rates are 56.1 for natural gas, 73.3 for crude oil, 94.6 for bituminous coal, and 101.02 for lignite, but actual nationwide or regional values can differ by a few percent for hydrocarbons and by more than 10% for solid fuels, with European lignites ranging from 90.7 to 124.7 t CO2/TJ (Herold, 2003).


pages: 526 words: 160,601

A Generation of Sociopaths: How the Baby Boomers Betrayed America by Bruce Cannon Gibney

1960s counterculture, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, AlphaGo, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, bond market vigilante , book value, Boston Dynamics, Bretton Woods, business cycle, buy and hold, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, classic study, cognitive dissonance, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, corporate personhood, Corrections Corporation of America, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, DeepMind, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, ending welfare as we know it, equal pay for equal work, failed state, financial deregulation, financial engineering, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, gender pay gap, gig economy, Glass-Steagall Act, Haight Ashbury, Higgs boson, high-speed rail, Home mortgage interest deduction, Hyperloop, illegal immigration, impulse control, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", Jane Jacobs, junk bonds, Kitchen Debate, labor-force participation, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, Lyft, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, mass immigration, mass incarceration, McMansion, medical bankruptcy, Menlo Park, Michael Milken, military-industrial complex, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Neil Armstrong, neoliberal agenda, Network effects, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, obamacare, offshore financial centre, oil shock, operation paperclip, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, price stability, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, quantitative easing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, rent control, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, Savings and loan crisis, school choice, secular stagnation, self-driving car, shareholder value, short selling, side project, Silicon Valley, smart grid, Snapchat, source of truth, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, stock buybacks, survivorship bias, TaskRabbit, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, War on Poverty, warehouse robotics, We are all Keynesians now, white picket fence, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce, Y2K, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

Infra note 14–15; and Betts, Richard A., et al. “When Could Global Warming Reach 4°C?” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol. 369, no. 1934, 2011, pp. 67–84. 14. IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter01_FINAL.pdf (hereinafter “IPCC”), chapter 1 generally, figure 1.9, chapter 13 (separate contribution), and author’s calculations. For more recent and dire predictions, see DeConto, Robert M., and David Pollard.

First, total energy use greatly increased, per capita and in total (two billion people having been added to the world population). Second, viable alternatives to fossil fuels had emerged. Finally, the problem itself had become clear. The first international body to study warming was not the famous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established in 1988. The first was the 1979 World Climate Program, convened partly at the behest of the Carter administration; Congress had also begun looking into the issue around the same time.12 It took seven years from the establishment of the clean air research panel in 1955 until the passage of the first major air quality legislation, so one might have hoped for climate action by, say 1986—a date which unfortunately coincided with a surge in Boomer political power.

The reasons for his volunteering were dubious: He donned the uniform in large part to assist his father’s reelection campaign. * Like all scientists, those of the IPCC are careful in their phrasing and analysis, with politics probably driving them to obscure the implications of their work—they’re really only comfortable predicting bad things around 2081, when their employers will be safely dead. But irreversibility and consequences will probably much come sooner, as the IPCC labors to imply without too much impolitic specificity; the endnotes provide references to more explicit discussions of climate impacts. Dangerous levels/effects could be reached by the 2030s–40s and catastrophic levels/effects by the 2060s–2070s, within the lives of many reading today.


pages: 329 words: 102,469

Free World: America, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West by Timothy Garton Ash

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Albert Einstein, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, centre right, clean water, Columbine, continuation of politics by other means, cuban missile crisis, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, Eratosthenes, European colonialism, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, illegal immigration, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Watt: steam engine, Kickstarter, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Peace of Westphalia, postnationalism / post nation state, Project for a New American Century, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas Malthus, trade liberalization, Washington Consensus, working poor, working-age population, World Values Survey

Here I follow Bjorn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 261. 123. I follow the authoritative Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, Climate Change 2001, available on http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm. 124. BBC news report, March 5, 2004, citing a report in the journal Science. 125. Munich Re, as reported on http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3308959.stm. 126. World Bank, Entering the 21st Century, p. 100. 127. Quoted in Dinyar Godrej, The No-Nonsense Guide to Climate Change (London: Verso, 2001), p. 90. 128. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report, <http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/reports.htm>, p. 5. 129.

On the whole, though, the specialists conclude that the poorer countries will be worst affected by the consequences of climate change. Poorer countries don’t have the money or technology to deal with natural disasters. If the Indian Ocean rises just one meter, Bangladesh will lose half its current rice production.126 But will the ocean rise? That depends on the global temperature. The findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—described by Margaret Thatcher as “an authoritative early-warning system”127—are worth quoting in all their scientific caution. “There is new and stronger evidence,” the panel concludes in its latest report, “that most of the warming observed over the last fifty years is attributable to human activities”128—mainly our increased emissions of greenhouse gases, and, to a lesser degree, our cutting down the forests that reabsorb some of these gases.


pages: 470 words: 148,730

Good Economics for Hard Times: Better Answers to Our Biggest Problems by Abhijit V. Banerjee, Esther Duflo

3D printing, accelerated depreciation, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air traffic controllers' union, Airbnb, basic income, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, business cycle, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon credits, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, charter city, company town, congestion pricing, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, endowment effect, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, experimental economics, experimental subject, facts on the ground, fake news, fear of failure, financial innovation, flying shuttle, gentrification, George Akerlof, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, high net worth, immigration reform, income inequality, Indoor air pollution, industrial cluster, industrial robot, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kevin Roose, labor-force participation, land reform, Les Trente Glorieuses, loss aversion, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, middle-income trap, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, non-tariff barriers, obamacare, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open economy, Paul Samuelson, place-making, post-truth, price stability, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, restrictive zoning, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, school choice, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, smart meter, social graph, spinning jenny, Steve Jobs, systematic bias, Tax Reform Act of 1986, tech worker, technology bubble, The Chicago School, The Future of Employment, The Market for Lemons, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Twitter Arab Spring, universal basic income, urban sprawl, very high income, War on Poverty, women in the workforce, working-age population, Y2K

Gething, “The Effect on Malaria Control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015,” Nature 526 (2015): 207–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15535. 132 William Easterly, “Looks like @JeffDSachs got it more right than I did on effectiveness of mass bed net distribution to fight malaria in Africa,” tweet, August 18, 2017, 11:04 a.m. CHAPTER 6. IN HOT WATER 1 “Global Warming of 1.5°C,” IPCC Special Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2008, accessed June 16, 2019, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. 2 As the October 2018 report of the IPCC states, “Human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels, with a likely range of 0.8°C to 1.2°C. Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate.” 3 CO2 equivalent emissions refer to the emissions of greenhouse gas (CO2, methane, etc.) expressed in a common unit by converting amounts of other gases to the equivalent amount of CO2 with the same effect on global warming.

CHAPTER 6 IN HOT WATER IN 2019, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE to think about economic growth without confronting its most immediate implication. We already know that over the next hundred years the earth will become warmer; the question is by just how much. The costs of climate change would be quite different if the planet got warmer by 1.5°C, or 2°C, or more. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) October 2018 report, at 1.5°C, 70 percent of coral reefs would vanish. At 2°C, 99 percent.1 The number of people directly impacted by the rise in sea levels and the transformation of cultivable land into desert would also be quite different under the two scenarios. The overwhelming scientific consensus is that human activity is responsible for climate change, and the only way to stay on a course to avoid catastrophe is to reduce carbon emissions.2 Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations set a target to limit warming to a limit of 2°C, with a more ambitious target of 1.5°C.

The overwhelming scientific consensus is that human activity is responsible for climate change, and the only way to stay on a course to avoid catastrophe is to reduce carbon emissions.2 Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations set a target to limit warming to a limit of 2°C, with a more ambitious target of 1.5°C. Based on the scientific evidence, the IPCC report concludes that in order to limit warming to 2°C, CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions3 would need to be reduced by 25 percent by 2030 (compared to the 2010 level) and go to zero by 2070. To reach 1.5°C, CO2e emissions would need to go down by 45 percent by 2030 and to zero by 2050. Climate change is massively inequitable.


pages: 261 words: 81,802

The Trouble With Billionaires by Linda McQuaig

"World Economic Forum" Davos, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, British Empire, Build a better mousetrap, carried interest, Charles Babbage, collateralized debt obligation, computer age, corporate governance, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, employer provided health coverage, financial deregulation, fixed income, full employment, Gary Kildall, George Akerlof, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the telephone, invention of the wheel, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, John Bogle, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, laissez-faire capitalism, land tenure, lateral thinking, low interest rates, Mark Zuckerberg, market bubble, Martin Wolf, mega-rich, minimum wage unemployment, Mont Pelerin Society, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, Paul Samuelson, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, pre–internet, price mechanism, proprietary trading, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, The Chicago School, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tobin tax, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Vanguard fund, very high income, wealth creators, women in the workforce

With evidence suggesting that global warming was already under way – melting icebergs, rising sea levels, unexplained weather extremes – the United Nations and the World Meteorological Organization moved quickly, setting up an independent body called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to review the scientific understanding of the problem. Robert Watson, fresh from his effective handling of the ozone scientific review process and now a senior scientist at NASA, was enlisted as a key figure in the IPCC, eventually becoming its chairman. From his experience with the ozone process, Watson understood that the key resistance to tackling global warming would come from industry, and would be fierce – even fiercer this time around, given the greater clout of the fossil fuel industry interests.

A draft was first sent to a few experts and then redrafted and sent to every relevant scientist in the world – about two and a half thousand. After feedback from these experts, it was redrafted and sent back to them for another look. ‘Without any question it’s the most intense peer review system ever,’ ‌Watson said in an interview.2 The IPCC’s first assessment report, released in 1990, was a powerful statement of the problem, effectively a scientific throwing down of the gauntlet to the world. It laid out clearly that the ‘greenhouse effect’ was real, and that, after ten thousand years without a significant change in temperature, the Earth’s surface had been getting detectably warmer since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

This significant transformation at the UN took place just as the global warming problem was coming to world attention in the late 1980s. By 1992, global warming had moved to the forefront as one of the most pressing global issues, prompting world leaders to come together for the Earth Summit in Rio. After the 1995 release of an even stronger second report from the IPCC, pointing to the human ‘fingerprint’ in climate change, world leaders reconvened in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. Following marathon negotiating sessions in Kyoto, an international treaty was reached to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with US Vice President Al Gore playing an important mediating role. Surprised by the tenacity of the international commitment to action, some key industry players – including BP, Royal Dutch Shell and General Motors – announced they were withdrawing from the anti-Kyoto coalition, leaving Exxon virtually alone in carrying on the struggle.


pages: 756 words: 120,818

The Levelling: What’s Next After Globalization by Michael O’sullivan

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic trading, Alvin Toffler, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, bond market vigilante , Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, British Empire, business cycle, business process, capital controls, carbon tax, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, classic study, cloud computing, continuation of politics by other means, corporate governance, credit crunch, CRISPR, cryptocurrency, data science, deglobalization, deindustrialization, disinformation, disruptive innovation, distributed ledger, Donald Trump, driverless car, eurozone crisis, fake news, financial engineering, financial innovation, first-past-the-post, fixed income, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global value chain, housing crisis, impact investing, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", junk bonds, knowledge economy, liberal world order, Long Term Capital Management, longitudinal study, low interest rates, market bubble, minimum wage unemployment, new economy, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Paris climate accords, pattern recognition, Peace of Westphalia, performance metric, Phillips curve, private military company, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Scramble for Africa, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Sinatra Doctrine, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, special drawing rights, Steve Bannon, Suez canal 1869, supply-chain management, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, tulip mania, Valery Gerasimov, Washington Consensus

From a political and institutional point of view, there are a number of options. A more conventional one is a world authority with teeth so that it can enforce action on climate change. The existing climate-change governance framework is largely made up of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), though in recent years, the IPCC has struggled to gain credibility and power. Another element here, the Paris Agreement signed in April 2016, is neither binding nor enforceable, and the United States withdrew from it in June 2017. My tentative suggestion is to create a World Climate Authority.

Leiserowitz, “The Spatial Distribution of Republican and Democratic Climate Opinions at State and Local Scales,” Climatic Change 145, nos. 3–4 (December 2017), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-017-2103-0. 19. K. C. Seto, S. Dhakal, et al., “Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning,” in AR5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 927, https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter12.pdf; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Livestock a Major Threat to Environment,” November 29, 2006, FAONewsroom, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html. 20. M. Bloomberg and C. Pope, Climate of Hope (St.


The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable by Amitav Ghosh

Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, British Empire, carbon footprint, climate fiction, Donald Trump, double helix, Fellow of the Royal Society, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jeremy Corbyn, Mahatma Gandhi, market fundamentalism, megacity, megaproject, Michael Shellenberger, Naomi Klein, non-fiction novel, Ronald Reagan, spinning jenny, Ted Nordhaus, Upton Sinclair, upwardly mobile, urban planning

People are more willing to act if they perceive that everyone else is acting’ (Heat: How to Stop the Planet from Burning [Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007], 43). 195 ‘90 percent’: David Archer, The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth’s Climate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 163. 197 accustomed to hardship: Something like this was actually implied by Larry Summers when, as head of the World Bank, he proposed that polluting industries should be relocated to less developed nations: ‘After all, those living in the Third World couldn’t expect to live as long as “we” do, so what could be wrong with reducing their lifetimes by a miniscule amount . . . ?’ See David Palumbo-Liu, The Deliverance of Others: Reading Literature in a Global Age (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012), vii–viii. Other economists have applied a similar logic. As George Monbiot points out in Heat: ‘In 1996, for example, a study for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimated that a life lost in the poor nations could be priced at $150,00, while a life lost in the rich nations could be assessed at $1.5 million’ (50). 197 ‘each food calorie’: David Orr, Down to the Wire, 33. 198 ‘fifty-six thousand’: James Lawrence Powell, Rough Winds: Extreme Weather and Climate Change, Kindle Single, 2011, locs. 212–37. 198 living in isolation: Ibid., loc. 210. 200 ‘those from the OECD’: Cf.

(New York: Zone Books, 1994), 59. 165 ‘with us always’: Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years, 25. 165 predecessor obsolete: Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, loc. 1412. 165 ‘wrong side of history’: http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/04/17/the_phrase_the_wrong_side_of_history_around_for_more_than_a_century_is_getting.html. 168 vulnerable to climate change: Cf. IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report: What’s in It for South Asia, Executive Summary (available at: http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CDKN-IPCC-Whats-in-it-for-South-Asia-AR5.pdf). 170 implicit in it: Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals (1887), trans. Carol Diethe, ed. Keith Ansell-Pearson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). 171 journey of self-discovery: ‘This emphasis on individual conscience and its capacity to “trump” all other arguments in fact seems to be a defining feature of much of what has passed for radical (i.e., revolutionary) politics in the United States since the 1960s. . . .


pages: 324 words: 80,217

The Decadent Society: How We Became the Victims of Our Own Success by Ross Douthat

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, AI winter, Apollo 13, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 747, Burning Man, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, centre right, Charlie Hebdo massacre, charter city, crack epidemic, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, David Graeber, Deng Xiaoping, deplatforming, Donald Trump, driverless car, East Village, Easter island, Elon Musk, fake news, Flynn Effect, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Francisco Pizarro, ghettoisation, gig economy, Golden age of television, green new deal, Haight Ashbury, helicopter parent, hive mind, Hyperloop, immigration reform, informal economy, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Islamic Golden Age, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Joan Didion, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, life extension, low interest rates, mass immigration, mass incarceration, means of production, megacity, meritocracy, microaggression, move fast and break things, multiplanetary species, Neal Stephenson, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, Nicholas Carr, Norman Mailer, obamacare, Oculus Rift, open borders, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, out of africa, Panopticon Jeremy Bentham, Paris climate accords, peak TV, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, pre–internet, private spaceflight, QAnon, quantitative easing, radical life extension, rent-seeking, Robert Bork, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, secular stagnation, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Silicon Valley ideology, Snapchat, Snow Crash, Social Justice Warrior, social web, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, technoutopianism, TED Talk, the built environment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, wage slave, WeWork, women in the workforce, Y2K

You can spin a still-darker, global version of the Lindian scenario if you weave in the challenge to sustainability that this chapter hasn’t considered yet: the challenge of climate change, and the possibility that decadence will end in fire and flood. The more apocalyptic scenarios for climate crisis will be taken up in the final section of this book, but the less apocalyptic possibilities—which are also the more likely ones, the core Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections—suggest a future in which climate change is mostly a manageable burden for wealthy countries, imposing discomfort and requiring adaptation and mitigation, but not, in fact, the end of civilization as we know it. On the other hand, rising temperatures are more likely to be a seriously destabilizing force in poorer countries, in the global South, in Africa and the Middle East and India—more likely to limit economic growth, more likely to overwhelm efforts at mitigation, more likely to encourage yet more of those regions’ elites to decamp for London or Los Angeles, and more likely to simply kill the people left behind.

Ron, 231 Huebner, Jonathan, 45 Hungary, 85–86, 164 Huntington, Samuel, 159 Hurrican Maria, 71 Hustler, 119–20 Huxley, Aldous, 127–28, 130, 184–85 Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 156 hyperloops, 37 Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment (Fukuyama), 115 identity politics, 115 ideological debates, repetition in, 100–101 “illiberal democracy,” 163–64 immanent divine, 224 immigrants, 64 birthrate of, 50 immigration: economic and social insecurities exacerbated by, 63–64 see also mass migration immigration reform, 70 impeachment hearings, 71 Inca Empire, 189–90 India, economic growth in, 167 inequality, economic, 31–32 declining birthrate and, 57–58 infant mortality rates, 50–51 innovation, 30 decline of, 45, 46 declining birthrate and, 57–58 repetition vs., 9 Instagram, 18 institutions: decadence and, 8–10, 69 technological acceleration and, 213–15 intellectuals, intellectual realm, repetition in, 96–101, 180 interest groups, health care and, 73–74 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 174 Internet, 40 anonymity on, 144–45 Chinese censoring of, 139 and decline in risky social behavior, 122–23 and declining rates of sexual violence, 121–22 extremist elements of, 194 hive mind and, 106–7 homogenization of, 104–5, 106 illusion of progress fed by, 11 journalism and, 105–6 mediocrity and, 107 NSA and, 146, 147 pornography and, 120–21 productivity and, 41 repetition in, 104–7 right to privacy and, 145, 146–47 as surveillance state, 144–47 unfulfilled promise of, 104–5 Internet economy, 17, 22 consolidation in, 27 Ip, Greg, 167 IPCC, 195 iPhone, 37, 40, 107 IQ scores, Flynn effect and, 35 Iran, Islamic Republic of, 160, 163 Iran nuclear deal, 71 Iraq War, 69, 70, 80, 150 Ireland, 52, 84 Islam, Islamic world, 201, 223 falling birthrates in, 161 modernity and, 227 as path to renaissance, 226–28 Islamic State (ISIS), 70, 113, 148, 152, 160 Islamists, Islamism, 113, 114, 155, 207 as alternative to liberal order, 159–62 Israel: birthrate in, 50, 54, 217 as model for nationalist renaissance, 217–18 Italy, 84, 85 iTunes, 105 Ivanov, Vyacheslav, 7 James, P.

In an earlier chapter, I briefly made the case for the manageability of the problem—the extent to which the actual expert consensus, while not vindicating “denialists,” points to a future in which the costs of climate change are expensive but manageable for rich countries, with enough paths to mitigation and adaptation to make rising temperatures a source of developing-world instability and suffering but not global calamity. But there are clearly climate scenarios that would threaten catastrophe on a scale that doesn’t fit within the sustainable-decadence paradigm. A world three degrees Celsius hotter in 2100—the current IPCC mean projection—looks very different from a world where emissions and climate feedback systems interact to give you six or seven degrees of warming. The latter scenario might not drown Manhattan, but it would probably dramatically expand the earth’s uninhabitable or barely habitable zones, elevating heat stress in warm regions beyond air conditioning’s ability to compensate, while simultaneously wrecking the ecology of food production along the equatorial belt.


pages: 309 words: 81,243

The Authoritarian Moment: How the Left Weaponized America's Institutions Against Dissent by Ben Shapiro

2021 United States Capitol attack, active measures, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Amazon Web Services, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, coronavirus, COVID-19, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, defund the police, delayed gratification, deplatforming, disinformation, don't be evil, Donald Trump, fake news, Ferguson, Missouri, future of work, gender pay gap, George Floyd, global pandemic, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Herbert Marcuse, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, Jon Ronson, Kevin Roose, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, mass incarceration, microaggression, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, obamacare, Overton Window, Parler "social media", Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan, Saturday Night Live, Silicon Valley, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Steven Pinker, Susan Wojcicki, tech bro, the scientific method, TikTok, Tim Cook: Apple, War on Poverty, yellow journalism

Shongwe, C. Tebaldi, A. J. Weaver, and M. Wehner, “2013: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility,” in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter12_FINAL.pdf. 21. Alan Buis, “Making Sense of ‘Climate Sensitivity,’” Climate.NASA.gov, September 8, 2020, https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/3017/making-sense-of-climate-sensitivity/. 22. “Economics Nobel goes to inventor of models used in UN 1.5C report,” ClimateChangeNews.com, October 8, 2018, https://www.climatechangenews.com/2018/10/08/economics-nobel-goes-inventor-models-used-un-1-5c-report/. 23.

In the scientific community, there is a set of well-established facts and well-accepted principles: first, that climate change is happening, and that the world has been warming; and second, that human activity, particularly carbon emissions, are contributing significantly to that warming. There is serious debate over how much the world will warm over the course of the next century—the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global climate will warm somewhere between 2°C and 4°C above the mean temperature during the 1850–1900 period. That’s a rather large range.20 There is also significant uncertainty about sensitivity of the climate to carbon emissions; as NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Studies director Gavin Schmidt explains, climate sensitivity “has quite a wide uncertain range, and that has big implications for how serious human-made climate change will be.”21 Furthermore, there is wide uncertainty about the impact with regard to climate change—will human beings be able to adapt?

William Nordhaus, for example, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on climate change, has suggested that people ought to accept that a certain amount of global warming is baked into the cake, and that we will be able to adapt to it—but that we ought to work on curbing global warming outside of that range.22 Experts in The ScienceTM, however, have no problem proposing radical solutions to climate change that just coincidentally happen to align perfectly with left-wing political recommendations. Those who disagree are quickly slandered as “climate deniers,” no matter their acceptance of IPCC climate change estimates. Thus the media trot out Greta Thunberg, a scientifically unqualified teenaged climate activist who travels the world obnoxiously lecturing adults about their lack of commitment to curbing climate change, as an expert; they ignore actual scientific voices on climate change.


pages: 692 words: 167,950

The Ripple Effect: The Fate of Fresh Water in the Twenty-First Century by Alex Prud'Homme

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, big-box store, bilateral investment treaty, carbon credits, carbon footprint, clean water, commoditize, company town, corporate raider, Deep Water Horizon, en.wikipedia.org, Exxon Valdez, Garrett Hardin, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Joan Didion, John Snow's cholera map, Louis Pasteur, mass immigration, megacity, oil shale / tar sands, oil-for-food scandal, peak oil, remunicipalization, renewable energy credits, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, urban sprawl, William Langewiesche

Climatologists predict that drought will increase in many of the world’s most densely populated regions this century, and that global warming is the second major trend that will significantly impact water supplies. IN HOT WATER In 2008, the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former vice president Al Gore, identified areas of the world at risk from drought. As expected, the report identified parts of the developing world, especially equatorial Asia and Africa, as especially vulnerable to prolonged aridity. The 1984–85 drought in the Horn of Africa, the East African peninsula that encompasses Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Djibouti, led to 750,000 deaths. But the IPCC also pointed to the American South and West as prime targets for increased heat and water stress.

., 337 Huntington’s disease, 42 Huron, Lake, 196 hurricanes: floods and, 208, 209–12, 228 see also specific hurricanes Hussein, Saddam, 197 hydrocarbons, 16 hydroelectric power, 5, 155, 179, 182, 183, 185, 244, 278, 279, 354 hydrofluorocarbons, 93–94 hydrofracking, 281–87 air pollution from, 286 health problems tied to, 282, 284–85 toxic chemicals used in, 286–87 as unregulated, 283, 286, 350 water contamination from, 282, 284, 285, 286 water use by, 284 hydrogen peroxide, 111 hydrologic cycle, 5 global warming and, 129 hypersalinity, 154 hypoxia, 59, 79, 88, 95 see also dead zones, aquatic ibuprofen, 68, 69 Idaho, 184, 318 water use in, 125 IDE Technologies, 334 Iliamna, Alaska, 314, 315 Iliamna, Lake, 309, 314, 317 Iliamna Development Corporation, 308 Illinois, 50, 219, 221 Imjin River, 197 Immelt, Jeffrey, 39 immune response, 76, 86, 351 Imperial Irrigation District, 240 imposex, 75 incineration, of health-care waste, 68 Independent (UK), 272 Independent Oil and Gas Association of New York, 285 India, 84, 110, 199, 347 water pollution in, 351 water scarcity and, 130, 197, 198, 353 Indiana, 50 Indian Point nuclear plant, 280–81 indicator species, 73–74, 245 Indonesia, 274, 354 Indus River Commission, 199 Industrial Age, 50 industry: pollution from, 32–40, 77, 119, 267 wasteful water practices of, 267 Inhofe, James, 104–5 Iniskin Bay, 314 “In Praise of Tap Water” (New York Times), 294 integrators, 81–83 Intel, 338–42, 353 green technology as priority of, 340 water conservation at, 340 see also computer chip manufacturing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 128, 130 Interior Department, US, 64, 79, 170, 175, 182 International Alert, 198 International Bottled Water Association, 11, 292 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, 275 International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 271 International Monetary Fund, 267 intersex: agricultural runoff and, 76 estrogen and, 76–77, 351 in fish, 70, 75–78, 85, 345, 351 in frogs, 5 in humans, 77–78 invasive species, 64, 129, 192, 203 Inyo Mountains, 151 Ionics, 333 Iowa, 219, 221 Iowa River, 220 Iraq, 196 US invasion of, 197 irrigated agriculture, 125–26, 127, 139, 152, 153–54, 174, 193, 239–40, 242–43, 244, 246–48, 249–52, 303, 304, 341–42, 352, 355 efficient technologies for, 251, 347 groundwater used by, 258, 259, 267, 279 low-value vs. high-value crops in, 240, 251, 355 recycled wastewater in, 326 subsidized water costs in, 240, 250, 345 Israel, 110, 199, 334 Italy, 69–70, 75, 212 Jackson, Lisa P., 92, 102–5, 138, 323, 351 Jadwin, Edgar, 219 Jamaica Bay, 54 James Bay, 141 James River, 354–55 Japan, 33, 42, 93 Jeffery, Kim, 297–98, 299, 302, 303–4 Jenkins, Bruce, 311–12 Jennings, Bill, 246 Jidda, Saudi Arabia, 331 John F.

Hydrologists, academics, and diplomats worry that in coming years water disputes could devolve into wars among historical rivals—between China and India, or India and Pakistan, over the Himalayan glaciers, for example; or between Turkey, Syria, and Kurdistan over the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; or between Egypt and its neighbors over control of the Nile. The IPCC report also noted the diminishing snowpack of the Sierra Nevada in northeastern California, and the overuse of the Colorado River. The Colorado begins as snowmelt trickling off the Rocky Mountain snow-fields, provides water for 30 million people in seven states and Mexico, and has suffered from drought since 2000. If the Colorado River continues to decline at a time when more Americans than ever are moving to cities in the desert West, the IPCC cautioned, then social, economic, legal, and environmental havoc could follow—especially in a place such as Phoenix, Arizona, which is the hottest city in the hottest state in the nation.


pages: 396 words: 112,832

Bread, Wine, Chocolate: The Slow Loss of Foods We Love by Simran Sethi

biodiversity loss, Chuck Templeton: OpenTable:, data science, food desert, Food sovereignty, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Ken Thompson, Louis Pasteur, microbiome, phenotype, placebo effect, Skype, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, women in the workforce

., “Economic Analysis of the 2014 Drought for California Agriculture,” Center for Watershed Services, University of California, Davis, July 23, 2014, https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/DroughtReport_23July2014_0.pdf. 52.Christopher B. Field et al., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Summary for Policymakers (report presented at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, March 31, 2014), 17, https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/IPCC_WG2AR5_SPM_Approved.pdf. 53.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), “The State of Ex Situ Conservation,” in The Second Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) (Rome: FAO, 2010), 58. 54.

It isn’t clear exactly how this will impact grape harvests,49 but, thus far, the agricultural sector as a whole (California grows nearly half of America’s domestic fruits, nuts and vegetables50) has lost $1.5 billion due to drought and other weather-related challenges.51 Globally, a warming planet will bring more opportunities to grow food in colder places; however, the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report reaffirms that the world as a whole will experience more food loss than gain.52 Although we don’t know exactly what will happen, we do know agriculture is changing and will continue to change. It will impact the biodiversity in wine for worse and, in some instances, for better.


pages: 395 words: 116,675

The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge by Matt Ridley

"World Economic Forum" Davos, adjacent possible, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, AltaVista, altcoin, An Inconvenient Truth, anthropic principle, anti-communist, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, bitcoin, blockchain, Boeing 747, Boris Johnson, British Empire, Broken windows theory, carbon tax, Columbian Exchange, computer age, Corn Laws, cosmological constant, cotton gin, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, discovery of DNA, Donald Davies, double helix, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Eben Moglen, Edward Glaeser, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, Edward Snowden, endogenous growth, epigenetics, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, facts on the ground, fail fast, falling living standards, Ferguson, Missouri, financial deregulation, financial innovation, flying shuttle, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, George Santayana, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, Greenspan put, Gregor Mendel, Gunnar Myrdal, Henri Poincaré, Higgs boson, hydraulic fracturing, imperial preference, income per capita, indoor plumbing, information security, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Japanese asset price bubble, Jeff Bezos, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge economy, land reform, Lao Tzu, long peace, low interest rates, Lyft, M-Pesa, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, means of production, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, mobile money, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, Necker cube, obamacare, out of africa, packet switching, peer-to-peer, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, precautionary principle, price mechanism, profit motive, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Richard Feynman, rising living standards, road to serfdom, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Satoshi Nakamoto, scientific management, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, smart contracts, South Sea Bubble, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stuart Kauffman, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, transaction costs, twin studies, uber lyft, women in the workforce

The wealthy can buy indulgences (carbon offsets) so as to keep flying their private jets, but none must depart from faith (in carbon dioxide) as set out in scripture (the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). It is the duty of all to condemn heretics (the ‘deniers’), venerate saints (Al Gore), heed the prophets (of the IPCC). If we do not, then surely Judgement Day will find us out (with irreversible tipping points), when we will feel the fires of hell (future heatwaves) and experience divine wrath (worsening storms). Fortunately, God has sent us a sign of the sacrifice we must make – I have sometimes been struck by the way a wind farm looks like Golgotha. When Rajendra Pachauri resigned as chairman of the supposedly neutral and scientific IPCC in February 2015, his resignation letter to the UN Secretary General included the remarkable admission: ‘For me the protection of Planet Earth, the survival of all species and sustainability of our ecosystem is more than a mission.

‘Mahatma’ 178 Garzik, Jeff 312 Gas Research Institute 136 Gassendi, Pierre 12, 13 Gates, Bill 222 Gaua 81 Gazzaniga, Michael 144, 147 GCHQ 303 genes: background 59–61; function of 65; and the genome 62–4; and junk or surplus DNA 66–72; mutation 72–5; selfish gene 66, 68 Genghis Khan 87, 223 geology 17 George III 245 Georgia Inst. of Technology 272 German Society for Racial Hygiene 198, 202 Germany 12, 29, 101, 122, 138, 231, 243, 247, 251, 253, 318 Ghana 181, 229 Giaever, Ivar 273 Gilder, George 287 Gilfillan, Colum 127 Gladstone, William Ewart 246 Glaeser, Edward 92 Glasgow University 22, 25 Glass-Steagall Act 287 global warming 271–6 Glorious Revolution (England) 243 Gobi desert 92 Goddard, Robert 138 Godkin, Ed 250 Goethe, Charles 202 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 248 Goldberg, Jonah 252; Liberal Fascism 199, 251 Goldman Sachs 3 Goldsmith, Sir Edward 211 Goodenough, Oliver 36 Google 120, 130, 132, 188 Gore, A1205, 211, 273, 274 Gosling, Raymond 121 Gottlieb, Anthony 41 Gottlieb, Richard 11 Gould, Stephen Jay 38, 53, 69 government: commerce and freedom 243–4; counterrevolution of 247–50; definition 236; free trade and free thinking 244–6; as God 254–5; and the Levellers 241–2; liberal fascism 250–2; libertarian revival 252–3; prison system 237–8; and protection rackets 238–41; and the wild west 235–6 Grant, Madison 202; The Passing of the Great Race 200–1 Graur, Dan 71, 72 Gray, Asa 44; Descent of Man 44–5 Gray, Elisha 119 Great Depression 105, 125, 318 Great Recession (2008–09) 97, 297 Greece 259 Green, David 115 Green, Paul 226 Green Revolution 208, 210 Greenblatt, Stephen 9, 11n Greenhalgh, Susan 212; Just One Child 210–11 Greenspan Put 289 Gregory, Ryan 71 Gregory VII, Pope 239 Gresham’s Law 279 Guardian (newspaper) 53 Gulf War 298 Gutenberg, Johannes 220 Hadiths 262 Haeckel, Ernst 197, 198 Hahnemann, Samuel 271 Haig, David 57 Hailey, Malcolm, Lord 231 Hailo 109 Haiti 207 Hamel, Gary 224 Hamilton, Alexander 244 Hannan, Daniel 35, 242, 315 Hannauer, Nick 107 Hansen, Alvin 105 Hanson, Earl Parker, New Worlds Emerging 209 Harford, Tim, Adapt: Why Success Always Starts With Failure 127, 255 Harriman, E.H. 200 Harris, Judith Rich 155–6, 158–65, 169; The Nurture Assumption 160–1 Harris, Sam 147, 148, 149–50, 151, 152 Harvard Business Review 224 Harvard University 9, 28, 57, 155, 159, 300 Hayek, Friedrich 35, 102, 128, 133, 230, 232, 243; The Constitution of Liberty 300; The Road to Serfdom 253 Haynes, John Dylan 146–7 Hazlett, Tom 223 Heidegger, Martin 201 Helsinki 211, 212 Henrich, Joe 89 Henry II 34 Henry VII 240 Henry the Navigator, Prince 134 Heraclius 262 Heritage Foundation 241 Higgs, Robert 240 Hill, P.J. 235–6 Hines, Melissa 169 Hitler, Adolf 198, 201, 217, 251, 252, 253; Mein Kampf 252 Hobbes, Thomas 8, 12, 197–8, 243 Holdren, John 208 Holland 142 Holland, Tom, In the Shadow of the Sword 261–2 Holocaust 214 Hong Kong 31, 92, 97, 101, 190, 191, 233–4 Hood, Bruce 148; The Self Illusion 145 Horgan, John 60 Hortlund, Per 284 ‘How Aid Underwrites Repression in Ethiopia’ (2010) 232 Howard, John 273 Hu Yaobang 212 Human Genome Project 64 Human Rights Watch 232 Hume, David 20, 21–2, 40–1, 54, 276; Concerning Natural Religion 39–40; Natural History of Religion 257 Humphrey, Nick 144, 154 Hussein, Saddam 298 Hutcheson, Francis 22, 25 Hutchinson, Allan 33 Hutton, James 17 Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World 167 Huxley, Julian 205, 211 Hyderabad 181 Ibsen, Henrik 249 Iceland 32 Iliad 87 Immigration Act (US, 1924) 201 Incas 86, 259 India 34, 87, 108, 125, 177–8, 181, 183, 196, 204, 206, 213, 214, 258, 259 Industrial (R)evolution 63, 104, 108,109–10, 135, 220, 248, 254–5, 277 Infoseek (search engine) 120 Intel 223 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 273–4 International Code of Conduct for Information Security 305 International Federation of Eugenics Organisations 202 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 286 International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 305 internet: balkanisation of the web 302–6; and bitcoin 308–12; and blockchains 306–9, 313–14; central committee of 305–6; complexity of 300–1; emergence of 299–300; individuals associated with 301–2; and politics 314–16 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 305–6 Iraq 32, 255 Ireland 213, 246 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 240 Islam 259, 260, 262–3 Islamabad 92 Islamic State 240 Israel, Paul 119 Italian city states 101 Italy 34, 247, 251 Ive, Sir Jonathan 319 Jablonka, Eva 56, 57 Jackson, Doug 309 Jacobs, Jane 92 Jagger, Bianca 211 Jainism 260 Japan, Japanese 32, 122, 125, 231, 232, 288 Jefferson, Thomas 15, 20, 114, 244 Jehovah 13, 276 Jerome, St 11 Jesus Christ 8, 9, 88, 257, 258, 263, 266 Jevons, William Stanley 63, 106 Jews 29, 142, 197, 202–3, 257 Jobs, Steve 119, 222 Johnson, Boris 166; The Churchill Factor: How One Man Made History 217 Johnson, Lyndon B. 206, 207, 289 Johnson, Steven Berlin 220; Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation 127 Jones, Judge John 49, 50, 51 Jonson, Ben 15 J.P.


pages: 234 words: 63,149

Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World by Ian Bremmer

airport security, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, blood diamond, Bretton Woods, BRICs, capital controls, clean water, creative destruction, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, energy security, European colonialism, failed state, global rebalancing, global supply chain, Global Witness, income inequality, informal economy, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Julian Assange, Kickstarter, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, Nixon shock, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, no-fly zone, nuclear winter, Parag Khanna, purchasing power parity, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, smart grid, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Stuxnet, trade route, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, Yom Kippur War

page=full. 34. OECD/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011), OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011–2020, OECD Publishing, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2011_agr_outlook-2011-en. 35. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report,” http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains1.html. 36. Javier Blas, “Nations Make Secret Deals over Grain,” Financial Times, April 10, 2008, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c4cb03dc-074a-11dd-b41e-0000779fd2ac.html#axzz1bFTh1klM. 37. Brown, “The New Geopolitics of Food.” 38.

—General Douglas MacArthur Few countries on earth are as vulnerable to rising tides as the Republic of Maldives, a string of 1,190 coral islands stretching north–south a few hundred miles from India’s southwest coast. About 80 percent of its islands are less than forty inches above sea level, and the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has warned that unless global warming is reversed, the Indian Ocean could rise to swallow the Maldives by the end of this century.1 That’s why, even before he arrived in Copenhagen for the ill-fated global climate summit, President Mohamed Nasheed decided on a dramatic play for the world’s attention.

., Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade, 75 Hu Jintao, 162 Human Rights Watch, 135 Hungary, 53 Hussein, Saddam, 124 Hu Yaobang, 53 hydrocarbon energy, 99 hyperinflation, 37 IAEA, 207n Iceland, in Arctic Council, 96–97 India, 3, 9, 10, 16, 24–25, 26, 28, 33, 40, 55, 79, 117, 122, 155, 161, 167–68, 170, 183, 187 biofuel production in, 100 China’s rivalry with, 25, 70, 115, 173, 178 climate change and, 94 defense spending of, 129 demand for grain in, 98–99 economic growth in, 98–99, 148, 166 energy imported by, 30 famine in, 100 food riots in, 98 nuclear program of, 57, 76 Pakistan’s conflict with, 25, 70, 152, 158, 165–66 urbanization in, 99, 118 water security in, 105 in World Bank and IMF, 29–30 Indochina, 40 Indonesia, 48, 51, 55, 70, 71, 76, 114, 120, 122, 194 biofuel production in, 100 economic growth in, 99 multinationals in, 80 industrialization, 104 inflation, 32, 39, 49, 60 information revolution, 92–93 intellectual property, 84 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, UN, 109 International Energy Agency, 94, 100 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 4, 22, 27–28, 29–30, 80, 118, 120, 134, 135, 167 American and European influence in, 42, 43–44 creation of, 39, 43 Greece aided by, 45 world currency and debt crises resolved by, 38 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 88–89 Internet, 22, 33, 87–91, 93, 94, 180 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 87, 88 Internet Engineering Task Force, 87 Internet Society, 87 Iran, 14, 47, 48, 69, 117, 123, 125, 136, 139, 154 Internet in, 90, 92 nuclear program of, 15, 55, 56, 58–59, 73, 123–24, 158 protests in, 192 revolution in, 112–13 Iraq, 15, 47, 48, 58, 64, 69, 113, 117, 124, 127, 175, 183, 187, 202n U.S. withdrawal from, 32, 202n Ireland, 126 Ismay, Hastings Lionel, 133 Israel, 48–49, 56, 69, 113, 117, 129, 130 as exposed state, 136 Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 17, 136, 158 nuclear program of, 57, 207n Italy, 19, 25, 39, 45, 47, 181 Japan, 15, 16, 19–20, 22, 25, 30, 47, 50, 70, 82–83, 114, 120, 121, 129, 143, 148, 155, 166 aging population of, 120 biofuel production in, 100 China’s tension with, 69, 71, 114, 135–36, 173, 177–78 climate change and, 94 debt problems of, 20 as exposed state, 135–36 grain production, 104 oil imported by, 47 political and economic malaise of, 3 post–World War II reconstruction and growth of, 39, 45–47, 50–51 reduced role of, 194 Jiang Zemin, 60 job creation, 32 Johnson, Lyndon, 100 Jordan, 48, 69, 113, 176 JPMorgan Chase, 75 Kan, Naoto, 20 Kawasaki, 127 Kazakhstan, 54, 122, 137, 141, 177, 179 Kenya, 72, 106, 177 Kimberley Process (KP), 131–32 Korb, Lawrence, 191 Kosovo, 181 Kuwait, 48, 71 Kyoto Protocol, 94 Lagarde, Christine, 27–28 Lake Victoria, 106 Lampedusa Tunisian Collective, 19 Laos, 105 Latin America, 40, 59, 85 Chinese investments in, 80 cooperation in, 115–16, 174 corruption in, 115–16 debt crisis in, 37 League of Nations, 170 Liberal Democratic Party, Japanese, 20 Libya, 19, 30, 48, 69, 134, 138–39, 192 civil war in, 112, 113, 175, 202n oil exports of, 117 Lizza, Ryan, 113n Lockheed Martin, 129 London, 33, 121 Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 55 Maastricht Treaty, 54 MacArthur, Douglas, 39, 45–46, 109 Mack, Mary Bono, 75 McKinsey & Company, 146 McKinsey Global Institute, 99 Madagascar, 102 mad cow disease, 103 Mahbubani, Kishore, 114–15 Malaysia, 51 Maldives, 9, 109–10 Mandelbaum, Michael, 11 Marange mine, 131–32 Margrethe, queen of Denmark, 7–8 Martin, Paul, 1–2 MasterCard, 75 Medicaid, 12 Medicare, 12, 189 Medvedev, Dmitry, 203n Merkel, Angela, 9, 18 metals, 147 Mexico, 55, 122 borrowing by, 37 food riots in, 98 as shadow state, 136–37 Middle East, 40, 48, 59, 136, 175 as potential hotspot, 69–72, 113–14, 152 water scarcity in, 104 minerals, 147 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), Japan, 46 Mongolia, 122 Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 41 Morocco, 69, 101, 113, 176 Mozambique, 102, 120 Mubarak, Hosni, 89, 113, 192–93 Mugabe, Robert, 7–8, 131–32 multinational companies, 74–75, 79, 80, 83, 91, 119, 126–28, 139–40 mutually assured destruction, 172 Myanmar, 123, 124, 125 Chinese companies in, 80 nanotechnology, 147 Napoleon I, emperor of France, 11 Napoleonic Wars, 167 Nasdaq, 75 Nasheed, Mohamed, 9, 110 National Committee on U.S.


pages: 337 words: 103,273

The Great Disruption: Why the Climate Crisis Will Bring on the End of Shopping and the Birth of a New World by Paul Gilding

"World Economic Forum" Davos, airport security, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, biodiversity loss, Bob Geldof, BRICs, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, clean water, Climategate, commoditize, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, data science, decarbonisation, energy security, Exxon Valdez, failed state, fear of failure, geopolitical risk, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), John Elkington, Joseph Schumpeter, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, Medieval Warm Period, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, Nelson Mandela, new economy, nuclear winter, Ocado, ocean acidification, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, purchasing power parity, retail therapy, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, systems thinking, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, union organizing, University of East Anglia, warehouse automation

When this approach is applied to climate change, it is interesting to note that every major grouping of qualified scientists that has analyzed the issue comes to the same conclusion and has done so consistently over time and around the world. Examples include national science academies, which are the peak science bodies across all disciplines in a given country, or major international subsets of the scientific community, such as atmospheric scientists or, at the highest and most comprehensive level globally, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The broad conclusion they all come to is that we face a significant risk of major change that undermines society’s prosperity and stability, we are a substantial contributor to the risk, and to reduce the level of risk we should dramatically reduce emissions of the pollution that causes the problem.

A more recent study in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences used a data set of 1,372 published climate researchers and their publication and citation history, finding that 97 to 98 percent of those climate researchers publishing most actively on the topic agreed with the tenets of climate change as identified by the IPCC. They also found the expertise and prominence of the scientists who agreed with the IPCC findings to be substantially higher than that of the scientists who did not.6 Of course, there are always outliers who hold a different view regarding the level of consensus on an issue, and that is good. In the case of climate change, though, this uncertainty, where it is genuine, applies to detailed subissues such as regional variations or speed of change, not to the basic conclusion.

The most dramatic was the accelerated melting of the northern polar ice cap. In the summer melt season of 2007, the arctic sea ice reached a new record low, with more than one million square kilometers less ice than the previous record low set only in 2005, and 41 percent below the 1978–2000 average.1 The IPCC climate models had predicted consistent melting, but this was so far ahead of their forecasts that it sent shock waves through the science community. Professor Mark Serreze, director of the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center and an arctic ice expert, reported his shock at how the ice levels had “simply fallen off a cliff.”


pages: 309 words: 121,279

Wasteland: The Dirty Truth About What We Throw Away, Where It Goes, and Why It Matters by Oliver Franklin-Wallis

air freight, airport security, Anthropocene, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, barriers to entry, big-box store, bitcoin, British Empire, carbon footprint, circular economy, clean water, climate anxiety, coronavirus, COVID-19, Crossrail, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Elon Musk, epigenetics, Ford Model T, fulfillment center, global pandemic, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, John Snow's cholera map, Kintsugi, lockdown, meta-analysis, microplastics / micro fibres, oil shale / tar sands, planned obsolescence, refrigerator car, sharing economy, social distancing, space junk, Suez canal 1869, Tim Cook: Apple

The UN estimates only 17 per cent of food is wasted, but does not include farm wastage; a recent study by the World Wildlife Fund and Tesco, a British retailer, estimated the number may be as high as 40 per cent, or 2.5 billion tonnes: Driven to Waste: The Global Impact of Food Loss and Waste on Farms, World Wildlife Fund, August 2021: https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_uk__driven_to_waste___the_global_impact_of_food_loss_and_waste_on_farms.pdf 3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ‘Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems’, 2019: https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-5/ 4 UN Food and Agriculture Organization, ‘Food wastage footprint: Impacts on natural resources’, 2013: https://www.fao.org/3/i3347e/i3347e.pdf 5 ‘China wastes almost 30% of its food’, Nature, 15/07/2021: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01963-3 6 UNEP, Food Waste Index Report 2021, p. 36. 7 US Environmental Protection Agency, ‘Food: Material-Specific Data’ (2018): https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/food-material-specific-data 8 An exception being largely Muslim Xinjiang, which is known for its nose-to-tail meat eating, as Tristram Stuart writes in Waste: The Global Food Scandal. 9 Helen Davidson, ‘China to bring in law against food waste with fines for promoting overeating’, The Guardian, 23/12/2020 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/23/china-to-bring-in-law-against-food-waste-with-fines-for-promoting-overeating 10 WRAP, ‘Food surplus and waste in the UK – key facts’, October 2021: https://wrap.org.uk/sites/default/files/2021-10/food-%20surplus-and-%20waste-in-the-%20uk-key-facts-oct-21.pdf 11 Kylie Ackers, ‘How Much Bread Do We Waste in the UK?’

Worldwide, more than 931 million tonnes of food goes to waste every year, according to the United Nations Environment Programme.1 Estimates vary – data on food waste being hard to collect even by waste’s standards – but it is thought that up to a third of all food produced worldwide is discarded without being eaten.2 That’s about $1 trillion’s worth every year, enough to feed 2 billion people, or every single undernourished person in the world four times over. Food waste is not just a human tragedy, it is also an environmental one. Between production and disposal (rotting food, if you recall, throws off huge amounts of methane), all that waste generates approximately 3.3 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, that means as much as 10 per cent of all global greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to food waste.3 If it were a country, food waste would be the third highest emitter on Earth, behind only China and the United States.4 Almost anywhere you find food, you’ll find it wasted.

Van Woerden, ‘What A Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050’, The World Bank (2018): DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0 5 Romie Stott, ‘Oxyrhynchus, Ancient Egypt’s Most Literate Trash Heap’, Atlas Obscura, 16/03/2016: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/oxyrhynchus-ancient-egypts-most-literate-trash-heap 6 https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ghazipur-landfill-garbage-mound-collapse-kills-2-4824659/ 7 Himal Kotelawala, ‘Sri Lanka Death Toll Rises in Garbage Dump Collapse’, New York Times, 17/04/2017: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/world/asia/sri-lanka-garbage-dump.html 8 PET – Polyethylene terephthalate; HDPE – high-density polyethylene; PVC – polyvinyl chloride; PP – polypropylene. 9 This is the low end. Within a twenty-year time window, methane is eighty-four times more warming than CO2, according to the IPCC: https://www.factcheck.org/2018/09/how-potent-is-methane/ 10 ‘Methane Menace: Aerial survey spots “super-emitter” landfills’, Reuters, 18/06/2021: https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/methane-menace-aerial-survey-spots-super-emitter-landfills-2021-06-18 11 Will Mathis and Akshat Rathi, ‘Methane Plumes Put Pakistan Landfills In The Spotlight’, Bloomberg, 30/09/2021: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-20/methane-plumes-in-pakistan-put-landfills-in-the-spotlight 12 E.


Masters of Mankind by Noam Chomsky

affirmative action, Alan Greenspan, American Legislative Exchange Council, Berlin Wall, failed state, God and Mammon, high-speed rail, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), land bank, land reform, Martin Wolf, means of production, military-industrial complex, Nelson Mandela, nuremberg principles, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, Paul Samuelson, plutocrats, profit maximization, Ralph Waldo Emerson, scientific management, Silicon Valley, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, union organizing, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, Westphalian system

The Heartland Institute project calls for a “Global Warming Curriculum for K-12 Classrooms” that aims to teach that there “is a major controversy over whether or not humans are changing the weather.”10 Of course, all of this is dressed up in rhetoric about teaching critical thinking—a fine idea, no doubt, but it’s easy to think up far better choices than an issue selected because of its importance for corporate profits. There is indeed a controversy, regularly reported in the media. One side consists of the overwhelming majority of scientists, all of the world’s major national academies of science, the professional science journals, and the IPCC (the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). They agree that global warming is taking place; that there is a substantial human component; that the situation is serious and perhaps dire; and that very soon, maybe within decades, the world might reach a tipping point where the process will escalate sharply and will be irreversible, with severe social and economic effects.

The other side consists of skeptics, including a few respected scientists who caution that much is unknown—which means that things might not be as bad as thought, or might be worse. Omitted from the contrived debate is a much larger group of skeptics: highly regarded climate scientists who regard the regular reports of the IPCC as much too conservative. They have repeatedly been proven correct, unfortunately. But they are scarcely part of the public debate, though very prominent in the scientific literature. The Heartland Institute and ALEC are part of a huge campaign by corporate lobbies to sow doubt about the near-unanimous consensus of scientists that human activities are having a major impact on global warming with possibly ominous implications.


pages: 289 words: 95,046

Chaos Kings: How Wall Street Traders Make Billions in the New Age of Crisis by Scott Patterson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 4chan, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, asset allocation, backtesting, Bear Stearns, beat the dealer, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Bitcoin "FTX", Black Lives Matter, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Black Swan Protection Protocol, Black-Scholes formula, blockchain, Bob Litterman, Boris Johnson, Brownian motion, butterfly effect, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, centre right, clean tech, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, Colonization of Mars, commodity super cycle, complexity theory, contact tracing, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, decarbonisation, disinformation, diversification, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, effective altruism, Elliott wave, Elon Musk, energy transition, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, Extinction Rebellion, fear index, financial engineering, fixed income, Flash crash, Gail Bradbrook, George Floyd, global pandemic, global supply chain, Gordon Gekko, Greenspan put, Greta Thunberg, hindsight bias, index fund, interest rate derivative, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, Joan Didion, John von Neumann, junk bonds, Just-in-time delivery, lockdown, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, mandelbrot fractal, Mark Spitznagel, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, money market fund, moral hazard, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Bostrom, off-the-grid, panic early, Pershing Square Capital Management, Peter Singer: altruism, Ponzi scheme, power law, precautionary principle, prediction markets, proprietary trading, public intellectual, QAnon, quantitative easing, quantitative hedge fund, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, Ralph Nader, Ralph Nelson Elliott, random walk, Renaissance Technologies, rewilding, Richard Thaler, risk/return, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan: Tear down this wall, Rory Sutherland, Rupert Read, Sam Bankman-Fried, Silicon Valley, six sigma, smart contracts, social distancing, sovereign wealth fund, statistical arbitrage, statistical model, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, systematic trading, tail risk, technoutopianism, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, the scientific method, too big to fail, transaction costs, University of East Anglia, value at risk, Vanguard fund, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog

Some 35 billion tons of carbon dioxide are pumped into the atmosphere every year from fossil fuels and industry. Each of those seventy Carbon Engineering plants is expected to pull a mere 1 million tons a year. And yet for the world to meet the Paris Accords’ emission-reduction targets, some form of carbon removal is necessary, according to nearly every scenario sketched out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC, the United Nations body responsible for studying the science of global warming and its future risks. Some experts estimate that at least $50 trillion—maybe double that, according to other experts—in clean-energy investments (wind, solar, batteries, carbon removal, etc.) would be required by 2050 to meet the goals of the Paris Accords.

Shaw hedge fund, 61, 64 Daniel, Kent, 231 Dao of Capital, The (Spitznagel), 137, 272 DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) mission, 282, 291 Davos meetings, 119, 183–85 Dawkins, Richard, 124 Deep Green movement, 194–95 DiFrancesca, Charlie, 44 Dominion Energy, 248, 250 Doomsday Clock, 163–64, 235–36, 285 Dragon Kings Sornette’s conception of, 31, 91–92, 132–33, 142, 144–46, 202, 205, 288 Taleb’s Gray Swans and, 145–46 Tesla and, 239 Druckenmiller, Stanley, 48 Dynamic Hedging (Taleb), 13, 59, 60, 62 Dynamic Integrated Climate Economy (DICE) model, 230–31 earning-to-give model, 281 Eastbridge Capital, 49, 50 Economic Policy Institute, 122 Edge Foundation, 124, 126, 190–91 Edsall, Thomas, 34 effective altruism, 281 Electric Reliability Council of Texas, 257 Eliopoulos, Ted, 152, 153, 157–58 Elliott, Ralph Nelson, 89 Empirica Capital black swan funds used by, 113, 134 decision to shut down, 13, 96, 99 losses after the September 11 terrorist attacks and, 76–77, 80 Spitznagel’s and Taleb’s launch of, 12, 13, 61–62, 65 stock market closing after September 11 attack and, 71–72 Taleb’s decision to leave, 81–82, 99 trading strategy of, 13, 38, 66–68, 77, 94, 97, 103, 113, 143 enactivism, 208 Eno, Brian, 191–92 Environmental Defense Fund, 232, 240 Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence Model, 288 Epstein, Jeffrey, 124 ETH Zurich, 97–98, 157, 179, 288 European Central Bank, 110 European Environment Agency, 189 Extinction Rebellion (XR), 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 243–44 Exxon Mobil, 230, 233, 239, 251 Fabbri, Brain, 111 Fama, Eugene, 226, 228 Fannie Mae, 3, 79–80, 109 Farrell, Clare, 244 Feigl-Ding, Eric, 161–62 Ferguson, Niall, 119 Financial Crisis Observatory, 90, 92, 132, 144, 288 finite-time singularity, 132 Fink, Larry, 250 First Boston, 51, 56–57 Flash Crash (2010), 14, 127–28, 147 Fooled by Randomness (Taleb), 13, 69–70, 72, 78, 103, 218 Freddie Mac, 3, 80, 109 Freedom House, 256 Freefall, 14 Friedman, Thomas, 19 Friedman, Milton, 226 FTX Trading, 281, 284 Fukushima disaster, Japan, 191–92 Funhouse, 3 Futureset, 267 Galleon Group, 55 Gates, Bill, 124, 251, 281, 282 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 74 Gell-Mann, Murray, 124 Gellman, Barton, 256 genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 193–94, 195–96, 213–15, 216, 217 Ghosh, Amitav, 107 Gladwell, Malcolm, 58, 65, 70, 77 Global Bubble Status Report, 177, 178 Global Financial Crisis of 2008, 3, 14, 17, 27, 31, 35, 61, 69, 90, 115 Global Systemic Risk project, Princeton University, 31 Global Warming Policy Foundation, 194, 243–44 Glover, Robert, 251 Goldman Sachs, 23, 67, 168, 220, 227, 228, 229, 263 Goldstone, Jack, 29–30 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 39, 106 Gould, Jay, 95 Graham, Benjamin, 275 Graham, Lindsey, 236–37 Grantham, Jeremy, 178–79 Great Moderation, 35, 99 green energy sector, 177, 178, 252 Greenspan, Alan, 35, 48, 52, 84–85, 89, 99, 137 Gray Swans, 27, 31, 105, 114, 145–46, 256, 266 Guardian, 6, 108, 124, 185–86, 188, 216 Guterres, António, 290 Harr, Pat, 258 Hasen, Richard, 256 Hayek, Friedrich, 121, 136 Horstmeyer, Derek, 276 Hume, David, 66 Hundt, Reed, 249 Hurricane Ian, 290 Hurricane Ida, 258 hyperobjects, 107 Icahn, Carl, 6 Idyll Farms, Michigan, 12, 129, 137–38, 157, 271, 287 Ignatius, David, 102–3 Illmanen, Antti, 172–73 Indosuez, 55–56 Insana, Ron, 72–73 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 251 International Monetary Fund, 286 J.P. Morgan, 60, 167, 185–86, 232, 250, 263 Jobs, Steve, 14 Johansen, Anders, 85, 86, 87 Johansen-Ledoit-Sornette (JLS) model, 86–88 Johnson, Boris, 17, 189 Jones, Paul Tudor, 69 Junkin, Andrew, 159 Kahneman, Daniel (Danny), 78–79, 80, 119, 124 Karins, Bill, 290 Karniol-Tambour, Karen, 250 Kasman, Bruce, 167 Kavanaugh, Ryan, 94–95 Kayyem, Juliette, 35 KBC Bank, 64 KBC Financial Products, 64, 69 Keenan, Jesse, 258–59 Keith, David, 251 Kelly, John E., 19 Kepos Capital, 221, 238–39 Keynes, John Maynard, 121, 136 Kim, Paul, 276–77 Klipp, Everett, 40, 41, 42–44, 47, 48, 68 Knopoff, Leon, 85 Kolbert, Elizabeth, 239 Krugman, Paul, 122 Lagnado, Ron, 151, 152, 153–54, 157, 158, 159, 175 Law of Large Numbers, 104, 266 Leatherman, Lamont, 247–48, 252 Ledoit, Oliver, 86, 87 Lehman Brothers, 109, 115, 119–20, 134, 167, 261 Linden, Larry, 229 Litterman, Bob, 219–31, 236, 237–41, 273, 290 Lloyd’s of London, 105, 261, 266–67 log-periodic power law singularity (LPPLS) model, 90, 91, 92, 131–32, 205 Lollos, Adam, 15 LongTail Alpha, 157, 176 Long-Term Capital Management, 13, 50, 60, 68, 102 longtermism, 281–84 Lorenz, Ed, 132 Madoff, Bernard L., 77 Mais, Andrew, 263 Malachite Capital Management, 168 Manchin, Joe, 287, 290 Mandelbrot, Benoit, 73–76, 84, 88, 89, 97, 103–4, 105 Mann, Michael, 246 Markowitz, Harry, 101, 228 Maturana, Humberto, 208 McCoy, Keith, 233 McKay, Adam, 36 McKinsey & Company, 249, 252 megacity, 21 Meng, Ben, 158, 159, 171–73, 175 Menger, Carl, 136 Merrill Lynch, 42 Mitsotakis, Kyriakos, 245 Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), 101–2, 104, 153, 228, 272–73, 274, 275 Monbiot, George, 244 Monsanto, 203, 215 Monte Carlo model, 94 Morgan Stanley, 49, 64, 95, 96, 230, 263 Morton, Timothy, 107 Muller, Peter, 95, 96–97 Munich Re, 260 Murdoch, Kathryn, 229 Musk, Elon, 123, 124, 177, 178, 191, 281, 282 Naked Capitalism website, 23, 180 National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), 84, 85, 93 National Intelligence Council, 30 National Security Council, 18, 23, 206 Nature journal, 202, 253 Neal, John, 267 Neidenbach, Stephan, 216 New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI), 196, 199, 200–1 New Scientist magazine, 202–3 New Yorker, 58, 65, 77, 239 New York Times, 19, 34, 79, 103, 105, 111, 122, 262, 274 New York Post, 177 New York University, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 50, 60, 62, 73 Niederhoffer, Victor, 58–59 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 272 Nikkei index, 87 Niskanen Center, 230 Nocera, Joe, 103 Nordhaus, William, 230–31, 237 Norman, Joe, 20–23, 26, 164, 207–8, 217, 270 Obama, Barack, 33, 35, 122, 141 Occidental Petroleum, 251 oil industry global warming and, 246 Graham on Iran’s and Russia’s dependence on, 236–37 Kepos Capital’s investment in clean-energy companies and, 238–39 transition to clean energy from fossil fuels and, 248–49, 286–87 oil prices Dynamic Integrated Climate Economy (DICE) model on, 230 Russian invasion of Ukraine and, 223, 239, 272, 286 Orange County, California, bankruptcy (1994), 13, 48 O’Reilly, Brian, 286 Page, Larry, 124, 126 Paloma Partners, 61, 69, 72 pandemics.


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Experience on Demand: What Virtual Reality Is, How It Works, and What It Can Do by Jeremy Bailenson

Apollo 11, Apple II, augmented reality, computer vision, deliberate practice, experimental subject, fake news, game design, Google Glasses, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), iterative process, Ivan Sutherland, Jaron Lanier, low earth orbit, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, Neal Stephenson, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, Oculus Rift, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, overview effect, pill mill, randomized controlled trial, Silicon Valley, SimCity, Skinner box, Skype, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, telepresence, too big to fail, traumatic brain injury

Reeves, “The impact of vivid and personal messages on reducing energy consumption related to hot water use,” Environment and Behavior 47, no. 5 (2015): 570–92. 8. “A History of the NOAA,” NOAA History, http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/noaahistory_2.html, last modified June 8, 2006. 9. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://www.ipcc.ch/. 10. Remarks from Woods Institute Speech: “Increasingly common experiences with extreme climate-related events such as the Colorado wildfires, a record warm spring, and preseason hurricanes have convinced many Americans climate change is a reality.” 11. Daniel Grossman, “UN: Oceans are 30 percent more acidic than before fossil fuels,” National Geographic, December 15, 2009, http://voices.national geographic.com/2009/12/15/acidification/. 12.

Stanford University is one of the leading institutions in the world studying climate change, and as a professor there I have been able to spend time with some of the all-time environmental greats—people like Steve Schneider and Chris Field, major figures in the development of climate change science and policy, and Paul Ehrlich, whose controversial books on the environmental costs of human population growth were so alarming they shifted public debate and action. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, as public awareness began to grow about the mounting evidence of a warming planet, I stood on the sidelines as climate change was debated and documented by my colleagues who wrote reports for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Like many, I watched, stunned, as the recommendations of environmental scientists were repeatedly ignored by decision makers who either denied that climate change was caused by humans, or believed it wasn’t happening at all. By 2010, this disconnect was literally keeping me awake at night.

Among its many missions, NOAA is tasked with protecting “life and property from natural hazards.”8 Her tenure at the agency coincided with the most extreme four years of weather yet recorded, so it was not a surprise that her talk was a moving—and at times dispiriting—keynote, containing heartbreaking details about all the natural disasters which she had encountered and managed responses to on the job, including six major floods, 770 tornadoes, three tsunamis, and 70 Atlantic hurricanes, not to mention record snowfalls and serious droughts. One of the reasons I was drawn to Lubchenco’s address was that it wrestled with the very subject I was dealing with in my lab: how hard it remains, over 25 years since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its first report, to convince the public, and more importantly policy makers in Washington, that global warming is contributing to some of the extreme weather she had witnessed.9 Then Lubchenco said something that really got my attention: she noted that as she visited communities that had been ravaged by natural disasters and interacted with the survivors, those who were suffering in the aftermath of these powerful weather events were more likely to believe the scientific consensus on climate change.


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A Line in the Tar Sands: Struggles for Environmental Justice by Tony Weis, Joshua Kahn Russell

addicted to oil, Bakken shale, bilateral investment treaty, call centre, carbon footprint, clean water, colonial exploitation, conceptual framework, corporate social responsibility, decarbonisation, Deep Water Horizon, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Exxon Valdez, failed state, gentrification, global village, green new deal, guest worker program, happiness index / gross national happiness, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, immigration reform, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, invisible hand, Jevons paradox, liberal capitalism, LNG terminal, market fundamentalism, means of production, megaproject, military-industrial complex, Naomi Klein, new economy, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, profit maximization, public intellectual, race to the bottom, smart grid, special economic zone, WikiLeaks, working poor

And that demands action: “The carbon emissions from that coal, and from oil and natural gas, and agriculture and so much other human activity—causes global warming, and we have to act to cut those emissions, and act now.”2 However, the AFL-CIO still has not endorsed even the minimal targets for carbon reduction proposed by the world’s leading body of climate scientists, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), let alone the reduction of carbon in the atmosphere to 350 parts per million, which America’s leading climate scientist, James Hansen, and many other experts say is necessary to prevent those “catastrophic consequences for human civilization.” Meanwhile, organized labour has become an enthusiastic proponent of “green jobs.”

See fracking hydrocarbon consumption, 25 hydrocarbon extraction, 105 hydrocarbons, 9, 231, 254, 281, 285 Idle No More movement, 16, 29, 74–75, 144, 214, 231, 251, 261, 273–74, 325n43, 349n11 (ch.24) Imperial Oil, 76, 95, 138, 141 impoverishment, intersection of with colonialism, labour, capital, and the state, 87 India, 61, 78, 102; trade agreement with, 93 Indigeneity, resurgence and, 259 Indigenous Economic Principles, 238 Indigenous Environmental Network (IEN), 170, 176, 187, 208, 212, 236, 240, 242, 244, 247, 250–51, 271, 293; Protecting Mother Earth Summit (2006), 246 Indigenous lands, 316; settling of, 96–97, 115 Indigenous-led movement, proposal for, 267–78 Indigenous peoples, 9, 13, 16–18, 23, 48, 55, 185, 204, 287, 298, 311–12; activism by, 66, 68, 69–72, 74, 75, 98; and age of fossil fuels, 229–39; alienation of, 255; alliances with environmental NGOs, 41–42; and building economics for seventh generation, 229–39; cancer among, 53, 114, 116, 135, 140, 208, 236, 254; and Chemical Valley, 135–45; children, 255, 261–63; economic marginalization of, 254; exploitation of, 97, 115, 125–26, 255, 258, 295, 299; genocide of, 85; Healing Walk, 16, 88, 127–33; industrialization of territories of, 257; and Keystone XL, 169, 280; killing and displacement of, 97; languages of, 155; in Latin America, 94; as most oppressed group in Canada, 69–70; and Northern Gateway project, 147–59; politicization of, 251; poverty among, 114; resistance by, 16, 18, 41, 80, 143–45, 156–59, 253–66, 267–78; respiratory illness among, 114, 116, 135; self-determination of, 12, 93, 98, 256, 258, 260–61, 271, 276; traditional knowledge of, 153, 156, 259–60; traditions of, 254; two-spirits (okichidaakwewag), 255, 261–63, 348n6; and UKTSN, 207–16; and uranium mining, 315–16; women, 193, 209, 213, 242, 246, 251–52, 255, 261–63 Indigenous rights, 81, 122, 124–26, 128, 153, 208–9, 268, 271–75, 277, 294; strategic framework of (NRF), 240–52, 257–59. See also treaty rights Indigenous Tar Sands Campaign, 74 industrial genocide, 64, 69 “in situ extraction,” 9 “insourcing,” 84 institutional disruption, 293–94 institutional ecology, 298, 353n3; “green jobs” and, 301–4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 218 International Energy Agency (IEA), 27, 28, 101, 304 International Labour Organization, 303, 335n13, 353n10; Convention 169: 251 International Transport Workers’ Federation, 307 Inuit, 258, 316 Iraq: oil imports from, 31; US invasion of, 99 Israel: “extreme” tar sands extraction in, 105–7; trade agreement with, 93; Zionism in, 105–7 Israel Chemicals, 106 Israel Energy Initiatives (IEI), 105–7 Italy, 102 Jacobsen, David, 56 Jewish National Fund (JNF), 106–7 Jimisawaabandaaming, 237 Johanson, Reg, 163 Jonas, Howard, 107 Jones, Van, 244, 284 Jordan, “extreme” tar sands extraction in, 107–8 Jordan Energy and Mines Limited, 108 Journal of Power Sources, 283 jurisdictional contestation, 295–96; Indigenous form of, 295 Kalamazoo (Michigan), 116, 137, 182; Enbridge pipeline spill in, 195–206 Kalamazoo River, 17 Karak International Oil, 108 kerogen-infused oil shale, 105–7 kerogen shale, 6, 100–101 Keynesianism, 298, 302 Keystone XL (KXL) pipeline, 5, 12, 17, 18, 30, 41, 62–63, 77–79, 91, 102, 116, 149, 162, 165, 204–5, 232–36, 250, 282, 314, 315; direct action at White House to stop, 166–80, 279–81, 284, 312; Gulf Coast resistance to, 181–94; jobs and energy security brought by, 233; labour movement and, 219–23 Kihci Pikiskwewin (Speaking the Truth), 118–26 Kinder Morgan, 11, 116, 160, 260; Trans Mountain Pipeline, 11, 91, 95, 125, 149, 162 Klamath River Native organizing, 168 Klare, Michael, 313 Klein, Naomi, 170, 173, 246, 284 Klein, Ralph, 38, 51 Kluane people (Yukon), 153 Kyoto Protocol, 29, 53, 124, 218 La Boétie, Étienne de, 286 Laborers’ International Union of North America (LIUNA), 220–22 Labor Network for Sustainability, 220 Laboucan-Massimo, Melina, 209, 248 labour, intersection of with colonialism, the state, capital, and impoverishment, 87 labour movement, 287; and climate change, 217–25, 244; and environmental movement, 86, 88, 90 Lac-Méantic (Quebec), 81, 182 LaDuke, Winona, 246 Lakehead pipelines, 231 Lakota Nation, 235–36 Lameman, Alphonse, 122 Lax Kw’alaams Nation, 264 lead, 136 learning disabilities, 140 Leclerc, Christine, 163–64 Leduc #1, 40 Leggett, Sheila, 148–49, 156 Lenape people, 253 Lepine, Lionel, 208, 248 Levant, Ezra, 50–51 Lickers, Amanda, 265 Liepert, Ron, 56 Life of Mine permit, 169 liquefied natural gas (LNG), 241 Little Village Environmental Justice Organization, 280 Lockridge, Ada, 144 logging, protection of forests from industrial, 70 London Rising Tide, 209 Louisiana, 102, 183 Lovins, Amory, 356n25 Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), 60–62 Lubicon Cree: land settlement agreement, 115; struggle of, 113–17; undermining sovereignty of, 114 Lukacs, Martin, 57 LyondellBasell, 189 Mabee, Holly Spiro, 71–72 Machado, Antonio, 75 Mackenzie Basin, 33 Madagascar, “extreme” tar sands extraction in, 104–5 Madagascar Oil, 104–5 Maisonneuve magazine, 60 Malaysia, 102 Manitoba: destruction of treaty lands in, 125; soil and lake acidification in, 33 Marathon, 60 Marcellus Shale formation, 283, 314–15 “market ecology,” 46, 298, 302, 304, 309; green growth and, 300–301 market fundamentalism, 95 Marois, Pauline, 82 Marx, Karl: Grundrisse, 309 Masten, Scott, 202 Mathias Colomb Cree Nation (Pukatawagan), 74 Matthews, Hans, 149 Mayflower (Arkansas), 17, 182, 189 McKibben, Bill, 169, 170, 173, 220, 311 McMichael, Philip, 68 “megaload” corridor, 11 Mercredi, Mike, 248 mercury, 136, 254 methane, 15, 241, 324n33 Métis people, 4, 128, 131, 254, 258 Mexico, poverty in, 89 Meyer, John M., 316 Michif people, 253, 259 Michigan.

Since the early 1970s, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have risen by roughly 2 ppm per year, and in 2013 they surpassed 400 ppm for the first time in millions of years. 34. Two major examples are how declining sea and glacial ice means declining albedo and increasing thermal absorption in the Arctic Ocean and across high-latitude land masses, and how thawing permafrost threatens to release vast stores of methane. 35. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 5th Assessment Report, 2013; James Hansen, Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth about the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009). 36. David Biello, “‘Greenhouse Goo,”’ Scientific American, 308,7 (2013), 56–61; see also Neil C.


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The Unpersuadables: Adventures With the Enemies of Science by Will Storr

Albert Einstein, Atul Gawande, battle of ideas, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bread and circuses, British Empire, call centre, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, Credit Default Swap, David Attenborough, David Brooks, death of newspapers, full employment, George Santayana, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jon Ronson, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, placebo effect, randomized controlled trial, Simon Singh, Stanford prison experiment, Steven Pinker, sugar pill, the scientific method, theory of mind, twin studies

He tells me that the UN held a meeting last May ‘with all of its top people, to discuss ways of bringing the “nation state” to an end. It’s code for bringing democracy to an end. That’s actually at the top of the UN’s agenda.’ An early draft of the 2009 Copenhagen Treaty, he adds menacingly, ‘describes that they’re going to establish a global government.’ The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the environmental groups and many politicians sympathetic to the IPCC’s views are part of this plan to institute what Lord Monckton has previously called ‘a worldwide coup d’état by bureaucrats’ who seek to ‘impose a Communist world government on the world.’ And the people know it. Well, they don’t know it, just know it.

Holman Foundation 118 chemotherapy 35, 93 Chibnall, Albert 256, 257 chick-sexers 186–87 childhood abuse 165–72, 173–75, 176–78, 179 sexual 145, 146, 156–57, 162, 180 children 75 China 83 Christ Church, Oxford 200, 201 Christians 4, 6, 7, 133, 134 condemnation of homosexuality 14–15, 18 morality 15–16, 122 see also creationists Churchill, Winston 208, 235, 249, 250 Clancy, Susan 50 climate-change sceptics 200, 203–204, 216 Clinic for Dissociative Studies 171 Clinton, Hilary 118 Coan, Chris 166–67 Coan, Jim 166–67 cochlear implants 78 cognitive bias 85, 87–88, 90–91, 103–104, 111, 183, 186, 244, 272 see also confirmation bias cognitive dissonance 84–87, 96, 102, 181 coin toss tests 262 Colapinto, John 312 cold war 149, 212, 215 Coleman, Ron 136–37, 141, 146, 148, 157, 162, 186, 306 colour, perception of 80 Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) 275 Communists 212, 222, 249–50 con artists 107 concentration camps 220–21, 224, 230, 245 confabulation 189–90, 192–96, 203, 207, 218, 253, 307, 315 confirmation bias 85, 87, 96, 181, 182, 188, 221, 243, 246, 312 consciousness 267–68 as Hero-Maker 306 conviction, unconscious 33 Conway, Martin 201 Cooper, Alice 275 Copenhagen Climate Conference 204 Copenhagen Treaty 2009 216 core beliefs 183 cows, sacred 40 Creation Research 5 Creation Science Foundation 12 creationists 2–10, 13–19, 20, 26, 30, 100, 162, 261, 308, 310 Crick, Francis 258, 268 CSICOP see Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal culture, power of 211, 302 ‘culture heroes’ 311 ‘culture wars’ 30, 309 Daily Mail (newspaper) 225, 228, 232 Daily Telegraph (newspaper) 243–44, 263 Dali, Salvador 275 Darwin, Charles 2, 10, 11, 94 Davenas, Elisabeth 110–11 Dawkins, Richard 2, 6, 10, 19, 94, 142, 259, 261, 271, 272, 287, 290, 308 DDT 211 de-individuation 69 deafness 78, 82 decision-making 181, 267 and emotion 184–85, 189 dehumanization 69–70 delusions 103–104, 130, 178–79, 182, 272 finding evidence for 135 and Morgellons 120 of parasitosis (DOP) 120, 122, 124, 125, 129, 162 democracy, end of 216 Demon-Marker function 308–309 depression 33, 43, 45, 128, 141, 148 Dermatologic Therapy (journal) 128 development factors 183 Devil, Australia see Gympie Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 143, 144 dialogue-ing 149, 151–52 Diana, Princess of Wales 286 diazepam (Valium) 42 dinosaurs 13, 19 Dog World (magazine) 293–94 dogma 106–107, 258 domestic abusers 89 DOP (delusions of parasitosis) 120, 122, 124, 125, 129, 162 dopamine 155, 196 doubt 133, 257 sensitivity to 261 dragons 13 dreaming 193, 195 lucid 76 drunkenness, cultural determinants of 83–84 DSM see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Eagleman, David 74, 79, 80, 185, 186, 192, 193, 268–69 eccentricity 310 Economist, The (weekly publications) 312 Eden 14 Eden, Anthony 208 Edward V111 208 ‘effectance motive’ 184 ego 224 dream 195 ego-bolstering, unconscious 96, 103, 181 egoists 88, 196 Eichmann, Adolf 245 Einstein, Albert 201, 285 Eliade, Mircea 302 emotions 183, 184–85, 187, 194, 305 and beliefs 188, 189, 196–97 culturally unique 83 and decision-making 184, 185, 187 see also anger; happiness energy clean 25 Enfield Gazette (newspaper) 280 Enfield Poltergeist case 280 Enlightenment 255 envy 218 epinephrine 189–90 Epley, Nicholas 88 escapology 273–74 ESP see extrasensory perception Ethics Committee of the Federal Australian Medical Association 39 European Union (EU) 212 European Union Parliament House 234 Evans, Dylan 83 Evans, Richard 224 Eve 5, 12 Eve, Mitochondrial 73 Everett, Daniel 312 evidence, denial of 221, 261 evil psychology of 69–70, 307–308 ‘supremely good’ motivations for 89 evolution 73 arguments against 2–7, 10–13 arguments for 19–20, 100–101 experimental psychology 88, 101, 142, 316 extrasensory perception (ESP) 255, 266, 274, 294 alien 24 sense of ‘being stared at’ 254–55, 258, 262 facts and belief 183 inefficiency 26 fairies 83 faith, as journey 21, 134 false memories 156, 165–70, 173–74, 178, 194 familiar, the, attraction to 183 ‘fan death’ 83 Fate magazine 281 fear 203, 205, 206 Feinberg, Todd E. 82 Felstead, Anthony 160, 164 Felstead, David 159–60, 164, 171, 175, 176 Felstead, Joan 164 Felstead, Joseph 160, 161, 164, 165 Felstead, Kevin 160, 161, 164 Felstead, Richard 159–160, 164, 176–77 Felstead family 163, 165, 166, 168, 170, 176 Festinger, Leon 85, 188 Financial Service Act 214 First World War 231 Fisher, Fleur 161, 163, 165, 166, 176, 307 Flim Flam (Randi, 1982) 271, 279, 288, 295 Flood, biblical 14 fMRI see Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging foetal development 74 fossil record 10, 13–14, 19, 101 Fourth Annual Morgellons Conference 121–28 Fox, Kate 84 Franklin, Wilbur 282, 293 free will 193, 217, 307 as confabulation 193 French Assembly 204 French, Chris 50, 104, 108, 169, 173, 288, 315 French Revolution 204 Freud, Sigmund 171, 302 Frith, Chris 70, 77, 206, 315 Fromyhr, Liam 13 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 71 fundamentalists 261 Garvey, James 203, 218 Gates, Bill 212 Gazzaniga, Michael 184, 190–92 Geertz, Clifford 75 Geller, Uri 99, 275, 280, 281, 287, 288, 290, 293 genes 221 genetic factors 205 and beliefs 221 and political attitude 205 and schizophrenia 145, 154 genome 205, 206 Genus Epidemicus 115 George, St, and the dragon 13 ghost-hunters 21 ghosts 104 Gilovich, Thomas 86 Gindis, Alec 277, 278 global financial crisis 213 global governance 216–217 global warming 203 gnomes 83 God 17, 202, 305 Catholic interpretations of 21 and creation 3, 4, 5–6, 10 creation of 26 Darwin’s arguments against the existence of 11 deference to 18 existence of as scientifically testable 11 knowableness of 11, 22 and morality 15 see also anti-God rhetoric Goebbels, Joseph 230, 232, 239, 245 Goenka, S.N. 57, 60, 61–63, 306 Goldacre, Ben 97 Göring, Hermann 232 Gottschall, Martin 25–26 Gottschall, Sheryl 26 governance, models of 217 Gray, Honourable Mr Justice 221, 223 Gray, John 81 Great Rift Valley 74 ‘greys’ (aliens) 23, 33 group psychology 69, 88, 197 conformity to group pressure 70, 72 and the production of evil 70 Guardian (newspaper) 6 Gururumba tribe 83 Gympie, Australia 2–7, 10, 14, 16, 22, 33–53 gympie-gympie tree 2, 19 Hahnemann, Samuel 96, 115 Haidt, Honathan 83, 184, 193, 194–95, 205, 216–17, 315 Hale, Rob 172 hallucinations 82 auditory 137, 139, 141, 144, 145 see also voice-hearing visual 152 halo effect 84 Ham, Ken 12 happiness, and religious belief 197 ‘hard problem, the’ 267 Harrow 209 Harvard University 28–29, 30, 50, 285 Hawthorne Effect 107 hearing, sense of 262 Hearing Voices Network (HVN) 137, 140–41, 154, 162 Hebard, Arthur 279, 280, 295 Hebb, Donald 266 herbal remedies 36 Hercules 302 hero, the, how your memory rebuilds you as 194, 231 hero narratives 302–303, 306–309, 311–13 parasite 307, 312 Hero-Maker 306–307, 310–311, 312, 314 Heydrich, Reinhard 245 Himmler, Heinrich 235 Himmler bunker 236, 245 Hitler, Adolf 228, 231, 238, 239, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 151–52 Hitler Youth 204 Hitler’s bunker 238 HIV 207 see also AIDS HMS Edinburgh (ship) 231 Hoefkens, Gemma 92–95, 96–97, 115–16, 141, 142, 181, 310 Holocaust denial 155, 221, 226, 229–30, 243, 244 Homeopathic Research Institute 109 homeopathy 94–102, 105–107, 109–121, 134, 181, 269, 277, 278 evidence for 106–114, 121, 134, 269 ‘overdose’ protest against 96, 99, 105, 108–109 ‘radionic’ method 115 Homerton Hospital 132 hominins 74 Homo sapiens 73 homophobia 188 homosexuality 137 Christian condemnation of 14–15, 18 Horsey, Richard 186 Horst Wessel Song (Nazi Party anthem) 239 House of Commons Science and Technology Committee 94 Hrab, George 108 Hume, David 203 Humphrey, Nicholas 43 Huntington’s disease testing 197 HVN see Hearing Voices Network hypnotherapy and false memory generation 166 and past-life regression 44–45, 47 hypnotism 189 ‘I’, sense of 194, 196, 258 IBS seeirritable bowel syndrome Iceland 83 identity 203 ideology 272 Illuminati 286–87, 288, 304 imitation 206 immigration 206, 223 Mexican 223 in-groups 84, 133 incest 168 information field 257, 266 INSERM 200 110 intelligence, and cognitive bias 224 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 216 International Academy of Classical Homeopathy 277 Internet 112 intuition 187, 216, 238 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 43 Irving, David 269, 307, 308, 209, 333–335, 344, 345 Irving, John 219, 221, 238, 244 Irving, Nicholas 243 itch disorders 117–119 see also Morgellons Jackson, Peter 312 James, William 106 James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) 99, 260, 275, 276, 290, 294 jealousy, sexual 64, 66, 104 Jesus 142 knowableness of 11 Jewish Chronicle (newspaper) 230 Jews 221, 230, 231, 244–51, 253, 309 see also Holocaust denial Josefstadt Prison, Vienna 220 Journal of the American Medical Association 41 Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 113–114 Journal of Philosophical Studies 182 JREF see James Randi Educational Foundation Jutland, Battle of 231 Kahneman, Daniel 184, 303 Kaku, Michio 27 Kaptchuk, Ted 43 Keegan, Sir John 243–44 Keen, Montague 284 Keen, Veronica 283–88, 304 Kerry, John 87 KGB 212, 215 Kilstein, Vered 44–51, 53, 168, 305–306 King’s Cross station 136 ‘koro’ 83 Krepel, Scott 78 Krippner, Stanley 288–89, 295 Krupp 233 Kuhn, Deanna 86 Los Angeles LA Times (newspaper) 118 LaBerge, Stephen 76, 195 Labour Party 210 Lancet (journal) 109, 113 Langham, Chris 171 Lawrence, Stephen 236 Lebanese people 223 left, political 204–207, 211, 215 Leitao, Mary 118 Leitao’s Morgellons Research Foundation 118 Lemoine, Patrick 42 Lennon, John 49 Letwin, Oliver 214 Leuchter, Fred 229 Leviticus 14 Lewis, Andy 109, 114 Lipstadt, Deborah 221, 224, 243, 246, 309 Literary and Scientific Institutions Act 1854 210 Lo, Nathan 19–20, 22, 30, 100, 308 Loftus, Elizabeth 166, 173 love 44, 59 memories of 63, 133 Lucifer 4 see also Satan McCain, John 118 McCullock, Kay 23–25 McDonald’s 67–68, 84 Mack, John E. 28–30, 51, 102–103, 142, 145, 272, 284–85 Mackay, Glennys 22–23, 30, 33 Mackay, John 1, 4–6, 1–11, 15–20, 30, 33, 53, 91, 100, 109, 182, 305, 306, 308 MacLeish, Eric 29 Maddox, Sir John 271, 287 magic-makers 7 magnetometers 279 Majdanek concentration camp 224, 230 Mameli, Matteo 182 manic depression 141 Mann, Nick 130–31, 134, 162 Marianna, Dame of Malta 208 Marshall, Michael ‘Marsh’ 105–109 Marxists 210 ‘matchbox sign’ 124 materialism 256, 257–58, 259, 260–1, 266, 268–69 May, Rufus 148–49, 156, 182, 196, 304 meditation, Buddhist 52–53, 62, 182, 196 Meffert, Jeffrey 120 Mein Kampf (Hitler) 232, 233, 242 memory autobiographical 194 fallibility of 201 see also false memories; recovered- memory therapy mental illness 137, 141, 146, 147, 165 as continuum 147 depression 33, 42–43, 45, 89, 100, 120, 148, 197 manic depression 141 multiple personality disorder 165, 171, 173–74 obsessive compulsive disorder 128 sectioning 137, 140, 161 see also psychosis; schizophrenia mental models 76, 85, 87, 90, 102, 133, 142, 147, 183, 302, 303, 316 meta-analysis 112, 146, 157, 262, 267 Metzinger, Thomas 195 Mexican immigration 223 micro-stories 206 Milgram, Stanley 70–71 mind and the brain 255, 257–58, 266–67 as ‘out there’ 267 theory of 303 miners’ strike (mid-1980s) 212, 214–15 Mitchell, Joni 118 mites, tropical rat 132, 135 ‘Mitochondrial Eve’ 73 Moll, Albert 189 Monckton, Christopher Walter, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley 200, 203–205, 207–16, 218, 304, 305, 309, 310 Monckton, Major General Gilbert, 2nd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley 208 morality 193, 202 Christian 15 Morgellons 118–35, 162, 307 see also Fourth Annual Morgellons Conference, Austin, Texas morphine 41 Mosley, Sir Oswald 232 Mragowo 233 multiple personality disorder 165, 171, 173–74 murder, past-life 44, 48 murderers 89 Murray, Robin 183 Myers (formerly Felstead), Carole 159–61, 163–66, 168, 171–73, 176–80, 307 myoclonic jerk 195 myth 302, 304, 312–313 narratives hero 302–303, 306–14 master 206 nation state, end of 216 National Front 234, 305 National Health Service (NHS) 94, 148, 171 National Secular Society 5 National Union of Teachers 5 Native Americal tradition 186 Natural History Museum 132 natural selection 10 Nature (journal) 110–11, 257, 271, 287, 304 Nazi Party (German) 220, 239 Nazis 48, 89, 231, 239 Neanderthals 26 necrophilia 12, 18 neurological studies 87 neurons 74–75, 220, 253, 267 neuroscience 142 New Guinea 83 New Science of Life, A (Sheldrake) 256–57 New Scientist (journal) 257–266 New York Times (newspaper) 72, 120, 271, 272 New Yorker (magazine) 268, 312 Nix, Walte, Jr. 68 Noah 3, 5, 13, 14 Novella, Steven 107, 112, 120, 135, 272, 287, 309 Oaklander, Anne Louise 129–130 Oatley, Keith 303 Obama, Barack 118, 286 obedience studies 84 Observer (newspaper) 222, 257 obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) 128, 147 Oedipus 302 Offer, Daniel 194 Ogborn, Louise 67–68, 70, 84 Olsen, Clarence W. 82 openness 205 Origin of Species, The (Darwin) 2, 4 original sin 3 Orkney 166 ‘other people’, judgement of 67 out-groups 69, 105 Oxford Union 203, 207, 218 paedophilia 15 pain perception of 41 and the placebo effect 41, 42–43 palm reading 105 paranoia 30, 64, 150, 154, 178, 180 parapsychology 261–62, 265–67, 269, 279, 280, 287 past-life regression (PLR) 44–45, 47, 53, 168, 170 Patanjali Yog Peeth Trust 31 Paul McKenna Show, The (TV show) 263 Pearson, Michele 119 penis ‘koro’ effect 83 phantom 82 Penn and Teller 271, 290 perception and the brain 72, 76 of pain 41 and the placebo effect 41, 42, 43 of reality 27, 72, 76–77, 80, 81 see also extra-sensory perception peripeteia 303 Perkins, David 244 personality disorder 165 see also multiple personality disorder pesticides 211 Peter March’s Traveling Circus 274 Peters, Maarten 50 ‘phantom limbs’ 82 ‘Pagasus’ awards 260, 276, 288 Pirahã tribe 312 placebo effect 41–43, 45–46, 50–51, 53, 72, 107, 113, 134 and homeopathy 107, 113, 134 Playfair, Guy Lyon 280–82, 287, 293 political affiliation 205 political beliefs, and self-interest 217 political left 204, 206, 210, 211 political right 204, 205 Polonia Palace Hotel, Warsaw 219 poltergeists 280 Popoff, Peter 288 power, leftwing 211–12 Power, Joe 105, 106 ‘Pranayama’ (breath control) 32–36, 38, 40, 41, 45, 56, 134, 196 prefrontal cortex 73 prejudice 29, 53, 84, 86, 90, 100, 181, 248, 305 Pressman, Zev 280–82, 286, 288, 295 prophets 307 Prozac 42 psi phenomena 265–66 see also parapsychology psychiatry 28–29, 42, 71, 120, 130, 136, 137, 140–41, 142–43, 145–46, 150, 152, 162, 183, 189 psychic powers 253 animals with 258, 260, 261, 265, 266 testing 253, 258, 260, 263, 274, 279–80 psychics 98, 104 psychology of evil 69–70, 105, 243, 307 experimental 88, 101, 142, 316 parapsychology 261–62, 265, 266, 267, 269, 280, 287 situational 69 see also schizophrenia 157, 180, 310 Puthoff, Harold 279, 280 racism 104, 221, 223, 229, 305 radiotherapy 35, 401 Ramachandran, V.S. 75, 81, 82 Ramdev, Swami 31–41, 43, 134, 182, 306 Randi, Angela 291 Randi, James 98–99, 107, 108, 109–110, 112, 260–61, 269, 270, 271–98, 306, 309, 310, 312, 313 blindness to his own cognitive biases 272 childhood 273 death threats 275, 306 early adult life 274 emotional problems 292 homosexuality 292 interview with the author 291–98 psychic challenge prize 99, 260, 272, 276, 277, 278, 289 social Darwinism 296, 297 views on drug users 296–97 see also James Randi Educational Foundation Rank, Otto 302 Rasputin study 88, 103 rationalists, radicalised 9 reality, perceptions of 27, 72, 76–77, 80, 81, 91 ‘reality monitoring’, errors in 50 reason 26 inefficacy of 26–27 as not enough 309 recovered-memory therapy (RMT) 166, 170, 173, 176 Rees, Laurence 311 ‘regression to the mean’ 45 religious belief, and happiness 197 religious conversion mechanisms of 8 repression 169 right, political 204–207 Robertson, Shorty Jangala 300 robots, alien 23, 33 Rogo, Scott 279 Romme, Marius 137, 140, 143–45, 148, 154, 155 Rosenbaum, Ron 245 Royal College of Psychiatry 154 Royal Free Hospital, Camden 136, 139 Royal Institute of Philosophy 203 Royal Society 5 saccades 79 sacredness, irrationality surrounding 217 Sagan, Carl 266 Santayana, George 209 Satan 18 see also Lucifer santanic abuse 165–66, 168–70, 174–75, 177, 180 Saucer Smear magazine 281 Savely, Ginger 126, 127, 130 Schizophrenia 51, 136–37, 140, 141, 143, 145, 148, 150, 154, 162, 169, 178, 183, 309 as salience disorder 183 Schlitz, Marilyn 262 Schmidt, Stefan 262, 265 Schwartz, Gary 287, 188–89 science 8–9, 95–96, 255–59, 268, 273, 310 scientific method 305 Scientologists 155 sectioning 137, 140 Secular Student Alliance 290 Seeman, Mary 120 Segal, Stanley S. 172 self ideal 148, 313 multiple selves model 147 senses 77–91, 190, 196, 258 sensory deprivation 78 sexism, unconscious 86 sexual abuse 145, 146, 156–57, 162, 180 sexual assault 145–46 sexual jeaoulsy 64, 66, 104, 212 Shang, Aijing 112, 113–14 Sheldrake, Rupert 255–61, 262–70, 272–73, 276–77, 287, 289, 293–94, 307 Shermer, Michael 102 Silent Spring, The (Carson) 211 sin 17–18, 61, 66, 189 original 2 Sinason, David 171, 175, 179 Sinason, Valerie 170, 171, 178, 180, 304 Singer, Peter 304 situational psychology 69 Skeptic, The (magazine) 104, 108, 169, 271, 288 Skeptics 9, 95–112, 115, 120–21, 134, 142, 162, 260, 265, 271–73, 276–79, 290–91, 298, 309–310, 313–14 and Morgellons 134 and psi phenomenon 265–66, 279 and Sheldrake 260 ‘The Amazing Meeting’ of 290 see also Randi, James sleep 195 smell, sense of 184 Smith, Greg 122, 124, 130, 131 social Darwinism 296, 297 social roles, and the production of evil 69–70, 105 socialism 212 Sorel, George 304 ‘source-monitoring error’ 50 South Koreans 83 Soviet Union 212 sprinal tumours 129 spirituality 26 ‘split-brain’ patients 190–92 spoon-benders 98 spotlight effect 89 Stalin, Joseph 234 Stanford Prison Experiment 69–70 Stern Review 310 Stipe, Catherine 6 storytelling 183, 188, 189, 192, 194, 302, 206, 207, 312 see also confabulation; narratives ‘strip-search scams’ 68–69, 84 stroke patients 82 suicidal ideation 147 suicide 144 and voice-hearing 151, 154 Summers, Donna 67 survival of the fittest 3, 296–97 taboo violation scenarios, harmless 194 Targ, Russel 279, 280 Tavris, Carol 84, 88, 194, 243 Tea Party movement 204204 telepathy 257–59, 266, 269, 280 terrorism 9 Thatcher, Margaret 174, 204, 208, 212, 215 theft 66, 104 theory of mind 303 therapy 45, 169 group 133 placebo effect 45 This American Life (US radio show) 78 Thyssen 233 Time magazine 102 Times, The (newspaper) 263 ‘tjukurpas’ (Aboriginal stories) 275 Toronto Evening Telegram (newspaper) 274 Toronto Star (newspaper) 293 totalitarianism 216 Tournier, Alexander 109, 112, 113 traumatic experience repression 166 and voice-hearing 137, 139–41, 143–45, 148–49, 150–58 tribalism 84–85, 133, 171, 196, 217 truth 218 coherence theory of 218 and group pressure 44–45 and storytelling 312–13 Turing, Alan 266 Turner, Trevor 154–57, 162, 169, 178 twin studies 205 UFOs 22–27, 29–30, 272, 308 UK Independence Party (UKIP) 204 Ullman, Dana 107, 112, 309 Ultimate Psychic Challenges, The (TV Show) 284 unconscious 33, 44, 58–59, 60, 41–42, 183–88, 194, 269–70, 304 United Nations (UN) 216, 304 US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology 119 Vipassana Meditation Centre 52–53, 55, 57, 70 vision 79–80, 92–93, 96 Vithoulkas, George 99, 277–79, 295–96 voice-hearing 136–45, 148–59, 162, 169, 180 Wade, Kimberly 168–69 Warren, Jeff 76 Washington Post (newspaper) 120, 328, 344 water dreaming 300 Watson, Rebecca 107 ‘we mode’ 70 Wegner, Daniel 193, 331 welfare state 209–10 Western, Drew 87, 204, 206–7 Western medicine, disillusionment with 36, 39–40, 182, 306 Wexler, Bruce E. 75, 183, 185, 303 ‘wild pig, being a’ 83 Wilson, David Sloan 304 Wilson, Timothy D. 81 Wired (magazine) 271 Wiseman, Richard 259–66, 271–72, 287, 290, 335–37 Wolpert, Lewis 183–84, 189, 259, 313 Wootton, David 42 wormholes 27 Wymore, Randy 121–22, 124, 126, 128 yoga 31–39 Yuendumu 299–300 Zimbardo, Philip 68–70, 72, 104 WILL STORR is a novelist and longform journalist.


pages: 283 words: 85,906

The Clock Mirage: Our Myth of Measured Time by Joseph Mazur

Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Arthur Eddington, computer age, Credit Default Swap, Danny Hillis, Drosophila, Eratosthenes, Henri Poincaré, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, job automation, Lewis Mumford, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, Pepto Bismol, quantum entanglement, self-driving car, seminal paper, Stephen Hawking, time dilation, twin studies

Sir Isaac Newton, Newton’s System of the World, translated by Andrew Motte and edited by N. W. Chittenden (New York: Geo. P. Putnam, 1850), 486. 13. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Philosophical Essays, edited and translated by Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber (Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 1989), 329. 14. Augustine, Confessions, 263. 15. U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://ipcc.ch/report/sr15/. 16. Peter U. Clark et al., “Consequences of Twenty-First-Century Policy for Multi-Millennial Climate and Sea-Level Change,” Nature Climate Change 6 (2016): 360–69. 17. Shu-zhong Shen et al., “Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction,” Science 334 (2011): 1367–72. 18.

There is some evidence that their prophecies are potential. There are signs of approaching environmental deterioration, and signs that the human existence the way we know it on this planet will soon play itself out. Time for humans on this planet seems to be limited. It might even come to an end. In October 2018 the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported that more than one-tenth of the world population will be persistently malnourished by climate-related shocks and disasters.15 Of course there have always been wars, droughts, monsoons, tsunamis, and famines, but current manifestations of a changing climate paint a very different future for human existence.

See also Clocks Time perception: and aging, 149–57, 171 of animals, 162–63 in assembly-line work, 172–74 benefits of, 165–66 and body temperature, 210–15 and brain mechanisms, 167–68 consciousness of, 140–45, 154 contracting/dilating, 158–59 in dangerous events, 209–10 duration of time, 32–33, 139, 153, 156–57, 168–69, 221 of Homo sapiens, 160–61, 164–65, 166 of hospital patients, 210 of indigenous people, 161–62, 166–67 and memory, 141–42, 152, 156, 164, 197–98 objective/subjective, 70, 139–40 of prisoners, 60–62, 73–74, 82–83 psychochronometry model, 154, 201 in routine activities, 169–71 in space station, 103–4, 112–13 in space travel, 96–97 Time travel, 120–34 Time worlds, 128 Time zones, 28, 29, 213–14 Town square clocks, 25, 27 Trajectory motion, 81 True motion, 87 True time, 86 Twain, Mark, 43 Twin paradox, 97–98, 99, 118, 128 Uniformitarianisn, 65 UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 71 Universal mapping hypothesis, 161–62 Universe, infinite, 67 Urban II, Pope, 75–76 Ussher, James, 65, 69 Velocity, 85, 95, 96, 99 Vernal equinox, 10 De Vick, Henri, 19 Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture, 8 Viviani, Vincenzo, 78 Voyager space probe, 128 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 43 Wallace, Herman, 233n3 Warhol, Andy, Sleep, 141 Water clocks (clepsydra), 5, 7, 8–10, 11, 23, 58 Weekdays of, 39 seventh day, 38 Weil, Simone, 222 Wells, H.


pages: 404 words: 107,356

The Future of Fusion Energy by Jason Parisi, Justin Ball

Albert Einstein, Arthur Eddington, Boeing 747, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Colonization of Mars, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, electricity market, energy security, energy transition, heat death of the universe, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the steam engine, ITER tokamak, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, nuclear winter, performance metric, profit motive, random walk, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Stuxnet, the scientific method, time dilation, uranium enrichment

Relying on scarce, concentrated energy resources can drive conflicts (e.g. oil wars in the Middle East) that have enormous financial and human costs. And these direct costs may very well be small compared to the effect that war has on international trade and global development. Regardless, the world is hungry for energy. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates in their baseline scenarios that energy demand will increase by a factor of three by 2100 (and electricity demand will increase from 20% of energy consumption to 50%) [1]. In developed countries, we tend to think of this as a bad thing. To us, it implies that more energy is being wasted or used for superfluous purposes.

Index A agriculturalists energy sources, 4 air conditioners, 12 Al-Qaeda, 308 Alcator C-Mod, 231, 280, 301, 361 Alpha Centauri, 348 aneutronic see p-B, 292 ARC, 248 Argentina see Ronald, 179 Arkhipov, Vasili, 305 arsenals by country nuclear weapons, 304 ASDEX-U, 129, 193, 277 Aston, Francis, 177 atmospheric pollution, 238 B B-59 submarine, 305 bald spot, 103 banana orbits see super-bananas, 118, 190 baseload sources, 46 bell curve, 39, 83 Bell Telephone Laboratory, 184 Beria, Lavrenti, 189 beryllium, 162, 224, 324 Bethe, Hans, 178 Big Bang, 12 binding energy, 70–71 biomass, 35 Boeing 747 airplane, 353 Boltzmann constant, 69 bootstrap current, 189 bootstrap multiplication see bootstrap current, 254 brains, 59 bravery, 59, 335 brawn, 59 breakeven, 135 Breakthrough Starshot, 353 breeder reactors, 26, 330 fuelling proliferation, 333 bremsstrahlung see p-B, 293 burning plasma see ignition, breakeven, triple product, Lawson criteria, 136, 214 C C-2U, 278 Californium, 316 CANDU reactors, 327 capital cost, 240 carbon capture and storage, 39 Carnot limit, 31 catalyzed D–D fuel cycle, 85, 355 central solenoid, 145, 283 chain reaction, 314 chemical propulsion, 352 Chernobyl, 24 Chicago Pile-1, 311 classical transport, 123 climate change, 238–239 CNO cycle see stars, Bethe, Hans, 178 cold fusion, 77 Commonwealth Fusion Systems, 301 confinement, 82 electrostatic, 112 empirical scaling laws, 251 energy confinement time, 90 toroidal magnetic, 109 volume to surface area ratio argument, 256 conservation of momentum, 349 frozen lake argument, 350 convective eddies, 32 conventional spacecraft, 350 Coriolis force, 32 cost of electricity, 239 critical mass, 315 cross-section, 77–78 Cuban Missile Crisis, 304 current drive, 144 electron cyclotron, 152 electromagnetic wave, 150 inductive, 145 neutral beam, 148 cusp geometry see Lockheed Martin, 288 D D–3He fusion, 85, 300, 354 D–D fusion, 20, 85, 202, 301, 354 D–T fusion, 20, 83, 161, 202, 269, 281, 287, 292, 337 Darwin, Charles, 175 Debye length, 99 dense plasma focus see Lawrenceville plasma physics, 297 deuterium abundance on Earth, 22 diagnostics, 164–165 diffusion see random walk diffusion, 123 DIII-D, 277 direct drive see indirect drive, inertial confinement fusion, 272 dirty bombs, 321 dispatchable sources, 46 disruptions, 153–154, 222, 244, 267 mitigating, 155 divertor, 157, 194, 220, 256 double-edged sword nuclear energy as blueprint, 345 nuclear physics, 310 technologies, 311 E early hominids, 3 Earth–Moon system, 16, 41 Eddington, Arthur, 178 edge localized modes see ELMs, 194 Edison, Thomas, 6 electric field, 94, 150 electromagnetic force, 74 electromagnetic induction, 5, 12 electromagnetic repulsion, 67 electromagnetic waves, 269 electromagnetism, 90 electromagnets, 93 electrons, 65 in light bulbs, 6 electrostatic, 95 ELMs, 194, 222 ELMO bumpy torus, 114 empirical scaling law, 130, 251 enrichment, 333 energy conservation of, 11 flows of, 13 energy hierarchy, 58 energy storage, 50 Enola Gay, 305 entropy, 11 EPED, 197 exhaust velocity, 350 expanding electrical grids, 54 external power, 249 F Faraday, Michael, 5 Fat Man, 305 fissiled percent, 322 fertile material, 330 field-reversed configuration, 290 first wall, 153, 222 fission proliferation, 333 fission reactors, 325 climate versus nuclear security tradeoff, 335 fission–fusion hybrids, 332 flow, 197, 245 Fokker–Planck simulations see gyrokinetics, 209 formation of fossil fuels, 37 Forrest, Michael, 188–189 fossil fuels, 37 Fukushima, 24 fusion, 13, 16, 19 enrichment in fusion blanket, 337 proliferation, 336 fusion fuels, 83 fusion power density, 243 fusion reactor design, 237 disabling a proliferator, 338 small fusion system, 339 smallest planned, 159 timescale for blanket proliferation ramp-up, 340 fusion thruster, 354 G gas centrifuges, 318 gaseous diffusion, 317 General Atomics, 198, 279 General Fusion, 284 geopolitics, 343 geothermal, 16, 27 global zero, 343 gravitational confinement, 89 gravity, 13, 89 gravity-assist, 351 Greenwald limit, 251 gun-type bomb, 323 gyrokinetic simulations, 252 gyrokinetics, 206, 252 scale separation, 207 gyroradius, 92 H H-mode, 130, 193, 206, 252 hairy ball theorem, 103 Halite-Centurion, 274 half-life, 20 Harwell, 187 heat death of the Universe, 12 heat flux, 221 heating, 14, 218 electron cyclotron, 152 ion cyclotron, 152 heavy element synthesis, 15 heavy elements, 16 heavy water reactors, 327 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 79 Helion Energy, 300 heliotron, 114 helium-3 abundance, 354 hex, 317 Hiroshima, 322, 336 hohlraum see inertial confinement fusion, 272 hydroelectric, 39 hydrogen bomb, 89, 304, 324 hydropower, 17 I IAEA, 334, 339 ignition, 131, 250, 269 MCF and ICF ignition differences, 274 implosion bomb, 323 inboard see torus terminology, 110 indirect drive see direct drive, inertial confinement fusion, 272 inductive heating, 147 Industrial Revolution, 4 inertial confinement fusion, 269 weaponization propspects, 271 intercontinental ballistic missiles see ICBM, 309 intercontinental electrical grids, 55 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 9 internal transport barriers see pedestal, 196 intermittency, 30, 46 INTOR, 225 IPA, 278 Iron Curtain, 181 isotopes, 20, 73 isotope effect, 204 isotopic semantics, 73 ITER, 137, 203, 211, 237, 248, 257, 273, 302, 353, 361 ignition, 214 Q, 213 strategy, 216 Ivy Mike, 304 J JET, 140, 155, 169, 198, 200, 260, 273, 277 jet engine, 349 JT-60, 260 JT-60SA, 140, 169, 361 JT-60U, 140, 277, 361 Juno spacecraft, 347 K K-DEMO, 361 Kelvin, Lord, 177 Khrushchev, Nikita, 187 kink limit, 246 Kremlin, 186 Kurchatov, Igor, 188 Kurchatov Institute, 185 L L-mode, 193, 252 Lamb, Horace, 127 Landau energy levels, 298 Landau damping, 151 Landau, Lev, 151 Langmuir, Irving, 165 Langmuir probes, 165 laser enrichment, 320 lattice structure, 156 Lavrentyev, Oleg, 186 Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, 296 Lawson criterion see triple product, 131, 324 Lawson, John, 131 levitated dipole, 114 limiter see divertor, 157, 194 linear magnetic, 100 lithium, 21, 242 lithium pebbles, 163 lithium-6, 84, 161 lithium-7, 161 lithium-ion batteries, 22, 51 Little Boy fissiled percent, 322 Lockheed Martin, 287 Lufthansa Flight 181, 199 M magnet(s), 139 permanent, 93 magnetic confinement fusion, 247 magnetic field, 91, 150, 247 magnetic islands, 117, 265 magnetic mirror, 100, 355 magnetic surfaces, 114, 144, 158, 191, 265 open versus closed, 158 magnetized target fusion see MTF, 284 magnetohydrodynamics see MHD, 121 Manhattan Project, 318 Mars, 347 mass–energy equivalence, 77 material survivability, 255 matter–antimatter annihilation, 352 mechanical stress, 142, 283 Mercury, 181 Mercury laser see NIF, 276 messy engineering endeavor, 259 MHD, 209, 246 MHD stability, 153 mini-golf, 68 Mini-Sphere, 278 MIT, 301 Model C stellarator, 189 moderator, 326 Moore’s Law see triple product, 136, 205 MRI machines, 140 MTF, 284, 300 Munich, 199 N Nagasaki, 305, 322 neoclassical transport, 126, 265 net electric power, 241–242 net electricity, 169 neutral beam, 220 negative ion acceleration, 220 neutral beams, 291 efficiency, 149 neutron capture cross-section, 331 neutron flux, 156 neutron multiplication, 224 neutron multiplication factor, 162 neutron multipliers, 162 neutron shielding, 292 New York Times, 180 NIF, 273, 336 niobium–titanium, 184 niobium–tin, 184, 248 Nixon, Richard, 224 Nobel Peace Prize, 186 Nobel Prize, 183 non-inductive see current drive; neutral beam, 149 non-renewable, 19 North Korea, 339 nucleons, 65 nuclear energy transition, 341 nuclear fission, 16, 23 nuclear proliferation, 238, 359 nuclear potential, 66 nuclear security, 336 nuclear weapon, 303 boosted implosion bomb, 323 defenses, 309 gun-type bomb, 322 hydrogen bomb, 323 implosion bomb, 322 inspectors, 340 neutron initiator, 324 proliferation with increased tritium availability, 342 significant quantity, 334 tamper, 322 Teller–Ulam design, 325 weapon designs, 321 yield, 303 nuclear winter, 308 O ocean waves, 44 Onnes, Heike, 181 outboard see torus terminology, 110 Oxford, 199 P p-B fusion, 290 particle drifts, 104 E × B drift, 106, 128 B drift, 106, 194 curvature drift, 106 Pauli exclusion principle, 183 pedestal, 193 Pelamis, 46 Perhapsatron, 114, 181, 285 photosynthesis, 35 plasma, 86 plasma current, 114, 264 maximization, 246 plasma flow, 197, 245 plasma gain, 169 plasma heating, 144 plasma power engineering multiplication factor, 170 plasma power multiplication factor, 135 plasma pressure, 244 plasma shaping, 198 Pluto, 321, 347 plutonium, 90 plutonium-239, 25 production, 320 reactor-grade, 329 weapons-grade, 321 poloidal field coils, 144 poloidal see torus terminology, 110 polonium-210, 162 power multiplication, 170 Princeton, 189, 198 Princeton University, 180 profits, 238 proliferation, 333 propellant, 349 proton–proton chain see CNO cycle, stars, Bethe, Hans, 179 proton–proton fusion, 28 public relations, 359 pure fission weapons, 325 Q quasineutrality, 97–98, 150 R radioactive waste, 167 random walk diffusion, 123 rate of energy consumption, 18 Rayleigh–Taylor instability, 271, 285 remote maintenance system, 204 renewable, 19, 57 resistivity, 141 Richter, Ronald, 179, 187 right-hand rule, 93 robotic maintenance, 169, 257 rocket equation, 351 role model effect of fusion technology, 344 S safety factor, 115 Sakharov, Andrei, 186 Saturn, 347 scattering collision, 67 scientific notation, 26 seasonal energy storage, 52 Seebeck effect, 6 seeds, 35 shaping, 198 D-shape, 198 shattered pellet injection see disruptions, 156 significant quantity, 340 solar, 16, 28 Solar System, 17, 348 energy flows, 15 space capsules see divertor, 160 space colonization, 349 SPARC, 301 spent fuel current world production, 334 spherical tokamaks, 281 spheromak, 114, 287 Spitzer, Lyman, 113, 180, 263 ST40, 278 Stalin, Joseph, 187 stars, 175 possible fusion reactions, 178 red giant phase, 15 steam engine, 4 steam turbine, 6 stellarator(s), 114, 263 ignited, 267 stochastic regions, 117, 265 strong nuclear force, 66 Sun, 347 lifetime of, 176 super-bananas see banana orbits, 118 super-duper H-mode, 259 supercomputers, 204 superconductivity, 141, 181, 248 Cooper pairs, 183 type I, 184 type II, 184 superconductor, 283 high-temperature, 185, 283, 301 REBCO, 186 materials, 182 problem with neutrons, 163 supernovae, 14–15 surface-to-air missiles, 309 Sword of Damocles, 306 Symmetric Tokamak, 189 T T-1, 188 T-3, 113, 189, 263, 278 T-7, 185 T4, 278 TAE Technologies, 280, 290 Tamm, Igor, 186 TCV, 201, 280 technetium, 24 temperature, 83 TFTR, 203, 277 tritium detection, 339 thermal equilibrium, 82 thermodynamic efficiency, 31 thermonuclear bomb see nuclear weapons — hydrogen bomb, 324 thermotron, 180 Thor, 110 Thomson scattering, 166 thorium, 321 Three Mile Island, 24 tidal, 16, 41 TNT, 304 toast making of, 7 tokamak, 113 Tokamak Energy Ltd., 281 Tore Supra, 141 toroidal torus terminology, 110 toroidal field, 140 toroidal field coils, 198 toroidal symmetry, 264 torsatron, 114 torus, 104 torus terminology, 110 trapped particles, 118 TRIAM-1M, 185 Trinity, 303, 344 triple product, 135, 267 tritium, 20, 161, 338 cost, 202 current reserves, 341 detecting use in fusion reactor, 339 increased availability proliferation risk, 342 tritium breeding, 215 tritium breeding blanket, 160, 247 Troyon limit, 243, 282 game of chicken, 244 violation, 245 Tsar Bomba, 304 Tuck, James, 181 tungsten, 224 turbulence, 206, 255 turbulent eddy, 128, 197 turbulent transport, 126 U U.S.S.

(4)Let cool to scientific breakeven (if reached) and roll in powdered sugar. 1This data is only for the countries that belong to the IEA, which includes most countries with substantial fusion programs (except for China, Russia, and India). 2Or an older person still exploring careers. Bibliography [1]T. Bruckner, I. Bashmakov et al., Chapter 7 — Energy systems, Tech. rep., IPCC (2014). [2]A. Bradshaw, T. Hamacher & U. Fischer, Is nuclear fusion a sustainable energy form? Fusion Engineering and Design 86, 9–11, pp. 2770–2773 (2011). [3]R. Chester, Marine Geochemistry. Blackwell Science (2000). [4]M. Tamada, N. Seko et al., Cost estimation of uranium recovery from seawater with system of braid type adsorbent, Transactions of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 5, 4, pp. 358–363 (2006)


The Power Surge: Energy, Opportunity, and the Battle for America's Future by Michael Levi

addicted to oil, American energy revolution, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business cycle, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, crony capitalism, deglobalization, energy security, Exxon Valdez, fixed income, Ford Model T, full employment, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, hiring and firing, hydraulic fracturing, Induced demand, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, Jevons paradox, Kenneth Rogoff, manufacturing employment, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Solyndra, South China Sea, stock buybacks

Basic economics says that the value added to the economy from a barrel of oil production is equal to the difference between what it costs to produce the oil and the value of the oil to its consumer (which is bounded below by the price of oil), minus any externalities. The full impact of a given barrel stays positive so long as this difference is greater than the resulting climate damage. James Hansen et al., “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?” The Open Atmospheric Science Journal 2 (2008). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001 Synthesis Report, ed. Robert T. Watson (Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 2002). James Hansen, “Game Over for the Climate,” New York Times, May 9, 2012. Hansen notes that the oil sands contain enough carbon to increase concentrations by 120 ppm, but he does not note that only about half of CO2 emissions end up in the atmosphere; the rest end up in oceans and land.

Lindzen, “Global Warming: How to Approach the Science,” Campaign to Repeal the Climate Change Act Seminar, http://impactofcc. NOTES FOR PAGES 87–95 • 229 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. blogspot.com/2012/02/richard-s-lindzen-reconsidering-climate.html, 4. This was an audiovisual presentation at the UK House of Commons on February 22, 2012. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Box 10.2, Figure 1,” in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report, ed. S. Solomon et al. (Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 2007). David Chandler, “Revised MIT Climate Model Sounds Alarm,” MIT TechTalk 53, May 20, 2009, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/techtalk53-26.pdf.

Gas-fired generation rose from 342 terawatt-hours between January and May 2010 to 479 terawatt-hours between January and May 2012. Author’s calculations are based on figures taken from International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011 (Paris: OECD, 2011). The author thanks Paul Joskow for this observation. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007. Michael A. Levi, “Climatic Consequences of Natural Gas as a Bridge Fuel,” Climatic Change, January 2013. Daniel P. Schrag, “Is Shale Gas Good for Climate Change?” Daedalus 141, no. 2 (Spring 2012). Tom Zeller Jr., “Studies Say Natural Gas Has Its Own Environmental Problems,” New York Times, April 11, 2011.


pages: 353 words: 98,267

The Price of Everything: And the Hidden Logic of Value by Eduardo Porter

Alan Greenspan, Alvin Roth, AOL-Time Warner, Asian financial crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini, banking crisis, barriers to entry, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, British Empire, capital controls, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, clean water, Credit Default Swap, Deng Xiaoping, Easter island, Edward Glaeser, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation, financial engineering, flying shuttle, Ford paid five dollars a day, full employment, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, Gordon Gekko, guest worker program, happiness index / gross national happiness, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, income per capita, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jean Tirole, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joshua Gans and Andrew Leigh, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, laissez-faire capitalism, longitudinal study, loss aversion, low skilled workers, Martin Wolf, means of production, Menlo Park, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Michael Milken, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, new economy, New Urbanism, peer-to-peer, pension reform, Peter Singer: altruism, pets.com, placebo effect, precautionary principle, price discrimination, price stability, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, rising living standards, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, search costs, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, superstar cities, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, ultimatum game, unpaid internship, urban planning, Veblen good, women in the workforce, World Values Survey, Yom Kippur War, young professional, zero-sum game

Data on bestselling cars and their carbon emissions are from “New Car CO2 Report,” Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, London, March 2009 (http://www.smmt.co.uk/downloads/SMMT-Annual-CO2-report.pdf, accessed on 08/16/2010); Autodata (http://www.motorintelligence.com/m_frameset.html, accessed 01/15/2010); and www.fueleconomy.gov. Data on the path of CO2 emissions and global warming is from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, “International Energy Outlook,” May 2010; the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change, 2007 Synthesis Report” (at www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf, accessed 07/19/2010); The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change, Executive Summary, London, October 2006 (webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/sternre view_index.cfm , accessed 07/19/2010).

A 2005 study of what Chinese were willing to pay to avoid sickness or death from air pollution calculated that, at the official exchange rate, the median value of a statistical life could be as little as $4,000. This kind of valuation would lead to some untenable decisions about allocating resources across the world. Representatives of developing countries were outraged when a report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1995 assessed the impact of global warming valuing statistical lives at $150,000 in poor countries and at $1.5 million in rich ones. Did this mean, they asked, that protecting people in poor countries from climate change provided less bang for the buck than protecting citizens of the rich world?

Other dynamics, like deforestation, add another 20 billion tons. Because of this, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen by more than half since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. And global temperatures have risen by about half a degree Celsius since then. We have a lot more warming coming. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of scientists studying warming around the world, on present trends greenhouse gas emissions will grow between 25 and 90 percent from 2000 to 2030. Along this path, the planet would warm at least 1.8 degrees Celsius and perhaps up to 6.4°C over the course of the current century.


pages: 222 words: 50,318

The Option of Urbanism: Investing in a New American Dream by Christopher B. Leinberger

addicted to oil, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, asset allocation, big-box store, centre right, commoditize, credit crunch, David Brooks, desegregation, Donald Shoup, Donald Trump, drive until you qualify, edge city, Ford Model T, full employment, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, knowledge economy, Lewis Mumford, McMansion, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, New Urbanism, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, postindustrial economy, RAND corporation, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, reserve currency, Richard Florida, Savings and loan crisis, Seaside, Florida, the built environment, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, value engineering, walkable city, white flight

Cervero, “Travel and the Built Environment: A Synthesis,” Transportation Research Board Record no. 1780 (2001): 87–114. 29. Howard Frumkin, Lawrence Frank, and Richard Jackson, Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004). 30. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis,” http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf. 31. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “2007 Draft U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report,” http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventory report07.html. 32. Ibid. 33. Lawrence Frank et al., “New Data for a New Era: A Summary of the SMARTRAQ Findings,” Smart Growth America, January 2007, http:// www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/SMARTRAQSummary_000 .pdf. 34.

The amount that Americans drive—measured as “vehicle miles traveled” (VMT)—increased by 226 percent between 1983 and 2001, despite population growth of just twenty-two percent during that time period.26 74 | THE OPTION OF URBANISM The geometric growth in VMT is partially attributable to changing demographics and increased wealth, but sixty-four percent of the growth is attributable to land-use changes that have increased trip distances and increased the number of trips made.27 Many studies have documented that drivable sub-urbanism is linked to longer trips and more miles driven.28 Although tailpipe cleanups have been successful in improving air quality, the increase in driving has offset those gains,29 and many metropolitan areas continue to struggle with meeting the air quality standards set in the Clean Air Act. C L I M AT E C H A N G E. Virtually no reasonable person now doubts that the climate is warming and, backed up by overwhelming scientific evidence from the 2007 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, most people understand that climate change is occurring largely due to the actions of humans (ninety percent probability).30 The major cause is the release of carbon dioxide and other gases that trap heat, causing the greenhouse effect. The United States is the largest producer of greenhouse gases on the planet, accounting for twenty-five percent of total emissions.


pages: 249 words: 66,546

Protecting Pollinators by Jodi Helmer

Anthropocene, big-box store, clean water, Columbine, crowdsourcing, Donald Trump, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kickstarter, Maui Hawaii, meta-analysis, the scientific method, urban sprawl, zero-sum game

Integrated Pest Management, University of Missouri. “A Final Report on Dicamba-Injured Soybean Acres.” University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences, October 30, 2017. https://ipm.missouri.edu/IPCM/2017/10/final_report_dicamba_injured_soybean/. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report.” IPCC, 2014. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/. Glassberg, Dr. Jeffrey. “IBBA’s Response to NABA Statements and Opinions.” International Butterfly Breeders Association, 2018. https://www.internationalbutterflybreeders.org/nabaresponse/. International Union for Conservation of Nature.


pages: 326 words: 88,905

Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt by Chris Hedges, Joe Sacco

Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, clean water, collective bargaining, company town, corporate personhood, dumpster diving, Easter island, Exxon Valdez, food desert, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Howard Zinn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, laissez-faire capitalism, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, mass incarceration, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, strikebreaker, union organizing, urban decay, wage slave, white flight, women in the workforce

Mike Pflanz, “World Water Day: Dirty Water Kills More People Than Violence, says UN,” Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0322/World-Water-Day-Dirty-water-kills-more-people-than-violence-says-UN (accessed 28 Dec. 2011). 28. Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). 29. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “3.7.3.3 SRES scenarios and their implications for future CO2 concentration,” GRID Arendal, http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=/climate/ipccc_tar/wg1/123.htm (accessed 27 Aug. 2013). 30. Ben Geman, “Amendment That Says Climate Change Is Occurring Fails in House,” The Hill, December 28, 2011, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/154445-house-votes-down-climate-science-amendment. 31.

Our march toward self-annihilation has already obliterated ninety percent of the large fish in the oceans and wiped out half of the mature tropical forests, the lungs of the planet.25 At this rate, by 2030, only ten percent of the Earth’s tropical forests will remain.26 Contaminated water kills more than six thousand people every day around the globe.27 Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are at 390 parts per million (ppm) and climbing,28 with most climate scientists warning that the level must remain below 350 ppm to sustain life as we know it. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the measurement could reach 541 to 970 ppm by 2100.29 At that point, huge parts of the planet, beset with overpopulation, droughts, soil erosion, freak storms, massive crop failures, and rising sea levels, will be unfit for human existence. And yet we retreat into fantasy.

poverty in, 180 Indian agencies, 4, 9, 23 Indian boarding schools, 4, 6, 8 Indian Health Service (IHS), 17 Indian Reorganization Act (1934), leadership structure and, 39 Indian Wars, 8, 10, 11, 13 Infant mortality, 17 INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service Integration, 40, 64–65 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 150 Internal security, 228, 240 International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 351: 93 Intifada, 244 Inverted totalitarianism, 238 iPads, 69, 72 iPhones, 69, 72, 234 Iron Law of Wages, 194 J. C. Penney, 143, 155 Jabalia refugee camp, 227 Jackson, Andrew: extermination and, 13 Jackson County, poverty in, 21 JCA Associates, 89 Jefferson, Thomas, 123 Jenkinjones, West Virginia decline of, 147 described, 145–146 illustration of, 144–147 Jersey Shore, 239 Jewel (older man), 204 Jim Crow, 64 Jobs, Steve, 69 Joe, 9, 22, 24, 40, 62, 65, 73, 99, 116, 124, 130, 143, 145, 153, 168, 169, 173, 175, 185, 187, 197, 199, 208 Jones, Mary Harris “Mother,” 160 Journals, 1945–47 (Wright), quote from, 60 JPMorgan Chase & Co., 233, 245 Jumping Bull, Cecelia, 18 Jumping Bull, Harry, 18 Jumping Eagle Inn, 3 Kant, Immanuel: on justice, 270 Katz, Matt, 88, 93 Kayford Mountain, 116 Keeping Up with the Kardashians, 239 Kelly, Rudy illustration of, 133 story of, 133–142 (illus.)


pages: 351 words: 93,982

Leading From the Emerging Future: From Ego-System to Eco-System Economies by Otto Scharmer, Katrin Kaufer

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Asian financial crisis, Basel III, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Branko Milanovic, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collapse of Lehman Brothers, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, deep learning, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, do what you love, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, Fractional reserve banking, Garrett Hardin, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, happiness index / gross national happiness, high net worth, housing crisis, income inequality, income per capita, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, market bubble, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mohammed Bouazizi, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, new economy, offshore financial centre, Paradox of Choice, peak oil, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, smart grid, Steve Jobs, systems thinking, technology bubble, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, vertical integration, Washington Consensus, working poor, Zipcar

David Pimentel, “Soil Erosion: A Food and Environmental Threat,” Environment, Development, and Sustainability 8, no. 1 (2006): 119–37. 17. UNEP, “At a Glance: Millennium Issues”; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Land Degradation Assessment, www.fao.org/nr/land/degradation/en/ (accessed December 9, 2012). 18. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis,” IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007, www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-direct-observations.html (accessed December 9, 2012). 19. World Bank, “New Report Examines Risks of 4 Degree Hotter World by End of Century,” November 18, 2012, www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/11/18/new-report-examines-risks-of-degree-hotter-world-by-end-of-century (accessed December 19, 2012). 20.


pages: 542 words: 132,010

The Science of Fear: How the Culture of Fear Manipulates Your Brain by Daniel Gardner

Atul Gawande, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Black Swan, Cass Sunstein, citizen journalism, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, Doomsday Clock, feminist movement, haute couture, hindsight bias, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), lateral thinking, Linda problem, mandatory minimum, medical residency, Mikhail Gorbachev, millennium bug, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, nuclear winter, Oklahoma City bombing, placebo effect, precautionary principle, public intellectual, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, social intelligence, Stephen Hawking, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, the long tail, the scientific method, Timothy McVeigh, Tunguska event, uranium enrichment, Y2K, young professional

Instead, facts are said to be known with degrees of confidence. Is the earth getting warmer and is human activity the cause? In 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) answered that question with this statement: “The balance of evidence suggests a discernable human influence on global climate.” In 2001, the IPCC said, “There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.” And in 2007, with further research pointing to the same conclusion, the IPCC reported that “most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. ” The phrase “very likely” is about as strong as science gets.

And in 2007, with further research pointing to the same conclusion, the IPCC reported that “most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. ” The phrase “very likely” is about as strong as science gets. In the 2007 IPCC report, it was defined as meaning a 95 percent chance that it is so. That’s a common scientific convention: Something is taken as established fact if there is 95 percent confidence that it is correct. When the national science academies of eleven leading nations got together in 2005 to issue a historic joint statement on climate change, the first sentence read: “There will always be uncertainty in understanding a system as complex as the world’s climate.”

A key reason for this warning was the fact that, according to the statement of the board of directors, “global warming poses a dire threat to human civilization that is second only to nuclear weapons.” Thanks to the prestige of the scientists involved, this statement garnered headlines around the world. But it was politics, not science. According to the IPCC, there are still enormous uncertainties about the consequences of climate change, and it is very possible those consequences will be nothing like the civilizational crisis claimed by Stephen Hawking and his colleagues. Even the most basic consequences—things that activists typically assume will happen—are uncertain.


pages: 272 words: 76,154

How Boards Work: And How They Can Work Better in a Chaotic World by Dambisa Moyo

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Airbnb, algorithmic trading, Amazon Web Services, AOL-Time Warner, asset allocation, barriers to entry, Ben Horowitz, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Boeing 737 MAX, Bretton Woods, business cycle, business process, buy and hold, call centre, capital controls, carbon footprint, collapse of Lehman Brothers, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, COVID-19, creative destruction, cryptocurrency, deglobalization, don't be evil, Donald Trump, fake news, financial engineering, gender pay gap, geopolitical risk, George Floyd, gig economy, glass ceiling, global pandemic, global supply chain, hiring and firing, income inequality, index fund, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jeff Bezos, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, long term incentive plan, low interest rates, Lyft, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, multilevel marketing, Network effects, new economy, old-boy network, Pareto efficiency, passive investing, Pershing Square Capital Management, proprietary trading, remote working, Ronald Coase, Savings and loan crisis, search costs, shareholder value, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, social distancing, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, SoftBank, sovereign wealth fund, surveillance capitalism, The Nature of the Firm, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, trade route, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, Vanguard fund, Washington Consensus, WeWork, women in the workforce, work culture

New York: McKinsey & Company, 2018. www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Risk/Our%20Insights/Value%20and%20resilience%20through%20better%20risk%20management/Value-and-resilience-through-better-risk-management-final.ashx. Glassdoor. “2019 Best Places to Work: Employee’s Choice.” www.glassdoor.com/Award/Best-Places-to-Work-2019-LST_KQ0,24.htm. Global Warming of 1.5°C. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018. https://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf. Goldman Sachs. “Our Business Principles.” In Goldman Sachs 2001 Annual Report. New York: Goldman Sachs Group, 2001. www.goldmansachs.com/our_firm/investor_relations/financial_reports/annual_reports/2001/htmlprinciples/index.html. Gonzales, Richard.

As mentioned above, conventional energy companies are facing increasing challenges due to environmental concerns. Warnings from international agencies and governments are forcing boards and corporate leaders to embed explicit environmental agendas into their strategies. In October 2018, a report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change demanded the urgent phasing out of fossil fuels, stating that coal-fired electricity must end by 2050 and that the world has just twelve years to limit a climate catastrophe. This was part of the UN’s wider call to reduce greenhouse gases by 45 percent and limit the rise in global temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius.


pages: 400 words: 129,320

The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter by Peter Singer, Jim Mason

agricultural Revolution, air freight, biodiversity loss, clean water, collective bargaining, dumpster diving, food miles, Garrett Hardin, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, means of production, rent control, Tragedy of the Commons, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Whole Earth Review

., and Paul Gunderson, National Farm Medicine Center, in discussion with Brian Halweil; Karen Pylka and Paul Gunderson, "An Epidemiologic Study of Suicide Among Farmers and Its Clinical Implications," Marshfield Clinical Bulletin, vol. 26, 1992, pp. 31-58. I owe these references to Brian Halweil, Eat Here, pp. 69-70. 23 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report: Summary for Policymakers: The Science of Climate Change. IPCC Working Group I, p. 10. Available at: www.ipcc.ch. On the hottest years, see Traci Watson, "2004 is 4th hottest year for world since 1861, U.N. report says," USA Today, December 15, 2004, www.usatoday.com/weather/ news/2004-12-15-hot-year-x.htm 24 Richard Posner, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004. 25 For further discussion of climate change as an ethical issue, see Peter Singer, One World, Yale University Press, 2002, chapter 2. 26 John Hendrickson, "Energy use in the U.S.

Carlsson , Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Life-Cycle of Carrots and Tomatoes: methods, data and results from a study of the types and amounts of carrots and tomatoes consumed in Sweden, IMES/EESS Report no. 24, Department of Environmental and Energy Systems Studies, Lund University, Sweden, March 1997; cited in Tara Garnett, Wise Moves, Transport 2000, pp. 76, 82-4. 31 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Cambridge University Press, 1999; J. Whitelegg and N. Williams, The Plane Truth: aviation and the environment, Transport 2000 and Ashden Trust, London, 2001; we owe these references to Tara Garnett, Wise Moves, Transport 2000, p. 23. 32 J. Pretty and A.


pages: 386 words: 91,913

The Elements of Power: Gadgets, Guns, and the Struggle for a Sustainable Future in the Rare Metal Age by David S. Abraham

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 3D printing, Airbus A320, Boeing 747, carbon footprint, circular economy, Citizen Lab, clean tech, clean water, commoditize, Deng Xiaoping, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Fairphone, geopolitical risk, gigafactory, glass ceiling, global supply chain, information retrieval, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Large Hadron Collider, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, planned obsolescence, reshoring, Robert Metcalfe, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Solyndra, South China Sea, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, systems thinking, telemarketer, Tesla Model S, thinkpad, upwardly mobile, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks, Y2K

American Physical Society, “Energy Critical Elements,” accessed December 4, 2014, www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/elementsreport.pdf. 4. U.S. Department of Energy, Critical Materials Strategy, 2011, energy.gov/sites/prod/files/DOE_CMS2011_FINAL_Full.pdf; Core Writing Team, “Climate Change Synthesis Report Summary For Policymakers,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fifth Assessment Synthesis Report, 2014, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr1.pdf. 5. If the world wants to maintain carbon emissions below 450 ppm then, according to the International Energy Agency, the world needs more than 15,000 TWh, to be produced from alternative sources.

And as abhorrent as this may sound to some environmentalists, green goals require increased mining and more processing of rare metals. Mining is not antithetical to a green economy; it’s a necessity. And studies show we are going to need more of them—a lot more of them—to curb global warming. According to the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, renewables must supply about 50 percent of the world’s energy by 2050, thereby reducing the importance of fossil fuels in our energy mix. The study concludes that the world must nearly eliminate fossil fuel use by 2100. The road to change is not simply about switching to new technologies.

., 30 Tungsten: Allied actions on, in WWII, 239n28 China, production in, 32, 205, 240n33, 289n16 conflict tungsten, 108, 109 Congo production, 108 export quota, 240n34 in glass, 217 importance, xi, 11 in lighting, 151 patents, 211 production locations, 48 shortage fears, 207, 219 sources of, 32, 48, 93, 108, 205, 240n24, 240n33, 289n16 wartime use of, 29, 30, 239n28 in weaponry, 29, 161–62, 167 Tunna, Nigel, 96 Twitter, 126 Uganda, cassiterites from, 111 Umicore, 191 UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 135 United States: aluminum can recycling, 285n34 Bureau of Mines closure, 222 China, trade case against, 36 on China’s materials exports, 203 cobalt supplies, 19 commodity stockpiles, 291n36 conflict materials, actions on, 110–11 Japan, embargo against, 30 rare metal security strategy, 206, 208–12 reshoring, 212 tungsten, wartime actions on, 162, 239n28.


The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa by Calestous Juma

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, barriers to entry, bioinformatics, business climate, carbon footprint, clean water, colonial rule, conceptual framework, creative destruction, CRISPR, double helix, electricity market, energy security, energy transition, export processing zone, global value chain, high-speed rail, impact investing, income per capita, industrial cluster, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, land tenure, M-Pesa, microcredit, mobile money, non-tariff barriers, off grid, out of africa, precautionary principle, precision agriculture, Recombinant DNA, rolling blackouts, search costs, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, structural adjustment programs, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, systems thinking, total factor productivity, undersea cable

Basic inputs such as provision of meteorological data could help farmers to adapt to climate change by choosing optimal planting dates.4 The task ahead for policymakers will be to design climate-smart innovation systems that shift economies toward low-carbon pathways. Plowing Ahead 255 Economic development is an evolutionary process that involves adaptation to changing economic environments. Technological innovation is implicitly recognized as a key aspect of adaptation to climate change. For example, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines adaptation as “[a]djustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.”5 It views the requisite adaptive capacity as the ability “to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences.”6 Technological innovation is used in society in a congruent way to respond to economic uncertainties.

., “Assessment of Adaptation Practices, Options, Constraints and Capacity,” in Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. M. L. Parry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 869. 6. W. N. Adger et al. “Assessment of Adaptation Practices, Options, Constraints and Capacity,” in Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. M. L. Parry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 869. 7. M. Burke, D. Lobell, and L. Guarino, “Shifts in African Crop Climates by 2050, and the Implications for Crop Improvement and Genetic Resources Conservation,” Global Environmental Change 19, no. 3 (2009): 317–325. 8.


The Limits of the Market: The Pendulum Between Government and Market by Paul de Grauwe, Anna Asbury

Alan Greenspan, banking crisis, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, conceptual framework, crony capitalism, Easter island, Erik Brynjolfsson, eurozone crisis, Honoré de Balzac, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, Kitchen Debate, means of production, Money creation, moral hazard, Paul Samuelson, price discrimination, price mechanism, profit motive, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Simon Kuznets, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, too big to fail, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, ultimatum game, very high income

Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: Putnam, ). . See Björn Lomborg, Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist’s Guide to Global Warming (New York: Alfred Knopf, ). . For a thorough analysis of scenarios see the report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, , <http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar/wg>. . See for example <http://www.iflscience.com/environment/climatologistarctic-carbon-release-could-mean-“were-fucked”>. . Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, ). . See Alan Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (London: Allen Lane, ). .


pages: 154 words: 48,340

What We Need to Do Now: A Green Deal to Ensure a Habitable Earth by Chris Goodall

blockchain, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, decarbonisation, energy transition, Extinction Rebellion, food miles, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, Haber-Bosch Process, hydroponic farming, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it's over 9,000, Kickstarter, microplastics / micro fibres, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, Ocado, ocean acidification, plant based meat, smart grid, smart meter

Climate researchers often talk of a global ‘carbon budget’, which is the total amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases the world can emit and still remain below global heating of 1.5 or 2 degrees Celsius*. (So far, the we have seen an average temperature increase of about 1 degree over pre-industrial levels). There’s considerable debate over these figures but in January 2018 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) said the world should emit not more than 420 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide to have a 67 per cent chance of avoiding a rise of 1.5 degrees. Today that figure is down to less than 350 gigatonnes and global emissions are running at around 40 gigatonnes each year. This means we probably need to achieve zero global emissions by 2030–35 to keep total heating below 1.5 degrees, and 2040–50 for a 2 degree target.


pages: 469 words: 132,438

Taming the Sun: Innovations to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet by Varun Sivaram

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accelerated depreciation, addicted to oil, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, asset light, asset-backed security, autonomous vehicles, bitcoin, blockchain, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean tech, collateralized debt obligation, Colonization of Mars, currency risk, decarbonisation, deep learning, demand response, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, financial engineering, financial innovation, fixed income, gigafactory, global supply chain, global village, Google Earth, hive mind, hydrogen economy, index fund, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, low interest rates, M-Pesa, market clearing, market design, Masayoshi Son, mass immigration, megacity, Michael Shellenberger, mobile money, Negawatt, ocean acidification, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shock, peer-to-peer lending, performance metric, renewable energy transition, Richard Feynman, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, smart grid, smart meter, SoftBank, Solyndra, sovereign wealth fund, Ted Nordhaus, Tesla Model S, time value of money, undersea cable, vertical integration, wikimedia commons

“The Emissions Gap Report 2016: A UNEP Synthesis Report,” United Nations Environment Programme, 2016, http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/10016/emission_gap_report_2016.pdf. 5.  For an overview of the projected impacts of climate change, see Working Group II, “Fifth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability,” United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2. 6.  David Wallace-Wells, “The Uninhabitable Earth,” New York Magazine, July 9, 2017, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/07/climate-change-earth-too-hot-for-humans.html. 7.  Peter U. Clark et al., “Consequences of Twenty-First-Century Policy for Multi-Millennial Climate and Sea-Level Change,” Nature Climate Change 6 (February 8, 2016), http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v6/n4/abs/nclimate2923.html. 8.  

., “Terrawatt-Scale Photovoltaics: Trajectories and Challenges,” Science, April 14, 2017, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6334/141. 45.  Vaclav Smil. Energy and Civilization: A History (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017). 46.  “Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf. 47.  Benjamin K. Sovacool, “How Long Will It Take? Conceptualizing the Temporal Dynamics of Energy Transitions,” Energy Research & Social Science 13 (March 2016), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629615300827. 48.  


pages: 334 words: 82,041

How Did We Get Into This Mess?: Politics, Equality, Nature by George Monbiot

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, bank run, bilateral investment treaty, Branko Milanovic, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Attenborough, dematerialisation, demographic transition, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, first-past-the-post, full employment, Gini coefficient, hedonic treadmill, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, invisible hand, land bank, land reform, land value tax, Leo Hollis, market fundamentalism, meta-analysis, Mont Pelerin Society, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Northern Rock, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, old-boy network, peak oil, place-making, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, profit motive, rent-seeking, rewilding, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, urban sprawl, We are all Keynesians now, wealth creators, World Values Survey

Stephen Timms at the department of trade and industry listed the benefits of the scheme and demanded that the application ‘is resolved with the minimum of further delay’.3 His successor, Mike O’Brien, warned of dire consequences if the pit was not granted permission.4 The coal extracted from Ffos-y-fran alone will produce 29.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide: equivalent, according to the latest figures from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to the sustainable emissions of 55 million people for one year.5 In 2007, British planning authorities considered twelve new applications for opencast coal mines. They approved all but two of them. Later Hazel Blears, the Secretary of State in charge of planning, overruled Northumberland County Council in order to grant permission for an opencast mine at Shotton, on the grounds that the scheme (which will produce 9.3 million tonnes of CO26) is ‘environmentally acceptable’.7 The British government also has a policy of ‘maximising the UK’s existing oil and gas reserves’.8 To promote new production, it has granted companies a 90 per cent discount on the licence fees they pay for prospecting the continental shelf.

See soil subsidies for, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133, 276 in Turkey, 140, 142 in Wales, 121 yields from, 140–1 in Zimbabwe, 139 The Farming Forum, 126 Farming Regulation Task Force, 127 Farrar, Frederick, 234 Ffos-y-fran (South Wales), 147, 148 finance, jobs in, 48, 49 financial sector, and the illusion of skill, 189 Financial Times, 20, 223 Fiorina, Carly, 186 Fire Brigades Union (FBU), 267 flood defence, 130, 132–8 Food and Agriculture Organisation (UN), 142 food security, 139 Food Summit (2008), 139, 142 Forest Industries, 177 Forsyth, Michael, 215 Forty-Two Reasons to Support Scottish Independence (Ramsay), 273 fossil fuels absence of official recognition of role of in causing climate change, 155 economic growth as artefact of use of, 175 exploration and extraction of, 153, 157 impact of unchecked consumption of, 87 lack of talk about constraining production of, 153 leaving them in the ground, 147–51 silence about, 154–6, 158 Four Lions (film), 238 Fox News, 212 Fraser, Stuart, 192 freedom acting as if we don’t enjoy greater freedom than preceding generations, 23 as championed by neoliberals, 4 deprivation of, 26 market freedom, 45, 198, 218 negative freedom, 4 political freedom, 5 surrender of, 12 think tank freedoms, 24 as use it or lose it, 26 Free Enterprise Group, 215 free market, 3, 198, 199–200, 213, 224 free-range production, 114 Friedman, Milton, 220 Friel, Howard, 200 Fritzon, Katarina, 189 Frum, David, 213 Fukushima nuclear catastrophe, 164, 168, 169–70 G Galton, Francis, 234 General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trade Union (GMB), 264, 266 genocide, 227–31 ghost psyche, 89, 111 Gillis, John, 59, 60, 61 Gini coefficient, 191 global agreements, 102 global consumption, 177 global economy, 177 global food market, 143 global growth rate, 178 global warming, 86, 101, 104, 105–6, 155, 159 global wealth, 12, 176 Glooskap, 90 Gloucester, 132 Godhaven, Merrick, 261 godly household, 59 Goldsmith, James, 213, 214 Google, 205 Grantham, Jeremy, 175 Great Leap Backwards, 141 green consumerism, 288 green energy production, 167 greenhouse gases attention paid to, 153 emissions of, 87, 104, 159 grazing animals as increasing production of, 86 impact of wildlife protection on, 87 as topic of official interest in global meetings, 154 Greenpeace, 169, 171, 260 Green Revolution, 140 Greenwald, Glenn, 56 Griffiths, Jay, 43 grouse estates, subsidies for, 137, 275 Guantanamo Bay, detainees in, 256 Guardian, 33, 62, 68, 224, 230, 250 guiding intelligence, belief in, 19 Guttmacher Institute, 74 H Harbin, particulate concentrations in, 171 Harbour, Peter, 258, 260 hard work, outcomes as based on (or not based on), 16, 188 Hare, Robert, 190 Harvey, David, 218, 220 Hastings, Max, 222, 235 The Haves and the Have-Nots (Milanovic), 191 Hayek, Friedrich von, 218, 220 Health and Environment Alliance, 171 heating fuel, 165, 167 Heritage Foundation, 219 heroin use, 33, 34–5 Hewlett-Packard, 186 Heywood, Colin, 60 hill farming, 121, 122, 131, 133, 134 Hispaniola, 228 A History of Childhood (Heywood), 60 Hitler, Adolph, 234 Hobbes, Thomas, 9, 13 Holder, Eric, 255 Holocaust, 230, 233 homosexuality, 59 Hoover Institute, 219 Household, Geoffrey, 211 housing estates, play spaces for children in, 44–5 HSBC, 238 Human Plant (BBC series), 90 humans ability of to compartmentalise, 91, 92, 93, 94 hunting/gathering of early humans, 91 impact of development of farming on, 92 as wired to respond to nature, 89 Humphreys, Margaret, 64 Hunger Games (film), 90 Hunter’s Pride, 110 hunting/gathering, of early humans, 91 I I=CAT, 104 I=PAT, 104 imperialism, 233, 235 Imperial University, 50 income inequality, 191, 205, 209–10 incomes, rise and fall of, 191 Independent, 282 Independent Age, 10 individual effort, 16 individualism, 10 Infrastructure Act, 155 infrastructure of persuasion, 1, 2 Injunctions to Prevent Nuisance and Annoyance (IPNAs), 29–30 Innospec, 163 Institute of Economic Affairs, 214 Institute for Public Policy Research, 281 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 148 International Assessment of Agriculture Knowledge, 142 international conferences, 154, 158. See also specific conferences International Energy Agency, 149, 172 International Family Planning Perspectives, 73 International Institute for Environment and Development, 104 International Monetary Fund, 220 investor-state dispute settlement, 250, 251, 252, 253 Ishiguro, Kazuo, 63 ISIS, 242, 243 Islamic State, 241 J Jabhat al-Nusra, 243 Japan Tobacco International, 223 Jefferson, Thomas, 230 Jesus, 58–9 Joint Congressional Inquiry into 9/11, 244 Jones, Digby, 263 Jones, Griff Rhys, 278 Joseph, Keith, 220 journals/journalists, 2, 6, 194–6, 214, 222–4 Judson, Jeff, 214 junk, festival of, 205 Justices of the Peace Act (1361), 276 JWT, 287 K Kahneman, Daniel, 188–9 Kenny, Paul, 266 Kensington Palace Gardens, 282 Keynes, John Maynard, 219 Kidd, Benjamin, 234 Kikuyu, 232, 233, 235 killer whales, change of diet of, 84 King’s College London, 39 Kingsnorth climate camp, 260 Kith (Griffiths), 43 Klein, Joe, 56 knowledge monopoly, 197 Knox, Robert, 233 Koch, Charles, 211, 212, 214 Koch, David, 211, 212, 214 Koch Industries, 211 L Labour Party, 23, 129, 183, 263, 264, 266, 267, 281, 283, 289 Lac Long Quân, 90 laissez-faire economics, 3, 182 Lake District, 135 Lancet, 73, 75 land-clearing grants, 133 land reform programmes in China, 141 in Scotland, 275, 277–9 in South Korea, Taiwan and Japan, 141 landscape pornographers, 109 The Land magazine, 277 land value taxation, 278, 282, 283 Latin America, abortion rate, 75–6 law enforcement, in schools in Texas, 62, 66 Lawson-Cruttenden, Timothy, 269 lead poisoning, and crime rates, 161–2 lead pollution, 161, 163 Leahy, Terry, 216 Leonard, Annie, 203 Leopold, Aldo, 88 Liberal Democrats, 280 Liberty, 29, 30 Lilley, Peter, 215 limited liability, 5 Lindqvist, Sven, 233 linearity, 91, 92, 98 livestock production, 113, 114 living systems, impacts of, 80 Lloyd George, David, 277 Lomborg, Bjorn, 200 The Lomborg Deception (Friel), 200 London Business School, 49, 50 London School of Economics (LSE), 49, 50 loneliness, 10, 11, 16 Longannet (Scotland), 172 Lord of the Rings, the Two Towers (film), 90 L’Osservatore Romano, 231 Lovelock, James, 103, 106, 107 Lucan, Lord, 213 lung cancer, as caused by air pollution, 171 lynx, return of to former ranges, 97 M Macdonald, Lord, 30 Main Kampf (Hitler), 234 maize cultivation, impact of, 124–5 Major, John, 215, 275 Malthus, Thomas, 180, 181, 182 management consultancy, jobs in, 48, 49, 187 Mandelson, Lord, 105 Manilow, Barry, 69 mansion tax, 278, 282 manure production, 114 Marcus Crassus, 191 marine faecal plumes, 79, 82 marine parks, 98 market economy, 5, 16 market freedom, 45, 198, 218 market fundamentalism, 3, 15, 16, 17 Marlowe, Christopher, 120 marriage same-sex marriage, 58 sex outside of, 60 Marshall, George, 158 mass mobilisation, 6 Mau Mau rebellion, 233 Maxwell, Robert, 196, 195195 meat production, 113, 114 media accountability of journalists, 222, 224 as bullying, 23 on drone strikes, 56 fascination with power politics, 287 as instrument of corporate power, 212 payola scandals, 223 role of as promoter of neoliberal programme, 220–1 think tanks and, 214–16 Men in Sheds, 13 mental health crises, 21–2 mercury pollution, 170 merit, 15, 16 meritocracy, 186 mesopredators, 80–1 methylmercury, 171 micro-hydropower, 166 migratory fish, 167 Milanovic, Branko, 191 Miliband, Ed, 278, 289 military intervention, vs. political solutions, 244 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 201 millionaires as funders, 23 media as owned by, 220 political parties as in the clutches of, 26 Shaun Woodward, 266 tax rate, 285 as on top of scala natura, 1–2 in US Congress, 24 mineral exhaustion, 150 money transfers, 236–9 monsters, human encounters with, 90, 91, 98 Mont Pelerin Society, 218, 220 Montreal Protocol, 100 moose, return of to former ranges, 97 Moral Maze (BBC programme), 206 Morgan, Rhodri, 148 Morris, Chris, 238 Mosquito youth dispersal device, 67, 68, 69, 71 Mother Jones, 160 MSNBC, 56 Mugabe, Robert, 139, 142 multilateralism, 101 Murdoch, Rupert, 193, 194, 212, 267 Murphy, Guy, 287, 288 Murphy-O’Connor, Cormac (Cardinal), 72–3 Muslim world, bombing of, 241, 243, 244–5 N National Council for Educational Excellence, 264 National Ecosystem Assessment (UK), 121 National Extremism Tactical Co-ordination Unit (NETCU), 260, 261, 262 National Farmers’ Union (NFU), 124, 127, 128, 129 National Institutes of Health (US), 196 National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT), 267 Natural Resources Wales, 132 natural gas, impacts of, 167 natural world creating refuges for, 102 deterioration of, 19, 24 Nature, 106 nature programmes, popularity of, 92 negative freedom, 4 neoliberalism, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16, 17, 190, 191, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221 Netherlands, abortion rate, 75 Never Let Me Go (Ishiguro), 63–4 New Labour, 288 New Testament, pastoral tradition as depicted in, 120 Newtown, Connecticut, 53, 55, 56 New York Times, 231 New York University, 54 Nexus 7, 205 NFU (National Farmers’ Union), 124, 127, 128, 129 Ngena detention camp, 232 NHS, 72, 253 Nigeria, greenhouse gas emissions in, 87 1950s, as golden age, 61 Nixon, Richard, 219 North American Free Trade Agreement, 252 North American roc (Aiolornis incredibilis), 85 Northern Rock, 198–9, 201 North Sea, 149, 156 Northumberland County Council, 149 Norway, climate change policies, 157 No Turning Back (Pirie), 215, 216 No Turning Back group, 215 nuclear family, 58, 59, 60 nuclear power, 150, 164–72 nursery consultant, 20 O Obama, Barack, 53, 54, 55, 56, 157, 209, 210, 243, 255, 256 O’Brien, Mike, 148 Observer, 210, 260, 261 occupations, pointless and destructive jobs, 48 Occupy London, 192 Odone, Cristina, 61 OECD, 142 Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (US), 235, 240 Ofsted, 40 oil and gas prospecting/drilling, 149, 151, 156, 157, 159, 176–7 Oil and Gas UK, 156 Oldham, Taki, 211 Old Poor Law (England), 179 oligarchs, 2, 3, 15, 121, 219, 275, 279 Olin, John M., 16, 219 One Hyde Park, 282 opencast coal mines, 147, 149, 155 opiate use, 34–5 Optimum Population Trust (OPT), 106 Osborne, George, 181, 182, 281 outdoor learning, 39–42 Oxfam, 187 Oxford Farming Conference, 133 Oxford University, 49, 50, 51 P particulates, 171 pastoral tradition, impact of, 120–1 Paterson, Owen, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 pathological consumption, 204 pay gap, 187 Peak District National Park, 137 peak oil, 150 Pearl, Steve, 260 performance anxiety, 17 Perrara, Peter, 223 personality disorders, 17, 189 Petroamazonas, 176 Pew, Joseph N., Jr., 16, 219 Philadelphia General Hospital, 34 Philip Morris, 250 Philo, Greg, 281 pig farming, 114 Piketty, Thomas, 1 Pinochet, Augusto, 3 Pirie, Madsen, 214, 215 Pitt Review, 136 planet-eating machine, 102 plant plankton, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87 play, in children, 43–7 playdate coaches, 20–1 plutocratic power, 2, 6, 24, 213 Podhoretz, John, 230 pointless consumption, 205 political constraint, 24 political elite, 100 political freedom, 5 politics, as bankrolled by big oil and big coal, 157 poll tax, 215 pollution air pollution, 169, 171 from coal, 167, 170 lead pollution, 161, 163 mercury pollution, 170 radioactive pollution, 164 pollution permits, 158 Pontbren, 131, 132 poor blaming of for excesses of the rich, 107 characterised as unthinking beasts, 180 cutting essential services for, 275 effect of raising taxes on, 209 freedom of the rich to exploit the poor, 274 misery inflicted on, 75 as new deviants, 16 power over, 24 punishment of for errors of the rich, 285 shutting of out of healthcare, 287 as trapped in culture of dependency, 179 ultra-rich as deciding very poor are trashing the planet, 106 Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), 181 poor relief, 180, 181, 182 poor-rich men, 22 Pope Benedict XVI, 73, 74, 76 population growth, 103–4, 106 Porritt, Jonathan, 106 Portillo, Michael, 215 possessions, 175 poverty, 179–83 The Power of Market Fundamentalism (Block and Somers), 180 predators, 80–1, 89 pregnancy premarital pregnancy, 60 relationship between sex education and falling rates of unintended pregnancy, 74–5 pre-marital sex, 75 Prentis, Dave, 266 Press Complaints Commission, 224 Private Eye, 244 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 171 Progressives, 286, 289 property taxes, 278, 281 Protection from Harassment Act (1997), 269 protests injunctions against, 269 as muted, 24 suppression of, 3, 4, 28, 257, 259, 260, 262, 276 proxy life, 24 psychology, applications of advances in, 285–7, 289 Psychology, Crime and Law (journal), 189 public advocacy, 223 Public Library of Science, 196 public places, keeping children and teenagers out of, 67–71 public services, 4, 15, 24, 215, 218, 219, 220, 264, 272, 274, 280 Public Space Protection Orders, 29 public spending, 15, 130 Q Quantock Hills, 107, 109 R The Races of Man (Knox), 234 racism, 163, 234, 239 radioactive pollution, 164 Ramsay, Adam, 273 The Rational Optimist (Ridley), 199, 200 Ratzel, Friedrich, 234 Reader, W.

Friedman, 7 June 2014, ‘Obama on Obama on Climate’, nytimes.com. 12Michael Klare, 12 September 2014, ‘How Obama Became the Oil President’, motherjones.com. 13Subhanker Banerjee, 3 March 2015, ‘Tomgram: Subhankar Banerjee, Arctic Nightmares’, tomdispatch.com. 14Michael Le Page, 30 September 2013, ‘IPCC Digested: Just Leave the Fossil Fuels Underground’, newscientist.com. 15‘Representative Proposals to Halt the Allocation of New Blocks in the 23rd Licensing Round on the Norwegian Shelf’, stortinget.no. 16Friedman, ‘Obama on Obama on Climate’. 17George Monbiot, 2 August 2012, ‘Stop This Culture of Paying Politicians for Denying Climate Change’, theguardian.com. 1815 June 2008, ‘Formal End to Oil Companies Proxy Chaco War 1932/35’, mercopress.com. 19See kyoto2.org. 26.


pages: 258 words: 83,303

Why Your World Is About to Get a Whole Lot Smaller: Oil and the End of Globalization by Jeff Rubin

addicted to oil, air freight, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, big-box store, BRICs, business cycle, carbon footprint, carbon tax, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, creative destruction, credit crunch, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, energy security, food miles, Ford Model T, hydrogen economy, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jevons paradox, Just-in-time delivery, low interest rates, market clearing, megacity, megaproject, North Sea oil, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, profit maximization, reserve currency, South Sea Bubble, subprime mortgage crisis, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, work culture , zero-sum game

Total global emissions have risen by a cumulative 25 percent since the beginning of the decade. For all the carbon abatement in the developed world, there is certainly no evidence of any emission slowdown on the global stage. In fact, emissions are rising faster than the worst-case scenario examined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Despite the fact that the world is quickly waking up to the problem, emissions in the first decade of the millennium are growing four times faster than they did in the 1990s. If there is any good news, it is that only a small fraction of that increase came from the rich countries of the OECD—the countries that cast the seeds of this problem more than 200 years ago.

In addition to the difficulties posed by the sheer scale of the infrastructure required and the fact that the technology is untested at anything like the scale required to make a difference, there is the fact that the process is energy-intensive and would increase a plant’s fuel requirements by as much as 40 percent, taking back the efficiency gains of the past few decades and raising costs by as much as 90 percent (www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_whole-report.pdf). p. 139: The most common way of producing hydrogen is by processing natural gas, which makes the fuel a pretty inappropriate response to the problems of both resource depletion and climate change. See “The Car of the Perpetual Future,” by Phil Wrigglesworth, in the September 4, 2008, edition of The Economist.


pages: 263 words: 80,594

Stolen: How to Save the World From Financialisation by Grace Blakeley

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, asset-backed security, balance sheet recession, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, basic income, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Big Tech, bitcoin, bond market vigilante , Bretton Woods, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, capitalist realism, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, corporate governance, corporate raider, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, cryptocurrency, currency peg, David Graeber, debt deflation, decarbonisation, democratizing finance, Donald Trump, emotional labour, eurozone crisis, Extinction Rebellion, extractivism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, fixed income, full employment, G4S, gender pay gap, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, global supply chain, green new deal, Greenspan put, housing crisis, Hyman Minsky, impact investing, income inequality, inflation targeting, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jeremy Corbyn, job polarisation, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, land value tax, light touch regulation, low interest rates, low skilled workers, market clearing, means of production, Modern Monetary Theory, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, mortgage debt, negative equity, neoliberal agenda, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, paradox of thrift, payday loans, pensions crisis, Phillips curve, Ponzi scheme, Post-Keynesian economics, post-war consensus, price mechanism, principal–agent problem, profit motive, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, Right to Buy, rising living standards, risk-adjusted returns, road to serfdom, Robert Solow, savings glut, secular stagnation, shareholder value, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, sovereign wealth fund, the built environment, The Great Moderation, too big to fail, transfer pricing, universal basic income, Winter of Discontent, working-age population, yield curve, zero-sum game

50 Williams, A. (2017) “London House Prices Fall for the First Time Since 2009”, Financial Times, 29 September. 51 Office for National Statistics (2019) “UK House Price Index Summary: November 2018” 52 Office for National Statistics (2018) “Business Investment in the UK: July to September 2018 Revised Results” 53 Office for National Statistics (2019) “Insolvency Statistics — October to December 2018 (Q4 2018)” 54 Blakeley (2019). 55 World Bank (2018) “Gross fixed capital formation (annual % growth)” 56 IMF (2018) “Fiscal Monitor 2018: Capitalising on Good Times” 57 Oguh, C. and Tanzi, A. (2019) “Global Debt of $244 Trillion Nears Record Despite Faster Growth”, Bloomberg, 15 January. 58 Partington, R. (2018) “Wall Street Sets Record for Longest Bull Run in History”, Guardian, 22 August 59 Seeking Alpha (2019) ‘Stocks In 2019: Volatility Is Back’ https://seekingalpha.com/article/4234365-stocks-2019-volatility-back 60 Barrett E and Greifeld K (2019) ‘Treasuries Buying Wave Triggers First Curve Inversion Since 2007’ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-22/u-s-treasury-yield-curve-inverts-for-first-time-since-2007 61 Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis (2018) ‘Stock Market Capitalization to GDP for United States’ https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DDDM01USA156NWDB 62 Curran, E. (2018) “China’s Debt Bomb”, Bloomberg, 17 September. 63 Moody’s (2018) “Moody’s: China Shadow Banking Activity Increasingly Reveals Challenging Trade-Off Between Growth and Deleveraging”, Moody’s Investors Service, 3 December. 64 BIS (2019) 65 Banerjee, R. and Hofmann, B. (2018) “The Rise of Zombie Firms: Causes and Consequences”, Bank for International Settlements Quarterly Review, September. 66 Colombo, J. (2018) “The US Is Experiencing A Dangerous Corporate Debt Bubble”, Forbes, 29 August. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jessecolombo/2018/08/29/the-u-s-is-experiencing-a-dangerous-corporate-debt-bubble/#547ffa2f600e 67 Heath, M. (2018) “These May Be the World’s 10 Riskiest Housing Markets”, Bloomberg, 13 September. 68 Byres, W. (2012) “Basel III: Necessary, but Not Sufficient”, speech to the Financial Stability Institute’s 6th Biennial Conference on Risk Management and Supervision, Basel, 6 November 69 This account draws on: Laybourn-Langton, L., Rankin, L. and Baxter, D. (2019) “This is a Crisis: Facing up to the Age of Environmental Breakdown”, IPPR. http://www.ippr.org/research/publications/age-of-environmental-breakdown; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018) “Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty”.

Climate change is accelerating at such a rate that, in order to avoid planetary catastrophe, the world must reduce carbon emissions by at least 45% by 2030. The challenge that lies before us is immense.69 If emissions continue to rise at current rates, the planet will warm by at least three degrees Celsius by 2030 — well above the 1.5 degrees that the IPCC has designated as “safe”. Twenty of the warmest years ever recorded have occurred in the last twenty-two years. There has been a dramatic increase in the likelihood and severity of extreme weather events over this same time period. If these trends are not arrested, catastrophe will ensue. The planet will be transformed into a “hothouse Earth”, with environmental collapse rendering many parts of the planet completely unrecognisable.


pages: 356 words: 106,161

The Glass Half-Empty: Debunking the Myth of Progress in the Twenty-First Century by Rodrigo Aguilera

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, availability heuristic, barriers to entry, basic income, benefit corporation, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Boris Johnson, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, capitalist realism, carbon footprint, Carmen Reinhart, centre right, clean water, cognitive bias, collapse of Lehman Brothers, Colonization of Mars, computer age, Corn Laws, corporate governance, corporate raider, creative destruction, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, death from overwork, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, don't be evil, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, Dunning–Kruger effect, Elon Musk, European colonialism, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, fundamental attribution error, gig economy, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, Great Leap Forward, green new deal, Hans Rosling, housing crisis, income inequality, income per capita, index fund, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Jevons paradox, job automation, job satisfaction, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, karōshi / gwarosa / guolaosi, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, lake wobegon effect, land value tax, Landlord’s Game, late capitalism, liberal capitalism, long peace, loss aversion, low interest rates, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, means of production, meta-analysis, military-industrial complex, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, moral panic, neoliberal agenda, Network effects, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Overton Window, Pareto efficiency, passive investing, Peter Thiel, plutocrats, principal–agent problem, profit motive, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, rent-seeking, risk tolerance, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, savings glut, Scientific racism, secular stagnation, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Slavoj Žižek, Social Justice Warrior, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, sovereign wealth fund, Stanislav Petrov, Steven Pinker, structural adjustment programs, surveillance capitalism, tail risk, tech bro, TED Talk, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, trolley problem, unbiased observer, universal basic income, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, Winter of Discontent, Y2K, young professional, zero-sum game

., “Neoliberalism and Democracy”, Constellations, 22(2), 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12157 61 “Statement of Aims”, The Mont Pelerin Society, https://www.montpelerin.org/statement-of-aims/ Epilogue: Winds of Change 1 “Matt Ridley - Stories for Change”, OpenLearn, 13 Nov. 2015, https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/the-environment/creative-climate/stories-change/matt-ridley-stories-change 2 Global Warming of 1.5 °C (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018), Ch. 1, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ 3 Pinker, S., Enlightenment Now, pg. 7 4 Scripps CO2 program, https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/permissions-and-data-sources/ http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/data/atmospheric_co2/icecore_merged_products 5 Bernanke, B., “The Global Saving Glut and the U.S.

It is time we took them seriously. The right kind of progress will depend on it. EPILOGUE: WINDS OF CHANGE 2030 C.E. “Men argue. Nature acts.” — Voltaire If there should be any twenty-first-century standard-bearer of apocalyptic pessimism, the role would fall upon the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), the UN body tasked with framing the scientific consensus around climate change and its global response. Its latest warning was published to rightful consternation in October 2018: we have until the year 2030 to undertake the necessary actions to reduce greenhouse emissions to a level in which the planet warms to no more than 1.5 degrees from pre-industrial levels if we have any hope of averting the most disastrous consequences of climate change.

Its latest warning was published to rightful consternation in October 2018: we have until the year 2030 to undertake the necessary actions to reduce greenhouse emissions to a level in which the planet warms to no more than 1.5 degrees from pre-industrial levels if we have any hope of averting the most disastrous consequences of climate change. We are already at 0.8–1.2 degrees. As alarming as this might seem to most reasonable people, at least one New Optimist thinks we have nothing to worry about. “The literature is very clear” claims Matt Ridley, “2° is when we start to get harm. Up until then we get benefit”.1 But as with previous IPCC reports, its 2018 report is unfortunately laden with so much jargon that it puts even the most wonkish economic writing to shame (I should know), to say nothing of the technical terminology which is practically unreadable to the layman. This presumably includes the target audience of policymakers that probably never read past the executive summary or, worse still, the even shorter press briefing.


Green Interior Design by Lori Dennis

big-box store, carbon footprint, clean water, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), McMansion, the built environment

These surfaces absorb rather than reflect the sun’s heat, causing surface temperatures and overall ambient temperatures to rise. Home Energy Rating System (HERS)—a system that involves an analysis of a home’s construction plans and on-site inspections. This analysis yields a projected, preconstruction HERS Index. This index is subject to inspections of actual conditions once the project is completed. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—the leading body for the assessment of climate change, established by the United Nations. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)—a third-party agency that specifies requirements for environmental management systems and social responsibility pertaining to fabric manufacturing.


pages: 491 words: 141,690

The Controlled Demolition of the American Empire by Jeff Berwick, Charlie Robinson

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, airport security, Alan Greenspan, American Legislative Exchange Council, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, bank run, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, big-box store, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, bread and circuses, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, Chelsea Manning, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, Comet Ping Pong, coronavirus, Corrections Corporation of America, COVID-19, crack epidemic, crisis actor, crony capitalism, cryptocurrency, dark matter, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy transition, epigenetics, failed state, fake news, false flag, Ferguson, Missouri, fiat currency, financial independence, George Floyd, global pandemic, global supply chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, illegal immigration, Indoor air pollution, information security, interest rate swap, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, lockdown, Mahatma Gandhi, mandatory minimum, margin call, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, megacity, microapartment, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, new economy, no-fly zone, offshore financial centre, Oklahoma City bombing, open borders, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, pill mill, planetary scale, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, power law, pre–internet, private military company, Project for a New American Century, quantitative easing, RAND corporation, reserve currency, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Saturday Night Live, security theater, self-driving car, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, Snapchat, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, South China Sea, stock buybacks, surveillance capitalism, too big to fail, unpaid internship, urban decay, WikiLeaks, working poor

The United Nations, through their banking entities, the IMF and World Bank, is using the manufactured fear of “climate change” to collect trillions of dollars in future taxes that will be used to lay the foundation for an unelected global government. This is not a very complicated hustle to understand. IPCC Report The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Special Report is a document that was written by politically appointed diplomats, not scientists. The diplomats negotiated the Summary For Policy Makers, then that summary was used to determine the text of the supposed scientific report that the summary was supposedly summarizing.

The Hadlet Met Centre has been responsible for providing the data on average world temperatures for 70 years, and their data, after undergoing its first-ever audit, was found to be wildly inaccurate, with average daily temperatures for a tropical island at 0 degrees for an entire month, an average temperature of -40 degrees for a city in Romania, and a monthly average temperature of 80 degrees Celsius for a village in Brazil. These are the data the climate scientists are using to make their predictions. The United Nations then uses this info to build their reports, and in their reports, they call for Orwellian control over resources in the name of saving the planet. From the United Nations, “According to the IPCC’s report, limiting warming to 1.5 degrees is possible, but requires unprecedented transitions in all aspects of society. To minimize future global warming, we will need to achieve zero net emissions by mid-century. This, in turn, will require us to rapidly transition the world’s economy onto such a pathway.


pages: 390 words: 109,870

Radicals Chasing Utopia: Inside the Rogue Movements Trying to Change the World by Jamie Bartlett

Andrew Keen, back-to-the-land, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, blue-collar work, Boris Johnson, brain emulation, Californian Ideology, centre right, clean water, climate change refugee, cryptocurrency, digital rights, Donald Trump, drone strike, Elon Musk, energy security, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Evgeny Morozov, failed state, gig economy, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jaron Lanier, Jeremy Corbyn, job automation, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, life extension, military-industrial complex, Nick Bostrom, Occupy movement, off grid, Overton Window, Peter Thiel, post-industrial society, post-truth, postnationalism / post nation state, precariat, QR code, radical life extension, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, Rosa Parks, Ross Ulbricht, Satoshi Nakamoto, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart contracts, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, systems thinking, technoutopianism, the long tail, Tragedy of the Commons

Monika Alleweldt, ‘The healing biotopes plan: A plan for the healing of humankind and the earth’, https://www.tamera.org/basic-thoughts/the-healing-biotopes-plan/. Chapter 7 1. ‘Climate change 2013: The physical science basis’, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University, 2013, http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/. 2. In 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its Fifth Assessment Report, a sort of summary of the scientific consensus on the subject, written collectively by more than 800 authors. It concluded that it’s 95 to 100 per cent likely that temperatures are rising, and it’s us humans doing it.

‘Top UNHCR official warns about displacement from climate change’, UNHCR, December 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/493e9bd94.html; Justin Gillis, ‘U.N. climate panel endorses ceiling on global emissions’, New York Times, 27 September 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/28/science/global-climate-change-report.html?_r=0. Thomas Stocker, the co-chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, called climate change the greatest challenge of our time. 4. Cited in Steve Hilton, More Human (WH Allen, 2015), pp. 360–2. 5. ‘Divestment commitments’, Fossil Free, September 2016, http://gofossilfree.org/commitments/; ‘Global trends in renewable energy investment 2016’, Frankfurt School FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance (2016), p. 12, http://fs-unep-centre.org/sites/default/files/publications/globaltrendsinrenewableenergyinvestment2016lowres_0.pdf; ‘Record fall in global coal consumption driven by low oil price’, Daily Telegraph, 8 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/08/record-fall-in-global-coal-consumption-driven-by-low-oil-price/; ‘Aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contribution: an update’, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2 May 2016, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2016/cop22/eng/02.pdf. 6.


pages: 526 words: 155,174

Sixty Days and Counting by Kim Stanley Robinson

carbon credits, different worldview, dumpster diving, energy security, full employment, gentrification, Golden Gate Park, Great Leap Forward, hiring and firing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kim Stanley Robinson, McMansion, megacity, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, off grid, off-the-grid, place-making, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RFID, Richard Feynman, Saturday Night Live, urban decay, Works Progress Administration

Because they needed the World Bank executing Phil’s program; in the war of the agencies, now fully engaged, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were among the most mulish of their passive-aggressive opponents. Phil had the power to hire and fire the upper echelons in both agencies, which was good leverage, but it would be better to do something less drastic, to keep the midlevels from shattering. This meeting with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a UN organization, might be a good venue for exerting some pressure. The IPCC had spent many years advocating action on the climate front, and all the while they had been flatly ignored by the World Bank. If there was now a face-off, a great reckoning in a little room, then it could get interesting. But the meeting, held across the street in the World Bank’s headquarters, was a disappointment.

And even now he persisted with that style, or tried to; but the workload was so huge it was hard to keep the calmness along with the pace. They were far past the time when he and Charlie were able to chat about things like they used to. Now their phone conversations went something like: “Charlie it’s Roy have you met with IPCC?” “No, we’re both scheduled to meet with the World Bank on Friday.” “Can you meet them and the Bank team at six today instead?” “I was going to go home at five.” “Six then?” “Well if you think—” “Good okay more soon bye.” “Bye.”—said to the empty connection. Charlie stared at his cell phone and cursed.

These two groups came from such different world-views that it was only an illusion they were speaking the same language; for the most part they used different vocabularies, and when by chance they used the same words, they meant different things by them. They were aware at some level of this underlying conflict, but could not address it; and so everyone was tense, with old grievances unsayable and yet fully present. The World Bank guys said something about nothing getting cheaper than oil for the next fifty years, ignoring what the IPCC guys had just finished saying about the devastating effects fifty more years of oil burning would have. They had not heard that, apparently. They defended having invested 94 percent of the World Bank’s energy investments in oil exploration as necessary, given the world’s dependence on oil—apparently unaware of the circular aspect of their argument.


pages: 651 words: 161,270

Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism by Sharon Beder

American Legislative Exchange Council, battle of ideas, benefit corporation, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, business climate, centre right, clean water, corporate governance, Exxon Valdez, Gary Taubes, global village, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, John Elkington, laissez-faire capitalism, military-industrial complex, oil shale / tar sands, Oklahoma City bombing, old-boy network, planned obsolescence, precautionary principle, price mechanism, profit maximization, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, shareholder value, telemarketer, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the market place, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, two and twenty, urban planning

The documents stated that victory would be achieved when climate change became a non-issue and those promoting the Kyoto Treaty using existing science appeared “to be out of touch with reality”.19 This was just the latest phase in a corporate-funded campaign to discredit global warming predictions and undermine the political will necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In September 1995 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which involves 2,500 climate scientists, issued a landmark statement representing a level of consensus that had not previously been achieved on the issue of global warming. The panel stated that “the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate” and that climatic instability was likely to cause “widespread economic, social and environmental dislocation over the next century”.20 Yet this level of consensus amongst the world’s climate scientists is not widely known, because the corporations that would be affected by measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have waged a deceptive campaign to confuse the public and policy-makers on the issue.

In any case, “No one should worry about a modest warming, should it occur,” as it is likely to result in beneficial impacts.51 The CEI, which is “dedicated to the principles of free enterprise and limited government” and claims to have “a team of nearly 40 policy experts,” notes on its web pages that it is actively involved in the policy debate: “We reach out to the public and the media to ensure our ideas are heard, work with policy makers to ensure that they are implemented and, when necessary, take our arguments to court to ensure the law is upheld.”52 CEI is an active member of the Cooler Heads Coalition, which was founded by the corporate front group Consumer Alert: “The Cooler Heads Coalition focuses on the consumer impact of global warming policies that would drastically restrict energy use and raise costs for consumers.”53 It distributes a bi-weekly newsletter, published by CEI. The Heartland Institute’s Instant Expert Guide to Global Warming argues that “Most scientists do not believe human activities threaten to disrupt the Earth’s climate” and that “The most reliable temperature data show no global warming trend”. Additionally it argues that the IPCC has been unable to prove human activities cause global warming and that “A modest amount of global warming, should it occur, would be beneficial to the natural world and to human civilization.”54 The Cato Institute employs Patrick Michaels as a senior fellow, and he writes for the Institute’s Policy Analysis papers on global warming.

He complains that ABC reporting therefore “represents a pernicious mixture of science and environmentalism”.58 However, the ABC has given air time to IPA Senior Fellow Brian Tucker, previously chief of the CSIRO division of atmospheric research. In 1996, in a talk on the ABC’s Ockham’s Razor, he stated that “unchallenged climatic disaster hyperbole has induced something akin to a panic reaction from policy makers, both national and international”.59 In his talk he ignored the scientific consensus represented by the IPCC 1995 statement, and argued that global warming predictions are politically and emotionally generated: There is little evidence to support the notion of net deleterious climate change despite recent Cassandra-like trepidation in the Australian Medical Association and exaggerations from Greenpeace.


pages: 436 words: 98,538

The Upside of Inequality by Edward Conard

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, assortative mating, bank run, Berlin Wall, book value, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Climatic Research Unit, cloud computing, corporate governance, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, disruptive innovation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, future of work, Gini coefficient, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, informal economy, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the telephone, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kodak vs Instagram, labor-force participation, Larry Ellison, liquidity trap, longitudinal study, low interest rates, low skilled workers, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, new economy, offshore financial centre, paradox of thrift, Paul Samuelson, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, randomized controlled trial, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Snapchat, Steve Jobs, survivorship bias, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, total factor productivity, twin studies, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, University of East Anglia, upwardly mobile, War on Poverty, winner-take-all economy, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population, zero-sum game

.: Sage Limited, 2005), 329, edited by Craig Calhoun, Chris Rojek, and Bryan Turner. https://wagner.nyu.edu/files/faculty/publications/poverty_chapter.pdf. 14. Rajendra Pachauri et al., “Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report,” Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014, 151 pp., http://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf. 15. “The Distribution of Federal Spending and Taxes in 2006,” Congressional Budget Office, November 7, 2013, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/44698-Distribution_11-2013.pdf. 16.


Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World by Naomi Klein

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, anti-communist, anti-globalists, autism spectrum disorder, benefit corporation, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, bitcoin, Black Lives Matter, blood diamond, Boris Johnson, Boycotts of Israel, Cambridge Analytica, capitalist realism, ChatGPT, citizen journalism, Climategate, contact tracing, coronavirus, COVID-19, crisis actor, critical race theory, dark matter, deep learning, deepfake, deplatforming, disinformation, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, fake news, false flag, feminist movement, George Floyd, glass ceiling, global pandemic, global supply chain, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hive mind, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, Jeffrey Epstein, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, lab leak, Lewis Mumford, lockdown, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, mass incarceration, medical residency, military-industrial complex, moral panic, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, neurotypical, new economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Parler "social media", pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, phenotype, profit motive, QAnon, QR code, Ralph Waldo Emerson, randomized controlled trial, Rosa Parks, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, shared worldview, sharing economy, Sheryl Sandberg, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, smart cities, social distancing, Steve Bannon, surveillance capitalism, tech billionaire, tech bro, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, TikTok, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, trickle-down economics, union organizing, W. E. B. Du Bois, Wayback Machine, women in the workforce

For a week, Russia had been pounding Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv, and the surrounding suburbs, and the siege on the port of Mariupol had just begun; a million Ukrainians had fled their besieged country, according to United Nations estimates at the time. But Wolf was not referring to that war when she imagined children and grandchildren interrogating their elders. Nor was she referring to the war on our planet, though the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change had finalized a report three days earlier that read, in the words of UN secretary-general António Guterres, like an “atlas of human suffering and a damning indictment of failed climate leadership.” No, my doppelganger, in a post that she headlined “I’m Not ‘Brave’; You’re Just a P—y,” was referring to a war unfolding at the Walker Hotel in the affluent Manhattan neighborhood of Tribeca, a war in which Wolf herself, according to this account, played nothing short of a heroic role.

“I am a peaceful person”: Steve Bannon, host, “‘We Are at War’: Naomi Wolf Breaks Down the WHO’s Plan to Seize Power,” War Room: Pandemic (podcast), May 12, 2022, at 5:13, posted on Rumble. 15. Unselfing cut global pollution in half in a decade: “Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018; Jonathan Watts, “We Have 12 Years to Limit Climate Change Catastrophe, Warns UN,” The Guardian, October 8, 2018. glitzy, Trumpy Las Vegas: “Nevada Caucuses 2020: Live Election Results,” New York Times, February 24, 2020. new oil and gas drilling permits: Matthew Brown, “US Drilling Approvals Increase Despite Biden Climate Pledge,” Associated Press, July 12, 2021; “New Data: Biden’s First Year Drilling Permitting Stomps Trump’s by 34%,” press release, Center for Biological Diversity, January 21, 2022.

(Brunelle) “I Must Become a Menace to My Enemies” (Jordan) inclusive nationalism India Indigenous people; as absent; in Australia; reproductive health and; residential schools for; in U.S.; We Stand in Solidarity convoy and individualism, individuality; Covid and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Indonesia infant mortality Inflamed (Marya and Patel) influencers information Infowars Inquisition Instagram intellectual property Intercept, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Internal Family Systems International Criminal Court International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association International Monetary Fund internet; see also social media Internet for the People (Tarnoff) Internet Gaming Entertainment In the Presence of Absence (Darwish) Invasion of the Body Snatchers investigative journalism iPhone Iran Iraq Ireland ISIS Israel; boycott, divestment, and sanctions against; as colonial project; Defense Force in; Holocaust and; Palestinians and; Roth and Italy James I of England January 6 United States Capitol attack Japanese Americans Jean Paul “Jerusalem” (Amichai) Jesus Jewish Currents Jewish Labor Bund Jewish National Fund Jewish Question, The (Leon) Jewish Voice for Peace Jews; anti-Semitism and; author’s Jewishness; blood libel and; Christians and; communist and socialist ideologies as attractive to; conspiracy theories about; in France; Hasidic; “hereness” and; “Jewish Question” and; as moneylenders; in Nazi Germany, see Nazi Germany, Jews in; Orthodox, and Covid; Roth and; in Russia; satanism associated with; in Vienna; Zionism and; see also Israel Jim Crow jobs Johnson, Boris Johnson & Johnson Jones, Alex Jones, Jonathan Jordan Jordan, June Jordan, Michael journalism Judaism Juneteenth Jung, Carl justice Kaba, Mariame Kamatovic, Tamara Kamloops Indian Residential School Kanitz, Otto Felix Kanner, Leo Kendzior, Sarah Kennedy, John F., Jr.


Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities by Vaclav Smil

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 3D printing, agricultural Revolution, air freight, Alan Greenspan, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Anthropocene, Apollo 11, Apollo Guidance Computer, autonomous vehicles, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Boeing 747, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, carbon tax, circular economy, colonial rule, complexity theory, coronavirus, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Easter island, endogenous growth, energy transition, epigenetics, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, general purpose technology, Gregor Mendel, happiness index / gross national happiness, Helicobacter pylori, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, hydrogen economy, Hyperloop, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, knowledge economy, Kondratiev cycle, labor-force participation, Law of Accelerating Returns, longitudinal study, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, mass immigration, McMansion, megacity, megaproject, megastructure, meta-analysis, microbiome, microplastics / micro fibres, moral hazard, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, old age dependency ratio, optical character recognition, out of africa, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, phenotype, Pierre-Simon Laplace, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, power law, Productivity paradox, profit motive, purchasing power parity, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Republic of Letters, rolodex, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social distancing, South China Sea, synthetic biology, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, the market place, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, three-masted sailing ship, total factor productivity, trade liberalization, trade route, urban sprawl, Vilfredo Pareto, yield curve

Intel chip performs 10 trillion calculations per second. https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-chip-performs-10-trillion-calculations-per-second/#gs.FLHXhMuI. International Poplar Commission. 2016. Poplars and Other Fast-Growing Trees—Renewable Resources for Future Green Economies. Rome: FAO. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/. IPCC. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5 ºC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 1982. IR36: The World’s Most Popular Rice. Los Baños: IRRI. http://books.irri.org/IR36.pdf. Isaac, B. 1992. The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East.

Concerns about rapid global warming—now generally seen as an average tropospheric temperature increase of more than 2°C above the pre-1850 mean—are only the latest, and the most prominent, expression of that irreconcilable conflict between the quest for continuous economic growth and the biosphere’s limited capacity to deal with its environmental burdens (IPCC 2014). And they are also an excellent demonstration of the limits of readily adopted and affordable technical fixes: even if the world’s nations fulfilled all of their targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to which they agreed in Paris in late 2015, the average increase of tropospheric temperature would still rise well above 2°C by 2050 (UNFCCC 2015)—and the latest IPCC goal is to keep the anthropogenic rise to no more than 1.5oC (IPCC 2018), the target that is almost certainly beyond our technical and economic means.

The beginnings of protected areas go to the closing decade of the 19th century (Yellowstone National Park was set up in 1891) but the process accelerated with the diffusion of environmental consciousness that started in the 1960s. In 2015 about 16% of the world’s forested area was under some kind of protection (FAO 2015a). No simple generalizations can capture the prospects of forest in the coming warmer biosphere with higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (Bonan 2008; Freer-Smith et al. 2009; IPCC 2014). Currently there is no doubt that forests are a major net carbon sink on the global scale, sequestering annually on the order of 4 Gt C, but because of continuing deforestation, particularly in the tropics, the net storage is only about 1 Gt C/year (Canadell et al. 2007; Le Quéré et al. 2013).


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Adapt: Why Success Always Starts With Failure by Tim Harford

An Inconvenient Truth, Andrew Wiles, banking crisis, Basel III, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Black Swan, Boeing 747, business logic, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Cass Sunstein, charter city, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive dissonance, complexity theory, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Dava Sobel, Deep Water Horizon, Deng Xiaoping, disruptive innovation, double entry bookkeeping, Edmond Halley, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fermat's Last Theorem, financial engineering, Firefox, food miles, Gerolamo Cardano, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Herman Kahn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, John Harrison: Longitude, knowledge worker, loose coupling, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Netflix Prize, New Urbanism, Nick Leeson, PageRank, Piper Alpha, profit motive, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, rolodex, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South China Sea, SpaceShipOne, special economic zone, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, supply-chain management, tacit knowledge, the market place, The Wisdom of Crowds, too big to fail, trade route, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Virgin Galactic, web application, X Prize, zero-sum game

fta=y&pagewanted=all; and a press release from the Taiwan International Orchid Show 2010, http://www.tios.com.tw/tios_test/eng/5_2taiwan.php 148 Silicon Valley venture capitalists need lose little sleep: Jim Pickard, ‘Venture capital fund turned £74m into £5m’, Financial Times, 9 March 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/76859892-2ae1-11df-886b-00144feabdc0.html; and Josh Lerner’s opening statement in The Economist debate on Industrial Policy: http://www.econo-mist.com/debate/overview/177/Industrial%20policy 149 The Holy Roman Emperor himself: Sebastian Mallaby, ‘The politically incorrect guide to ending poverty’, The Atlantic, July/August 2010, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-politically-incorrect-guide-to-ending-poverty/8134/1/; Wikipedia; Simon Heffer, ‘Lübeck: the town that said no to Hitler’, Daily Telegraph, 2 June 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/city-breaks/5428909/Lübeck-The-town-that-said-no-to-Hitler.html 151 Romer has pushed the charter city concept: Paul Romer, ‘For richer, for poorer’, Prospect, issue 167, 27 January 2010. 151 Before turning down the job of Chief Economist of the World Bank: David Warsh, ‘Learning by doing’, Economic Principals, 19 July 2009, http://www.economicprincipals.com/issues/2009.07.19/571.html 151 He argues that foreign ownership: author interview with Paul Romer, 20 September 2010. 152 It’s a free economic zone: Sean Campbell, ‘Metropolis from scratch’, Next American City, issue 8, April 2005, http://americancity.org/magazine/issue/i08/; and Greg Lindsay, ‘Cisco’s big bet on New Songdo: creating cities from scratch’, Fast Company, 1 February 2010, http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/142/the-new-new-urbanism.html 5 Climate change or: Changing the rules for success 154 ‘I think we’re going to find’: Prince Charles, interview with the BBC, October 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4382264.stm 154 ‘Evolution is cleverer than you are’: obituary: Professor Leslie Orgel, The Times, 6 December 2007, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3006557.ece 154 A dazzling lecturer at London’s Royal Insttution: Gabrielle Walker & Sir David King, The Hot Topic (Bloomsbury, 2008), pp. 14–18; Wikipedia entry on John Tyndall, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall; & James Rodger Fleming, Historical Perspectives on Climate Change (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 68–71. 155 Earth’s atmosphere contains traces of other gases: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report, Table 6.1, http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/221.htm#tab61 156 ‘Comparing a single atom of oxygen’: cited in Fleming, Historical Perspectives, pp. 70–1. 156 Richard Lindzen, a contrarian meteorologist: ‘350 science’ at 350.org http://www.350.org/about/science; and ‘Top climate scientists share their outlook’, FT Magazine, 20 November 2009. 158 But that is what has just happened to Geoff: Geoff Mason is fictional.


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Age of Discovery: Navigating the Risks and Rewards of Our New Renaissance by Ian Goldin, Chris Kutarna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 3D printing, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, AltaVista, Asian financial crisis, asset-backed security, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, bitcoin, Boeing 747, Bonfire of the Vanities, bread and circuses, carbon tax, clean water, collective bargaining, Colonization of Mars, Credit Default Swap, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, Dava Sobel, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, Doha Development Round, double helix, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, epigenetics, experimental economics, Eyjafjallajökull, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, full employment, Galaxy Zoo, general purpose technology, Glass-Steagall Act, global pandemic, global supply chain, Higgs boson, Hyperloop, immigration reform, income inequality, indoor plumbing, industrial cluster, industrial robot, information retrieval, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, Johannes Kepler, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Large Hadron Collider, low cost airline, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mahbub ul Haq, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, Max Levchin, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, moral hazard, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, New Urbanism, non-tariff barriers, Occupy movement, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, open economy, Panamax, Paris climate accords, Pearl River Delta, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, post-Panamax, profit motive, public intellectual, quantum cryptography, rent-seeking, reshoring, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart grid, Snapchat, special economic zone, spice trade, statistical model, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Stuxnet, synthetic biology, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trade route, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, uber lyft, undersea cable, uranium enrichment, We are the 99%, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, working poor, working-age population, zero day

Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers and Counterfeiters Are Hijacking the Global Economy. London: Random House. 78. Pimentel, David (2005). “Update on the Environmental and Economic Costs Associated with Alien-Invasive Species in the United States.” Ecological Economics 52: 273–288. 79. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC. 80. Anderson, Benedict (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. 81. W3 Techs (2015). “Usage of Content Languages for Websites.” Retrieved from w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all. 82.

Our own complacency has two roots: lack of awareness and lack of urgency. How to tackle the first is straightforward: political leadership, public education and social media campaigns have all proven effective. Take one of the biggest issues in the world today: climate change. In 2014, about the same time that the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released an updated report on the increasing likelihood of “severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts,” surveys showed that climate change ranked somewhere between 12th (in Europe) and 14th (in the US) on people’s list of worries.59 By mid-2015, in the build-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris, it had risen to third and sixth, respectively.


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Imagining India by Nandan Nilekani

"World Economic Forum" Davos, addicted to oil, affirmative action, Airbus A320, BRICs, British Empire, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, carbon credits, carbon tax, clean water, colonial rule, corporate governance, cuban missile crisis, deindustrialization, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, distributed generation, electricity market, farmers can use mobile phones to check market prices, flag carrier, full employment, ghettoisation, glass ceiling, global supply chain, Hernando de Soto, income inequality, informal economy, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), joint-stock company, knowledge economy, land reform, light touch regulation, LNG terminal, load shedding, low cost airline, Mahatma Gandhi, market fragmentation, mass immigration, Mikhail Gorbachev, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, open economy, Parag Khanna, pension reform, Potemkin village, price mechanism, public intellectual, race to the bottom, rent control, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, Silicon Valley, smart grid, special economic zone, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, unemployed young men, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, women in the workforce, working poor, working-age population

India may even be disproportionately vulnerable—the immediate catastrophe from climate change, as Kevin Watkins, an economist and lead author of the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2007, has noted, “won’t happen in Manhattan, but in Andhra.” India is already feeling the heat of global warming. “The effects of emissions and environmental abuse,” Dr. R. K. Pachauri, chairman of the now famous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), tells me, “is already quite apparent across India.” Environmental degradation is becoming visible here in all its grimy splendor—for example, in the vast bank of “dirty clouds” formed from industrial emissions that hang suspended over the subcontinent, which India sleeps and wakes under.

CEO Forum Industrial Development and Regulation Act (1951) Industrial Revolution infant mortality rates inflation information technology (IT); acceptance of; in agriculture ; in banking ; caste identification and; computers in ; economic impact of ; education and ; for energy sources; entrepreneurs in; for environmental issues; “gatekeepers” eliminated by ; in global economy ; government policies on ; growth of ; for health care ; identity cards supported by; Internet access of ; investment in ; jobs created by ; kiosks for ; for land records, ; low-cost approach of; outsourcing of; see also business process outsourcing; paperwork eliminated by; political applications of; poverty alleviated by ; for railroad schedules ; for retirement funds ; in rural areas ; for social services; for stock exchanges ; for taxation; technological revolution in; in telecommunications ; in urban areas ; for voting ; see also software industry Infosys Technologies Institution for Human Settlements insurance industry Insurance Regulatory Authority of India (IRAI) Integrated Energy Policy interest rates Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Food Policy Research Institute International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Water Management Institute International Year of the Aged Invest India Foundation investment, capital Iran Ireland iron irrigation ISO 9000 certifications Israel Ivory Coast Iyengar, Haravu Raj Jaffrelot, Christophe Jain, L.


Energy and Civilization: A History by Vaclav Smil

8-hour work day, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, animal electricity, Apollo 11, Boeing 747, business cycle, carbon-based life, centre right, Charles Babbage, decarbonisation, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, epigenetics, Exxon Valdez, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, James Watt: steam engine, Jevons paradox, John Harrison: Longitude, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, Just-in-time delivery, Kaizen: continuous improvement, Kibera, knowledge economy, land tenure, language acquisition, Lewis Mumford, lone genius, Louis Blériot, mass immigration, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, mutually assured destruction, North Sea oil, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, phenotype, precision agriculture, purchasing power parity, QWERTY keyboard, Richard Feynman, scientific management, Silicon Valley, Suez canal 1869, Toyota Production System, transcontinental railway, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

Moore’s law and Intel innovation. http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-gordon-moore-law.html. International Labour Organization. 2015. Forced labour, human trafficking and slavery. http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2015. [Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers. Geneva: IPCC.] Climatic Change:2014. Irons, W., and N. Dyson-Hudson, eds. 1972. Perspective on Nomadism. Leiden: E. J. Brill. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). 2015. Rice milling. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/PDF_&_Docs/Teaching_Manual_Rice_Milling.pdf.

The globally averaged surface temperature increase (combined data for ocean and land) shows a linear rise of 0.85°C (0.65–1.06°C) between 1880 and 2012 (IPCC 2015). Uncertainties regarding the future level of global emissions and the complexity of atmospheric, hydrospheric, and biospheric processes and interactions governing the global carbon cycle make it impossible to construct reliable models forecasting temperature and sea-level rises for the year 2100. The latest consensus assessment shows that (depending largely on future emission rates) by the end of the twenty-first century (2081–2100), the average global temperature will be at least 0.3–1.7°C higher than during 1986–2005, but that it may rise by as much as 2.6–4.8°C (IPCC 2015). In any case, the Arctic region will continue warming more rapidly.

The behavior of greenhouse gases and their likely warming effect were fairly well understood by the end of the nineteenth century (Smil 1997). The leading anthropogenic contributor is CO2, the end-product of the efficient combustion of all fossil and biomass fuels, and the destruction of forests (above all in wet tropics) and grasslands has been the second most important source of CO2 emissions (IPCC 2015). Since 1850, when it was just 54 Mt C (multiply by 3.667 to convert to CO2), the global anthropogenic generation of CO2 has been rising exponentially with the increasing consumption of fossil fuels: as already noted, by 1900 it had risen to 534 Mt C and in 2010 it surpassed 9 Gt C (Boden and Andres 2015).


pages: 482 words: 117,962

Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future by Ian Goldin, Geoffrey Cameron, Meera Balarajan

Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, conceptual framework, creative destruction, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, endogenous growth, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global supply chain, guest worker program, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), job automation, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, labour mobility, language acquisition, Lao Tzu, life extension, longitudinal study, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, machine readable, Malacca Straits, mass immigration, microcredit, Nelson Mandela, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, old age dependency ratio, open borders, out of africa, price mechanism, purchasing power parity, Richard Florida, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, social distancing, spice trade, trade route, transaction costs, transatlantic slave trade, women in the workforce, working-age population

The 2006 Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, sponsored by the British government, noted that without a reduction in carbon emissions, the livelihoods of people could be affected by changes in access to water, food production, health, and use of land and the environment.61 Climate change would have the most severe consequences for developing countries because of geography and the relative lack of economic and political resources to respond to severe environmental stress. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has noted that shoreline erosion, coastal flooding, and agricultural disruption can promote human migration as an adaptive response. The debate around the implications of climate change for migration revolves around the magnitude and permanence of displacement by environmental factors.

Climate change also poses a major threat to Bangladesh, where many of the country's people live in densely populated coastal areas. Rising sea levels will exacerbate coastal flooding, and tropical cyclones and storm surges would be more severe. Fluctuating rainfall patterns and melting glaciers in the Himalayas would lead to higher flows during the monsoon season. A lead author of the IPCC report, Dr. Atiq Rahman, speculates that 35 million people could be displaced from the coastal regions of Bangladesh by 2050.75 It is still unclear precisely how these climate threats would influence out-migration from Bangladesh, and overseas development assistance has already begun to focus on building infrastructure and systems that will facilitate internal migration and diminish the human impact of floods and storms.76 The way in which environmental change impacts peoples' livelihoods and generates migration pressure will be heavily determined by states' social policies and their capacity to respond to immediate crises.


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It's Better Than It Looks: Reasons for Optimism in an Age of Fear by Gregg Easterbrook

affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, air freight, Alan Greenspan, Apollo 11, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Bernie Madoff, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, Boeing 747, Branko Milanovic, Brexit referendum, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, clean tech, clean water, coronavirus, Crossrail, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, driverless car, Elon Musk, Exxon Valdez, factory automation, failed state, fake news, full employment, Gini coefficient, Google Earth, Home mortgage interest deduction, hydraulic fracturing, Hyperloop, illegal immigration, impulse control, income inequality, independent contractor, Indoor air pollution, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, labor-force participation, liberal capitalism, longitudinal study, Lyft, mandatory minimum, manufacturing employment, Mikhail Gorbachev, minimum wage unemployment, Modern Monetary Theory, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, Paul Samuelson, peak oil, plant based meat, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, post scarcity, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, reserve currency, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, self-driving car, short selling, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Slavoj Žižek, South China Sea, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, supervolcano, The Chicago School, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, There's no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home - Ken Olsen, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, uber lyft, universal basic income, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, WikiLeaks, working poor, Works Progress Administration

Through roughly the last decade, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Meteorological Society have found compelling markers of human impact on climate. These organizations are red-white-and-blue, not parts of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which does good science in the background but is politicized at the top. The case for climate change can be made, convincingly, without reference to the IPCC or anti-American political theatrics of the United Nations. (The United Nations is credible on agriculture and population demographics but less so on climate because some member nations demand greenhouse-justified payments from the United States, essentially giving the General Assembly a financial interest in what is supposed to be an impartial scientific debate.)


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The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World by Niall Ferguson

Admiral Zheng, Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, asset-backed security, Atahualpa, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Bear Stearns, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Black-Scholes formula, Bonfire of the Vanities, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, capital controls, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, classic study, collateralized debt obligation, colonial exploitation, commoditize, Corn Laws, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deglobalization, diversification, diversified portfolio, double entry bookkeeping, Edmond Halley, Edward Glaeser, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, equity risk premium, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, fixed income, floating exchange rates, Fractional reserve banking, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, Future Shock, German hyperinflation, Greenspan put, Herman Kahn, Hernando de Soto, high net worth, hindsight bias, Home mortgage interest deduction, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, information asymmetry, interest rate swap, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, iterative process, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", John Meriwether, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, labour mobility, Landlord’s Game, liberal capitalism, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market bubble, market fundamentalism, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, Modern Monetary Theory, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, Myron Scholes, Naomi Klein, National Debt Clock, negative equity, Nelson Mandela, Nick Bostrom, Nick Leeson, Northern Rock, Parag Khanna, pension reform, price anchoring, price stability, principal–agent problem, probability theory / Blaise Pascal / Pierre de Fermat, profit motive, quantitative hedge fund, RAND corporation, random walk, rent control, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Richard Thaler, risk free rate, Robert Shiller, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, savings glut, seigniorage, short selling, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, spice trade, stocks for the long run, structural adjustment programs, subprime mortgage crisis, tail risk, technology bubble, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Bayes, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, tontine, too big to fail, transaction costs, two and twenty, undersea cable, value at risk, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington Consensus, Yom Kippur War

A successful biological attack using anthrax spores could be nearly as lethal.83 What if global warming is increasing the incidence of natural disasters? Here, too, there are some grounds for unease. According to the scientific experts on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ‘the frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most areas’ as a result of man-made global warming. There is also ‘observational evidence of an increase in intense tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic since about 1970’. The rising sea levels forecast by the IPCC would inevitably increase the flood damage caused by storms like Katrina.84 Not all scientists accept the notion that hurricane activity along the US Atlantic coast is on the increase (as claimed by Al Gore in his film An Inconvenient Truth).

Cf. idem, Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe (Cambridge, MA, 2004). 83 Michael D. Intriligator and Abdullah Toukan, ‘Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction’, in Peter Kotana, Michael D. Intriligator and John P. Sullivan (eds.), Countering Terrorism and WMD: Creating a Global Counter-terrorism Network (New York, 2006), table 4.1A. 84 See IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report (Valencia, 2007). 85 Robert Looney, ‘Economic Costs to the United States Stemming from the 9/11 Attacks’, Center for Contemporary Conflict Strategic Insight (5 August 2002). 86 Robert E. Litan, ‘Sharing and Reducing the Financial Risks of Future Mega-Catastrophes’, Brookings Issues in Economic Policy, 4 (March 2006). 87 William Hutchings, ‘Citadel Builds a Diverse Business’, Financial News, 3 October 2007. 88 Marcia Vickers, ‘A Hedge Fund Superstar’, Fortune, 3 April 2007. 89 Joseph Santos, ‘A History of Futures Trading in the United States’, South Dakota University MS, n.d. 5.


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The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty by Benjamin H. Bratton

1960s counterculture, 3D printing, 4chan, Ada Lovelace, Adam Curtis, additive manufacturing, airport security, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, algorithmic trading, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Robotics, Amazon Web Services, Andy Rubin, Anthropocene, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL), Berlin Wall, bioinformatics, Biosphere 2, bitcoin, blockchain, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, call centre, capitalist realism, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, carbon-based life, Cass Sunstein, Celebration, Florida, Charles Babbage, charter city, clean water, cloud computing, company town, congestion pricing, connected car, Conway's law, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, dark matter, David Graeber, deglobalization, dematerialisation, digital capitalism, digital divide, disintermediation, distributed generation, don't be evil, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Eratosthenes, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, Evgeny Morozov, facts on the ground, Flash crash, Frank Gehry, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fulfillment center, functional programming, future of work, Georg Cantor, gig economy, global supply chain, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Guggenheim Bilbao, High speed trading, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, Ian Bogost, illegal immigration, industrial robot, information retrieval, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invisible hand, Jacob Appelbaum, James Bridle, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, John Markoff, John Perry Barlow, Joi Ito, Jony Ive, Julian Assange, Khan Academy, Kim Stanley Robinson, Kiva Systems, Laura Poitras, liberal capitalism, lifelogging, linked data, lolcat, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Marshall McLuhan, Masdar, McMansion, means of production, megacity, megaproject, megastructure, Menlo Park, Minecraft, MITM: man-in-the-middle, Monroe Doctrine, Neal Stephenson, Network effects, new economy, Nick Bostrom, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, Oklahoma City bombing, OSI model, packet switching, PageRank, pattern recognition, peak oil, peer-to-peer, performance metric, personalized medicine, Peter Eisenman, Peter Thiel, phenotype, Philip Mirowski, Pierre-Simon Laplace, place-making, planetary scale, pneumatic tube, post-Fordism, precautionary principle, RAND corporation, recommendation engine, reserve currency, rewilding, RFID, Robert Bork, Sand Hill Road, scientific management, self-driving car, semantic web, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, skeuomorphism, Slavoj Žižek, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, Snow Crash, social graph, software studies, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spectrum auction, Startup school, statistical arbitrage, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, Superbowl ad, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, TED Talk, the built environment, The Chicago School, the long tail, the scientific method, Torches of Freedom, transaction costs, Turing complete, Turing machine, Turing test, undersea cable, universal basic income, urban planning, Vernor Vinge, vertical integration, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Washington Consensus, web application, Westphalian system, WikiLeaks, working poor, Y Combinator, yottabyte

Maneuvers and innovations such as these may seem odd, but they may also represent a critical path of design intervention into the unstable geopolitical architectures of the Earth layer of The Stack. Wilsonian internationalist mechanisms have had a far too limited ability to enact and enforce effective solutions, as Hu and Obama's flimsy “compromise” at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) talks in Copenhagen in 2008 exemplify. Planetary Skin's central bank for carbon could not rush in and save that particular day, as the essential problems of measuring a carbon economy (Who, how, when, where, why?) would require the most powerful national economies to disclose and share sovereign information about their industrial empires in ways that interested neither of the two most powerful prisoners in this particular dilemma.65 We are left knowing both that impending ecological calamity represents perhaps the most significant challenge to the very premise of governance that we face today, and also that the Westphalian-looped state is a dangerously awkward sovereign unit with which to assemble an effective quorum.

See also graphical user interface alegal, 355–356 ambient, 296, 368 animal-human, 276 Apps as, 236 chains of, 231, 249 city and nation-state, 155–156 in City layer, 154 decentralization, 156–157 decision-making, 32–33 defined, 220–222, 419n6 etymology, 419n6 forms of, 338 function of, 68, 124, 220–222 Google's, 34 governance, 325 hands as, 222–223, 226, 236–239 human-Stack, 219–221 individuation, 347–348 as layer, 228–230 machinic, 224–226, 230 mobile ecology of, 237–238 navigational, 12 nonhuman-Stack, 219 from object to sign to object, 222–228 perceived as real, 236 persuasive, 224, 430n65 placebo, 224 remote, 223 tangible, 168 as thresholds, 228 User in relation to, 12, 338 User versus owner, 345–346 of violence, 317, 325 visual/nonvisual, 13, 230–235, 341, 424n41 interfacial acceleration, 232–233 interfaciality Apps, 225, 297 chains of, 231, 233–234, 338–339 geopolitics of, 228 intrinsic/extrinsic, 223 through objects, 226–228 software, 167 urban, 223, 227–228 interfacial knowledge, 223–228 interfacial regimes centralizing and decentralizing, 232 of a Cloud Polis, 339–340 competitive, 229, 233 as cosmograms, 243 defined, 373 design, 232 flows and connections, 229 function of, 235 future, legality of, 176 political identity of the User, 260 present-day, 229 sovereign geographies, 243–250 Stack-to-come, 339–340 as totality machines, 229 interfacial security regimes, 345 interfacial symmetry and asymmetry, 342 interfacial totalities, 229–230, 233–235, 373 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 98–99 interiority/exteriority architectural, 23, 185, 220, 303, 323, 324 camp/enclave, 173–175, 311–312 exit to and from, 313, 315, 317, 371, 447n45 political borders marking, 324 reversibility of, 23, 312, 319, 341, 447–448n45, 452n69 of the social body, 22 International Communications Union (US), 143 International DOI Foundation, 207 International Map Project, 413n5 Internet addresses, 202, 207–211 addressing authority, 34, 196 addressing systems, 195–196, 205–206 alternative non-US, 35–36 balkanization, 135–136 the city compared, 445n37 Cloud services based in, 117 to come, 445n37 development of, 35 geography of, 361 governance, 143 growth of, 35 industrial, 202 interplanetary, 387n31 mapping, 398n25, 441n8 nonhuman User, 216, 278 slogan of, 426n46 space available, 117, 207–209 state controlled, 318–319 we know, 61–64, 445n37 worlds of, 445n37 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 34, 196 Internet of Things, 200–203, 207, 211, 216, 335, 339–340, 397n18 consortia, 413n5 ecology, 346 emergent, 413n5 Internet for Things, 203–204 Internet of haecceities, 211, 296, 361 Internet of Things Bill of Rights, 203 Internet service provider (ISP), 118, 208 intertextuality, 199–200 invention, 76–81, 360 invention of technology as invention of accident, 13, 17 inverse prostheticization, 275 Invisible Cities (Calvino), 147 iPhone, 168 IP-networked haecceities, 215 IPv4, 202, 207–208 IPv6, 207–210, 416n35 Iran, 154 Iraq, 401n45 irreductionism, 417m38 Ishii, Hiroshi, 226 ISIS, 246 Islam, 246, 321, 425n46 islands, technology free, 313, 315 Islands in the Net (Sterling), 400n42 iTACITUS Reality Filtering, 429n59 Italy, 309 Ito, Joi, 344 iTunes, 129 Ive, Jony, 129 Jameson, Fredric, 25, 27–28, 56–57, 178, 321, 330–331, 359, 427n47 Japanese internment camp, Poston, CA, 103 Japanese postal system, 194 Jefferson, Thomas, 109 Jeremijenko, Natalie, 276 Jerusalem, 324 Jobs, Steve, 129–130, 186 Johnny Dronehunter, 455nn80–81 Jonze, Spike, 277 Jules Verne (Serres), 1, 75 “junkspace,” 404n4 jurisdiction.

But these “emergencies” should be understood in both senses of the word: first as a crisis for which conventional understandings and instruments are inadequate and therefore require or justify unconventional measures, and second as moments of the emergence of something that was genuinely and qualitatively not there before. For ecojurisdictions, these emerge around both the production of energy and the effects of that production. We see this already in the divided constituencies and alliances represented at the IPCC climate talks. Large oil- and gas-producing countries share certain interests in ecological governance, or in its prevention, that cut across ideology and continental location, whereas countries whose landscapes serve as important carbon sinks also seek common cause, as do those whose circumstance puts them at shared risks for particular kinds of disaster.


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Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress by Steven Pinker

3D printing, Abraham Maslow, access to a mobile phone, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Alignment Problem, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, Arthur Eddington, artificial general intelligence, availability heuristic, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, biodiversity loss, Black Swan, Bonfire of the Vanities, Brexit referendum, business cycle, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Charlie Hebdo massacre, classic study, clean water, clockwork universe, cognitive bias, cognitive dissonance, Columbine, conceptual framework, confounding variable, correlation does not imply causation, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, data science, decarbonisation, degrowth, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, distributed generation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, Doomsday Clock, double helix, Eddington experiment, Edward Jenner, effective altruism, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, end world poverty, endogenous growth, energy transition, European colonialism, experimental subject, Exxon Valdez, facts on the ground, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, first-past-the-post, Flynn Effect, food miles, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, frictionless, frictionless market, Garrett Hardin, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, Hacker Conference 1984, Hans Rosling, hedonic treadmill, helicopter parent, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, Hobbesian trap, humanitarian revolution, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, income inequality, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, Jaron Lanier, Joan Didion, job automation, Johannes Kepler, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, knowledge economy, l'esprit de l'escalier, Laplace demon, launch on warning, life extension, long peace, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, Mahbub ul Haq, Martin Wolf, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microaggression, Mikhail Gorbachev, minimum wage unemployment, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nate Silver, Nathan Meyer Rothschild: antibiotics, negative emissions, Nelson Mandela, New Journalism, Norman Mailer, nuclear taboo, nuclear winter, obamacare, ocean acidification, Oklahoma City bombing, open economy, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, paperclip maximiser, Paris climate accords, Paul Graham, peak oil, Peter Singer: altruism, Peter Thiel, post-truth, power law, precautionary principle, precision agriculture, prediction markets, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, radical life extension, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, rent control, Republic of Letters, Richard Feynman, road to serfdom, Robert Gordon, Rodney Brooks, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rory Sutherland, Saturday Night Live, science of happiness, Scientific racism, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Simon Kuznets, Skype, smart grid, Social Justice Warrior, sovereign wealth fund, sparse data, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Bannon, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Stuxnet, supervolcano, synthetic biology, tech billionaire, technological determinism, technological singularity, Ted Kaczynski, Ted Nordhaus, TED Talk, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, total factor productivity, Tragedy of the Commons, union organizing, universal basic income, University of East Anglia, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, W. E. B. Du Bois, War on Poverty, We wanted flying cars, instead we got 140 characters, women in the workforce, working poor, World Values Survey, Y2K

Registros administrativos: Mortalidad. http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/registros/vitales/mortalidad/default.aspx. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 2016. General statistics. http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/general-statistics/fatalityfacts/overview-of-fatality-facts. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC. International Humanist and Ethical Union. 2002. The Amsterdam Declaration. http://iheu.org/humanism/the-amsterdam-declaration/. International Labour Organization. 2013. Marking progress against child labour: Global estimates and trends, 2000–2012.

id=11067662; Young 2011. See also note 35 above. 41. Recent reviews of climate change: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014; King et al. 2015; W. Nordhaus 2013; Plumer 2015; World Bank 2012a. See also J. Gillis, “Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change,” New York Times, Nov. 28, 2015; “The State of the Climate in 2016,” The Economist, Nov. 17, 2016. 42. 4°C warming must not occur: World Bank 2012a. 43. Effects of different emission scenarios: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014; King et al. 2015; W. Nordhaus 2013; Plumer 2015; World Bank 2012a. The projection for a 2°C rise is the RCP2.6 scenario shown in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014, fig. 6.7. 44.

The projection for a 2°C rise is the RCP2.6 scenario shown in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014, fig. 6.7. 44. Energy from fossil fuels: My calculation for 2015, from British Petroleum 2016, “Primary Energy: Consumption by Fuel,” p. 41, “Total World.” 45. Scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change: NASA, “Scientific Consensus: Earth’s Climate Is Warming,” http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/; Skeptical Science, http://www.skepticalscience.com/; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014; Plumer 2015; W. Nordhaus 2013; W. Nordhaus, “Why the Global Warming Skeptics Are Wrong,” New York Review of Books, March 22, 2012.


pages: 689 words: 134,457

When McKinsey Comes to Town: The Hidden Influence of the World's Most Powerful Consulting Firm by Walt Bogdanich, Michael Forsythe

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", "World Economic Forum" Davos, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alistair Cooke, Amazon Web Services, An Inconvenient Truth, asset light, asset-backed security, Atul Gawande, Bear Stearns, Boris Johnson, British Empire, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, carbon footprint, Citizen Lab, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, compensation consultant, coronavirus, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Corrections Corporation of America, COVID-19, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, data science, David Attenborough, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, disinformation, disruptive innovation, do well by doing good, don't be evil, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, facts on the ground, failed state, financial engineering, full employment, future of work, George Floyd, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global pandemic, illegal immigration, income inequality, information security, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, job satisfaction, job-hopping, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kickstarter, load shedding, Mark Zuckerberg, megaproject, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, mortgage debt, Multics, Nelson Mandela, obamacare, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, profit maximization, public intellectual, RAND corporation, Rutger Bregman, scientific management, sentiment analysis, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart meter, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, tech worker, The future is already here, The Nature of the Firm, too big to fail, urban planning, WikiLeaks, working poor, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

., 8, 18, 27, 47–48, 65–67, 69, 71–80, 83, 87, 93, 107, 128–29, 146, 251, 257 impeachment of, 76 Trump, Melania, 129 Tsinghua University, 95 Tunisia, 245 Turner, Adair, 263 Twitter, 76, 225, 251–53 U UBS bank, 173, 185 Ukraine, 257, 279 Unilever, 261 Union Oil, 156 United Auto Workers (UAW), 32 UnitedHealth Group, 272–73 United Nations, 105, 224, 244, 257 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 153, 167 U.S. Army, 93, 155 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 62 U.S. Congress, 41, 73, 84, 104, 174, 182, 186, 198 U.S. District Court of Northern California, 126 U.S. House of Representatives, Banking Committee, 186 executive compensation hearings, 42–43 tobacco hearings, 110–11 Ways and Means Committee, 63 U.S.

In its many public reports, McKinsey is clear-eyed and appropriately alarmist about the looming environmental threat. In 2020, the year after Pinner’s appearance in Aspen, he co-authored a McKinsey Quarterly article that laid out the ways the world could limit the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. That’s the level set by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, beyond which, the panel concluded, it will become increasingly difficult for humans to adapt. Pinner and his colleagues argued that the world was running out of time to reach that goal, and mapped out three scenarios on how to get there, all requiring reductions in emissions from the oil and gas industry, electric utilities, agriculture, and the tailpipes of cars and trucks.


pages: 352 words: 87,930

Space 2.0 by Rod Pyle

additive manufacturing, air freight, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, barriers to entry, Boeing 747, Colonization of Mars, commoditize, crewed spaceflight, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, experimental subject, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Webb Space Telescope, Jeff Bezos, low earth orbit, Mars Rover, Mars Society, mouse model, Neil Armstrong, overview effect, Planet Labs, private spaceflight, risk-adjusted returns, Scaled Composites, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SpaceShipOne, stealth mode startup, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jurvetson, systems thinking, telerobotics, trade route, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, wikimedia commons, X Prize, Y Combinator

As with most science-based topics, there is controversy about this point. There are those who feel that Earth has an almost limitless ability to adapt to most any human endeavor short of nuclear war, but they are in the minority. For a primer on some of these arguments, see the glossary section of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.” www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/annexessglossary-a-d.html. Retrieved April 1, 2017. 26Interview at the 2016 Recode Convention. The Verge, June 1, 2016. 27Britt, Robert Roy. “The Top 3 Reasons to Colonize Space.” Space.com, October 18, 2001. 28Interview with the author, October 2016.


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Rule of the Robots: How Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Everything by Martin Ford

AI winter, Airbnb, algorithmic bias, algorithmic trading, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Amazon Web Services, artificial general intelligence, Automated Insights, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, basic income, Big Tech, big-box store, call centre, carbon footprint, Chris Urmson, Claude Shannon: information theory, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, computer age, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crowdsourcing, data is the new oil, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, deskilling, disruptive innovation, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, factory automation, fake news, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, George Floyd, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, Googley, GPT-3, high-speed rail, hype cycle, ImageNet competition, income inequality, independent contractor, industrial robot, informal economy, information retrieval, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, Law of Accelerating Returns, license plate recognition, low interest rates, low-wage service sector, Lyft, machine readable, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, Mitch Kapor, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, Ocado, OpenAI, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, passive income, pattern recognition, Peter Thiel, Phillips curve, post scarcity, public intellectual, Ray Kurzweil, recommendation engine, remote working, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Rodney Brooks, Rubik’s Cube, Sam Altman, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, social distancing, SoftBank, South of Market, San Francisco, special economic zone, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Stephen Hawking, superintelligent machines, TED Talk, The Future of Employment, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, the scientific method, Turing machine, Turing test, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, universal basic income, very high income, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Y Combinator

Indeed, given the challenges we will face in the coming decades, I think AI will be indispensable. We will need artificial intelligence to launch us off our technological plateau into a new age of broad-based innovation. Climate change looms as the most clearly foreseeable threat. In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released an analysis indicating that in order to keep global temperatures from increasing by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius—a threshold that will hopefully prevent catastrophic harm—we will need to cut net carbon emissions to zero by the year 2050. And in order to have any realistic chance of achieving this, we need roughly a forty-five percent reduction by 2030.3 The magnitude of this challenge was brought into stark relief by the massive and unprecedented experiment we conducted as the coronavirus pandemic emerged.

Joseph Zeballos-Roig, “Kamala Harris supports $2,000 monthly stimulus checks to help Americans claw out of pandemic ruin—and she’s long backed plans for Democrats to give people more money,” Business Insider, August 15, 2020, www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-biden-monthly-stimulus-checks-economic-policy-support-vice-2020-8. 3. Bob Berwyn, “What does ‘12 years to act on climate change’ (now 11 years) really mean?,” Inside Climate News, August 27, 2019, insideclimatenews.org/news/27082019/12-years-climate-change-explained-ipcc-science-solutions. 4. Bill Gates, “COVID-19 is awful. Climate change could be worse,” Gates Notes, August 4, 2020, www.gatesnotes.com/Energy/Climate-and-COVID-19. 5. Bill Gates, “Climate change and the 75% problem,” Gates Notes, October 17, 2018, www.gatesnotes.com/Energy/My-plan-for-fighting-climate-change. 6.


The Great Turning: From Empire to Earth Community by David C. Korten

Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, banks create money, big-box store, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, clean water, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, death of newspapers, declining real wages, different worldview, digital divide, European colonialism, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, George Gilder, global supply chain, global village, God and Mammon, Hernando de Soto, Howard Zinn, informal economy, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, joint-stock company, land reform, market bubble, market fundamentalism, Monroe Doctrine, Naomi Klein, neoliberal agenda, new economy, peak oil, planetary scale, plutocrats, Project for a New American Century, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, sexual politics, shared worldview, social intelligence, source of truth, South Sea Bubble, stem cell, structural adjustment programs, The Chicago School, trade route, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, World Values Survey

Chris Bright, “A History of Our Future,” in Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 2004, 5. 10. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological Association and United Nations Environment Programme, Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001 (Geneva: 2001), available at http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/online.htm. 11. Jonathan Leake, “Britain Faces Big Chill as Ocean Current Slows,” Sunday Times, May 8, 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/ article/0,,2087-1602579,00.html. 12. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report. 13. Peter Schwartz and Doug Randall, An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security, October 2003, 1–2, 22, available at http://www.gbn.com/ ArticleDisplayServlet.srv?


pages: 653 words: 155,847

Energy: A Human History by Richard Rhodes

Albert Einstein, animal electricity, California gold rush, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, Copley Medal, dark matter, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, demographic transition, Dmitri Mendeleev, Drosophila, Edmond Halley, energy transition, Ernest Rutherford, Fellow of the Royal Society, flex fuel, Ford Model T, Garrett Hardin, gentrification, Great Leap Forward, Ida Tarbell, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the steam engine, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, joint-stock company, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, Mikhail Gorbachev, new economy, nuclear winter, off-the-grid, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ralph Nader, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, selection bias, Simon Kuznets, tacit knowledge, Ted Nordhaus, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, tontine, Tragedy of the Commons, uranium enrichment, urban renewal, Vanguard fund, working poor, young professional

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 27, no. 2 (1971): 14–18. Inhaber, Herbert. “Risk Analysis Applied to Energy Systems.” Encyclopedia of Energy, vol. 5: 1–14. (2004). Inman, Mason. The Oracle of Oil: A Maverick Geologist’s Quest for a Sustainable Future. New York: W. W. Norton, 2016. IPCC. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014 (online). Irwin, Paul G. “Overview: The State of Animals in 2001.” In The State of the Animals 2001, edited by D. J. Salem and A. N. Rowan. Washington, DC: Humane Society Press, 2001: 1–19. Jacobs, Meg. Panic at the Pump: The Energy Crisis and the Transformation of American Politics in the 1970s.

Krebs, “Fabrication and Processing of Polymer Solar Cells: A Review of Printing and Coating Techniques,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 93 (2009): 394–412. 8. Capacity factors: “US Capacity Factors by Fuel Type, 2016,” Nuclear Energy Institute Knowledge Center, Nuclear Statistics (online). 9. NG eighty-four times as effective as CO2: Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (online), 2014, box 3.2, table 1, 87. 10. Vasilis M. Fthenakis and Hyung Chul Kim, “Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Solar Electric- and Nuclear Power: A Life-Cycle Study,” Energy Policy 35 (2007): 2549. “Lifetime GHG emissions from solar- and nuclear-fuel cycles in the United States are comparable under actual production conditions and average solar irradiation.” 11.


pages: 488 words: 145,950

The Ice at the End of the World: An Epic Journey Into Greenland's Buried Past and Our Perilous Future by Jon Gertner

American ideology, Anthropocene, Charles Lindbergh, fear of failure, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), mass immigration, move 37, RAND corporation, risk tolerance, Silicon Valley, three-masted sailing ship, trade route

And after that it’s going to be really hard to slow it down.” There happens to be a consensus estimate for global sea level rise in 2100—between a half meter (1.6 feet) and a full meter (3.2 feet). The numbers were put forward by the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is made up of leading scientists around the world. Rignot considers the IPCC numbers too conservative. At the moment, he thinks one and a half meters (or about five feet) of sea level rise is more likely, but also that the upper bound is not yet quantified and may be higher. This may not become clear until observations and models are improved over the next decade or two.


pages: 497 words: 150,205

European Spring: Why Our Economies and Politics Are in a Mess - and How to Put Them Right by Philippe Legrain

3D printing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Asian financial crisis, bank run, banking crisis, barriers to entry, Basel III, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, book value, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, business process, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Celtic Tiger, central bank independence, centre right, clean tech, collaborative consumption, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, corporate governance, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, Crossrail, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, debt deflation, Diane Coyle, disruptive innovation, Downton Abbey, Edward Glaeser, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, eurozone crisis, fear of failure, financial deregulation, financial engineering, first-past-the-post, Ford Model T, forward guidance, full employment, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, Growth in a Time of Debt, high-speed rail, hiring and firing, hydraulic fracturing, Hyman Minsky, Hyperloop, immigration reform, income inequality, interest rate derivative, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Irish property bubble, James Dyson, Jane Jacobs, job satisfaction, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, labour market flexibility, labour mobility, land bank, liquidity trap, low interest rates, margin call, Martin Wolf, mittelstand, moral hazard, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, peer-to-peer rental, price stability, private sector deleveraging, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, Richard Florida, rising living standards, risk-adjusted returns, Robert Gordon, savings glut, school vouchers, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart grid, smart meter, software patent, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, total factor productivity, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, working-age population, Zipcar

The sensitivity of the global climate to rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is highly uncertain and the local impacts are even more unpredictable. For example, contrary to climatologists’ predictions, global temperatures have scarcely risen over the past decade, yet paradoxically sea ice in the Arctic is melting much faster than they expected.582 The most recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlights that the many of the predictions in previous reports are actually much less certain than they claimed.583 This is red meat for sceptics, some of whom don’t believe that man-made climate change is actually happening. Sceptics can also point to the many follies of EU climate policy, such as massive subsidies for biofuels, or the fact that Germany subsidises both clean energy and filthy coal.

Code: proj_10c2150zmp 580 See The Economist, "The autopilot solution", 2 February 2013. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21571116-how-notional-savings-accounts-could-put-state-pensions-sustainable 581 See, for instance, Friends of the Earth Europe, "2030 Climate and Energy Policy: The Time is Now", May 2013 http://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/publications/2030_briefing_may2013.pdf and Greenpeace EU, "The Next Step in Europe’s Climate Action: Setting Targets for 2030", June 2013 http://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/Global/eu-unit/reports-briefings/2013/ecofys_PolicyPaper.pdf 582 http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21574490-climate-change-may-be-happening-more-slowly-scientists-thought-world-still-needs 583 http://www.ipcc.ch/?utm_source=Newsletter&utm_campaign=525d05a1c0-June_Mailout7_5_2013&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_b63698abdf-525d05a1c0-61519721 584 Dieter Helm, The Carbon Crunch: How We’re Getting Climate Change Wrong – And How to Fix It, Yale: 2012 585 International Energy Authority, Medium-term coal market report, 2012 586 10 per cent in the transport sector. 587 Quoted in http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/danielfinkelstein/article3865753.ece 588 Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Routledge: 1942 pp. 82–83. 589 The education targets are reducing the rates of early school leaving below 10 per cent and at least 40 per cent of 30-34–year-olds completing third-level education. http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/europe-2020-in-a-nutshell/targets/index_en.htm 590 http://www.oecd.org/site/innovationstrategy/45187823.pdf 591 http://www.oecd.org/site/innovationstrategy/45187845.pdf 592 http://www.oecd.org/site/innovationstrategy/45187873.pdf 593 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c74be3b8-adc3-11e2-a2c7-00144feabdc0.html 594 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php?


pages: 797 words: 227,399

Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century by P. W. Singer

agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, Atahualpa, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bill Joy: nanobots, Bletchley Park, blue-collar work, borderless world, Boston Dynamics, Charles Babbage, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, Craig Reynolds: boids flock, cuban missile crisis, digital divide, digital map, Dr. Strangelove, en.wikipedia.org, Ernest Rutherford, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Firefox, Ford Model T, Francisco Pizarro, Frank Gehry, friendly fire, Future Shock, game design, George Gilder, Google Earth, Grace Hopper, Hans Moravec, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, industrial robot, information security, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, invention of movable type, invention of the steam engine, Isaac Newton, Jacques de Vaucanson, job automation, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, junk bonds, Law of Accelerating Returns, Mars Rover, Menlo Park, mirror neurons, Neal Stephenson, New Urbanism, Nick Bostrom, no-fly zone, PalmPilot, paperclip maximiser, pattern recognition, precautionary principle, private military company, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, RFID, robot derives from the Czech word robota Czech, meaning slave, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, Schrödinger's Cat, Silicon Valley, social intelligence, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Strategic Defense Initiative, strong AI, technological singularity, The Coming Technological Singularity, The Wisdom of Crowds, Timothy McVeigh, Turing test, Vernor Vinge, Virgin Galactic, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, world market for maybe five computers, Yogi Berra

This creates a feedback loop, which worsens the problem of scarcity. Then add in the effect of global warming. Whether you believe the cause is man-made carbon dioxide or unicorn farts, it is without dispute that the warming of the Earth will make life more difficult for many. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found that the current pace of global warming will bring water scarcity to between 1.1 and 3.2 billion people over the next few decades, and create food shortages for an additional 200 to 600 million. As if this wasn’t bad enough, while some parts of the globe will be parched for water, others may suffer instead from too much of it.

Hopper, Grace How to Survive a Robot Uprising: Tips on Defending Yourself Against the Coming Rebellion (Wilson) Hudson, Cliff Human Genome Project “Human ID at a Distance” program humanoid robots human rights accountability of autonomous systems and legality of weapons and rules of engagement and rules of war and self-defense and unmanned systems and war crimes and Human Rights Watch Hunter (unmanned aerial vehicle) “Hunters of Minesweepers, The,” Huntington, Sam Hurricane Katrina Hussein, Qusay Hussein, Saddam Hussein, Uday hyperspectral imagery I, Robot (Asimov) I, Robot (film) IBM Idaho National Lab i-Foot (robot) Ignatieff, Michael Ijaz, Mansoor Iliad (Homer) improvised explosive device (IED) insurgency-technology struggle and Incans India Industrial Age Information and Communications Ministry, South Korean information technology (IT) network-centric warfare and Institute of Automation insurgency Integrated Battle Command Intel Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) International Atomic Energy Agency International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) International Trade and Industry Ministry, Japan Internet exponential changes in robotics and Iran Iran Air Flight 655 tragedy Iraq Iraq war counterinsurgency challenge in demand for UAVs in IEDs in insurgency in Joint Robotics Repair Facility in lack of doctrine in network-centric warfare and private contractors in rules of engagement in technology-insurgents battle in IREX (International Robotics Exhibition) iRobot Foster-Miller’s rivalry with ownership structure of products of Swarm Project of Ishiguro, Hiroshi Israel Hezbollah vs.


pages: 372 words: 107,587

The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality by Richard Heinberg

3D printing, agricultural Revolution, Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, Apollo 11, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, banks create money, Bear Stearns, biodiversity loss, Bretton Woods, business cycle, carbon footprint, Carmen Reinhart, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, computerized trading, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, degrowth, dematerialisation, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, Elliott wave, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, falling living standards, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, Gini coefficient, Glass-Steagall Act, global village, green transition, happiness index / gross national happiness, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, income inequality, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jevons paradox, Kenneth Rogoff, late fees, liberal capitalism, low interest rates, mega-rich, military-industrial complex, Money creation, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, mortgage debt, naked short selling, Naomi Klein, Negawatt, new economy, Nixon shock, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, price stability, private military company, quantitative easing, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, short selling, special drawing rights, systems thinking, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, trade liberalization, tulip mania, WikiLeaks, working poor, world market for maybe five computers, zero-sum game

Water Resources Research 44 (March 29, 2008). 44.N ational Energy Technology Laboratory, Innovations for Existing Plants Program, “Water-Energy Interface,” netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/–ewr/water/power-gen.html. 45. “The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change famously predicted [the Himalayan glaciers] could disappear as soon as 2035. It turns out that guesstimate was based on misquoting a researcher in a 1999 news article — not a result from any kind of peer-reviewed scientific study. The incident reflects a breakdown in the IPCC process but it doesn’t undercut the reality that glacier loss, particularly in what are technically tropical regions such as the Andes and Himalayas, continues to accelerate in the 21st century.


pages: 289 words: 112,697

The new village green: living light, living local, living large by Stephen Morris

Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, back-to-the-land, Buckminster Fuller, carbon tax, clean tech, clean water, collective bargaining, Columbine, Community Supported Agriculture, company town, computer age, cuban missile crisis, David Sedaris, deindustrialization, discovery of penicillin, distributed generation, Easter island, energy security, energy transition, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial independence, Firefox, Hacker Conference 1984, index card, Indoor air pollution, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, John Elkington, Kevin Kelly, Louis Pasteur, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, mass immigration, McMansion, Menlo Park, messenger bag, Negawatt, off grid, off-the-grid, peak oil, precautionary principle, rolodex, Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, systems thinking, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review

As I’m writing these words, news comes across the bottom of my computer screen that a new study shows methane leaking from Siberian permafrost at five times the predicted rate, which is seriously bad news since methane is an even more potent greenhouse gas than CO2 . In this fast-changing scientific puzzle, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which has given the world valuable guidance for a decade, stands the risk of being outrun by new data. The panel is supposed to issue a new report in the coming year summarizing the findings made by climate scientists since its last report. But it’s unlikely that its somewhat unwieldy procedures will allow it to incorporate fears such as Lovelock’s adequately, or even to address fully the far more mainstream predictions issued during the last twelve months by James Hansen of NASA, the planet’s top climatologist.1 Hansen is not quite as gloomy as Lovelock.


pages: 332 words: 106,197

The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and Its Solutions by Jason Hickel

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, Asian financial crisis, Atahualpa, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bernie Sanders, Bob Geldof, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Cape to Cairo, capital controls, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, Cornelius Vanderbilt, David Attenborough, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, degrowth, dematerialisation, Doha Development Round, Elon Musk, European colonialism, falling living standards, financial deregulation, flying shuttle, Fractional reserve banking, Francisco Pizarro, full employment, Glass-Steagall Act, Global Witness, Hans Rosling, happiness index / gross national happiness, Howard Zinn, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, James Watt: steam engine, laissez-faire capitalism, land reform, land value tax, liberal capitalism, Live Aid, Mahatma Gandhi, Money creation, Monroe Doctrine, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, negative emissions, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, Phillips curve, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, rent control, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Scramble for Africa, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, structural adjustment programs, TED Talk, The Chicago School, The Spirit Level, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transfer pricing, trickle-down economics, Washington Consensus, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Works Progress Administration

Four degrees will probably mean the total melting of the Greenland ice sheet and possibly the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet as well, which would then raise sea levels by another six metres and displace hundreds of millions of people around the world. Climate scientists are sounding the alarm on the spectre of 4°C. According to a 2012 report by the World Bank, 4°C would mean ‘extreme heatwaves, declining global food stocks, loss of ecosystems and biodiversity, and life-threatening sea level rise’.59 According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which avoids any but the most conservative assertions, even our nearer-term prospects are looking bleak.60 Latin America will see ‘gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazonia; [and] significant changes in water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation’.

The Monitor includes an additional category of ‘other industrialized’ countries, which accounts for the remainder. 46 ‘Much of this has to do …’ Suzanne Goldenberg, ‘CO2 emissions are being “outsourced” by rich countries to rising economies’, Guardian, 19 January 2014. 47 ‘The United States remains the …’ Duncan Clark, ‘Which nations are most responsible for climate change?’, Guardian, 21 April 2011. 48 ‘And yet the costs of climate …’ ‘A bad climate for development’, The Economist, 17 September 2009. 49 ‘According to The Economist …’ ‘A bad climate for development’, The Economist, 17 September 2009. 50 ‘In Africa, the growing period …’ According to an IPCC study, noted in John Vidal, ‘Climate change will hit poor countries hardest, study shows’, Guardian, 27 September 2013. 51 ‘By 2080, agricultural production could …’ ‘A bad climate for development’, The Economist, 17 September 2009. 52 ‘Oxfam predicts that, as a …’ Oxfam, Growing Disruption: Climate Change, Food, and The Fight Against Hunger (Oxford: Oxfam Publishing, 2013). 53 ‘Present estimates suggest that by …’ ‘A bad climate for development’, The Economist, 17 September 2009. 54 ‘Meanwhile, my home country of …’ Climatefairshares.org. 55 ‘If we want to have …’ Carbon Countdown, Carbon Budget 2016 Update, Carbon Brief, www.carbonbrief.org. 56 ‘At our current rate of …’ ‘The sky’s the limit: why the Paris Climate Goals require a managed decline of fossil fuel production’, OilChange, September 2016. 57 ‘And yet instead of reducing …’ ‘Global Carbon Emissions’, Co2Now.org, http://co2now.org/Current-CO2/CO2-Now/global-carbon-emissions.html. 58 ‘Governments are still subsidising …’ Damian Carrington, ‘Fossil fuels subsidized by $10 million a minute, says IMF’, Guardian, 18 May 2015. 59 ‘According to a 2012 report …’ World Bank, Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided, Working paper 74455 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012). 60 ‘According to the Intergovernmental Panel …’ NASA, ‘The consequences of climate change’, http://climate.nasa.gov/effects/. 61 ‘Problems like this, which have …’ International Energy Agency, ‘Scenarios and Projections’, http://www.iea.org/publications/scenariosandprojections/. 62 ‘As Naomi Klein puts it …’ Naomi Kleim, This Changes Everything (London: Penguin Books, 2015), p. 21.


pages: 388 words: 125,472

The Establishment: And How They Get Away With It by Owen Jones

anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, autism spectrum disorder, bank run, battle of ideas, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bonus culture, Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, centre right, citizen journalism, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, disinformation, don't be evil, Edward Snowden, Etonian, eurozone crisis, falling living standards, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, G4S, glass ceiling, hiring and firing, housing crisis, inflation targeting, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, James Dyson, Jon Ronson, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, light touch regulation, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, mass immigration, Monroe Doctrine, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, Neil Kinnock, night-watchman state, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, open borders, Overton Window, plutocrats, popular capitalism, post-war consensus, profit motive, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, rent control, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, short selling, sovereign wealth fund, stakhanovite, statistical model, subprime mortgage crisis, Suez crisis 1956, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transfer pricing, Tyler Cowen, union organizing, unpaid internship, Washington Consensus, We are all Keynesians now, wealth creators, Winter of Discontent

But when Rigg’s death was investigated by the IPCC, their report of February 2010 found no evidence of neglect or wrongdoing on the part of the police, claiming, rather, that they had acted ‘reasonably and proportionately’. For critics of the IPCC, it was a risible verdict, albeit a hardly unexpected one. In 2008 over a hundred lawyers resigned from its advisory board, expressing ‘increasing dismay and disillusionment’ at ‘the consistently poor quality of decision-making at all levels of the IPCC’. In February 2013 a report by the House of Commons Home Affairs Committee savaged the IPCC for being ‘woefully under-equipped and hamstrung in achieving its original objectives.

Four arresting officers and a police sergeant are being re-investigated by the IPCC as they examine the arrest, restraint and detention of Rigg. When an independent report into the IPCC’s investigation was published in May 2013, it was an indictment of a watchdog that supposedly existed to hold the police to account. The IPCC had accepted accounts from officers that were ‘implausible and improbable’; it had failed to examine CCTV footage that contradicted an officer’s claims; and interference by the Police Federation amounted to ‘inappropriate conduct’. The police officers involved had been able to confer with each other.24 The IPCC investigation was a joke, a sham, a parody of a genuinely thorough attempt to uncover the truth.

A second post-mortem was ordered, which concluded that Tomlinson had in fact died because of ‘abdominal haemorrhage due to … blunt force trauma to the abdomen in association with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver’.6 A final post-mortem agreed with the second. Both the IPCC and the police interfered in the investigation into Tomlinson’s death from the outset. Police did not publicly announce Tomlinson’s death for four hours – in a statement that claimed that officers giving him first aid were obstructed by missile-throwing protesters – and his family were not informed for nine hours.7 Journalists were briefed that his relatives were unsurprised by his death given the state of his health, and were told not to speculate because it would upset the family. It took a week for the IPCC to remove the police from the investigation.8 When the inquest was finally held, the jury returned a verdict in May 2011 of unlawful killing.


pages: 162 words: 34,454

Mad Mobs and Englishmen? Myths and Realities of the 2011 Riots by Steve Reicher, Cliff Stott

Brixton riot, Deng Xiaoping, Fellow of the Royal Society, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), New Urbanism

At that meeting, the acting Borough Commander was made aware of the potential for a riot and told that the police needed to provide more information about Duggan’s shooting in order to reduce tension.144 The police apparently made clear that they could not provide any information on the shooting because of the constraints they felt were placed upon them as a result of the IPCC investigation. According to a BBC report, those present at the meeting said they agreed instead to inform the IPCC of the need for information – presumably so they could begin the process of liaising with the family and easing tensions.144 But according to the same report, Deborah Glass (Deputy Chair of the IPCC) insisted that the Metropolitan Police did not contact them until 8 p.m. on Saturday evening. In her BBC interview, Glass asserts that there were protocols in place to ‘make it very clear the police are not gagged when the IPCC are involved in an investigation’.144 Wherever responsibility actually lay between the IPCC and the police, one thing is certain – no information was provided either to the family or the community.

Given that this was a fatal shooting, the IPCC (Independent Police Complaints Commission) became involved almost straight away. This meant that the exact details surrounding his death would now not be known for some time. But this didn’t stop the press speculation. The following morning the Daily Telegraph wrote that ‘a policeman’s life was saved by his radio last night after a gunman Mark Duggan opened fire on him and the bullet hit the device’. The article went on to state that armed police ‘returned fire’ and as a consequence Duggan, ‘a well known gangster’, was shot dead. An un-named IPCC spokesperson was also quoted saying that they ‘understand the officer was shot first before the male was shot.’141 The Deputy Chair of the IPCC later retracted this claim and apologized for the misleading nature of earlier comments.

Speakers referred to ‘sustained injustices’ where the community ‘are betrayed by the state, one rule for the rich another for the poor’. They demanded action, in particular that the officers involved should be ‘immediately suspended’. Doubts were cast on the credibility of the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), who were investigating what had happened. Those who spoke out also gave the Prime Minister a prophetic warning that ‘unrest would reach your shores soon unless you address the needs and concerns of us the community.’140 The Death of Mark Duggan On Thursday, 4 August 2011, at about six in the afternoon, a 29-year-old black man called Mark Duggan – from the Broadwater Farm estate in Haringey, North London – was travelling in a taxi along Ferry Lane in Tottenham Hale.


pages: 603 words: 182,781

Aerotropolis by John D. Kasarda, Greg Lindsay

3D printing, air freight, airline deregulation, airport security, Akira Okazaki, Alvin Toffler, An Inconvenient Truth, Asian financial crisis, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, big-box store, blood diamond, Boeing 747, book value, borderless world, Boris Johnson, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, carbon footprint, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, Charles Lindbergh, Clayton Christensen, clean tech, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, company town, conceptual framework, credit crunch, David Brooks, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, digital map, disruptive innovation, Dr. Strangelove, Dutch auction, Easter island, edge city, Edward Glaeser, Eyjafjallajökull, failed state, financial engineering, flag carrier, flying shuttle, food miles, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frank Gehry, fudge factor, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, Future Shock, General Motors Futurama, gentleman farmer, gentrification, Geoffrey West, Santa Fe Institute, George Gilder, global supply chain, global village, gravity well, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, Hernando de Soto, high-speed rail, hive mind, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, inflight wifi, intangible asset, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, invention of the telephone, inventory management, invisible hand, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, Jevons paradox, Joan Didion, Kangaroo Route, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, kremlinology, land bank, Lewis Mumford, low cost airline, Marchetti’s constant, Marshall McLuhan, Masdar, mass immigration, McMansion, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, microcredit, military-industrial complex, Network effects, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), peak oil, Pearl River Delta, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Thiel, pets.com, pink-collar, planned obsolescence, pre–internet, RFID, Richard Florida, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, savings glut, Seaside, Florida, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spice trade, spinning jenny, starchitect, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Suez canal 1869, sunk-cost fallacy, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, tech worker, telepresence, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, thinkpad, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Tony Hsieh, trade route, transcontinental railway, transit-oriented development, traveling salesman, trickle-down economics, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, walkable city, warehouse robotics, white flight, white picket fence, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

“I think if things continue in this one-sided sensationalist way, purely targeting air freight, labeling our produce with aeroplanes and not looking at other aspects of production, it will cripple Kenya. It will cripple the economy.” Tesco was torn between their fears and ours. Greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than at any point in human history, and rising faster than even the worst-case scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. While America dithered and China willfully ignored environmental devastation, Britain led a charge to the barricades. The U.K. was the first nation to adopt a cap-and-trade scheme for emissions and pushed for one encompassing the European Union. Three weeks after Obama was elected promising a similar system, Parliament passed the Climate Change Act, mandating an 80 percent cut in Britain’s emissions by 2050, starting from a 1990 baseline.

But Europe’s easyJet addiction will prove harder to quit, and coupled with renewed growth in the Middle East and Asia, flying’s total carbon contribution will likely rise to 5 percent by 2050. Another caveat is that commercial aircraft release their carbon in the lower reaches of the stratosphere, where greenhouse gases collect. To account for this, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has raised aviation’s effective contribution to 3 percent—a figure equal to a quarter of the traffic on the world’s highways, or half the respiration of our homes. Even at its highest estimates, it isn’t likely aviation will overtake driving as one of the most ergregious global warmers, let alone factories and electric turbines.

Statistics on the energy use and carbon emissions of the built environment are taken from Linda Tischler’s “The Green Housing Boom” (Fast Company, July/August 2008). Figures on aviation’s declining share of carbon emissions are from the Air Transport Association, an airline industry lobbying group, and from Climate Change 2007: Mitigation, a report by the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Richard Branson’s commitment to devote his transportation businesses’s profits to biofuel research was made at the Clinton Global Initiative conference in September 2006. 1: A Tale of Three Cities The early history of Los Angeles International Airport and its first incarnation as Mines Field was drawn from notes taken during a trip to the airport’s Flight Path Learning Center, which has kept Ford A.


pages: 423 words: 118,002

The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World by Russell Gold

accounting loophole / creative accounting, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, activist lawyer, addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, American energy revolution, Bakken shale, Bernie Sanders, Buckminster Fuller, California energy crisis, Carl Icahn, clean water, corporate governance, corporate raider, cotton gin, electricity market, energy security, energy transition, financial engineering, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), man camp, margin call, market fundamentalism, Mason jar, North Sea oil, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, precautionary principle, Project Plowshare, risk tolerance, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Upton Sinclair

An Unexpected Union.” Oil and Gas Investor, March 4, 2008. Devall, Bill. “The End of American Environmentalism?” Nature and Culture 1, no. 2 (Autumn 2006): 157–80. Freeman, James. “The Weekend Interview with Aubrey McClendon: The Politically Incorrect CEO.” Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2012. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Kennedy Jr., Robert F. “How to End America’s Deadly Coal Addiction.” Financial Times, July 19, 2009. Leaton, James. Unburnable Carbon—Are the World’s Financial Markets Carrying a Carbon Bubble?


pages: 441 words: 113,244

Seasteading: How Floating Nations Will Restore the Environment, Enrich the Poor, Cure the Sick, and Liberate Humanity From Politicians by Joe Quirk, Patri Friedman

3D printing, access to a mobile phone, addicted to oil, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, barriers to entry, biodiversity loss, Biosphere 2, Branko Milanovic, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business climate, business cycle, business process, California gold rush, Celtic Tiger, Charles Lindbergh, clean water, Colonization of Mars, Dean Kamen, Deng Xiaoping, drone strike, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, export processing zone, failed state, financial intermediation, Garrett Hardin, Gini coefficient, Great Leap Forward, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, Kickstarter, low skilled workers, Machinery of Freedom by David Friedman, Mark Zuckerberg, megacity, megaproject, minimum wage unemployment, Neil Armstrong, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, ocean acidification, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open borders, Patri Friedman, paypal mafia, peak oil, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, price stability, profit motive, radical decentralization, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, special economic zone, standardized shipping container, stem cell, TechCrunch disrupt, TED Talk, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, undersea cable, young professional

global atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are roughly 35 percent higher than they were before the industrial revolution: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/, global temperature data: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperature, NASA Surface Temperature Analysis: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-2-1.html. Since the industrial revolution, ocean acidity has increased 30 percent: NOAA’s PMEL Carbon Program: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F and http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification.


pages: 1,773 words: 486,685

Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century by Geoffrey Parker

agricultural Revolution, British Empire, classic study, Climatic Research Unit, colonial rule, creative destruction, currency manipulation / currency intervention, Defenestration of Prague, Edmond Halley, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial independence, friendly fire, Google Earth, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, it's over 9,000, Johannes Kepler, Joseph Schumpeter, Khyber Pass, mass immigration, Mercator projection, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Thiel, public intellectual, Republic of Letters, sexual politics, South China Sea, the market place, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, unemployed young men, University of East Anglia, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Before governments had time to enact these resolutions, however, the ‘shadow of a world food crisis’ disappeared thanks to the ‘Green Revolution’: new high-yielding varieties of wheat, maize and rice, combined with the increased use of irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, dramatically increased food production. Famines virtually disappeared from the headlines and climate change virtually disappeared from the research agenda of historians.3 Then in 1990 the ‘Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ (IPCC), another United Nations initiative, issued its first Assessment Report, summarizing the research of ‘several hundred working scientists from 25 countries’. The document claimed that ‘emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases’, and that without immediate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ‘additional warming of the Earth's surface’ was inevitable.

., ‘The Thames Barrier Project’, Geographical Journal, CXLV (1979), 242–53 Hoskins, W. G., ‘Harvest fluctuations and English economic history, 1620–1759’, Agricultural History Review, XVI (1968), 15–31 Houghton, J. T., G. J. Jenkins and J. J. Ephraums, eds, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment Report prepared for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by Working Group I (Cambridge, 1990) Houston, R. A., Punishing the dead? Suicide, lordship and community in Britain, 1500–1830 (Oxford, 2010) Howard, D. A., ‘Ottoman historiography and the literature of “decline” of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’, Journal of Asian History, XXII (1988), 52–77 Howell, D.

Note that in 1981, two years after the University of East Anglia conference, Amartya Sen published his influential Poverty and famines, arguing that famine reflected faulty distribution rather than defective production: see page 108 above. 4. Houghton, Climate, xi (‘Executive summary’) http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/far/wg_I/ipcc_far_wg_I_spm.pdf 5. http://inhofe.senate.gov/pressreleases/climateupdate.htm Speech by Senator Inhofe in the US Senate, 4 Jan. 2005 quoting with approval his speech on 28 July 2003. In another speech about ‘the most media-hyped environmental issue of all time, global warming’ on 25 Sep. 2006, the senator stated: ‘The media often asks me about how much I have received in campaign contributions from the fossil fuel industry.


Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City by Richard Sennett

Anthropocene, Big Tech, Buckminster Fuller, car-free, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, company town, complexity theory, creative destruction, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, double helix, Downton Abbey, driverless car, East Village, en.wikipedia.org, Evgeny Morozov, Frank Gehry, gentrification, ghettoisation, housing crisis, illegal immigration, informal economy, interchangeable parts, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, Lewis Mumford, Mark Zuckerberg, Masdar, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, megaproject, new economy, Nicholas Carr, Norbert Wiener, open borders, place-making, plutocrats, post-truth, Richard Florida, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, surveillance capitalism, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, the built environment, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, the High Line, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, urban planning, urban renewal, Victor Gruen, Yochai Benkler

To deal with such a predictable villain, the Chinese are making huge investments in other energy sources for their cities.5 Shelley is irrelevant to this effort. Some other long-term urban climate threats do not suggest such straightforward responses. For instance, a target of 2 degrees of permissible global warming has been set for the next decades by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); but the target looks certain to be missed. To meet the 2-degree target, cement – which is quite polluting to fabricate – should no longer serve as a ubiquitous building material, but cheap replacement materials are not currently to hand. To save on the energy used in air-conditioning, windows in buildings should open, yet it’s impossibly dangerous to have open windows on the sixtieth floor of a building.


pages: 572 words: 124,222

San Fransicko: Why Progressives Ruin Cities by Michael Shellenberger

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, Bay Area Rapid Transit, Bernie Sanders, Black Lives Matter, business climate, centre right, coronavirus, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, crack epidemic, dark triade / dark tetrad, defund the police, delayed gratification, desegregation, Donald Trump, drug harm reduction, gentrification, George Floyd, Golden Gate Park, green new deal, Haight Ashbury, housing crisis, Housing First, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, mandatory minimum, Marc Benioff, mass incarceration, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microaggression, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, Peoples Temple, Peter Pan Syndrome, pill mill, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, remote working, rent control, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, San Francisco homelessness, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, social distancing, South of Market, San Francisco, Steven Pinker, tech billionaire, tech bro, tech worker, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, walkable city

See also secularism Rhodes, Richard, 179–180 Roberts, Joel John, 209, 243 Rockefeller, Laurance, 57 Rockefeller, Nelson, 41–42 Ronen, Hillary, 189, 194 Rosenberg, Ken, 91, 240 Rosenfeld, Richard, 196–197, 198, 207 Rosenhan, David, 107 Roth, Randolph, 180–181, 197, 199 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 151–152 Rufo, Chris, 249, 265, 266, 285 Sacramento State Hospital, 103 “Safe Sleeping Sites,” 28, 241–242, 259, 287 Salesforce, 4 San Diego, 6, 18, 251 San Francisco, generally cost of cleaning streets in, 3, 9 dog and human waste on streets of, 1–3 drug paraphernalia on streets of, 7–9 Feinstein and, 227–229 homicides and, 176–177 need for additional housing in suburbs, 279–280 overdose deaths and, 43 permanent supportive housing in, 10–11 progressive agenda for, 229 progressive approach to criminal justice and, 170–172 public schools and, 229, 237–238 shrinking police force in, 204–206 spending on homeless, 264 tradition of tolerating drug use, 54–55 unused housing services in, 22–24 San Francisco’s Marine Hospital, 103 sanctity, progressive and conservative interpretations of, 211, 213, 224, 261 Sanders, Bernie, 42 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 141 Satel, Sally, 127 Schaaf, Libby, 190 Science, 107 scientism, 215 Seattle CHOP and anarchism in, 19, 172–176, 189–192, 202–203, 229 drug addiction and, 76 homeless in, 3, 5, 21–22, 90 Section 8 certificates, 12 secularism, 215–216 victimology and, 225–226 Seeger, Pete, 184 SF Homeless Project, 4 shame of citizens who fail to take responsibility, 290 social norms and, 233–235 Shaw, Randy, 21, 37 shelters benefits to homeless, 29 costs of alternatives to, 30–32 opposition to, 28–32, 274, 280–281 Proposition C and, 24, 27–29 single resident occupancy hotels, 12–15, 17, 64, 221 Snook, John, 97, 99, 111–112, 120, 243, 245, 272 Snyder, Mitch, 136, 137 social justice, law and order seen as obstacle to, xv–xvi social safety net, and reduction in poverty, trauma, and racism, 127–131 Solana, Michael, 194, 265, 275 Soros, George, 45–46, 57, 187, 249 Sperling, John, 57 Spock, Benjamin, 151 Stamphill, Kelly and son Morgan, 78, 241, 287–288, 289, 290 Steele, Shelby, 143 Steinberg, Darrell, 120, 274 Stripe, 4, 263–265 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 107–108 “success sequence,” and poverty avoidance, 126–127 supportive housing, 10–11, 13, 15, 23, 29–37, 77, 86, 241, 243, 247 “swift, certain, and fair” probation programs, 201–202 Szasz, Thomas, 106, 113 Talbot, David, 220, 227, 228 Tandler, Michelle, 87, 251 Tez, Riva, 264–265, 267 Three Strikes law, in California, 187, 192 Times of Harvey Milk, The (documentary), 227 Tipping Point, 4 Trudeau, Gary, 137 Truman, Harry, 104 Tsemberis, Sam, 10, 28, 30, 33–34, 35, 260 Tula, Monique, 47, 65, 79–80, 213 Turner, Frederick, 257, 284, 286 twelve-step programs, 54, 157, 159–161 Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act, in California, 186 US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), definition of chronic homelessness, 6 Utah, 10, 34 Vaidyanathan, Brandon, 170 Van Aken, Christine, 92–93 victimology coddling culture in U.S. and, 150–155 heroism as overcoming of, 155–160 homelessness as choice, 131–135 homelessness blamed on poverty, trauma, and racism despite social network and declines in all three, 123–131 human motivation, free will, and personal responsibility, 139–144, 155–158, 285 lack of enforcement of laws and, 137–138 moral agency negated by, 216–217 progressive discourse about and degrading of civilized life, 229–235, 247 progressive discourse, antidote to, 235–236 public policies and lack of expectations for responsibility, 259–261 use of “homeless” term, 135–139 victim signaling and, 145–147 Vincent, Austin, 87–91, 92–94 Walgreens, 58 Washington state, 47, 201, 247–248 Waters, Maxine, 47 Weather Underground, 184 Weber, Max, 182 Weiss, Bari, 285 Westbrook, Vicki, 154, 195–196 on California’ missed opportunities for helping homeless, 241 as drug user, 51, 53, 61–62, 124 on harm reduction programs, 65, 149–150 on outsourcing of services, 244 on prison and recovery, 156–158 on probation programs, 201–202 on treatment programs, 77–78 White, Dan, 145–148, 227 Why They Kill: The Discoveries of a Maverick Criminologist (Rhodes), 179–180 Wiener, Scott, 253–254 Williams, Cecil, 221, 227 Wilson, Pete, 248 Winegarden, Wayne, 249 Wolf, Tom, 150, 238, 288–289 drug use and, 59–60, 83, 133–134 on drugs users and crime, 194–195 on housing and drugs, 13, 58, 64 on non-use of housing, 22–26 on payments to volunteers, 19 World Health Organization, 89–90 Yesilgöz, Dilan, 73, 266 Young, Christopher, 189–190 Zegerius, Rene, 73–75, 78, 114, 116, 155–156, 159–160, 265–266, 268 Zimmerman, Bill, 64–65, 80–81, 85 Zimring, Frank, 171–172, 199–200 About the Author MICHAEL SHELLENBERGER is the nationally bestselling author of Apocalypse Never, a Time magazine “Hero of the Environment,” the winner of the 2008 Green Book Award from the Stevens Institute of Technology’s Center for Science Writings, and an invited expert reviewer of the Assessment Report for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). He has written on energy and the environment for the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, Nature Energy, and other publications for two decades. He is the founder and president of Environmental Progress, an independent, nonpartisan research organization based in Berkeley, California.


pages: 110 words: 6,180

The Visual Miscellaneum: A Colorful Guide to the World's Most Consequential Trivia by David McCandless

Desert Island Discs, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the scientific method

Carbon Conscious : UNESCO, Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Information Administration // http://bit.ly/tonsofcarbon. Rising Sea Levels : IPCC, UN Sea Levels Report, Realclimate.org, Telegraph.co.uk// http://bit.ly/Sea_Levels. The Stages of You : Wikipedia. What Does China Censor Online? : ConceptDoppler.com, Wikipedia, GreatFirewallofChina.org (2008) // http://bit.ly/China_Online_Censor. Water Towers : Wikipedia, Good Magazine. Drugs World : Wikipedia // http://bit.ly/drug_deal. World Religions : Adherents.com. Moral Matrix : Wikipedia, Adherents.com. The Carbon Dioxide Cycle : UNESCO Scope , IPCC 2007, Wikipedia, Realclimate.org. Low Resolution : Tor Norretranders, The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size.

Mountains out of Molehills : Google News and Insights For Search (worldwide deaths at time of print). X “is the new” Black : Google, Guardian.co.uk, NewScientist.com, Wired.com, Nytimes.com (Searches for the phrase “is the new” on various media websites. Idea: Randall Szott). Kilograms of Carbon & Tons of Carbon : New York Times, Environmental Protection Agency, IPCC, Energy Information Administration, UNESCO // http://bit.ly/tonsofcarbon. Books Everyone Should Read : Desert Island Discs, Pulitzer Prize, AskMetafilter.com, World Day Book Poll, Booker Prize, BBC Big Reads, Oprah’s Book Club List & the author’s own top five // http://bit.ly/BooksEveryone. Which Fish are Okay to Eat?


pages: 454 words: 107,163

Break Through: Why We Can't Leave Saving the Planet to Environmentalists by Michael Shellenberger, Ted Nordhaus

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, affirmative action, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Berlin Wall, bread and circuses, carbon credits, carbon tax, clean water, conceptual framework, David Brooks, deindustrialization, Easter island, facts on the ground, falling living standards, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, illegal immigration, Indoor air pollution, insecure affluence, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, knowledge economy, land reform, loss aversion, market fundamentalism, McMansion, means of production, meta-analysis, Michael Shellenberger, microcredit, new economy, oil shock, postindustrial economy, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Florida, science of happiness, seminal paper, Silicon Valley, Stewart Brand, Ted Nordhaus, the strength of weak ties, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, trade liberalization, War on Poverty, We are as Gods, winner-take-all economy, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

It recommended that governments do three things at once: (1) tax carbon emissions, auction tradable permits to companies that emit greenhouse gas pollution, and reduce the number of permits over time; (2) dramatically increase investment and incentives for clean-energy research, development, and implementation; (3) prepare and adapt for the impacts of climate change.32 A few months later, in the spring of 2007, the United Nations International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued new warnings of the seriousness of climate change and declared that 90 percent of global warming was caused by humans. And the IPCC proposed the same three-part strategy as the Stern Review: establish a price for carbon, invest in clean-energy alternatives, and prepare for a warmer and less stable world.33 Unfortunately, the environmental policy agenda has not yet caught up to the science of climate change. Between the release of the Stern Review and the release of the IPCC report, six major pieces of legislation to address global warming were introduced in the U.S.

See also environmental justice groups categories as ideological constructs and, 230–32 environmental failures of, 225–30 liberal approach to politics and, 184–85, 258–60 mature social movements and, 193–94 1960s nostalgia and, 4–5 investment approach clean energy research and, 15–16, 119, 122–24, 257–60 Democratic agenda and, 260–61 emergence of European Union and, 264–66 emissions trading and, 120–22 as environmentalist strategy, 127–28 IPCC strategy and, 119 public funding and, 122–24 Stern Review and, 119, 123–24 IPCC. See United Nations, International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Iraq, 244–45, 250–51, 284 (n21) Isham, Jon, 92 isothymia, 246 J Jackson, Mahalia, 2, 3, 18 James, William, 217–18 Johnson, Lyndon B., 4, 164, 185 Jung, Carl, 131 K Kammen, Daniel, 124 Kansas. See What’s the Matter with Kansas?

Between the release of the Stern Review and the release of the IPCC report, six major pieces of legislation to address global warming were introduced in the U.S. Senate. All were focused on establishing greenhouse gas emissions limits. None offered any significant new investments in clean energy or a serious plan to prepare for climate change. Whether it’s the recommendations presented by the IPCC, the Stern Review, Scientific American,34 or top energy innovation experts,35 investment is universally seen as a vital part of overcoming ecological crisis. “Funding for energy research,” Scientific American said in its lead editorial in a special issue dedicated to clean energy, “must be accorded the privileged status usually reserved for health care and defense.”36 There is no doubt that the effort to reduce and stabilize global greenhouse gas emissions will require a major regulatory effort to make sure that everyone is playing by the same rules, provide regulatory certainty so that nations and businesses alike can plan their investments, and increase the cost of fossil fuels relative to cleaner energy sources.


pages: 121 words: 36,908

Four Futures: Life After Capitalism by Peter Frase

Aaron Swartz, Airbnb, Anthropocene, basic income, bitcoin, business cycle, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon footprint, carbon tax, congestion pricing, cryptocurrency, deindustrialization, do what you love, Dogecoin, Donald Shoup, Edward Snowden, emotional labour, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ferguson, Missouri, fixed income, full employment, future of work, green new deal, Herbert Marcuse, high net worth, high-speed rail, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), iterative process, Jevons paradox, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Kim Stanley Robinson, litecoin, mass incarceration, means of production, military-industrial complex, Occupy movement, pattern recognition, peak oil, plutocrats, post-work, postindustrial economy, price mechanism, private military company, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Gordon, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, smart meter, TaskRabbit, technoutopianism, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, Thomas Malthus, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We are the 99%, Wolfgang Streeck

NOTES Introduction: Technology and Ecology as Apocalypse and Utopia 1National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,” ESRL.NOAA.gov, 2014. 2Thomas F. Stocker et al., “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 3Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, New York: W. W. Norton, 2014. 4Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A.

In 2013, a US government observatory recorded that global concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide had reached 400 parts per million for the first time in recorded history.1 This threshold, which the Earth had not passed in as many as 3 million years, heralds accelerating climate change over the coming century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts diminishing sea ice, acidification of the oceans, and increasing frequency of droughts and extreme storm events.2 At the same time, news of technological breakthroughs in the context of high unemployment and stagnant wages has produced anxious warnings about the effects of automation on the future of work.

But it is nevertheless urgent that we reduce carbon emissions massively, in order to head off more apocalyptic scenarios. As Christian Parenti has argued in his many works on the climate crisis, large-scale transformation on a very short time scale is necessary if we want to preserve a decent and livable world for the whole of humanity. The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that to avoid catastrophic global feedback loops and tipping points, rich countries must cut their carbon emissions by as much as 90 percent by 2050. The severity of the challenge and the short time to act mean that, as Parenti says, “it is this society and these institutions that must cut emissions.”7 This challenge falls far short of overthrowing capitalism and yet still entails the monumental challenge of bringing down the powerful interests that profit from destructive fossil fuels.


City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age by P. D. Smith

active transport: walking or cycling, Albert Einstein, Andrew Keen, Anthropocene, augmented reality, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, British Empire, Broken windows theory, Buckminster Fuller, Burning Man, business cycle, car-free, carbon footprint, classic study, clean water, colonial rule, congestion charging, congestion pricing, cosmological principle, crack epidemic, double entry bookkeeping, Dr. Strangelove, edge city, Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse, en.wikipedia.org, Enrique Peñalosa, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ford Model T, Frank Gehry, garden city movement, General Motors Futurama, gentrification, global village, haute cuisine, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of gunpowder, Jane Jacobs, John Snow's cholera map, Kevin Kelly, Kibera, Kickstarter, Kowloon Walled City, Lewis Mumford, Masdar, megacity, megastructure, multicultural london english, mutually assured destruction, New Urbanism, Norman Mailer, peak oil, pneumatic tube, RFID, smart cities, starchitect, telepresence, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The future is already here, the High Line, Thomas Malthus, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, Victor Gruen, walkable city, white flight, white picket fence, young professional

Some people may still dispute the evidence that suggests we are responsible for climate change. But what is beyond doubt is that the planet is warming. In the twelve years between 1995 and 2006, every year except one was among the warmest, with 2010 equaling 2005 as the hottest year since records began in 1880.11 In its 2007 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that by 2100 temperatures will rise by anything from a modest 1.1°C to a catastrophic 6.4°C. During the twentieth century, Arctic temperatures were increasing twice as fast as the global average. The Greenland ice sheet is already beginning to melt and the sea level is rising at an accelerating rate.


pages: 372 words: 116,005

The Secret Barrister: Stories of the Law and How It's Broken by Secret Barrister

cognitive bias, Donald Trump, G4S, glass ceiling, haute cuisine, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), mandatory minimum, post-truth, race to the bottom, Schrödinger's Cat, statistical model

The details of Warren Blackwell’s case are taken from the Court of Appeal judgment in his successful appeal on 12 September 2006 (R v Blackwell [2006] EWCA Crim 2185) and the Independent Police Complaints Commission Report concerning complaints made by Mr Warren Blackwell against officers from Northamptonshire Police, published 18 June 2010, https:­/­/­www.ipcc.gov.uk­/­­sites­/­default­/­files­/­Documents­/­­investigation_commissioner_­reports­/­redacted_blackwell_­report.pdf 3. ‘IPCC publishes findings from investigation into Warren Blackwell’s complaints against Northamptonshire Police’, 18 June 2010, https:­/­/­www.ipcc.gov.uk­/­­cy­/­node­/­19345 4. ‘109 women prosecuted for false rape claims in five years, say campaigners’, Guardian, 1 December 2014, https:­//­www.the­guar­dian.com/­law/­2014/­dec/­01/109-wo­men-pro­secu­ted-false-ra­pe-alle­gations 5.

Post-conviction, while Warren Blackwell was locked in a prison cell, a Northamptonshire detective received information of the false complaints made by Susan in 2000 and 2001, which bore striking similarities to the 1999 case. The detective did not bring this information to the attention of senior officers or the CPS. To top off its numerous findings of misconduct, the IPCC expressed its ‘dismay’ at the unexplained delay in Northamptonshire Police issuing a formal apology to Warren Blackwell; noted with disgust that a culpable detective constable whom the IPCC determined should have faced a full misconduct hearing had avoided it by swiftly retiring, and observed that, in a final jaw-dropping exhibition of institutional chutzpah, the Chief Constable of Northamptonshire had not withdrawn the commendation given to the detective constable for his fine work in the original investigation.

Furthermore, there was a wealth of information that Northamptonshire Police were given about Susan before, during and shortly after the trial, which, had it been disclosed, may well have resulted in the wrongful conviction being overturned early enough for it to have spared the innocent appellant from serving his full prison sentence. Warren Blackwell therefore complained to the Independent Police Complaints Commission. The report concluded that this case had been riddled with serious disclosure failings throughout. Publishing its investigative findings in June 2010, the IPCC announced: Warren Blackwell was subject to a terrible miscarriage of justice . . . On top of weaknesses in the original police investigation, a detective failed to disclose to senior officers, the CPS or the defence, crucial information about the credibility of the complainant, all factors which contributed to the wrongful conviction.3 The investigation found that an officer from another force had expressed concerns to a Northamptonshire detective over Susan’s reliability, both before and after Warren Blackwell was charged.


The Techno-Human Condition by Braden R. Allenby, Daniel R. Sarewitz

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, airport security, Anthropocene, augmented reality, carbon credits, carbon footprint, clean water, cognitive dissonance, cognitive load, coherent worldview, conceptual framework, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, decarbonisation, different worldview, Edward Jenner, facts on the ground, friendly fire, Hans Moravec, industrial cluster, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, land tenure, Lewis Mumford, life extension, Long Term Capital Management, market fundamentalism, mutually assured destruction, Nick Bostrom, nuclear winter, Peter Singer: altruism, planetary scale, precautionary principle, prediction markets, radical life extension, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ray Kurzweil, Silicon Valley, smart grid, source of truth, stem cell, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, technoutopianism, the built environment, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, transcontinental railway, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog

But because those who are concerned about the consequences of climate change feel a powerful need to make strong claims about the future, they often treat model results not as scenarios but as plausible futures, and climate science not as an input into more complex social deliberations but as the determinative discourse. 4 Politically, a major reason why top-down international approaches to climate change exemplified by the Kyoto Protocol have failed is that they represent the effort of Earth scientists, environmental advocates, and diplomats to take a complicated human system and manage it through the applied reason of climate-change science. Much of the scientific information that justifies the Kyoto Protocol has been provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, whose many products include multiple scenarios about, for example, future temperatures and carbon dioxide emissions-scenarios that are always represented as suites of smooth curves, based on different assumptions, extending for the next hundred or more years. And yet, though it is not possible to predict the specifics of technological evolution over that period, we can say with a high degree of confidence that any such curve is surely wrong, starting with its smoothness. 112 Chapter 6 Imagine trying to predict out a hundred years in 1900.

lo For example, a professor writing in the Medical Journal of Australia recently called on the Australian government to impose a carbon charge of $5,000 on every birth, to charge annual carbon fees of $800 per child, and to provide a carbon credit for sterilization. 11 Articles in New Scientist have suggested that obesity is mostly a problem because of the additional carbon load it imposes on the environment,12 that a major social cost of divorce is the additional carbon burden resulting from splitting up families, and that pets should be should be eliminated because of their carbon footprints ("Man's best friend, it turns out, is the planet's enemy").13 A recent study from the Swedish Ministry of Sustainable Development argues that males have a disproportionately larger impact on global warming. 14 ("Women cause considerably fewer carbon dioxide emissions than men, and thus considerably less climate change.") The chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that those who downplay the potentially catastrophic consequences of climate change are no better than Hitler. 1s (He now claims that his words were taken out of context, but the reporter who conducted the interview, Lars From, stands by it.) E. O. Wilson has called such people parasites.

This moral evolution bears the fingerprints of the Enlightenment because science has been invoked-both by scientists and laypersons-as the key source of information, guidance, and truth underlying the authority of carbon fundamentalism. As we write these words, however, the predictable backlash is gathering momentum. E-mail exchanges among climate scientists, and errors in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, have provided ammunition for those who oppose carbon-footprint fundamentalism to use in attacking the authority of the scienceY Public support for action on climate change is declining not just in the United States but in many European countries as well. In some ways, then, the climate-change discourse is not a brave assault of knowledge against ignorance and greed, but rather is yet another example of how Enlightenment rationalism-the foundation for linking rationality to action for 300 Complexity, Coherence, Contingency 125 years-is failing.


pages: 565 words: 151,129

The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism by Jeremy Rifkin

3D printing, active measures, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, autonomous vehicles, back-to-the-land, benefit corporation, big-box store, bike sharing, bioinformatics, bitcoin, business logic, business process, Chris Urmson, circular economy, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, commons-based peer production, Community Supported Agriculture, Computer Numeric Control, computer vision, crowdsourcing, demographic transition, distributed generation, DIY culture, driverless car, Eben Moglen, electricity market, en.wikipedia.org, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Free Software Foundation, Garrett Hardin, general purpose technology, global supply chain, global village, Hacker Conference 1984, Hacker Ethic, industrial robot, informal economy, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Internet of things, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, job automation, John Elkington, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Julian Assange, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, longitudinal study, low interest rates, machine translation, Mahatma Gandhi, manufacturing employment, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, mass immigration, means of production, meta-analysis, Michael Milken, mirror neurons, natural language processing, new economy, New Urbanism, nuclear winter, Occupy movement, off grid, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer lending, personalized medicine, phenotype, planetary scale, price discrimination, profit motive, QR code, RAND corporation, randomized controlled trial, Ray Kurzweil, rewilding, RFID, Richard Stallman, risk/return, Robert Solow, Rochdale Principles, Ronald Coase, scientific management, search inside the book, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, social web, software as a service, spectrum auction, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, the built environment, the Cathedral and the Bazaar, the long tail, The Nature of the Firm, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, urban planning, vertical integration, warehouse automation, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, Whole Earth Catalog, Whole Earth Review, WikiLeaks, working poor, Yochai Benkler, zero-sum game, Zipcar

“Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture—Fact Sheet on Asia,” International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009, http://www.ifpri.org/publication/impact-climate-change-agriculture -factsheet-asia (accessed February 27, 2013); Lenny Bernstein, Peter Bosch, Osvaldo Canziani, et al., “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, November 12, 2007, 20–21, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf (accessed March 3, 2013). 47. “Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture—Fact Sheet on Sub-Saharan Africa,” International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009, http://www.ifpri.org/publication/impact-climate-change -agriculture-factsheet-sub-saharan-africa (accessed February 27, 2013). 48.


pages: 224 words: 69,494

Mobility: A New Urban Design and Transport Planning Philosophy for a Sustainable Future by John Whitelegg

active transport: walking or cycling, Berlin Wall, British Empire, car-free, carbon tax, conceptual framework, congestion charging, congestion pricing, corporate social responsibility, Crossrail, decarbonisation, Donald Shoup, energy transition, eurozone crisis, glass ceiling, high-speed rail, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), megacity, meta-analysis, negative emissions, New Urbanism, peak oil, post-industrial society, price elasticity of demand, price mechanism, Right to Buy, smart cities, telepresence, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Spirit Level, transit-oriented development, urban planning, urban sprawl

It is a source of deep regret that within the EU both national governments and EU-wide policies have fundamentally failed to understand these issues and have set us on a trajectory that will, as a result of an illogical commitment to mobility, multiply a large number of negative consequences including severe climate change. 7. Climate Change “Reducing global transport greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be challenging since the continuing growth in passenger and freight activity could outweigh all mitigation measures unless transport emissions can be strongly decoupled from GDP growth (high confidence).” (IPCC,2013) “Reducing [climate change] emissions from the on-road transportation sector is particularly attractive because this action yields both rapid and longer term climate benefits.” (Unger, 2010, page 3) The transport sector in the 27 member states of the European Union (EU27) is responsible for 25.5% of total CO2 emissions and these are expected to rise by 120% in the period 2000-2050 (UITP, 2009).

Since their share of population was nearly 25%, their fair CO2 emission share would have been 300 GtCO2 and their overuse or carbon debt was therefore about 564 GtCO2. Non Annex 1 countries accounted for 336 GtCO2 which is 28% of the total CO2 emissions. Their fair share would have been 900 GtCO2 and thus they had an underuse of 564 GtCO2 of emissions.” Pape goes on to quote IPCC calculations that set out the case for restricting cumulative CO2 emissions to 900 GtCO2 in the period 2011-2050 and that on a population basis Annex 1 countries should emit only 122 GtCO2, since they represent only 13.5% of the global population. Developing counties with 86.5% of global population should be limited to 778 GtCO2.

IARC (2013) Outdoor air pollution a leading cause of cancer deaths, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organisation, Press Release No 221, 17th October 2013. IATA (2009) Aviation and Climate Change: pathway to carbon neutral growth in 2020. International Air Transport Association. ICAO (2013) ICAO Air Transport results confirm robust passenger demand, sluggish cargo demand. IPCC (2013) 5th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Chapter 8, Transport. Independent Newspaper (2013), London cycling deaths: woman killed in lorry crash becomes 4th fatality in 8 days on streets of capital, 13th November 2013. ITDP (2008) Sustainable Transport Award Nominees, Sustainable transport, Winter 2008, No 20, page 29, Institute for Transportation and Development, New York.


pages: 378 words: 110,518

Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future by Paul Mason

air traffic controllers' union, Alan Greenspan, Alfred Russel Wallace, bank run, banking crisis, banks create money, Basel III, basic income, Bernie Madoff, Bill Gates: Altair 8800, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, business process, butterfly effect, call centre, capital controls, carbon tax, Cesare Marchetti: Marchetti’s constant, Claude Shannon: information theory, collaborative economy, collective bargaining, commons-based peer production, Corn Laws, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, David Graeber, deglobalization, deindustrialization, deskilling, discovery of the americas, disinformation, Downton Abbey, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, eurozone crisis, factory automation, false flag, financial engineering, financial repression, Firefox, Fractional reserve banking, Frederick Winslow Taylor, fulfillment center, full employment, future of work, game design, Glass-Steagall Act, green new deal, guns versus butter model, Herbert Marcuse, income inequality, inflation targeting, informal economy, information asymmetry, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, late capitalism, low interest rates, low skilled workers, market clearing, means of production, Metcalfe's law, microservices, middle-income trap, Money creation, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, mortgage debt, Network effects, new economy, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Norbert Wiener, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, Paul Samuelson, payday loans, Pearl River Delta, post-industrial society, power law, precariat, precautionary principle, price mechanism, profit motive, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, reserve currency, RFID, Richard Stallman, Robert Gordon, Robert Metcalfe, scientific management, secular stagnation, sharing economy, Stewart Brand, structural adjustment programs, supply-chain management, technological determinism, The Future of Employment, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Transnistria, Twitter Arab Spring, union organizing, universal basic income, urban decay, urban planning, vertical integration, Vilfredo Pareto, wages for housework, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Yochai Benkler

If we listened to those whose lives are being destroyed by floods, deforestation and encroaching deserts, we would better understand what is coming: the total disruption of the world. The IPCC’s fifth report, published in 2013, states unequivocally that the planet is warming. ‘Since the 1950s,’ say the world’s most respected climate scientists, ‘many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, [the] sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased.’2 The IPCC is confident that this is primarily caused by human beings using carbon to fuel economic growth – so much so that in this report it upgraded from ‘likely’ to ‘very likely’ the probability of hotter temperatures, more frequent hot days and more frequent heatwaves being caused by humans.

Scientists do not use such terms lightly; they are the equivalent of a qualitative increase in their degree of certainty. Because our ecosystem is so complex, we can’t trace every disruption of the climate to a human cause with 100 per cent certainty. But we can, says the IPCC, be fairly certain that extreme weather – hurricanes, floods, typhoons, droughts – will increase in the second half of the century. In its 2014 update, the IPCC warned unequivocally: failure to stop the rise in carbon emissions would increase the likelihood of ‘severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems’. This, remember, is from a report by scientists.


pages: 296 words: 83,254

After the Gig: How the Sharing Economy Got Hijacked and How to Win It Back by Juliet Schor, William Attwood-Charles, Mehmet Cansoy

1960s counterculture, Airbnb, algorithmic management, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Legislative Exchange Council, back-to-the-land, barriers to entry, bike sharing, Californian Ideology, carbon footprint, clean tech, collaborative consumption, collaborative economy, Community Supported Agriculture, COVID-19, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, deskilling, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, financial independence, future of work, gentrification, George Gilder, gig economy, global supply chain, global village, haute cuisine, income inequality, independent contractor, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jean Tirole, Jeff Bezos, jitney, job satisfaction, John Perry Barlow, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kevin Kelly, Lyft, Marshall McLuhan, Mason jar, mass incarceration, Mitch Kapor, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, Occupy movement, peer-to-peer rental, Post-Keynesian economics, precariat, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, regulatory arbitrage, rent gap, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ruby on Rails, selection bias, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, Skype, smart cities, social distancing, Stewart Brand, TaskRabbit, technological determinism, technoutopianism, Telecommunications Act of 1996, The Nature of the Firm, the payments system, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, transportation-network company, Travis Kalanick, two-sided market, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, urban planning, wage slave, walking around money, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce, working poor, Yochai Benkler, Zipcar

In CSCW ’15 Proceedings of the ACM 2015 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1033–44. New York: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675274. IPCC. 2018. “Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty.” United Nations. www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf. Iqbal, Mansoor. 2019. “Uber Revenue and Usage Statistics (2019).”

For more on this group see www.sharingcitiesaction.net/cities-task-force/sharing-cities-action-task-force-a-network-of-global-cities. 86. See www.kozaza.com. 87. On Bologna see especially the work of Christian Iaione and Sheila Foster, https://labgov.city/about-people; see also Foster and Iaione (2017). For a discussion of Barcelona see Morell (2018). 88. For a comprehensive analysis of climate pathways see IPCC (2018). References Abraham, Katharine G., John C. Haltiwanger, Kristin Sandusky, and James Spletzer. 2017. “Measuring the Gig Economy: Current Knowledge and Open Issues.” In . Washington, DC: NBER. http://www.vox.lacea.org/?q=abstract/measuring_gig_economy. ———. 2018. “The Rise of the Gig Economy: Fact or Fiction.”


pages: 468 words: 150,206

The Food Revolution: How Your Diet Can Help Save Your Life and Our World by John Robbins

Albert Einstein, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, carbon footprint, clean water, complexity theory, do well by doing good, double helix, Exxon Valdez, food miles, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), laissez-faire capitalism, longitudinal study, Mahatma Gandhi, meta-analysis, profit motive, Ralph Nader, randomized controlled trial, Rosa Parks, telemarketer

The report did not have one or two lead authors, as is usual for scientific papers, but 78 lead authors and 400 contributing authors from 26 countries, whose work had been reviewed by 500 additional scientists from 40 countries, and then re-reviewed by 177 delegates representing every national academy of science on Earth." The findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change were unequivocal. There is simply no question any longer. Our burning of fossil fuels is destabilizing the world's climate and is likely to unleash devastating weather disturbances and disasters. It is absolutely imperative that we cut carbon emissions all over the world, but particularly in the industrial nations where these emissions are the heaviest. In 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a new report, revising its estimates. Global warming, they said, was nearly twice as serious and dangerous as their own previous calculations, done five years earlier, had indicated.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide continues to increase, which it inevitably will unless we make major changes, Earth's vegetation won't catch on fire. But many scientists expect the ice caps to break tip, the seas to rise, storms to worsen, pests to spread, and entire ecosystems to die. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was set tip by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program in the early 1990s to ascertain what is certain, and what is speculative, about climate change. The panel, made up of leading climate scientists from 98 countries, studied the problem exhaustively and issued a 1995 report warning the world that global warming is an indisputable reality.

Living indoors in heated and air-conditioned buildings, as many of us do today, we can forget how vulnerable we are to atmospheric conditions. Stephen Schneider is a climatologist who spent twenty years at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. He is currently a professor at Stanford University and an advisor to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He recently described what even a four-degree warming over the next century-now a very conservative estimate of what we may encounter-would mean. "By and large, most of us can adapt to one degree. But four degrees is virtually the difference between an ice age and a warm epoch like we're in now.


Smart Grid Standards by Takuro Sato

business cycle, business process, carbon footprint, clean water, cloud computing, data acquisition, decarbonisation, demand response, distributed generation, electricity market, energy security, exponential backoff, factory automation, Ford Model T, green new deal, green transition, information retrieval, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Iridium satellite, iterative process, knowledge economy, life extension, linear programming, low earth orbit, machine readable, market design, MITM: man-in-the-middle, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, OSI model, packet switching, performance metric, RFC: Request For Comment, RFID, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, smart transportation, Thomas Davenport

Kammen is the author of over 300 peer-reviewed papers, 50 government reports, and has testified in front of the US House and Senate more than 40 times. He now serves as a Fellow of the US State Department’s Energy and Climate Partnership for the Americas (ECPA). Kammen is a coordinating lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Bin Duan received M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (BUAA), China, in 1992 and Xiangtan University, China, in 2004, respectively. Currently, he is a Professor and Associate Dean of College of Information Engineering, Xiangtan University.


pages: 328 words: 96,678

MegaThreats: Ten Dangerous Trends That Imperil Our Future, and How to Survive Them by Nouriel Roubini

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, 3D printing, 9 dash line, AI winter, AlphaGo, artificial general intelligence, asset allocation, assortative mating, autonomous vehicles, bank run, banking crisis, basic income, Bear Stearns, Big Tech, bitcoin, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, business process, call centre, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, cashless society, central bank independence, collateralized debt obligation, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, credit crunch, crony capitalism, cryptocurrency, currency manipulation / currency intervention, currency peg, data is the new oil, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, decarbonisation, deep learning, DeepMind, deglobalization, Demis Hassabis, democratizing finance, Deng Xiaoping, disintermediation, Dogecoin, Donald Trump, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, eurozone crisis, failed state, fake news, family office, fiat currency, financial deregulation, financial innovation, financial repression, fixed income, floating exchange rates, forward guidance, Fractional reserve banking, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, future of work, game design, geopolitical risk, George Santayana, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global reserve currency, global supply chain, GPS: selective availability, green transition, Greensill Capital, Greenspan put, Herbert Marcuse, high-speed rail, Hyman Minsky, income inequality, inflation targeting, initial coin offering, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of movable type, Isaac Newton, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge worker, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, low skilled workers, low-wage service sector, M-Pesa, margin call, market bubble, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, meme stock, Michael Milken, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, Minsky moment, Modern Monetary Theory, money market fund, money: store of value / unit of account / medium of exchange, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Mustafa Suleyman, Nash equilibrium, natural language processing, negative equity, Nick Bostrom, non-fungible token, non-tariff barriers, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, paradox of thrift, pets.com, Phillips curve, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, precariat, price mechanism, price stability, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, regulatory arbitrage, reserve currency, reshoring, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Savings and loan crisis, Second Machine Age, short selling, Silicon Valley, smart contracts, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Hawking, TED Talk, The Great Moderation, the payments system, Thomas L Friedman, TikTok, too big to fail, Turing test, universal basic income, War on Poverty, warehouse robotics, Washington Consensus, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working-age population, Yogi Berra, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game, zoonotic diseases

“Address by Xi Jinping at the Opening Ceremony of the Plenary Session of the Sixth Eastern Economic Forum,” Xinua, September 6, 2021, http://en.qstheory.cn/2021-09/06/c_657419.htm. 47. “The Most Dangerous Place on Earth,” The Economist, May 1, 2021, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/05/01/the-most-dangerous-place-on-earth. Chapter Ten 1. “Sixth Assessment Report,” The International Panel on Climate Change, August 9, 2021, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Headline_Statements.pdf. 2. Dana Nuccitelli, “Scientists Warned the US President about Global Warming 50 Years Ago Today,” Guardian, November 5, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/nov/05/scientists-warned-the-president-about-global-warming-50-years-ago-today. 3.

Abrahm Lustgarten, “The Great Climate Migration,” New York Times Magazine, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/23/magazine/climate-migration.html. July 23, 2020. 26. “A 30C World Has No Safe Place,” The Economist, July 24, 2021, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/07/24/a-3degc-world-has-no-safe-place. 27. “IPCC Assessment of Climate Change Science Finds Many Changes are Irreversible,” IISD/SDG Knowledge Hub, August 10, 2021, https://sdg.iisd.org/news/ipcc-assessment-of-climate-change-science-finds-many-changes-are-irreversible/. 28. “Financing Clean Energy Transitions in Emerging and Developing Economies,” International Energy Agency, World Energy Investment 2021 Special Report, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/6756ccd2-0772-4ffd-85e4-b73428ff9c72/FinancingCleanEnergyTransitionsinEMDEs_WorldEnergyInvestment2021SpecialReport.pdf. 29.


pages: 652 words: 172,428

Aftershocks: Pandemic Politics and the End of the Old International Order by Colin Kahl, Thomas Wright

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2021 United States Capitol attack, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, Black Lives Matter, Boris Johnson, British Empire, Carmen Reinhart, centre right, Charles Lindbergh, circular economy, citizen journalism, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, colonial rule, contact tracing, contact tracing app, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, cuban missile crisis, deglobalization, digital rights, disinformation, Donald Trump, drone strike, eurozone crisis, failed state, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, future of work, George Floyd, German hyperinflation, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global supply chain, global value chain, income inequality, industrial robot, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, it's over 9,000, job automation, junk bonds, Kibera, lab leak, liberal world order, lockdown, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, megacity, mobile money, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, one-China policy, open borders, open economy, Paris climate accords, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, social distancing, South China Sea, spice trade, statistical model, subprime mortgage crisis, W. E. B. Du Bois, World Values Survey, zoonotic diseases

There is also the opportunity to restructure economies around the world in ways that would reduce risks associated with other existential transnational threats—especially, climate change. The global economic downturn produced by the pandemic created a brief reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, but despite the landmark 2015 Paris climate accord, emissions of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases continue to increase. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the international body of thousands of experts that represents the scientific consensus on climate, the world is on track to warm by around 3 degrees Celsius by the end of the century—a rate and magnitude of change that scientists warn could be cataclysmic. If humanity is to head off the worst potential consequences of climate change by limiting warming to 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius, the international community has only a few decades to aggressively reduce carbon emissions, and it must achieve carbon neutrality by midcentury.40 Absent such drastic, cooperative action, the world will see more droughts crippling food supplies and worsening water scarcity; more intense hurricanes, storms, and flooding; more frequent and devastating wildfires; expanding zones for vectors of infectious disease; the inundation of many coastal areas and low-lying nations by sea-level rise, displacing hundreds of millions of people; and the devastation of ocean and terrestrial ecosystems already pushed to the brink by other human activities.

World Bank, “From Panic and Neglect to Investing in Health Security,” 4.   39.  Vitor Gaspar, W. Raphael Lam, and Mehdi Raissi, “Fiscal Policies for the Recovery from COVID-19,” IMFBlog, May 6, 2020, https://blogs.imf.org/2020/05/06/fiscal-policies-for-the-recovery-from-covid-19/.   40.  Jeff Tollefson, “IPCC Says Limiting Global Warming to 1.5°C Will Require Drastic Action,” Nature, October 8, 2018, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06876-2; Somini Sengupta, “‘Bleak’ U.N. Report on a Planet in Peril Looms over New Climate Talks,” New York Times, November 26, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/26/climate/greenhouse-gas-emissions-carbon.html.   41.  


Power Systems: Conversations on Global Democratic Uprisings and the New Challenges to U.S. Empire by Noam Chomsky, David Barsamian

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, American ideology, Chelsea Manning, collective bargaining, colonial rule, corporate personhood, David Brooks, discovery of DNA, double helix, drone strike, failed state, Great Leap Forward, Herbert Marcuse, high-speed rail, Howard Zinn, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, inflation targeting, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Julian Assange, land reform, language acquisition, Martin Wolf, Mohammed Bouazizi, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, new economy, no-fly zone, obamacare, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, pattern recognition, Powell Memorandum, public intellectual, quantitative easing, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, single-payer health, sovereign wealth fund, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Tobin tax, union organizing, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, WikiLeaks

I haven’t seen much reporting about it, but one of the few news articles quoted John Reilly, the codirector of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, who also said that the IPCC estimates were too low.31 “The more we talk about the need to control emissions, the more they are growing,” he warned, and if we don’t do something very quickly about fossil fuels we’re going to be over the edge. “Increasing reliance on coal is imperiling the world,” he added. Again, this is not coming from far-out radicals but from major institutions, leading scientists. It’s interesting to watch the way climate change is discussed in the media. It’s usually presented as a he-says-she-says issue. On the one hand, you have the IPCC. On the other hand, you have a handful of scientists and a couple of senators who say, “We don’t believe any of it.”


pages: 471 words: 109,267

The Verdict: Did Labour Change Britain? by Polly Toynbee, David Walker

Alan Greenspan, An Inconvenient Truth, banking crisis, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, blood diamond, Bob Geldof, Boris Johnson, call centre, central bank independence, congestion charging, Corn Laws, Credit Default Swap, Crossrail, decarbonisation, deglobalization, deindustrialization, Etonian, failed state, first-past-the-post, Frank Gehry, gender pay gap, Gini coefficient, high net worth, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), knowledge economy, labour market flexibility, market bubble, mass immigration, military-industrial complex, millennium bug, moral panic, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, pension reform, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, profit maximization, purchasing power parity, Right to Buy, shareholder value, Skype, smart meter, social distancing, stem cell, The Spirit Level, too big to fail, University of East Anglia, working-age population, Y2K

But lack of training and, the MPs might have added, the inadequacy of the City of London toytown police – part of the anomalous governance of the Square Mile that Labour had mysteriously left alone – produced the indelible video image of a passer-by being pushed to the ground by a burly officer; the man died. The inquiry into the death passed to the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), revamped and given a four-fold increase in budget by Labour – mitigating the charge of oppressiveness. In 2007–8 the IPCC opened 100 new investigations, compared with 31 in 2004–5. The increase came in part from Human Rights Act case law and in part because of improved public access to the police complaints system. The release of previously secret reports on an older demonstration death, of Blair Peach in 1978, showed the system opening up; Labour deserved some credit.

., 1 Gallagher, Liam, 1 Gallagher, Noel, 1 gambling, 1 gangmasters, 1, 2 gas, 1 Gates, Bill, 1 Gateshead, 1 Gaza, 1 GCHQ, 1 GCSEs, 1, 2, 3, 4 Gehry, Frank, 1 Geldof, Bob, 1 gender reassignment, 1 General Teaching Council, 1 genetically modified crops, 1 Germany, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 economy and business, 1, 2, 3, 4 and education, 1, 2 and health, 1, 2 Ghana, 1 Ghandi’s curry house, 1 Ghent, 1 Gladstone, William Ewart, 1, 2 Glaister, Professor Stephen, 1 Glasgow, 1, 2, 3, 4 Gleneagles summit, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 globalization, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and crime, 1 and foreign policy, 1, 2, 3 and inequality, 1 and migration, 1, 2 Gloucester, 1 Goldacre, Ben, 1 Good Friday agreement, 1 Goodwin, Sir Fred, 1 Goody, Jade, 1 Gormley, Antony, 1 Gould, Philip, 1 grandparents, and childcare, 1 Gray, Simon, 1 Great Yarmouth, 1 Greater London Authority, 1, 2 Greater London Council, 1 green spaces, 1 Greenberg, Stan, 1 Greengrass, Paul, 1 Greenspan, Alan, 1, 2 Greenwich, 1 Gregg, Paul, 1 Guardian, 1, 2, 3 Guizot, François, 1 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, 1 Gummer, John, 1 Gurkhas, 1 Guthrie of Craigiebank, Lord, 1 Guy’s and St Thomas’s Hospital, 1 habeas corpus, suspension of, 1 Hacienda Club, 1 Hackney, 1 Hale, Baroness Brenda, 1 Hallé Orchestra, 1 Ham, Professor Chris, 1 Hamilton, Lewis, 1 Hammersmith Hospital, 1 Hammond, Richard, 1 Hardie, Keir, 1 Hardy, Thea, 1 Haringey, 1, 2 Harman, Harriet, 1 Harris of Peckham, Lord, 1 Harrison, PC Dawn, 1, 2 Harrow School, 1 Hartlepool, 1, 2 Hastings, 1, 2 Hatfield rail crash, 1 Hatt family, 1, 2, 3, 4 health, 1 and private sector, 1, 2 and social class, 1 spending on, 1, 2 Health Action Zones, 1 Health and Safety Executive, 1 Heathcote, Paul, 1 Heathrow airport, 1, 2, 3, 4 Hellawell, Keith, 1 Hennessy, Professor Peter, 1 Henry, Donna Charmaine, 1, 2, 3 heroin, 1 Hewitt, Patricia, 1, 2 Higgs, Sir Derek, 1 Hills, Professor John, 1, 2, 3 Hirst, Damien, 1 HMRC, 1, 2, 3 Hogg, John, 1, 2, 3 Hoggart, Richard, 1 Holly, Graham, 1 homelessness, 1, 2 Homerton Hospital, 1 homosexuality, 1, 2, 3 ‘honour’ killings, 1 Hoon, Geoff, 1 hospital-acquired infections, 1 hospitals and clinics, 1, 2, 3, 4 A&E units, 1, 2 closures, 1, 2, 3 foundation trusts, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and PFI, 1 House of Commons reforms, 1, 2 House of Lords reforms, 1, 2, 3, 4 housing market, 1, 2, 3 housing policies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Howe, Elspeth, 1 Hoxton, 1 Huddersfield, 1 Hudson, Joseph, 1 Hull, 1, 2, 3 Human Rights Act, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Humber Bridge, 1 hunting ban, 1 Hussein, Saddam, 1, 2, 3, 4 Hutton, John, 1 Hutton, Will, 1, 2 identity cards, 1, 2 If (Kipling), 1 Imperial War Museum North, 1 income inequalities, 1, 2, 3 gender pay gap, 1, 2 and high earners, 1 and social class, 1 Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), 1 Independent Safeguarding Authority, 1 independent-sector treatment centres (ISTCs), 1 Index of Multiple Deprivation, 1 India, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 individual learning accounts, 1 inflation, 1 and housing market, 1, 2 International Criminal Court, 1 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 1, 2, 3 internet, 1, 2, 3 and crime, 1 and cyber-bullying, 1 file sharing, 1 gambling, 1 and sex crimes, 1 Iran, 1, 2, 3 Iraq, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 arms supplies, 1 Chilcot inquiry, 1, 2, 3, 4 and Territorial Army, 1 and WMD, 1 Ireland, 1, 2, 3 Irish famine, 1 Irvine of Lairg, Lord, 1, 2 Ishaq, Khyra, 1 Islamabad, 1 Isle of Man, 1 Isle of Wight, 1, 2 Israel, 1 Italy, 1, 2, 3 and football, 1 Ivory Coast, 1 Japan, 1, 2, 3, 4 Jenkins, Roy, 1, 2 Jerry Springer: The Opera, 1 Jobcentre Plus, 1, 2 John Lewis Partnership, 1, 2 Johnson, Alan, 1, 2, 3, 4 Johnson, Boris, 1, 2 Judge, Lord (Igor), 1 Judge, Professor Ken, 1 Julius, DeAnne, 1 jury trials, 1, 2 Kabul, 1 Kapoor, Anish, 1, 2 Karachi, 1 Karadžic, Radovan, 1 Kashmir, 1 Kaufman, Gerald, 1 Keegan, William, 1 Keep Britain Tidy, 1 Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, 1 Kensit, Patsy, 1 Keynes, John Maynard, 1 Keys, Kenton, 1 Kidderminster Hospital, 1 King, Sir David, 1, 2 King, Mervyn, 1 King Edward VI School, 1 King’s College Hospital, 1 Kingsnorth power station, 1 Kirklees, 1 Knight, Jim, 1 knighthoods, 1 knowledge economy, 1 Kosovo, 1, 2, 3, 4 Kynaston, David, 1 Kyoto summit and protocols, 1, 2, 3 Labour Party membership, 1 Lacey, David, 1 Ladbroke Grove rail crash, 1 Lamb, General Sir Graeme, 1 Lambert, Richard, 1 landmines, 1 Lansley, Andrew, 1 lapdancing, 1 Las Vegas, 1 Lawrence, Stephen, 1 Lawson, Mark, 1 Layard, Professor Richard, 1 Le Grand, Professor Julian, 1 Lea, Ruth, 1 Lea Valley High School, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Leahy, Sir Terry, 1, 2 learndirect, 1 Learning and Skills Council, 1 learning difficulties, 1, 2 learning mentors, 1 Leeds, 1, 2, 3, 4 legal reforms, 1 Leigh, Mike, 1 Lenon, Barnaby, 1 Lewes, 1 Lewisham, 1 Liberty, 1 licensing laws, 1, 2 life expectancy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Life on Mars, 1 Lincoln, 1 Lindsell, Tracy, 1, 2 Lindsey oil refinery, 1 Lisbon Treaty, 1 Liverpool, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Liverpool FC, 1 living standards, 1, 2 living wage campaign, 1, 2 Livingstone, Ken, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Livni, Tzipi, 1 Loaded magazine, 1 local government, 1, 2, 3 and elected mayors, 1 Lockerbie bomber, 1 London, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 bombings, 1, 2 congestion charge, 1, 2 detention of foreign leaders, 1 G20 protests, 1 Iraq war protests, 1, 2 mayoral election, 1, 2 and transport policy, 1, 2, 3 London Array wind farm, 1 Longannet, 1 Longfield, Anne, 1 Lord-Marchionne, Sacha, 1 Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 1 lorry protests, 1, 2 Lowry Museum, 1 Lumley, Joanna, 1 Luton, 1, 2, 3, 4 Lyons, Sir Michael, 1 Macfadden, Julia, 1 Machin, Professor Stephen, 1, 2 Maclean, David, 1 Macmillan, Harold, 1 Macmillan, James, 1 McNulty, Tony, 1 Macpherson, Sir Nick, 1 Macpherson, Sir William, 1 McQueen, Alexander, 1 Madrid, 1, 2, 3 Major, John, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Malaya, 1 Malloch Brown, Mark, 1 Manchester, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 club scene, 1, 2 and crime, 1, 2 Gorton, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and local government, 1 and transport policy, 1, 2, 3 Manchester Academy, 1 Manchester United FC, 1, 2 Manchester University, 1 Mandelson, Peter, 1, 2 Manpower Services Commission, 1 manufacturing, 1, 2, 3 Margate, 1 ‘market for talent’ myth, 1 marriage rate, 1 Martin, Michael, 1 maternity and paternity leave, 1, 2 Mayfield, Charlie, 1 Medical Research Council, 1 mental health, 1, 2, 3, 4 mephedrone, 1 Metcalf, Professor David, 1 Metropolitan Police, 1, 2, 3 Mexico, 1, 2 MG Rover, 1 Michael, Alun, 1 Middlesbrough College, 1, 2 migration, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Milburn, Alan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Miliband, David, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Miliband, Ed, 1, 2, 3 Millennium Cohort Study, 1, 2 Millennium Dome, 1, 2, 3 Miloševic, Slobodan, 1 Milton Keynes, 1 minimum wage, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Mitchell, Senator George, 1 modern art, 1 Mohamed, Binyam, 1 Monbiot, George, 1 Moray, 1 Morecambe, 1, 2 Morecambe Bay cockle pickers, 1 Morgan, Piers, 1 Morgan, Rhodri, 1 mortgage interest relief, 1 Mosley, Max, 1 motor racing, 1 Mowlam, Mo, 1 Mozambique, 1 MPs’ expenses, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 MRSA, 1 Mugabe, Robert, 1 Muijen, Matt, 1 Mulgan, Geoff, 1 Mullin, Chris, 1 Murdoch, Rupert, 1, 2, 3 Murphy, Richard, 1 museums and galleries, 1, 2, 3 music licensing, 1 Muslims, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mutualism, 1 Myners, Paul, 1 nanotechnology, 1, 2, 3 National Air Traffic Control System, 1 National Care Service, 1 national curriculum, 1 national debt, 1 National Forest, 1 National Health Service (NHS) cancer plan, 1 drugs teams, 1 and employment, 1, 2 internal market, 1 IT system, 1 league tables, 1 managers, 1, 2 NHS direct, 1 primary care, 1 productivity, 1, 2 and public satisfaction, 1 staff numbers and pay, 1 and targets, 1, 2, 3 waiting times, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 National Heart Forum, 1 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 1, 2 National Insurance, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 National Lottery, 1, 2, 3 National Offender Management Service, 1 National Savings, 1 National Theatre, 1 Natural England, 1, 2 Nazio, Tiziana, 1 Neighbourhood Watch, 1 Netherlands, 1, 2 neurosurgery, 1 New Deal, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 New Deal for Communities, 1, 2 New Forest, 1 Newcastle upon Tyne, 1, 2 Newham, 1, 2 newspapers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Nigeria, 1 Nightingale, Florence, 1 non-doms, 1 North Korea, 1 North Middlesex Hospital, 1 North Sea oil and gas, 1 Northern Ireland, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Northern Rock, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Norway, 1 Nottingham, 1, 2 NSPCC, 1 nuclear power, 1 Number Ten Delivery Unit, 1 nurses, 1, 2, 3, 4 Nutt, Professor David, 1 NVQs, 1 O2 arena, 1 Oakthorpe primary school, 1, 2 Oates, Tim, 1 Obama, Barack, 1, 2 obesity, 1, 2 Octagon consortium, 1 Office for National Statistics, 1, 2 Office of Security and Counter Terrorism, 1 Ofsted, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Ofwat, 1 Oldham, 1, 2, 3, 4 O’Leary, Michael, 1 Oliver, Jamie, 1, 2 Olympic Games, 1, 2, 3 Open University, 1 O’Reilly, Damien, 1, 2 orthopaedics, 1 Orwell, George, 1, 2 outsourcing, 1, 2, 3, 4 overseas aid, 1, 2 Oxford University, 1 paedophiles, 1, 2, 3 Page, Ben, 1, 2 Pakistan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Palestine, 1, 2 parenting, 1 absent parents, 1 lone parents, 1, 2 teenage parents, 1 Paris, 1, 2 Park Lane, 1 Parkinson, Professor Michael, 1 particle physics, 1 party funding, 1, 2, 3 passport fraud, 1 Passport Office, 1 Patch, Harry, 1 Payne, Sarah, 1, 2 Peach, Blair, 1 Pearce, Nick, 1 Peckham, 1, 2 Aylesbury estate, 1 Peel, Sir Robert, 1 pensioner poverty, 1, 2 pensions, 1, 2 occupational pensions, 1, 2 pension funds, 1, 2 private pensions, 1 public-sector pensions, 1 state pension, 1, 2 Persian Gulf, 1 personal, social and health education, 1 Peterborough, 1 Peugeot, 1 Philips, Helen, 1 Phillips, Lord (Nicholas), 1, 2 Phillips, Trevor, 1 Pilkington, Fiona, 1 Pimlico, 1 Pinochet, Augusto, 1 Plymouth, 1, 2 Poland, 1, 2 police, 1 and demonstrations, 1 numbers, 1, 2, 3 in schools, 1, 2, 3 pornography, 1 Portsmouth FC, 1, 2 Portugal, 1 post offices, 1 Postlethwaite, Pete, 1 poverty, 1, 2, 3 see also child poverty; pensioner poverty Premier League, 1 Prescott, John, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 press officers, 1 Preston, 1 Prevent strategy, 1 Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), 1, 2 prisons, 1, 2 Private Finance Initiative (PFI), 1, 2 probation, 1, 2 property ownership, 1 prostitution, 1, 2, 3 Public Accounts Committee, 1 public sector reform, 1, 2 public service agreements, 1 public spending, 1, 2, 3 and the arts, 1 and science, 1 Pugh, Martin, 1 Pullman, Philip, 1 QinetiQ, 1 Quality and Outcomes Framework, 1 quangos, 1, 2 Queen, The, 1 Quentin, Lieutenant Pete, 1, 2 race relations legislation, 1 racism, 1, 2 RAF, 1, 2, 3 RAF Brize Norton, 1 railways, 1 Rand, Ayn, 1 Rawmarsh School, 1 Raynsford, Nick, 1 Reckitt Benckiser, 1 recycling, 1 Redcar, 1 regional assemblies, 1, 2 regional development agencies (RDAs), 1, 2, 3 regional policy, 1 Reid, John, 1 Reid, Richard, 1 religion, 1, 2 retirement age, 1, 2 right to roam, 1 Rimington, Stella, 1 Rio Earth summit, 1 road transport, 1 Rochdale, 1, 2 Roche, Barbara, 1 Rogers, Richard, 1 Romania, 1, 2 Rome, 1 Rooney, Wayne, 1 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1 Rosetta Stone, 1 Rosyth, 1 Rotherham, 1, 2, 3 Royal Opera House, 1 Royal Shakespeare Company, 1 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 1 Rugby, 1 rugby union, 1 Rumsfeld, Donald, 1 rural affairs, 1, 2 Rushdie, Salman, 1 Russia, 1, 2 Rwanda, 1 Ryanair, 1, 2 Sainsbury, Lord David, 1 St Austell, 1 St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 1, 2 St Pancras International station, 1 Salford, 1, 2, 3, 4 Sanchez, Tia, 1 Sandwell, 1 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 1, 2 Savill, Superintendent Paul, 1 Saville, Lord, 1 savings ratio, 1 Scandinavia, 1, 2, 3 Scholar, Sir Michael, 1 school meals, 1, 2 school uniforms, 1 school-leaving age, 1 schools academies, 1, 2, 3, 4 building, 1 class sizes, 1 comprehensive schools, 1, 2 faith schools, 1, 2, 3, 4 grammar schools, 1, 2, 3 and inequality, 1 nursery schools, 1 and PFI, 1, 2, 3 police in, 1, 2, 3 primary schools, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 private schools, 1, 2 secondary schools, 1, 2, 3 in special measures, 1 special schools, 1 specialist schools, 1 and sport, 1 science, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Scotland, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and children, 1 devolution, 1 electricity generation, 1 and health, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Scottish parliament, 1, 2 Section 1, 2 security services, 1 MI5, 1, 2, 3 Sedley, Stephen, 1 segregation, 1 self-employment, 1 Sellafield, 1 Serious Organized Crime Agency, 1 sex crimes, 1 Sex Discrimination Act, 1 Shankly, Bill, 1 Sharkey, Feargal, 1 Shaw, Liz, 1 Sheen, Michael, 1 Sheffield, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Sheringham, 1 Shetty, Shilpa, 1 Shipman, Harold, 1 shopping, 1 Short, Clare, 1 Siemens, 1 Siena, 1 Sierra Leone, 1, 2 Skeet, Mavis, 1 skills councils, 1 slavery, 1 Slough, 1 Smith, Adam, 1 Smith, Chris, 1 Smith, Jacqui, 1, 2 Smith, John, 1, 2 Smithers, Professor Alan, 1, 2 smoking ban, 1, 2 Snowden, Philip, 1 social care, 1, 2, 3 Social Chapter opt-out, 1 social exclusion, 1, 2 Social Fund, 1 social mobility, 1, 2 social sciences, 1 social workers, 1 Soham murders, 1, 2, 3, 4 Solihull, 1, 2 Somalia, 1, 2 Souter, Brian, 1 South Africa, 1 South Downs, 1 Spain, 1, 2, 3 special advisers, 1 speed cameras, 1 Speenhamland, 1 Spelman, Caroline, 1 Spence, Laura, 1 sport, 1, 2 see also football; Olympic Games Sri Lanka, 1, 2 Stafford Hospital, 1 Staffordshire University, 1 Standard Assessment Tests (Sats), 1, 2, 3 Standards Board for England, 1 statins, 1, 2, 3 stem cell research, 1 STEM subjects, 1 Stephenson, Sir Paul, 1 Stern, Sir Nicholas, 1, 2 Stevenson, Lord (Dennis), 1 Stevenson, Wilf, 1 Steyn, Lord, 1 Stiglitz, Joseph, 1 Stockport, 1 Stonehenge, 1 Stoppard, Tom, 1 Straw, Jack, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 student fees, 1 Stuff Happens, 1 Sudan, 1, 2 Sugar, Alan, 1 suicide bombing, 1 suicides, 1 Sun, 1, 2 Sunday Times, 1, 2 Sunderland, 1, 2 supermarkets, 1, 2 Supreme Court, 1, 2 Sure Start, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 surveillance, 1, 2 Sutherland, Lord (Stewart), 1 Swansea, 1 Sweden, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Swindon, 1 Taliban, 1, 2 Tallinn, 1 Tanzania, 1 Tate Modern, 1 Taunton, 1 tax avoidance, 1, 2, 3 tax credits, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 council tax credit, 1 pension credit, 1, 2, 3 R&D credits, 1 taxation, 1, 2 10p tax rate, 1 capital gains tax, 1, 2 corporation tax, 1, 2, 3, 4 council tax, 1, 2 fuel duty, 1, 2, 3 green taxes, 1, 2 and income inequalities, 1 income tax, 1, 2, 3, 4 inheritance tax, 1, 2 poll tax, 1 stamp duty, 1, 2, 3 vehicle excise duty, 1 windfall tax, 1, 2, 3 see also National Insurance; VAT Taylor, Damilola, 1 Taylor, Robert, 1 teachers, 1, 2, 3 head teachers, 1, 2 salaries, 1, 2 teaching assistants, 1, 2 teenage pregnancy, 1, 2, 3 Teesside University, 1 television and crime, 1 and gambling, 1 talent shows, 1 television licence, 1, 2, 3 Territorial Army, 1 terrorism, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Terry, John, 1 Tesco, 1, 2, 3, 4 Tewkesbury, 1 Thames Gateway, 1 Thameswey, 1 Thatcher, Margaret, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Thatcherism, 1, 2, 3 theatre, 1 Thornhill, Dorothy, 1 Thorp, John, 1 Tibet, 1 Tilbury, 1 Times, The, 1 Times Educational Supplement, 1, 2 Timmins, Nick, 1 Titanic, 1 Tomlinson, Mike, 1 Topman, Simon, 1, 2 torture, 1, 2 trade unions, 1, 2, 3 Trades Union Congress (TUC), 1, 2, 3 tramways, 1 transport policies, 1, 2 Trident missiles, 1, 2, 3 Triesman, Lord, 1 Turkey, 1, 2 Turnbull, Lord (Andrew), 1 Turner, Lord (Adair), 1, 2, 3 Tweedy, Colin, 1 Tyneside Metro, 1 Uganda, 1 UK Film Council, 1 UK Sport, 1 UK Statistics Authority, 1 unemployment, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 United Nations, 1, 2, 3 United States of America, 1, 2 Anglo-American relationship, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and child poverty, 1 and clean technologies, 1 economy and business, 1, 2, 3 and education, 1, 2, 3 and healthcare, 1, 2 and income inequalities, 1 and internet gambling, 1 and minimum wage, 1 universities, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and migration, 1 and terrorism, 1 tuition fees, 1 University College London Hospitals, 1 University for Industry, 1 University of East Anglia, 1 University of Lincoln, 1 Urban Splash, 1, 2 Vanity Fair, 1 VAT, 1, 2, 3 Vauxhall, 1 Venables, Jon, 1 Vestas wind turbines, 1 Victoria and Albert Museum, 1 Waitrose, 1 Waldfogel, Jane, 1 Wales, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and children, 1 devolution, 1 Walker, Sir David, 1 walking, 1, 2 Walsall, 1 Wanless, Sir Derek, 1 Wanstead, 1 Warm Front scheme, 1 Warner, Lord Norman, 1 Warsaw, 1 Warwick accord, 1 water utilities, 1 Watford, 1 welfare benefits child benefit, 1, 2 Employment Support Allowance, 1 and fraud, 1, 2, 3, 4 housing benefit, 1 incapacity benefit, 1, 2 Income Support, 1 Jobseeker’s Allowance, 1, 2, 3 and work, 1, 2 Welsh assembly, 1, 2 Wembley Stadium, 1 Westfield shopping mall, 1 Wetherspoons, 1 White, Marco Pierre, 1 Whittington Hospital, 1 Wiles, Paul, 1 Wilkinson, Richard, and Kate Pickett, 1 Williams, Professor Karel, 1 Williams, Raymond, 1 Williams, Rowan, 1 Wilson, Harold, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Wilson, Sir Richard, 1 wind turbines, 1, 2 Winslet, Kate, 1 winter fuel payments, 1 Wire, The, 1 Woking, 1, 2 Wolverhampton, 1 Woolf, Lord, 1 Wootton Bassett, 1, 2 working-class culture, 1 working hours, 1, 2 World Bank, 1 Wrexham, 1 Wright Robinson School, 1, 2, 3 xenophobia, 1 Y2K millennium bug, 1 Yarlswood detention centre, 1 Yeovil, 1 Yiewsley, 1 York, 1, 2, 3, 4 Young Person’s Guarantee, 1 Youth Justice Board, 1 Zimbabwe, 1, 2 About the Author Polly Toynbee is the Guardian’s social and political commentator.


Innovation and Its Enemies by Calestous Juma

3D printing, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, autonomous vehicles, behavioural economics, big-box store, biodiversity loss, business cycle, Cass Sunstein, classic study, clean water, collective bargaining, colonial rule, computer age, creative destruction, CRISPR, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, deskilling, disruptive innovation, driverless car, electricity market, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, fail fast, financial innovation, global value chain, Honoré de Balzac, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of movable type, invention of the printing press, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, loss aversion, Marc Andreessen, means of production, Menlo Park, mobile money, New Urbanism, Nicholas Carr, pensions crisis, phenotype, precautionary principle, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, refrigerator car, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, smart grid, smart meter, stem cell, Steve Jobs, synthetic biology, systems thinking, tacit knowledge, technological singularity, The Future of Employment, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Travis Kalanick

Studies carried out by scientific academies such as the National Academy of Sciences provided overviews of the balance of evidence that reinforced the assessments that transgenic crops carried the same risk profile as their conventional counterparts. Drawing from the language used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, supporters of the technology started to argue that there was scientific consensus on the safety of the products. Opponents countered this view with declarations that there was no consensus. One of the critical differences in the claims was an apparent false balance between those using assessment of existing evidence and those relying on single studies.

Advice is also provided by internal organs of various public institutions. Government departments may have standing scientific committees that serve this function. Third, advice can come from independent bodies such as scientific, engineering, and medical academies. Many of these bodies are national, but at least one international assessment body, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has acquired global recognition.13 Not all scientific and engineering academies are designed to provide systematic advice. There are two traditions of such institutions. The first type of academies, mostly in Europe and its former colonies, are largely honorific and focus on recognizing lifelong achievements.

See also Transgenic crops Insecticides, 224, 231, 242 Institutions adaptation by, 91, 119–120, 228, 302–307, 315 advisory, in executive offices, 288 civil society organizations, 226, 235, 242, 270 classical view of, 20 coevolution of, with technological innovation, 9, 19, 23 definition of, 20–21 distrust of, 5, 8 on fostering social inclusion, 290 institutionalization of farm mechanization, 136–140 vs. organizations, 19–23, 26 public sector, inclusive innovation and, 292 role in innovation, 20–21 for science and technology advice, 287–289 social institutions, 6, 8, 20, 296 technology, relationship to, 6, 169, 175 trade associations, 198 Insurance industry, driverless cars and, 296 Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution (Huff), 70 Intellectual property debates over, 118–119 Edison-Westinghouse battles over, 153, 157 living material patents, 250, 282 margarine manufacturing patents, 106–107 music file-sharing and, 221–222 plant biotechnology patents, 234–235 Intellectual responses to technological innovation, 31–32 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 249, 288 Intermediate sized markets, 324n75 Internal Revenue Service, butter impoundment by, 108 International Association of Refrigeration (IAR, later International Institute of Refrigeration), 191–193, 198–199 International Harvester, 125, 126–127 International Institute of Refrigeration (formerly International Association of Refrigeration, IAR), 191–193, 198–199 International Musician on reproducibility of recorded music, 210 International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), 244–245 International trade, 223, 238–239, 299 International treaties, 197–198, 302 Internet, 3, 40 Internet of Things, 301 Interstate Commerce Committee (Senate), 215 Interstate trade, margarine legislation and, 115 Intra-company knowledge transfers, 352n21 Intuition, technological innovation and, 23–25 Invasive species, impact on fishing industry, 259 Iowa, butter impoundment in, 108 Iowa Farm Bureau, 95, 115 Iowa State College, 95 Iowa State Grocers Association, 115 iPod, 221 Iran, coffee in, 52–53 Irradiated foods, 307 Irrationality, 24, 25, 33, 294.


pages: 440 words: 128,813

Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago by Eric Klinenberg

carbon footprint, citizen journalism, classic study, deindustrialization, digital rights, fixed income, gentrification, ghettoisation, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, longitudinal study, loose coupling, mass immigration, megacity, New Urbanism, Oklahoma City bombing, postindustrial economy, smart grid, smart meter, social distancing, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, urban renewal, War on Poverty

A severe heat wave could have an even greater impact on a city with comparable social and economic hardships but fewer political and cultural resources to mount a prevention plan—or even on Chicago in a foreseeable future when residents and officials are less attuned to the dangers of summer. According to many environmental scientists, more devastating summer hot spells are likely on their way, and their impact will be dire even if the weather is not as severe as it was in 1995. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, for example, recently projected that there is a 90 percent to 99 percent probability that there will be “higher maximum temperatures, more hot days and heat waves over nearly all land areas” in the twenty-first century. The likely consequences include an “increased incidence of death and serious illness in older age groups and urban poor,” and a greater reliance on the same air-conditioning systems that contribute to the production of heat waves and the warming of the earth.9 Although climatologists skeptical about global warming argue that a weather system as intense as the one that hit Chicago in 1995 is unlikely to recur soon, meteorologist Paul Douglas is in good company when he argues that the story of Chicago in 1995 “is just a preview of coming attractions.”

Laurence Kalkstein and his colleagues (1996) have produced the most thorough set of studies showing that sophisticated advance warning systems and strong public health strategies can reduce the impact of heat waves. 8. Manier 1999, 6. 9. See the draft report, Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001, 15). 10. There is a growing public health literature on the negative health consequences of extreme inequality. Among many important studies, see Kaplan, et al. (1996) and Kennedy, Kawachi, and Prothrow-Stith (1996). 11. Massey 1996, 399. 12. Squires 1993; Bagdikian 1997. 13.

American Journal of Epidemiology 116:123–40. Hunter, Albert. 1974. Symbolic communities: The persistence and change of Chicago’s local communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Illinois Department of Public Health. 1997. Vital Statistics Basic Research Series 1/3. Springfield. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Summary for policymakers: Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Geneva. Irvine, Martha. 2001. Hispanic influx shaping Chicago. Chicago Sun-Times, 11 March, p. 1. Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The death and life of great American cities. New York: Vintage. Janeway, Michael. 1999.


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Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers by Stephen Graham

1960s counterculture, Anthropocene, Bandra-Worli Sea Link, Berlin Wall, Boris Johnson, Buckminster Fuller, Buy land – they’re not making it any more, Chelsea Manning, commodity super cycle, creative destruction, Crossrail, deindustrialization, digital capitalism, digital divide, digital map, Dr. Strangelove, drone strike, Edward Glaeser, Edward Snowden, Elisha Otis, energy security, Frank Gehry, gentrification, ghettoisation, Google Earth, Gunnar Myrdal, high net worth, housing crisis, Howard Zinn, illegal immigration, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, late capitalism, Leo Hollis, Lewis Mumford, low earth orbit, mass immigration, means of production, megacity, megaproject, megastructure, military-industrial complex, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, new economy, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, nuclear winter, oil shale / tar sands, planetary scale, plutocrats, post-industrial society, Project Plowshare, rent control, Richard Florida, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, security theater, Skype, South China Sea, space junk, Strategic Defense Initiative, the built environment, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, trickle-down economics, urban decay, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, vertical integration, Virgin Galactic, white flight, WikiLeaks, William Langewiesche

On a planetary scale, this has been achieved partly through a massive geo-economic shift across the horizontal terrain of the earth’s surface. The huge and filthy extractive and manufacturing complexes that sustain consumption in North American and European cities is now largely offshored – strung out across China, East and Southeast Asia, Africa, Latin America and even Australia. A major report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013 concluded that such wholesale offshoring from the West to East Asia was a key reason that global emissions of carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases increased twice as fast between 2000 and 2010 as they had during the previous three decades. This was because of the huge growth of manufacturing and logistics capacity powered by electricity generated from dirty, coal-burning power stations, particularly around Chinese cities.

Amy Patton and Steve Corcoran, Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2009. 3Wark calls this process the ‘carbon liberation front’. Quote from McKenzie Wark, Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene, London: Verso, 2015, p. xv. 4All data from Working Group I, ‘Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’, in Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 161. 5Mike Hodson and Simon Marvin, World Cities and Climate Change: Producing Urban Ecological Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. 6Jeremy Pal and Elfatih Eltahir, ‘Future Temperature in Southwest Asia Projected to Exceed a Threshold for Human Adaptability’, Nature Climate Change, 26 October 2015. 7Raymond Bryant, ‘Power, Knowledge and Political Ecology in the Third World: A Review’, Progress in Physical Geography 22:1, 1998, p. 89. 8It must be noted, though, that more progress has been made exposing the environmental injustices and the complex epidemiologies of ill-health in cities related to air pollution. 9Luce Irigaray, L’Oubli de l’Air, Paris: Minuit, p. 15.

., 155 ‘Freedom Tower’, 156–7n22 Freire, Carlos, 100 French Centre for Meteorological Research, 264 French Fascist movement, 181 Fresh Kills landfill, 310–2 Freud, Sigmund, 332 Fuchu, 129–30 Führerbunker complex, 358–9 Fukushima, 257 Fuller, Buckminster, 24, 267–8 Fuller Building, 155 Fumihiko, Maki, 221n6 Futurist movement, 52, 58 G1 Tower, 129–31, 134, 141 Gabon, 378 Garfinkel, Susan, 137 Garrett, Bradley, 360–1, 363 Gaza, 72–3, 76, 350, 363 Gaza-Egypt border, 349, 350n32, 351 GCHQ, 36n26 Gehry, Frank, 178, 196 Gelinas, Nicole, 109 General Atomics, 74, 83 General Dynamics, 74 George, Rose, 330 Geospatial Corporation, 344 Germany, 55, 57–8, 179–80, 281, 358 Gezi Park, 276 ‘Gherkin’, 164–5 Gideon, Sigfried, 64–5, 181 Gilbert, David, 49–50 Gissen, David, 320 Glaeser, Edward, 174–6, 184, 195–6, 214–5, 217–8 Glasgow, 114, 186–8, 187n29 Glass, Philip, 186 Global South, 206, 335–6, 376, 378–9 Goering, Hermann, 56 Goldberger, Paul, 177, 198 Goldfinger, Ernö, 205 Golding, Francis, 166 Goldsmiths College, 75n27 Gómez, Laura Gutiérrez, 377 Google Earth, xv, 11, 42–51, 70, 102, 299, 300, 344, 360, 386n59 Gordillo, Gastón, 78, 80–1, 110 Gorgon Stare project, 74, 88 Gori, Maja, 294 Grabar, Henry, 266 Graham, Stephen, 104 Grand Central Station, New York, 353 Granick, Harry, 278 Gray, Chris Hables, 57 Great Depression, 221 Great Fire, 201 Great Pyramid of Giza, xi Great Wall of China, 263 ‘Great Wall of Lagos’, 304 Greece, 46 Greenwich Village, 319–20 Gropius, Walter, 179–80 Guangzhou, 141 Guardian, 124 Guatemala City, 209–11, 308, 379 Guernica, 54, 55 Guinea, 374, 377 Guinea-Conakry, 377–8 Gulf Coast, 263 Gulf of Mexico, 380 Gurevitch, Leon, 44 Haacke, Paul, 16, 18, 388–9 Habraken, John, 183 The Hague, 46, 276 Hamas, 350 Hamburg, Germany, 59, 333 Hamburg-Harburg Technical University, 169 Hamilton Scotts tower, 144 Hara, Hiroshi, 239 Harris, Andrew, 159, 232 Harris, Chad, 30, 66 Harry, Prince of England, 111 Hart, Matthew, 383 Hass, Michael, 79 Hatherley, Owen, 189, 205 Hauseer, Oke, 238 Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 250, 326–7 Hebbert, Michael, 224 Hebron, 295–6 Heilig, Donald, 342 Heise, Thomas, 126, 354 Hellfire missiles, 67, 75, 77–8, 80 Helsinki, 131, 164 Henderson, Jan-Andrew, 325n11 Here Comes Tomorrow pamphlet, 66 Heritage Foundation, 38 Hermes drones, 83 Herzog, Jacques, 196 Heygate Estate, 203, 204 ‘Hidden Art Gallery of Paris’, 355 High Frequency Auroral Research Program (HAARP), 344 High Rise (Ballard), 121, 204 ‘High Rise Laboratory’, 131 Hiroshima, 56–7, 59, 60 Hitachi Corporation, 129–30, 134, 141 Hitchens, Theresa, 41 Ho Chi Minh trail, 274 Holland, 296 Holmes, Brian, 48 Holocaust, 58 Homestake Mine, 344 Hong Kong, 5, 132, 162n36, 189–90, 192, 201, 233–6, 239, 256, 260–1, 268, 293, 296–7 horizontalidad (‘horizontalism’), 22 House of Saud, 163 Housing Development Board, 145–6, 243 Houston, Texas, 267 Höweler, Eric, 151 How Outer Space Made America (Sage), 26n5 How the Other Half Lives, 317 Hpakant, 309 Huber, Matthew, 366 Hugo, Victor, 327–8, 355 Human Rights Watch, 271 Humes, Edward, 307 Hungerford Bridge, 97 Hunt, Jon, 314 Huriot, Jean-Marie, 159, 160 Hurricane Katrina, 109, 118, 305 Hurricane Sandy, 147 Hutton, Will, 313 Huxtable, Ada Louise, 153 Hwang, Iris, 238–9 Hyatt Regency hotel, 137–9 ‘The Illinois’, 150 India, 253–4, 257, 261, 265, 270, 299, 337–9, 374 Indiabulls Sky Tower, 206, 207 Indonesia, 257–8, 298 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 258 International Academy of Aeronautics, 141 International Criminal Court, 46 International Panel on Climate Change, 273 International School, 267 International Space Station, 40, 300 International Trade Union Confederation, 270 Invisible Cities (Calvino), 360 Iran, 343, 346 Iraq, xiii–xiv, 31, 79, 104, 112, 114, 316 Irigaray, Luce, 247 Isaac, Morna, 262 ISIS, xii, 172 Isla Luna, 301 Israel, 72–3, 83, 104, 294 Israel Aerospace Industries, 87 Israeli Defense Force, 295 Istanbul, 192, 251, 276 Italian Futurists, 64 Italy, 55, 66n40 Jackson, Mark, 302 Jacob, Sam, 212–3 Jacobs, Jane, 183, 190, 194–5 Jaensch, Roger, 305 Jakarta, 254 Jameson, Fredric, 10, 234–5, 235n43 Japan, 56–7, 66n40, 129, 140, 258 Jarrin, Alvaro, 124 Jeddah, 149, 157, 160–1, 161n34, 171 Jencks, Charles, 185 Johannesburg, 120n10, 175, 289, 378, 382 Johnson, Boris, 202 Johnston Island, 39 Jones, Jonathan, 54 Kabul, 61 Kahn, Albert, 340–1 Kahn, Ely Jacques, 155 Kaika, Maria, 164–6 Kanngieser, Anja, 275n102 Kansas, 355n41 Karachi, 302 Karami, Sepideh, 121 Kathmandu, 254 Kazakhstan, xiv Keller, Richard, 250 Kensington, 313–5 Kent, 288, 357 Kentucky, 289 Kerala, 253 Kern, Leslie, 194n48 Khazar archipelago, 301 Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, 67–8 King, Ken, 240 Kingdom Tower, 150, 160–1, 161n34, 163–4, 171 Kingwell, Mark, 136, 142, 156–7 Klauser, Francisco, 7–8 Kobek, Jarett, 171 Kohn, Asher, 91 KONE, 131, 164 Koolhaas, Rem, 134, 154, 370 Kopf, David, 56–7 Korea, 61 Koyaanisqatsi, 186 Kreye, Andrian, 107–8 Kuala Lumpur, 159, 240 Kubrick, Stanley, 343n11 Kuwait, 302 Laforest, Daniel, 44 Lagos, 106, 254, 303–4 LaGuardia, New York, 98 Lal, Devi, 338 Lambert, Léopold, 4, 127 Land Securities, 166 Lang, Fritz, 95, 220, 231 Langewiesche, William, 311 Laos, 61 Larkin, Jason, 289 Las Vegas, Nevada, 70 Las Vegas Sands Corporation, 242 Latin America, 116, 120, 122, 198, 258, 291, 368, 378, 384 Latour, Bruno, 247 Leckie, Carolyn, 188 Le Corbusier, 64, 181–2, 190, 222, 252, 320, 321 Leech, Nick, 271–2 Lefebvre, Henri, 4 LeMay, Curtis, 66, 66n40 Lenni Lenape nation, 286 Lerup, Lars, 48–9 Les Inrocks (magazine), 147 Les Misérables (Hugo), 327–8 Les Olympiades, 159–60 Libeskind, Daniel, 156–7n22 Libya, 73, 346 ‘Lifescape’ project, 311–2 Lind, William, 84 Lindemann, Frederick, 66, 66n40 Liverpool, 96, 183n20 Living Under Drones project, 75–7 Lloyd Wright, Frank, 95, 141, 150 London, 97, 158–9, 164–7, 175, 177–8, 188, 192, 197–8, 200–5, 212–3, 218, 222–4, 243, 252, 252n24, 288, 294, 313–5, 318–9, 322–3, 324, 324n8, 326, 333–5, 360–1, 378, 380–1 London Basement Company, 313–4 London County Council, 224 Los Angeles, 101, 101n15, 103, 107–8, 138, 230, 234–5, 256, 260, 307, 378 Lovinck, Geert, 28 Lucarelli, Fosco, 180 Luftwaffe, 56, 222 Lukacs, Martin, 304 Luke, Tim, 60 Machi Khel, 76 Machule, Dittmar, 169 MacLean, Alex, 215–6 Macrobius, 19 Madagascar, 378 Madden, David, 189 Madrid, 240 Maharashtra, 299 Maitland, Barry, 226 Makene, Madoshi, 366 Malappuram, 253 Malaysia, 201, 257–8, 298, 378 Malik, Nesrine, 271 Manaugh, Geoff, 251 Manchester, 284, 329 Manhattan, 97, 134, 144, 155–7, 167, 170, 175, 196–200, 211, 268, 279, 285–6, 290, 311, 333–4, 352–3, 364 Manhattan Institute, 109, 176n5 Manila, 192, 308 Mansbridge, John, 65–6 Marcuse, Peter, 189 Margalit, Avishai, 170 Marikana platinum mine, 386 Marina Bay Sands Hotel, 242–3 Markusen, Eric, 56–7 Marling, Gitte, 232 Martins, José, 127 Mascaro, Gabriel, 214 Massachusetts State Police, 110 Massey, Doreen, 15 Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP), 345–6 Matheson, Gordon, 187 McArthur, Stuart, 20–1 McGhie-Fraser, Brodie, 350 McGuirk, Juston, 201 Mecca, 150 Medellín, 122 Medina, 150 Meier, Patrick, 93 Meier, Richard, 196 Melbourne, 175, 177 Mendes, Daiene, 125 Menwith Hill, 35–6, 37 Metabolists, 221 Metropolis (film), 95, 220, 231 Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, 323 Metropolitan Tower, 155 Mexico, 21, 379 Mexico City, 254, 285 Miami, 177, 380 Microsoft, 36 Middle East, 159, 161–2, 198, 380 Militão, Eduardo, 103 Ministry of Defence, 35 Minneapolis, 226, 239 Mirador building, 240 Mir Ali, 76 Mitchell, Billy, 56, 66 MiTEX, 41 Mogadishu, 114 Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 170 Mole People (Toth), 352–3 Mongolia, 334 Monk, Dan, 161, 272 Morrison, Wilbur, 63 Morro da Providência district, 116n2 Moscow, 198, 343 ‘Motopia’, 224 Mponeng mine, 382–5 Mughrabi, Maher, 272 Mujahid, Zabiullah, 111 Mujahideen, 111 Mulryan, Sean, 213 Mumbai, India, xv, 106, 192, 206–7, 232, 243, 297, 299, 336, 337 Mumford, Lewis, 372, 372n17 Murray, William, 158, 165 Museum of the City of New York, 155 Museum of Tomorrow, 125 Mussolini, Benito, 53, 55 Myanmar, 309 Myrdal, Gunnar, 319 Nagasaki, 59–60 National Air and Space Museum, 59–60 National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGIA), 36n26 National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), 36n26 National Security Agency (NSA), 35–6, 36n26 National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), 385 Navarro-Sertich, Adriana, 122 Neira, Maria, 252 Nelson, Garrett Dash, 186 Neocleous, Mark, xn2 Nepal, 270 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 295 Netherlands, 293, 297 Nevada, 56 Nevada Proving Ground, 357 Neville, Amelia Ransome, 293–4 Newark, 98 Newcastle, 222, 225n16, 290 Newham, 318–9 New Jersey, 155 Newman, Oscar, 184 New Mexico, 355 New Orleans, 45, 109, 118, 305 New York, 98, 134, 143–4, 147, 151–2, 154, 158, 161–2, 166, 168, 177–8, 184, 189, 196–202, 201, 215, 218, 221, 243, 248, 268, 286, 290, 293, 310–2, 318–20, 335, 352, 354, 363, 378, 380–1 New York Times, 98, 153, 262 New York Underground (Solis), 364 Nieuwenhuis, Marijn, 162n36, 276 Nigeria, 303–4 Nine Elms development, 213 Nogales, 349 Nordstrom, 198 Norgard, John, 342 Norrköping, 287 North America, 189, 196, 225–6, 228–9, 232, 258, 292, 370 NORTHCOM, 351 North Korea, 343, 347 Northrop, 86–7 North Yorkshire, 35–6 Nose-diving on the City (Crali), 52–3 #NotABugSplat project, 67–70, 69, 72, 75–6, 89–90 Nouvel, Jean, 196 Nye, Lili, 168 Obama, Barack, 73 Obayashi Corporation, 221 Oberoi, Vicky, 206 Oberoi Construction, 206 Occidentalism (Margalit and Buruma), 170 Occucopter, 92 Occupy protests, 21, 92, 236, 275 Olavarria, Juan José, 121 Olympics, 49, 124, 126, 185, 188, 255 Oman, 302 O’Neill, Kevin Lewis, 192, 209–10 One World Trade Center Tower, 199, 293 Ong, Aihwa, 157, 161–2 Onley, Robert David, 42 Orientalism, 72–3, 79 Orkney, 384 ‘The Other Night Sky’, 33 Otis, Elisha, 133 Otter, Chris, 325n9 Oud, J.


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Billion Dollar Burger: Inside Big Tech's Race for the Future of Food by Chase Purdy

"World Economic Forum" Davos, agricultural Revolution, Big Tech, cognitive dissonance, corporate governance, Donald Trump, gig economy, global supply chain, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jeff Bezos, Marc Benioff, Paris climate accords, Peter Thiel, plant based meat, Salesforce, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, sovereign wealth fund, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Steve Jobs

Chapter One: Digging In often grow better: Paul Shapiro, “Chicken Might Be the First Lab-Grown Meat to Make It to Your Grocery Store,” Vice, January 2, 2018. www.vice.com/en_us/article/3k5ak3/chicken-might-be-the-first-lab-grown-meat-to-make-it-to-your-grocery-store. factoring in deforestation: “Special Report: Climate Change and Land,” IPCC, 2019. www.ipcc.ch/2019/08/08/land-is-a-critical-resource_srccl/. cow manure: Henning Steinfeld, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006). nuanced findings: P. J. Gerber, et al., Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013).


pages: 207 words: 86,639

The New Economics: A Bigger Picture by David Boyle, Andrew Simms

Abraham Maslow, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Asian financial crisis, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, behavioural economics, Bernie Madoff, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, Bonfire of the Vanities, Bretton Woods, capital controls, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, collateralized debt obligation, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, congestion charging, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, Crossrail, delayed gratification, deskilling, digital divide, en.wikipedia.org, energy transition, financial deregulation, financial exclusion, financial innovation, full employment, garden city movement, Glass-Steagall Act, green new deal, happiness index / gross national happiness, if you build it, they will come, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, John Elkington, junk bonds, Kickstarter, land bank, land reform, light touch regulation, loss aversion, mega-rich, microcredit, Mikhail Gorbachev, Money creation, mortgage debt, neoliberal agenda, new economy, North Sea oil, Northern Rock, offshore financial centre, oil shock, peak oil, pension time bomb, pensions crisis, profit motive, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, Ronald Reagan, seigniorage, Simon Kuznets, sovereign wealth fund, special drawing rights, systems thinking, the long tail, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, trickle-down economics, Vilfredo Pareto, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, working-age population

As the sea warms, other greenhouse gases trapped in the sea bed stand to be released. As the tundra melts, it gives off methane and carbon dioxide. As the Amazon rainforest is destroyed, there is more drought, more fires, more destruction, less carbon absorbed and more released. These and many effects are described in the last report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.3 The human crisis This is the crisis of distribution. Despite two centuries of economic expansion and unprecedented growth in recent decades, around 1 billion people are going to bed chronically malnourished every night and 30,000 children are dying every day of preventable diseases.

Other books to read Ha-Joon Chang and Illene Grabel (2004) Reclaiming Development: An Alternative Economic Manual, Zed Books, London Herman Daly and John Cobb (1994) For the Common Good, Beacon Press, New York Herman Daly and Joshua Farley (2004) Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications, Island Press, Washington, DC Jeff Gates (2001) Democracy at Risk, Perseus, New York Oliver James (2008) The Selfish Capitalist: Origins of Affluenza, Vermilion Books, London David Korten (1995) When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan, London Bernard Lietaer (2001) The Future of Money, Century, London Erik Reinart (2007) How Rich Countries got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor, Constable, New York Vandana Shiva (1999) Stolen Harvest, South End Press, New York Joseph Stiglitz (2002) Globalisation and its Discontents, Penguin, London 16 THE NEW ECONOMICS Notes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tom Wolfe (1988) Bonfire of the Vanities, Cape, London. Arts Council (1946), First Annual Report, London. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2008) Climate Change 2007, Geneva. United Nations Development Programme (1998) Consumption for Human Development, Oxford University Press, New York. Daily Telegraph (2003) 16 April. Daily Mail (2008) 21 March. Richard R. Zabel (2008) ‘Credit Default Swaps’, Pratt’s Journal of Bankruptcy Law, Sept.


pages: 290 words: 75,973

The Cloudspotter's Guide by Gavin Pretor-Pinney

Albert Einstein, haute couture, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Lao Tzu, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Seymour Hersh

James E.: Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025, A Research Paper Presented to Air Force 2025, August 1996. 8 Venkataramani, M.S.: ‘To Own The Weather’, published in Frontline, India’s National Magazine, 16–29 January 1999. 9 Changnon, S.A.: Natural Hazards of North America. 10 IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, 1999. 11 Minnis et al, 2002: ‘Spreading of isolated contrails during 2001 air traffic shutdown’. American Meteorological Society, J9–J12. 12 Travis, D.J.; Carleton, A.M.; Lauritsen, R.G.: ‘Contrails Reduce Daily Temperature Range’. Nature, 8 August 2002. 13 Minnis, P.; Ayers, J.K.; Palikonda, R.; Phan, D.: ‘Contrails, Cirrus Trends, and Climate’. 2004, Journal of Climate, 17. 14 Mannstein, H. & Schumann, U.: ‘Observations of contrails and Cirrus over Europe’.

Nature, 8 August 2002. 13 Minnis, P.; Ayers, J.K.; Palikonda, R.; Phan, D.: ‘Contrails, Cirrus Trends, and Climate’. 2004, Journal of Climate, 17. 14 Mannstein, H. & Schumann, U.: ‘Observations of contrails and Cirrus over Europe’. Proceedings of the AAC Conference, 30 June–3 July 2003, Friedrichshafen, Germany. 15 IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, 1999. 16 Williams, V. & Noland, R.B.: ‘Variability of contrail formation conditions and the implications for policies to reduce the climate impacts of aviation’, not yet published. 17 Brooke, Rupert: ‘Clouds’. 13. THE MORNING GLORY 1 Scorer, Richard & Verkaile, Arjen: Spacious Skies: The Ultimate Cloud Book. 2 Abercromby, The Hon.


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Fully Automated Luxury Communism by Aaron Bastani

"Peter Beck" AND "Rocket Lab", Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Boston Dynamics, Bretton Woods, Brexit referendum, capital controls, capitalist realism, cashless society, central bank independence, collapse of Lehman Brothers, computer age, computer vision, CRISPR, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, deep learning, dematerialisation, DIY culture, Donald Trump, double helix, driverless car, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy transition, Erik Brynjolfsson, fake news, financial independence, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, Future Shock, G4S, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, Gregor Mendel, housing crisis, income inequality, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Isaac Newton, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Jevons paradox, job automation, John Markoff, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, Joseph Schumpeter, Kevin Kelly, Kuiper Belt, land reform, Leo Hollis, liberal capitalism, low earth orbit, low interest rates, low skilled workers, M-Pesa, market fundamentalism, means of production, mobile money, more computing power than Apollo, new economy, off grid, pattern recognition, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, post scarcity, post-work, price mechanism, price stability, private spaceflight, Productivity paradox, profit motive, race to the bottom, rewilding, RFID, rising living standards, Robert Solow, scientific management, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sensor fusion, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Slavoj Žižek, SoftBank, stem cell, Stewart Brand, synthetic biology, technological determinism, technoutopianism, the built environment, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, transatlantic slave trade, Travis Kalanick, universal basic income, V2 rocket, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, working-age population

Of paramount importance is that decarbonisation start immediately. In 2017 the International Energy Agency announced the beginning of ‘decade zero’, saying that if a global transition away from fossil fuels didn’t start over the next ten years, warming beyond two degrees would become close to certain. The following year the IPCC repeated those sentiments, concluding wide-scale decarbonisation had to begin before 2030 to avoid ‘catastrophic’ climate change in excess of 1.5 degrees centigrade. This means that beginning in 2020, the wealthier countries of the Global North must initiate a transition to renewables, cutting CO2 emissions by 8 per cent each year for a decade, aiming to completely decarbonise by 2030.

., 198 internal energy insulation, 113 International Astronautical Congress, 119 International Bank for Energy Prosperity, 222 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 221 International Development Association (IDA), 221 International Energy Agency (IEA), 100–1, 103, 105 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 103–4 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 166 internationalism, 197–200 internet bandwidth, 45–6 Interplanetary Transport System (ITS), 119, 120 IPCC, 101 IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), 103–4 IRRI (International Rice Research Institute), 166 Ishee, David, 9, 153–4 ITS (Interplanetary Transport System), 119, 120 Jain, Naveen, 127–8 Jameson, Fredric, 17n Japanese Space Agency, 131 JD.com, 89 Jennings, Ken, 80, 81 Jevons, William, 164, 167 Jevons Paradox, 164 Just Foods, 174, 178 Kalanick, Travis, 84 Kalecki, Michał, 230, 231 Kasparov, Garry, 80 Kennedy, Robert, 233 Keynes, John Maynard, 51, 56–9, 243 ‘KIVA’ robot, 89 Kodak, 40–2 Kranzberg, Melvin ‘Six Laws of Technology’, 237 Kuiper belt, 130 Kurdi, Alan, 156–7 Kuznets, Simon, 233 labour, when capital becomes, 69–71 Labour Party, 229 Łaski, Kazimierz From Marx to the Market, 230–1 LEDs, 242 Lehman Brothers, 21 Leia, 4–5 Lendlease, 205 Leninism, 196 Leontief, Wassily, 75–6 Letter on the Economic Possibilities of Our Grandchildren, 56–7 Lewicki, Chris, 132 Lewis, Clive, 207 life expectancy, 139–40, 142, 166 lithium, 117, 118 livestock farming, 169–70 ‘lost decade’, 26 Luther, Martin, 240–1 luxury populism electoralism and society, 194–6 against elite technocracy, 185–8 FALC and, 192–4 against globalism, 197–200 green politics and red politics, 188–92 towards internationalism, 197–200 Machiavelli, Niccolò Discorsi, 95 Madrid Protocol, 136 Malthus, Thomas, 167 An Essay on the Principle of Population, 163–4 market capitalism about, 197–8 emergence of, 39–40 market socialism, autonomy of publicly owned firms under, 231 Mars, 120 Martinelli, Luke, 226 Marx, Karl on capitalism, 16, 34–6, 35, 51, 54–5, 128, 199 The Communist Manifesto, 51–2 compared to Wycliffe, 241 Grundrisse, 51–2, 56–7, 61–3 on information, 49 on mode of production, 195 on production, 60 on technology, 237 May, Theresa, 29, 141, 206 McAfee, Andrew, 93 McCauley, Raymond, 146 McDonnell, John, 207 meat cultured, 170–5 synthetic, 168–70 from vegetables, 175–7 medicine, automation in, 91 meganucleases, 150 Memphis Meats, 172, 173 Mendel, Gregor, 149 migration, globalism and, 197 milk, cellular agriculture and, 177–9 Millennium Project, 87–8 minerals, 117–18, 134–7.


pages: 535 words: 151,217

Pacific: Silicon Chips and Surfboards, Coral Reefs and Atom Bombs, Brutal Dictators, Fading Empires, and the Coming Collision of the World's Superpowers by Simon Winchester

9 dash line, Albert Einstein, Boeing 747, BRICs, British Empire, California gold rush, classic study, colonial rule, company town, Deng Xiaoping, desegregation, Easter island, Frank Gehry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Kwajalein Atoll, land tenure, Larry Ellison, Loma Prieta earthquake, Maui Hawaii, Monroe Doctrine, ocean acidification, oil shock, polynesian navigation, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, The Day the Music Died, three-masted sailing ship, trade route, transcontinental railway, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, undersea cable, uranium enrichment

Global warming, though, operates with very much more languor than this. Most mathematical models suggest that the central tropical Pacific will not rise in temperature by three degrees Celsius7 until the end of the twenty-first century. At the same time, the level of the sea will have risen between one and three feet, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. How will those two long-term changes affect, or else be affected by, the El Niño warm phases expected during the remaining decades of the century? It would be at least convenient to know this, because the world’s weather is entirely born of this phenomenon, and substantial changes like these either are caused by it or are the cause of it.

He was probably the first Japanese to take a train or ride in a steam-powered ship, or to take part in the California gold rush. 6 The calms here so slow down ships that, on passage through them, many sailors worked out what was called the “dead horse,” the period for which they had been paid wages in advance, so they celebrated by hauling a piñata-like stuffed horse up the mast and then casting it out to sea. Polluting this part of the ocean has a long history. 7 The Kiribatians are not alone. There are calculated to be 12,983 habitable islands in the Pacific Ocean. Were the sea level to rise by three feet, 15 percent of them would be effectively drowned, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Worldwide, a million and change would be displaced. 8 The self-contained electric microgrid that has made UC San Diego a poster child for this fashionable new technology has not been an unqualified success. After a statewide blackout in 2011, it took the microgrid five hours to recover—the city itself took thirteen.

See also colonialism; and specific colonies and colonial powers Incan culture, 125n, 126 Index Year, 35 India, 21, 205, 337 Australia and, 293, 297 Britain and, 225, 251–52 El Niño and, 262 independence, 31, 225 nuclear testing and, 33 Opium Wars and, 225 Indian Ocean, 18, 316, 331, 343, 430, 439n Indo-Australian Plate, 313, 314 Indochina, 21, 27, 32, 192, 202–8, 202, 292. See also Vietnam Indochina War. See also Vietnam War First, 206–8 Second, 206, 209 Indonesia, 21, 254, 292, 301, 393, 431 Indonesia (Batavia), 431 Influence of Sea Power upon History, The (Mahan), 377, 414 Inhofe, James, 243n Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 263, 368n International Albatross and Petrel Conference, Fifth, 362 International Date Line, 7–8, 19, 253 International Meridian conference (1884), 7 International Seabed Authority (ISA), 333 Intertropical Convergence Zone, 248, 256–57 Inuit, 21 Iran, 33 Ireland, 132n, 293 ISIL, 301 Island Air, 371 Island Navigation Corporation, 200 Israel, 33 Isthmus of Darién, 18, 23–24 Isthmus of Panama, 18 Italians, 294 Ivy Mike hydrogen bomb, 67n-68n, 69 Iwama, Kazuo, 99–100, 104–5, 112 Izu Islands, 357–58 Jackson, James, 31 Jakarta, 5, 431 Jaluit Island, 10 Japan, 292 albatross hunting and, 357–62, 361, 369 atomic bombing of, 97n, 46, 153 Australia and, 231, 293–95, 297 Castle Bravo and, 76–77 China and, 389n, 393, 397, 422 colonies of, 190, 212, 433 consumer electronics and, 85, 111–18 earthquake of 2011, 315 El Niño and, 258–59 French Indochina and, 205 Hokule‘a and, 439–40 industry and, 11, 87 Korea and, 155 Marshall Islands and, 45 Micronesia and, 10–12 plate tectonics and, 314, 316 postwar, 24–27, 30–31, 87–89 trade and, 26–27 Pueblo and, 159 Rabaul and, 333n self-defense forces, 119 Senkaku and, 409, 422 state of, in 1950, 30–31, 35 typhoons and, 240, 258–59 U.S. bases in, 115–16, 388, 392, 418, 422 U.S. occupation of, 88, 91–92 WW I and, 9–10, 293–94 WW II and, 10–12, 87, 114, 203, 231 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 259–60 Japanese Airlines, 409 Japanese Association of Microtrains, 86–87 Japanese Diet, 10 Japanese Fleet, 163 Japanese Instrument Measurements Company (JIMCO), 87 Japanese people, 21, 441 Canada and, 84 Hawaii and, 5, 371 U.S. internment of, 25 Japan Meteorological Agency, Typhoon Haiyan and, 238 Japan Railways, 114 Java, 232, 261, 301 Jeffers, Robinson, 1 Jiang Zemin, 396 Joel, Pero, 80 John Brown of Clydebank, shipbuilders 190, 200 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 79–80, 172, 209 Johnson South Reef, 398–400 Johnson South Reef Skirmish (1988), 395n, 400 Johnston Atoll, 20 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 410 Joint Concept for Access and Maneuver in the Global Commons (JAM-Gee-Cee), 410–11, 420 Joint Security Area (JSA, Korea), 172, 176–78, 183, 184 Joint Typhoon Warning Center, 237 Jolicoeur, Henry, 374–75 Jolson, Al, 106 Jones, John Paul, 167 Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, 232 Juan Fernández Islands, 19 juche philosophy, 178–79, 182 Juda, Chief of Bikinians, 51, 60, 64 JUNK Project, 365 Juteau, Thierry, 328 Kadena, 419 Ka’ena Point, Oahu, 357n Kahanamoku, Duke, 137–39, 138, 147 Kahanamoku, Sam, 139 Kaisei (ship), 365 Kaliningrad, 401n Kamchatka Peninsula, 3, 314, 362, 389 412 Kashima, Japan, 11 Kauai, 355, 375 Kawasaki, Japan, 114, 116 Keating, Paul, 276 Kekauluohi, Princess of Hawaii, 351–52 Kelly, Ned, 273 Kelvin waves, 262 Kempeitai (Japanese secret police), 91 Kennedy, John F., 154, 209, 214 Kennedy, Robert F.


pages: 389 words: 87,758

No Ordinary Disruption: The Four Global Forces Breaking All the Trends by Richard Dobbs, James Manyika

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, asset light, autonomous vehicles, Bakken shale, barriers to entry, business cycle, business intelligence, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, circular economy, cloud computing, corporate governance, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, demographic dividend, deskilling, digital capitalism, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, financial innovation, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, global village, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, income inequality, index fund, industrial robot, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, inventory management, job automation, Just-in-time delivery, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, M-Pesa, machine readable, mass immigration, megacity, megaproject, mobile money, Mohammed Bouazizi, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old age dependency ratio, openstreetmap, peer-to-peer lending, pension reform, pension time bomb, private sector deleveraging, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, recommendation engine, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, stem cell, Steve Jobs, subscription business, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, The Great Moderation, trade route, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, urban sprawl, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working-age population, Zipcar

Now, governments around the world are taking the first steps to impose costs to compensate for environmental factors related to local resource production and for global issues such as increasingly frequent climate change events, ocean acidification, and deforestation. The 2013 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that its signatories were now 95 percent certain that humans are the main cause of climate change.34 Climate-change-related damage to the environment is having a significant economic impact. Storms and drought that wreck harvests cause spikes in food prices; floods add huge costs; future-proofing infrastructure for a more extreme climate adds to an already large investment bill.

“Petroleum & other liquids: Data,” US Energy Information Administration, www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/leafhandler.ashx?N=PET&s=RWTC&f=D. 33. Sean Farrell, “Ukraine crisis sends wheat and corn prices soaring,” Guardian (Manchester), March 3, 2014, www.theguardian.com/business/2014/mar/03/ukraine-crisis-crimea-hits-price-wheat-corn. 34. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, www.climatechange2013.org. The report uses four new scenarios for greenhouse-gas concentrations projecting that the global surface temperature is likely to have changed by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2100 compared with the period from 1850 to 1900 in all but the lowest scenario, and by more than 2 degrees Celsius in its two high scenarios.


The Darwin Economy: Liberty, Competition, and the Common Good by Robert H. Frank

Alan Greenspan, behavioural economics, carbon footprint, carbon tax, carried interest, Cass Sunstein, clean water, congestion charging, congestion pricing, corporate governance, deliberate practice, full employment, Garrett Hardin, Gary Kildall, high-speed rail, income inequality, independent contractor, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Paul Samuelson, plutocrats, positional goods, profit motive, Ralph Nader, rent control, Richard Thaler, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, sealed-bid auction, smart grid, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, ultimatum game, vertical integration, winner-take-all economy

Again, forecasts from climate models are highly uncertain. Things might not be as bad as predicted. But they could also be much worse. Should we take action? To respond to that question, we must ask, how much it would cost? The answer, as it turns out, is astonishingly little. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimated that a tax of $80/ton on carbon emissions would be needed by 2030 to achieve climate stability by 2100.5 A tax that high would raise the price of gasoline by $0.70 a gallon. This figure was determined, however, before the arrival of the more pessimistic MIT estimates. So let’s assume a tax of $300 a ton, just to be safe.

See rights individual self-interest, in economic models of motivation, 24–25 individual versus group interests, 19–23; market failures caused by incompatibility of, 22–23, 30, 40–45, 85, 138; in modern interpretations of invisible-hand theory, 7, 9–10, 17, 211–12; in natural selection, 7–8, 17, 19–21; population density and, 85; Smith’s skepticism about compatibility of, 7; in tragedy of the commons, 34, 164–68; in workplace safety, 9–10, 42–45 Industrial Revolution, 43 information revolution: and CEO income growth, 150, 151, 154; and government waste, 51 infrastructure spending: cost of postponing, 2–3, 51–52; dependence of wealthy on, 120–21; need for, 1–2, 171; through progressive consumption tax, 81; after World War II, 1 Inhofe, James, 181 innovation, in invisible-hand theory, 6, 17–18 Instapundit, 142–43 Institutional Investor, 162 insurance, workman’s compensation, 41 Integrated Global Systems Model, 4, 180 interest, carried, 163 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 180 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), cuts to budget of, 3 interracial couples, 95–97 investments: as positional goods, 73–74; public, dependence of property rights on, 120 invisible hand of the market: assumptions underlying, 22–23; context not considered in, 27, 29, 69–72; key insights of, 6–7, 17–18; modern misinterpretations of, 7, 17, 211–12; negative outcomes of, 7–10, 18; problems INDEX with theory, 6–10, 22–23; understanding of competition in, 6–10, 17–18, 211–12; and workplace safety, 9–10, 36–39, 43–44, 70–71 IRS.


pages: 344 words: 93,858

The Post-American World: Release 2.0 by Fareed Zakaria

"World Economic Forum" Davos, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, airport security, Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, Asian financial crisis, battle of ideas, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, capital controls, central bank independence, centre right, collapse of Lehman Brothers, conceptual framework, Credit Default Swap, currency manipulation / currency intervention, delayed gratification, Deng Xiaoping, double entry bookkeeping, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, interest rate derivative, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), knowledge economy, low interest rates, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Wolf, mutually assured destruction, National Debt Clock, new economy, no-fly zone, oil shock, open economy, out of africa, Parag Khanna, postindustrial economy, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, reserve currency, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, South China Sea, Steven Pinker, Suez crisis 1956, The future is already here, The Great Moderation, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, three-masted sailing ship, trade route, Washington Consensus, working-age population, young professional, zero-sum game

Historically, populations have moved to find water; if water sources dry up in the future, tens of millions of people will be forced to start moving. Over the last decade, many predictions about the effects of climate change have proven to be underestimates because global growth exceeded all projections. The most recent assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was released in mid-2007. By the year’s end, scientists had shown that the polar ice caps are melting twice as fast as the report expected.6 There is greater demand for electricity, more cars, and more planes than anyone imagined fifteen years ago. And it keeps growing. The McKinsey Global Institute projects that, from 2003 to 2020, the number of vehicles in China will rise from 26 million to 120 million.

., 53, 87 Hussein, Saddam, 189, 248n, 274 Hwa Chong Institution, 211 hyperinflation, 25 “hyperpower,” 246 IBM, 104 Ignatius, David, 270 Ikenberry, John, 256 Immelt, Jeffrey, 204, 258 immigration, 16, 61, 87, 167, 213–16, 224, 233, 272, 276, 278, 283 Imperial China, 62–74, 76, 77, 84, 86, 122–25 Imperial Germany, 186n, 192, 195, 257, 261, 266–67 imperialism, 42, 258–59, 261–63 Imperial Japan, 36–37, 38, 84, 134–35, 196 income levels, 23, 67, 113–14, 148, 206, 207, 212, 216, 217–18, 219, 282 independent regulatory agencies, 90 India, 31, 145–83, 281 agriculture in, 151, 160 ancient civilization of, 64, 65, 67, 70, 77, 82–83 as Asian country, 151–52, 173, 181 author as native of, 205, 210, 271, 283, 284–85 automobiles in, 110, 111, 149, 229–30 banking industry of, 153, 157 billionaires in, 149, 155 British rule of, 36, 37, 60, 81, 84, 89, 94, 97–98, 151, 154, 156, 158–59, 161, 162–63, 164, 170, 173, 179 capitalism in, 74, 113–15, 152–53, 157, 167 caste system of, 74, 180–81 China compared with, 64, 108–9, 110–11, 113, 146, 147–51, 152, 157, 159, 167, 169, 175–78, 181–82, 257 Chinese relations with, 133, 143, 165, 166, 169, 173, 257 coal power in, 34 Communist Party of, 158 Constituent Assembly of, 154 Constitution of, 150 consumerism in, 151–52 corruption in, 156–57 credit in, 152–53 culture of, 64, 67, 70, 77, 82–83, 88, 93, 94, 95, 99, 169–74 as democracy, 40, 108, 109, 113, 117, 145, 150, 152, 154, 156–62, 167, 169, 172, 173, 176, 178–83 demographics of, 148 as developing country, 151–53, 157–62, 169, 175, 177, 181 diversity of, 178–83 domestic market of, 48 economic reform in, 108, 159–62, 169, 178 economy of, xii, 2–3, 23, 40–41, 48, 55, 65, 74, 86, 108, 113–15, 117, 145–62, 166–67, 169, 175, 178, 181, 200, 226–27, 249 education in, 82–83, 109, 155, 157–58, 160, 161, 204–8, 210 Election Commission of, 157 as emerging market, 39, 53, 258 emigration from, 167 energy needs of, 30, 34, 176 engineers trained in, 204–8 female literacy in, 157 film industry of, 90, 94, 147, 153–55 foreign investment in, 153 foreign policy of, 162–78 free markets in, 23 global influence of, 53, 146–48, 164–78, 181, 256–57, 269 government of, 145, 150, 156–67, 177–83 gross domestic product (GDP) of, 49, 66, 145, 148, 151, 152, 157, 249 growth rate for, 2, 145–56, 158, 159–62, 166, 169, 178, 182, 249 health care in, 155, 157–58, 160, 161 Hinduism in, 74, 75, 97–98, 146, 169–74, 180 HIV rate in, 149, 161 human rights in, 88–89, 97, 157–58, 173 income levels of, 148, 207 independence of, 154, 159, 162 industrialization of, 151 inflation in, 145 infrastructure of, 149–53, 159 languages of, 93, 151, 168, 179, 180 legal system of, 150, 157 literacy rate in, 157–58 living standards in, 66–67 manufacturing sector of, 22, 148–49, 151, 153 mass media in, 154–55, 173 middle class of, 160 military forces of, 164, 167, 174–78, 249, 260 modernization of, 74, 145–49, 151 multinational corporations in, 60 Muslim minority in, 12, 158–59, 172, 180–81 nationalism in, 41, 145, 158–59, 180–83 nonalignment policy of, 163–66, 177 nuclear weapons of, 54, 167, 174–78, 249, 260 oil needs of, 30 Pakistan’s relations with, 145, 165, 172, 176 political parties in, 154, 156–62, 178, 179–80 population of, 23, 31, 66, 145, 147–48, 178–83 poverty in, 3, 146, 149, 150, 155–58, 169, 177 private sector of, 148–53, 160–61 regional governments in, 145, 161–62, 178–83 service sector of, 43, 148, 151, 229 socialism in, 157, 161, 173, 178 taxation in, 236 technology sector of, 28, 50, 148–49, 161, 204–8 as UN member, 165n urbanization of, 150, 153–55, 160, 166 U.S. compared with, 155–56, 200, 226–27 U.S. relations with, 54–55, 144, 160, 166–68, 173, 174–78, 182, 249–50, 263, 264, 266, 269, 271, 274, 283 wage levels in, 207 Western influence in, 88–91, 94, 99 women in, 88, 157, 160–61 Indian Institutes of Technology, 145, 161, 205–6 Indonesia, xii, 4, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23, 86, 99, 110, 132, 171, 278 industrialization, 2, 3, 20, 65, 66, 87, 104, 106–7, 110, 151, 191, 192–93, 200, 204, 217, 218, 262 industrial revolution, 104, 262 inflation, 25–26, 28, 43, 145, 217 information technology, 9, 215, 219 Infosys Technologies, 50, 148, 153, 155 infrastructure, 149–53 initial public offerings (IPOs), 202, 220–22 intellectual property, 125–26 interest rates, 21, 43, 75, 139, 222 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 33 intermediate business expenses, 218 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 54, 175, 176 International Herald Tribune, 96 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 24, 41, 48–49, 55, 241 Internet, 27, 93, 96, 112–13, 135, 142, 225 investment funds, 3, 32, 201 iPhone, 203 iPod, 147 Iran, 6, 8, 9, 16, 18, 31, 54–55, 96, 125, 141, 167, 190, 235–36, 259, 260, 273, 277, 284 Iranian hostage crisis, 284 Iran-Iraq War, 9 Iraq, xi, 6, 8, 9, 11–12, 13, 15, 52, 141, 162, 185, 189–90, 199, 244, 246, 247–48, 250 Iraq War, xi, 6, 8, 52, 141, 185, 189–90, 199, 247–48, 250, 251, 252, 260, 269, 273, 274 Ireland, 46–47, 48 iron, 131, 191 Islam, 10–17, 75, 89, 122, 125, 158–59, 172, 180–81, 213, 241, 263, 272, 276, 278 Islamic fundamentalism, 10–17, 75, 89, 172, 241, 263, 271, 272, 278 Israel, 6, 96, 168, 246, 260, 269, 274, 284 Italy, 24, 97, 148, 182, 195 It’s a Wonderful Life, 85 “Ivory Tower” nations, 201 Jakarta, 17 James, Lawrence, 189 Japan, 26, 282 Buddhism in, 171 China compared with, 104–5 Chinese relations of, 101, 120, 134–35, 143 culture of, 87, 89, 91–92, 98, 99, 122, 212 democracy in, 114, 116 economy of, 20, 22, 23, 28, 36–37, 38, 40, 86, 104–5, 118, 120, 233, 245 education in, 207–8, 209, 210, 211–12 family values in, 92, 93 fertility rate of, 214 Japan (continued) foreign aid by, 135 foreign trade of, 77, 81–82 global influence of, 22, 35, 37, 38, 40, 53, 118, 120, 121, 176, 233, 256 gross domestic product (GDP) of, 207–8 Imperial, 36–37, 38, 84, 134–35, 196 manufacturing sector of, 28 Meiji Reformation in, 84 military forces of, 134 population of, 51, 214 savings rate of, 104 technology sector of, 87, 201, 207–8, 233 trade balance of, 104 U.S. relations with, 245, 266 Western influence in, 81–82, 84, 98, 99 Jemaah Islamiah, 11 Jiang Zemin, 134 jihad, 10–17 Muslim views on, 14–15 Joffe, Josef, 53, 251, 266 Jones, Benjamin, 214–15 Jordan, 8, 14 Judaism, 11, 122, 172 Kagan, Robert, 253 Kant, Immanuel, 123 Karnataka, 180 Kennedy, Paul, 74, 193 Kent, Muhtar, 58, 236–37 Kenya, 4, 41 Keynes, John Maynard, 196–97 kimonos, 88 Kissinger, Henry, 245, 265 Kitchener, H.


pages: 288 words: 90,349

The Challenge for Africa by Wangari Maathai

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Berlin Wall, Bob Geldof, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon-based life, clean water, colonial rule, corporate social responsibility, deliberate practice, F. W. de Klerk, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Live Aid, Mahatma Gandhi, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Scramble for Africa, sovereign wealth fund, structural adjustment programs, sustainable-tourism, trade liberalization, transatlantic slave trade, urban planning, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus

Per capita food production in Africa has already declined by 12 percent since 1981,7 and by 2020 yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced in some countries by up to 50 percent.8 The climate has become more unpredictable, increasing the irregularity of rainfall, uncertain harvests, and, as a result, the risks of food insecurity. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that, as rainfall patterns shift, revenues from crops in Africa could fall by as much as 90 percent by 2100.9 Anticipated changes in climate will only make subsistence living more difficult for the 60 percent of Africans who still farm and graze animals as their primary livelihood.

East African Standard, October 1, 2004; Clemence Manyukwe, “Judge Allocated Farm After ‘Special Duties,’” Financial Gazette, June 12, 2008; and the discussion regarding South Africa at www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldhaveyoursay/2007/10/whose_land_it_is_anyway.html (accessed September 2008). 7 GEO 4, p. 196. 8 Ibid., p. 210. 9 Regional report of Working Group II, UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. 10 GEO 4, p. 210. 11 F. N. Tubiello and G. Fischer, “Reducing Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture: Global and Regional Effects of Mitigation, 2000-2080,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2007. 12 See “Renewed Focus on the Importance of Agricultural Extension Services,” African Agriculture, May 4, 2008, http://africanagriculture.blogspot.com/ (accessed September 2008). 13 International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, www.agassessment.org, April 2008. 14 Ernest Harsch, “Agriculture: Africa's ‘Engine for Growth’: Small-scale Farmers Hold the Key, Says NEPAD Plan,” Africa Recovery 17:4 (January 2004).


pages: 342 words: 88,736

The Big Ratchet: How Humanity Thrives in the Face of Natural Crisis by Ruth Defries

agricultural Revolution, Anthropocene, biodiversity loss, Columbian Exchange, demographic transition, double helix, Easter island, European colonialism, food miles, Francisco Pizarro, gentleman farmer, Gregor Mendel, Haber-Bosch Process, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, Jevons paradox, John Snow's cholera map, out of africa, planetary scale, premature optimization, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, social intelligence, Thomas Malthus, trade route, transatlantic slave trade

pid=15643#axzz1xQ3yclsK. 120Soaked in fixed nitrogen: Galloway et al. 2003, 2008. 121Made a mark as well: Increasing concentrations of nitrous oxide have contributed 0.16 watts per square meter (W/m2) to radiative forcing since 1750, compared with combined radiative forcing from all long-lived greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons) of 1.6 W/m2 (Forster et al. 2007). 122Set loose even more problems: A characteristic of a “wicked problem” is that solutions to the problem create new problems, with no clear stopping point (Rittel and Webber 1973). 123Aid of animal power: Pingali 2007; Ehui and Polson 1993. 123Crop’s native New World tropics: El-Sharkawy 1993. 123Expended in the process: Smil 2004. 123Fossil-fuel-powered farming: Rasmussen 1982. 124Steam-engine tractor: Ibid.; Binswanger 1986. 124Atop the rich resource: Giebelhaus 2004; Cadman 1959. 124“[T]emples of modernity”: Quoted in Linton 2008, 12. 125Issues of the twenty-first century: The most reliable source of information on climate change is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which publishes publicly available periodic updates. 125Today is without doubt: Arrhenius 1896. 125Ancient Maya to the Norse of Greenland: Climate change and variability are some of the many factors that contribute to a society’s stress and ability to adapt, including social institutions (Butzer and Endfield 2012).

Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. Pages 130–234 in S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller, eds., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Galloway, J., J. Aber, J. Erisman, S. Seitzinger, R. Howarth, E. Cowling, and B. Cosby. 2003. The nitrogen cascade. BioScience 53:341–356. Galloway, J., A. Leach, A. Bleeker, and J. Erisman. 2013. A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen cycle.


pages: 296 words: 82,501

Stuffocation by James Wallman

3D printing, Abraham Maslow, Adam Curtis, Airbnb, Alvin Toffler, back-to-the-land, Berlin Wall, big-box store, Black Swan, BRICs, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, clean water, collaborative consumption, commoditize, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, David Brooks, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Future Shock, Great Leap Forward, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, high net worth, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Hargreaves, Joseph Schumpeter, Kitchen Debate, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, McMansion, means of production, Nate Silver, Occupy movement, Paul Samuelson, planned obsolescence, post-industrial society, post-materialism, public intellectual, retail therapy, Richard Florida, Richard Thaler, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Skype, spinning jenny, Streisand effect, The future is already here, The Signal and the Noise by Nate Silver, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thorstein Veblen, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, World Values Survey, Zipcar

James’s is chatty, like having a conversation with an intelligent friend. De Botton’s is written like a philosophical conversation starter. Each is well worth reading. “An environmentalist will tell you…” For the environmentalist’s view, read Greenpeace reports, most sensible newspapers, and the UN-commissioned IPCC report. For an alternative and fascinating view, read Peter H Diamandis and Steven Kottler’s Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think (New York: Free Press, 2011). Ageing population On the ageing population’s heightened interest in experiences rather than material goods, consider 20th century business success Malcolm Forbes, whose maxim was “he who dies with the most toys wins“.

From Ian Morris, Why the West Rules—For Now: The Patterns of History and What They Reveal About the Future (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010). Mad Men, Silent Spring This scene is in “The Gold Violin”, Mad Men, New York, AMC, 2008, television. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1962) is quite a read. “Environmental damage has really only got worse through the years” Source: UN-commissioned IPCC report. “The greatest extinction of plant and animal species since the dinosaurs died out” Source: The Center for Biological Diversity (www.biologicaldiversity.org). The Dark Side of Materialism For the three seminal texts on why materialism and meritocracy makes us feel joyless, anxious, and depressed, read three works by a philosopher, a psychologist, and an economist: Alain de Botton, Status Anxiety (London: Penguin, 2005), Oliver James, Affluenza (London: Vermilion, 2007), and Tibor Scitovsky, The Joyless Economy: An Inquiry into Human Satisfaction and Consumer Dissatisfaction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).


pages: 505 words: 147,916

Adventures in the Anthropocene: A Journey to the Heart of the Planet We Made by Gaia Vince

3D printing, agricultural Revolution, Anthropocene, bank run, biodiversity loss, car-free, carbon footprint, carbon tax, circular economy, citizen journalism, clean water, climate change refugee, congestion charging, crowdsourcing, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, driverless car, energy security, failed state, Google Earth, Haber-Bosch Process, hive mind, hobby farmer, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ITER tokamak, Kickstarter, Late Heavy Bombardment, load shedding, M-Pesa, Mars Rover, Masdar, megacity, megaproject, microdosing, mobile money, Neil Armstrong, ocean acidification, off grid, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, Peter Thiel, phenotype, planetary scale, planned obsolescence, Ray Kurzweil, rewilding, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, stem cell, supervolcano, sustainable-tourism, synthetic biology

., ‘Geology of mankind’, Nature 415 (6867) (2002), 23. doi:10.1038/415023a. 8.Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, ICS Working Groups, at http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/workinggroups/anthropocene/. 9.TS.2.1.1, ‘Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide – AR4 WGI Technical Summary’, at www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-2-1-1.html. 10.Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M. et al., ‘A safe operating space for humanity’, Nature 461 (7263) (2009), 472–5. doi:10.1038/461472a. For further reading see Mark Lynas, The God Species (2011). 11.AR4 SYR ‘Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers 5 – The long-term perspective’, at www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms5.html Vuuren, D. P. et al., ‘The representative concentration pathways: an overview’, Climatic Change 109 (2011), 5–31. 12.

Glacial melting is accelerating every year, with current annual retreat rates of seventy metres for some glaciers. Mountains are changing dramatically and so fast that we can use recently produced Google Earth images to watch the white bits shrink. Melting rates have already exceeded those predicted by the international community of climate scientists (IPCC) – they expect 70% of the region’s glaciers to disappear the same way as Stakmo’s by the end of the century. Meltwater from small mountain glaciers alone already accounts for 40% of current global sea-level rise, and is predicted to add at least 12 centimetres to sea levels by 2100.4 As mountain glaciers shrink, lakes are created from the meltwater, hemmed in by the moraine of rocks and debris that are left by the retreating ice.


pages: 665 words: 146,542

Money: 5,000 Years of Debt and Power by Michel Aglietta

accelerated depreciation, Alan Greenspan, bank run, banking crisis, Basel III, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, blockchain, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, capital controls, cashless society, central bank independence, circular economy, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collective bargaining, corporate governance, David Graeber, debt deflation, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, double entry bookkeeping, energy transition, eurozone crisis, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, financial deregulation, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, floating exchange rates, forward guidance, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, German hyperinflation, income inequality, inflation targeting, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, invisible hand, joint-stock company, Kenneth Arrow, Kickstarter, land bank, liquidity trap, low interest rates, margin call, means of production, Money creation, money market fund, moral hazard, Nash equilibrium, Network effects, Northern Rock, oil shock, planetary scale, plutocrats, precautionary principle, price stability, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, secular stagnation, seigniorage, shareholder value, special drawing rights, special economic zone, stochastic process, Suez crisis 1956, the payments system, the scientific method, tontine, too big to fail, trade route, transaction costs, transcontinental railway, Washington Consensus

Such was the case of the local currency initiatives taken in Argentina.15 Beyond Local Currencies: The Monetary Financing of the Energy Transition Taking action against global warming and emerging from economic stagnation are the two urgent tasks of our time. The public authorities – especially in Europe – are addressing these as if they were totally separate problems. And up until now, they have failed on both counts. On the one hand, the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s mean projection tells us that the world is on course for a 4°C rise in temperatures by the end of the century, and there is a non-negligible possibility of an extreme risk of around 6°C. On the other hand, the long-term growth slowdown in the advanced countries, so-called secular stagnation, persists thanks to the dramatic weakening of productive investment.

See also natural interest rate; neutral real interest rate correlation of variations in, 302t rules of, 264–265b variability of, 301t intergenerational bond, 63, 83 internal indexation, 222, 223 internal money (banking) principle, 257 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 315 International Clearing Union, 313, 317 international currency enigma of, 285–7 faced with test of history, 289–345 incomplete nature of, 290–6 international finance, 119–25, 135, 145, 310 international financial integration, and stability of long-term rates, 301–2 international gold standard, 125, 143–6, 147, 296–302, 306, 310, 347 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 177, 237, 296, 312–16, 317, 324–5, 326, 328, 329, 330t, 336, 342, 348, 370, 376, 383, 386, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394 international monetary organisation, modes of and effects of globalisation, 354f international monetary regimes/international regimes, 347, 348, 354, 355–61, 386–7, 387n17 international monetary relations, 10, 287, 289, 307, 311, 326n17, 334, 343, 361, 369 international monetary system (IMS), 286, 325, 327, 336–45, 349–61, 384–97 international money according to Keynes, 350 creation of bank money, 314 dollar at rank of, 315 enigma of, 8–10, 84 first form of, 119 functions of, 290t, 338n23 fundamental problems of, 313 general obstacle faced by, 312 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 177 international payment system, 144, 353, 358 international unit of account (IUA), 311, 313, 314, 317 intertemporal equilibrium, 22, 24 irrevocability, 142, 143, 159 J Jackson, Andrew, 140 Jamaica Accords (1976), 328, 329, 357, 386 justice defined, 166 principle of, 12, 134, 151, 163, 166 justice-as-fairness, 168–71 K Kalecki, Michal, 232 Kant, Immanuel, 56 Kébadjian, Gérard, 358n9 Keohane, Robert, 355, 358n9 Keynes, John Maynard, 56, 57, 66, 78b, 263, 287, 306t, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 319, 328, 348, 350, 386 Keynesian macroeconomic regulation, 160, 161t Kharroubi, Enisse, 335 Kindleberger, Charles, 355 kite, 86, 87 Knickerbocker Trust Company, 218–19 Kohl, Helmut, 364 Krasner, 358n9 Kuhn, Thomas, 24 L labour, as disutility, 18–19 labour societies, 147, 149, 150, 179, 253–4, 286, 301 La Monnaie dévoilée par ses crises (‘Money Unveiled by its Crises’) (Théret), 83–4 La monnaie souveraine (Aglietta and Orléan), 59 large-value payments, 152–3, 155 Latin American inflation, 231–7 Law, John, 206–9 law of reflux, 137–8, 139, 140, 239, 245 Law’s system, 206–9 legal tender, 90, 91, 120, 136, 157 Legal Tender Act of 1862, 215 legitimacy, 78b Lehman Brothers, 15, 239 lender of last resort, 69, 141, 143, 163n8, 209–15, 236, 245, 246, 249, 272, 362, 363, 392, 394 LeRider, Georges, 87 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 66–7 liberal ideology, 148 libra, 99, 112t life debt, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66–8, 77, 83 liquidity, 51–8, 80b, 152, 153, 338.


pages: 431 words: 107,868

The Great Race: The Global Quest for the Car of the Future by Levi Tillemann

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, An Inconvenient Truth, Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, car-free, carbon footprint, clean tech, creative destruction, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, demand response, Deng Xiaoping, Donald Trump, driverless car, electricity market, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, factory automation, Fairchild Semiconductor, Ford Model T, foreign exchange controls, gigafactory, global value chain, high-speed rail, hydrogen economy, index card, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kanban, Kickstarter, manufacturing employment, market design, megacity, Nixon shock, obamacare, off-the-grid, oil shock, planned obsolescence, Ralph Nader, RFID, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Rubik’s Cube, self-driving car, shareholder value, Shenzhen special economic zone , short squeeze, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, skunkworks, smart cities, Solyndra, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, Steve Jobs, Tesla Model S, too big to fail, Unsafe at Any Speed, zero-sum game, Zipcar

The Electric and Rang Extended Electric Light-Vehicle Report. Immel, A. Richard. 1976. “The Big Stick: California’s Air Board Breaks New Ground with Pollution Limits.” Wall Street Journal, June 9, p. 1. Ingrassia, Paul. 2010. Crash Course: The American Automobile Industry’s Road from Glory to Disaster. New York: Random House. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change. International Energy Agency. 1993. Electric Vehicles: Technology, Performance and Potential. Paris and Washington, D.C.: OECD. International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers. 2012. “OICA Production Statistics.”

The Changing Government-Business Relationship: Japan’s Passenger Car Industry. University of California. ———. 2011. Interview. Zaun, Todd. 2005. “Another Big Bailout for Mitsubishi Motors.” New York Times, January 29. Zhang, Benny. 2011. Interview. NOTES Introduction 1 Nevins and Hill 1954. 2 Schumpeter 1950. 3 Olson 1977; 1971. 4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, 5.2.1 Transport Today. 1 The New Emperor and Wan Gang’s Eco-Wonderland 1 Smil 2013. 2 Flink 1988. 3 Nevins and Hill 1954. 4 Flink 1988. 5 Wards Auto 2012. 6 Womack et al. 1990. 7 Flink 1988. 8 Yergin 2011. 9 Flink 1988; Wards Auto 2012. 10 Musil 2012. 11 Rainey 2011. 12 Hayes 1977. 13 Sperling 2002. 14 Sperling and Gordon 2010; 2009. 15 Hirose 2013. 2 California Rules: How One State Began a Global Technology Revolution 1 Washington Post, Feb. 28, 2010. 2 Matthews 2010. 3 Yergin 2011. 4 Jacobs and Kelly 2008. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ainsworth and McCabe 1949. 9 Jacobs and Kelly 2008. 10 Nichols 2013. 11 Ibid. 12 Yergin 2011. 13 Jacobs and Kelly 2008. 14 Hammond et al. 1990. 15 Martineau and Novello 2004. 16 Jacobs and Kelly 2008. 17 Immel 1976. 18 Ibid. 19 Jacobs and Kelly 2008. 20 Smil 2013, 105. 21 Jacobs and Kelly 2008. 22 Khan 1996, 189. 23 Sperling 2002; Collantes 2006. 24 Davidson and Norbeck 2011. 3 Japan’s Strategic Capitalism 1 Smil 2013. 2 Ibid. 3 Washington Post 1923. 4 Chapman 1923. 5 Tsurumi 1980. 6 Flink 1988. 7 Tsurumi 1980. 8 Ibid. 9 Toyota Jidōsha Kabushiki Kaisha 1988. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Lone and Madeley 2005. 14 Toyota Jidōsha Kabushiki Kaisha 1988. 15 Lone and Madeley 2005. 16 Ibid. 17 Tsurumi 1980. 18 Lone and Madeley 2005. 19 Ibid. 20 Yoshida 1991. 21 Ibid. 22 Calder 1988. 23 Yoshida 1991. 24 Toyota Jidōsha Kabushiki Kaisha 1988. 25 Ibid. 26 Kawahara 1998. 27 Wada and Shiomi 1995. 28 Kawahara 1998. 29 METI 2012a; Ozaki 1972a. 30 Kawahara 1998. 31 Yoshida 1991. 32 Ibid. 33 Elsey 1950. 34 Kawahara 1998. 35 Yoshida 1991; Ozaki 1972a. 36 Yoshida 1991. 37 United States Government Accountability Office 1982. 38 Yoshida 1991. 39 Kawahara 1998. 40 Halberstam 1986; Womack et al. 1990. 41 W.


pages: 397 words: 109,631

Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking by Richard E. Nisbett

affirmative action, Albert Einstein, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, big-box store, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, cognitive dissonance, confounding variable, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, cosmological constant, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, do well by doing good, Edward Jenner, endowment effect, experimental subject, feminist movement, fixed income, fundamental attribution error, Garrett Hardin, glass ceiling, Henri Poincaré, if you see hoof prints, think horses—not zebras, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, lake wobegon effect, libertarian paternalism, longitudinal study, loss aversion, low skilled workers, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Neil Armstrong, quantitative easing, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, selection bias, Shai Danziger, Socratic dialogue, Steve Jobs, Steven Levy, tacit knowledge, the scientific method, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Tragedy of the Commons, William of Occam, Yitang Zhang, Zipcar

Actually, we do say that. Intergovernmental agencies calculate that the value of a citizen of a developed country is greater than that of a citizen of a developing country. (On the other hand, this practice does have its benign aspects from the standpoint of the citizens of less developed nations. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assumes that a developed nation can pay fifteen times as much as a developing nation to avert a death due to climate change.) I trust that by now you’re dubious about techniques for calculating the value of a human life. And I haven’t even started to regale you with stories such as those about the insurance companies that pay less for the life of a coal miner than for the life of an office worker on the grounds that the coal miner’s value on his life is revealed to be lower because of his choice of a hazardous occupation!

Heraclitus heuristics; availability; representativeness HiPPOs (“highest-paid person’s opinion”) Hispanics holism; see also relationships Honda Hong Kong Houston Human Genome Project humanists human life, value of Humphrey, Ronald hypotheses; ad hoc and post hoc; causal; confirmation bias and; experiments testing; falsifiability of; generation of; simple versus complex IBM I Ching (Book of Changes) ideology illusory correlation Implicit Association Test incentives incidental stimuli independent variables India Indonesia, colonial inductive reasoning Infants’ Exposure to Germs Linked to Lower Allergy Risk (Canadian TV News) inference; causal; logic and; overestimation of role of personal dispositions due to, see fundamental attribution error; postmodernist view of; reasoning schemas in determining validity of; rules of; sample size in; statistical; unconscious processes in institutional choice Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Internet interpretation; causal interview illusion intuitions intuitive heuristics IQ; effort and; family environment and; predictability of income and; tests of; wealth and Ireland Israel Italian Americans Italy Ivy League Iyengar, Sheena JAMA Pediatrics James, William Japan; dialectical thinking in; history teachers in; incarceration rate in; values and beliefs in Jeep Jenner, Edward Jews Ji, Li-Jun Jobs, Steve Johnson, Samuel Jones, Edward judgments; deviation range and; inference-based; influences on; systematically mistaken; unconscious mental process in; variation in Kahneman, Daniel Kant, Immanuel Keillor, Garrison Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord Kennedy, John F.


pages: 319 words: 106,772

Irrational Exuberance: With a New Preface by the Author by Robert J. Shiller

Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, asset allocation, banking crisis, benefit corporation, Benoit Mandelbrot, book value, business cycle, buy and hold, computer age, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, demographic transition, diversification, diversified portfolio, equity premium, Everybody Ought to Be Rich, experimental subject, hindsight bias, income per capita, index fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Joseph Schumpeter, Long Term Capital Management, loss aversion, Mahbub ul Haq, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, market design, market fundamentalism, Mexican peso crisis / tequila crisis, Milgram experiment, money market fund, moral hazard, new economy, open economy, pattern recognition, Phillips curve, Ponzi scheme, price anchoring, random walk, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, Robert Shiller, Ronald Reagan, Small Order Execution System, spice trade, statistical model, stocks for the long run, Suez crisis 1956, survivorship bias, the market place, Tobin tax, transaction costs, tulip mania, uptick rule, urban decay, Y2K

Economists have estimated that full implementation of the Kyoto Protocol without modification could result in an economic cost with a present value of $1.5 trillion, borne mainly by wealthy countries.5 But the pain that would be caused by international efforts to control emissions could be greater still. By some accounts, the reductions proposed by the Kyoto Protocol are not nearly enough to deal with the problems of greenhouse gas emissions. In 1995 the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change called for greenhouse emissions to be cut immediately by 50–70%. But instead the level of emissions has continued to grow rapidly, with most of the increase coming from the developing countries. It is impossible to predict the ultimate cost to individuals and corporations of efforts to reduce emissions or to deal with other global limits to growth.

See also Patriotism Tsutsui, Yoshiro, 265n17 Tulip mania, 71, 177–78, 179, 246n2 Turn-of-century optimism, 9, 99–101, 205–6 Turnover rate, 39, 240n32 296 Tversky, Amos, 137, 140, 144, 146, 240n31 Twentieth Century Peak. See Stock market peak of 1901 Twenty-four-hour trading, 39–40, 206 UAL Corporation, 77–78 United Airlines, 77 United Kingdom, 4, 25 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 213 United News, 84, 85 University of Michigan Survey Research Center, 52 University of Rochester, 215 U.S. News and World Report, 107–8 USA Today, 117 USA Weekend, 50 U.S. Steel, 83, 101 Value investing, 180 Van Strum, Kenneth, 193 Variance bounds. See Excess volatility VEFA (Albanian investment company), 66 Venezuela, 125–26 Videoconferencing systems, 157, 160 Vietnam War, 194 Viruses, 160 Vishny, Robert, 144 Vividness, 139 Volatility, 40, 42, 59; epidemics and, 161; excess, 183–90; policy toward, 232–33; quantitative anchors and, 138 Volume of sales, 59 Vortex effect, 127 Waite, Stephen, 28 Wall Street Journal, 54, 82, 83, 86, 93–94, 197 INDEX Wanniski, Jude, 84 Warburg, Paul M., 107 Warr, Richard, 240n30 Warther, Vincent, 240n27 Watson, James, 85 Wealth tax, 126 Weber, Steven, 113 Weiss, Allan, 230, 266–67n29–30 Welch, Ivo, 256n5 Wheel of fortune, 137 Whisper numbers, 239n20 Williams, Arlington, 244n22 Wilson, Timothy, 257n19 Winfrey, Oprah, 51 Winner stocks, 130 Womack, Kent, 239n18 Woodford, Michael, 244n22 Word-of-mouth communications, 98, 163, 228; epidemic models applied to, 157–62; information processing and, 153–54; media communications versus, 154–57 World Bank, 238n11 World War I, 194 World War II, 7, 107, 194 World Wide Web, 19, 212 Wurgler, Jeffrey, 237n1, 238n9, 258n14 Xerox, 177 Yale University, 264n7 Yen, 223 Y2K bug, 162 Zacks Investment Research, 30 Zaret, David, 245n1 Zeldes, Stephen, 265n15 Zemsky, Peter, 256n6 Zero earnings, 236n4 Zero era, 112–13 Zuckerman, Marvin, 254n7


Termites of the State: Why Complexity Leads to Inequality by Vito Tanzi

accounting loophole / creative accounting, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Andrei Shleifer, Andrew Keen, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, barriers to entry, basic income, behavioural economics, bitcoin, Black Swan, Bretton Woods, business cycle, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, central bank independence, centre right, clean water, crony capitalism, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, Donald Trump, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, experimental economics, financial engineering, financial repression, full employment, George Akerlof, Gini coefficient, Gunnar Myrdal, high net worth, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, income inequality, indoor plumbing, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Jean Tirole, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Kenneth Arrow, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, labor-force participation, libertarian paternalism, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, market fundamentalism, means of production, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, obamacare, offshore financial centre, open economy, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, price stability, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, rent control, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, synthetic biology, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, transaction costs, transfer pricing, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, unorthodox policies, urban planning, very high income, Vilfredo Pareto, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce

We seem to be moving in a direction in which a few individuals own much of the world wealth. At the same time there have been growing concerns about the environmental costs that have accompanied the income growth in recent decades. These concerns were reaffirmed in the 2014 UN Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and by more recent evidence. There have been also growing worries, on the part of many experts, that some of the costs of the recent growth were being pushed to future generations, through growing public debts, unfunded liabilities for pensions and other programs, and the deterioration of the existing infrastructure, which, especially but not only in the United States, has not been upgraded as it should have been, and will require large spending in future years.

Tomasi, John, 2012, Free Market Fairness (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Toso, Stefano, 2016, Reddito di cittadinanza o reddito minimo? (Bologna: Il Mulino). Trvelyan, G. M. 1942, English Social History (New York: Longmans, Green and Co. Inc). United Nations, 2013, Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (New York: UN). US Council of Economic Advisers, 1962, Economic Report of the President (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office). US Department of Health and Human Services, 2016, Poverty in the United States: Fifty-Year Trends and Safety Net Impacts (Washington DC: Governemtn Printing Office).

See Public institutions Intangible property, 94–95, 308 Intellectual property overview, 341 athletes, 204–5, 351–53 attempts to extend protection of, 355–56, 359–60 attorneys and, 366 basic needs and, 351 in China, 347, 358 composers, 203, 349 discovery, effect on, 365 entertainment industry, 345, 348, 353 in EU, 347 executive compensation and, 348, 363–64 fashion industry, 345 forms of, 347–48 government protection of, 94–95, 193–94, 203–4, 308, 356, 358–60, 366 historical background, 355 “idea factories,” 344–45 “image rights,” 347–49 incentives and, 362–63, 365 income inequality, effect on, 343–45 income redistribution and, 193–94, 203–4 Industrial Revolution compared, 346, 357 inventors, 203 in Japan, 347, 358 laissez faire and, 359 marginal tax rates and, 353–54, 357 monopolies and, 345–47, 356, 365 patents, 347, 359, 361 in pharmaceutical industry, 365–66 piracy and, 360 rents and, 353 role of government, 354 social value of, 361–62 in South Korea, 347 technology and, 356–57 theft of, 357–58 trade agreements and, 354 traditional societies compared, 360–61 in UK, 357–58 in US, 176, 193, 204, 347, 357–58, 362 wealth creation and, 349–51 436 Index Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 316 Inter-institutional externalities, 290 International Monetary Fund, 7, 8, 109, 113–14, 296–97, 315–16 Internet, 325–26 Inventors, 203 Investment activity, income redistribution and, 194 “Invisible hand of government,” 199 “Invisible hand of market,” 66, 312–13 Iran hostages, 100–1 Ireland bubbles in, 331 challenges to welfare policies in, 60 contingent liabilities in, 138, 140 famine in, 218 influence of conservatives in, 395 marginal tax rates in, 376 public spending in, 121–22, 162 supply-side economics in, 77 Irrationality consumer protection and, 148–49 effect on market, 79, 83 Friedman on, 141–42 nudges and, 141–42 recessions and, 236 Islam, 218 Italian School, 5–6, 63, 65, 178 Italy allocation of resources in, 188 authoritarian government in, 23 bureaucracy in, 234 Communist Party, 1–2 Constitution, 248–50, 266–71 Constitutional Commission of Eighteen, 267–68 corporatism in, 231 corruption in, 120 Corte dei Conti, 161, 234, 290, 381 economic planning in, 27 fascism in, 23, 231, 266–67 financial accountability in, 291 incentives in, 381 influence of conservatives in, 395 “Keynesian Revolution” in, 269 Labor Charter of 1927, 248 marginal tax rates in, 376 privatization in, 33–34 public ownership in, 135 public spending in, 23 regulations in, 279 sovereign debt in, 241 unions in, 23, 231 welfare policies in, 214 women’s suffrage in, 20 Japan economic planning in, 27 executive compensation in, 364 “fake goods” in, 149 intellectual property in, 347, 358 marginal tax rates in, 376, 377 sovereign debt in, 241 Jefferson, Thomas, 249–50 Jensen, Michael, 363 Johnson, Lyndon B., 43, 56, 58, 229 Journal of Financial Economics, 363 Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 45 Judges, legal rules and, 251 Justice systems, 295–96 Kahneman, Daniel, 79 Keen, Andrew, 325–26 “Keepers of the gate,” 336 Kennedy, John F., 2–3, 55–58, 239 Keynes, John Maynard generally, 7–8 on capitalism, 28–30 on corporatism, 231 countercyclical policy, 61–62 decline in influence of, 86–87 Galbraith and, 46–47 on income inequality, 320 on laissez faire, 31–32 on market, 37, 38 on “new wisdom,” 399–400 pessimism of, 28–30 on public works, 241 on Soviet Union, 27–30, 78 on stabilization policies, 70–71, 189, 237 on taxation, 245 on unions, 230–31 on US, 47 on welfare states, 383 on workers’ rights, 19 “Keynesian Revolution,” 2, 41, 42, 56, 269, 383 King, Melvyn, 113–14, 156, 338 Klein, Lawrence, 42 Klein, Naomi, 29 Kornai, Janos, 26 KPMG International, 376 Krugman, Paul, 240–41, 342–43 Kuznets, Simon, 3 Lady Gaga, 351–52 Laffer Curve, 74–76, 363, 373–74, 377, 379, 394–95, 397 Laissez faire, 15–21 abandonment of, 43 criticism of, 3 in Eastern Europe, 35 Index energy and, 17 entrepreneurs and, 307–8 in Germany, 18 government and, 65 Industrial Revolution and, 16–17 intellectual property and, 359 Keynes on, 31–32 in Latin America, 33 resurgence of, 33–35 role of state, 15–16, 19–20 trade and, 17 in UK, 31 in US, 17–19, 30, 31 workers’ rights and, 18, 19 Landis, James, 57–58 Lange, Oskar, 26 La Porta, Rafael, 263–64 Larosiere, Jacques de, 64 Latin America constitutions in, 250, 271 laissez faire in, 33 public institutions in, 290 Laudato Si' (Francis), 28, 81 Law and Economics, 183–85 Law of public expenditure growth, 51, 87 Laws.


pages: 444 words: 117,770

The Coming Wave: Technology, Power, and the Twenty-First Century's Greatest Dilemma by Mustafa Suleyman

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 23andMe, 3D printing, active measures, Ada Lovelace, additive manufacturing, agricultural Revolution, AI winter, air gap, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, algorithmic bias, Alignment Problem, AlphaGo, Alvin Toffler, Amazon Web Services, Anthropocene, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, ASML, autonomous vehicles, backpropagation, barriers to entry, basic income, benefit corporation, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bioinformatics, Bletchley Park, Blitzscaling, Boston Dynamics, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, ChatGPT, choice architecture, circular economy, classic study, clean tech, cloud computing, commoditize, computer vision, coronavirus, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, creative destruction, CRISPR, critical race theory, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, data science, decarbonisation, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Demis Hassabis, disinformation, drone strike, drop ship, dual-use technology, Easter island, Edward Snowden, effective altruism, energy transition, epigenetics, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ernest Rutherford, Extinction Rebellion, facts on the ground, failed state, Fairchild Semiconductor, fear of failure, flying shuttle, Ford Model T, future of work, general purpose technology, Geoffrey Hinton, global pandemic, GPT-3, GPT-4, hallucination problem, hive mind, hype cycle, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, Internet of things, invention of the wheel, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John von Neumann, Joi Ito, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, lab leak, large language model, Law of Accelerating Returns, Lewis Mumford, license plate recognition, lockdown, machine readable, Marc Andreessen, meta-analysis, microcredit, move 37, Mustafa Suleyman, mutually assured destruction, new economy, Nick Bostrom, Nikolai Kondratiev, off grid, OpenAI, paperclip maximiser, personalized medicine, Peter Thiel, planetary scale, plutocrats, precautionary principle, profit motive, prompt engineering, QAnon, quantum entanglement, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, Richard Feynman, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Sam Altman, Sand Hill Road, satellite internet, Silicon Valley, smart cities, South China Sea, space junk, SpaceX Starlink, stealth mode startup, stem cell, Stephen Fry, Steven Levy, strong AI, synthetic biology, tacit knowledge, tail risk, techlash, techno-determinism, technoutopianism, Ted Kaczynski, the long tail, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas Malthus, TikTok, TSMC, Turing test, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, warehouse robotics, William MacAskill, working-age population, world market for maybe five computers, zero day

What’s more, to meet global demand, agriculture will need to produce almost 50 percent more food by 2050 just as yields decline in the face of climate change. If we are to stand any chance of keeping global warming under two degrees Celsius, then the world’s scientists working under the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have been clear: carbon capture and storage is an essential technology. And yet it’s largely not been invented or is still to be deployed at scale. To meet this global challenge, we’ll have to reengineer our agricultural, manufacturing, transport, and energy systems from the ground up with new technologies that are carbon neutral or probably even carbon negative.

See medical applications Henrich, Joseph, 28 Heritage Foundation, 257 Hershberg, Elliot, 87 Hezbollah, 196–97 Hidalgo, César, 108 hierarchical planning, 76–77 Hinton, Geoffrey, 59, 60, 130 Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings, 41–42 Hobbes, Thomas, 216 Homo technologicus, 6 Hugging Face, 199 Human Genome Project, 80–81 Huskisson, William, 131 Hutchins, Marcus, 161 hyper-evolution, 105, 107–9 chips and, 32–33, 57, 81, 108 containment and, 250 large language models and, 66, 68 I India, 125–26, 169–70 Industrial Revolution containment attempts, 39, 40, 281–83 openness imperative and, 127 profit motive and, 133, 134 technology waves and, 28–29 inertial confinement, 100 Inflection AI, 66, 68, 243, 244 information dematerialization and, 55–56 DNA as, 79, 87–88 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 241 integrated circuit, 32 intelligence action and, 75–76 corporations and, 186–87 economic value of, 136 gorilla problem, 115–16 prediction and, 62 See also artificial intelligence interconnectedness, 28 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 138–39 internal combustion engine, 24–25, 26, 35–36 International Atomic Energy Agency, 241 international cooperation, 263–67 internet, 33, 107–8, 202 iPhone, 187 Iran, 165 Israel, 165 J James, Kay Coles, 257 Japan, containment attempts, 39, 40 jobs, technology impact on, 177–81, 261, 262 Joint European Torus, 100 K Kasparov, Garry, 53 Kay, John, 39 Ke Jie, 118–19, 121 Kennan, George F., 37 Keynes, John Maynard, 178 Khan, A.


The Next Great Migration by Sonia Shah

Anthropocene, Berlin Wall, British Empire, climate change refugee, colonial rule, dematerialisation, demographic transition, Donald Trump, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, Fellow of the Royal Society, Garrett Hardin, GPS: selective availability, Gregor Mendel, hive mind, illegal immigration, immigration reform, index card, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Ken Thompson, Lewis Mumford, mass immigration, meta-analysis, Nelson Mandela, open borders, out of africa, Scientific racism, sensible shoes, Silicon Valley, Steve Bannon, TED Talk, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, urban sprawl

Parmesan’s study of checkerspots, in contrast, showed a consistent pattern of movement across half of North America. She got a coveted single-author paper in the prestigious journal Nature and instantly ascended to the top ranks of climate change science. She became a member of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a position that allowed her to review nearly a thousand other ecological studies, searching for the same signal she’d found in the checkerspots. Indeed, the butterfly’s poleward shift was no anomaly. The same pattern could be found in fifty-seven species of butterflies in Europe.

By translating each “unit” of climate change into a proportional additional unit of migration, as the geographer Robert McLeman put it, experts such as the environmentalist Norman Myers estimated that by the mid-twenty-first century, climate change will create an army of 200 million environmental refugees, who will scour the planet. Migration will be “one of the gravest effects of climate change,” the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change noted, “one of the most dramatic consequences of global warming.” Such climate-driven migrations could even lead to civilizational collapse. According to their assessments, it has happened before. But perhaps migration takes hold during periods of opportunity, not crisis.20 It’s possible that our restless ancestors, rather than reluctantly escaping from bad conditions, capitalized on good ones.


pages: 353 words: 355

The Long Boom: A Vision for the Coming Age of Prosperity by Peter Schwartz, Peter Leyden, Joel Hyatt

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Alan Greenspan, Alvin Toffler, American ideology, Asian financial crisis, Berlin Wall, business cycle, centre right, classic study, clean water, complexity theory, computer age, crony capitalism, cross-subsidies, Danny Hillis, dark matter, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, double helix, edge city, Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, European colonialism, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial innovation, George Gilder, glass ceiling, global village, Gregor Mendel, Herman Kahn, hydrogen economy, industrial cluster, informal economy, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, It's morning again in America, junk bonds, Just-in-time delivery, Kevin Kelly, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, life extension, market bubble, mass immigration, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neal Stephenson, Nelson Mandela, new economy, oil shock, open borders, out of africa, Productivity paradox, QR code, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Stewart Brand, The Hackers Conference, the scientific method, Thomas L Friedman, upwardly mobile, Washington Consensus, We are as Gods, Whole Earth Catalog, women in the workforce, Y2K, zero-sum game

When fossil fuels like oil, coal, and natural gas are burned, they emit carbon dioxide, which remains in the atmosphere and helps trap heat—much as the panes of glass in a greenhouse do. With the increasing industrial development of the late twentieth century, the amount of carbon dioxide that humans had created had begun to make a demonstrable difference. Hansen was lambasted by many skeptics as being too premature in his analysis. But by 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a United Nations group of scientists, had reached the same conclusion. And the temperatures of the late 1990s did nothing to undermine the claim. SftviNq ike P!ANET 153 The facts will continue to come in, and there's a very good chance, a high probability, that they will continue to overwhelmingly support the notion that we're in the middle of a global warming and that human beings are mostly at fault.

U.S. government, 21 Ice Age, 152, 153 Inclusive economic strategy, 67-68, 100-105, 272-275, 286-288 India, 7,110, 119, 129-131 Indonesia, 51, 129, 230 Industrial Age economy, 5, 7, 49, 71-72, 270 Industrialization in Asia, 7-8 historical perspective, 13-15 rise of the West, 110 and role of women, 242 science during, 211-212 329 Inflation, 15, 47, 92 Information Age economy. See Knowledge Age economy Information technologies, 46-49 Innovation, 270-271 Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, 205 Integration, 93-95, 273 Intel, 21, 221 Intellectual capacity of contemporary society, 214-217 Interest rates, 16 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 152 Internal combustion engine (ICE), 171-172, 175 International Fuel Cells, 178 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 49, 98, 260, 291, 292 International Space Station, 222-223 International tourism, 236 Internet adoption rates, 24 code of honor, 28-30 connecting scientific researchers, 215-216 integrating personal computers and telecommunications, 22-23 as learning tool, 89 memes and, 1 Microsoft vs.


pages: 476 words: 121,460

The Man From the Future: The Visionary Life of John Von Neumann by Ananyo Bhattacharya

Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, Alvin Roth, Andrew Wiles, Benoit Mandelbrot, business cycle, cellular automata, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, clockwork universe, cloud computing, Conway's Game of Life, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, DeepMind, deferred acceptance, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, Dr. Strangelove, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, Georg Cantor, Greta Thunberg, Gödel, Escher, Bach, haute cuisine, Herman Kahn, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Jacquard loom, Jean Tirole, John Conway, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, Kickstarter, linear programming, mandelbrot fractal, meta-analysis, mutually assured destruction, Nash equilibrium, Norbert Wiener, Norman Macrae, P = NP, Paul Samuelson, quantum entanglement, RAND corporation, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Feynman, Ronald Reagan, Schrödinger's Cat, second-price auction, side project, Silicon Valley, spectrum auction, Steven Levy, Strategic Defense Initiative, technological singularity, Turing machine, Von Neumann architecture, zero-sum game

But all technological progress, he warns, will also inevitably be harnessed for military use. Sophisticated forms of climate control, for example, could ‘lend themselves to forms of climatic warfare as yet unimagined’. Preventing disaster will require the invention of ‘new political forms and procedures’ (and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, established in 1988, arguably embodies one attempt to do exactly that). But what we cannot do, he says, is stop the march of ideas. ‘The very techniques that create the dangers and the instabilities are in themselves useful, or closely related to the useful,’ he argues. Under the ominous heading ‘Survival – A Possibility’, he continues: ‘For progress there is no cure.

J. 127 Google 173, 179 Gorard, Jonathan 253 Gosper, William 242 Göttingen, University of 6, 19–20, 22, 27, 29, 30–3, 39, 50–1, 63–4 gravitational fields, fluctuations in 79 Gray, Jeremy 16–17, 291n12 Great Britain 79–80, 99 Green, Ben 300n4 Griggs, David 216–18 group theory 70, 237 Groves, Leslie 80–1 appointed to lead Manhattan Project 80–1 appoints Oppenheimer 81 and decision to use bomb 92–3 implosion bomb design 84, 86 and Target Committee 94 Trinity test 89–90, 92 habilitation thesis 153–4 Hahn, Otto 77–8 Haigh, Thomas 109, 111, 121, 300n12, 301n22, 304n11, 307n39, 308n48 Halle University 21 Halperin, Israel 147, 157 Hamburg, University of 41 Hamilton, William D. 179–810 Harsanyi, John 177–8 Harvard Mark I 104 Hayek, Friedrich 152, 154 Heims, Steve J. 203 Heine, Heinrich 4–5, 7 64 Heisenberg, Werner 51, 52, 293n6 atom bomb project 96–7 formulation of quantum mechanics 29–33, 32, 34, 36, 38, 46, 296n43 stays in Germany 64 Heisenberg cut, the 45 Hermann, Grete 50–1, 54, 298n63 critique of VNs impossibility proof 51–2 hexagonal packing 237, 238 Hilbert, David 11, 19–20, 22, 23, 24, 27–8, 35–6, 37, 41, 51, 64, 111, 112, 113, 142, 143, 144 Hilbert spaces 38–9, 41, 60, 61–2, 295n30 Hiroshima, bombing of xiii, 94–5, 96 Hirshleifer, Jack 192 Hitch, Charles 213 Hitler, Adolf 2, 62–3, 152 Hixon Symposium on Cerebral Mechanisms in Behaviour 229, 236, 273–4 Hofstadter, Douglas 115, 305n24 Hollerith, Herman 290n12 Horthy, Admiral Miklós 14–15 House Committee on Un-American Activities 53 Hubbard, Jack 90–1 Hudson Institute 220 human desires, utility theory 161–2 humanity, existential threats facing 283–4 Hungarian phenomenon, the 1, 9, 203 Hungarian Soviet Republic 13–14, 203 Hungary Red Terror 13–14 White Terror 14–15 hydrogen bomb xiii, 99–101, 109, 133, 137, 192, 211, 216–17, 218, 321n91 hyperbolic geometry 18, 18 hyperspace 19 hypersphere 295n30 IBM 104 EDVAC patent dispute 125 VN begins working for 126 IBM 701 140 impossibility proof, the 48–9, 50–450–4 inclusive fitness 179 information processing (IP) metaphor 276 Initiative for Interstellar Studies 267–8 Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton xi, 68–72, 117–18, 156, 211, 245, 250–1, 277–8 Institute for Advanced Study computer project 127, 128–30, 138–40, 139, 193 accommodation 130 appearance 138–9 Barricelli’s numerical organisms 254–5 benefits 129–30 funding 128–9 resistance to 129 team 130, 131 intercontinental ballistic missiles 184–5, 216–18 ‘Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems’, Los Alamos 257, 260–1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 284 International Congress of Mathematicians, 1900 20 International Socialist Militant League 51 Internet, the 103, 179 Ivy Mike test 216 Jacobson, Homer 262 Jammer, Max 49, 57, 61 Japan 92–6, 185–6 Jastrow, Robert 272–3 JOHNNIAC 193, 194 Jones, Vaughan xiii, 61–2 Jones polynomial, the 62 Kahn, Herman 204, 215, 218–20, 224 Kahneman, Daniel 161–2, 178 Kaldor, Nicholas 148 Kamitz, Reinhard 154–5 Kann, Jacob 3 Kant, Immanuel 51, 298n63 Kármán, Mór von 7–8 Kármán, Theodore, von 8, 9, 25, 184–5 Kaufmann, William 222 Kemeny, John 231, 232, 261 Kennedy, John F. 222 Keynes, John Maynard 159 kinetic automata see self-replicating machines kinetic theory of gases 39, 69, 297n52 Kistiakowsky, George 84, 210, 302n32 knot theory 62 Königsberg conference, 1930 111–13 Kronecker, Leopold 20–1 Kubrick, Stanley xiii, 219, 321n83 Kun, Béla 13–14, 93, 203 Kuper, Horner 67 Kurzweil, Ray 275–6 Laing, Richard 264–7 Langmuir, Irving 227 Langton, Christopher 257–8, 258, 259–61 loops 258, 259 Lasker, Emanuel 142–3, 189, 311n6 Laurence, William 209 law of the excluded middle 22 League for a Revolutionary Workers Party 213 Leipzig, University of 51 LeMay, Curtis 215 Lenin, V.


pages: 389 words: 119,487

21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1960s counterculture, accounting loophole / creative accounting, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, agricultural Revolution, algorithmic trading, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, basic income, behavioural economics, Bernie Sanders, bitcoin, blockchain, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, call centre, Cambridge Analytica, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, carbon-based life, Charlie Hebdo massacre, cognitive dissonance, computer age, computer vision, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, decarbonisation, DeepMind, deglobalization, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, failed state, fake news, Filter Bubble, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Freestyle chess, gig economy, glass ceiling, Google Glasses, illegal immigration, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, job automation, knowledge economy, liberation theology, Louis Pasteur, low skilled workers, Mahatma Gandhi, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, means of production, Menlo Park, meta-analysis, Mohammed Bouazizi, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, obamacare, pattern recognition, post-truth, post-work, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, restrictive zoning, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Scramble for Africa, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, TED Talk, transatlantic slave trade, trolley problem, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, zero-sum game

., ‘Emission Budgets and Pathways Consistent with Limiting Warming to 1.5°C’, Nature Geoscience 10 (2017), 741–7; Joeri Rogelj et al., ‘Differences between Carbon Budget Estimates Unraveled’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 245–52; Ashkat Rathi, ‘Did We Just Buy Decades More Time to Hit Climate Goals’, Quartz, 21 September 2017; Roz Pidcock, ‘Carbon Briefing: Making Sense of the IPCC’s New Carbon Budget’, Carbon Brief, 23 October 2013. 9 Jianping Huang et al., ‘Accelerated Dryland Expansion under Climate Change’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 166–71; Thomas R. Knutson, ‘Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change’, Nature Geoscience 3 (2010), 157–63; Edward Hanna et al., ‘Ice-Sheet Mass Balance and Climate Change’, Nature 498 (2013), 51–9; Tim Wheeler and Joachim von Braun, ‘Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security’, Science 341:6145 (2013), 508–13; A.


A Sea in Flames: The Deepwater Horizon Oil Blowout by Carl Safina

addicted to oil, big-box store, book value, carbon tax, clean water, cognitive dissonance, energy security, Exxon Valdez, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jones Act, no-fly zone, North Sea oil, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, Piper Alpha, Ronald Reagan

Bush took over the White House after losing the “popular vote”—which in other countries is called the “election”—Piltz was putting together a major report for Congress. “We were told to delete the pages that summarized the most recent IPCC report and the material about the National Assessment of climate change impacts that had just come out,” he recalled in 2010. The IPCC is the international scientific body that collects and assesses all the climate research from around the world. The National Assessment was a similar report covering research by U.S. scientists. They’d both concluded that climate change was happening and that human activity was accelerating it.


pages: 158 words: 46,760

Overcoming Adrenal Fatigue: How to Restore Hormonal Balance and Feel Renewed, Energized, and Stress Free by Kathryn Simpson

impulse control, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), meta-analysis, phenotype, randomized controlled trial

Lata, S. P. Singh, R. P. Kohli, and K. P. Bhargava. 1982. International Journal of Crude Drug Research 20(1):29-35. Smith, P., D. Martino, Z. Cai, et al. 2007. Agriculture. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, et al. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride.


pages: 441 words: 136,954

That Used to Be Us by Thomas L. Friedman, Michael Mandelbaum

addicted to oil, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Amazon Web Services, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Andy Kessler, Ayatollah Khomeini, bank run, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, blue-collar work, Bretton Woods, business process, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, centre right, Climatic Research Unit, cloud computing, collective bargaining, corporate social responsibility, cotton gin, creative destruction, Credit Default Swap, crowdsourcing, delayed gratification, drop ship, energy security, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fear of failure, full employment, Google Earth, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), job automation, Kenneth Rogoff, knowledge economy, Lean Startup, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, market design, mass immigration, more computing power than Apollo, Network effects, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, obamacare, oil shock, PalmPilot, pension reform, precautionary principle, proprietary trading, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, rising living standards, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, Steve Jobs, the long tail, the scientific method, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, University of East Anglia, vertical integration, WikiLeaks

Climate skeptics, many funded by the fossil-fuel industries, seized on a few leaked e-mails among climate scientists working with Great Britain’s University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit to gin up a controversy about the conduct of some of its scientific investigators. Whatever one thinks of this specific case, it hardly invalidates the scientific consensus on global warming based on independent research conducted all over the world, nor do a few minor mistakes in the UN’s massive Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. But for a public too busy to take the time to study these issues, without the background to appreciate fully how little these errors touched on the larger scientific certainties and disinclined to ask why and how climate scientists all over the world could organize a vast conspiracy to get people to believe this problem was more serious than it is, these news stories created doubt and confusion about the issue and helped to stall any U.S. climate legislation.

Tsinghua University Tucker, Marc Tunisia Turkey Tuscaloosa (Alabama) Tuskegee Airmen 24/7 Customer Twitter Tyler, John U UBS Ukraine Unbound Arts Union of Concerned Scientists United Airlines United Auto Workers (UAW) United Nations; Food and Agriculture Organization; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change universal health care Up in the Air (movie) Uruguay USA Network Utah V Valdez, Daniel Vallejo (California) values; erosion of; in military; shared; situational; sustainable Vancouver Velic, Zermina venture capitalists Vertical Transportation Excellence Vest, Charles Veterans Administration (VA) Veterans Affairs, U.S.


pages: 381 words: 120,361

Sunfall by Jim Al-Khalili

airport security, artificial general intelligence, augmented reality, Bletchley Park, Carrington event, cosmological constant, cryptocurrency, dark matter, David Attenborough, Fellow of the Royal Society, Higgs boson, imposter syndrome, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, Kickstarter, lockdown, mass immigration, megacity, MITM: man-in-the-middle, off grid, pattern recognition, quantum cryptography, quantum entanglement, Silicon Valley, smart cities, sorting algorithm, South China Sea, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Turing test

You’re an excellent solar physicist and they would do well to listen to what you have to say. And as for this committee, it sounds like another one of those intergovernmental panels to me – you know, like the IPCC. What bloody good this new one would do I don’t know, but I guess it’s about time some action, any action, was taken.’ Sarah knew only too well that it was largely thanks to the efforts of the IPCC over the past forty years that the worst effects of climate change had been averted. And the same was true for the panel on antimicrobial resistance. The controversy these days was with the Intergovernmental Panel on Population Displacement, which had its work cut out and was hugely unpopular.


pages: 165 words: 47,405

Imperial Ambitions: Conversations on the Post-9/11 World by Noam Chomsky, David Barsamian

British Empire, collective bargaining, cuban missile crisis, declining real wages, failed state, feminist movement, Howard Zinn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Joseph Schumpeter, launch on warning, liberation theology, Monroe Doctrine, Nelson Mandela, offshore financial centre, public intellectual, Ronald Reagan, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Upton Sinclair, uranium enrichment, Westphalian system

Peter Schwartz and Doug Randall, An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security (October 2003). Report commissioned by the U.S. Defense Department. 37. Robert Repetto and Jonathan Lash, Foreign Policy, no. 108 (fall 1997). 38. John Vidal, The Guardian (London), 16 February 1996. Thomas Land, Toronto Star, 30 March 1996. See also reports of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 39. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem (Penguin, 1994). 40. McGeorge Bundy, Danger and Survival (Random House, 1988), p. 326. 5. HISTORY AND MEMORY 1. Frank Diaz Escalet, Obispo Romero y los Martires-Jesuitas de El Salvador [Bishop Romero and the Jesuit Martyrs of El Salvador] (1995). Original painting in the Organization of the American States Museum, Washington, D.C. 2.


pages: 522 words: 150,592

Atlantic: Great Sea Battles, Heroic Discoveries, Titanic Storms & a Vast Ocean of a Million Stories by Simon Winchester

Beryl Markham, British Empire, cable laying ship, Charles Lindbergh, colonial rule, financial engineering, friendly fire, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intermodal, Isaac Newton, Louis Blériot, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, Nelson Mandela, North Sea oil, Northpointe / Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions, Piper Alpha, polynesian navigation, Suez canal 1869, supervolcano, three-masted sailing ship, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, transcontinental railway, undersea cable

But I also know that there is a vast body of competing claims on the topic—with people of great distinction and good faith arguing that of course man is responsible, while others of equally stellar reputation and good faith claim that to suppose such a thing is the height of arrogance, and that man is far too puny and crabbed to be of any importance at all to an entity as vast as the Atlantic Ocean. Ever since 1995, when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change uttered its historic declaration that it saw “a discernible human influence on the global climate,” the debate has assumed totemic importance, its adherents and opponents battling for hearts and minds as though hierarchs of some newfangled religion. Politics, somewhat unhelpfully, is now a party to the argument, too, muddying the issues still further, adding new and louder voices to what is already a cacophony.

., 135 Hydrography, 99–104, 120 Iapetus Ocean, 39, 42 Icebergs, 409–10 Iceland, 46, 158–59, 273–75, 343, 410, 437 Icesheets and ice caps, 395–402, 405–6, 408–12 Iguazu Falls, 47 Ilhéu das Rôlas, 145 Immigrant (term), 317n Immigration, 13, 177, 316–21 Impressionism, 196 Incas, 162 Indian Ocean, 34, 107, 146, 409, 423n, 433–34, 439–40 Indies, 86–87, 216–17 Ingstad, Helge, 80–82 In Hazard (book), 205 Inishtrahull Island, 7–8 Institute for Atmospheric Physics, 348n Institutions, oceanographic, 140–45 Insurance, 235, 322, 436 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 404–5 Intermodal shipping, 350–52. See also Cargo shipping International Atomic Energy Agency, 356 International Hydrographic Organization, 100–104, 142–43, 409 International laws. See Laws International trade. See Trade Introversion, 443 Ireland, 71–73, 90–91, 153–54, 337–38 Ireland’s teardrop, 5, 6 f Irish Sea, 7, 357 Iron battleships, 252–55 Ironclad ships, 247–51 Iron curtain speech, 278n Isla de Los Estados, 128, 444–47 Islam, 215–16 Islands formation of, 46–47 phantom, 134 Islas Malvinas, 210.


pages: 523 words: 148,929

Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 by Michio Kaku

agricultural Revolution, AI winter, Albert Einstein, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Asilomar, augmented reality, Bill Joy: nanobots, bioinformatics, blue-collar work, British Empire, Brownian motion, caloric restriction, caloric restriction, cloud computing, Colonization of Mars, DARPA: Urban Challenge, data science, delayed gratification, digital divide, double helix, Douglas Hofstadter, driverless car, en.wikipedia.org, Ford Model T, friendly AI, Gödel, Escher, Bach, Hans Moravec, hydrogen economy, I think there is a world market for maybe five computers, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of movable type, invention of the telescope, Isaac Newton, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Large Hadron Collider, life extension, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, Mars Rover, Mars Society, mass immigration, megacity, Mitch Kapor, Murray Gell-Mann, Neil Armstrong, new economy, Nick Bostrom, oil shale / tar sands, optical character recognition, pattern recognition, planetary scale, postindustrial economy, Ray Kurzweil, refrigerator car, Richard Feynman, Rodney Brooks, Ronald Reagan, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Silicon Valley, Simon Singh, social intelligence, SpaceShipOne, speech recognition, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, synthetic biology, telepresence, The future is already here, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, trade route, Turing machine, uranium enrichment, Vernor Vinge, Virgin Galactic, Wall-E, Walter Mischel, Whole Earth Review, world market for maybe five computers, X Prize

UN officials are especially concerned about the spread of malaria northward. Usually, the eggs of many harmful insects die every winter when the soil freezes. But with the shortening of the winter season, it means the inexorable spread of dangerous insects northward. CARBON DIOXIDE—GREENHOUSE GAS According to the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, scientists have concluded with 90 percent confidence that global warming is driven by human activity, especially the production of carbon dioxide via the burning of oil and coal. Sunlight easily passes through carbon dioxide. But as sunlight heats up the earth, it creates infrared radiation, which does not pass back through carbon dioxide so easily.

Even if some cities can be salvaged, there is still the danger that large storms can send surges of water into a city, paralyzing its infrastructure. For example, in 1992 a huge storm surge flooded Manhattan, paralyzing the subway system and trains to New Jersey. With transportation flooded, the economy grinds to a halt. FLOODING BANGLADESH AND VIETNAM A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change isolated three hot spots for potential disaster: Bangladesh, the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, and the Nile Delta in Egypt. The worst situation is that of Bangladesh, a country regularly flooded by storms even without global warming. Most of the country is flat and at sea level. Although it has made significant gains in the last few decades, it is still one of the poorest nations on earth, with one of the highest population densities.


pages: 202 words: 62,901

The People's Republic of Walmart: How the World's Biggest Corporations Are Laying the Foundation for Socialism by Leigh Phillips, Michal Rozworski

Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, biodiversity loss, call centre, capitalist realism, carbon footprint, carbon tax, central bank independence, Colonization of Mars, combinatorial explosion, company town, complexity theory, computer age, corporate raider, crewed spaceflight, data science, decarbonisation, digital rights, discovery of penicillin, Elon Musk, financial engineering, fulfillment center, G4S, Garrett Hardin, Georg Cantor, germ theory of disease, Gordon Gekko, Great Leap Forward, greed is good, hiring and firing, independent contractor, index fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, inventory management, invisible hand, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, Joseph Schumpeter, Kanban, Kiva Systems, linear programming, liquidity trap, mass immigration, Mont Pelerin Society, Neal Stephenson, new economy, Norbert Wiener, oil shock, passive investing, Paul Samuelson, post scarcity, profit maximization, profit motive, purchasing power parity, recommendation engine, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, sovereign wealth fund, strikebreaker, supply-chain management, surveillance capitalism, technoutopianism, TED Talk, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Turing machine, union organizing, warehouse automation, warehouse robotics, We are all Keynesians now

From a system-wide perspective, conventional nuclear power still represents the cheapest option thanks to its mammoth energy density; it also boasts the fewest deaths per terawatt hour and a low carbon footprint. The only energy source with a lower carbon footprint is onshore wind. But, like large-scale hydroelectric projects, construction costs are considerable. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change notes that while nuclear energy is clean and non-intermittent, and has a tiny land footprint, “without support from governments, investments in new … plants are currently generally not economically attractive within liberalized markets.” Private firms refuse to begin construction without public subsidies or guarantees.


pages: 231 words: 69,673

How Cycling Can Save the World by Peter Walker

active transport: walking or cycling, bike sharing, Boris Johnson, car-free, correlation does not imply causation, Crossrail, Donald Shoup, driverless car, Enrique Peñalosa, fixed-gear, gentrification, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Ken Thompson, Kickstarter, meta-analysis, New Journalism, New Urbanism, post-work, publication bias, safety bicycle, Sidewalk Labs, Stop de Kindermoord, TED Talk, the built environment, traffic fines, Traffic in Towns by Colin Buchanan, transit-oriented development, urban planning

But there’s yet another social justice benefit that could arguably be seen as bigger than all these combined: helping to save the planet. Global warming is too big, nuanced, and contentious an issue to cover comprehensively in one section of a single chapter of a general interest book about cycling. When the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published its last report, the summary alone ran to sixty pages. But the importance of the issue is almost beyond overstatement. And, yet again, those currently suffering most acutely from the effects of a changing climate are, in general, those contributing least to the process.


pages: 602 words: 177,874

Thank You for Being Late: An Optimist's Guide to Thriving in the Age of Accelerations by Thomas L. Friedman

3D printing, additive manufacturing, affirmative action, Airbnb, AltaVista, Amazon Web Services, Anthropocene, Apple Newton, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, barriers to entry, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, biodiversity loss, bitcoin, blockchain, Bob Noyce, business cycle, business process, call centre, carbon tax, centre right, Chris Wanstrath, Clayton Christensen, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, cognitive load, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, data science, David Brooks, deep learning, demand response, demographic dividend, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, digital divide, disinformation, Donald Trump, dual-use technology, end-to-end encryption, Erik Brynjolfsson, fail fast, failed state, Fairchild Semiconductor, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Ferguson, Missouri, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Flash crash, fulfillment center, game design, gig economy, global pandemic, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, illegal immigration, immigration reform, income inequality, indoor plumbing, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of the steam engine, inventory management, Irwin Jacobs: Qualcomm, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Markoff, John von Neumann, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, land tenure, linear programming, Live Aid, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, Marc Andreessen, Mark Zuckerberg, mass immigration, Maui Hawaii, Menlo Park, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, ocean acidification, PalmPilot, pattern recognition, planetary scale, power law, pull request, Ralph Waldo Emerson, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Florida, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Gordon, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, smart cities, Solyndra, South China Sea, Steve Jobs, subscription business, supercomputer in your pocket, synthetic biology, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech worker, TED Talk, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, Thomas L Friedman, Tony Fadell, transaction costs, Transnistria, uber lyft, undersea cable, urban decay, urban planning, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, Y2K, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game

“From 1950 to 2015 average temperature in Senegal has gone up two degrees Celsius,” said Ndiaye, adding that the whole 2016 Paris U.N. climate conference was about how to avoid a two-degree rise in the global average temperature since the Industrial Revolution … and Senegal is already there. Click. The U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change “in 2010 gave four scenarios for Senegal, and the worst was unbelievable—and now,” he said, “the observation says we’re following that path even faster than we imagined, and it leads to four degrees Celsius rise in average temperature by 2100. People are still doubting climate change, and we are living it.”

David Time Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Tipirneni, Ashok Tocqueville, Alexis de topsoil “topsoil of trust” Torvalds, Linus Toynbee, Arnold Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) translation software Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) transparency, in workplace Transparent (TV series) Trestman, Marc tribalism Tropic of Chaos (Parenti) Truman, Harry Trump, Donald trust: community and; financial flows and; as human quality; politics and; sharing economy and; as social capital; social technologies and Trust (Fukuyama) truth, live video and Tunisia TurboTax Turki, Karim Turner, Adair 24/7 Customer Twenty-Fourth Marine Expeditionary Unit Twin Cities Business Twin Cities Metropolitan Council Twitter 2G wireless networks typewriters Uber; surge pricing algorithms of Udacity Uganda, population growth in Ukraine; 2014 uprising in unemployment, political instability and Unesco United Bearing United Nations; Human Development Report Office of; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of; Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of; Population Division of; Refugee Agency (UNHCR) of United Press International (UPI) United States: China’s relations with; global dependence on; illegal immigration into; immigrant entrepreneurs in; Madagascar and; Middle East policy of; population growth in; post–Cold War hegemony of; Russia’s relations with UPS USA Today value sets: of author; community and; cultural identity and; in opinion writing; sustainable vs. situational; see also ethics, innovation in van Agtmael, Antoine Vedantam, Shankar Venezuela Venmo Ventura, Jesse Veritas Genetics Verizon version control systems Vestberg, Hans video, live, empathy and video games Vietnam Vietnam War Visa Vital Signs of the Planet (NASA report) voice prints Volkswagen Beetle Vox.com wage insurance Wakefield Research Walensky, Norm Walker, Robert Wall Street Journal Walmart, online operations of Wanamaker, John Wanstrath, Chris Warburg, Bettina Waryan, Don Washington Post Waters, Colin water scarcity Watson, Thomas Watson (computer) Watson (software): medical applications of weak signals, detection of weak states: in age of accelerations; biodiversity loss in; breakers and; building stability in; civil wars in; climate change and; in Cold War era; contrived borders of; dwindling foreign aid to; global flows and; infrastructure in; Internet and; population growth in; risk to interdependent world of We Are All Khaled Said (Facebook page) Webster University WeChat Weekend Edition (radio show) Weiner, Jeff Weisman, Alan Welby, Justin Wells, Lin Welsh, Tim West Africa; Ebola outbreak in; migration from WhatIs.com WhatsApp “When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism” (Haidt) White House, 2015 drone crash at White House Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) Whitman, Meg “Why ‘Keep Your Paddle in the Water’ Is Bad Advice for Beginners” (Levesque) “Why What You Learned in Preschool Is Crucial at Work” (Miller) Wieseltier, Leon Wikipedia Williams, Jake Wilson, Dan wind energy Windows Wired wireless networks wisdom, patience and Wolf, Frank women: education of; empowerment of WomenNewsNetwork.net workforce, innovation in; accelerated pace of; blending of technical and interpersonal skills in; computerization and; connectivity and; disruption in; education and; empowerment in; high-wage, middle-skilled jobs in; intelligent assistance in, see intelligent assistance; intelligent assistants and; lifelong learning and; mentors in; middle class and; new social contracts in; on-demand jobs in; retraining in; self-motivation and; self-reinvention and; skill sets and, see skill sets; technological change and; transparency and; see also job seekers World Bank World Cup (2014) World Is Flat, The (Friedman) World of Disorder World of Order World Parks Congress, Sydney “World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision” (U.N.)


pages: 235 words: 65,885

Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Declines by Richard Heinberg, James Howard (frw) Kunstler

Adam Curtis, addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Asilomar, back-to-the-land, carbon tax, classic study, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, demographic transition, ending welfare as we know it, energy transition, Fractional reserve banking, greed is good, Haber-Bosch Process, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), It's morning again in America, land reform, Lewis Mumford, means of production, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, Ronald Reagan, the built environment, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, too big to fail, urban planning

Nothing is to be lost and everything to be gained by sharing accurate and relevant information about our situation; there is no need to exaggerate the threat. Today precisely such an effort is already under way with regard to Climate Change. Al Gore and his famous movie have framed the crisis in moral terms, while hundreds of scientists, by endorsing the conclusions of the IPCC, have established a concurrent appeal to rationality. As yet, the message does not have a sufficiently broad base of cultural support to curtail ongoing, richly-funded calls to buy, consume, and travel. Perhaps the addition of the Peak Oil message, by highlighting immediate economic and geopolitical threats posed by continued societal reliance on fossil fuels, will help broaden the coalition of support for needed change.


pages: 272 words: 76,089

Billions & Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium by Carl Sagan

addicted to oil, Albert Einstein, anti-communist, classic study, clean water, cosmic abundance, dark matter, demographic transition, Exxon Valdez, F. W. de Klerk, germ theory of disease, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, invention of radio, invention of the telegraph, invention of the telephone, Isaac Newton, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, pattern recognition, planetary scale, prisoner's dilemma, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ronald Reagan, stem cell, the scientific method, Thomas Malthus, zero-sum game

None of these trends by itself is compelling proof that the activ- Ambush: The Warming of the World • 131 ities of our civilization rather than natural variability is responsible. But together, they are very worrisome. Increasing numbers of climate experts have recently concluded that the "signature" of man-made global warming has been detected. Representatives of the 25,000 scientists of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, after an exhaustive study, concluded in 1995 that "the balance of evidence suggests there is a discernible human influence on climate." While not yet "beyond all reasonable doubt," says Michael MacCracken, director of the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the evidence "is becoming quite compelling."


pages: 251 words: 76,868

How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance by Parag Khanna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, Albert Einstein, Asian financial crisis, back-to-the-land, bank run, blood diamond, Bob Geldof, borderless world, BRICs, British Empire, call centre, carbon footprint, carbon tax, charter city, clean tech, clean water, cloud computing, commoditize, congestion pricing, continuation of politics by other means, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Deng Xiaoping, Doha Development Round, don't be evil, double entry bookkeeping, energy security, European colonialism, export processing zone, facts on the ground, failed state, financial engineering, friendly fire, global village, Global Witness, Google Earth, high net worth, high-speed rail, index fund, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, laissez-faire capitalism, Live Aid, Masdar, mass immigration, megacity, Michael Shellenberger, microcredit, military-industrial complex, mutually assured destruction, Naomi Klein, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, no-fly zone, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil shock, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), open economy, out of africa, Parag Khanna, private military company, Productivity paradox, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, reserve currency, Salesforce, Silicon Valley, smart grid, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, sustainable-tourism, Ted Nordhaus, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, The Wisdom of Crowds, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trickle-down economics, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, X Prize

Progress in climate negotiations actually depends on emerging markets confidently adopting the technologies that will allow them to even bother showing up at summits. Until then, climate conference should be put on ice, and all the money put into clean-tech transfer funds. Were it not for the scientific community housed at major universities, diplomats would be pushing their target dates back for centuries to come. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has global credibility most of all because it has among its members scientists and scholars, not diplomats defending national interests. And its strength lies in being able to recommend strategies and investments that can be made by nations and companies individually without the need for an overarching bureaucracy that wastes valuable funds.


pages: 232

Planet of Slums by Mike Davis

barriers to entry, Branko Milanovic, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Brownian motion, centre right, clean water, company town, conceptual framework, crony capitalism, declining real wages, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, disinformation, Dr. Strangelove, edge city, European colonialism, failed state, gentrification, Gini coefficient, Hernando de Soto, housing crisis, illegal immigration, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet Archive, jitney, jobless men, Kibera, labor-force participation, land reform, land tenure, Lewis Mumford, liberation theology, low-wage service sector, mandelbrot fractal, market bubble, megacity, microcredit, Nelson Mandela, New Urbanism, Pearl River Delta, Ponzi scheme, RAND corporation, rent control, structural adjustment programs, surplus humans, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban renewal, War on Poverty, Washington Consensus, working poor

The UN authors acknowledge a particular debt to Branko Milanovic, the World Bank economist who pioneered these surveys as a powerful microscope for studying global inequality. (In one of his papers, Milanovic explains: "For the first time in human history, researchers have reasonably accurate data on the distribution of income or welfare [expenditures or consumption] amongst more than 90 percent of the world population."5) If the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change represent an unprecedented scientific consensus on the dangers of global warming, then The Challenge of Slums sounds an equally authoritative warning about the worldwide catastrophe of urban poverty. But what is a "slum"? The first published definition reportedly occurs in the convict writer James Hardy Vaux's 1812 Vocabulary of the Flash "Language, where it is synonymous with "racket" or "criminal trade."6 By the cholera years of the 1830s and 1840s, however, the poor were living in slums rather than practicing them.


pages: 303 words: 74,206

GDP: The World’s Most Powerful Formula and Why It Must Now Change by Ehsan Masood

Alan Greenspan, anti-communist, bank run, banking crisis, biodiversity loss, Bob Geldof, Bretton Woods, centre right, clean water, colonial rule, coronavirus, COVID-19, Credit Default Swap, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Diane Coyle, energy security, European colonialism, financial engineering, government statistician, happiness index / gross national happiness, income inequality, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, job satisfaction, Kickstarter, Mahbub ul Haq, mass immigration, means of production, Meghnad Desai, Mohammed Bouazizi, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Skype, statistical model, the scientific method, The Spirit Level, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, zoonotic diseases

In 1972, knowledge on the global environment was a fraction of what it is today. Back then we didn’t know that species are being lost at a rate not seen since the last mass extinction. The debate over whether humans cause global warming (then known as “thermal pollution”) was far from being settled. The reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which confirmed a human role in global warming, were still seventeen years away. As sometimes happens in the lives of risk takers, fortune smiles just when you most need it. In Strong’s case, fortune didn’t just smile; it presented itself in the shape of Aurelio Peccei (1908-1984), a then little-known executive from the Fiat motor company whose own outsize environmental ambitions were not that far off from those of Maurice Strong.


pages: 309 words: 86,909

The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger by Richard Wilkinson, Kate Pickett

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, basic income, Berlin Wall, classic study, clean water, Diane Coyle, epigenetics, experimental economics, experimental subject, Fall of the Berlin Wall, full employment, germ theory of disease, Gini coefficient, God and Mammon, impulse control, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), knowledge economy, labor-force participation, land reform, longitudinal study, Louis Pasteur, meta-analysis, Milgram experiment, mirror neurons, moral panic, Murray Bookchin, offshore financial centre, phenotype, plutocrats, profit maximization, profit motive, Ralph Waldo Emerson, statistical model, The Chicago School, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, ultimatum game, upwardly mobile, World Values Survey, zero-sum game

Instead of policies to deal with global warming being experienced simply as imposing limits on the possibilities of material satisfaction, they need to be coupled with egalitarian policies which steer us to new and more fundamental ways of improving the quality of our lives. The change is about a historic shift in the sources of human satisfaction from economic growth to a more sociable society. In his speech accepting the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change which he chairs, Rajendra Pachauri described how global warming would reduce agricultural yields, food and water supplies for hundreds of millions of people and so lead to increasing conflict. (He spoke before the contribution of biofuel crops to rising world food prices had been clearly recognized.)


Green Economics: An Introduction to Theory, Policy and Practice by Molly Scott Cato

Albert Einstein, back-to-the-land, banking crisis, banks create money, basic income, Bretton Woods, Buy land – they’re not making it any more, carbon footprint, carbon tax, central bank independence, clean water, Community Supported Agriculture, congestion charging, corporate social responsibility, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, degrowth, deskilling, energy security, food miles, Food sovereignty, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, gender pay gap, green new deal, income inequality, informal economy, intentional community, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), job satisfaction, land bank, land reform, land value tax, Mahatma Gandhi, market fundamentalism, Money creation, mortgage debt, Multi Fibre Arrangement, passive income, peak oil, price stability, profit maximization, profit motive, purchasing power parity, race to the bottom, reserve currency, Rupert Read, seminal paper, the built environment, The Spirit Level, Tobin tax, tontine, University of East Anglia, wikimedia commons

A later complaint (July 1996) by Friends of the Earth about a Shell International advertisement, which also referred to Shell’s activities in Ogoniland, was partially successful. The ASA agreed that Shell’s claims that sixty per cent of oil spills were caused by sabotage could not be adequately supported.8 Shell was a founding member of the Global Climate Coalition, which opposed the scientific findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and has been blamed for slowing policy progress on climate change, although it left the organization in 1997. It has also been criticized by Christian Aid, who challenged the development projects Shell supports in the Niger Delta which have all ‘failed or remain unfinished’. In January 2004 Shell was forced to admit it had overestimated its reserves by 3.9 billion barrels, 20 per cent of the total.


pages: 254 words: 82,981

A Poison Like No Other: How Microplastics Corrupted Our Planet and Our Bodies by Matt Simon

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Anthropocene, biofilm, carbon footprint, clean water, correlation does not imply causation, COVID-19, decarbonisation, Easter island, epigenetics, food desert, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of agriculture, mass immigration, megacity, meta-analysis, microbiome, microplastics / micro fibres, ocean acidification, precautionary principle, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, South China Sea, the built environment

Jones, Andrew J. Davies, Brendan J. Godley, Jenna R. Jambeck, Imogen E. Napper, Coleen C. Suckling, et al. 2022. “The Fundamental Links between Climate Change and Marine Plastic Pollution.” Science of the Total Environment 806 (1): 150392. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150392. Simon, Matt. 2019. “New IPCC Report Shows How Our Abuse of Land Drives Climate Change.” Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/ip cc-land-report/. Brizga, Janis, Klaus Hubacek, and Kuishuang Feng. 2020. “The Unintended Side Effects of Bioplastics: Carbon, Land, and Water Footprints.” One Earth 3 (1): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.016.


pages: 327 words: 90,542

The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth Is Unattainable and the Global Economy Is in Peril by Satyajit Das

"there is no alternative" (TINA), "World Economic Forum" Davos, 9 dash line, accounting loophole / creative accounting, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, Anton Chekhov, Asian financial crisis, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, bond market vigilante , Bretton Woods, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, capital controls, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, collaborative economy, colonial exploitation, computer age, creative destruction, cryptocurrency, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, declining real wages, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, digital divide, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, Downton Abbey, Emanuel Derman, energy security, energy transition, eurozone crisis, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial repression, forward guidance, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, full employment, geopolitical risk, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global reserve currency, global supply chain, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Great Leap Forward, Greenspan put, happiness index / gross national happiness, high-speed rail, Honoré de Balzac, hydraulic fracturing, Hyman Minsky, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, indoor plumbing, informal economy, Innovator's Dilemma, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on his not understanding it, It's morning again in America, Jane Jacobs, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, junk bonds, Kenneth Rogoff, Kevin Roose, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Les Trente Glorieuses, light touch regulation, liquidity trap, Long Term Capital Management, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, Mahatma Gandhi, margin call, market design, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Wolf, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Minsky moment, mortgage debt, mortgage tax deduction, new economy, New Urbanism, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old age dependency ratio, open economy, PalmPilot, passive income, peak oil, peer-to-peer lending, pension reform, planned obsolescence, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, Potemkin village, precariat, price stability, profit maximization, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, Rana Plaza, rent control, rent-seeking, reserve currency, ride hailing / ride sharing, rising living standards, risk/return, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Reagan, Russell Brand, Satyajit Das, savings glut, secular stagnation, seigniorage, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, Slavoj Žižek, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Stephen Fry, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, the market place, the payments system, The Spirit Level, Thorstein Veblen, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, total factor productivity, trade route, transaction costs, uber lyft, unpaid internship, Unsafe at Any Speed, Upton Sinclair, Washington Consensus, We are the 99%, WikiLeaks, Y2K, Yom Kippur War, zero-coupon bond, zero-sum game

The planet has entered a new geological period, the Anthropocene, wherein human activities are significantly altering the earth's ecosystems. Its central feature is anthropogenic global warming and the resulting climate change, caused by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion, ozone depletion, deforestation, and animal agriculture. In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected that the earth's average temperature would rise by 1.5°–4.8°C (2.7–8.6°F) during the twenty-first century, depending on assumptions about carbon emissions. The current trajectory is already outpacing projections. The scientific evidence for global warming is based on several markers.


pages: 297 words: 95,518

Ten Technologies to Save the Planet: Energy Options for a Low-Carbon Future by Chris Goodall

barriers to entry, carbon footprint, carbon tax, congestion charging, decarbonisation, electricity market, energy security, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kickstarter, land tenure, load shedding, New Urbanism, oil shock, profit maximization, Silicon Valley, smart grid, smart meter, statistical model, undersea cable

Many in the climate change debate have, understandably, moved on to a metaphorical second glass of wine. They have become deeply pessimistic about society’s capacity to change course quickly enough. They despairingly note that global carbon dioxide emissions appear to be rising faster than in any of the scenarios the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change had predicted. The recent economic recession depressed oil and gas demand, but the moment growth picks up, energy demand will race ahead. Few countries have begun the process of decoupling the growth in their economies from increasing fossil fuel use. Among policy-makers, the pessimists point out, self-delusion abounds.


pages: 279 words: 90,888

The Lost Decade: 2010–2020, and What Lies Ahead for Britain by Polly Toynbee, David Walker

banking crisis, battle of ideas, bike sharing, Boris Johnson, Brexit referendum, Bullingdon Club, call centre, car-free, centre right, collective bargaining, congestion charging, corporate governance, crony capitalism, Crossrail, David Attenborough, Dominic Cummings, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, energy transition, Etonian, financial engineering, first-past-the-post, G4S, gender pay gap, gig economy, Gini coefficient, global village, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, high net worth, housing crisis, income inequality, industrial robot, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), James Dyson, Jeremy Corbyn, Large Hadron Collider, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, moral panic, mortgage debt, North Sea oil, offshore financial centre, opioid epidemic / opioid crisis, payday loans, pension reform, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, quantitative easing, Right to Buy, Saturday Night Live, selection bias, smart meter, Uber for X, ultra-processed food, urban renewal, working-age population

Deniers have lost the argument, though financed by big oil they will keep trying to obfuscate, delay and deride. Even the anti-state Right has ceased to pretend that markets or private enterprise will be any more than marginal contributors. Withdrawing from the EU will prove, yet again, how puny single-country efforts are. Climate Crisis The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned starkly that from 2019, there were only eleven years left in which a programme to limit global warming to 1.5°C might succeed. Tipping points are visible in the form of melting glaciers, shrinking ice packs, lethal and unpredictable flooding, droughts and forest fires, from California to Australia, Africa to the Amazon.


pages: 265 words: 93,354

Please Don't Sit on My Bed in Your Outside Clothes: Essays by Phoebe Robinson

Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-bias training, Black Lives Matter, butterfly effect, coronavirus, COVID-19, David Attenborough, defund the police, desegregation, different worldview, disinformation, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, emotional labour, financial independence, gentrification, George Floyd, gig economy, global pandemic, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hiring and firing, imposter syndrome, independent contractor, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Joan Didion, Lyft, mass incarceration, microaggression, off-the-grid, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Ralph Waldo Emerson, rolodex, Rosa Parks, Sheryl Sandberg, social distancing, Social Justice Warrior, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, TED Talk, too big to fail, uber lyft, unpaid internship, W. E. B. Du Bois

Did I lose some of you with “astrologists and numerologists”? Yeah, I figured, but hear me out. According to many numerologists, the number 20 suggests transformation and an improvement upon what came before. This tracks, as 2020 was an election year with many major elections held in the US and worldwide. And with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change coming to the conclusion that we have ten years to halve carbon emissions in order to avoid an irreparable climate catastrophe, the 2020 elections were all the more important. Honestly, if we didn’t buy into the 2020 of it all based on that alone, we would’ve been fools. But there’s more.


pages: 340 words: 91,416

Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray by Sabine Hossenfelder

Adam Curtis, Albert Einstein, Albert Michelson, anthropic principle, Arthur Eddington, Brownian motion, clockwork universe, cognitive bias, cosmic microwave background, cosmological constant, cosmological principle, crowdsourcing, dark matter, data science, deep learning, double helix, game design, Henri Poincaré, Higgs boson, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Large Hadron Collider, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Bostrom, random walk, Richard Feynman, Schrödinger's Cat, Skype, Stephen Hawking, sunk-cost fallacy, systematic bias, TED Talk, the scientific method

“The good, the bad, and the ugly: which Australian terrestrial mammal species attract most research?” Mammal Rev. 46(4):241–254. 5. “I would venture that the main reason why these statistical time-series techniques have not been incorporated for use in official climate forecasts is related to aesthetics—a topic which I doubt comes up much at meetings of the IPCC.” Orrell D. 2012. Truth or beauty: science and the quest for order. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 214. 6. Krugman P. 2009. “How did economists get it so wrong?” New York Times, September 2, 2009. 7. See, for example, Farmer JD, Geanakoplos J. 2008. “The virtues and vices of equilibrium and the future of financial economics.” arXiv:0803.2996 [q-fin.GN]. 8.


pages: 416 words: 106,582

This Will Make You Smarter: 150 New Scientific Concepts to Improve Your Thinking by John Brockman

23andMe, adjacent possible, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, banking crisis, Barry Marshall: ulcers, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, biofilm, Black Swan, Bletchley Park, butterfly effect, Cass Sunstein, cloud computing, cognitive load, congestion charging, correlation does not imply causation, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, dark matter, data acquisition, David Brooks, delayed gratification, Emanuel Derman, epigenetics, Evgeny Morozov, Exxon Valdez, Flash crash, Flynn Effect, Garrett Hardin, Higgs boson, hive mind, impulse control, information retrieval, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, Jaron Lanier, Johannes Kepler, John von Neumann, Kevin Kelly, Large Hadron Collider, lifelogging, machine translation, mandelbrot fractal, market design, Mars Rover, Marshall McLuhan, microbiome, Murray Gell-Mann, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, ocean acidification, open economy, Pierre-Simon Laplace, place-making, placebo effect, power law, pre–internet, QWERTY keyboard, random walk, randomized controlled trial, rent control, Richard Feynman, Richard Feynman: Challenger O-ring, Richard Thaler, Satyajit Das, Schrödinger's Cat, scientific management, security theater, selection bias, Silicon Valley, Stanford marshmallow experiment, stem cell, Steve Jobs, Steven Pinker, Stewart Brand, Stuart Kauffman, sugar pill, synthetic biology, the scientific method, Thorstein Veblen, Turing complete, Turing machine, twin studies, Vilfredo Pareto, Walter Mischel, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks, zero-sum game

In such situations, a compelling body of research has emerged showing that information is fairly meaningless. Each group selects information to reinforce a position, and there are scant instances where information ends up shifting a position. That’s why no one should expect the next review of climate science from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to suddenly create a harmonious path forward. The more such realities are recognized, the more likely it is that innovative approaches to negotiation can build from the middle, instead of arguing endlessly from the edge. The same body of research on climate attitudes, for example, shows far less disagreement on the need for advancing the world’s limited menu of affordable energy choices.


pages: 453 words: 111,010

Licence to be Bad by Jonathan Aldred

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, availability heuristic, Ayatollah Khomeini, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black Swan, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Carmen Reinhart, Cass Sunstein, Charles Babbage, clean water, cognitive dissonance, corporate governance, correlation does not imply causation, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, Donald Trump, Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Snowden, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, feminist movement, framing effect, Frederick Winslow Taylor, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, full employment, Gary Kildall, George Akerlof, glass ceiling, Glass-Steagall Act, Herman Kahn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Jeff Bezos, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Linda problem, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, mandelbrot fractal, meta-analysis, Mont Pelerin Society, mutually assured destruction, Myron Scholes, Nash equilibrium, Norbert Wiener, nudge unit, obamacare, offshore financial centre, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, plutocrats, positional goods, power law, precautionary principle, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, risk tolerance, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, scientific management, Skinner box, Skype, Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, spectrum auction, The Nature of the Firm, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Vilfredo Pareto, wealth creators, zero-sum game

Thus Schelling’s method gives a lower value to life saving (preventing premature death) in a poor society than in a rich one. That is, the value of a ‘statistical life’ is less in a poor country than in a rich one. This isn’t just an intellectual game. It led directly to the influential Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in its 1995 report, valuing lives lost in rich countries at $1,500,000 but those in poor countries at $100,000.22 Most economists recognize that valuing some lives more highly than others is widely seen as unacceptable. But another approach they adopt instead is no better: many economic models simply ignore potential loss of life from climate change altogether by assuming a fixed global population.


pages: 416 words: 112,268

Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control by Stuart Russell

3D printing, Ada Lovelace, AI winter, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Alfred Russel Wallace, algorithmic bias, AlphaGo, Andrew Wiles, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, basic income, behavioural economics, Bletchley Park, blockchain, Boston Dynamics, brain emulation, Cass Sunstein, Charles Babbage, Claude Shannon: information theory, complexity theory, computer vision, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, connected car, CRISPR, crowdsourcing, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, data science, deep learning, deepfake, DeepMind, delayed gratification, Demis Hassabis, Elon Musk, en.wikipedia.org, Erik Brynjolfsson, Ernest Rutherford, fake news, Flash crash, full employment, future of work, Garrett Hardin, Geoffrey Hinton, Gerolamo Cardano, Goodhart's law, Hans Moravec, ImageNet competition, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of the wheel, job automation, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, John Maynard Keynes: technological unemployment, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Kenneth Arrow, Kevin Kelly, Law of Accelerating Returns, luminiferous ether, machine readable, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, multi-armed bandit, Nash equilibrium, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, NP-complete, OpenAI, openstreetmap, P = NP, paperclip maximiser, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Pierre-Simon Laplace, positional goods, probability theory / Blaise Pascal / Pierre de Fermat, profit maximization, RAND corporation, random walk, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, recommendation engine, RFID, Richard Thaler, ride hailing / ride sharing, Robert Shiller, robotic process automation, Rodney Brooks, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, Shoshana Zuboff, Silicon Valley, smart cities, smart contracts, social intelligence, speech recognition, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, superintelligent machines, surveillance capitalism, Thales of Miletus, The Future of Employment, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, Thomas Bayes, Thorstein Veblen, Tragedy of the Commons, transport as a service, trolley problem, Turing machine, Turing test, universal basic income, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, Von Neumann architecture, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, web application, zero-sum game

In addition to the professional societies, which can bring AI researchers together, and the Partnership on AI, which combines corporations and nonprofit institutes, the canonical conveners are the UN (for governments and researchers) and the World Economic Forum (for governments and corporations). In addition, the G7 has proposed an International Panel on Artificial Intelligence, hoping that it will grow into something like the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Important-sounding reports are multiplying like rabbits. With all this activity, is there any prospect of actual progress on governance occurring? Perhaps surprisingly, the answer is yes, at least around the edges. Many governments around the world are equipping themselves with advisory bodies to help with the process of developing regulations; perhaps the most prominent example is the EU’s High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence.


pages: 350 words: 107,834

Halting State by Charles Stross

augmented reality, book value, Boris Johnson, call centre, forensic accounting, game design, Google Earth, hiring and firing, illegal immigration, impulse control, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the steam engine, Ken Thompson, lifelogging, Necker cube, no-fly zone, operational security, Potemkin village, RFID, Schrödinger's Cat, Vernor Vinge, zero day

If they hadna sprung the terrorism alert at the same time we had to shut down CopSpace, we’d maybe hae stood a chance, and if we’d had CopSpace, again, we’d hae known what was happening. I blame myself—I should have told Bob to get his boots back upstairs the instant he’d spoken to the front desk.” “You’re trying to second-guess an IPCC enquiry, Sue. My advice? Drop it, it’s over.” Liz looks irritated. “Besides, we shouldn’t talk about it outside of school. It looks like collusion in the wrong light, and that would never do.” “Oh, okay.” Collusion is a political word, and you’ll take Liz’s word for it looking bad. You tighten your grip on your hat, realize what you’re doing, twitch it round in your lap, then let go again.


pages: 401 words: 115,959

Philanthrocapitalism by Matthew Bishop, Michael Green, Bill Clinton

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", "World Economic Forum" Davos, Abraham Maslow, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, barriers to entry, battle of ideas, Bernie Madoff, Big Tech, Bob Geldof, Bonfire of the Vanities, business process, business process outsourcing, Charles Lindbergh, clean tech, clean water, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, Dava Sobel, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, digital divide, do well by doing good, don't be evil, family office, financial innovation, full employment, global pandemic, global village, Global Witness, God and Mammon, Hernando de Soto, high net worth, Ida Tarbell, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, James Dyson, John Elkington, John Harrison: Longitude, joint-stock company, junk bonds, knowledge economy, knowledge worker, Larry Ellison, Live Aid, lone genius, Marc Andreessen, Marc Benioff, market bubble, mass affluent, Michael Milken, microcredit, Mikhail Gorbachev, Neil Armstrong, Nelson Mandela, new economy, offshore financial centre, old-boy network, PalmPilot, peer-to-peer lending, performance metric, Peter Singer: altruism, plutocrats, profit maximization, profit motive, Richard Feynman, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Salesforce, scientific management, seminal paper, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Slavoj Žižek, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, SpaceShipOne, stem cell, Steve Jobs, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, The Wisdom of Crowds, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade liberalization, transaction costs, trickle-down economics, Tyler Cowen, wealth creators, winner-take-all economy, working poor, World Values Survey, X Prize

“I want to sit with people who have experience, ask their advice,” he says. “I’m determined to point social entrepreneurs and, candidly, any type of entrepreneurs, at finding solutions to climate change,” he said shortly after visiting India in August 2007. His tour was conducted by Rajendra Pachauri, the head of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—which soon afterwards was jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize with former U.S. vice president Al Gore. What Skoll saw convinced him that “climate change is a much bigger problem than I had thought.” Moreover, he says, “the two billion people at the bottom of the pyramid will one day want to burn fossil fuels; if we lose those people to fossil fuels, we lose the battle against global warming.”


pages: 356 words: 116,083

For Profit: A History of Corporations by William Magnuson

"Friedman doctrine" OR "shareholder theory", activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, Airbnb, bank run, banks create money, barriers to entry, Bear Stearns, Big Tech, Black Lives Matter, blockchain, Bonfire of the Vanities, bread and circuses, buy low sell high, carbon tax, carried interest, collective bargaining, Cornelius Vanderbilt, corporate raider, creative destruction, disinformation, Donald Trump, double entry bookkeeping, Exxon Valdez, fake news, financial engineering, financial innovation, Ford Model T, Ford paid five dollars a day, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, Gordon Gekko, greed is good, Ida Tarbell, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, joint-stock company, joint-stock limited liability company, junk bonds, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park, Michael Milken, move fast and break things, Peter Thiel, power law, price discrimination, profit maximization, profit motive, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, randomized controlled trial, ride hailing / ride sharing, scientific management, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, slashdot, Snapchat, South Sea Bubble, spice trade, Steven Levy, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Tim Cook: Apple, too big to fail, trade route, transcontinental railway, union organizing, work culture , Y Combinator, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

He found that world temperatures had increased over the last century, that this rise was attributable to greater carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and that the atmospheric changes were caused primarily by “anthropogenic” burning of fossil fuels, not natural climate variability. If fossil fuel consumption continued to increase, Hansen warned, it would cause major environmental changes around the globe, from droughts to melting of icebergs to rising sea levels. By the late 1980s, global warming had become a major worldwide concern, and in 1988 an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was established to study the phenomenon and propose solutions.41 Exxon watched this science develop with great interest—its business model, after all, depended on convincing people to buy and burn oil. The prospect of greater regulation of the use of fossil fuels was a serious threat, as the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1963 and the Energy Policy and Conservation Act in 1975 had made clear.


pages: 426 words: 117,027

Mind in Motion: How Action Shapes Thought by Barbara Tversky

Apple's 1984 Super Bowl advert, Asperger Syndrome, augmented reality, clean water, cognitive load, continuous integration, double helix, en.wikipedia.org, fundamental attribution error, Hans Rosling, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), John Snow's cholera map, Lao Tzu, meta-analysis, mirror neurons, natural language processing, neurotypical, patient HM, Richard Feynman, Steven Pinker, TED Talk, the new new thing, theory of mind, urban planning

San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407237-4.12001-8 Comics can be effective for learning Aleixo, P. A., & Sumner, K. (2017). Memory for biopsychology material presented in comic book format. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 8(1), 79–88. Caldwell, J. (2012, October). Information comics: An overview. 2012 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (pp. 1–7). doi:10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408645 Short, J. C., Randolph-Seng, B., & McKenny, A. F. (2013). Graphic presentation: An empirical examination of the graphic novel approach to communicate business concepts. Business Communication Quarterly, 76(3), 273–303. Theories and analyses of the comics medium I am deeply indebted to Jon Bresman’s generous collaboration on this project.


pages: 397 words: 113,304

Spineless: The Science of Jellyfish and the Art of Growing a Backbone by Juli Berwald

clean water, complexity theory, crowdsourcing, Downton Abbey, Great Leap Forward, Gregor Mendel, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kickstarter, microplastics / micro fibres, ocean acidification, Panamax, rent control, Ronald Reagan, Skype, sparse data, stem cell, Suez canal 1869, TED Talk, the scientific method, Wilhelm Olbers

a megastorm building on the East Coast: For an account of the events leading up to Sandy’s landfall on the East Coast, see Kathryn Miles, Superstorm: Nine Days Inside Hurricane Sandy (New York: Dutton, 2014). the name Frankenstorm: Chris Mooney, “Here Comes the Story of No Hurricanes,” Mother Jones, September 6, 2013, http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/09/hurricane-season-ipcc-sandy. 18. Toxic Cocktail swarms of round white jellyfish: Bella S. Galil, E. Spanier, and W. W. Ferguson, “The Scyphomedusae of the Mediterranean Coast of Israel, Including Two Lessepsian Migrants New to the Mediterranean,” Zoologische Mededelingen 64 (1990): 94–105. “When you remove”: Interview with Enric Sala, National Geographic explorer-in-residence, November 11, 2014.


pages: 415 words: 103,231

Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of Energy Independence by Robert Bryce

addicted to oil, An Inconvenient Truth, Berlin Wall, carbon tax, Charles Lindbergh, Colonization of Mars, congestion pricing, decarbonisation, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, financial independence, flex fuel, Ford Model T, hydrogen economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it's over 9,000, Jevons paradox, John Markoff, Just-in-time delivery, low earth orbit, low interest rates, Michael Shellenberger, Nelson Mandela, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, oil-for-food scandal, peak oil, price stability, Project for a New American Century, rolodex, Ronald Reagan, Silicon Valley, SpaceShipOne, Stewart Brand, Suez crisis 1956, Thomas L Friedman, Whole Earth Catalog, X Prize, Yom Kippur War

In a speech at the plant he said, “It’s an interesting time, isn’t it, when you’re able to say, we’re on the verge of some breakthroughs that will enable a pile of wood chips to become the raw materials for fuels that will run your The Impossibility of Independence 177 car.”137 That same day, the White House put out a “fact sheet” declaring that as “cellulosic ethanol production becomes commercially viable,” plants around the country will be able to use “grass from a prairie, wood chips from a forest, or agricultural waste like stalks—to create fuel.”138 In May 2007, shortly after the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released another of its reports, the editors of the New York Times ran an opinion piece saying that “we can and must” begin “investing in alternative fuels, like cellulosic ethanol, that show near-term promise.”139 In September 2007, the Times ran another editorial saying that cellulosic ethanol would “confer major benefits in terms of oil savings and reduced greenhouse gases.”140 Cellulosic ethanol clearly has a church-full of believers.


pages: 545 words: 137,789

How Markets Fail: The Logic of Economic Calamities by John Cassidy

Abraham Wald, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, An Inconvenient Truth, Andrei Shleifer, anti-communist, AOL-Time Warner, asset allocation, asset-backed security, availability heuristic, bank run, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, behavioural economics, Benoit Mandelbrot, Berlin Wall, Bernie Madoff, Black Monday: stock market crash in 1987, Black-Scholes formula, Blythe Masters, book value, Bretton Woods, British Empire, business cycle, capital asset pricing model, carbon tax, Carl Icahn, centralized clearinghouse, collateralized debt obligation, Columbine, conceptual framework, Corn Laws, corporate raider, correlation coefficient, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, crony capitalism, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, debt deflation, different worldview, diversification, Elliott wave, Eugene Fama: efficient market hypothesis, financial deregulation, financial engineering, financial innovation, Financial Instability Hypothesis, financial intermediation, full employment, Garrett Hardin, George Akerlof, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Gunnar Myrdal, Haight Ashbury, hiring and firing, Hyman Minsky, income per capita, incomplete markets, index fund, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, John Nash: game theory, John von Neumann, Joseph Schumpeter, junk bonds, Kenneth Arrow, Kickstarter, laissez-faire capitalism, Landlord’s Game, liquidity trap, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, Louis Bachelier, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, margin call, market bubble, market clearing, mental accounting, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, Minsky moment, money market fund, Mont Pelerin Society, moral hazard, mortgage debt, Myron Scholes, Naomi Klein, negative equity, Network effects, Nick Leeson, Nixon triggered the end of the Bretton Woods system, Northern Rock, paradox of thrift, Pareto efficiency, Paul Samuelson, Phillips curve, Ponzi scheme, precautionary principle, price discrimination, price stability, principal–agent problem, profit maximization, proprietary trading, quantitative trading / quantitative finance, race to the bottom, Ralph Nader, RAND corporation, random walk, Renaissance Technologies, rent control, Richard Thaler, risk tolerance, risk-adjusted returns, road to serfdom, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, shareholder value, short selling, Silicon Valley, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, statistical model, subprime mortgage crisis, tail risk, Tax Reform Act of 1986, technology bubble, The Chicago School, The Great Moderation, The Market for Lemons, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Two Sigma, unorthodox policies, value at risk, Vanguard fund, Vilfredo Pareto, wealth creators, zero-sum game

.”: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change, ii, available at www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm. 112 “threatens the basic elements . . .”: Ibid., vi. 113 “Climate change presents . . .”: Ibid., i. 113 Description of climate change mechanism: I am, here, relying on the consensus view of scientists, as expressed, for example, in “Climate Change 2007,” a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Although most experts subscribe to this consensus, some eminent dissidents question the evidence that global warming is a genuine phenomenon and/or that it is the product of human economic activity. For an interesting account of their views, see Lawrence Solomon, The Deniers (Minneapolis, Minn.: Richard Vigilante Books, 2008). 113 the ten warmest years: “Climate of 2007 Annual Report,” National Climatic Data Center, January 15, 2008, available at www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2007/ann/global.html#gtemp. 113 “In common with many other . . .”: Stern Review Report, 24. 114 Economists’ criticism of Stern Report: See, for example, William Nordhaus, “The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change,” May 3, 2007, available at http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/stern_050307.pdf. 115 Study of British civil servants: See M.


pages: 505 words: 138,917

Open: The Story of Human Progress by Johan Norberg

Abraham Maslow, additive manufacturing, affirmative action, Albert Einstein, anti-globalists, basic income, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, Bletchley Park, Brexit referendum, British Empire, business cycle, business process, California gold rush, carbon tax, citizen journalism, classic study, Clayton Christensen, clean water, cognitive dissonance, collective bargaining, Corn Laws, coronavirus, COVID-19, creative destruction, crony capitalism, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, Deng Xiaoping, digital map, Donald Trump, Edward Jenner, fake news, Fall of the Berlin Wall, falling living standards, Filter Bubble, financial innovation, flying shuttle, Flynn Effect, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, Galaxy Zoo, George Gilder, Gini coefficient, global pandemic, global supply chain, global village, green new deal, humanitarian revolution, illegal immigration, income per capita, Indoor air pollution, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, James Watt: steam engine, Jane Jacobs, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John von Neumann, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, Kickstarter, knowledge economy, labour mobility, Lao Tzu, liberal capitalism, manufacturing employment, mass immigration, negative emissions, Network effects, open borders, open economy, Pax Mongolica, place-making, profit motive, RAND corporation, regulatory arbitrage, rent control, Republic of Letters, road to serfdom, Ronald Reagan, Schrödinger's Cat, sharing economy, side project, Silicon Valley, Solyndra, spice trade, stem cell, Steve Bannon, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Steven Pinker, tacit knowledge, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, too big to fail, trade liberalization, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, Tyler Cowen, Uber for X, ultimatum game, universal basic income, World Values Survey, Xiaogang Anhui farmers, zero-sum game

The researchers summarize that ‘income is a major determinant of environmental success’. Another important determinant is political openness: the first thirty-one countries in the ranking are democracies.66 In addition, zero growth would be completely insufficient to achieve our climate goals. According to the UN Climate Panel IPCC, emissions must be halved by 2030 and end completely by 2050 to limit the global temperature rise this century to below two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Thus, if we retain today’s technology, we would first have to halve production and transportation – and thus our incomes – and then eliminate them completely.


pages: 504 words: 143,303

Why We Can't Afford the Rich by Andrew Sayer

"World Economic Forum" Davos, accounting loophole / creative accounting, Alan Greenspan, Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, anti-globalists, asset-backed security, banking crisis, banks create money, basic income, biodiversity loss, bond market vigilante , Boris Johnson, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Bullingdon Club, business cycle, call centre, capital controls, carbon footprint, carbon tax, collective bargaining, corporate raider, corporate social responsibility, creative destruction, credit crunch, Credit Default Swap, crony capitalism, David Graeber, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, debt deflation, decarbonisation, declining real wages, deglobalization, degrowth, deindustrialization, delayed gratification, demand response, don't be evil, Double Irish / Dutch Sandwich, en.wikipedia.org, Etonian, financial engineering, financial innovation, financial intermediation, Fractional reserve banking, full employment, G4S, Goldman Sachs: Vampire Squid, green new deal, high net worth, high-speed rail, income inequality, information asymmetry, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, Isaac Newton, James Carville said: "I would like to be reincarnated as the bond market. You can intimidate everybody.", James Dyson, job automation, Julian Assange, junk bonds, Kickstarter, labour market flexibility, laissez-faire capitalism, land bank, land value tax, long term incentive plan, low skilled workers, Mark Zuckerberg, market fundamentalism, Martin Wolf, mass immigration, means of production, moral hazard, mortgage debt, negative equity, neoliberal agenda, new economy, New Urbanism, Northern Rock, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, patent troll, payday loans, Philip Mirowski, plutocrats, popular capitalism, predatory finance, price stability, proprietary trading, pushing on a string, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, rent-seeking, retail therapy, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, short selling, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, tacit knowledge, TED Talk, The Nature of the Firm, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, transfer pricing, trickle-down economics, universal basic income, unpaid internship, upwardly mobile, Washington Consensus, wealth creators, WikiLeaks, Winter of Discontent, working poor, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

Chapter Twenty-One: The twist in the tail 33 Kahn, S.R. (2014) ‘The ease of mobility’, in Birtchnell, T. and Caletrio, J. (eds) Elite mobilities, London: Routledge, pp 136–48, at p 136. 34 This characterisation of neoliberalism as zombie-like is developed by Jamie Peck in his 2010 article, ‘Zombie neoliberalism and the ambidextrous state’, Theoretical Criminology, 14(1), 104–10. 35 UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013), http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5-SPM_Approved27Sep2013.pdf. 36 Methane degrades within a few years into CO2 and ground-level ozone. 37 Carrington, D. (2103) ‘Global carbon dioxide in atmosphere passes milestone level’, Guardian, 10 May, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/may/10/carbon-dioxide-highest-level-greenhouse-gas. 38 Global Humanitarian Forum (2009) The anatomy of a silent crisis, http://www.ghf-ge.org/human-impact-report.pdf. 39 See Urry, J. (2011) Climate change and society, Cambridge: Polity, p 148, for this and other scenarios. 40 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2010.html. 41 Pacala, S. (2009) ‘Equitable climate solutions’, lecture, at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?


pages: 497 words: 144,283

Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization by Parag Khanna

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, 9 dash line, additive manufacturing, Admiral Zheng, affirmative action, agricultural Revolution, Airbnb, Albert Einstein, amateurs talk tactics, professionals talk logistics, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Anthropocene, Asian financial crisis, asset allocation, autonomous vehicles, banking crisis, Basel III, Berlin Wall, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, borderless world, Boycotts of Israel, Branko Milanovic, BRICs, British Empire, business intelligence, call centre, capital controls, Carl Icahn, charter city, circular economy, clean water, cloud computing, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, complexity theory, continuation of politics by other means, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, credit crunch, crony capitalism, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, cuban missile crisis, data is the new oil, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deglobalization, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, Detroit bankruptcy, digital capitalism, digital divide, digital map, disruptive innovation, diversification, Doha Development Round, driverless car, Easter island, edge city, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy security, Ethereum, ethereum blockchain, European colonialism, eurozone crisis, export processing zone, failed state, Fairphone, Fall of the Berlin Wall, family office, Ferguson, Missouri, financial innovation, financial repression, fixed income, forward guidance, gentrification, geopolitical risk, global supply chain, global value chain, global village, Google Earth, Great Leap Forward, Hernando de Soto, high net worth, high-speed rail, Hyperloop, ice-free Arctic, if you build it, they will come, illegal immigration, income inequality, income per capita, industrial cluster, industrial robot, informal economy, Infrastructure as a Service, interest rate swap, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Isaac Newton, Jane Jacobs, Jaron Lanier, John von Neumann, Julian Assange, Just-in-time delivery, Kevin Kelly, Khyber Pass, Kibera, Kickstarter, LNG terminal, low cost airline, low earth orbit, low interest rates, manufacturing employment, mass affluent, mass immigration, megacity, Mercator projection, Metcalfe’s law, microcredit, middle-income trap, mittelstand, Monroe Doctrine, Multics, mutually assured destruction, Neal Stephenson, New Economic Geography, new economy, New Urbanism, off grid, offshore financial centre, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, openstreetmap, out of africa, Panamax, Parag Khanna, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, Pearl River Delta, Peter Thiel, Philip Mirowski, Planet Labs, plutocrats, post-oil, post-Panamax, precautionary principle, private military company, purchasing power parity, quantum entanglement, Quicken Loans, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, Rana Plaza, rent-seeking, reserve currency, Robert Gordon, Robert Shiller, Robert Solow, rolling blackouts, Ronald Coase, Scramble for Africa, Second Machine Age, sharing economy, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, Skype, smart cities, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, South China Sea, South Sea Bubble, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spice trade, Stuxnet, supply-chain management, sustainable-tourism, systems thinking, TaskRabbit, tech worker, TED Talk, telepresence, the built environment, The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, Tragedy of the Commons, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, vertical integration, WikiLeaks, Yochai Benkler, young professional, zero day

Mankind’s voluntary concentration into a dense, coastal civilization is certainly efficient, but it may not be very wise. As rising sea levels invite oceanic surges that can drown our urban habitats, will we be forced to de-urbanize just as quickly as we have concentrated on the oceans’ shores? We can debate about geography, but we cannot debate with nature. A leaked Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change study from 2013 warned that shifting oceanic currents and the increased frequency of extreme weather events will result in flooding, crop failure, heat waves, and escalating poverty in countries without the robust infrastructure and safety nets to ride out such ecosystem imbalances.


Barcelona by Damien Simonis

Berlin Wall, call centre, carbon footprint, Fall of the Berlin Wall, feminist movement, Frank Gehry, gentrification, haute couture, haute cuisine, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kickstarter, land reform, Murano, Venice glass, New Urbanism, North Sea oil, retail therapy, Suez canal 1869, sustainable-tourism, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl

Modern travel is dependent on aeroplanes and while they might use less fuel per kilometre per person than most cars, they travel much greater distances. It’s not just COâ, emissions from aircraft that are the problem. The altitude at which aircraft emit gases (including COâ,) and particles contributes significantly to their total climate change impact. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change believes aviation is responsible for 4.9% of climate change – double the effect of its COâ, emissions alone. Lonely Planet regards travel as a global benefit. We encourage the use of more climate-friendly travel modes where possible and, together with other concerned partners across many industries, we support the carbon offset scheme run by ClimateCare.


pages: 566 words: 151,193

Diet for a New America by John Robbins

Albert Einstein, carbon footprint, clean water, disinformation, Flynn Effect, haute cuisine, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Isaac Newton, ocean acidification, placebo effect, Ralph Nader, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Stewart Brand, Whole Earth Review

But if you wanted to make such a case, you probably wouldn’t want to debate the issue with Rajendra Pachauri, who is probably as knowledgeable about climate change as anyone on earth. He is the head of Yale University’s Climate and Energy Institute and is the twice-elected chairperson of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize during his tenure. He stresses repeatedly that the production of modern meat is causing a stunningly high percentage of the problem, so much so that the best way to combat global warming is to eat less meat. “In terms of…the feasibility of bringing about reductions [in greenhouse gas emissions] in a short period of time, it clearly is the most attractive opportunity,” he says.


The Rough Guide to Ireland by Clements, Paul

Berlin Wall, bike sharing, British Empire, Celtic Tiger, Columbine, country house hotel, digital map, East Village, haute couture, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kickstarter, Murano, Venice glass, plutocrats, Ronald Reagan, sustainable-tourism, the market place, three-masted sailing ship, trade route, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl

Actually a complex of bogs that once covered two thousand square kilometres between the rivers Liffey, Barrow, Shannon and Boyne, it’s now much diminished by drainage and stripping. Bog of Allen Nature Centre Mon–Fri 10am–5pm, last admission 4pm, plus weekend openings for special events in summer • €5 donation requested • 045 860133, ipcc.ie The best place to get a handle on the bog is in LULLYMORE, a tranquil parish and former monastic settlement on the road to nowhere 16km north of Kildare, which sits on an island of mineral soil, surrounded by peat. Here you’ll find the Bog of Allen Nature Centre, run by the Irish Peatland Conservation Council, a charity whose aim is to ensure the conservation of a representative sample of Irish bogs.

Under pressure from the Irish Peatland Conservation Council, however, the Irish government has committed itself to acquiring 500 square kilometres of raised and blanket bog, around a quarter of what remains, for conservation. For more information on bogs, go to the Irish Peatland Conservation Council’s excellent website at ipcc.ie. Castletown Celbridge, 18km west of Dublin • Hourly guided tours (1hr) mid-March to Oct Mon–Sat 10.15am–5pm, Sun 10am–5pm • €4.50; Heritage Card & Heritage Island • castletown.ie • Dublin Bus #67, mostly from Connolly LUAS stop The oldest and largest Palladian country house in Ireland, Castletown is also one of the very finest.


pages: 479 words: 144,453

Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow by Yuval Noah Harari

23andMe, Aaron Swartz, agricultural Revolution, algorithmic trading, Anne Wojcicki, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Anton Chekhov, autonomous vehicles, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, call centre, Chekhov's gun, Chris Urmson, cognitive dissonance, Columbian Exchange, computer age, DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, Deng Xiaoping, don't be evil, driverless car, drone strike, European colonialism, experimental subject, falling living standards, Flash crash, Frank Levy and Richard Murnane: The New Division of Labor, glass ceiling, global village, Great Leap Forward, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of writing, invisible hand, Isaac Newton, job automation, John Markoff, Kevin Kelly, lifelogging, low interest rates, means of production, Mikhail Gorbachev, Minecraft, Moneyball by Michael Lewis explains big data, Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay, mutually assured destruction, new economy, Nick Bostrom, pattern recognition, peak-end rule, Peter Thiel, placebo effect, Ray Kurzweil, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley ideology, stem cell, Steven Pinker, telemarketer, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, too big to fail, trade route, Turing machine, Turing test, ultimatum game, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, zero-sum game

Edward Wong, ‘In China, Breathing Becomes a Childhood Risk’, New York Times, 22 April 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/world/asia/pollution-is-radically-changing-childhood-in-chinas-cities.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; Barbara Demick, ‘China Entrepreneurs Cash in on Air Pollution’, Los Angeles Times, 2 February 2013, accessed 22 December 2014, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/02/world/la-fg-china-pollution-20130203. 4. IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change – Summary for Policymakers, ed. Ottmar Edenhofer et al. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 6. 5. UNEP, The Emissions Gap Report 2012 (Nairobi: UNEP, 2012); IEA, Energy Policies of IEA Countries: The United States (Paris: IEA, 2008). 6.


pages: 558 words: 168,179

Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right by Jane Mayer

Adam Curtis, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, American Legislative Exchange Council, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Bakken shale, bank run, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, carried interest, centre right, clean water, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, collective bargaining, company town, corporate raider, crony capitalism, David Brooks, desegregation, disinformation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, energy security, estate planning, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, George Gilder, high-speed rail, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, independent contractor, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, job automation, low skilled workers, mandatory minimum, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, military-industrial complex, Mont Pelerin Society, More Guns, Less Crime, multilevel marketing, Nate Silver, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, plutocrats, Powell Memorandum, Ralph Nader, Renaissance Technologies, road to serfdom, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, school choice, school vouchers, Solyndra, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, the scientific method, University of East Anglia, Unsafe at Any Speed, War on Poverty, working poor

Bush, like most political leaders of both parties at the time, accepted the science without dispute. He vowed to protect the environment, promising to fight “the Greenhouse Effect with the White House Effect” and sending his secretary of state, James Baker, to the first international summit of climate scientists, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Although Bush was a Republican, he was not an outlier in his party. For decades, the environmental movement had enjoyed bipartisan support. As public opinion mounted in favor of climate action, however, the fossil fuel industry organized and financed a stealthy state-of-the-art counteroffensive.


pages: 592 words: 161,798

The Future of War by Lawrence Freedman

Albert Einstein, autonomous vehicles, Berlin Wall, Black Swan, Boeing 747, British Empire, colonial rule, conceptual framework, crowdsourcing, cuban missile crisis, currency manipulation / currency intervention, disinformation, Donald Trump, Dr. Strangelove, driverless car, drone strike, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, Ernest Rutherford, failed state, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, global village, Google Glasses, Herman Kahn, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), John Markoff, long peace, megacity, Mikhail Gorbachev, military-industrial complex, moral hazard, mutually assured destruction, New Journalism, Norbert Wiener, nuclear taboo, open economy, pattern recognition, Peace of Westphalia, RAND corporation, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, speech recognition, Steven Pinker, Strategic Defense Initiative, Stuxnet, Suez canal 1869, Suez crisis 1956, systematic bias, the scientific method, uranium enrichment, urban sprawl, Valery Gerasimov, Wargames Reagan, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, WikiLeaks, zero day

The immediate causes would be population movements and the impoverishment of already weak states, possibly leading to their fragmentation.24 Over the following two decades this concern grew and became bound up with the wider controversies about the extent of global warming, its consequences, and how it should be tackled.25 In 2007 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon observed that while the conflict in Sudan’s Darfur region was discussed as ‘an ethnic conflict pitting Arab militias against black rebels and farmers,’ it was one that had begun as an ‘ecological crisis, arising at least in part from climate change.’ A drought lasting two decades had meant that there was insufficient food and water, and this was in part responsible for the crisis.26 One claim from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was that glaciers in the Himalayas would melt rapidly (this was later disputed), affecting agriculture in Pakistan and potentially aggravating the dispute with India over Kashmir.27 In 2011 it was suggested that a sudden rise in food prices, which reached record highs, was one reason for the waves of protest and a factor in the protests that toppled Tunisian president Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali and Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak.


pages: 579 words: 164,339

Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth? by Alan Weisman

air freight, Albert Einstein, Anthropocene, anti-communist, Ayatollah Khomeini, Berlin Wall, biodiversity loss, Bretton Woods, British Empire, call centre, carbon footprint, clean water, colonial rule, David Attenborough, degrowth, demographic transition, Deng Xiaoping, Edward Jenner, El Camino Real, epigenetics, Filipino sailors, Garrett Hardin, Great Leap Forward, Haber-Bosch Process, happiness index / gross national happiness, haute couture, housing crisis, ice-free Arctic, Ignaz Semmelweis: hand washing, illegal immigration, immigration reform, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), land reform, liberation theology, load shedding, Louis Pasteur, Mahatma Gandhi, Mahbub ul Haq, megacity, Menlo Park, Michael Shellenberger, microdosing, Money creation, new economy, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, Pearl River Delta, planetary scale, Ponzi scheme, race to the bottom, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Satyajit Das, Seymour Hersh, Silicon Valley, South China Sea, stem cell, Stephen Hawking, Stewart Brand, unemployed young men, upwardly mobile, urban sprawl, Whole Earth Catalog, WikiLeaks

Miami–Dade County will be abandoned. Mumbai will be abandoned—15 million people. Atlantic City—you name it. With a four-or five-foot rise in sea level, most of the deltas of the world will be abandoned.” Until recently, that might have been dismissed as a crackpot’s ranting. But the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 worst-case scenario of less than a two-foot rise by the year 2100 is now being grimly reconsidered, as poles melt faster than expected and their dark exposed waters absorb more heat, and as thawing methane deposits bubble forth. The only one I’ve found disputing Dr. Wanless’s extreme predictions is a Florida real estate blogger.


pages: 1,351 words: 385,579

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined by Steven Pinker

1960s counterculture, affirmative action, Alan Turing: On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Albert Einstein, availability heuristic, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Boeing 747, Bonfire of the Vanities, book value, bread and circuses, British Empire, Broken windows theory, business cycle, California gold rush, Cass Sunstein, citation needed, classic study, clean water, cognitive dissonance, colonial rule, Columbine, computer age, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, conceptual framework, confounding variable, correlation coefficient, correlation does not imply causation, crack epidemic, cuban missile crisis, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Brooks, delayed gratification, demographic transition, desegregation, Doomsday Clock, Douglas Hofstadter, Dr. Strangelove, Edward Glaeser, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, experimental subject, facts on the ground, failed state, first-past-the-post, Flynn Effect, food miles, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, fudge factor, full employment, Garrett Hardin, George Santayana, ghettoisation, Gini coefficient, global village, Golden arches theory, Great Leap Forward, Henri Poincaré, Herbert Marcuse, Herman Kahn, high-speed rail, Hobbesian trap, humanitarian revolution, impulse control, income inequality, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invention of the printing press, Isaac Newton, lake wobegon effect, libertarian paternalism, long peace, longitudinal study, loss aversion, Marshall McLuhan, mass incarceration, McMansion, means of production, mental accounting, meta-analysis, Mikhail Gorbachev, mirror neurons, moral panic, mutually assured destruction, Nelson Mandela, nuclear taboo, Oklahoma City bombing, open economy, Peace of Westphalia, Peter Singer: altruism, power law, QWERTY keyboard, race to the bottom, Ralph Waldo Emerson, random walk, Republic of Letters, Richard Thaler, Ronald Reagan, Rosa Parks, Saturday Night Live, security theater, Skinner box, Skype, Slavoj Žižek, South China Sea, Stanford marshmallow experiment, Stanford prison experiment, statistical model, stem cell, Steven Levy, Steven Pinker, sunk-cost fallacy, technological determinism, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, the long tail, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, theory of mind, Timothy McVeigh, Tragedy of the Commons, transatlantic slave trade, trolley problem, Turing machine, twin studies, ultimatum game, uranium enrichment, Vilfredo Pareto, Walter Mischel, WarGames: Global Thermonuclear War, WikiLeaks, women in the workforce, zero-sum game

A 2007 New York Times op-ed warned, “Climate stress may well represent a challenge to international security just as dangerous—and more intractable—than the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War or the proliferation of nuclear weapons among rogue states today.”288 That same year Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their call to action against global warming because, according to the citation, climate change is a threat to international security. A rising fear lifts all the boats. Calling global warming “a force multiplier for instability,” a group of military officers wrote that “climate change will provide the conditions that will extend the war on terror.”289 Once again it seems to me that the appropriate response is “maybe, but maybe not.”

Humphrey, Robert Hundred Years’ War Hungary Hunt, Lynn hunter-gatherers data sources for deaths from warfare rates of violence hunter-horticulturalists data sources for deaths from warfare rates of violence hunting Huntington, Samuel Hussein, Saddam Hutchins, Robert Maynard hydraulic theory hyperbolic discounting identity politics ideology Age of Ideology blood and soil Christian and cognitive dissonance reduction compartmentalization of and conformity decline of and enforcement and genocide introduction of concept militant and Moralization Gap Nazism and pluralistic ignorance and polarization and relational models and suicide terrorists IGOs (intergovernmental organizations) Incas inclusive fitness independence, of new nations; see also decolonization Index of Forbidden Books India: caste system in death toll in emergence of agriculture famine in female infanticide in human sacrifice in Muslim invaders of and nuclear capability and Pakistan socialism in suttee in terrorism in wars in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (film) Indonesia Industrial Revolution inequality, economic, and violence infanticide and cultural norms in fairy tales female male taboo against triage theory “In Flanders Fields,” informalizing process information: and dominance and morality spread of and technology see also cosmopolitanism Innocent IV, Pope Innocent X, Pope Inquisition instrumental violence, see predatory violence integrative complexity intelligence: and cooperation and democracy and economic literacy general (g) heritabity of IQ tests and liberalism and reason rise in, see Flynn Effect and self-control and sophistication of political discourse and violence intercommunal conflict interest: compound and self-control Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Intermale Aggression circuit; see also dominance International Rescue Committee (IRC) Interpol Inuit people IQ tests Iran Iran-Iraq War Iraq Al Qaeda in (AQI) civilian deaths in Kuwait invaded by nuclear capability of U.S.-led invasion of and USS Stark Iraq Body Count Ireland human sacrifice in immigrants from wars in irredentism Isaiah Islamic states: acts of barbarity autocratic civilization in conflicts in and genocide India invaded by liberalizing forces in and nuclear weapons population of punishment in and religious wars and Sharia law and slavery and terrorism women in Israel and nuclear capability and Palestine and peace with Egypt and Six-Day War and terrorism Israelites, ancient Italy fascism in homicides in militant nationalism in terrorism in torture in unification violence in Jackson, Andrew Jack the Ripper Jacobi, Friedrich Jagger, Mick Jamaica James, William James II, king of England Janis, Irving Japan as great power historical amnesia in human sacrifice in kamikaze pilots militant nationalism in and nuclear power and terrorism and world wars Japanese Americans, in World War II Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Airplane Jerome, Saint Jervis, Robert Jesus acceptance as savior crucifixion of Jews: anti-Semitism dietary laws of and Holocaust, see Holocaust legal equality granted to massacres of as moneylenders and Pale of Settlement see also Bible, Old Testament; Israelites, ancient Jivaro people Joe the Plumber Johnson, Dominic Johnson, Lyndon B.


pages: 583 words: 182,990

The Ministry for the Future: A Novel by Kim Stanley Robinson

"World Economic Forum" Davos, agricultural Revolution, airport security, Anthropocene, availability heuristic, basic income, bitcoin, blockchain, Bretton Woods, cakes and ale, carbon tax, centre right, clean tech, clean water, cryptocurrency, dark matter, decarbonisation, degrowth, distributed ledger, drone strike, European colonialism, failed state, fiat currency, Food sovereignty, full employment, Gini coefficient, global village, green new deal, happiness index / gross national happiness, High speed trading, high-speed rail, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invisible hand, Jevons paradox, Kim Stanley Robinson, land reform, liberation theology, liquidity trap, Mahbub ul Haq, megacity, megastructure, Modern Monetary Theory, mutually assured destruction, nuclear winter, ocean acidification, off grid, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, place-making, plutocrats, Ponzi scheme, post-oil, precariat, price stability, public intellectual, quantitative easing, rewilding, RFID, Robert Solow, seigniorage, Shenzhen special economic zone , Silicon Valley, special economic zone, structural adjustment programs, synthetic biology, time value of money, Tragedy of the Commons, universal basic income, wage slave, Washington Consensus

So at COP29, held in Bogotá, Colombia, the Parties to the Agreement created a new Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Agreement, as authorized by Articles 16 and 18, to be funded using the funding protocols outlined in Article 8, which bound all Parties to the methods outlined in the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. The announcement said: “Be it resolved that a Subsidiary Body authorized by this twenty-ninth Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the parties to the Paris Climate Agreement (CMA) is hereby established, to work with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and all the agencies of the United Nations, and all the governments signatory to the Paris Agreement, to advocate for the world’s future generations of citizens, whose rights, as defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are as valid as our own. This new Subsidiary Body is furthermore charged with defending all living creatures present and future who cannot speak for themselves, by promoting their legal standing and physical protection.”


pages: 789 words: 207,744

The Patterning Instinct: A Cultural History of Humanity's Search for Meaning by Jeremy Lent

Admiral Zheng, agricultural Revolution, Albert Einstein, Alfred Russel Wallace, Anthropocene, Atahualpa, Benoit Mandelbrot, Bretton Woods, British Empire, Buckminster Fuller, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, cognitive dissonance, commoditize, complexity theory, conceptual framework, dematerialisation, demographic transition, different worldview, Doomsday Book, Easter island, en.wikipedia.org, European colonialism, failed state, Firefox, Ford Model T, Francisco Pizarro, Garrett Hardin, Georg Cantor, Great Leap Forward, Hans Moravec, happiness index / gross national happiness, hedonic treadmill, income inequality, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, invention of gunpowder, invention of writing, Isaac Newton, Jevons paradox, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Kepler, language acquisition, Lao Tzu, Law of Accelerating Returns, mandelbrot fractal, mass immigration, megacity, Metcalfe's law, Mikhail Gorbachev, move 37, Neil Armstrong, Nicholas Carr, Nick Bostrom, Norbert Wiener, oil shale / tar sands, out of africa, peak oil, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Plato's cave, QWERTY keyboard, Ray Kurzweil, Robert Solow, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, scientific management, Scientific racism, scientific worldview, seminal paper, shareholder value, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Simon Kuznets, social intelligence, South China Sea, Stephen Hawking, Steven Pinker, Stuart Kauffman, synthetic biology, systems thinking, technological singularity, the scientific method, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, theory of mind, Thomas Kuhn: the structure of scientific revolutions, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, Tragedy of the Commons, Turing test, ultimatum game, urban sprawl, Vernor Vinge, wikimedia commons

The easily identifiable forces propelling humanity on its current course are the special interests that gain financially and politically—at least, in the short term—from continued economic growth and use of fossil fuels. Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent annually in political lobbying and funding for those who deny the threat of anthropogenic climate change. Even though 98 percent of serious scientists stand behind the findings of the UN-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the “climate deniers” wield enough power over the media in the United States that they continue to define the public debate in terms of whether there is climate change rather than what to do about it. They currently exert enough power over the US legislative process to thwart meaningful legislation at the national level.63 However, even without these special interests, some structural characteristics of our global system make it very difficult to change direction.


pages: 677 words: 206,548

Future Crimes: Everything Is Connected, Everyone Is Vulnerable and What We Can Do About It by Marc Goodman

23andMe, 3D printing, active measures, additive manufacturing, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, airport security, Albert Einstein, algorithmic trading, Alvin Toffler, Apollo 11, Apollo 13, artificial general intelligence, Asilomar, Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, Baxter: Rethink Robotics, Bill Joy: nanobots, bitcoin, Black Swan, blockchain, borderless world, Boston Dynamics, Brian Krebs, business process, butterfly effect, call centre, Charles Lindbergh, Chelsea Manning, Citizen Lab, cloud computing, Cody Wilson, cognitive dissonance, computer vision, connected car, corporate governance, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, data acquisition, data is the new oil, data science, Dean Kamen, deep learning, DeepMind, digital rights, disinformation, disintermediation, Dogecoin, don't be evil, double helix, Downton Abbey, driverless car, drone strike, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, Erik Brynjolfsson, Evgeny Morozov, Filter Bubble, Firefox, Flash crash, Free Software Foundation, future of work, game design, gamification, global pandemic, Google Chrome, Google Earth, Google Glasses, Gordon Gekko, Hacker News, high net worth, High speed trading, hive mind, Howard Rheingold, hypertext link, illegal immigration, impulse control, industrial robot, information security, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, Jaron Lanier, Jeff Bezos, job automation, John Harrison: Longitude, John Markoff, Joi Ito, Jony Ive, Julian Assange, Kevin Kelly, Khan Academy, Kickstarter, Kiva Systems, knowledge worker, Kuwabatake Sanjuro: assassination market, Large Hadron Collider, Larry Ellison, Laura Poitras, Law of Accelerating Returns, Lean Startup, license plate recognition, lifelogging, litecoin, low earth orbit, M-Pesa, machine translation, Mark Zuckerberg, Marshall McLuhan, Menlo Park, Metcalfe’s law, MITM: man-in-the-middle, mobile money, more computing power than Apollo, move fast and break things, Nate Silver, national security letter, natural language processing, Nick Bostrom, obamacare, Occupy movement, Oculus Rift, off grid, off-the-grid, offshore financial centre, operational security, optical character recognition, Parag Khanna, pattern recognition, peer-to-peer, personalized medicine, Peter H. Diamandis: Planetary Resources, Peter Thiel, pre–internet, printed gun, RAND corporation, ransomware, Ray Kurzweil, Recombinant DNA, refrigerator car, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Rodney Brooks, Ross Ulbricht, Russell Brand, Salesforce, Satoshi Nakamoto, Second Machine Age, security theater, self-driving car, shareholder value, Sheryl Sandberg, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, SimCity, Skype, smart cities, smart grid, smart meter, Snapchat, social graph, SoftBank, software as a service, speech recognition, stealth mode startup, Stephen Hawking, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, strong AI, Stuxnet, subscription business, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, tech worker, technological singularity, TED Talk, telepresence, telepresence robot, Tesla Model S, The future is already here, The Future of Employment, the long tail, The Wisdom of Crowds, Tim Cook: Apple, trade route, uranium enrichment, Virgin Galactic, Wall-E, warehouse robotics, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, Wave and Pay, We are Anonymous. We are Legion, web application, Westphalian system, WikiLeaks, Y Combinator, you are the product, zero day

Police Blunders Give Thousands Records for Crimes They Have Not Committed,” Daily Mail Online, Dec. 28, 2012. 23 Police data systems: Asher Moses, “Hackers Break Into Police Computer as Sting Backfires,” Sydney Morning Herald, Aug. 18, 2009; “Hacker ‘Steals’ Hertfordshire Police Officers’ Data,” BBC News, Aug. 30, 2012; Sabari Selvan, “Italy’s Police Website Vitrociset.​it Hacked by #Antisec,” E Hacking News, July 30, 2011; “Ten Months Later, Memphis Police Dept. First Notifies People of Data Breach?,” Office of Inadequate Security, Feb. 21, 2014; “Montreal Police Database Hacked; Personal Information Posted Online,” Global News, Feb. 19, 2013; IPCC, “Hacking into Police Force Systems,” Learning the Lessons, May 2013; Jeff Goldman, “Honolulu Police Department Hacked,” eSecurity Planet, May 8, 2013. 24 In 2013, the Danish: “Danish Police Driving Licence Database Hacked by a Top Rated Swedish Hacker,” Scandinavia Today, June 6, 2013. 135 “exterminate the rats”: “Philadelphia Police Witness Information Hacked,” Lawofficer.​com, accessed Nov. 9, 2013. 25 Once his fingers: “Ex-con Returns to Jail for Hacking Prison Computers,” PCWorld, Nov. 15, 2008. 26 As open and vulnerable: David Schultz, “As Patients’ Records Go Digital, Theft and Hacking Problems Grow,” Kaiser Health News, June 3, 2012; Kim Zetter, “It’s Insanely Easy to Hack Hospital Equipment,” Wired, April 25, 2014; Kelly Jackson Higgins, “Anatomy of an Electronic Health Record Zero-Day,” Dark Reading, Dec. 4, 2013. 27 Forget for the moment: Neal Ungerleider, “Medical Cybercrime: The Next Frontier,” Fast Company, Aug. 15, 2012. 28 In fact, HHS has documented: Nelson Harvey, “Hospital Database Hacked, Patient Info Vulnerable,” Aspen Daily News, March 15, 2014. 29 Worse, if your blood type: “Victim of Botched Transplant Declared Dead,” CNN, Feb. 23, 2003. 30 They allegedly: EMC Corporation, “2013: A Year in Review,” Jan. 2014. 31 Fully automated phishing kits: Ibid. 32 As a result, more than 100 million: Miles Date, “Why We Need to Support DMARC and Fight Phishing,” Deliverability Next, April 2, 2013. 33 Thus for about $130: Cisco, Email Attacks: This Time It’s Personal, June 2011. 34 When Coke’s deputy president: Ben Elgin, Dune Lawrence, and Michael Riley, “Coke Gets Hacked and Doesn’t Tell Anyone,” Bloomberg, Nov. 4, 2012. 35 Coke is not alone: TrendLabs APT Research Team, “Spear-Phishing Email: Most Favored APT Attack Bait,” Trend Micro Incorporated Research Paper, 2012. 36 Highly specialized: Rob Waugh, “New PC Virus Doesn’t Just Steal Your Money—It Creates Fake Online Bank Statements So You Even Don’t Know It’s Gone,” Daily Mail Online, Jan. 6, 2012. 37 Thus, if the thieves: Amy Klein, “Holiday Shopping and Fraud Schemes,” Security Intelligence, Jan. 4, 2012. 38 “one count each of extortion”: Carol Todd, “Arrest of Dutch Man in Amanda Todd Cyberbullying Rekindles Family Anguish,” CBC News, April 28, 2014. 39 Coban’s alleged modus operandi: Associated Press, “Netherlands Arrest in Amanda Todd Webcam Blackmail Case,” Guardian, April 17, 2014. 40 Dozens of other victims: Associated Press, “Dutch Man Arrested in Connection with Suicide of Canadian Teen Amanda Todd,” New York Daily News, April 18, 2014. 41 The jealous woman allegedly copied: Dan Goodin, “Woman Charged with Cyberbullying Teen on Craigslist,” Register, Aug. 18, 2009. 42 The sensational story: Corey Grice and Scott Ard, “Hoax Briefly Shaves $2.5 Billion off Emulex’s Market Cap,” CNET; Jane C.


pages: 1,014 words: 237,531

Escape From Rome: The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity by Walter Scheidel

agricultural Revolution, barriers to entry, British Empire, classic study, colonial rule, conceptual framework, creative destruction, currency manipulation / currency intervention, dark matter, disruptive innovation, Easter island, Eratosthenes, European colonialism, financial innovation, financial intermediation, flying shuttle, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, Isaac Newton, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Kepler, joint-stock company, Joseph Schumpeter, knowledge economy, low interest rates, mandelbrot fractal, means of production, Multics, Network effects, out of africa, Peace of Westphalia, peer-to-peer lending, plutocrats, principal–agent problem, purchasing power parity, rent-seeking, Republic of Letters, secular stagnation, South China Sea, spinning jenny, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade route, transaction costs, vertical integration, zero-sum game

On happiness and “life evaluation,” see Deaton 2013: 18, 21, 53; Pinker 2018: 269. On global economic inequality trends, see Milanovic 2016: 118–32. On resilience of within-society economic inequality, see Scheidel 2017: 405–23. 12. For a taste of the growing literature on the risks the future holds, see Rees 2003, 2018, and, more specifically, http://www.ipcc.ch/, https://www.globalchange.gov/, and http://www.lancetcountdown.org/ for the fossil-fuel economy’s impact on the climate and human welfare. 13. McCloskey 2010: 125–384 (with 2016: 83–146) and Vries 2013: 153–438 are the most comprehensive (and strident) surveys-cum-critiques. Daly 2015 offers a scrupulously neutral survey of the main approaches, primarily aimed at students. 14.


Southwest USA Travel Guide by Lonely Planet

1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy, Albert Einstein, Apollo 11, Berlin Wall, Biosphere 2, Burning Man, carbon footprint, Columbine, Day of the Dead, Donner party, El Camino Real, friendly fire, G4S, haute couture, haute cuisine, housing crisis, illegal immigration, immigration reform, indoor plumbing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), low earth orbit, machine readable, off grid, off-the-grid, place-making, SpaceShipOne, supervolcano, trade route, transcontinental railway, Virgin Galactic, walkable city, Works Progress Administration, X Prize

METROPOLITAN ALBUQUERQUE Indian Pueblo Cultural Center MUSEUM (505-843-7270; www.indianpueblo.org; 2401 12th St NW; adult/child $6/3;9am-5pm) Operated by the All Indian Pueblo Council, the cultural center is a must-see even on the shortest of Albuquerque itineraries. The history exhibits are fascinating, and the arts wing features the finest examples of each Pueblo’s work. The IPCC also houses a large gift shop and retail gallery. Along with serving Pueblo-style cuisine, the on-site Pueblo Harvest Café (mains $5-8; 8am-3pm Mon-Fri, to 5pm Sat & Sun; ) has weekend art demonstrations, bread-baking demos and dances. Petroglyph National Monument ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE (www.nps.gov/petr) More than 20,000 petrogyphs are etched on basalt along the edge of an ancient lava field.


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Empire of Things: How We Became a World of Consumers, From the Fifteenth Century to the Twenty-First by Frank Trentmann

Abraham Maslow, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, Anton Chekhov, Ayatollah Khomeini, behavioural economics, Berlin Wall, Big bang: deregulation of the City of London, bread and circuses, British Empire, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, car-free, carbon footprint, Cass Sunstein, choice architecture, classic study, clean water, collaborative consumption, collective bargaining, colonial exploitation, colonial rule, Community Supported Agriculture, company town, critique of consumerism, cross-subsidies, Daniel Kahneman / Amos Tversky, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, equity premium, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Fellow of the Royal Society, financial exclusion, fixed income, food miles, Ford Model T, full employment, gentrification, germ theory of disease, global village, Great Leap Forward, haute cuisine, Herbert Marcuse, high net worth, income inequality, index card, informal economy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph Schumpeter, Kitchen Debate, knowledge economy, labour mobility, Les Trente Glorieuses, libertarian paternalism, Livingstone, I presume, longitudinal study, mass immigration, McMansion, mega-rich, Michael Shellenberger, moral panic, mortgage debt, Murano, Venice glass, Naomi Klein, New Urbanism, Paradox of Choice, Pier Paolo Pasolini, planned obsolescence, pneumatic tube, post-industrial society, Post-Keynesian economics, post-materialism, postnationalism / post nation state, profit motive, prosperity theology / prosperity gospel / gospel of success, public intellectual, purchasing power parity, Ralph Nader, rent control, retail therapy, Richard Thaler, Right to Buy, Ronald Reagan, school vouchers, scientific management, Scientific racism, Scramble for Africa, seminal paper, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Skype, stakhanovite, Ted Nordhaus, the built environment, the market place, The Spirit Level, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Thomas L Friedman, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, trade liberalization, trade route, transatlantic slave trade, union organizing, upwardly mobile, urban planning, urban sprawl, Washington Consensus, women in the workforce, working poor, young professional, zero-sum game

An alternative to this sequential scheme was to see history as a clash between rival identities, as in Werner Sombart’s famous portrayal of the First World War as a fight between calculating English merchants and primordial German heroes: W. Sombart, Händler und Helden (Munich, 1915); see also: David Priestland, Merchant, Soldier, Sage: A New History of Power (London, 2012). 3. For emissions, see the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group III – Mitigation of Climate Change (2014), esp. chs. 8 and 9. Emissions from transport have more than doubled since 1970, faster than any other energy end-use sector. The bulk of this increase (80%) has come from road vehicles. See also: International Energy Agency, Energy Efficiency Indicators: Essentials for Policy-makers (Paris, 2014); International Energy Agency, Worldwide Trends in Energy Use and Efficiency (Paris, 2008); for meat and nitrogen, see the Royal Society, People and the Planet (London, 2012).


Lonely Planet Ireland by Lonely Planet

bank run, banking crisis, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, bike sharing, Bob Geldof, British Empire, carbon footprint, Celtic Tiger, classic study, country house hotel, credit crunch, Easter island, G4S, glass ceiling, global village, haute cuisine, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jacquard loom, Kickstarter, land reform, reserve currency, sustainable-tourism, three-masted sailing ship, young professional

But the cemetery is best known for its most famous resident – a vault amid the ruins of the 14th-century church is the last resting place of Arthur Guinness (1724–1803), the brewer who created the world-famous black beer. Bog of Allen Bog of Allen Nature CentreMUSEUM ( GOOGLE MAP ; %045-860 133; www.ipcc.ie; R414, Lullymore; adult/child €5/free; h9am-5pm Mon-Fri year-round, occasional weekends May-Sep; pc)S A fascinating institution run by the nonprofit Irish Peatland Conservation Council, this interpretive centre celebrates the amazing biodiversity of Ireland's bogs, and traces the history of peat extraction and the threat it poses to wildlife and the environment.


Ireland (Lonely Planet, 9th Edition) by Fionn Davenport

air freight, Berlin Wall, Bob Geldof, British Empire, carbon credits, carbon footprint, Celtic Tiger, centre right, classic study, country house hotel, credit crunch, Easter island, glass ceiling, global village, haute cuisine, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jacquard loom, Kickstarter, McMansion, new economy, period drama, reserve currency, risk/return, sustainable-tourism, three-masted sailing ship, urban planning, urban renewal, urban sprawl, young professional

Just southwest of Robertstown and at the centre of the Kildare flatlands, the Hill of Allen (206m) was a strategic spot through the centuries due to its 360-degree view. Today the top is marked by a 19th-century folly and the ruins of some Iron Age fortifications said to mark the home of Fionn McCumhaill. Further west you’ll find the wonderfully interpretive Bog of Allen Nature Centre ( 045-860 133; www.ipcc.ie; R414, Lullymore; adult/child €6/free; 9.30am-5pm Mon-Fri), a fascinating institution run by the nonprofit Irish Peatland Conservation Council. The centre traces the history of bogs and peat production, and has the largest carnivorous plant collection in Ireland, including sundews, butterwort and other bog-native protein-eaters.