Bakken shale

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pages: 423 words: 118,002

The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World by Russell Gold

accounting loophole / creative accounting, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, activist lawyer, addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, American energy revolution, Bakken shale, Bernie Sanders, Buckminster Fuller, California energy crisis, Carl Icahn, clean water, corporate governance, corporate raider, cotton gin, electricity market, energy security, energy transition, financial engineering, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), man camp, margin call, market fundamentalism, Mason jar, North Sea oil, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, precautionary principle, Project Plowshare, risk tolerance, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, seminal paper, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Upton Sinclair

.: Devon and, 141, 155 drilling fund of, 138–42 Nichols, Larry, 135–38 background of, 138, 140–41, 156 comparisons between McClendon and, 155–56 conservatism of, 141, 148, 151, 156 Devon’s acquisitions and, 137, 142–44, 155, 157 Gold’s visit with, 156–58 and research and development, 143–44, 148, 155 and sale of Mitchell Energy, 135–37 Niels Esperson Building, 88, 91–92, 95, 111–12 Nigeria, 33–34, 50, 125 Nilles, Bruce, 258–59 9/11 terrorist attacks, 137–38, 151, 251 Nixon, Richard, 50, 81, 83, 162 Nogee, Alan, 261 noise logs, 288–89 Nolte, Kenneth, 129 North Dakota, 3, 5–6 Bakken Shale in, 33, 38, 43–46, 49, 57 employment and, 37–38, 46, 57 fracking and, 37–49, 51–57, 60–62, 122 gas and, 39, 309–10 oil in, 6, 33, 38–39, 42–44, 49–50, 55–57, 60, 130, 310 North Field, 17 Norton, Wylie, 211, 232–33 nuclear power, 79–83, 266, 303 fracking and, 80–83, 129 gas vs., 5, 35–36, 254 in Germany, 302 opposition to, 79, 263 Nucor, 304, 306 Obama, Barack, 58–59 Occidental Petroleum, 176 Ohio, 2, 5, 192, 206–7, 221 oil, 2–10, 84, 103–6, 196, 231, 234–35, 254, 264, 303–6 Austin Chalk and, 176–77 Bakken Shale and, 33, 38–40, 43–44, 46–47, 49, 54–58, 62, 303 Barnett Shale and, 117, 132 benefits of, 19, 21, 58–59 Burkburnett and, 20–23, 27, 30, 34, 300 Cambe and, 86–87 Chesapeake and, 173, 179, 187, 194, 199, 252 Chu on, 59 Cooke and, 277–79, 281–82 Deepwater Horizon and, 260–61, 273–74 demand for, 74–75 drawbacks of, 19–22, 34, 59 drilling funds and, 139–40, 142 Eads and, 180, 185, 204 East Virgil prospect and, 170–71 extracted in Los Angeles, 149 Farris’s research and, 71–72 finances and, 8–9, 50, 56–57, 74, 125, 129, 133–34, 138, 141, 167, 179, 282, 285 Fish’s background and, 61–62 fracking and, 2–3, 5–6, 13, 18, 23, 27–30, 33–34, 40–41, 43–44, 48, 52, 54, 62–64, 66–70, 75–78, 80, 82, 103, 297, 303, 305 Gearhart and, 281–83, 285, 291 and Gulf of Mexico, 19, 75, 113, 134, 164, 260, 273–74 history and, 14, 16–18, 63–83 independents and, 2–3 industry research on, 70–74, 76–79 McClendon and, 9–10, 161–62, 164–65, 167–69, 174, 190, 198–99, 201–2, 206 mineral rights and, 21–22, 168, 191, 193 Mitchell and, 7–10, 86–87, 90–92, 95, 97, 105–6, 111, 134 mixing of water and, 98–100, 279 Nichols and, 138, 140–42, 156 in North Dakota, 6, 33, 38–39, 42–44, 49–50, 55–57, 60, 130, 310 peak, 57, 77–79 Permian Basin and, 130, 230 Perot Museum and, 295–96 and proximity of wells, 19–20 regulation of, 23, 25, 43, 98–99, 101, 106, 109–11, 113, 151, 180, 232, 287, 289, 291 Spindletop and, 68–69 Steinsberger on, 131–32 Sullivan County and, 225–26 superstitions and, 54, 71, 151–52, 277–78 technology of extraction of, 59–60, 63, 66–70, 74 Titusville and, 63, 65–67 U.S. consumption of, 5–6, 49 U.S. importation of, 33–35, 49–50, 59, 83, 122, 303–4 U.S. production of, 24, 33–34, 49–51, 74, 77–78, 304 Utica Shale and, 206, 221 well construction integrity and, 271–72, 277, 280, 285, 292 from Wilmington oil field, 118–19 Oil!

Thanks to fracking, the United States is producing more natural gas than ever. The same technology used to get gas out of shale is now being used to get oil as well. In the summer of 2013, the United States pumped nearly 7.5 million barrels a day of crude oil, a level unseen since 1990. North Dakota, home to the Bakken Shale, was producing 875,000 barrels a day, up from 150,000 barrels five years earlier. For decades, the United States has imported millions of barrels of oil every day. Imports are now falling. While it seems unlikely that America will ever become “energy independent,” it is certainly unwinding its dependence on foreign suppliers in the Middle East and Africa.

“No one gets hurt today, right?” There are murmurs of assent. One worker yells, “Exactly!” “All right, gentlemen,” Byington says as he looks around, “let’s go have some fun.” I have come to North Dakota to observe the fracking of the Irene Kovaloff 11-18H, a well on the southern edge of the Bakken Shale. There is nothing exotic about the well. It is one of a crowd of one hundred wells that will be fracked in the United States on this particular day in October 2012, ten in North Dakota alone. I could have chosen any number of places to witness a frack. But North Dakota offered an unvarnished view of the industry at full throttle.


pages: 391 words: 97,018

Better, Stronger, Faster: The Myth of American Decline . . . And the Rise of a New Economy by Daniel Gross

"World Economic Forum" Davos, 2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Airbnb, Alan Greenspan, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, asset-backed security, Bakken shale, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, BRICs, British Empire, business cycle, business process, business process outsourcing, call centre, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, clean water, collapse of Lehman Brothers, collateralized debt obligation, commoditize, congestion pricing, creative destruction, credit crunch, currency manipulation / currency intervention, demand response, Donald Trump, financial engineering, Frederick Winslow Taylor, high net worth, high-speed rail, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, If something cannot go on forever, it will stop - Herbert Stein's Law, illegal immigration, index fund, intangible asset, intermodal, inventory management, Kenneth Rogoff, labor-force participation, LNG terminal, low interest rates, low skilled workers, man camp, Mark Zuckerberg, Martin Wolf, Mary Meeker, Maui Hawaii, McMansion, money market fund, mortgage debt, Network effects, new economy, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, plutocrats, price stability, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, reshoring, Richard Florida, rising living standards, risk tolerance, risk/return, scientific management, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, six sigma, Skype, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, superstar cities, the High Line, transit-oriented development, Wall-E, Yogi Berra, zero-sum game, Zipcar

In recent years drillers have also perfected horizontal drilling techniques, delving up to two miles deep and then two miles across—an efficient means of exploring vast stretches of territory. Once the two techniques were married in the Bakken Shale in 2007, oil rigs and workers came rushing in. Oil production rose sharply, from 45.9 million barrels in 2007 to 113 million in 2010 and more than 150 million in 2011, making North Dakota the fourth-largest oil-producing state in the United States and a larger force in the market than Ecuador, an OPEC member. With more investment in the Bakken Shale, which covers a swath of North Dakota that is larger than the state of Maryland, locals believe production can double from the current level of 418,000 barrels per day.

The boom in the state, whose economy grew a BRIC-esque 7 percent in 2010, is being led by oil.3 First discovered in the 1950s, the oil fields in western North Dakota declined in the 1980s and 1990s. Oil production peaked at about 150,000 barrels per day in the late 1970s, and in 2001 it fell to a relative trickle of 85,000 barrels per day. But starting in the middle of the 2000s, new techniques were brought to bear in the Bakken Shale, the stratum of rock that lies under about 15,000 square miles of scrubland in the western part of the state. It turned out that hydraulic fracturing, or fracking—the technique first developed in the Barnett Shale in Texas, in which massive water pressure is applied to liberate natural gas from rock—can also be used to liberate liquid oil.

., 101 Argentina, 85, 176, 203 arms, exports of, 108–9 Armstrong, Tim, 183 Arvizu, Dan, 210 Asia, 13, 35, 87, 144, 203, 226, 228 employment and, 164, 168 exports and, 103, 105, 120, 123 inports and, 131, 138, 140, 146 North Dakota and, 155, 161 and reshoring and insourcing, 169–70, 173, 176–78 Associated Press, 174, 190, 206 Association of International Educators (NAFSA), 119–20 athletes, 126–27 ATM machines, 124, 174–76 Auletta, Ken, 183 Australia, 14, 48, 74, 103, 203 exports and, 98, 106, 122 autos, automakers, 2, 7, 14–15, 21, 34, 104, 186 bailout of, 33, 40–43, 46, 133, 136 efficiency economy and, 60–61, 69, 75, 77–79, 102, 173, 222–24, 227 efficient consumers and, 182, 190–93, 195–96 electric, 41, 79, 97, 210–11, 222 FDI and, 82, 87, 97 hybrid, 78–80, 211 inports and, 133–37, 227 Japan and, 14, 26, 41, 79, 87, 134–35, 173 and reshoring and insourcing, 167–68, 173–74 restructuring and, 46, 51–52, 78, 136, 173–74 supersizing and, 210–11 Bach Composite, 86 bailouts, 6, 20, 23, 46, 51–52, 133, 136–37 of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 32, 35, 42–43 TARP and, 36–38, 40–42 timely policy decisions and, 28, 31–43 Bailyn, Bernard, 18 Bain Capital, 50–51 Baker, Akbar Al, 108 Bakken Shale, 151 Banco do Brasil, 95 Bank of America, 37–38, 48 Bank of East Asia, 92 Bank of Hawaii, 124 bankruptcies, 1, 82, 111, 166, 218 of CIT Group, 47–48 efficiency economy and, 78, 80 restructuring and, 44–48, 51, 53, 55, 58, 78, 136 timely policy decisions and, 40–41 banks, bankers, banking, 1–4, 16, 21, 25–26, 65, 81, 208, 217, 219 bailouts and, 6, 20, 32–34, 38–40, 42–43 of China, 20, 82, 92–94 economic decline and, 12, 17 efficient consumers and, 184, 190 exports and, 112, 124, 129 failure of, 1, 39–40, 46, 92 FDI and, 83, 85, 92–95 in history, 13–14, 36 of Japan, 29–30, 37, 47 North Dakota and, 156–58 regulation of, 19, 25 restructuring and, 45–47, 51, 53–55, 58 strengthening recovery and, 216, 220 TARP and, 36–38 timely policy decisions and, 32–34, 36–40, 43 Barboza, David, 141 Batali, Mario, 123 Bear Stearns, 32–33, 53 Beck, Jill, 155–56, 162 beer, beer business, 144, 194, 206 FDI and, 95–96 North Dakota and, 158–59 and reshoring and insourcing, 177–78 Bennett, Jeff, 87 Berger, John, 153 Bernanke, Ben, 32–33 Bernstein, Peter, 206 Berry Petroleum, 80 Better Place, A, 211 BigBelly Solar, 75, 107, 195, 204 efficiency economy and, 64–68, 72 Big Roads, The (Swift), 207 Bison Gear & Engineering, 67 Blinder, Alan, 31, 164 Blonder Home Accents, 111 Bloomberg, 33, 109 BMW, 79, 87, 97 Boehner, John, 5, 222 Boeing, 51, 108, 227 Book of Masters, 137 Bopp, Aric, 88–89 Boskin, Michael, 5 Boston, Mass., 72, 144, 192, 212, 224 BigBelly Solar and, 66–67 restructuring and, 49–51 Boston Community Capital, 225 Boston Consulting Group (BCG), 117, 166–68, 179 Boston Properties, 51 bottled water, 184–85 Bowen, Wally, 209–10 Bowles-Simpson Commission, 221–22 BP Amoco, 153 brands, 46, 159, 183, 206, 215 exports and, 111, 117, 119 FDI and, 87, 93, 96 inports and, 132, 135, 138–41, 143–44, 227 supersizing and, 199, 202 Braskem, 95 Brattle Group, 210 Brazil, 19, 100–101, 175 exports and, 101, 103–4, 109, 122 FDI and, 82, 85, 94–95 inports and, 131, 144–46 BRIC nations, 19–20, 23, 151 Broadway Partners, 49–50 Buffalo Commons theory, 150 Buicks, Buick, 78, 134–36, 227 Bull, 171 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 166, 187, 191 Burger King, 95 Burr, Aaron, 218 Bush, George W., 5, 16, 26, 30, 33, 222 business cycles, 17–18, 82, 231 Business Roundtable, 146–47 Cai Yong, 134 California, 79–80, 149, 161, 211–12 FDI and, 84, 92, 96–97 tourism in, 122–23 Campagna, Michael A., 178 Canada, 4, 48, 74, 202 exports and, 100, 122 FDI and, 92, 95 capitalism, 3, 14, 25, 45 Capital One, 58 Capital Purchase Program (CPP), 36–38 carbon, 170, 186 efficiency economy and, 61, 65, 75 taxes on, 61, 75, 103–4, 217 Card Hub, 55, 58 Cargill Malt, 158–59 Caro, Robert, 206 casinos, 85, 152 Cavendish Farms, 159–60 Census Bureau, 53 Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 222 Center Rock Inc., 108 Central Park, 85, 94, 212 Chandan, Sam, 94 Chandler, Alfred, 206 Chegg.com, 193, 195, 204 Cheniere Energy Partners, 106 Chesapeake Bay Candle, 177 Chevrolets, Chevrolet, 41, 77, 135–36, 199 Chicago, Ill., 8, 67, 90, 193, 212 China, 6–9, 14, 18–21, 25–26, 82, 164–78, 187, 217 comparisons between U.S. and, 7–8, 25, 166–67, 202, 208 economy of, 2, 7–8, 18–20, 25, 141, 148, 165, 178, 222 efficiency economy and, 62, 67–69, 71, 227 employment and, 164–68, 170 FDI and, 85–87, 92–94, 97, 164 incomes in, 20, 164–67 inports and, 134–36, 138–44, 146, 164, 227 and reshoring and insourcing, 169–78, 222 trade and, 94, 98, 100–104, 106–9, 112–14, 116, 118–20, 122–28, 164 China Eastern, 124 China UnionPay, 124 Christie, Chris, 211 Chrysler: bailout of, 40–42 bankruptcy of, 40–41, 46, 51, 136 Fiat’s acquisition of, 40, 78, 87 and reshoring and insourcing, 173–74 Chung, Winston, 97 CIT Group, 47–49 Citi, Citibank, Citigroup, 37, 53, 84–85, 172 Citic Press, 128 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 206–7 Civil War, 18, 82 Civil Works Administration, 206 Cleveland Clinic, 126, 145 Clinton, Bill, 26, 31, 70, 217–18, 228 Clooney, George, 129, 227 CNBC, 4, 108 CNG Now, 105 CNOOC, 86 coal, 102–5, 162, 165, 202 Coca-Cola, 83–84, 143, 202, 227 inports and, 133, 137–38, 146 coffee, 139–40, 181 Coleman, 171 collateralized debt obligations, 36 Collinses, 111–14, 116 Colombia, 26, 131, 148 FDI and, 85, 88–91 Commerce Department, U.S., 1, 54, 99–100, 104, 120, 122, 125, 219 Commercial Paper Funding Facility, 34 Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, 96 competition, 3, 19, 21, 23, 80, 83, 106–7, 167, 194, 204, 228 efficiency economy and, 62, 68, 77 efficient consumers and, 193, 196 inports and, 131–32, 137, 141 North Dakota and, 148, 161 and reshoring and insourcing, 169, 179 Congress, U.S., 14, 19, 23–24, 125, 146 deficits and, 221–22 economic decline and, 3, 10 health care reform and, 5–6 U.S. credit rating and, 1–2 Congressional Budget Office, 31 Connecticut, 50, 86, 105, 140, 146, 151, 161–62, 212 efficient consumers and, 187–88 Conservation and Recreation Department, Mass., 66 construction, 174 efficient consumers and, 190–91 housing crisis and, 219–20 infrastructure and, 205–6, 209, 211, 213 North Dakota and, 152–53, 155–56 Consumer Price Index, 187 consumers, consumerism, consumption, 2, 25, 28, 81, 101, 111, 216, 219 coal and, 102–3 economic pessimism and, 22–23 efficiency economy and, 64–65, 68, 73–75, 78, 223–24 exports and, 98–99, 104–5, 107, 110, 119, 128, 130–31, 147, 154, 164 FDI and, 83, 89–90, 92–93 indebtedness and, 9–10, 53–57 inports and, 131–32, 136–37, 141, 143, 147, 227 North Dakota and, 151, 153–54 and reshoring and insourcing, 169, 172, 175, 177 restructuring and, 44–45, 53–59 supersizing and, 202, 204, 209 see also efficient consumers Cooper, Bill, 105 Cooper, Stephen, 44 CoreLogic, 190 corporations, 1, 9–10, 60, 139–43, 163–67, 169–85, 192–206, 225 comparisons between consumers and, 181, 185, 189, 195 and costs of labor, 164–67 economic optimism and, 23–24 economic pessimism and, 22–23 efficiency economy and, 63–68, 71, 75–76, 80–81, 158, 172, 223 efficient consumers and, 181–85, 192–96 exports and, 98, 103, 108–10, 112–14, 116–17, 131, 177 FDI and, 82–96 global, 22, 24, 71, 95 inports and, 132, 135–37, 139–42, 144, 146–47, 202–3, 227 job growth and, 218–19 North Dakota and, 152–53, 155, 157–60 recoveries and, 17–18, 21, 215 and reshoring and insourcing, 167, 169–79 restructuring and, 44–45, 47–49, 52–53, 57–58, 81, 166 supersizing and, 199–206, 209–10 taxes on, 146–47, 163 timely policy decisions and, 28, 30, 34 U.S. economic importance and, 227–28 Costner, Kevin, 129–30 Coty, 71 Coulomb Technologies, 211 Council of Economic Advisers, 31 Cowan, Lynn, 203 Creation Technologies, 67 credit, 32–36, 94, 194 booms in, 21, 29, 56, 62 crisis in, 2, 4, 23, 26, 48, 53 exports and, 112–13 restructuring and, 49, 51, 53–56, 58 timely policy decisions and, 29, 32–33, 35–36, 42–43 credit cards, 34, 183–85 restructuring and, 54–56 credit ratings, 1–2, 11, 52 Credit Suisse, 137, 223 Davis, Fred, 90–91 debt, 1, 19–20, 23–24, 60, 185 CIT Group and, 48–49 consumers and, 9–10, 53–57 crises and, 6, 29, 216 efficiency economy and, 62–63, 72, 78 efficient consumers and, 181, 189, 193, 196 Erie Canal and, 205–6 FDI and, 82, 94 national, 2, 5, 11, 217 North Dakota and, 155–56 restructuring and, 45–59, 78 strengthening recovery and, 215–16 timely policy decisions and, 32–34, 36, 39, 42 see also loans, lending, lenders debt ceiling extensions, 2, 217 Dedrick, Jason, 140 Defense Department, U.S., 109 deficits: budget, 2, 6, 10, 64–65, 217, 221–22 efficiency economy and, 64–65 trade, 102, 107, 168, 221–22 Delphi, 46 demand, 18, 31, 45, 57, 101, 132, 178, 221 efficiency economy and, 60, 62, 72–74, 223 exports and, 99, 104, 107–10, 116, 119 North Dakota and, 153–54, 159 supersizing and, 206, 208 Deming, W.


pages: 483 words: 143,123

The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters by Gregory Zuckerman

activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, addicted to oil, Alan Greenspan, American energy revolution, Asian financial crisis, Bakken shale, Bear Stearns, Bernie Sanders, Buckminster Fuller, Carl Icahn, corporate governance, corporate raider, credit crunch, energy security, Exxon Valdez, Great Leap Forward, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, Kickstarter, LNG terminal, man camp, margin call, Maui Hawaii, North Sea oil, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Peter Thiel, reshoring, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, sovereign wealth fund, Steve Jobs, Timothy McVeigh, urban decay

“So we gave up on it, we just let the acreage go.” In 1999, a geochemist named Leigh Price in the Denver office of the U.S. Geological Survey took a good look at over one hundred old wells in North Dakota. He estimated that 413 billion barrels of high-quality crude were packed between the two layers of the Bakken shale, a huge amount of crude that should have excited the country. Some in the industry considered Price, an avid weightlifter who wore his hair in a ponytail, off his rocker. Before his study was peer-reviewed or published, he died of a heart attack in 2000. That year, Montana’s Board of Oil and Gas Conservation predicted the state’s oil production would decline to zero.

The idea was to isolate a section of the horizontal wellbore, frack it, and get oil flowing. After a dozen or more “stages,” the fracking would be complete. By segmenting the well and fracking it in stages with concentrated fluid, drillers were getting impressive amounts of oil from dense rock that had proven especially stubborn, like the Bakken shale. The new method was expensive. Drilling and fracking a North Dakota well in this new way cost about $8 million, compared with less than $4 million for a well that wasn’t fracked in stages. But Hoffman and the Continental group instantly understood how much more crude they might be able to get.

Now Continental’s pros realized that a new leg in the industry’s technological revolution had arrived: a way to get oil and gas to flow by fracturing even cementlike rock with short, concentrated blasts, thanks to EOG’s multistaged fracking innovation. In late 2006, Continental’s engineers began to employ the new methods to stimulate the Bakken shale and limestone. From the outset, they got much more oil from the wells, encouraging the executives. They also seized on an intriguing formation directly below the Bakken called the Three Forks. It was too early to be sure, but this formation also seemed full of oil. During a meeting in a Continental conference room, a geologist wrote “New Upside!”


pages: 501 words: 134,867

A Line in the Tar Sands: Struggles for Environmental Justice by Tony Weis, Joshua Kahn Russell

addicted to oil, Bakken shale, bilateral investment treaty, call centre, carbon footprint, clean water, colonial exploitation, conceptual framework, corporate social responsibility, decarbonisation, Deep Water Horizon, en.wikipedia.org, energy security, energy transition, Exxon Valdez, failed state, gentrification, global village, green new deal, guest worker program, happiness index / gross national happiness, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, immigration reform, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), investor state dispute settlement, invisible hand, Jevons paradox, liberal capitalism, LNG terminal, market fundamentalism, means of production, megaproject, military-industrial complex, Naomi Klein, new economy, Occupy movement, off-the-grid, oil shale / tar sands, peak oil, profit maximization, public intellectual, race to the bottom, smart grid, special economic zone, WikiLeaks, working poor

The reasons are much the same ones we have known since the vast expansion of the tar sands that followed the US invasion of Iraq: the price of a barrel of oil is high, and likely to stay that way as a general trend. There have been some major non-tar sands oil strikes in the last few years, and a casual glance at the business sections of most newspapers would have alerted many people to the “boom” underway in the Bakken shale around North Dakota and in other locales around the world. Such extreme extraction has also come with considerable confusion, as there is a fundamental difference between fracking for “tight” oil and mining for oil shale, or kerogen. Fracking is a procedure that releases normal liquid crude and natural gas from formations of shale that were impossible to recover prior to new fracking technologies.

Sarnia-Lambton Environmental Association, www.sarniaenvironment.com. 8. Enbridge’s Line 7 pipeline runs beside the western section of Line 9, and Enbridge has received permission to pump 180,000 barrels per day through this pipeline—a 22 per cent increase in the flow of oil through Line 7. 9. Bakken shale deposits extend across North Dakota, Montana, and Saskatchewan. 10. Court of Appeal for Ontario, DOCKET: C32170, C32188, C32202 (2000), www.usask.ca/nativelaw/factums/view.php?id=99. 11. Ibid. 12. Suncor, “Suncor Energy’s Sarnia refinery completes project to improve environmental performance and strengthen integration with oil sands operation,” news release, accessed June 16, 2013, www.suncor.com/en/newsroom/2418.aspx?

See Indigenous rights NATO, 311 Natural Resources Canada, 51 Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA), 199 Navajo Nation, 168, 241; Black Mesa, 241 Nebraska, 178, 250 neo-conservatism, 13 neo-liberalism, 46, 50, 68, 75, 267, 270, 302, 306, 307 neo-Nazi organizations, 96 Netherlands, Canadian embassy in, 57 neurotoxins, 136 “new green economy,” 41 New York State, 315 Nexen, 92–93 NextGen Climate Group, 91 “NGO industrial complex,” 68 nibi (water) walkers, 262 Nicholls, Zak, 144 nickel, 254 Nieto, Yudith, 184 Nikiforuk, Andrew, 34, 53; Tar Sands: Dirty Oil and the Future of a Continent, 50 Nimbyism, 295 nitrogen oxides, emissions of, 32, 324n33 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 23, 175, 186, 213–14, 244, 248, 270–71, 277; alliances with Indigenous communities, 41–42; environmental (ENGOs), 64–75, 88, 93, 167, 243, 248–49, 287, 310 “non-profit industrial complex,” 242 nonviolent direct action (NVDA), 173–74 Nooski, Larry, 163 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 89, 92, 94, 96; “proportionality” clause of, 30 North American Mobilization for Climate Justice, 311 North Dakota, 314; Bakken shale boom near, 100, 138; as new Saudi Arabia, 282 Northern Gateway pipeline, 5, 11, 13, 17, 34, 41, 79, 91, 125, 162–63, 165, 204, 257, 312; and containing Indigeneity, 153–56; joint review panel (JRP), 148–50, 153–56, 158, 264; movement against, 146–59, 260 Northwest Territories, diamond mining in, 126 Norway, 29, 33; Canadian embassy in, 57; oil imports from, 31; Statoil, 29, 53, 56, 57–58, 102, 215; tar sands as election issue in, 56 nuclear power, 9, 218, 221–22, 224, 230, 250, 307, 314, 319 Nunavut, 316 Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation, 71; Central Regional Board, 71; Interim Measurements Agreement (IMA) Obama, Barack, 60–62, 91, 170, 174, 175–77, 186, 192, 221, 223, 234, 244–45, 284, 310, 318 Occupy movement, 74–75, 187, 238, 283–84 O’Connor, Dr.


pages: 363 words: 101,082

Earth Wars: The Battle for Global Resources by Geoff Hiscock

Admiral Zheng, Asian financial crisis, Bakken shale, Bernie Madoff, BRICs, butterfly effect, carbon tax, clean tech, clean water, corporate governance, demographic dividend, Deng Xiaoping, Edward Lorenz: Chaos theory, energy security, energy transition, eurozone crisis, Exxon Valdez, flex fuel, Ford Model T, geopolitical risk, global rebalancing, global supply chain, Great Leap Forward, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, Long Term Capital Management, Malacca Straits, Masayoshi Son, Masdar, mass immigration, megacity, megaproject, Menlo Park, Mohammed Bouazizi, new economy, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, Panamax, Pearl River Delta, purchasing power parity, Ralph Waldo Emerson, RAND corporation, Shenzhen special economic zone , Shenzhen was a fishing village, Silicon Valley, smart grid, SoftBank, Solyndra, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, special economic zone, spice trade, trade route, uranium enrichment, urban decay, WikiLeaks, working-age population, Yom Kippur War

If the $40 billion project gets the go-ahead, construction will start in mid-2015, with the first gas to flow from Alaska in 2020–2021. Part of the problem for the Alaska gas suppliers is that according to the American Petroleum Institute, there could be much more oil and natural gas in the United States than previously thought. It points to the Bakken shale formation in North Dakota and Montana (which also extends north into Canada’s Saskatchewan and Manitoba provinces) as one example, where the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) said in 2008 as much as 4 billion barrels of recoverable oil may exist there. That figure was 25 times greater than the original estimate back in 1995, but is still well below more recent estimates.

Index AAR (Alfa-Access-Renova) Abengoa Abidjan, Ivory Coast Abramov, Alexander Abramovich, Roman Abu Dhabi Access Industries Adani, Gautam Adani Group Adaro Energy Addax & Oryx Group (AOG) Addax Petroleum Aden Aditya Birla Group Adriana Resources Afghanistan Africa general coal copper iron ore oil and gas uranium African Minerals African Rainbow Minerals Agarwal, Anil Ahearn, Michael Aircraft carriers Akpo field, Nigeria Aksai Chin Aksumite kingdom Al-Assad, Bashar Al-Falih, Khalid Al Thani, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Alasaka North Slope offshore reserves Albanese, Tom Alekperov, Vagit Alexandria, Egypt Alfa Group Alfa-Access-Renova (AAR) Algeria Aluminum, aluminium Aluminium Corp of China (Chinalco) Amazon River Ambani, Mukesh Amu Darya Amur and Ussuri Rivers Amyris Anadarko Basin Anadarko Petroleum Anben Iron & Steel Group Andersson, Martin Andes Aneka Tambang Anshan Iron & Steel Anglo American Angola Antarctic Antofagasta Minerals Apache Corp Apple Inc Applied Clean Tech Aquila Resources Arabian Sea Aral Sea ArcelorMittal Arch Coal Archer Daniels Midland Arctic, Arctic Circle, Arctic Ocean Areva Argentina Armenia Arrow Energy Arunachal Pradesh, India Asarco Asian Development Bank Aswan High Dam Ataturk Dam Athabasca Oil Sands Corp Athabasca oil/tar sands Athabaskan people Atlas Energy Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd (AECL) Atomredmetzoloto (ARMZ) Atyrau, Kazakhstan Australia Chinese investment in coal copper gas, LNG gold Indian investment in iron ore Japanese investment in rare earths uranium Australia Pacific LNG Azadegan oil field, Iran Azerbaijan Baffin Island, Baffinland Bakken shale field Baku Bakrie, Aburizal Baltic Sea Banco Bradesco Banco do Brasil Bangladesh Bashneft Baoshan Iron & Steel Baotou Barlow, Maude Barnett shale field Barrick Gold Batista, Eike Batista da Silva, Eliezer Bayan Obo Beas River Beihai Beijing Belgium Belo Monte Dam Belorusneft Ben Ali, Zine El-Abedine Bengal, Bay of Berau Coal Energy Berezovsky, Boris (also known as Platon Elenin) BG Group Bharat Petroleum Corp (BPCL) Bharuch, India BHP Billiton coal iron ore oil and gas Olympic Dam Pilbara shale uranium Biofuel ethanol Birla, Kumar M.


pages: 217 words: 61,407

Twilight of Abundance: Why the 21st Century Will Be Nasty, Brutish, and Short by David Archibald

Bakken shale, carbon tax, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, deindustrialization, energy security, failed state, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, Great Leap Forward, Herman Kahn, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), means of production, Medieval Warm Period, mutually assured destruction, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, out of africa, peak oil, price discovery process, rising living standards, sceptred isle, South China Sea, University of East Anglia, uranium enrichment, Yom Kippur War

See also United States energy and, 137–59, 170–72, 186 as global hegemon, 181 global warming and, 8, 40, 147–49, 186 grain output, 4, 40 military involvement in Middle East, 47, 99, 122–23 threats to, 99, 111–13, 125–35 American Physical Society, 167–69 American Scientist, 163 Antarctica, Antarctic, the, 13–14, 17–18, 20 Apra Harbor Naval Complex, 132, 134 Arab Spring, the, x, 53–55, 94 Archangel temperature record, 21 Arctic, the, 13, 22 Argentina, 23, 68–69, 75–77, 186–87 Armagh Observatory, 21 Armenians, 51 Asia, 74, 112–13, 119, 121–22 Assad, Bashar, 55 Atlantis (oilfield), 145 August 1st Building (China), 125 Australasia, 29 Australia, 68, 178–79 climate science and, 4, 16, 28–30 international relations and, 74, 112, 115, 122, 125, 163 Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, 102 B baby boomers, 12 Bahamas Platform, 109 Bakken Shale, 144 Barnett, Thomas, 74, 77. See also Core countries Bar-Yam, Yaneer, 67 Belgrade, 111 Benda, Julien, x Bergius process, 145–46, 162 Bertrand, Karla Z., 67 beryllium, 19 beryllium-10 (Be10), 19 Bhutto, Benazir, 92 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 90–92 Bingham Canyon, 161 Bishop, Rob, 149 “Black Eagle Long March” (fictional operation), 130 Blind Faith (oilfield), 145 BN-600 reactor, 162 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 49 Borlaug, Norman, 1, 44, 58, 65 Boston Herald, 78–79 Bracken, Paul, 101 Brazil, 23, 59–61, 68, 74 Britain, British, 2–3, 6–8, 71, 117–18, 186.


pages: 219 words: 61,720

American Made: Why Making Things Will Return Us to Greatness by Dan Dimicco

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, American energy revolution, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, Apollo 11, Bakken shale, barriers to entry, Bernie Madoff, California high-speed rail, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, clean water, congestion pricing, crony capitalism, currency manipulation / currency intervention, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, decarbonisation, digital divide, driverless car, fear of failure, full employment, Google Glasses, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, invisible hand, job automation, knowledge economy, laissez-faire capitalism, Loma Prieta earthquake, low earth orbit, manufacturing employment, Neil Armstrong, oil shale / tar sands, Ponzi scheme, profit motive, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Savings and loan crisis, Silicon Valley, smart grid, smart meter, sovereign wealth fund, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, too big to fail, uranium enrichment, Washington Consensus, Works Progress Administration

Costs and Benefits Instead of pursuing extremist policies in the name of curbing a phenomenon that is mostly beyond mankind’s control, the United States should be thinking about real costs and benefits. Look at what’s happening in Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Better yet, look at North Dakota with its Bakken shale. They’re going nuts up there. One study by IHS Consulting found that for every job in an oil or gas field, three jobs are created elsewhere in industries as diverse as manufacturing, information technology, health care, and education. Taxes and royalties are paying for schools, roads, hospitals, and research and development.


pages: 558 words: 168,179

Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right by Jane Mayer

Adam Curtis, affirmative action, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Alan Greenspan, American Legislative Exchange Council, An Inconvenient Truth, anti-communist, Bakken shale, bank run, battle of ideas, Berlin Wall, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, carbon tax, carried interest, centre right, clean water, Climategate, Climatic Research Unit, collective bargaining, company town, corporate raider, crony capitalism, David Brooks, desegregation, disinformation, diversified portfolio, Donald Trump, energy security, estate planning, Fall of the Berlin Wall, financial engineering, George Gilder, high-speed rail, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, independent contractor, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, job automation, low skilled workers, mandatory minimum, market fundamentalism, mass incarceration, military-industrial complex, Mont Pelerin Society, More Guns, Less Crime, multilevel marketing, Nate Silver, Neil Armstrong, New Journalism, obamacare, Occupy movement, offshore financial centre, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, plutocrats, Powell Memorandum, Ralph Nader, Renaissance Technologies, road to serfdom, Robert Mercer, Ronald Reagan, school choice, school vouchers, Solyndra, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Chicago School, the scientific method, University of East Anglia, Unsafe at Any Speed, War on Poverty, working poor

The revolutionary method of extracting gas from shale revived the American energy business but alarmed environmentalists. Among the “frackers” in the group were J. Larry Nichols, co-founder of the huge Oklahoma-based concern Devon Energy, and Harold Hamm, whose company, Continental Resources, was the biggest operator in North Dakota’s booming Bakken Shale. As Hamm, a sharecropper’s son, took his place as the thirty-seventh-richest person in America with a fortune that Forbes estimated at $8.2 billion as of 2015, and campaigned to preserve tax loopholes for oil producers, his company gained notoriety for a growing record of environmental and workplace safety violations.

Rockefeller. While his nearly billion-dollar divorce settlement and amazing rise from being born the youngest of thirteen children in a family of sharecroppers made tabloid history, business journals were more focused on his company, which almost overnight had become the face of fracking in North Dakota’s Bakken Shale. Joining him in the network, on the opposite end of the social scale, was Larry Nichols, head of Devon Energy and later chairman of the American Petroleum Institute, the foremost trade association for the oil industry. A graduate of Princeton and a former Supreme Court clerk, Nichols had urged his family’s Oklahoma energy company to buy Mitchell Energy after he noticed that its natural gas output was climbing because of fracking.


pages: 289 words: 77,532

The Secret Club That Runs the World: Inside the Fraternity of Commodity Traders by Kate Kelly

"Hurricane Katrina" Superdome, Alan Greenspan, Bakken shale, bank run, Bear Stearns, business cycle, commodity super cycle, Credit Default Swap, diversification, fixed income, Gordon Gekko, index fund, light touch regulation, locking in a profit, London Interbank Offered Rate, Long Term Capital Management, margin call, oil-for-food scandal, paper trading, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, proprietary trading, risk tolerance, Ronald Reagan, side project, Silicon Valley, Sloane Ranger, sovereign wealth fund, supply-chain management, the market place

He had a plan for optimizing the refinery’s output that involved expanding its production of jet fuel and trading its other refined products, such as diesel fuel and kerosene, in exchange for additional jet fuel. Initially, Delta’s crude would be shipped across the Atlantic from West Africa, a fairly costly trip, but within a few years, he figured, it would instead be coming from the Bakken shale formation in North Dakota, where huge stores of underground crude were now being harvested. In the meantime, he comforted himself that he’d worked at Conoco and another driller and knew how to bargain with suppliers to keep crude relatively cheap. And once the Bakken crude was more accessible, he figured, Delta’s considerable expertise in physical logistics would help it move supplies quickly and cheaply.


pages: 262 words: 83,548

The End of Growth by Jeff Rubin

Alan Greenspan, Anthropocene, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bakken shale, banking crisis, Bear Stearns, Berlin Wall, British Empire, business cycle, call centre, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon tax, collateralized debt obligation, collective bargaining, Credit Default Swap, credit default swaps / collateralized debt obligations, deal flow, decarbonisation, deglobalization, Easter island, energy security, eurozone crisis, Exxon Valdez, Eyjafjallajökull, Fall of the Berlin Wall, fiat currency, flex fuel, Ford Model T, full employment, ghettoisation, Glass-Steagall Act, global supply chain, Hans Island, happiness index / gross national happiness, housing crisis, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, income per capita, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Jane Jacobs, Jevons paradox, Kickstarter, low interest rates, McMansion, megaproject, Monroe Doctrine, moral hazard, new economy, Occupy movement, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, peak oil, Ponzi scheme, proprietary trading, quantitative easing, race to the bottom, reserve currency, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, subprime mortgage crisis, The Chicago School, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Thomas Malthus, Thorstein Veblen, too big to fail, traumatic brain injury, uranium enrichment, urban planning, urban sprawl, women in the workforce, working poor, Yom Kippur War, zero-sum game

The stakes are high enough that Enbridge and Ottawa won’t hesitate to cut some big checks to gain the support of local interest groups. Ottawa has the incentive to do everything it can to make a proposed pipeline a reality as soon as possible. If Northern Gateway ever sees the light of day, the big loser will be the US economy. Even with the Bakken shales and other tight oil plays, President Obama knows full well that the United States needs as much Canadian oil as it can get. If the political winds don’t shift soon, America’s loss could turn into China’s gain. Maybe Obama should have joined Jack and me on our fishing trip to Princess Royal Island.


pages: 389 words: 87,758

No Ordinary Disruption: The Four Global Forces Breaking All the Trends by Richard Dobbs, James Manyika

2013 Report for America's Infrastructure - American Society of Civil Engineers - 19 March 2013, access to a mobile phone, additive manufacturing, Airbnb, Amazon Mechanical Turk, American Society of Civil Engineers: Report Card, asset light, autonomous vehicles, Bakken shale, barriers to entry, business cycle, business intelligence, carbon tax, Carmen Reinhart, central bank independence, circular economy, cloud computing, corporate governance, creative destruction, crowdsourcing, data science, demographic dividend, deskilling, digital capitalism, disintermediation, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, driverless car, Erik Brynjolfsson, financial innovation, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Gini coefficient, global supply chain, global village, high-speed rail, hydraulic fracturing, illegal immigration, income inequality, index fund, industrial robot, intangible asset, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Internet of things, inventory management, job automation, Just-in-time delivery, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, knowledge worker, labor-force participation, low interest rates, low skilled workers, Lyft, M-Pesa, machine readable, mass immigration, megacity, megaproject, mobile money, Mohammed Bouazizi, Network effects, new economy, New Urbanism, ocean acidification, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, old age dependency ratio, openstreetmap, peer-to-peer lending, pension reform, pension time bomb, private sector deleveraging, purchasing power parity, quantitative easing, recommendation engine, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, RFID, ride hailing / ride sharing, Salesforce, Second Machine Age, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley startup, Skype, smart cities, Snapchat, sovereign wealth fund, spinning jenny, stem cell, Steve Jobs, subscription business, supply-chain management, synthetic biology, TaskRabbit, The Great Moderation, trade route, transaction costs, Travis Kalanick, uber lyft, urban sprawl, Watson beat the top human players on Jeopardy!, working-age population, Zipcar

In less than a decade, the price of natural gas has fallen from more than $12 per unit (million British thermal units) to around $4 to $5 per unit in the United States. And as gas supply outstrips demand and prices remain low, producers are turning to fracking for oil in formations like North Dakota’s Bakken Shale. Other unconventional sources are also being explored, including coal-bed methane and methane clathrates. Meanwhile, even as the unconventional fossil fuel revolution takes off, the cost of renewable electricity generation continues to fall rapidly. Since 1990, the cost of solar cells has dropped from nearly $8 per watt of capacity to one-tenth that amount.


pages: 323 words: 90,868

The Wealth of Humans: Work, Power, and Status in the Twenty-First Century by Ryan Avent

3D printing, Airbnb, American energy revolution, assortative mating, autonomous vehicles, Bakken shale, barriers to entry, basic income, Bernie Sanders, Big Tech, BRICs, business cycle, call centre, Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty, Clayton Christensen, cloud computing, collective bargaining, computer age, creative destruction, currency risk, dark matter, David Ricardo: comparative advantage, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, Deng Xiaoping, deskilling, disruptive innovation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Donald Trump, Downton Abbey, driverless car, Edward Glaeser, Erik Brynjolfsson, eurozone crisis, everywhere but in the productivity statistics, falling living standards, financial engineering, first square of the chessboard, first square of the chessboard / second half of the chessboard, Ford paid five dollars a day, Francis Fukuyama: the end of history, future of work, general purpose technology, gig economy, global supply chain, global value chain, heat death of the universe, hydraulic fracturing, income inequality, independent contractor, indoor plumbing, industrial robot, intangible asset, interchangeable parts, Internet of things, inventory management, invisible hand, James Watt: steam engine, Jeff Bezos, Jeremy Corbyn, John Maynard Keynes: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, knowledge economy, low interest rates, low skilled workers, lump of labour, Lyft, machine translation, manufacturing employment, Marc Andreessen, mass immigration, means of production, new economy, performance metric, pets.com, post-work, price mechanism, quantitative easing, Ray Kurzweil, rent-seeking, reshoring, rising living standards, Robert Gordon, Robert Solow, Ronald Coase, savings glut, Second Machine Age, secular stagnation, self-driving car, sharing economy, Silicon Valley, single-payer health, software is eating the world, supply-chain management, supply-chain management software, tacit knowledge, TaskRabbit, tech billionaire, The Future of Employment, The Nature of the Firm, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, The Spirit Level, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, trade liberalization, transaction costs, Tyler Cowen, Tyler Cowen: Great Stagnation, Uber and Lyft, Uber for X, uber lyft, very high income, warehouse robotics, working-age population

At the Mississippi River, the great tangle of lights of the eastern cities gives way to the dark of the prairie. But there on the northern Plains, west of Minneapolis and north of Denver, where nothing but emptiness ought to be, is a blaze of light as big as Chicago. What has taken over the North Dakota countryside is not a massive new supercity but the fracking wells of the Bakken shale, one manifestation of an extraordinary American energy revolution. The hundreds of wells that dot the land are spot-lit at night, and are occasionally ablaze with light when excess natural gas from the wells is burnt off. Of the new work that resembles the mass employment of the industrial past, jobs in fracking are probably the closest analogue to industrial-era factory jobs.


pages: 451 words: 115,720

Green Tyranny: Exposing the Totalitarian Roots of the Climate Industrial Complex by Rupert Darwall

1960s counterculture, active measures, Affordable Care Act / Obamacare, Albert Einstein, Bakken shale, Berlin Wall, Bernie Sanders, California energy crisis, carbon credits, carbon footprint, centre right, clean tech, collapse of Lehman Brothers, creative destruction, decarbonisation, deindustrialization, dematerialisation, disinformation, Donald Trump, electricity market, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, facts on the ground, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Garrett Hardin, gigafactory, Gunnar Myrdal, Herbert Marcuse, hydraulic fracturing, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), invisible hand, it's over 9,000, James Watt: steam engine, John Elkington, Joseph Schumpeter, Kenneth Rogoff, Kickstarter, liberal capitalism, market design, means of production, megaproject, Mikhail Gorbachev, mittelstand, Murray Bookchin, Neil Armstrong, nuclear winter, obamacare, oil shale / tar sands, Paris climate accords, Peace of Westphalia, peak oil, plutocrats, postindustrial economy, precautionary principle, pre–internet, recommendation engine, renewable energy transition, rent-seeking, road to serfdom, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, shareholder value, Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley billionaire, Solyndra, Strategic Defense Initiative, subprime mortgage crisis, tech baron, tech billionaire, The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, Tragedy of the Commons, women in the workforce, young professional

The next two years saw the three branches of government clear the ground on which President Obama’s Energiewende would be built. Unlike Europe, America had already embarked on its own energy transformation, one not foreordained by politicians and regulators but brought about by the genius of capitalism and wrought by Adam Smith’s invisible hand. Geologists had long known about enormous shale formations such as the Bakken Shale of North Dakota and Montana, the Barnett Shale of Texas, and the Marcellus Shale running through northern Appalachia. Hydraulic fracturing dates back to the 1940s but was not widely deployed until 2003. Other than exempting fracking from the Safe Drinking Water Act in 2005, as far as politicians in Washington were concerned, the fracking revolution might as well have been happening on another planet.


The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations by Daniel Yergin

"RICO laws" OR "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations", 3D printing, 9 dash line, activist fund / activist shareholder / activist investor, addicted to oil, Admiral Zheng, Albert Einstein, American energy revolution, Asian financial crisis, autonomous vehicles, Ayatollah Khomeini, Bakken shale, Bernie Sanders, BRICs, British Empire, carbon tax, circular economy, clean tech, commodity super cycle, company town, coronavirus, COVID-19, decarbonisation, deep learning, Deng Xiaoping, Didi Chuxing, disruptive innovation, distributed generation, Donald Trump, driverless car, Edward Snowden, Elon Musk, energy security, energy transition, failed state, Ford Model T, geopolitical risk, gig economy, global pandemic, global supply chain, green new deal, Greta Thunberg, hydraulic fracturing, Indoor air pollution, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inventory management, James Watt: steam engine, John Zimmer (Lyft cofounder), Kickstarter, LNG terminal, Lyft, Malacca Straits, Malcom McLean invented shipping containers, Masayoshi Son, Masdar, mass incarceration, megacity, megaproject, middle-income trap, Mikhail Gorbachev, mutually assured destruction, new economy, off grid, oil rush, oil shale / tar sands, oil shock, open economy, paypal mafia, peak oil, pension reform, power law, price mechanism, purchasing power parity, RAND corporation, rent-seeking, ride hailing / ride sharing, rolling blackouts, Ronald Reagan, Russian election interference, self-driving car, Silicon Valley, smart cities, social distancing, South China Sea, sovereign wealth fund, Suez crisis 1956, super pumped, supply-chain management, TED Talk, trade route, Travis Kalanick, Twitter Arab Spring, Uber and Lyft, uber lyft, ubercab, UNCLOS, UNCLOS, uranium enrichment, vertical integration, women in the workforce

See also specific countries such as China Asia International Infrastructure Bank (AIIB), 182 Asian financial crisis of 1998, 75 Asquith, Herbert, 196 Assad, Bashar al-, 241–42, 243–45, 269 Assad, Hafez al-, 242 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 148–50, 168–69, 169n Astana International Financial Center, 177 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 201–2 Australia, 38, 114, 167, 169, 189, 281 Austria, 30 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 196, 200 automobile industry automobile manufacturing, 42, 132 and autonomous vehicles, 347–57, 368–69, 373 Auto-Tech advances, xviii, 366–73, 415, 427 Chinese market for U.S. cars, 171 See also electric vehicles Azerbaijan, 71, 74, 109, 120–23, 207, 281 Ba’athists, 207, 211–13, 216–17, 242, 268 Bab al-Mandeb, 251 Badri, Ibrahim Awad al-, 268 Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-, 268–9, 271 Bahrain, 240–41, 306 Bai Meichu, 139–41, 150 Baker, James, 215 Bakken shale, 19–20, 21–22, 49 Balfour Declaration, 199 ballistic missiles, 226–27 Bank of England, 384 Banna, Hasan al-, 259–60 Barkindo, Mohammad Sanusi, 280–81, 319 Barnett Shale, 5–7, 14, 19, 23, 24 Barra, Mary, 333–34, 370 Bashneft, 76 battery technology, 327–34, 341, 344–46, 403, 429 Bazhenov formation, 98 Beckman, Robert, 145, 146 “Beijing consensus,” 116 Belarus, 74 Belt and Road Initiative (China), xvi, 134, 177–90, 185 Ben Ali, Zine el Abidine, 236 Benghazi, Libya, 239 Bernanke, Ben, 26 Bhatt, Alia, 342 Biden, Hunter, 110 Biden, Joe, 110, 237, 392 Bin Laden, Osama, 263–64, 265 biomass and biofuels, 394, 408, 410 BlackRock, 385 Black Sea, 122 Blue Stream pipeline, 85 Boko Haram, 270 Bolshevik Revolution, 69, 72, 79 Bolsonaro, Jair, 44–45 Bosporus strait, 122 Boston, Massachusetts, 112–13 BP, 15, 76, 386 Brazil, 38, 44–45, 56–57, 320 Breakthrough Energy Coalition, 403 BRIC era, 56–57, 76–77, 273 Britain and the United Kingdom and Brexit, 343 and carbon emission reduction, 388 and Central Asian economic ties, 177 and First Sino-Japanese War, 154 and Iranian Revolution, 207 and Iraqi oil infrastructure, 232 and Middle East colonialism, 194–200, 197 and Nasser’s Arab nationalism, 203–4 and Syrian civil war, 247 and the Thucydides Trap, 131, 154 and Ukrainian independence, 80 as “workshop of the world,” xvi, 132 Brookings Institution, 59 Brouillette, Dan, 320 Brunei, 33, 143, 169n Budapest Memorandum, 95 Burgan oil field, 24 Burisma, 110 Burkan missiles, 251–52 Burns, Larry, 351–52, 368 Burns, William, 225, 238 Bush, George H.