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Longer titles found: Midbrain activation (view), Midbrain reticular formation (view), Midbrain tegmentum (view)

searching for Midbrain 275 found (761 total)

alternate case: midbrain

Argyll Robertson pupil (993 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

pretectal nuclei in the midbrain. Studies have failed to demonstrate a focal localising lesion. Research has implicated the rostral midbrain in the vicinity of

S2CID 20585228. Smits SM, Smidt MP (2006). "The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons". Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Journal

S2CID 20585228. Smits SM, Smidt MP (2006). "The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons". Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Journal

neuroprotective against neurotoxicity induced with MPTP and MPP+ in cultured midbrain (mesencephalic) and hippocampal organotypic slices. These results uncovered

thought to be critical to development of the dopamine phenotype in the midbrain, as mice without NR4A2 are lacking expression of this phenotype. This is

containing α6 subunits are expressed on dopamine-releasing neurons in the midbrain, and dopamine release following activation of these neurons is thought

localized to specific sites in the midline structures of the forebrain, the midbrain-hindbrain junction, developing skeleton and developing arteries, which

(anteriorly): 440  and the two cerebral peduncles: 440  of the mesencephalon (midbrain). Its roof is represented by the floor of the third ventricle (i.e. posterior

ascend in the roof of the fourth ventricle and proceed anteriorly to the midbrain tegmental area medial to the lateral lemniscus. The cerebellorubral fibers

increased pressure, this structure can dilate causing mass effect on the midbrain resulting in Parinaud's syndrome with bilateral inward and downward deviation

(VI)nucleus in the pons and adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus(III) in the midbrain. The paramedian nucleus receives afferents mostly from the fastigial nucleus

The bilateral midbrain is also activated in individuals with schizophrenia diagnosed with blunted affect. Activation of the midbrain is thought to be

inner ear morphogenesis midbrain morphogenesis negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway signal transduction midbrain development Wnt signaling

post-anal tail morphogenesis canonical Wnt signaling pathway midbrain morphogenesis midbrain development signal transduction response to electrical stimulus

system. In mammals, the brain is developed in three regions: the forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain. Concentration gradients of fibroblast growth factor

tracts of the internal capsule and through the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain. It decussates in the medulla and travels down the lateral corticospinal

of two nuclei, the other being the dorsal raphe nucleus (DnR), in the midbrain-pons. The MRN projects extensively to the hippocampus, which is known to

including the midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In mice, while mutations of the fgfr2 and fgfr3 did not interfere with the development of the midbrain and r1,

odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth multicellular organism development midbrain-hindbrain boundary development neural tube closure positive regulation

GBX2, is a type of transcription factor that aids in the arranging of the midbrain and hindbrain during gastrulation. The hindbrain is broken up into seven

Biological process hindbrain morphogenesis trochlear nerve development midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis negative regulation of transcription,

The face of the giant panda sign, panda sign of the midbrain or double-panda sign is a characteristic "panda's face" appearance in magnetic resonance imaging

and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles

The neural encoding of sound is the representation of auditory sensation and perception in the nervous system. [citation needed]The complexities of contemporary

proliferation in midbrain phosphorylation axonogenesis axon guidance Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation midbrain dopaminergic

Moreover, a neurochemical analysis of dopaminergic contents in microdissected midbrain and striatal areas revealed a reduction of dopamine at five and nine weeks

differentiation cerebellum development multicellular organism development midbrain development central nervous system development regulation of transcription

extent, identity and fate of neuronal progenitor domains in the ventral midbrain". Development. 131 (9): 2037–48. doi:10.1242/dev.01107. PMID 15105370.

substantia nigra. The neurons arise in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, and projects to the nucleus accumbens, the striatum forebrain, limbic

inputs from the hypothalamus and several brainstem areas extending from the midbrain to the medulla. It has reciprocal connections with these areas. Its major

2009-11-29. Fukushima, Kikuro (1991). "The interstitial nucleus of Cajal in the midbrain reticular formation and vertical eye movement". Neuroscience Research.

football. It is used as an overt indicator of injury force magnitude and midbrain localization to aid in injury identification and classification for events

of the brain, with the highest expression in the raphe nucleus of the midbrain. Until the discovery of TPH2 in 2003, serotonin levels in the central nervous

Lenarz. During this time she was involved in development of an Auditory Midbrain Implant (AMI), a new hearing prosthesis designed for stimulation of the

channels control action potential discharge frequency in hippocampal neurons, midbrain dopaminergic neurons, dorsal vagal neurons, sympathetic neurons, nucleus

observation of JHW-007's ability to inhibit D2 receptor-mediated currents in the midbrain. In contrast to cocaine and other cocaine-like dopamine reuptake inhibitors

can be regarded as a sphere with an indentation where it attaches to the midbrain. The structures that line the edge of the hole collectively make up the

pathway neuron differentiation midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

phasic activity of dopamine neurons in mesostriatal DA projections in the midbrain encodes for the type of prediction error detailed in the model. The Rescorla–Wagner

of the primitive streak, lateral mesoderm, cranial neural crest cells, midbrain, frontal face region, limb buds, mammary gland mesenchyme, caudal region

cortico-limbic regions of the brain. In addition, TRPC4 mRNA is present in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra

populations of neurons in the auditory midbrain encode song versus generic noise. She found that the majority of auditory midbrain neurons were able to consistently

The density of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) is also decreased in the midbrain, caudate, putamen, hypothalamus, thalamus, the orbitofrontal, temporal

the optic nerve is damaged, the sensory (afferent) stimulus sent to the midbrain is reduced. The pupil, responding less vigorously, dilates from its prior

specialized glial structure that spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions. It has been shown that the floor plate is conserved

tonotopy then projects through the vestibulocochlear nerve and associated midbrain structures to the primary auditory cortex via the auditory radiation pathway

transcription factor. En2 transcription factor is involved in patterning the midbrain of the central nervous system during embryonic development. Specifically

(olfactory center). Together with the antennal lobe, it makes up the arthropod "midbrain" or deutocerebrum. Mizunami, Makoto; Yokohari, Fumio; Takahata, Masakazu

evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic

model of major depression. Although dihydroalprenolol's binding in the midbrain was the same, there was an increased binding of 30% in the pons and 15%

the resizing of the pupil connect to the pretectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex

(PSB) dividing the dorsal and ventral telencephalon, the diencephalon-midbrain boundary (DMB) posterior to the ZLI, and the ZLI. The ZLI, like each rhombomere

and tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, an area within the floor of the midbrain that affects the axonal projections or images received by the cerebellum

science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980 for work on midbrain orienting mechanisms. He then worked on oculomotor physiology in cats at

learning information about the future. “This result supports the notion that midbrain dopamine neurons are coding for both primitive and cognitive rewards. So

regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation cell proliferation in midbrain in utero embryonic development negative regulation of axon extension involved

processing by users of cochlear implants, auditory brainstem implants, and midbrain implants. Shannon received his B.A. degrees in Mathematics and Psychology

promote potent effects on survival and function of developing and mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA) in vitro. In vivo the direct administration of

basilar sulcus of the ventral pons. It divides at the junction of the midbrain and pons into the posterior cerebral arteries.[citation needed] Its branches

regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation cell proliferation in midbrain in utero embryonic development negative regulation of axon extension involved

promote potent effects on survival and function of developing and mature midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA) in vitro. In vivo the direct administration of

dominance of the abducens and trochlear nerves. Further pressure on the midbrain results in progressive lethargy, coma and death due to compression of the

basolateral amygdala to directly control the lateral hypothalamus and PAG,” or midbrain periaqueductal gray. Through the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the

capsule in the forebrain, to enter the cerebral crus at the base of the midbrain. Then both tracts pass through the brain stem, from the pons and then to

modulation of synaptic transmission via endocannabinoid signalling in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray". Molecular Pharmacology. 74 (5): 1392–8. doi:10.1124/mol

normal aging, and traumatic brain injury. Holmes tremor, a rubral or midbrain tremor, is another form of tremor that includes intention tremors, among

preferentially expressed in the brain and able to enhance the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro. Kirikoshi H, Sagara N, Saitoh T, Tanaka

distinct possibility. Other causes are possible. A rostral lesion within the midbrain may affect the convergence center thus causing bilateral divergence of

expressed only in the limbic-associated areas, but also less intensely in the midbrain and hindbrain regions. Pimenta, A. F.; Fischer, I.; Levitt, P. (1996-05-08)

pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (LDT) nuclei [17, 18]. The hypothalamic

development spinal cord development urogenital system development lactation midbrain development epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland alveolus

Cellular component nucleus protein-containing complex Biological process midbrain-hindbrain boundary initiation positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

complex feature detector exists in the dorsal torus semicurcularis of the midbrain because the separate streams of amplitude and phase information converge

(2010). Regulation of firing frequency in a computational model of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 28(3), 389–403

theory that eye-muscle nuclei aside from the superior colliculi of the midbrain is now generally held. When an object is focused directly at an object

developmental biologist and neuroscientist who is pioneering the generation of midbrain dopamine neurons for transplantation and clinical applications. His expertise

growth/differentiation factor 5 on the survival and morphology of embryonic rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones in vitro". J Neurocytol. 33 (5): 479–88. doi:10

posterior branch of internal capsule and continuing to descend in the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. In the lower part of the medulla oblongata,

health. The neurons that contain the neurotransmitter are clustered in the midbrain region in an area called the substantia nigra. In Parkinson's patients

µm. Inset: necrosis of Purkinje cells. H&E stain; scale bar = 20 µm. B) Midbrain. Area of neurophagia (arrow) surrounded by microglial cells. Necrosis of

Viviana; Sulzer, David (1998). "Presynaptic recording of quanta from midbrain dopamine neurons and modulation of the quantal size". The Journal of Neuroscience

the label "Sympathetic Efferent Fibres" above the nerves arising in the midbrain is an error. This label should read "Parasympathetic Efferent Fibres" as

transcription, DNA-templated signal transduction Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly

expressed in duodenum jejunum temporal muscle upper arm colon triceps brachii muscle mucous cell of stomach midbrain tectum corpora quadrigemina ileum

that are highly involved in frog calls are the preoptic area, the medulla-midbrain junction, and the medulla-spinal cord junction. The preoptic area is important

capsule. It continues down the corticospinal tracts through the capsule, midbrain, and pons where it arrives at the medullar pyramids. Once at the pyramids

peduncles, and dentate nuclei. Diagnostic features include fusion of the midbrain colliculi, hydrocephalus, absence of the corpus callosum other midline

Top expressed in Paneth cell pretectal area jejunum duodenum islet of Langerhans meninges axial skeleton ileum stomach midbrain tegmentum

(July 1971). "Difference in the sensitivity of the cerebral cortex and midbrain reticular formation to the action of diethylether and thialbarbital". Brain

Barry E.; McHaffie, John G. (29 May 2015). "Multisensory training reverses midbrain lesion-induced changes and ameliorates haemianopia". Nature Communications

hindbrain, head ectoderm and spinal cord followed by later expression in midbrain. This transcription factor is most noted for its use in the interspecifically

stem which became the focus of the textbook, An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain (1901). The second project involved the embryological development of the

Rusyniak DE, Hollingsworth CK (1996). "HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity to midbrain dopamine cultures". Brain Res. 705 (1–2): 168–76. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01166-8

and Konishi presented the discovery of an auditory map of space in the midbrain of the barn owl. This discovery was groundbreaking because it unearthed

pattern specification process auditory receptor cell fate determination midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis inner ear receptor cell stereocilium organization

in the ventral midline of the neural tube and in the border between the midbrain and hindbrain, known as the mid-hindbrain boundary. PCP-2 mRNA is also

(in French), retrieved 16 June 2014 Official website Nizzan Zvi Cohen, The Midburn Alternative, Davar, 11/3/2022 Midbrain Community WIKI (mostly Hebrew)

These learning mechanisms are based on subcortical structures in the midbrain, basal ganglia and amygdala, which together form an actor/critic architecture

University of Alberta. A latex cranial endocast was also made. The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain resemble the morphology described for the abelisaurids Majungasaurus

Seabrook GR (December 1996). "Antagonism of the effects of (+)-PD 128907 on midbrain dopamine neurones in rat brain slices by a selective D2 receptor antagonist

DNA-templated post-embryonic development transcription, DNA-templated midbrain development multicellular organism growth thalamus development regulation

spinal cord and medulla oblongata are functional, reflexes integrated in midbrain and cortex are absent. With difference to decortication there is pontine

intracellular protein transport anterior/posterior axis specification midbrain development Wnt signaling pathway Wnt protein secretion Sources:Amigo /

Kitahama K; Nagatsu I; Pearson J (1994). "Catecholamine systems in mammalian midbrain and hindbrain: theme and variations". In Smeets WJAJ; Reiner A (eds.).

(July 2010). "Trace amines depress D(2)-autoreceptor-mediated responses on midbrain dopaminergic cells". British Journal of Pharmacology. 160 (6): 1509–20

MFB is one of the two major pathways connecting the limbic forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The other one is the dorsal diencephalic conduction (DDC)

(2021-03-01). "Neurog2 directly converts astrocytes into functional neurons in midbrain and spinal cord". Cell Death & Disease. 12 (3): 225. doi:10.1038/s41419-021-03498-x

synaptology of projections from the subicular complex, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain tegmentum". J Comp Neurol. 286 (3): 311–36. doi:10.1002/cne.902860303.

"Menthol enhances phasic and tonic GABAA receptor-mediated currents in midbrain periaqueductal grey neurons". Br. J. Pharmacol. 171 (11): 2803–2813. doi:10

Economo, in his studies, noticed that lesions in the connection between the midbrain and the diencephalon caused prolonged sleepiness and therefore proposed

circuitry for the pupillary constriction does not descend below the upper midbrain, henceforth impaired pupillary constriction is extremely important to detect

body. The trigeminal nucleus extends throughout the brainstem, from the midbrain to the medulla, continuing into the cervical cord (where it merges with

responsible for carrying information from the limbic forebrain to limbic midbrain structures. Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin

F (May 1993). "GDNF: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons". Science. 260 (5111): 1130–2. Bibcode:1993Sci...260

involved in ventral spinal cord patterning cerebellar cortex morphogenesis midbrain development positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation

extends the length of the ventricle (from the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain to the central canal of the spinal cord), dividing the floor into right

body. The trigeminal nucleus extends throughout the brainstem, from the midbrain to the medulla, continuing into the cervical cord (where it merges with

Parkinson's disease. Parkinson disease leads to degeneration of dopaminergic midbrain neurons resulting in dopamine depletion. Therefore oxidopamine can induce

Fields and his colleagues led to the discovery of neural mechanisms in the midbrain and striatum that contribute to opioid reward. Fields’ specialties include

anti-cancer drug Ventral tegmental area (in neuroanatomy), part of the midbrain tegmentum This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title

Nunes de Souza RL, Pelá IR, Graeff FG (March 1998). "Involvement of the midbrain periaqueductal gray 5-HT1A receptors in social conflict induced analgesia

Rusyniak DE, Hollingsworth CK (1996). "HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity to midbrain dopamine cultures". Brain Res. 705 (1–2): 168–76. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01166-8

of the animal's snout is the forebrain, which is followed by the midbrain. The midbrain is angled downwards at a 45-degree angle and towards the rear of

development across many species, including the determination of the hindbrain/midbrain border and aiding in neuronal axon guidance. This has led to the suggestion

Furthermore, a number of recent physiological observations made in the midbrain and brainstem of small mammals have shed considerable doubt on the validity

Moreover, Dwykaselachus share the characteristic chimaeroid elevation of the midbrain, relative to forebrain. The discovered skull has unusually ethmoid cartilages

tentorial margin. It is just superior to the tectum of the mesencephalon (midbrain). It lies medial to part of the medial occipital cortex. It is posterior

Rusyniak DE, Hollingsworth CK (1995). "HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity to midbrain dopamine cultures". Brain Res. 705 (1–2): 168–76. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01166-8

Slc6a4 is expressed in median and dorsal raphe in the midbrain of the postnatal day 56 mouse. Allen Brain Atlases

administration of the selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB-243213 on midbrain dopamine neurons in the rat: an in vivo extracellular single cell study"

Kitahama K, Nagatsu I, Pearson J (1994). Catecholamine systems in mammalian midbrain and hindbrain: theme and variations. Chapter 8 in Phylogeny and Development

hippocampus, basal ganglia, frontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and midbrain. The CB1 receptor is primarily expressed in the presynaptic terminals of

Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus.

system development oculomotor nerve formation transcription, DNA-templated midbrain development positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II nervous

Percheron if present P2: post-communicating segment From the PCOM around the midbrain Terminates as it enters the quadrigeminal ganglion Gives rise to the choroidal

26525. PMID 17557501. Heldt SA, Ressler KJ (December 2007). "Forebrain and midbrain distribution of major benzodiazepine–sensitive GABAA receptor subunits

Rusyniak DE, Hollingsworth CK (1995). "HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity to midbrain dopamine cultures". Brain Res. 705 (1–2): 168–76. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01166-8

addition, Rev-erbα has been proposed to play a role in the regulation of midbrain dopamine production and mood-related behavior in mice through repression

(1999). "The distribution of FOS-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon of fetal sheep in response to acute hypoxia in mid and

mandibular processes, as well as incomplete development of the forebrain and midbrain and fusion of the digits of the forelimb. This evidence supports the idea

development transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway midbrain development signal transduction negative regulation of cell population

roughly triangular bulge, now thought to be the superior cistern. The midbrain was apparently exposed to the dorsal side of the brain as with many other

target area for the ventral striatum, which preferentially directs its midbrain output to the substantia nigra pars compacta and the VTA (Heimer et al

development transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway midbrain development positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II

nucleus Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, an area within the floor of the midbrain Thalamic reticular nucleus, part of the ventral thalamus that forms a capsule

neural tube development branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube midbrain development activin receptor signaling pathway morphogenesis of an epithelial

evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic

evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic

Thurston C. Lacalli (2006). "Prospective protochordate homologs of vertebrate midbrain and MHB, with some thoughts on MHB origins". International Journal of Biological

resulting brain function. His first procedure was to make a transection in the midbrain, the results were dramatic. The transection had deprived the brain of the

neural tube development branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube midbrain development activin receptor signaling pathway morphogenesis of an epithelial

Innis R, Seibyl J, Marek K (March 2001). "Hemi-parkinsonism due to a midbrain arteriovenous malformation: dopamine transporter imaging". Movement Disorders

evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic

(1990). "Effects of amperozide, a putative antipsychotic drug, on rat midbrain dopamine neurons recorded in vivo". Pharmacology & Toxicology. 66 (Suppl

Top expressed in utricle superior frontal gyrus cochlea esophagus stomach brain stem midbrain tegmentum

growth/differentiation factor 5 on the survival and morphology of embryonic rat midbrain dopaminergic neurones in vitro". J Neurocytol. 33 (5): 479–88. doi:10

evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic

Bally-Cuif L (2008). "MicroRNA-9 directs late organizer activity of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary". Nat Neurosci. 11 (6): 641–8. doi:10.1038/nn.2115.

Kitahama K, Nagatsu I, Pearson J (1994). Catecholamine systems in mammalian midbrain and hindbrain: theme and variations. Chapter 8 in Phylogeny and Development

throat Isthmus organizer, secondary organizer region at the junction of the midbrain and metencephalon Isthmus tubae uterinae, links the fallopian tube to the

hindbrain. This subtriangular peak, in combination with a deeply concave midbrain, gives the endocast of Trilophosuchus a highly distinct form. Such dural

Flanagan-Cato LM, Lee BJ, Calizo LH (June 2006). "Co-localization of midbrain projections, progestin receptors, and mating-induced fos in the hypothalamic

regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process neutrophil chemotaxis midbrain development negative regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process negative

there was evidence of lost hypothalamic-medullary integration at the midbrain. This resulted in the fact that overactivity in the parasympathetic nervous

associated with midbrain dopamine neurons for engraftment by looking at the differentiation of hESC and/or hiPSC in floor plate midbrain progenitor cells

chromosome Biological process negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

previously attended to. An early report suggested that IOR involves the midbrain superior colliculus. Support for this suggestion comes from work with a

downstream effects such as increase in activity of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain reward system, and acetaldehyde one of the tobacco constituent decreased

hypothesis of schizophrenia was proposed in 2007, based on its action on midbrain dopamine activity and NMDArs, thus linking dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

phenotypes than the other mutations. Pax2 is expressed in the kidney, midbrain, hindbrain, cells in the spinal column, developing ear and developing eye

shown by electrically stimulating the periaqueductal grey area of the midbrain or the periventricular nucleus. They both in turn project to other areas

K, Nagatsu I, Pearson J (1994). "8: Catecholamine systems in mammalian midbrain and hindbrain: theme and variations". In Smeets WJ, Reiner A (eds.). Phylogeny

intraperitoneally in order to study how brain serotonin would be affected in the midbrain. In 1969, errors depending on a variety of techniques of administering

basal body-plasma membrane docking positive regulation of Wnt-mediated midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation positive regulation of proteasomal

Hollingsworth CK (December 1995). "HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity to midbrain dopamine cultures". Brain Research. 705 (1–2): 168–76. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01166-8

"Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive structures in human midbrain, pons, and medulla". Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 38 (2): 130–40.

neurogenesis stem cell proliferation canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved

the midbrain seems able to provide a small amount of consciousness. Honey bees have a tiny structure that appears similar to a human midbrain, so if

the midbrain seems able to provide a small amount of consciousness. Honey bees have a tiny structure that appears similar to a human midbrain, so if

head process will underlie those cells that will form the forebrain and midbrain. As the primitive streak regresses, the cells deposited by the regressing

Neuropsychopharmacology Melis M, Pistis M (December 2007). "Endocannabinoid signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons: more than physiology?". Current Neuropharmacology. 5

their respective signaling pathways. Accumulating evidence suggests that midbrain dopaminergic innervation of the basolateral amygdala facilitate the formation

well known for the medical term Parinaud's syndrome, which is, "a dorsal midbrain lesion such as pinealoma which results in vertical gaze palsy, convergence-retraction

evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic

cellular response to DNA damage stimulus forebrain morphogenesis DNA repair midbrain development negative regulation of endopeptidase activity protein deubiquitination

regulation of transcription, DNA-templated protein localization to nucleus midbrain development odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth embryonic nail plate

mesoderm, ventral neural tube, ependymal layer of the spinal cord, forebrain, midbrain, cerebellum, and in sites of endochondral bone formation. Some of the downstream

nodules on his vocal cords. In 2007, he was diagnosed with an inoperable midbrain tumor. Feeling his time was not over and not ready to give up, he sought

colliculus (SC) or optic tectum (OT) is part of the tectum, located in the midbrain, superior to the brainstem and inferior to the thalamus. It contains seven

of the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB-271046 on the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in rats: an in vivo electrophysiological study". Synapse

a paper looking at the distinct functions of different populations of midbrain dopamine neurons defined by their striatal target region. They found that

Alysson Renato (ed.). "Efficient Conversion of Astrocytes to Functional Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using a Single Polycistronic Vector". PLOS ONE. 6

multiple sites in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, midbrain superior colliculus, red nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, inferior olivary nucleus

relaxation of the sphincter. There is an inhibitory area for micturition in the midbrain. After transection of the brain stem just above the pons, the threshold

tremor is associated with conditions which affect the red nucleus in the midbrain, classically unusual strokes. Neuropathic tremor may occur in patients

called mitotic figures.[citation needed] Low grade astrocytoma of the midbrain (lamina tecti), sagittal T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after contrast

expressed in seminiferous tubule spermatid ascending aorta spermatocyte uterus islet of Langerhans midbrain tectum diencephalon neocortex rhombencephalon

ganglion cell layer facial motor nucleus set of raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain anterior horn of spinal cord medulla oblongata superior colliculus

with both fungi and plants Midbrain−hindbrain boundary, a region in the developing brain that helps separate the midbrain from the hindbrain Medial habenula

selected target, and engagement of selected target Injury to areas of the midbrain and Parkinson's disease affect orienting ability in directions in which

output to the thalamus. The GPi also sends projections to parts of the midbrain, which have been assumed to affect posture control. The putamen (and striatum

central nervous system: the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). Subarachnoid spaces are first evident

Hollingsworth CK (December 1995). "HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity to midbrain dopamine cultures". Brain Research. 705 (1–2): 168–176. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01166-8

"Spatial neglect and paradoxical lesion effects in the cat — A model based on midbrain connectivity". Neurocomputing. 32–33. ScienceDirect: 793–799. doi:10

2007). "Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex". Brain Research Reviews

caused by the loss of dopamine stimulation to the basal ganglia of the midbrain, resulting in tremor at rest and bradykinesia. In some rare forms, protein

a frontal lobe tumor, an invasive laryngeal carcinoma compressing the midbrain, an extension of tumors of the head and neck into the base of the brain

expression was not detected by Northern blot analysis in thalamus, amygdala, midbrain, hippocampus, putamen, caudate, frontal cortex, pons, prostate, stomach

capacity in the striatum and reduced auto receptor availability in the midbrain. Reward dependence has been linked with the oxytocin system, with increased

and ventral tegmental area, located in the midbrain of the brainstem. Information traveling from these midbrain structures is triggered in response to rewarding

real-time dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens (a primary target of midbrain dopamine neurons) strikingly varies between core and shell subregions.

pathological changes commencing in the lower brain stem and ascending to the midbrain, amygdala, thalamus and ultimately the cerebral cortex. Hyperkinetic disorders

toad's visual field, information is sent to the optic tectum in the toad's midbrain. The optic tectum exists as an ordered localization system, in the form

canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation response to estradiol midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation entry

mesenchymal transition lung alveolus development lung lobe morphogenesis midbrain development positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation fibroblast

White noise improves learning by modulating activity in dopaminergic midbrain regions and right superior temporal sulcus . Journal of cognitive neuroscience

(December 2009). "The neural basis of multisensory integration in the midbrain: its organization and maturation". Hear. Res. 258 (1–2): 4–15. doi:10.1016/j

PMID 1279669. Behbehani MM (August 1995). "Functional characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray". Progress in Neurobiology. 46 (6): 575–605. doi:10

reduces the computational strain on the bat's nervous system. Neurons of the midbrain tegmentum of the CF-FM bat brain have been implicated in the DSC mechanism

Vaadia E, Bergman H (July 2004). "Coincident but distinct messages of midbrain dopamine and striatal tonically active neurons". Neuron. 43 (1): 133–43

K, Nagatsu I, Pearson J (1994). "8: Catecholamine systems in mammalian midbrain and hindbrain: theme and variations". In Smeets WJAJ, Reiner A (eds.).

nephridium, thyroid-like structures and pharyngeal gill slits, but not in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary region". Development. 126 (6): 1295–1304. doi:10.1242/dev

right tectospinal and tectobulbar tracts, located in the mesencephalon (midbrain). This was to become known as "Meynert's decussation" or as "fountain decussation"

development positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated histone H3-K36 demethylation midbrain development chromatin organization Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

T; Hanke W; Bleckmann H (2003). "A hydrodynamic topographic map in the midbrain of goldfish Carassius auratus". Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (19):

"neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss in the globus pallidus, hypothalamus, midbrain tegmentum, periaqueductal gray matter, striatum, and the substantia nigra"

medial rectus is controlled by neurons in the oculomotor nucleus of the midbrain. Eye movements are tested by standing one meter in front of the patient

traditional veins inside the deep structures of the brain, which join behind the midbrain to form the vein of Galen. This vein merges with the inferior sagittal

trochlear nerve and a compressing artery and vein at the nerve's exit from the midbrain led to a remission lasting for a follow-up of 22 months. Hoyt WF, Keane

neural canal that does not expand and remains the same at the level of the midbrain superior to the fourth ventricle forms the cerebral aqueduct. The fourth

moves outwards. In chickens, neural tube closure begins at the future midbrain region and it closes in both directions. In birds and mammals, the closure

et al. (Jul 2007). "Novel neurotrophic factor CDNF protects and rescues midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo". Nature. 448 (7149): 73–7. Bibcode:2007Natur

map of auditory space. The receptive fields of the neurons found in the midbrain auditory nucleus had receptive fields independent of nature and intensity

amnesia caused by injuries to the hippocampus in the temporal cortex and midbrain areas (especially the mamillary bodies) were of early interest. A patient

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the midsagittal area of the cerebrum, midbrain, cerebellar vermis, corpus callosum, and vermal lobules VI and VII to measure

processes not related to the vestibular organ. For example, lesions of the midbrain or cerebellum can result in up- and down-beat nystagmus. Gaze induced nystagmus

mammillary bodies, hypothalamic nuclei, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, midbrain tegmentum, nucleus basalis of Meynert, raphe nuclei, substantia nigra and

of GTPase activity Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation neuron migration protein phosphorylation

RJ, Canto-de-Souza A (February 2008). "5-HT2 receptor activation in the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) reduces anxiety-like behaviour in mice". Behavioural

derived features as well, such as a strong flexure at the level of the midbrain. Herpetoskylax lacks palatal dentition, which is a feature seen in many

Science Magazine as "Cells Related to Fighting Behavior Recorded from Midbrain Central Gray Neuropil of Cat". Then, as Assistant, Associate and Full Professor

T T, W Hanke, and H Bleckmann. “A hydrodynamic topographic map in the midbrain of goldfish Carassius auratus.” Journal of Experimental Biology 206, no

MFN2 has been demonstrated to be essential for axonal projections of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons that are affected in PD. MFN2 alterations in

distribution of mitochondria histone H4-K12 acetylation alpha-tubulin acetylation midbrain development protein deubiquitination cytokine production heart development

disease. Dopamine, which is depleted in this disease, will be released from midbrain dopaminergic neurons when these SK channels are inhibited. SK channels

such as the medial habenula, a structure between the limbic forebrain and midbrain involved in major cholinergic circuitry pathways. Further research of the

of GTPase activity Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation neuron migration protein phosphorylation

and obesity associated gene (Fto) regulates activity of the dopaminergic midbrain circuitry". Nature Neuroscience. 16 (8): 1042–1048. doi:10.1038/nn.3449

torsional eye positions was found in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal in the midbrain. The same neural integrators also generate eye position for other conjugate

Georgy SR, Wilanowski T, Srivastava S, Ellett F, et al. (February 2012). "Midbrain-hindbrain boundary patterning and morphogenesis are regulated by diverse

such as the medial habenula, a structure between the limbic forebrain and midbrain involved in major cholinergic circuitry pathways. Further research of the

of pupillary control called the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) of the midbrain. Consequently, stimulation of melanopsin in ipRGCs mediates behavioral

1962. Malmo, H. P. & Malmo, R. B. (1977) Movement-related forebrain and midbrain multiple unit activity in rats. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology

Locked-in syndrome Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Midbrain Weber's syndrome ventral peduncle, PCA Benedikt syndrome ventral tegmentum

found dopamine antagonists that reduce stuttering. Overactivity of the midbrain has been found at the level of the substantia nigra extended to the red

tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis zonula adherens assembly midbrain development signal transduction negative regulation of cell population

with Moniz of the Nobel Prize in 1949 for his work on the function of the midbrain, had no involvement with leucotomy. A 1937 report detailed that in the

Kuwana, Y; Nakanishi, S; Nishikawa, S. I.; Sasai, Y (2000). "Induction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity"

evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic

at this level. As conduction continues up the medial lemniscus to upper midbrain and into the thalamus, a scalp negative peak is detected, the N18. After

(2021-05-24). Shansky, Rebecca; Huguenard, John R; Likhtik, Ekaterina (eds.). "Midbrain dopaminergic inputs gate amygdala intercalated cell clusters by distinct

hindbrain, head ectoderm and spinal cord followed by later expression in midbrain. Expression in the head ectoderm will give rise to the nasal placodes and

α-synuclein positive inclusions detected predominantly in the striatum, midbrain, pons, medulla and cerebellum, rather than the brainstem, limbic and cortical

progenitor cells is reduced. In contrast, no such effect was found in the midbrain. More recently it was shown that TCF7L2 plays a crucial role in both the

taboo wish that would awaken the dreamer. In order to safeguard sleep, the midbrain converts and disguises the verbal dream thought into an imagistic form

PMID 7585945. S2CID 15590201. Crossley P.H.; Martinez S.; Martin G.R. (1996). "Midbrain development induced by FGF* in the chick embryo". Nature. 380 (6569): 66–68

loop and to brainstem motor neurons in the medial reticular formation and midbrain extrapyramidal area. This acts to synchronize the basal ganglia areas involved

Theurich, M.; G. Langner; H. Scheich (1984). "Infrasound re-sponses in the midbrain of the Guinea Fowl". Neurosci Lett. 49 (1–2): 81–86. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(84)90140-x

system, which includes and connects the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain to the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala in the forebrain;

hyperintense signal in the periaqueductal gray matter and tectum of the dorsal midbrain As described, Korsakoff syndrome usually follows or accompanies Wernicke

epithalamus, 4) hypothalamus, 5) subthalamus, 6) thalamus, 7) midbrain tectum, 8) midbrain tegmentum, 9) cerebellum, 10) pons, 11) myelencephalon, 12) telencephalic

2006). "Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite". The Journal of Clinical Investigation

alpha-synuclein in primates drives deposition of alpha-synuclein in the ventral midbrain, degeneration of the dopaminergic system and impaired motor performance

nuclei). The basal ganglia receive input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and motor areas of the cerebral cortex, and send signals back to both of

duplication of the pituitary gland and stalk, and abnormalities in the midbrain. Because they were born with a milder, partial form of diprosopus, both