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Longer titles found: Intertemporal budget constraint (view)

searching for Budget constraint 79 found (119 total)

Government budget balance (6,017 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

last year's debt and this year's total deficit, using the government budget constraint: D t = ( 1 + r ) D t − 1 + G t − T t . {\displaystyle

Income–consumption curve (1,328 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

curves with the various budget constraint lines, with prices held constant, as income increases shifting the budget constraint out. The income effect is

Independent goods (207 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

u(X_{1},X_{2})=X_{1}^{a}X_{2}^{(1-a)},} when optimized subject to the budget constraint that expenditure on the two goods cannot exceed income, gives rise

Fiscal sustainability (2,025 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

The most commonly used criterion is the government's inter-temporal budget constraint or inter-temporal equilibrium condition: B t = ∑ i = 1 ∞ ( 1 + r )

Walras's law (1,437 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Walras's law is ensured if every agent's budget constraint holds with equality. An agent's budget constraint is an equation stating that the total market

Cash-in-advance constraint (560 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

consider how people pay for goods, other than to say everyone has a budget constraint. To be able to say anything about the money supply, inflation, monetary

Equivalent variation (490 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

old and new utility levels and prices, a consumer exhausts their Budget Constraint by Walras's law, so E V = e ( p 0 , u 1 ) − e ( p 1 , u 1 ) {\displaystyle

Shortage (2,234 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Volume A, p. 27; Volume B, p. 196 . Gomulka, Stanislaw: Kornai's Soft Budget Constraint and the Shortage Phenomenon: A Criticism and Restatement, in: Economics

Block grant (3,241 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

block grant on a town's budget constraint. According to microeconomic theory, the grant shifts the town's budget constraint outwards, enabling the town

Utility (4,523 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

change in budget constraint we can never be sure to what extent the change in behavior was due to the change of price or budget constraint and how much

Copenhagen Consensus (3,745 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

prioritization by economic analysis. The panel is given an arbitrary budget constraint and instructed to use cost–benefit analysis to focus on a bottom line

Frisch elasticity of labor supply (2,618 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

working. With the condition of a constant wage rate, we can put the budget constraint into a graph. Work or leisure are the only options someone has when

Cui Zhiyuan (1,421 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

writings include The Dilemma of the Paradigm of the Invisible Hand: Soft-Budget-Constraint in the Capitalist Economy; Sustainable Democracy and China: Human

Ricardo Reis (1,465 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

characterize the connections between the central bank budget constraint and the budget constraint of the fiscal authority. Hall and Reis invented the concept

Fiscal federalism (2,424 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

lower the price of certain local public goods. This change pivots the budget constraint outwards. As a result of both income and substitution effect spending

Lists of Saturday Night Live episodes (387 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

strike Only 17 episodes were produced due to a writers' strike and budget constraint Number of episodes reduced due to the 1988 Writers Guild of America

Benefit–cost ratio (460 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

those with the highest net present value (NPV). Where there is a budget constraint, the ratio of NPV to the expenditure falling within the constraint

Household economics (2,096 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

translates to the household having a unique utility function and a common budget constraint. However, this model does not take into account the plurality of decision-makers

Gérard Roland (economist) (521 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

Economic Review, 1995, 83 (5): 107–1223. "Federalism and the soft budget constraint" (with Y. QIan) , American Economic Review, 1998, 88(5): 1143-1162

Normal good (1,105 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the resulting consumption combination would fall short of the new budget constraint frontier. This would violate the economic rationality assumption.

Saltwater and freshwater economics (1,014 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

market failures. These economists also emphasize that the government budget constraint is the unavoidable accounting identity and connection between deficits

Inferior good (1,393 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

normal good since the amount purchased increases from Y1 to Y2 as the budget constraint shifts from BC1 to the higher income BC2. Good X is an inferior good

Yrjö Vartia (434 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

"calculating exact consumer welfare assuming the consumer faces a linear budget constraint". This is important because it greatly facilitates the measurement

Value and Capital (875 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

function and demand equilibrium that results as to the consumer's budget constraint. That hypothesis drives the theoretical outcome of a price change

Mariner 10 (5,827 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

marked the first time the agency subjected a mission to an inflexible budget constraint. No overruns would be tolerated, so mission planners carefully considered

Debt-to-GDP ratio (1,695 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

to print money, and therefore monetize the outstanding debt, the budget constraint becomes: (BtYt−Bt−1Yt−1)+(MtYt−Mt−1Yt−1)=(r−g)(Bt−1Yt−1)+(Gt−TtYt){\displaystyle

Lump-sum tax (813 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

reduces only people's available income and therefore decreasing their budget constraint while leaving the prices of goods unchanged. This would lead to an

Social welfare function (3,131 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

indifference-curve map The Possibility function is analogous to the budget constraint Two-person welfare maximization at the tangency of the highest Welfare

Fiscal council (668 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

income, and by reminding the public of the government's intertemporal budget constraint. The public will then, in theory, react to this information by supporting

Income (2,934 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

entrepreneurial ventures. In consumer theory 'income' is another name for the "budget constraint", an amount Y {\displaystyle Y} to be spent on different goods x and

Economic surplus (2,747 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

generated by a rational consumer who maximizes utility subject to a budget constraint. Because the demand curve is downward sloping, there is diminishing

Social Choice and Individual Values (3,186 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

bundles on or inside the budget constraint for an individual. The consumer's top choice is at the highest indifference curve on the budget constraint.

Flypaper effect (814 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

the flypaper effect occurs because citizens are unaware of the true budget constraint. Other explanations offered are that it could be a data-problem or

State aid (European Union) (2,034 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

especially relevant in the case of the Union that lacks a strict balanced budget constraint and mainly operates with a single currency (the euro). According to

Chiayi Performing Arts Center (191 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

center began in 1995 and the construction started in 1997. Due to budget constraint, the construction was suspended twice in 1998 and 1999. The construction

Consumption (economics) (3,246 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

function (which goods provide them with more use/happiness) and their budget constraint (which combinations of goods they can afford to buy). Consumers try

Hicksian demand function (1,069 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

quantity demanded due to a price change that alters the slope of the budget constraint but leaves the consumer on the same indifference curve (i.e., at the

Monetary economics (8,868 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine "government budget constraint" by Eric M. Leeper and James M. Nason. Abstract. Archived 2010-12-29

Earned income tax credit (7,490 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Standard indifference curve analysis shows that this creates a "spiked" budget constraint of OABC, making it very likely that an individual's utility maximizing

Labour economics (5,955 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

interesting effects. This is because the absolute value of the slope of the budget constraint is the wage rate. The point of optimisation (point A) reflects the

Atkinson–Stiglitz theorem (3,535 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

savings. For an individual whose wage is w {\displaystyle w} , the budget constraint is calculated by ∑ j q j x j = ∑ j ( x j + t j ( x j ) ) = w L − T

Convexity in economics (2,974 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

occurs where the consumer's convex preference set is supported by the budget constraint, as shown in the diagram. If the preference set is convex, then the

Dixit–Stiglitz model (935 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

objective is to maximise their utility functions subject to their budget constraint (M) which is set exogenously. Such a process allows us to calculate

Permanent income hypothesis (3,604 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

his wealth by the end of the last period. Solving the consumer's budget constraint forward to the last period, we determine the consumption function

Emmanuelle Auriol (1,033 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Ko) ] « Privatizations in Developing Countries and the Government's Budget Constraint », IDEI Working Paper, no 459, mai 2004.(avec Pierre M. Picard)[ Texte

Preference (economics) (4,772 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

consumer in the market when maximizing his utility level under the budget constraint. Concave preferences are the opposite of convex, where when A ∼ B

Herbert A. Simon (6,044 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

their utility function under the constraints they face (e.g., their budget constraint, limited choices, ...) in pursuit of their self-interest. This is

Pareto distribution (5,981 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

approximately Pareto-distributed: All four variables of the household's budget constraint: consumption, labor income, capital income, and wealth. The sizes

International Monetary Fund (13,780 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Retrieved 30 May 2010. Stephen Webb, "Argentina: Hardening the Provincial Budget Constraint", in Rodden, Eskeland, and Litvack (eds.), Fiscal Decentralization

New Keynesian economics (6,199 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

In particular, changes in the interest rate shift the Government's budget constraint, and the fiscal response to this shift affects households' disposable

Invisible hand (6,464 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

variables affecting the utility of the household (e.g. pollution). The budget constraint is given by x 1 h + q ⋅ x ¯ h ≤ I h + ∑ a h f ⋅ π f {\displaystyle

Republic of Korea Marine Corps (5,440 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Corps was re-established; it was disbanded in October 1973 due to budget constraint. On November 23, 2010, the Bombardment of Yeonpyeong incident occurred

Compensating differential (2,828 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

assumption that employees maximize their utility in job selection to a budget constraint outlined by the labor market. The hedonic wage function graphically

Managerial economics (7,942 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

with a combination of goods and services, subject to their personal budget constraint. Costs of production Production costs directly affect a firm's profitability

Republic of Korea Navy (11,198 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Corps was re-established; it was disbanded in October 1973 due to budget constraint. In June 1993, the ROK Navy Headquarters was relocated from Seoul

Selectorate theory (2,357 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

winning coalitions. In all cases, goods expenditures are subject to a budget constraint provided by total revenue (R) and any revenue left over goes to the

Method of Equal Shares (4,638 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

55)} and is maximal across the projects that would fit within the budget constraint. This section provides a discussion on other variants of the method

Cobb–Douglas production function (4,369 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{\alpha _{i}}} The consumer maximizes utility subject to the budget constraint that the cost of the goods is less than her wealth w {\displaystyle

School voucher (11,082 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

consumption bundles are available as long as they fit within the budget constraint. This means that any bundle of consumption of education and private

Multi-armed bandit (7,050 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

contextual bandits. Although is devoted to a special case with single budget constraint and fixed cost, the results shed light on the design and analysis

Stock-flow consistent model (2,762 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Furthermore, each sector and the economy as a whole must respect their budget constraint. No fund can come from (or end up) nowhere. The second component of

Multi-armed bandit (7,050 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

contextual bandits. Although is devoted to a special case with single budget constraint and fixed cost, the results shed light on the design and analysis

Shadow price (3,684 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

maximization. If the consumer is given an extra unit of income (the budget constraint is relaxed) at the optimal consumption level where the marginal utility

Socialist economics (18,253 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Enterprises in socialist planned economies operated within a "soft" budget constraint, unlike enterprises in capitalist market economies which are demand-constrained

Fundamental theorems of welfare economics (5,583 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{\displaystyle \Sigma _{i}x_{i}^{*}=\omega +\Sigma _{j}y_{j}^{*}} (budget constraint satisfied) The only difference between this definition and the standard

Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (11,660 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

their needs and buying organic food may not be possible because of a budget constraint Readers are reminded that pesticides are not regulated under TSCA

Multi-objective optimization (9,478 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

use a graph of indifference curves, representing preferences, and a budget constraint, representing the trade-offs that the consumer is faced with. Another

List of Saturday Night Live episodes (season 31–present) (8,421 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

strike Only 17 episodes were produced due to a writers' strike and budget constraint Number of episodes reduced due to the 1988 Writers Guild of America

Arrow–Debreu model (9,256 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

profits to households in proportion to ownership plan consumption to maximize utility under budget constraint buy the planned consumption from the market

Quadratic knapsack problem (3,911 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

stations in order to maximize the global traffic with respect to a budget constraint. Similar model applies to problems like considering the location of

History of the Republic of Korea Navy (4,564 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Corps was re-established; it was disbanded in October 1973 due to budget constraint. On February 22, 1974, a Navy harbor tug (YTL 30) capsized off Tongyeong

Stephen Ziliak (4,261 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

appreciation for haiku poetry. Haiku are short lyric verse with a budget constraint, conventionally arranged in three lines of 17 sounds (5-7-and-5).

Steady-state economy (16,415 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

budget. Modern man is the only species to have broken the solar-income budget constraint, and this has thrown him out of equilibrium with the rest of the biosphere

Participatory budgeting ballot types (1,371 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

finding the subset which maximizes their personal utility under the budget constraint. An advantage of knapsack voting is that, if the algorithm scores

Inframarginal analysis (2,470 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

commodity, their optimal choice is to point to the endpoint of the budget constraint line. When the corner solution appears, the marginal substitution

Causal notation (1,829 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Stanley; Easterly, William (1990). "The economics of the government budget constraint". The World Bank Research Observer. 5 (2): 127–142. CiteSeerX 10.1

History of microeconomics (9,018 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

characterized by rational economic agents maximising utility under a budget constraint. This arose as a necessity of arguing against the labour theory of

Monotone comparative statics (8,478 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

function u : X → R {\displaystyle u:X\to \mathbb {R} } subject to a budget constraint. At price p {\displaystyle p} in R + + n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R}

Multi-issue voting (6,292 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

should decide how much to invest in the good (subject to a total budget constraint). There are approximate predictions of each agent's total value for