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Dark photon (2,195 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Model of Particle Physics with a new abelian U(1) gauge symmetry. The corresponding new spin-1 gauge boson (i.e., the dark photon) can then couple very

Magnetic monopole (8,457 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

where it cannot be seen. In a U(1) gauge group with quantized charge, the group is a circle of radius 2π/e. Such a U(1) gauge group is called compact. Any

Gaugino (313 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

bosons of the SU(2)L gauge fields. The bino is the superpartner of the U(1) gauge field corresponding to weak hypercharge. Sometimes the term "electroweakinos"

Scalar electrodynamics (879 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

In theoretical physics, scalar electrodynamics is a theory of a U(1) gauge field coupled to a charged spin 0 scalar field that takes the place of the Dirac

Topological string theory (2,689 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the quantum foam in the familiar language of a topologically twisted U(1) gauge theory, whose field strength is linearly related to the Kähler form of

String-net liquid (789 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

string-net model is claimed to show the derivation of photons, electrons, and U(1) gauge charge, small (relative to the Planck mass) but nonzero masses, and suggestions

Symmetry (physics) (3,224 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

spacetime coordinates) U(1) gauge transformation electric charge U(1) gauge transformation lepton generation number U(1) gauge transformation hypercharge

Higgs mechanism (6,713 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of weak isospin is −1/2; and its weak hypercharge (the charge for the U(1) gauge group defined up to an arbitrary multiplicative constant) is 1. Under U(1)

Spin-weighted spherical harmonics (1,977 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Unlike ordinary spherical harmonics, the spin-weighted harmonics are U(1) gauge fields rather than scalar fields: mathematically, they take values in a

Standard Model (7,169 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

invariance central to the theory of special relativity. The local SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) gauge symmetry is an internal symmetry that essentially defines the Standard

N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory (1,955 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

number of independent supersymmetric operations that transform the spin-1 gauge field into spin-1/2 fermionic fields. In an analogy with symmetries under

W′ and Z′ bosons (1,869 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Standard Model predict different kinds of Z′ bosons. Models with a new U(1) gauge symmetry[which?] The Z′ is the gauge boson of the (broken) U(1) symmetry

Spontaneous symmetry breaking (3,839 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

model of particle physics, spontaneous symmetry breaking of the SU(2) × U(1) gauge symmetry associated with the electro-weak force generates masses for several

Freiberger Mulde (270 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Zwickauer Mulde at its mouth is recorded by the values of the Wechselburg 1 gauge (Zwickauer Mulde) and indirectly by the Golzern 1 (Mulde) and Erlln (Freiberger

NSB El 2 (48 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • AAR 1B+B1 • UIC 1B'+B'1 Gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Length 12.7 m (41 ft 8 in) Loco weight 77.5 t (76.3 long tons;

Los Angeles Live Steamers Railroad Museum (1,864 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

railroad layouts for members usage in 4.75" gauge, 3.5" gauge, elevated 1 gauge, and g-scale. In addition to live steam layouts, the museum also operates

Cascading gauge theory (113 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

many times. Igor Klebanov and Matthew Strassler studied this kind of N=1 gauge theory in the context of the AdS-CFT correspondence, which is dual to the

W and Z bosons (3,739 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

point, the photon is massless because electromagnetism is described by a U(1) gauge theory. Some mechanism is required to break the SU(2) symmetry, giving

Supersymmetric gauge theory (1,554 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

of the internal symmetry group. Suppose we have a U(1){\displaystyle U(1)} gauge transformation Vμ→Vμ+∂μA{\displaystyle V_{\mu }\rightarrow V_{\mu }+\partial

Bumblebee models (3,252 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

vacuum expectation values. Bumblebee models are different from local U(1) gauge theories. Nevertheless, in some bumblebee models, massless modes that behave

Märklin Digital (3,828 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Märklin Digital was among the earlier digital model railway control systems. It was a comprehensive system including locomotive decoders (based on a Motorola

Quiver diagram (404 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

convenience, consider the supersymmetric N=1{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=1} gauge theory in four-dimensional spacetime. The quiver gauge theory is given

Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model (7,225 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the theory of special relativity must apply. The local SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) gauge symmetry is the internal symmetry. The three factors of the gauge symmetry

Quantum field theory (14,855 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

group, thus QED is said to have U(1) gauge symmetry.: 496 The photon field Aμ may be referred to as the U(1) gauge boson. U(1) is an Abelian group, meaning

Exotic star (2,679 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

involving fields like the massive (or massless) complex scalar fields, the U(1) gauge field and gravity with conical potential. The presence of a positive or

JNR Class EF55 (406 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • AAR 2-C+C-1 • UIC (2'Co)(Co'1) Gauge 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) Driver dia. 1,250 mm (49.21 in) Trailing dia. 860 mm (33

Electroweak interaction (3,592 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

unified with the weak interactions as a Yang–Mills field with an SU(2) × U(1) gauge group, which describes the formal operations that can be applied to the

Pennsylvania Railroad class L6 (229 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • Whyte 2-8-2 • AAR 1-D-1 • UIC 1'Do'1 Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Driver dia. 62 in (1.575 m) Adhesive

16 mm scale (702 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

modelling scales List of rail transport modelling scale standards Gauge 1 Gauge 2 G scale Association of 16mm Narrow Gauge Modellers Merioneth Railway

British Rail Class 04 (1,251 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

range as kit number C60. Bachmann produced an example in N and 00, 0 and 1 gauge. An HO gauge model was made to be used as the Thomas and Friends character

Stueckelberg action (690 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Model (StSM) consists of a gauge invariant kinetic term for a massive U(1) gauge field. Such a term can be implemented into the Lagrangian of the Standard

Higher-dimensional supergravity (4,186 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

sourced by odd-dimensional D(2k + 1)-branes, which host supersymmetric U(1) gauge theories. As in IIA supergravity, the fundamental string is an electric

Chirality (physics) (3,265 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

q_{\text{R}}\rightarrow e^{i\theta (x)}q_{\text{R}}~,} and thus invariant under U(1) gauge symmetry. This corresponds to baryon number conservation. The singlet axial

Higgs boson (26,268 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

three components of the Higgs field are "absorbed" by the SU(2) and U(1) gauge bosons (the "Higgs mechanism") to become the longitudinal components of

Seiberg–Witten invariants (2,592 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

d^{*}A_{\mathbb {R} }^{+}(M)} with a residual U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle U(1)} gauge group action. Write ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } for a spinor field of positive

The Polar Express (film) (6,304 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

version, and a simplified plastic toy version that runs on G scale (or #1 gauge) track. In all of these sets, the locomotive model is based on the film

E6 (mathematics) (3,820 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

gauge group which, after its breaking, gives rise to the SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) gauge group of the standard model. One way of achieving this is through breaking

Yang–Mills theory (4,218 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

field and its interactions with matter are, in turn, governed by the U(1) gauge theory of quantum electrodynamics. The Standard Model combines the strong

Gauge theory (6,757 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

and turned the scale transformation into a change of phase, which is a U(1) gauge symmetry. This explained the electromagnetic field effect on the wave function

Topological order (4,938 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

was one of the main successes of Ginzburg–Landau theory with dynamical U(1) gauge field. The vortex in the gauged Ginzburg–Landau theory is nothing but the

Schwarzwasser (Mulde) (102 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

• elevation 342.3 m above sea level (NHN) Discharge • location at Aue 1 gauge • average 6.28 m3/s (222 cu ft/s) • maximum Average high: 65.8 m3/s (2

Dual photon (1,226 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

electromagnetic field. The dark photon is a spin-1 boson associated with a U(1) gauge field, which could be massless and behaves like electromagnetism. But,

D-brane (3,250 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

version of Maxwell's electromagnetism is only one kind of gauge theory, a U(1) gauge theory where the gauge group is made of unitary matrices of order 1. D-branes

Quantum spin Hall effect (1,371 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

simplest example consisting of a parity and time reversal symmetric U(1) gauge theory with bulk fermions of opposite sign mass, a massless Dirac surface

Kretschmann scalar (797 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

\;\;F_{ab}\,{{}^{\star }\!F}^{ab}.} Generalising from the U(1){\displaystyle U(1)} gauge theory of electromagnetism to general non-abelian gauge theory, the first

Gluon field strength tensor (1,946 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

{A}}_{\mu }=t_{a}{\mathcal {A}}_{\mu }^{a}} expresses the gluon field, a spin-1 gauge field or, in differential-geometric parlance, a connection in the SU(3)

Klein–Gordon equation (6,535 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

gauge-covariant derivative. Under a local U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\text{U}}(1)} gauge transformation, the fields transform as ψ ↦ ψ ′ = e i θ ( x ) ψ , {\displaystyle

Massive gravity (8,967 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

}\ A^{\mu }\ } breaks the U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle \ \mathrm {U} (1)\ } gauge-invariance. However, the invariance is restored by introducing the transformations:

Differential form (9,950 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

is also called Maxwell 2-form. Electromagnetism is an example of a U(1) gauge theory. Here the Lie group is U(1), the one-dimensional unitary group,

Dirac equation (12,926 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

electrodynamics, but also can be viewed as a U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\text{U}}(1)} gauge field, or a U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\text{U}}(1)} connection. The transformation

Ginzburg–Landau theory (4,176 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

the free energy density has the form of a field theory and exhibits U(1) gauge symmetry: f s = f n + α ( T ) | ψ | 2 + 1 2 β ( T ) | ψ | 4 + 1 2 m ∗ |

Standard Gauge (toy trains) (807 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article

Corporation McCoy MTH Williams Rail transport modelling Three-rail track Gauge 1 Gauge 2 Rail transport modelling scales Model railway scales "Lionel Trains"

Seiberg–Witten theory (2,559 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

in order to find the effective N = 2 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=2} U(1) gauge theory. Its two-derivative, four-fermions low-energy action is given by

Gauge fixing (4,269 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

existence of arbitrary numbers of gauge functions ψ(r, t) corresponds to the U(1) gauge freedom of this theory. Gauge fixing can be done in many ways, some of

History of quantum field theory (5,676 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

relies on the symmetry group U(1) and has one massless gauge field, the U(1) gauge symmetry, dictating the form of the interactions involving the electromagnetic

Train Express Regional Dakar-AIBD (552 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

passengers in two classes (first and second). Length: 54 km Stations: 14 Lines: 1 Gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Voltage: 25 kV AC Train size: 4 Fleet size: 15

N = 1 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory (2,225 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

viewed as a supersymmetric generalization of a pure U(1){\displaystyle U(1)} gauge theory, also known as Maxwell theory or pure electromagnetic theory. In

Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (5,086 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

coupling for the Higgs in the MSSM arise for the D-terms of the SU(2) and U(1) gauge sector and the magnitude of the quartic coupling is set by the size of

Swampland (physics) (2,499 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

global symmetry conjecture. Example: Consider a U(1){\displaystyle U(1)} gauge symmetry. In the absence of charged particles, the theory has a 1-form

Norfolk and Western LC-2 Class (247 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • AAR (1-D-1)+(1-D-1) Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) Loco weight 414 short tons (376 t) Electric system/s 11 kV 25 Hz

Chiral symmetry breaking (2,616 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

massless electrons, by the chiral anomaly, but the U(1){\displaystyle U(1)} gauge symmetry is preserved, which is essential for consistency of QED.) In

Large extra dimensions (3,362 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Yμνσμν{\displaystyle Y^{\mu \nu }\sigma _{\mu \nu }} where Y{\displaystyle Y} is the U(1) gauge field. This is dimension-six, and it contains one power of the Higgs expectation

EMD LWT12 (957 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • AAR B-1 Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Prime mover EMD 12-567C Cylinders 12 Transmission Diesel-electric

Zero-point energy (27,132 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

theories section. This is a consequence of viewing electromagnetism as a U(1) gauge theory, which topologically does not allow the complex interaction of a

C-symmetry (5,499 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

this C-symmetry. The Dirac field has a "hidden" U(1){\displaystyle U(1)} gauge freedom, allowing it to couple directly to the electromagnetic field without

Norfolk and Western LC-1 Class (619 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • AAR (1-B+B-1)+(1-B+B-1) Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) Wheel diameter 62 inches (1,600 mm) Trailing dia. 30 inches (760 mm)

Slot car (4,080 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

This scale is the most popular in Europe, and is equivalent to the old #1 gauge (or "standard size") of toy trains. A Jaguar XK-E would be about 5.8 inches

Superselection (2,402 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

expectation value, the universe is now symmetric under an unbroken SU(2) and U(1) gauge group. If the SU(2) has infinitesimally weak couplings, so that it only

Quantum spin liquid (4,683 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

state is believed to contain emergent gapless U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle U(1)} gauge field which may confine the spinons etc. So the equal-amplitude nearest-neighbour

Spin angular momentum of light (1,534 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

Photons, which are the quanta of light, have been long recognized as spin-1 gauge bosons. The polarization of the light is commonly accepted as its “intrinsic”

New Haven EP-2 (694 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • Whyte 2-6-2+2-6-2OE • AAR 1-C-1+1-C-1 Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) Length 69 feet (21 m) Loco weight 175 short tons

Ramamurti Rajaraman (3,799 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

doi:10.1016/0370-2693(85)91077-9. Rajaraman, R. (1987). "On anomalous U(1) gauge theory in four dimensions". Physics Letters B. 184 (4): 369. Bibcode:1987PhLB

Custodial symmetry (676 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(H^{\dagger }H)-\lambda (H^{\dagger }H)^{2}} beyond the basic SU(2)×U(1) gauge symmetry of the Weak Interaction that prevents higher-order radiative-corrections

Wilson loop (4,874 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

\gamma _{N+1}]=0.} For example, for a U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\text{U}}(1)} gauge group this gives W [ γ 1 ] W [ γ 2 ] = W [ γ 1 ∘ γ 2 ] {\displaystyle

Technicolor (physics) (9,821 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article

verified experimentally to better than 1%. Here, g and g′ are SU(2) and U(1) gauge couplings and tan ⁡ θ W = g ′ g {\displaystyle \tan \theta _{\mathrm {W}

BRST quantization (8,624 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

generally referred to as the Rξ gauge. It reduces in the case of an Abelian U(1) gauge to the same set of Feynman rules that one obtains in the method of canonical

Glossary of string theory (5,167 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

hypothetical supersymmetric partner of the photon. photon The neutral spin 1 gauge boson of the electromagnetic field. PMNS Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata

Model engineering (3,638 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

haul the driver and passengers. Popular 'garden gauges' are '0' gauge, '1' gauge and 2½" gauge (ridable). Usual club track gauges are 3½", 5" and 7¼", and

Yang–Mills equations (3,691 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

phrased in the language of a U ⁡ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {U} (1)} gauge theory by Wolfgang Pauli and others. The novelty of the work of Yang and

Eula (river) (406 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article

(19 mi) Basin size 171 km2 (66 sq mi) Discharge • location at Kesselshain 1 gauge • average 909 L/s (32.1 cu ft/s) • minimum Record low: 0 L/s (in 11.03

Digital model railway control systems (3,523 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

feedback modules. For controlling 2-rail DC locomotives, like Märklin's Z and 1 gauge rolling stock, a special version of the system was introduced in 1988 developed

Majorana equation (8,807 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

conjugation. The discrete symmetries of the U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle U(1)} gauge theory follows from the "trivial" observation that ∗ : U ( 1 ) → U ( 1

Daya Shankar Kulshreshtha (1,339 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

(2014). "Boson stars in a theory of complex scalar fields coupled to the U(1) gauge field and gravity". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 (16): 167001. arXiv:1605

Asım Orhan Barut (3,801 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

Covariant Coupled Non-Linear Field-Equations 1984 a Generalized Local U(1) Gauge-Invariance for Both the Standard and Pauli Couplings of Qed 1989 Equivalence

Weyl connection (1,150 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

wrong: electromagnetism is associated with a U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle U(1)} gauge field, not an R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } gauge field. Hall (1993)

Mamod (6,903 words) [view diff] exact match in snippet view article find links to article

of mobile engines, stationary models, machine tools, as well as O and 1 gauge railway locomotives. Mamod models continue to maintain their popularity

Tremont and Gulf 30 (1,706 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • Whyte 2-8-2 • UIC 1D'1 Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) Driver dia. 54 in (1,400 mm) Wheelbase 62.25 ft (18.97 m)

Axial current (914 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

internal symmetries also result in conserved quantities. For example, the U(1) gauge transformation of QED implies the conservation of the electric charge.

Pasterski–Strominger–Zhiboedov triangle (734 words) [view diff] no match in snippet view article find links to article

published by Glenn Barnich and Cédric Troessaert in 2010; symmetries of U(1) gauge theories, published by Pasterki in 2017; c) memory effects: gravitational

St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway 5 (979 words) [view diff] case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article

Specifications Configuration: • Whyte 2-4-2 • UIC 1'B'1 Gauge 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) Driver dia. 42 inches (1.067 m) Adhesive weight 64,000 pounds