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Erosion (6,932 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's

layer of topsoil containing the cremated remains in the old garden of rest was removed and transferred to the new site by hand with the topsoil being placed

Quaternary, cemented fluvatile deposits that cover the land beneath the topsoil (known as the Conglomerates of Zgharta or the Conglomerates of Zghorta)

fields are still noticeably convex; the result of many years of plowing the topsoil towards the center to improve drainage. Historically, on account of its

smelting operations. Extensive logging and plant destroying smog depleted topsoil and polluted acid and metals into the area's streams. The area has since

fires in 1925 and 1942. These fires burned deep down into the mineral-rich topsoil slowing reforestation or stopping it altogether.[citation needed] Examples

Balance". The book covers topics such of climate change, population growth, topsoil depletion, as well as the Internet and global trade. Gore, Al (2013). The

The terrain throughout the region is characterized by a thin layer of topsoil and many exposed rocks and boulders, making the region very dry and prone

As part of the 1969 excavations, a road grading machine took off the topsoil of twelve strips on the site. This uncovered Features 1 and 2, and they

Tanka fishermen began to use the anchorage and built the temple, the topsoil (地皮; dei6pei4; 'the skin of the land') rights being granted to them in

blacksmith shop, and Parrish Cemetery. Soils in the park have brown silt loam topsoil over brown or red silty clay loam to clay. Chert and gravel commonly occur

be chopped down to make way for the route of High Speed 2 (HS2) and the topsoil will be translocated. In October 2020, a protest camp was evicted. Jones'

holes were discovered in 1923 by William Hawley, who, on removing the topsoil over a wide area, noted them as clearly visible patches of "humus" against

the soil profile occurs; in which mobile chemicals are washed out of the topsoil, or A horizon, and accumulate lower down, in the B horizon. These soils

overfishing. Land degradation caused by overgrazing, soil erosion, loss of topsoil, and loss of vegetation due to the cutting of trees continues to effect

the topsoil has a higher magnetic susceptibility than most bedrocks or subsoils. This is because of the concentration of iron minerals in the topsoil, often

deep plowing in particular. The theory is that this will stop the loss of topsoil, increase the organic content of soil and reduce runoff of fertilizer and

south-west. It has lost its catchment to natural drainage into the gravelly topsoil and to surface water, foul and in early Victorian style combined sewers

the mountain again. The conflagration raged for weeks, destroying the topsoil and denuding the mountain above 2,000 feet (610 m). The term "monadnock"

ground surface, but are typically covered by a normal layer of topsoil. While this topsoil can absorb most normal stresses, such as normal rainfall or a

is typically done when cultivating soil in a new garden, or when deep topsoil is required. On poor or heavy soils, or for vegetable gardens, double digging

actually named by early French colonial settlers for the dark, fertile topsoil found in the area (known as river bottomland). During World War I, Black

is often USDA prime agricultural soil, a deep black humus enriched loam topsoil with a clayey loam base. Hardly any stones are encountered. However, the

south London, centred 5 miles (8 km) south of London Bridge. Beneath its topsoil it is a ridge of London Clay that is capped on all sides (including as

an enormous amount of grading and smoothing prior to the application of topsoil and hydro-seeding, to both enhance the appearance of the facility and to

follows: In Europe, topsoil pH is influenced by soil parent material, erosional effects, climate and vegetation. A recent map of topsoil pH in Europe shows

practices, which eventually led to the erosion of topsoil in the area. Prior to the erosion of topsoil, the Piedmont Region was once known for great farming

clearly visible. The worm mostly lies in non-permanent horizontal burrows in topsoil, and is rarely found in leaf litter. Like most worms, its diet consists

passed in 2007 codified property rights. Use of property was divided into topsoil (tianpi) and subsoil (tiangu) rights. Landlords with subsoil rights had

previously involved with the Lord's Cricket Ground outfield reconstruction. The topsoil on the grounds previous outfield was a sandy clay loam, which struggled

beneath the soil surface without turning the soil over, thus reducing topsoil loss due to wind erosion. The village of Nobleford, Alberta is named after

right to independently sell or lease the topsoil rights to another party. So as long as another party held topsoil rights, the party holding subsoil did

improve soil health. The UN FAO has stated that "90% of the Earth's precious topsoil is likely to be at risk by 2050". However, views have been divided on whether

the most fertile agricultural areas in Pennsylvania, and features rich topsoil over limestone bedrock. It has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa)

Soils in the Miramichi River watershed are typically acidic with shallow topsoil, lending to poor suitability for agriculture. The shorelines of the estuarine

the horse, and following this, shallow trenches were then dug into the topsoil, 12–24 inches (30–60 cm) wide. These trenches were then filled with limestone

alternative rock band Poliça. On October 12, 2015, a music video for the song "Topsoil" was released on YouTube via F to I to X. Notes "Amnesia" ends at 3:09

village of Mineral Point. After the flood, there were no structures, no topsoil, no sub-soil – only the bedrock was left. Approximately 16 citizens of

village of Mineral Point. After the flood, there were no structures, no topsoil, no sub-soil – only the bedrock was left. Approximately 16 citizens of

alternative rock band Poliça. On October 12, 2015, a music video for the song "Topsoil" was released on YouTube via F to I to X. Notes "Amnesia" ends at 3:09

severe. According to GCM, topsoil will be removed and preserved once the mining operation begins in a particular block. Topsoil will be brought back and

homestead on Princes Point [Road], were often perched on more ledges than topsoil, a fact that nudged many Drinkwaters into a life at sea." In the early

lime bearing, and the subsoil is thick with a high carbonate content. The topsoil is sandy, poor in organic matter, deep with good permeability. The climate

The report described the worst damage as having been done to Estonia's topsoil and underground water supply by the systematic dumping of jet fuel at six

greenhouse gas emissions on climate; the nature of war and reducing barbarity; topsoil and water shortages resulting from modern agricultural methods; depletion

time of abundance. To maintain a balance in their diet, they will consume topsoil from termite mounds. Their primary food is the young parts of leaves, feeding

paved while the remainder of the roadway was a gravel, sand-clay, and topsoil roadway. By 1933, NC 115 was extended north from the Iredell County-Wilkes

Australia to be approved for development in a regional reserve. Seed and topsoil are collected and stored for later site rehabilitation. The mineral sands

bitumen paving. Furthermore, recovered crushed sandstone and existing topsoil from the site was amassed and reclaimed during construction. Energy: Solar

and human societies. His published work includes studies of the role of topsoil in human civilization, the evolution and near-extirpation of salmon, geomorphological

century. Since then, its citizens have made there living by using the great topsoil for agricultural purposes. Now, approximately 2,800 people live in the

Isopachys borealis is limbless and fossorial, occurring in the moist topsoil of tuber and fruit plantations; its natural habitat preferences are poorly

Escarpment, which consists mostly of hilly, karst-like terrain with little topsoil and higher elevations and which is part of the Texas Hill Country. Located

1988 and established a way of reusing dredgings from the Clyde to provide topsoil for the event. He has served as a non-executive director of British Waterways

were felled. The effect on the landscape was devastating. Much of the topsoil washed away, resulting in disastrous erosion. One beneficial result, however

using lidar. The road agger was usually constructed by first clearing the topsoil, before excavating a shallow trench along the line of the road, although

and tobacco with the remainder consisting of hardwood forest. Below the topsoil lies layers of yellowish brown sandy clay and clay down to 48 inches. Collington

bacterium species from the genus Streptomyces which was isolated from topsoil of a pine forest from the Hokkaido prefecture in Japan. List of Streptomyces

crops have lost all or most of the topsoil; 125 million acres [506,000 km2] of land now in crops are rapidly losing topsoil. This can lead to large scale desertification

conservation exhibits talked of progressive topics such as peak coal, the loss of topsoil due to poor farming techniques, and the value of wildlife. Several Knoxville

mine area has been reshaped to remove any high walls and covered with topsoil and seeded with native vegetation. During the last nine years of the mine's

The FDG cap would then be covered with a mix of coal ash and topsoil. Coal ash and topsoil were also used to stabilize a dam which was holding back a large

Augusta, concerning residents and impacting air quality. In February 2017, topsoil application trials were underway and liquid odour suppressant was being

NC 91 was a topsoil, sand–clay, and gravel road. A section of the highway east of Wilson was paved but the highway returned to a topsoil, sand–clay and

conservation exhibits talked of progressive topics such as peak coal, the loss of topsoil due to poor farming techniques, and the value of wildlife. Several Knoxville

soil-holding prairie grasses. Dust storms eroded hundreds of millions of tons of topsoil, causing dust storms for months in the historical region known as the Dust

Augusta, concerning residents and impacting air quality. In February 2017, topsoil application trials were underway and liquid odour suppressant was being

urbanization practices have amplified the issues, such as when developers strip topsoil from the ground in order to subdivide land, the resulting plains become

also transfer valuable minerals from the subsoil to the topsoil, thereby improving the topsoil. In the deforested section of the central Amazon Basin in

continuous-wave radio altimeter that determined the mean density of the lunar topsoil. List of artificial objects on the Moon Siddiqi, Asif (2018). Beyond Earth:

mountains. The most interesting feature of Allella DO is the distinctive topsoil which is known as sauló in Catalan. It is basically a white granite-based

escarpment with lower parts of the escarpment summit here, where that topsoil has eroded, having slightly acid, loamy and clayey soils with impeded drainage

mixed sand and gravel packed together, with rich topsoil covering it. Research showed that the topsoil was probably moved from the valley floor to the

subsoil of calcium carbonate, with good moisture retaining properties. The topsoil is not deep and quite pebbly, dark red in color with a high lime content

and its replacement with tens of thousands of tons of gravel, stones and topsoil, coupled with an elaborate drainage system. The field was sown early in

in three areas: F, O and B. A large structure was revealed just under topsoil. Its southern end continues down the slope and its western end was cut

common rock, with a small amount of limestone and granite, and a layer of topsoil that is deep enough to support the large trees near and on the hill. The

dirt, capped with two feet of clay, and covered with two to five feet of topsoil. Thousands of trees were planted, and paths, buildings, and a dock were

used in a wide variety of shapes such as irregular lumps picked from the topsoil of certain fields, or more commonly blocks quarried by being cut from the

of radioactivity on Enewetak. Rather than scrape the topsoil off, replace it with clean topsoil, and create another radioactive waste repository dome

began to cross Victoria, preceded by hot, gusty northerly winds. The loose topsoil in the Mallee and Wimmera was picked up by the wind and collected into

potential undeclared nuclear site. According to Reuters, claims by the US that topsoil has been removed and the site had been sanitized could not be verified

Bearing Tree Planting to improve available food stocks as well as to protect topsoil from environmental degradation Community gardening program which provides

buildings including the Coast Guard Station, and washed most of the fertile topsoil from farm fields into Back Bay. Subsequently, the few remaining residents

California, United States. The park is known for its volcanic rocks, thin topsoil, grasses, and blue oak trees. There are also oak woodlands, grassland savannas

layer of soil to separate and collect rocks and soil debris from good topsoil. It is usually tractor-pulled. A stone picker is similar in function to

pollution, from a farm field in Iowa, the United States during a rainstorm. Topsoil, as well as farm fertilizers and other potential pollutants, runoff unprotected

diverting along its own roadway to the north. NC 241 followed a gravel, topsoil, or sand-clay road for 26 miles (42 km) before reaching NC 70 in Aberdeen

quality although the crop grows best on well balanced soils with good topsoil. Chamomile is an undemanding plant and pretty tolerant. The crop grows

County, and Forsyth County. By 1924, much of the route was considered a topsoil, sand-clay, and gravel road. Two exceptions existed, a segment north of

interior, was mitigated from salt, and then 50,000 cubic yards (38,000 m3) topsoil was used for planting 4,000 trees, 70,000 shrubs, and 700,000 flowering

immigrants began arriving in the northern Loudoun Valley to farm the rich topsoil. They established several villages, many constructed of log and wooden

County, and Forsyth County. By 1924, much of the route was considered a topsoil, sand-clay, and gravel road. Two exceptions existed, a segment north of

quality although the crop grows best on well balanced soils with good topsoil. Chamomile is an undemanding plant and pretty tolerant. The crop grows

affects agricultural lands. Soil degradation occurs (1) when removing topsoil affects the fertility of the soil and decreases the chance of restoring

from the Iron Age, Roman and Medieval periods were unearthed during the topsoil clearance. Weston has a wide array of architecture and buildings, a number

attempted to expand the now-peninsula to the west using garbage covered by topsoil, but the layer of soil eroded, and garbage can be seen on the coast during

Reynolds. Between 1963 and 1966, the entire length of the highway had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1969, SR 217 was decommissioned. State Route 218

the Florida Keys. Oolite is often found beneath only several inches of topsoil, such as at the Coral Castle site. The stones are fastened together without

Shrub ecosystems take up the steep parts of the park in places with thin topsoil layers over limy rockbase. The predominant shrubs are lilac, crown vetch

September 1920 and closed in 1974. As farming activities declined, the rich topsoil and underlying sand was mined. After 20 years of mining, the riverbanks

thick and naturally fertile compared with most of the patchy humus in the topsoil in the large historic parishes to the east such as Ashford, Stanwell, Harmondsworth

disturbed land. Often its presence is beneficial, especially when the original topsoil still is present; the species happens not to be host to any mycorrhizal

Denbies is situated on the North Downs, which are a range of chalk hills the topsoil of which consists of fertile loam interspersed with flints. From 1986 to

step in a barrow burial would have been the removal of a circular area of topsoil, which was then encircled with a ditch where the soil had been dug even

flat with a few hills that are a remnant of the last ice age. Beneath the topsoil lies a layer of dolomitic limestone. The park is in a small patch of woods

another model ecosystem experiment Schulin's team found that moderate topsoil pollution by heavy metals significantly reduced evapotranspiration of a

regions. In contrast, studies on indoor fungal communities and global topsoil microbiomes found microbial biodiversity to be significantly higher in

a topsoil, sand-clay, or gravel roadway to Moravian Falls where it intersected NC 18. From Moravian Falls, NC 67 travelled northeast along a topsoil, sand-clay

conduct tests to determine the rigidity and elasticity of the Martian topsoil as well as its rock properties. Sediments, permafrost, and water may all

to a depth of 7 inches (180 mm), passing through 12 inches (300 mm) of topsoil. The fall was observed by several people, who described a dark body passing

schist and gneiss generally make up the almost solid rock formation, with topsoil depth rarely exceeding 5 inches (130 mm) deep. Despite the shallow soil

ridges in the upper Blue Ridge Mountains, comprising flaggy loams and a topsoil of hardwood detritus.[citation needed] U.S. Geological Survey Geographic

soils are alluvial with a high lime content (max 24%). To the south the topsoil is brown and sandy with a gravel and clay subsoil. Drainage is good, has

Australia. The Sunbury earth rings were formed by scraping off grass and topsoil, and piling it in a circular ridge around the outside. They measure between

biologists during peak monsoon rains. They seem to prefer the humus-rich topsoil layers and rarely burrow deeper inside (like during very hot or dry weather)

between the secondary leaf veins. The fungus survives in the debris of topsoil and infects healthy crops via asexual spores called conidia. Environmental

of radioactive material in or on their body. In the cleanup operation, topsoil had to be removed from several sites, and several houses were demolished

even topsoil, thereby delaying revegetation for many years. Where the blast was deflected so as to pass overhead by several metres, it left the topsoil and

characterized by low elongated ridges of Precambrian bedrock with little topsoil and scattered boulders. The ridges are granitic gneisses and migmatites

that farmers will practice conservation measures, but many do not. The topsoil is thin in most areas, and erosion is a serious problem. Most of the nearly

weaponry and other metal objects from the battle may lie undiscovered in the topsoil. "Spott, Battle of Dunbar", John Gray Centre, East Lothian Sinclair, Robert

or greatly reducing the need for tillage, perennial cropping can reduce topsoil losses due to erosion, increase biological carbon sequestration, and greatly

East, farmers did not know how to work the land on the prairies. Tons of topsoil were lost after droughts. The North Platte River runs ESE through the south

planting trees in desert areas, one could halt the spread of the desert, make topsoil and provide food for both people and livestock. She also hoped to create

weaponry and other metal objects from the battle may lie undiscovered in the topsoil. "Spott, Battle of Dunbar", John Gray Centre, East Lothian Sinclair, Robert

that farmers will practice conservation measures, but many do not. The topsoil is thin in most areas, and erosion is a serious problem. Most of the nearly

particles released by the topsoil precipitate onto this impervious hardpan. The subsoil thus separates itself from the topsoil. The nutrients are largely

first cut. At a point due north of the trig point, only a small amount of topsoil has been removed. A short distance west of this point, significant whinstone

further benefit of irrigation for his tenants' fields. Most of the local topsoil was quite thin, on fast-draining gravel. The dukes and their Somerset-styled

or greatly reducing the need for tillage, perennial cropping can reduce topsoil losses due to erosion, increase biological carbon sequestration, and greatly

East, farmers did not know how to work the land on the prairies. Tons of topsoil were lost after droughts. The North Platte River runs ESE through the south

height of 40 feet (12 m) above sea level, and is rocky with a thin layer of topsoil. The forest on the island was replanted by the Pearys and contains species

repeatedly by the raging Missoula floods, which deposited rich silt and topsoil. A few thousand years later, the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, enacted

as far as the Chiltern Hills. As to topsoil the river marks a divide between permeable shallow gravelly topsoil for many miles to the north and almost

registered waste carrier and processor; supplying recycled aggregates, topsoil, sands, stones and road plantings. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report

ecological damage by humans has grown. The degradation of ecosystems, including topsoil erosion, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate change, affect economic

historical heart of the Grampians and the location of most of its wineries. The topsoil is predominantly sandy loam with quartz and gravel pockets, the subsoil

reflects the sunlight and conserves heat. The 50 centimetres (20 in) thick topsoil is formed of decomposed slate and mica. These characteristics force the

end of Halaba has numerous gullies, which have carried off much of the topsoil. Numerous attempts have been made in the last two decades of the 20th century

of tilling will create an increase in the soil carbon concentrations of topsoil. Plowing splits soil aggregates and allows microorganisms to consume their

limestone bedrock with a thin covering of unconsolidated Farmington loam topsoil. The point features an interior with primarily grassland and scrubland

featured. The light grey stony loam over compact mottled clay is poor and the topsoil sets hard when dry while it is soft when wet - and is thus suited to native

Cherokee. The larger town area was cultivated for crops, disturbing the topsoil layer. In 1961, the site was still owned by State Representative Wiley

concrete, over which a special foil was laid and then covered with sand and topsoil. The cost of the construction completed in May 2005 was around three million

contained one hundred twenty-five times the number of granules as the topsoil sampled outside the cave had. Out of all of the grains recovered 89% were

most parts of town, have weathered to dark reddish brown fine sandy loam topsoil over dark red clay subsoil characteristic of the Nacogdoches soil series

Panagos, Panos (1 February 2024). "Cadmium in topsoils of the European Union – An analysis based on LUCAS topsoil database". Science of the Total Environment

identifying the causative fault. The presence of shattered ground (very loose topsoil that appeared to have been "loosened by a shaking table") indicated to

ISSN 1754-5048. S2CID 91974112. "Revegetation in Alaska: Usibelli, seeds & topsoil, and mycorrhizae," Dot Helm. Agroborealis (37:2) 4-15. Broadhurst, Linda

returned to the City of Tehran. According to Reuters, claims by the US that topsoil has been removed and the site had been sanitized could not be verified

school class calculated that in Larry Niven's 1970 novel Ringworld the topsoil would have slid into the seas in a few thousand years. Niven fixed these

increase carbon stocks in soils with the aid of litter decomposition in topsoil. Cunninghamia lanceolata 'Glauca', blue China fir, is a horticultural variety

sand clay or topsoil surface. By the end of 1929, a segment just east of Lumpkin and a segment just west of Preston had a sand clay or topsoil surface. By

18–19. ISSN 0028-808X. OurAuckland (15 December 2016). "Final load of topsoil for enormous Tāmaki park". Auckland Council. Retrieved 10 July 2023. Shaikh

intermediate-to-mafic type on which dark red clay with dark reddish brown loam topsoil is mapped as Lloyd series. William A. Connelly, sixth Sergeant Major of

recorded how the Zanj slaves were put to work clearing the fields of salty topsoil and putting them into piles; the result was the ridges that remain today

Pennine millstone grit areas above an altitude of 900 feet (270 m) the topsoil is so acidic, pH 2 to 4, that it can grow only bracken, heather, sphagnum

brown field development, with a clay cap at a depth of one metre under the topsoil. Safety inspections were initially carried out every six months, but this

medium water availability, soils with high base saturation of the topsoil and low topsoil organic carbon. Also it seems to prefer agricultural use areas

extracted through wells or escapes through occasional springs when the topsoil has been eroded. The Greensand (Maltese: Ġebla s-Safra) is a glauconite-bearing

as "slurry walls, concrete blocks, a compacted embankment, a clay cap, topsoil and salt-tolerant landscaping." The berm bikeway will make a second connection

The site contains contaminants including TCE and PCBs that penetrate the topsoil to bedrock. In 2013, cleanup was estimated to cost US$30 million. "Friends

its low relief, frequent turbulent winds, lack of vegetation, and loose topsoil. The landscape is dotted by numerous small playa lakes, depressions that

extracted through wells or escapes through occasional springs when the topsoil has been eroded. The Greensand (Maltese: Ġebla s-Safra) is a glauconite-bearing

as well as the surrounding hills, are characterized by a reddish clay topsoil. The lake's floor has a very soft clay bottom. Local residents of the lake's

intermediate-to-mafic type on which dark red clay with dark reddish brown loam topsoil is mapped as Lloyd series. William A. Connelly, sixth Sergeant Major of

of the castle, but, in the 1980s, the whole area was buried under thick topsoil and planted with trees. Ironbridge is a short distance away. For over three

was cleared in the summer of 1923 by a team of 250 men, which found the topsoil insufficient for growing thick grass necessary for the course. The Canadian

will create spots of rich soil visibly different from the rest of the topsoil and subsoil. The farmer contacted the Samsø Museum for guidance. Further

logging on other areas. The extraction of these ant species consisted of topsoil sampling of 25 cm^2 in area by 10 cm deep. The samples were then placed

River was upgraded to a topsoil, sand-clay, or gravel road. The segment west of the South River to US 701 was upgraded to a topsoil, sand-clay, or gravel

hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates can be found around bacteria in alluvial topsoil. As clay minerals promote biomineralization, the presence of bacteria and

exposed the land surface to weathering and resulted in erosion of the topsoil. The wild garrigue, then, is a man-formed landscape. The intensity of grazing

south, there are some very calcareous soils covered with a thin layer of topsoil. Towards Bayonvillers and Lamotte-Warfusée are flint beds. To the north

with the brief formation of a fine, phytolith-rich topsoil. As humans lived on these brief topsoil layers, they deposited artifacts and charcoal. Similarly

carse typically offers good agricultural land, however underlying the topsoil and alluvium is glacial boulder clay. In other places, especially in the

and eat decomposing organic matter (epigeic) e.g. Eisenia fetida; (2) topsoil- or subsoil-dwelling worms that feed (on soil), burrow and cast within

After intersecting NC 101 the road type changed to a topsoil road. The highway continued as a topsoil road until North Harlowe, where it became a graded

the power plant to remove topsoil which might have been contaminated with radioactive waste. Regarding the removal of topsoil, Edano recognized the risk

been carried downstream and settled overtime) the surface vegetation and topsoil is cleared to reveal the rock. Once a pit is dug into the aggregate, it

resulting in a reduced effort to grade and dress the final slope. Enough topsoil was gained from the area above the highwall to allow a growing medium for

consisted primarily of swamp and cutover forest land, although containing deep topsoil deposited by the Mississippi River, part of what was then the most productive

1881. The ferocity of the water cascading down the hillside removed the topsoil and revealed the rakes beneath. Hull Pot Beck rises on the western side

overcultivated that it was damaged during the 1930s Dust Bowl period in which the topsoil was blown away in dust storms. The grasslands have since recovered, but

The tracks are devised for easy installation, with minimal impact to the topsoil and environment, as they are normally built close to the ground and take

and created the significant karst formations seen today. Bamboo holds topsoil very tenaciously, preventing soil erosion on hillsides and riverbanks.

for pouring by grading the site, which usually also involves removing topsoil and other organic materials well away from the slab site. Once the site

appropriate considering the village's position on a large patch of acidic topsoil of the generally alkaline North Downs. The church, dedicated to St Mary[which

process scooped away and scoured large sections of rock, vegetation and topsoil. As melted land glaciers flowed back to the oceans the changing tidal flows

portions of the scabland region of Eastern Washington were stripped bare of topsoil and left as the base basalt rock. The landscape is extensively eroded,

of yellow bricks, 15cm of chalk, 40cm of hoggin, finished with 5cm of topsoil with slight different composition at the abutments. It is believed that

occupies a huge laterite slab, more than 200 m long covered by a layer of topsoil brought by erosion and decomposition of vegetation. They number more than

silted up due to deforestation of the banks of the river and deposition of topsoil in the harbour. The Horizon History of Africa, vol. 1, p. 143 "https://www

balgooyi's shed leaves also increase the concentration of nickel in the topsoil surrounding the plant, benefiting its seedlings while increasing the difficulty

Region of Alabama originally named for black topsoil

process scooped away and scoured large sections of rock, vegetation and topsoil. As melted land glaciers flowed back to the oceans the changing tidal flows

of the land causing a loss of productivity and severe floods removing topsoil, the district entered a period of decline which continues to the present

Manchester and the Harnett County-Johnston County line was a gravel, sand, or topsoil road. NC 210 in Johnston County was a graded road. By 1935, a section of

The soil of Ockham Common varies between fertile light clay and humus topsoil to highly acidic, sandy heath. In the north is the high, uneroded Bagshot

occupies a huge laterite slab, more than 200 m long covered by a layer of topsoil brought by erosion and decomposition of vegetation. They number more than

in the ditch or within stoneholes. Others had been encountered during topsoil stripping or during quarrying operations. These were all re-erected in

the area, the soil composition of the vineyard is composed of a gravel topsoil over a clay sub-stratum. Some of the vines were planted in 1953 but the

Ditton's soil is chiefly London clay, but to the north is Thames alluvial topsoil, gravel and sand, and it contains two patches of Bagshot Sand in the southern

escape. The fossil record has been preserved in strata formed from eroded topsoil washed and blown in. In some places, the fossil-bearing silt is up to 20

In 2009 a project to restore nature was completed: tons of contaminated topsoil were removed, and a natural park has been established on the site of poisoned

land, mostly permanent pasture with about 150 acres (61 ha) arable. The topsoil is mixed. The valley has modern alluvial terraces and gravel deposits,

a family that over-farmed one of its hillsides; after heavy rains the topsoil washed-away, all that was left was a "red hill." The Red Hill Post Office

been experiencing dust storms, winds that carried away all the precious topsoil and made it impossible to grow crops, plagues of Grasshoppers and starving

absorbed into the ground, so the water runs off into the stream carrying topsoil along the way. The simplification of the stream itself has also had negative

Huge dust clouds reached as far as eastern cities; much of the fertile topsoil was lost, and many farmers abandoned their land. Today most farming is

trees. Without the trees to populate and cover the land, Round Island's topsoil could easily be eroded by wind or rain, effectively making it an ecological

million tons of chemical reagents contaminating 25 million cubic meters of topsoil. Considerable geomechanical disturbances, contamination of soils and water

fairgrounds safe for visitors. On the ground, bulldozers scraped up the topsoil, which was (reportedly) littered with discarded drug paraphernalia and

the site on top of a Victorian refuse pile, clay-capped and dressed with topsoil by Villiers, lent a sense of refuge and escape for the generations of gardeners

measures such as deforestation and the so-called Plaggenhieb (removal of the topsoil for use as fertilizer elsewhere) caused a wide impoverishment of the soil

difficult, in 2003 authorities began to blanket the site with a new layer of topsoil, and in 2011 the area was (partially) re-opened as a 'nature' area. Broek

(4.9 - 7.5 acres) was of archaeological interest for study. He had the topsoil removed with a belly loader, to expose the subsoil. Stains and smears showed

front of San Cristobal because there was bedrock under a thin layer of topsoil. What little work could be done during the night had to be abandoned under

with black or dark brown topsoil becoming somewhat less dark with depth. Classic spodosol profile development with pale topsoil (E horizon) over darker

the spirit of the developers. Lots were cleared, the sand was leveled, topsoil was brought in and T. J. Harrison, who later became the town's first mayor

in two major ways. Grasses compete with woody plants for water in the topsoil and removal by grazing reduces this competitive effect, potentially boosting

late 2018 pushed farm silt and sediment into the river, depleting farm topsoil and feeding river weeds. Pukeokahu School is a co-educational state primary

agricultural uses. Aerial photographs show traces of the creek in the topsoil, and the lake to the west of the hall appears to be based on a remnant

deputy of Groningen, succeeding Wiebe van der Ploeg. His portfolio included topsoil (damage, reinforcement, governance), agriculture and fisheries, nature

estimated thickness of about 100 metres (330 ft) at the cave itself. The topsoil surrounding the cave is volcanic in origin and dates back to the last eruption

school. It was the phenomenal amount of diamonds found just beneath the topsoil that made the diggings so extraordinary. In one-week diamonds worth R10

Westward - Essential Stabbing Westward (2003) Cocteau Twins - Stars And Topsoil: A Collection 1982–1990 (Remastered) (2003) New Disease - Axiomatic (2003)

the spirit of the developers. Lots were cleared, the sand was leveled, topsoil was brought in and T. J. Harrison, who later became the town's first mayor

agricultural fields in California, made possible by the thick alluvial topsoil left by tens of thousands of years of floods from the area's river systems

St. Keverne Parish. The clay lies at a depth of 8 – 18 inches below the topsoil. In the late 1960s, Dr. D. Peacock examined numerous potsherds from around

torch the remaining trees and in doing so they burned and exposed the topsoil of the last 1,270 feet (390 m). As the flames drew closer to Chocorua,

unforeseen works below ground concerning over 70 mine shafts and that much topsoil had to be imported to cover the entire area, which were not unusual circumstances

soldiers' exposure to the chemicals on the ground, or that leached from topsoil into the tunnel environment. While in the tunnels, soldiers were breathing

is no mention of the wind-erosion factor, which can blow away fertile topsoil nutrients – even though this has been a determining depletion-factor for

the university to move the completion date up to October 15. Sand and topsoil were brought in over the next few weeks and laid across where the playing

Missoula in Montana and scoured across Eastern Washington, sweeping its topsoil down the Columbia River Gorge. When floodwaters met log- and ice-jams at

ultraviolet radiation and other conditions characteristic of the Martian topsoil and other Martian biomes. (The name of the kingdom is an homage to the

sludge from wastewater plants was mixed with sand to create "synthetic topsoil" in order to provide a base for future vegetation. The projects were referred

from the ground, leaving nothing but bare soil behind. Several inches of topsoil were blown away as well. A 20-ton (40,000 lb; 18,000 kg) tractor-trailer

in cold climates. Soil Profile of Sassafras Horizon A (Topsoil)- Brown sandy loam: The topsoil is a bit sticky, has a fine-sized subangular blocky structure

for several millennia covered by the Great North Wood but sits on thin topsoil. In the 19th century Sydenham Hill became a fashionable area, with a large

influence of Archie Goodwin, explaining: "I try to provide very fertile topsoil. A place for these people to take root and grow... a certain amount of

y Tres and the eastern halves of Paysandú, Río Negro, and Soriano. The topsoil is thin and less suited to intensive agriculture, but it nourishes abundant

float on top of the ensuing flood and vast areas would be stripped of topsoil and vegetation, leaving a large barren area of 'teardrop' islands, longitudinal

while cattle ate only grass, leaving behind weeds, which held down the topsoil and allowed grass to regrow. Some cowboys even asserted that sheep stunk

feet (23 m) in diameter at the base, and is constructed from earth, black topsoil, and white sand. Smithson conceived of the two forms as the "section in

De Toilet (The Toilet Song)" Paisley, Gerry House 4:42 9. "Two Feet of Topsoil" Paisley, Robert Arthur 2:47 10. "Who Needs Pictures" Paisley, DuBois,

Landscaping Horticulture Founded 1975 Headquarters Seaton Ross, York, United Kingdom Products Turf, Topsoil Number of employees 100 Website Corporate website

adjacent wetlands. On top of the river bluffs, fertile windblown loess and topsoil could be used to grow corn, beans, and squash. During the years since 1673

soils were prone to extensive erosion. They lost their fertility and much topsoil was lost to erosion. Beginning in the 1930s, Villarrica Lake was developed

years), and the heavy annual rainfall, the erosion of the shallow horizon topsoil back to the harder rock profile contributed to the stark state of the mountains

of topsoil collect on rotten fragmented rock moved by thousands of years of glacial activity. Mosses, ferns, grasses, and fungi grow on the topsoil. In

which in turn is crucial for the rehabilitation of sites lacking adequate topsoil. The Regional District of Nanaimo in partnership with Nanaimo Forest Products

leaves, dense stands of the tree will form a layer of high salinity on the topsoil as the leaves are shed. Although this layer is easily washed off during

replaced, levelled and cultivated the large amount of vegetation, subsoil and topsoil which had been removed to a width in places of a dual carriageway in an

Prädikatsweingüter (VDP). The 35 ha of vineyards consist of a loam-loess topsoil lying on Taunus quartzite. The soils are quite stony and gravelly, enabling

interment after deposition of the gravel but before creation of significant topsoil. Found with tools of the Clovis and Folsom types, the human remains have

ploughing that could break up the subsoil barrier without disturbing the topsoil. Previously unworkable low-lying carselands could now be brought into arable

Pétrus boutonnière or buttonhole, Pétrus' original vineyard possesses topsoil and subsoil high in iron-rich clay that differs from neighbouring vineyards

remnants of Javier dropped widespread, light to moderate rainfall, improving topsoil moisture and greatly affecting a prolonged drought in the Southwestern

September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015. "'Risky experiment' to remove topsoil from Muskrat Falls reservoir, says Innu nation". CBC News. April 14, 2018

base of topsoil, an impermeable geomembrane used to contain gasses emitted from the landfill, a layer of clay, and a second layer of topsoil. The uppermost

of SR 176 had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. About two years later, it was indicated to have a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface

construction of roads in the wilderness area would result in removal of layers of topsoil and delicate, intertwined root systems that protect dry chaparral habitat

from the ground, leaving nothing but bare soil behind. Several inches of topsoil were blown away as well. A 20-ton (40,000 lb; 18,000 kg) tractor-trailer

root system allows it to survive drought, and helps to retain surrounding topsoil during dry, windy conditions. Cedar wood Eastern white cedar Farjon, A

large scale construction of car parks, beach-huts and the importation of topsoil has reduced the range of plants present. Crambe maritima (sea kale) still

returned to work at the mound, and adopted a new strategy: scraping away the topsoil from several 5 m2 (54 sq ft) patches with a backhoe, to a depth of around

Tigray 0.5%, roughly 50% decline since 1960. Soil erosion typically the topsoil roughly 100 tons per hectare per year. The erosion could halt grain production

the island was nearly deforested during the mid-1600s and much of the topsoil quality deteriorated as a result of a large influx of plantations. Although

is required for survival indoors. Peat moss, coconut fiber, and clean topsoil all make acceptable substrates. Desert materials such as gravel or sand

seating was built, the playing surface remained dirt, with a new layer of topsoil added every year. Late-season games were frequently played in dust bowl

city. The highlands of the Maymana region generally possess a very rich topsoil which supports the seasonal agricultural activities. Maymana is a trading

which in turn is crucial for the rehabilitation of sites lacking adequate topsoil. The Regional District of Nanaimo in partnership with Nanaimo Forest Products

develop two more cricket fields at Marchant Park. Only a small layer of topsoil remained and this required the Club to undertake further remedial work

an area covered with a thin layer of leaf litter over a thin layer of topsoil. The area is moderately acidic. Wet depressions exist which reveal a substratum

interment after deposition of the gravel but before creation of significant topsoil. Found with tools of the Clovis and Folsom types, the human remains have

ground vegetation in the area, which is a detriment to the environment. Topsoil may be placed over the tailing along with planting trees and other vegetation

of size more or less equal to 1 m3. The pit is filled with mixture of topsoil and farmyard manure at a 1:1 ratio and sucker is planted at 0.5 to 0.75 m

under the seeps, and older than the 0.2 metres (0.66 ft) of undisturbed topsoil which covers the deposits. A Pleistocene age has been given to both the

stadium involved the excavation of 378,000 cubic yards (289,000 m3) of topsoil, and the surface of the oval was lowered to a depth of 27 feet (8.2 metres)

No. Title Writer(s) Length 1. "Two Feet of Topsoil" Brad Paisley Robert Arthur 2:46 2. "I'm Gonna Miss Her (The Fishin' Song)" Paisley Frank Rogers 3:14

By 1900, the bulk of the forest had sailed over the bar and the little topsoil that remained was turned to dairy farming for butter production. Most of

United States between 1946 and 1958. From 1977 to 1980, loose waste and topsoil from six different islands in the Enewetak Atoll was transported to the

surfaced. The portion that straddled the SR 250 intersection had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. In 1953, nearly the entire central segment

Chi Saga that he hears are even better. Upon his arrival, he finds the topsoil to be of excellent quality and stakes a claim to the land for himself and

10 cm of soil deposits; in some places, though, there is thick enough topsoil for agriculture.: 192  On the Harran plain, more recent alluvial deposits

100 ft (30 m). This was a sheet of chalk covered by brickearth covered with topsoil. Over the last two millennia, much of this was stripped away, or mined

soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped underneath the topsoil, resulting in the increased possibility of frost at ground level. Northern

nevertheless fit for use. Dry, windy weather and patches of ground where the topsoil had not bound meant that players often fell on the grassless slippery ground

The Chino Valley, located at the foot of an alluvial plain with fertile topsoil reaching depths of 4 feet (1.2 m), was an agricultural mecca from the 1890s

causing the cracks, bulges and leaning walls. Fox removed a layer of topsoil, and ten feet of clay, at which point they arrived at the raft. Below this

occasionally cache large seeds by scatter-hoarding them in leaf litter and topsoil. The ecology of the Mexican fox squirrel has not been studied thoroughly

Rain falling on part of the North Downs mainly filters through a thin topsoil into chalk and emerges on the spring line and in gentle ravines carved

soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped underneath the topsoil, resulting in the increased possibility of frost at ground level. Northern

some locations, such as the Cascade Range, to destroy both vegetation and topsoil, leaving bare rock which will require many more years for enough soil to

house of the species. Sindora tonkinensis lives where there are fertile topsoil and good natural irrigation, at the height less than 600m from the sea

nevertheless fit for use. Dry, windy weather and patches of ground where the topsoil had not bound meant that players often fell on the grassless slippery ground

The Chino Valley, located at the foot of an alluvial plain with fertile topsoil reaching depths of 4 feet (1.2 m), was an agricultural mecca from the 1890s

and gunnery range by the United States Navy, the island has very little topsoil and no trees. Okidaitō has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate

involved creating turf dams across gills that were then released to wash away topsoil to expose the ore veins. It was part of the Votadini Celtic kingdom of

Malvasia grape vines growing in topsoil covered in lapilli, in La Geria. The low, curved walls protect the vines from the constant, drying wind.

occasionally cache large seeds by scatter-hoarding them in leaf litter and topsoil. The ecology of the Mexican fox squirrel has not been studied thoroughly

a mud slab also prevents the plastic bar chairs from sinking into soft topsoil which can cause spalling due to incomplete coverage of the steel. Sometimes

was laid to bring in cars carrying two hundred thousand cubic meters of topsoil. A thousand workers remade the landscape, digging a lake and shaping the

Maitland Council development study pg.21 the soil on the slopes includes topsoil with clay underneath. On the highway through the town is a large Catholic

If the waters move too fast over bare land, then they can strip away topsoil and nutrients, leaving behind barren sands. By inserting barriers across

walls of a trullo are laid directly on the bedrock, after removal of the topsoil when necessary. Their width varies from 0.80 metres to 2.70 metres (a measure

burial mound, in the present day the ship lies 50 centimetres below the topsoil due to years of plowing. Due to extensive fungus damage to the hull caused

access land, probably as a new country park. To help improve nutrient-poor topsoil conditions, which are currently hindering plant development, compost made

Scylding kings during the Iron and Viking ages. It was discovered in the topsoil and might have been lost or discarded, or the entire helmet might have

significant abandoned underground mine problems and heavy metal contamination in topsoil and groundwater in the Tri-State district. Much of the area supports beef

their arrival cloaked the country. This exposed and degraded the fragile topsoils of the site, creating the conditions favoured by heathland. After the initial

burning of the Sulphur inhibited additional vegetation from growing, and the topsoil consequently washed off the hilly terrain due to lack of vegetation to

through the front lawn of a nearby house, all grass and several inches of topsoil was scoured away in a narrow swath. Several homes were reduced to bare

that the runways, built originally on a deep layer of clay and swampy topsoil, would require considerable investment if they were to bear the weight

This reduces the dose rate as the gamma rays have to pass through the topsoil before they can irradiate anything above. Nearby roads can be rinsed and

combined with periods of wind, drought, and rain stripped the area of its topsoil" and the government bought the land from bankrupt farmers. In 1938, the

prevents erosion in newly exposed bare soil, and has substantially slowed topsoil loss due to anthropogenic disturbances. It has been suggested that weeds

Boxcutter ft. Brian Greene The Dissolve Boxcutter Factory Setting Boxcutter Topsoil Boxcutter vs. Kab Driver Little Smoke Remix Boxcutter ft. Brian Greene

burial mound, in the present day the ship lies 40 centimetres below the topsoil due to years of ploughing. Due to extensive fungus damage to the hull caused

and northern Paraguay Chaco, occasional dust storms have caused major topsoil loss. The Chaco was occupied by nomadic peoples, notably the various groups

from predators like the auger buzzard. Night time freezing breaks up the topsoil of one of the oldest areas of cultivated land in Africa and it is washed

are shallow between 0.50–0.60 metres (1 ft 8 in – 2 ft 0 in) below the topsoil) and contained no ornaments with disturbed skeletons indicating plundering

found on Silbury Hill: at its core there is only clay, flints, turf, moss, topsoil, gravel, freshwater shells, mistletoe, oak, hazel, sarsen stones, ox bones

impact into the desert floor of the Dugway Proving Ground because the topsoil there is like talcum powder, or moondust, and would likely cushion the

restoration of the walls, detailed excavations on site and removal of topsoil. In the following two years, the work continued with consolidation of the

wildfires than native species. Earthworms, thought to have come from mainland topsoil imported for road construction, are altering the unique ecosystem and microbial

and was one of many improper farming techniques that prompted widespread topsoil erosion to leave behind only the poor subsoil indicative of the region

construction of the wharf abutment and breakwater involved clearing, grubbing, topsoil stripping and surface soil stripping; excavate and remove existing materials

island a reddish-brown colour as viewed from Norfolk, due to the absence of topsoil. However, the pigs and goats were removed by the early 20th century, and

forest floor, where it will build a heavily webbed burrow beneath the topsoil or amongst branches, rocks, and other forest floor debris. As a defense

forests and ploughed the soil they quickly discovered that the thin layer of topsoil blew away and the underlying sand piled up in large drifts. In 1898 Thomas

who were killed in the Annecy shootings lived in Claygate. Claygate's topsoil rests upon the youngest beds of the London Clay after which the village

and grasses that provide food and shelter, and powder and compact the topsoil, which makes burrowing difficult or impossible. This can also make the